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National Stock Exchange of India
National stock Exchange of India - Wikipedia National stock Exchange of India Jump to : navigation , search National Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange Location of National Stock Exchange in India Type Stock exchange Location Mumbai , Maharashtra , India Coordinates 19 ° 3 ′ 37 '' N 72 ° 51 ′ 35 '' E  /  19.06028 ° N 72.85972 ° E  / 19.06028 ; 72.85972 Founded Owner National Stock Exchange of India Limited Key people Vikram Limaye , MD & CEO Currency Indian rupee ( ₹ ) No. of listings 1,696 Market cap US $ 1.41 trillion ( March 2016 ) Volume US $ 442 billion ( June 2014 ) Indices NIFTY 50 NIFTY NEXT 50 NIFTY 500 Website www.nseindia.com NSE building at BKC , Mumbai The National Stock Exchange of India Limited ( NSE ) is the leading stock exchange of India , located in Mumbai . The NSE was established in 1992 as the first demutualized electronic exchange in the country . NSE was the first exchange in the country to provide a modern , fully automated screen - based electronic trading system which offered easy trading facility to the investors spread across the length and breadth of the country . Vikram Limaye is Managing Director & Chief Executive Officer ( MD & CEO ) of NSE . National Stock Exchange has a total market capitalization of more than US $ 1.41 trillion , making it the world 's 12th - largest stock exchange as of March 2016 . NSE 's flagship index , the NIFTY 50 , the 50 stock index is used extensively by investors in India and around the world as a barometer of the Indian capital markets . However , only about 4 % of the Indian economy / GDP is actually derived from the stock exchanges in India . NSE was set up by a group of leading Indian financial institutions at the behest of the government of India to bring transparency to the Indian capital market . Based on the recommendations laid out by the government committee , NSE has been established with a diversified shareholding comprising domestic and global investors . The key domestic investors include Life Insurance Corporation of India , State Bank of India , IFCI Limited IDFC Limited and Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited . And the key global investors are Gagil FDI Limited , GS Strategic Investments Limited , SAIF II SE Investments Mauritius Limited , Aranda Investments ( Mauritius ) Pte Limited and PI Opportunities Fund I . NSE offers trading , clearing and settlement services in equity , equity derivatives , debt and currency derivatives segments . It is the first exchange in India to introduce electronic trading facility thus connecting together the investor base of the entire country . NSE has 2500 VSATs and 3000 leased lines spread over more than 2000 cities across India . The exchange was incorporated in 1992 as a tax - paying company and was recognized as a stock exchange in 1993 under the Securities Contracts ( Regulation ) Act , 1956 , when P.V. Narasimha Rao was the Prime Minister of India and Manmohan Singh was the Finance Minister . NSE commenced operations in the Wholesale Debt Market ( WDM ) segment in June 1994 . The capital market ( equities ) segment of the NSE commenced operations in November 1994 , while operations in the derivatives segment commenced in June 2000 . Unlike countries like the United States where nearly 70 % of the GDP is derived from larger companies and the corporate sector , the corporate sector in India accounts for only 12 - 14 % of the national GDP ( as of October 2016 ) . Of these only 7,800 companies are listed of which only 4000 trade on the stock exchanges at BSE and NSE . Hence the stocks trading at the BSE and NSE account for only around 4 % of the Indian economy , which derives most of its income related activity from the so - called unorganized sector and households . Contents ( hide ) 1 How NSE brought about a paradigm shift in Financial market 2 Markets 3 Trading schedule 4 Exchange Traded Funds and Derivatives on National Stock Exchange 5 Technology 6 Financial Literacy 7 NSE Vs Moneylife 8 See also 9 References 10 External links How NSE brought about a paradigm shift in financial market ( edit ) NSE was mainly set up to bring in transparency in the markets . Instead of trading membership being confined to a group of brokers , NSE ensured that anyone who was qualified , experienced and met minimum financial requirements was allowed to trade . In this context , NSE was ahead of its times when it separated ownership and management in the exchange under SEBI 's supervision . The price information which could earlier be accessed only by a handful of people could now be seen by a client in a remote location with the same ease . The paper - based settlement was replaced by electronic depository - based accounts and settlement of trades was always done on time . One of the most critical changes was that a robust risk management system was set in place , so that settlement guarantees could protect investors against broker defaults . NSE was also instrumental in creating the National Securities Depository Limited ( NSDL ) which allows investors to securely hold and transfer their shares and bonds electronically . It also allows investors to hold and trade in as few as one share or bond . This not only made holding financial instruments convenient but more importantly , eliminated the need for paper certificates and greatly reduced the incidents of forged or fake certificates and fraudulent transactions that had plagued the Indian stock market . The NSDL 's security , combined with the transparency , lower transaction prices and efficiency that NSE offered , greatly increased the attractiveness of the Indian stock market to domestic and international investors . Markets ( edit ) NSE offers trading in the following segments Equities Equities Indices Mutual Funds Exchange Traded Funds Initial Public Offerings Security Lending and Borrowing Scheme Derivatives Equity Derivatives ( including Global Indices like CNX 500 , Dow Jones and FTSE ) Currency Derivatives Interest Rate Futures Debt Corporate Bonds Equity Derivatives The National Stock Exchange of India Limited ( NSE ) commenced trading in derivatives with the launch of index futures on 12 June 2000 . The futures and options segment of NSE has made a global mark . In the Futures and Options segment , trading in NIFTY 50 Index , NIFTY IT index , NIFTY Bank Index , NIFTY Next 50 index and single stock futures are available . Trading in Mini Nifty Futures & Options and Long term Options on NIFTY 50 are also available . The average daily turnover in the F&O Segment of the Exchange during the financial year April 2013 to March 2014 stood at ₹ 1.52236 trillion ( US $24 billion ) . On 29 August 2011 , National Stock Exchange launched derivative contracts on the world 's most followed equity indices , the S&P 500 and the Dow Jones Industrial Average . NSE is the first Indian exchange to launch global indices . This is also the first time in the world that futures contracts on the S&P 500 index were introduced and listed on an exchange outside of their home country , USA . The new contracts include futures on both the DJIA and the S&P 500 , and options on the S&P 500 . On 3 May 2012 , the National Stock exchange launched derivative contracts ( futures and options ) on FTSE 100 , the widely tracked index of the UK equity stock market . This was the first of its kind of an index of the UK equity stock market launched in India . FTSE 100 includes 100 largest UK listed blue chip companies and has given returns of 17.8 per cent on investment over three years . The index constitutes 85.6 per cent of UK 's equity market cap . On 10 January 2013 , the National Stock Exchange signed a letter of intent with the Japan Exchange Group , Inc . ( JPX ) on preNparing for the launch of NIFTY 50 Index futures , a representative stock price index of India , on the Osaka Securities Exchange Co. , Ltd . ( OSE ) , a subsidiary of JPX . Moving forward , both parties will make preparations for the listing of yen - denominated NIFTY 50 Index futures by March 2014 , the integration date of the derivatives markets of OSE and Tokyo Stock Exchange , Inc . ( TSE ) , a subsidiary of JPX . This is the first time that retail and institutional investors in Japan will be able to take a view on the Indian markets , in addition to current ETFs , in their own currency and in their own time zone . Investors will therefore not face any currency risk , because they will not have to invest in dollar denominated or rupee denominated contracts . In August 2008 , currency derivatives were introduced in India with the launch of Currency Futures in USD -- INR by NSE . It also added currency futures in Euros , Pounds and Yen . The average daily turnover in the F&O Segment of the Exchange on 20 June 2013 stood at ₹ 419.2616 billion ( US $6.5 billion ) in futures and ₹ 273.977 billion ( US $4.3 billion ) in options , respectively . Interest Rate Futures In December 2013 , exchanges in India received approval from market regulator SEBI for launching interest rate futures ( IRFs ) on a single GOI bond or a basket of bonds that will be cash settled . Market participants have been in favour of the product being cash settled and being available on a single bond . NSE will launch the NSE Bond Futures on 21 January on highly liquid 7.16 percent and 8.83 percent 10 - year GOI bonds . Interest Rate Futures were introduced for the first time in India by NSE on 31 August 2009 , exactly one year after the launch of Currency Futures . NSE became the first stock exchange to get an approval for interest - rate futures , as recommended by the SEBI - RBI committee . Debt Market On 13 May 2013 , NSE launched India 's first dedicated debt platform to provide a liquid and transparent trading platform for debt related products . The Debt segment provides an opportunity to retail investors to invest in corporate bonds on a liquid and transparent exchange platform . It also helps institutions who are holders of corporate bonds . It is an ideal platform to buy and sell at optimum prices and help Corporates to get adequate demand , when they are issuing the bonds . Trading schedule ( edit ) Trading on the equities segment takes place on all days of the week ( except Saturdays and Sundays and holidays declared by the Exchange in advance ) . The market timings of the equities segment are : ( 1 ) Pre-open session Order entry & modification Open : 09 : 00 hrs Order entry & modification Close : 09 : 08 hrs with random closure in last one minute . Pre-open order matching starts immediately after close of pre-open order entry . ( 2 ) Regular trading session Normal / Retail Debt / Limited Physical Market Open : 09 : 15 hrs Normal / Retail Debt / Limited Physical Market Close : 15 : 30 hrs . Exchange traded funds and derivatives on National stock Exchange ( edit ) The following products are trading on NIFTY 50 Index in the Indian and international Market : 7 Asset Management Companies have launched exchange - traded funds on NIFTY 50 Index which are listed on NSE 15 index funds have been launched on NIFTY 50 Index Unit linked products have been launched on NIFTY 50 Index by several insurance companies in India World Indices Derivatives Trading on NIFTY 50 Index : Futures and Options trading on NIFTY 50 Index Trading in NIFTY 50 Index Futures on Singapore Stock Exchange ( SGX ) Trading in NIFTY 50 Index Futures on Chicago Mercantile Exchange ( CME ) Technology ( edit ) NSE 's trading systems , is a state of - the - art application . It has an up time record of 99.99 % and processes more than 450 million messages every day with sub millisecond response time . NSE has taken huge strides in technology in these 20 years . In 1994 , when trading started , NSE technology was handling 2 orders a second . This increased to 60 orders a second in 2001 . Today NSE can handle 1 , 60,000 orders / messages per second , with infinite ability to scale up at short notice on demand , NSE has continuously worked towards ensuring that the settlement cycle comes down . Settlements have always been handled smoothly . The settlement cycle has been reduced from T + 3 to T + 2 / T + 1 . Financial literacy ( edit ) NSE has collaborated with several universities like Gokhale Institute of Politics & Economics ( GIPE ) , Pune , Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University ( BVDU ) , Pune , Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University , Delhi , Ravenshaw University of Cuttack and Punjabi University , Patiala , among others to offer MBA and BBA courses . NSE has also provided mock market simulation software called NSE Learn to trade ( NLT ) to develop investment , trading and portfolio management skills among the students . The simulation software is very similar to the software currently being used by the market professionals and helps students to learn how to trade in the markets . NSE also conducts online examination and awards certification , under its Certification in Financial Markets ( NCFM ) programmes . At present , certifications are available in 46 modules , covering different sectors of financial and capital markets , both at the beginner and advanced levels . The list of various modules can be found at the official site of NSE India . In addition , since August 2009 , it offered a short - term course called NSE Certified Capital Market Professional ( NCCMP ) . The NCCMP or NSE Certified Capital Market Professional is a 100 - hour program for over 3 -- 4 months , conducted at the colleges , and covers theoretical and practical training in subjects related to the capital markets . NCCMP covers subjects like equity markets , debt markets , derivatives , macroeconomics , technical analysis and fundamental analysis . Successful candidates are awarded joint certification from NSE and the concerned . NSE vs Moneylife ( edit ) On 8 July 2015 , Sucheta Dalal wrote an article on Moneylife alleging that some NSE employees were leaking sensitive data related to high - frequency trading or co-location servers to a select set of market participants so that they could trade faster than their competitors . NSE alleged defamation in the article by Moneylife . On 22 July 2015 , NSE filed a ₹ 1 billion ( US $16 million ) suit against Moneylife . However , on 9 September 2015 , the Bombay High Court dismissed the case and fined NSE ₹ 5 million ( US $78,000 ) in this defamation case against Moneylife ( www.moneylife.in ) . The High Court asked NSE to pay ₹ 150,000 ( US $2,300 ) to each journalist Debashis Basu and Sucheta Dalal and the remaining ₹ 4.7 million ( US $73,000 ) to two hospitals . The Bombay High Court has stayed the order on costs for a period of two weeks , pending the hearing of the appeal filed by NSE . See also ( edit ) Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India List of stock exchanges in the Commonwealth of Nations List of South Asian stock exchanges Mahurat trading Clause 49 Bombay Stock Exchange References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Stock Exchange of India Holidays ^ Jump up to : `` National economic debate - Stock markets or rigged casinos - talk by Professor Dr. R. Vaidyanathan ( IIM Bangalore ) - 21 Jan 2011 , Mumbai '' . www.youtube.com . National Economic Debates . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` NSE Shareholding Pattern ( For the quarter ended on September 30 , 2014 ) '' ( PDF ) . / www.nseindia.com . Narional Stock Exchange of India Limited . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ CORRESPONDENT , SPECIAL . `` National Stock Exchange to file IPO document by 2017 '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ UPDATE 1 - India 's NSE , Japan 's JPX plan Nifty futures for Osaka . Reuters . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://www.nseindia.com/products/content/equities/indices/broad_indices.htm Jump up ^ NSE launches debt trading platform Business Line . Thehindubusinessline.com ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ CXO - Dialogue . Moneycontrol.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Patnaik , Santosh . `` NSE to spread financial literacy '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ NSE ties with deemed University to offer pg diploma in financial markets . Edu - Leaders ( 2012 - 11 - 29 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ NCFM ( Bhandarkar Road , Pune ) - Pune - Maharashtra - India . Puneeducation.in . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` NSE files Rs 100 - cr suit against Moneylife '' . The Indian Express . 2015 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Court fines NSE Rs50 lakh in defamation case against Moneylife '' . http://www.livemint.com/ . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/bombay-high-court-stays-order-imposing-rs-50-lakh-cost-on-nse/articleshow/49043716.cms External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Stock Exchange of India . 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X ) Financial markets Types of markets Primary market Secondary market Third market Fourth market Types of stocks Common stock Golden share Preferred stock Restricted stock Tracking stock Share capital Authorised capital Issued shares Shares outstanding Treasury stock Participants Broker - dealer Day trader Floor broker Floor trader Investor Market maker Proprietary trader Quantitative analyst Regulator Stock trader Exchanges Electronic communication network List of stock exchanges Opening times Multilateral trading facility Over-the - counter Stock valuation Alpha Arbitrage pricing theory Beta Bid -- ask spread Book value Capital asset pricing model Capital market line Dividend discount model Dividend yield Earnings per share Earnings yield Net asset value Security characteristic line Security market line T - model Trading theories and strategies Algorithmic trading Buy and hold Contrarian investing Day trading Dollar cost averaging Efficient - market hypothesis Fundamental analysis Growth stock Market timing Modern portfolio theory Momentum investing Mosaic theory Pairs trade Post-modern portfolio theory Random walk hypothesis Sector rotation Style investing Swing trading Technical analysis Trend following Value investing Related terms Block trade Cross listing Dark liquidity Dividend Dual - 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The Blacklist (season 5)
The Blacklist ( season 5 ) - wikipedia The Blacklist ( season 5 ) The Blacklist ( season 5 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network NBC Original release September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) -- May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 List of The Blacklist episodes The fifth season of the American crime thriller television series The Blacklist premiered on NBC on September 27 , 2017 , with a timeslot change from Thursday at 10 : 00 PM to Wednesday at 8 : 00 PM . The season was produced by Davis Entertainment , Universal Television and Sony Pictures Television , and the executive producers are Jon Bokenkamp , John Davis , John Eisendrath , John Fox , and Joe Carnahan . The season contained 22 episodes and concluded on May 16 , 2018 . The season aired the series ' 100th episode . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 3.1 Critical response 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Blacklist characters Main cast ( edit ) James Spader as Raymond `` Red '' Reddington Megan Boone as Elizabeth Keen Diego Klattenhoff as Donald Ressler Ryan Eggold as Tom Keen Harry Lennix as Harold Cooper Amir Arison as Aram Mojtabai Mozhan Marnò as Samar Navabi Hisham Tawfiq as Dembe Zuma Recurring ( edit ) Michael Aronov as Joe `` Smokey '' Putnum , Red 's new henchman , circus carney and master of logistics Aida Turturro as Heddie Hawkins , Red 's new accountant and money manager James Carpinello as Henry Prescott , a fixer who is extorting Agent Ressler , killed by Red Jonny Coyne as Ian Garvey , a corrupt U.S. Marshal and drug kingpin , killed by Liz John Noble as Raleigh Sinclair III , AKA The Alibi , who can create near - perfect doubles and alibis Fiona Dourif as Lillian Roth / Jennifer Reddington , the daughter of Raymond Reddington and Liz 's ally Piter Marek as Nik Korpal , a doctor and Liz 's former boyfriend , killed by Ian Garvey Karl Miller as Pete McGee , a disgraced former doctor who assists Tom with his search for the true identity of the bones , killed by Garvey Ana Nogueira as Lena Mercer , Pete 's girlfriend who helps Tom find Pete , killed by Garvey Lenny Venito as Tony Pagliaro / The Mailman , a corrupt U.S. Postal Service employee and Red 's henchman Evan Parke as Detective Norman Singleton , lead investigator in the death of Tom Keen and a member of Garvey 's task force Clark Middleton as Glen Carter , a DMV employee who occasionally assists Red Happy Anderson as Bobby Navarro , one of Garvey 's henchmen , killed by Liz Shane Patrick Kearns as Judson , one of Garvey 's henchmen Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Blacklist episodes No . overall No. in season Title Blacklist guide Directed by Written by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 90 `` Smokey Putnum '' No. 30 Bill Roe Jon Bokenkamp & John Eisendrath September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 6.39 Following Mr. Kaplan 's death , Reddington 's criminal empire is in ruins and he has set up his new base of operations in a budget hotel . He enlists newly discovered daughter Liz Keen to help him rebuild his empire , claiming that he can only be of use to the FBI if he 's in a position of power and influence . He wants to capture the next blacklister , alleged embezzler and circus hand Smokey Putnum and bring him in for trial and collect the bounty . It is revealed that Putnum has been stealing money from a neo-Nazi drug cartel who is now trying to kill him . Red and Liz manage to avoid the killers and deliver Putnum . Red also frees his accuser and accomplice Heddie Hawkins , thus ensuring Putnum 's freedom . Red offers both positions in his rebuilt organization and they accept . Meanwhile , Ressler is in an awkward position following Hitchin 's death , as his fixer Henry Prescott is now blackmailing him . Aram and Samar 's romance escalates . Also , Tom Keen returns with a mysterious briefcase with a skeleton in it . He resolves to identify the remains , whatever the cost . 91 `` Greyson Blaise '' No. 37 Don Thorin Lukas Reiter & Jon Bokenkamp October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 5.87 Reddington enlists Liz and the Task Force to track down a blacklister named Greyson Blaise , a self - made billionaire who moonlights as a high - end thief , to help Reddington with his crumbled empire . Red piques Blaise 's interest with a fake missing Rembrandt painting and `` borrows '' a villa in Italy to stage an elaborate party for Blaise 's benefit . Red gifts the phony painting to Blaise , who is subsequently arrested by Italian authorities after leaving the villa with the painting . Red then goes to Blaise 's home while he 's in custody and convinces the staff that he 's an ally , while stealing several valuable items from the house . Meanwhile , Tom convinces Liz 's former flame Nik to help him with the roadblocks he encounters when trying to identify the remains in the suitcase without Liz or Reddington finding out . Tom witnesses Red murdering of one of Mr. Kaplan 's henchmen after Red finds him and demands information about the suitcase . 92 `` Miss Rebecca Thrall '' No. 76 Adam Weisinger Jonathan Shapiro & Taylor Martin October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 5.79 Reddington enlists Tom to help with his plan to help rebuild his criminal empire . Meanwhile , the Task Force investigates a series of suspicious police shootings involving people with checkered pasts owed large monetary settlements . The Task Force questions the police officers involved and conclude that the shootings are dirty . Red discovers that a revolutionary named Rivera and his men are trying to obtain guns promised by Red , who does n't have them . Red convinces Glen to loan him the money to buy the guns . Liz and the Task Force discover that Rebecca Thrall is simultaneously buying life insurance policies on the victims while also loaning money to desperate police officers to ensure that the insurance must pay off . They deduce the next officer and her target and narrowly prevent his murder . The Task Force lures Thrall into a meeting with the officer and capture her . Red and his new lieutenants fake a police raid to capture Rivera when he appears to accept his guns and Red takes the guns , money and Rivera 's plane and repays Glen . 93 `` The Endling '' No. 44 Michael Watkins Noah Schechter October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 5.46 Liz and the Task Force investigate a female blacklister who appears to be trying to destroy world treasures to create unique priceless items . The Task Force thinks that they have her next target , a Montenegrin princess who is the only heir of her line . When the woman kidnaps the assistant of the princess instead , they realize that her true goal is to capture enough `` Golden Blood '' carriers ( donors suitable for very rare blood types ) to save her ailing son . Meanwhile , Reddington seeks an opportunity to regain revenue for his criminal empire and finds one in creating an Airbnb for criminals after encountering a theft ring run by Anthony Pagliaro that uses postal vacation notices . Red and Liz find the woman Nirah Ahmad before she can start the operation , which would be fatal to the other donors . Red offers an alternative and Nik is called in to perform a heart transplant . Nirah commits suicide to provide the heart . Red expresses gratitude but Nik says that he never wants to be contacted again by either Red or Liz . Tom surreptitiously uses Liz 's FBI ID card to facilitate the search for the identity of the remains . When Nik goes to get the DNA test results from Pete , he is killed by an unknown person and the suitcase with the remains is taken . 94 5 `` Ilyas Surkov '' No. 54 Kurt Kuenne Brandon Margolis & Brandon Sonnier October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 5.23 Liz and the Task Force are tracking down a blacklister and international terrorist named Ilyas Surkov , a man who Red insists died 15 months ago . Liz is shocked to discover Nik 's murder and asks Red for help finding his killer . The Task Force finds a lead on Surkov in Belgrade and send Samar undercover to meet with the contact . Unfortunately , both Samar and the contact are scooped up by a mysterious van . The Task Force finds the van and confronts the team leader named Tobias Reuther , who claims that they are part of a CIA team tracking Surkov . Cooper finds out from the CIA Director of Operations that the team identifying themselves as CIA are imposters . The two teams have a shootout but Reuther escapes . The Task Force discovers that `` Surkov '' 's next target is a Navy ship in Norfolk , VA . When they arrive , Reuther is there but claims that the bombing is a CIA operation that he wants to stop . Liz captures Reuther but the bomb goes off . Cooper confronts the CIA Director of Operations , who claims that bombing destroyed a compromised communication system . Cooper intends to report his conduct to his supervisors . Meanwhile , Reddington and Heddie find a new pet business venture . Tom investigates Nik 's murder and finds Pete 's girlfriend Lena , who refuses to help . Tom finds a key and cell phone on Nik 's remains . Aram requests operational training from Cooper . Reddington traces a connection with the suitcase to Tom . 95 6 `` The Travel Agency '' No. 90 Terrence O'Hara Carla Kettner November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 5.25 Red informs the Task Force that a murder for hire is about to be committed by a blacklister called The Travel Agency , which had been inactive for the last 12 years . Cooper takes temporary leave to take care of a personal matter . Ressler is made Acting Director and leads the task force to the murder target , whose death they are unable to prevent . Tom continues his quest to identify the remains in the suitcase , but runs into Red who knows he has it . The Task Force identifies the known employees of The Travel Agency , who have all been killed except one . Cooper , Red and Dembe aid a young man known to Cooper who has been hiding from a corrupt police officer trying to kill him . The Task Force saves the last Agency employee , who informs the agents about the identity of the assassin , Calvin Dawson . The Task Force goes to the Dawson home and discover that Dawson has anterograde amnesia and his wife Eleanor has been using his condition and her knowledge of The Travel Agency 's protocols to manipulate Dawson into killing his former employers and associates . After the couple is cornered by the Task Force , Eleanor kills them both in a murder - suicide to atone for their many crimes , including the loss of their daughters . Tom convinces Lena to help , but a man threatens Lena and insists she drop the investigation . After closing an emotional case , Liz decides that she wants to marry Tom and they rush to the courthouse . 96 7 `` The Kilgannon Corporation '' No. 48 Jean de Segonzac Lukas Reiter November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 5.04 After dozens of immigrants die off the Carolina coast , Reddington and the Task Force investigate a human smuggling operation . Dembe poses as a Nigerian immigrant and identifies the smugglers as Colin and Arthur Kilgannon . When Red confronts the elder Kilgannon Arthur about the deaths and the conditions on the smuggling ship , Arthur in turn questions his son Colin , but the resulting clash is fatal for Arthur . In an effort to build a case against the Kilgannons , Dembe joins dozens of other refugees hoping to be smuggled into Germany . Tom and Lena locate Pete , who Tom believes killed Nik , but they are captured by armed men interested in the secret of the suitcase . The Kilgannon smuggling base is raided by local authorities , but several trucks including Dembe 's have already left the facility and been abandoned in remote locations . Red tracks down Colin and forces him to help locate the trucks before killing him . Red finds Dembe 's truck in time to save him from carbon dioxide poisoning . Pete and Lena are executed by Ian Garvey and Tom 's life is at risk as Garvey reveals that its secret is important to Reddington and a means to control him . 97 8 `` Ian Garvey '' No. 13 Bill Roe John Eisendrath & Jon Bokenkamp November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 5.89 Now that he possesses the suitcase , Garvey wants Tom to set up a meeting with Red . Liz realizes that Tom is in trouble when he stops answering her calls and the Task Force searches for him . Tom tricks Garvey into leaving for a phony meeting location and Tom escapes with the suitcase . Red and Dembe pick up Tom and the three get into a shootout with Garvey and his men and only narrowly escape . Tom steals the contents of the suitcase and eludes Red . Tom reads the DNA report and discovers Red 's secret . He arranges to meet Liz , but both are captured by Garvey and his men . Garvey brutally stabs Tom multiple times and takes back the suitcase . He then orders Navarro and his men to dispose of Liz and Tom , but Red and Dembe intervene just in time . After being in a coma for 10 months , Liz wakes up while Reddington is reading to her , and when asked , he informs her that Tom has died from his injuries . 98 9 `` Ruin '' N / A Michael Caracciolo Sean Hennen January 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) 6.02 Liz is living in a remote cabin in Alaska under an alias to mourn Tom 's death . She leaves Agnes in the care of an exonerated Scottie Hargrave and asks Red not to follow or monitor her . During an ice storm , she finds a critically injured man in the woods and soon after four other men arrive , claiming they were friends of the wounded man and victims of a plane crash . Instantly sensing trouble but without a working weapon , Liz is forced into a cat - and - mouse game to survive and save the injured man , who turns out to be a federally protected witness being hunted by the other four men . After killing the four men with carefully laid traps and a flare gun , Liz returns home , leaving no traces of her identity in Alaska . She opens the case files on Tom and begins to try to find his killers . She meets with Red and tells him she wants revenge for Tom 's death . 99 10 `` The Informant '' No. 118 Paul Holahan Noah Schechter January 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) 6.16 A terrorist attack kills 57 people in a Toronto nightclub and the U.S. Treasury is preparing to freeze the assets of the group claiming responsibility . Red believes that a blacklister called the Informant is going to ransom the accounts to their holders . The Task Force locates the suspect , but a judge he claims he was having an affair with provides an alibi . Red goes to the Cayman Islands to identify the account holders . The Task Force follows the Informant but Henry Prescott insists that Ressler stop the pursuit since the Informant is a client . Ressler arrests the Informant anyway and Prescott threatens to reveal Ressler 's culpability in Laurel Hitchin 's death and manufactures evidence of Ressler 's involvement in another murder . Red joins forces with Ressler and the two obtain Prescott 's true identity after confronting the judge . Red and Ressler locate Prescott and Ressler considers killing him but arrests him instead . Ressler submits his resignation to Cooper , who rejects the resignation . Red murders Prescott during transport . Liz comes out of hiding to continue her quest to find Tom 's killers and identifies Navarro as one of Garvey 's men . Liz learns more about Nik and Tom from Navarro and kills him after a brutal fight . 100 11 `` Abraham Stern '' No. 100 Andrew McCarthy Teleplay by : Jon Bokenkamp & John Eisendrath Story by : Dave Metzger & Jon Bokenkamp January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) 6.49 Reddington is robbed of the antique penny he took from Greyson Blaise by an unknown assailant . Red maneuvers Task Force into tracking down his assailant by identifying him as a blacklister looking for a secret cache of millions of dollars in Federal Reserve Notes hidden by his father . Red believes that the penny is one of four that are key to locating the Notes . Meanwhile , Liz sanitizes the scene of Navarro 's death but leaves a bloody rag behind that is seized by police . Liz disposes of the body using the Stewmaker 's methods and discovers a high tech glass eye , but Detective Singleton is now on her trail . The Task Force locates the final penny in a museum and Metro police impounds it before blacklister Abraham Stern can steal it . Liz breaks into the Metro police evidence room with Glen 's help and gives the penny to Red , who trades it to Stern for a share of the Notes . Stern has a plan for them to break into the U.S. Mint in Denver where the Notes are hidden but he betrays Red and attempts to take the treasure for himself . However , Red anticipated Stern 's treachery and steals the notes from Stern and traps him in the Mint for the FBI . Liz admits to Red that she offered to help so she could take the bloody rag from the Navarro case along with the penny to derail the murder investigation . 101 12 `` The Cook '' No. 56 Solvan `` Slick '' Naim Peter Noah January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) 6.11 Red notifies the Task Force about a blacklister who murders by arson . The Task Force enlists imprisoned arsonist Earl Fagen 's help with their investigation and he discovers hidden religious messages left at a crime scene . Aram locates the arsonist 's home and Ressler and Samar try to question him , but he escapes . The Task Force identifies the arsonist as a priest of an obscure religious order . Ressler and Samar question the head of the order , who reveals that the priest had been expelled after admitting to having sexual desires for women he knew and fantasizing about burning them to death . The Task Force identifies his next intended victim and manage to prevent her death . The arsonist self - immolates after being confronted by the FBI . Liz continues to search for clues in Tom 's death while avoiding Garvey and his men . With Reddington 's help , she is able to use the glass eye 's GPS tracking mechanism to locate a safe house filled with technology . Red says that he needs to keep the suitcase contents secret from her , but Liz vows to discover the truth . 102 13 `` The Invisible Hand '' No. 63 Andrew McCarthy Jonathan Shapiro & Lukas Reiter February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) 6.35 Reddington nudges the Task Force into finding a blacklister group named `` The Invisible Hand , '' which targets people who have committed acts that are legal but morally wrong and leave their bodies buried near a town named Brenford that has been abandoned due to the dumping of toxic waste . Ressler and Samar go to the site and discover a possible suspect . Meanwhile , the Hand picks its next target Anna Hopkins , whom they hold responsible for the deaths in Brenford . Meanwhile , Reddington lends a hand to his associate Anthony after a drug dealer threatens to kill him . Singleton confronts Liz with his suspicions about Navarro 's death after discovering the evidence is gone . In Tom 's effects , Liz finds a key to a safe with a journal and a reference to the name Oleander , a suspected Russian spy . Liz goes to talk to Oleander , who is revealed to be Dominic , the father of Katarina Rostova and Liz 's grandfather . The Task Force identifies Anna as the next victim of The Invisible Hand and show up just as the Hand is loading her into their vehicle . In the ensuing firefight , several members are shot and one is captured . She reveals that the Hand is taking Anna to Brenford to bury her alive for her actions . The Task Force prevent Anna 's death and arrest the last surviving members . Red finds the eye 's maker and discovers that the man who asked him to build it was a law enforcement officer . Liz , believing that official sanction is necessary to find Tom 's killer , requests reinstatement to the Task Force . 103 14 `` Mr. Raleigh Sinclair III '' No. 51 Christine Gee Kelli Johnson February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) 5.68 Reddington steers the Task Force into targeting a blacklister called The Alibi who helps clients get away with murder by tricking witnesses into providing rock solid alibis . Aram figures out that the witnesses are in fact seeing near - perfect doubles . Meanwhile , Liz begins to see therapist Dr. Sharon Fulton following Tom 's death in order to get reinstated as an FBI agent . Dr. Fulton insists upon speaking to Red , who reluctantly complies . The Task Force identifies one of the doubles , a homeless man named Kahil Shula who has disappeared . Red finds Shula 's friend , who identifies the man who recruited him as Raleigh Sinclair III . Ressler and Samar locate Sinclair 's workshop and evidence of his next target and they manage to stop him from killing his ex-wife . Red warns Sinclair that the FBI is now looking for him and trades Sinclair 's freedom for the evidence of his involvement in many murders , which is given to the Task Force . Liz takes Detective Singleton into her confidence and takes him to the Post Office to explain her involvement with Reddington . 104 15 `` Pattie Sue Edwards '' No. 68 Donald Thorin , Jr . Carla Kettner March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 5.69 The Task Force investigates an outbreak of a virulent pathogen at a Manhattan diner at Red 's behest and Aram identifies the culprit as a blacklister named Patricia Sue Edwards , a biochemist formerly with the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases . Pattie Sue was widowed after her Navy SEAL husband was killed in Syria by another SEAL while allegedly smuggling opium . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention quarantines the area , but their lead scientist discovers that their network has been brought down by a computer virus introduced by the pathogen . Aram determines that the intrusion enabled Pattie Sue to access the Department of Defense computers to find her husband 's killer . Liz and Detective Singleton formulate a plan to draw out Tom 's killer . Singleton identifies Garvey , but Garvey threatens Singleton 's family and kidnaps him . Pattie Sue uses a biochemical weapon to infect the SEAL responsible for the death of her husband , but he subsequently infects her and inadvertently destroys the cure she 's carrying . Ressler intercepts the pair while they 're trying to get more of the cure and forces the SEAL to admit his involvement with the smuggling and exonerate Pattie Sue 's husband . Meanwhile , Reddington deals with the threat of an Internal Revenue Service audit of his money laundering empire and he employs Earl Fagen to burn down the IRS building with the problematic records . Singleton is found murdered and Liz recognizes Tom 's killer Ian Garvey at the crime scene . 105 16 `` The Capricorn Killer '' No. 19 Bill Roe Taylor Martin March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) 5.55 The discovery of a ritualistic killing crime scene causes FBI Agent Brandon Graves to request Liz 's assistance with the investigation due to her profiling experience . Liz , Samar and Graves interview the family of the deceased and discover that he was the Capricorn Killer , killed by a copycat in the same manner as his original crimes . The Task Force tracks down a possible address for the killer and find the partially dismembered Tristate Butcher , also killed according to his own modus operandi . Dr. Fulton questions Liz about her investigations of serial killers and Liz states her theory that the killer is an FBI profiler . The Task Force finds a witness to the murder of Detective Singleton and take him into protective custody , where he identifies Garvey as the killer . Reddington confronts Garvey about the contents of the suitcase , but they 're at a stalemate , both wanting to keep the truth hidden for now . Garvey insists that the witness not testify . Red vows that he will kill Garvey when he retrieves the bones . Aram leads the convoy transporting the witness , but the witness is taken by unknown gunmen . Liz identifies former Agent Hollins as a suspect and tracks him to a remote cabin , but Hollins captures Liz and Dr. Fulton reveals her involvement with the deaths of the two serial killers . She offers Liz the chance to kill her first profile , the Sandman Killer . Liz considers it but Ressler and Samar burst in and kill Hollins . Dr. Fulton flees and Liz finds her but lets her go . Dr. Fulton reinstates Liz as an agent and Liz lets Dr. Fulton know that she may call upon her later , following Red 's example . 106 17 `` Anna - Gracia Duerte '' No. 25 Michael Caracciolo Lukas Reiter & Jonathan Shapiro April 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 04 ) 5.38 Jerry Jawal , a smuggler working for Ian Garvey and the Nash Syndicate , is murdered during an apparent robbery , so Red puts Liz and the Task Force on the case in order to recover a missing ledger , crucial evidence implicating Garvey . Ressler and Samar investigate and discover that Jawal 's wife is a teenage child bride . Aram scans her computer and discovers that she has been in contact with other child brides , some of whom were freed from their marriages by an unknown killer . Liz and Aram figure out that the men who took their witness work for Red . Liz confronts Red , who insists that he must keep his secret . Liz and Aram get a tip about where the witness is located , but it 's a trap and they barely escape Garvey 's men . Samar and Ressler identify the killer 's next target and manage to save him . The assassin is revealed to be Anna - Gracia Duerte , another child bride victim . Samar finds her and convinces her to turn herself in . Red and Liz locate the ledger with Anna - Gracia 's help and Samar gets her a reduced sentence . Meanwhile , Aram considers a step forward in his relationship with Samar . 107 18 `` Zarak Mosadek '' No. 23 Terrence O'Hara Sean Hennen April 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 5.15 A young man is kidnapped on a Paris street . Red has identified Zarak Mosadek as Ian Garvey 's supplier from the ledger and the Task Force determines that the young man is Mosadek 's son and Mosadek will be in Paris to negotiate his release . In an attempt to apply pressure to Garvey , Red and the Task Force head to Paris and capture Mosadek with an elaborate ruse . Distrustful of Red 's agenda , Liz goes after Garvey on her own . She and Aram waylay the head of Internal Affairs to steal files from an investigation into Garvey to look for clues . They follow Garvey to a bar in Baltimore and observe him meeting a woman named Lillian Roth . Red bargains with Mosadek to cut off Garvey 's supply in exchange for his help getting his son back unharmed . Mosadek agrees and goes to exchange diamonds for his son but he is taken by the kidnappers . Red and the Task Force chase them down and rescue Mosadek and his son . Red instructs Mosadek to set up a meeting with Garvey . Liz meets with Lillian and reveals the details of her investigation to get Lillian to turn against Garvey . Roth reveals that her real name is Jennifer Reddington and she is the daughter of Raymond Reddington . 108 19 `` Ian Garvey : Conclusion '' No. 13 Cort Hessler Carla Kettner & Katie Bockes April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) 5.24 Red gets Zarak Mosadesk to stop supplying drugs to Garvey until he turns over the bones . However , Mosadek and Garvey have already secretly agreed to kill Reddington once he shows up at the meeting . Liz tries to get Lillian to betray Garvey , but she refuses . Liz surreptitiously plants a listening device on Lillian before she leaves . Liz meets with Red , who reveals his intention to get the bones and again tells Liz that the bones are none of her business . Aram learns from the listening device about the plan to betray Red . Red summons Raleigh Sinclair III to create another double as part of his plan . Red goes to the meet and Garvey pulls a gun and kills Mosadek instead of Red and quickly flees . Garvey wakes up in Red 's captivity and learns that Red kidnapped him long before the meet and that Sinclair had arranged for Tony Pagliaro to double for Garvey at the meet . Garvey reluctantly agrees to lead Red and Dembe to the bones but he crashes their car and escapes . Garvey , Liz and Red all converge on Lillian 's bar , where a shootout leaves Garvey near death and Red seriously wounded . Liz and Lillian accompany Garvey to the hospital , but he expires without revealing the truth . Meanwhile , Aram and Samar are near a breakup . 109 20 `` Nicholas T. Moore '' No. 110 Solvan `` Slick '' Naim Jon Bokenkamp & Lukas Reiter May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) 5.54 Liz visits Red during his recovery from being shot and sees him apparently hiding a news item . The Task Force begins to investigate the discovery of a young girl found alone in a forest . The girl is suffering from leukemia but shows no signs of any treatment by modern medicine . Liz and Samar interview the girl , who insists that everyone from the outside of her town is infected by a deadly pathogen . The girl is kidnapped from the hospital by a fake orderly and when Samar tries to stop it , she is knocked out and captured . The Task Force connects the girl to a Nicholas T. Moore , the writer of the post-apocalyptic novel `` The Age of Contagion '' , who also lived in the area . Red uses the diversion created by the investigation to interview Garvey 's henchman Judson and determine that the bones were transported to Costa Rica . Red defends his actions to Lillian , who reveals that her mother has passed away . At his compound New Haven , Moore orders the girl to be fatally purified by fire . The Task Force appears in time to save the girl , but the inhabitants of New Haven retreat indoors . Aram , desperate to find Samar , risks his life to show the inhabitants the novel and tells them that their isolation is based on a work of fiction . Some inhabitants try to leave and Moore turns violent . The Task Force captures him , but Samar is nowhere to be found . 110 21 `` Lawrence Dane Devlin '' No. 26 Bethany Rooney Carla Kettner & Sean Hennen May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) 4.96 Samar has been captured by Nicholas T. Moore 's fixer and killer for hire and her life is in danger . Aram bargains with Moore about the identity of the fixer and gives him his personal Bible for the name of his intermediary , Julius Hannelore . Moore commits suicide with a cyanide pill hidden in the book . Red meets Hannelore and extorts him into providing the name of the fixer , Lawrence Dean Devlin . Devlin is preparing to dispose of Samar , but she manages to injure Devlin and cause the van transporting them both to crash , trapping them in the van with serious injuries . Red and Smokey 's search for the duffel bag lead them to an underground auction in Costa Rica , but they find that Garvey has already given them to Sutton Ross , an old enemy of Red 's whom Red believed to be dead . Devlin escapes the van , but is killed by a bear and the van rolls into a river with water streaming in . The Task Force finds Devlin 's hideaway , but not Samar . Aram frantically searches for her and manages to rescue her from the now - underwater van , but she 's comatose . Liz follows Red to Costa Rica and learns about the bag transfer . Liz tells Red that she also knows who has the bones and vows to recover them before Red does . 111 22 `` Sutton Ross '' No. 17 Bill Roe John Eisendrath & Jon Bokenkamp & Lukas Reiter May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) 5.18 Sutton Ross stages a daring robbery to get information about a revolutionary robotics discovery by noted scientist Ravi Desai . Aram determines that Desai himself is necessary to utilizing the data , so the Task Force immediately sets about keeping Desai out of Ross ' hands . Red tracks down Ross through his tailor . Unfortunately , they 're both too late and Ross captures Desai . Liz and Red both give chase , but Liz crashes her car and Red stops the pursuit to help her . The Task Force deduces Ross ' sales contact and Ressler shows up in his stead . The Task Force takes down Ross and his men after getting Desai to safety . During the interrogation , Liz and Ross talk about the bag while Red threatens end his cooperation with the Task Force if Cooper does n't help him get the bones . Ross takes Liz hostage and flees the Post Office . Ross demands that Red surrender in exchange for Liz 's freedom and Red agrees . Ross captures Red and tries to force him to reveal the truth about the bones while torturing Liz . The Task Force busts in , captures everyone and frees Liz . Red takes the bag and kills Ross on his way out . He destroys the bones to hide the truth , but Liz is revealed to have been working with Ross and Jennifer Reddington all along to learn the truth about the bones : they belong to the real Raymond Reddington . The person known as Raymond Reddington is in fact an imposter . Samar awakes from her coma and accepts Aram 's proposal . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Ratings / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR 18 -- 49 DVR Viewers ( millions ) Total 18 -- 49 Total viewers ( millions ) `` Smokey Putnum ( No. 30 ) '' September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 1.1 / 4 6.39 0.8 3.322 1.9 9.710 `` Greyson Blaise ( No. 37 ) '' October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 1.0 / 4 5.87 0.7 3.221 1.7 9.093 `` Miss Rebecca Thrall ( No. 76 ) '' October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 1.0 / 4 5.79 0.7 3.047 1.7 8.839 `` The Endling ( No. 44 ) '' October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 0.9 / 3 5.46 0.8 3.102 1.7 8.565 5 `` Ilyas Surkov ( No. 54 ) '' October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 0.8 / 3 5.23 0.7 3.061 1.5 8.292 6 `` The Travel Agency ( No. 90 ) '' November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 0.9 / 3 5.25 0.7 2.855 1.5 8.015 7 `` The Kilgannon Corporation ( No. 48 ) '' November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 0.9 / 3 5.04 N / A 3.130 N / A 8.171 8 `` Ian Garvey ( No. 13 ) '' November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 0.9 / 4 5.89 0.7 2.903 1.6 8.796 9 `` Ruin '' January 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) 1.0 / 4 6.02 N / A 2.951 N / A 8.975 10 `` The Informant ( No. 118 ) '' January 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) 1.0 / 4 6.16 0.8 3.216 1.8 9.372 11 `` Abraham Stern ( No. 100 ) '' January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) 1.1 / 4 6.49 0.7 3.029 1.8 9.517 12 `` The Cook ( No. 56 ) '' January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) 1.0 / 4 6.11 0.9 3.248 1.9 9.350 13 `` The Invisible Hand ( No. 63 ) '' February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) 1.0 / 4 6.35 0.7 3.032 1.7 9.384 14 `` Mr. Raleigh Sinclair III ( No. 51 ) '' February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) 0.9 / 4 5.68 0.8 3.322 1.7 9.008 15 `` Pattie Sue Edwards ( No. 68 ) '' March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 1.0 / 4 5.69 0.7 3.098 1.7 8.797 16 `` The Capricorn Killer ( No. 19 ) '' March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) 0.9 / 4 5.55 0.6 2.948 1.5 8.495 17 `` Anna - Gracia Duerte ( No. 25 ) '' April 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 04 ) 0.9 / 4 5.38 0.6 2.887 1.5 8.271 18 `` Zarak Mosadek ( No. 23 ) '' April 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 0.8 / 4 5.15 0.6 2.964 1.4 8.116 19 `` Ian Garvey : Conclusion ( No. 13 ) '' April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) 0.8 / 3 5.24 0.5 2.681 1.3 7.922 20 `` Nicholas T. Moore ( No. 110 ) '' May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) 0.8 / 4 5.54 N / A 2.690 N / A 8.214 21 `` Lawrence Dane Devlin ( No. 26 ) '' May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) 0.8 / 3 4.96 0.6 2.546 1.4 7.502 22 `` Sutton Ross ( No. 17 ) '' May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) 0.8 / 3 5.18 0.5 2.639 1.3 7.822 Critical response ( edit ) The fifth season of The Blacklist received positive reviews from critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 100 % approval rating based on five reviews , with an average score of 8.5 / 10 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Tweaks Fall Rollout : Good Place Gets Early Talent - Boosted Premiere , The Blacklist Return Moved Up '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - Blacklist , the on NBC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' SEAL Team , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` World Series ends big , ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist , ' ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' SVU , ' CMAs and others unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' adjusts up , ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' X-Files ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Amazing Race ' adjusts up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and Riverdale ' adjust up , ' Chicago PD ' and ' Life Sentence ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs ' adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' & ' Life Sentence ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs ' adjust up , CW adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts down to series low : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' The Blacklist ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Delayed Viewing Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Winter Premiere Starts 2018 Strong '' . Variety . January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` Delayed Viewing Ratings : ' Roseanne ' Returns on Top '' . Variety . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Variety . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ABC Finale of ' Designated Survivor ' Tops Broadcast Network Telecasts ' Viewers Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Blacklist S05 reviews '' . rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Blacklist on IMDb The Blacklist Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Freelancer '' `` Wujing '' `` The Stewmaker '' `` The Courier '' `` Gina Zanetakos '' `` Frederick Barnes '' `` General Ludd '' `` Anslo Garrick '' `` Anslo Garrick Conclusion '' `` The Good Samaritan '' `` The Alchemist '' `` The Cyprus Agency '' `` Madeline Pratt '' `` The Judge '' `` Mako Tanida '' `` Ivan '' `` Milton Bobbit '' `` The Pavlovich Brothers '' `` The Kingmaker '' `` Berlin '' `` Berlin Conclusion '' Season 2 `` Lord Baltimore '' `` Monarch Douglas Bank '' `` Dr. James Covington '' `` Dr. Linus Creel '' `` The Front '' `` The Mombasa Cartel '' `` The Scimitar '' `` The Decembrist '' `` Luther Braxton '' `` Luther Braxton Conclusion '' `` Ruslan Denisov '' `` The Kenyon Family '' `` The Deer Hunter '' `` T. Earl King VI '' `` The Major '' `` Tom Keen '' `` The Longevity Initiative '' `` Vanessa Cruz '' `` Leonard Caul '' `` Quon Zhang '' `` Karakurt '' `` Tom Connolly '' Season 3 `` The Troll Farmer '' Season 4 Season 5 Related Characters The Blacklist : Redemption Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Blacklist_(season_5)&oldid=862847900 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons The Blacklist ( TV series ) seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2018 , at 03 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who dies in season 5 of the blacklist
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Prophecy Girl
Prophecy Girl - wikipedia Prophecy Girl Jump to : navigation , search `` Prophecy Girl '' Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode In the climax of the season finale , Buffy confronts the Master , knowing that she is prophesized to die in the process . Episode no . Season 1 Episode 12 Directed by Joss Whedon Written by Joss Whedon Production code 4V12 Original air date June 2 , 1997 Guest appearance ( s ) David Boreanaz as Angel Mark Metcalf as The Master Kristine Sutherland as Joyce Summers Robia LaMorte as Jenny Calendar Andrew J. Ferchland as the Anointed One Scott Gurney as Kevin Episode chronology ← Previous `` Out of Mind , Out of Sight '' Next → `` When She Was Bad '' List of Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes `` Prophecy Girl '' is the season finale of the WB Television Network 's first season of the drama television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer , and the 12th episode of the series . It first aired on June 2 , 1997 . Series creator Joss Whedon wrote and directed the episode . The narrative features vampire Slayer Buffy Summers ( Sarah Michelle Gellar ) working to prevent vampire the Master ( Mark Metcalf ) from rising to power , despite a prophecy predicting her death at his hands . Due to the first season of the show acting as a midseason replacement for Savannah , all twelve episodes were produced before the first episode aired ( and as such , the conclusion of the episode serves to wrap the series up in case it were not renewed ) . All following seasons ran from September to May and received twenty - two episode pick - ups . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Broadcast and reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Reading a book of prophecies that Angel gave him , Giles learns that the Master is destined to rise the next day and that Buffy will die . An earthquake is felt all over town . The next morning , Buffy meets Giles in the library , the balcony of which has sustained significant damage from the earthquake . Buffy reports that the vampires are rising in number and getting braver . Miss Calendar interrupts Giles ' study in the library to warn him that she sees apocalyptic portents . She tells him that Brother Luca , a monk in Cortona , is e-mailing her about the Anointed One . Giles asks her to get more information about this , promising he will explain everything later . That evening , Buffy uses the restroom at school and finds that the faucet is running with blood . As Buffy enters the library she hears Giles telling Angel about the prophecy . Buffy , shocked , yells that she is quitting as the slayer , throwing the cross Angel gave her on the ground . She goes back home and tries to persuade her mother to go away with her for the weekend . Joyce , instead , gives her a white evening gown and tells her to go to the dance . The next day Cordelia and Willow find the AV club slaughtered by vampires . Buffy , having heard , shows up in her evening gown at Willow 's who expresses fear of their world being taken over by the vampires . Buffy goes back to the library , where Giles has explained to Miss Calendar that Buffy is the Slayer . Buffy reinstates herself as the Slayer , knocks Giles out when he tries to stop her and goes to kill the Master . Outside of school , Collin leads her to the Master 's lair . Willow and Xander show up at the library , where they hear that Buffy has gone off to see the Master . Xander goes to Angel 's apartment where he forces Angel to lead him to the Master 's lair . The Master tells Buffy that it is her blood which will free him . He drinks from her and leaves her to drown in a shallow pool . Willow and Miss Calendar decide that the Hellmouth is underneath the Bronze and leave to warn the students there , but are surrounded by vampires . Cordelia rescues them in her car and drives it straight into the library . Xander finds Buffy and resuscitates her with CPR . As Cordelia , Willow , Giles and Miss Calendar fight off vampires trying to enter the library , a three - headed creature smashes through the floor , revealing that the Hellmouth is directly underneath the library itself . Buffy , now on the roof , tosses the Master down into the library , where he is impaled on broken furniture . He partly dusts , leaving only his skeleton . The world goes back to normal and everyone goes to the Bronze . Production ( edit ) Alyson Hannigan claimed that two versions were filmed of the scene where she and Cordelia discover the room full of bodies : a tamer version for American audiences and a bloodier one to be shown in Europe . This episode is the first meeting between Buffy and the season 's main antagonist . Joss Whedon has stated that this event was deliberately saved for the season finale so that the show would not fall into a repetitive pattern of Buffy defeating The Master in every episode . Broadcast and reception ( edit ) `` Prophecy Girl '' was first broadcast on The WB on June 2 , 1997 . It received a Nielsen rating of 2.8 on its initial airing . Noel Murray of The A.V. Club gave `` Prophecy Girl '' a grade of A - , describing it as `` a sterling example of how to write and direct this show '' . He particularly praised the quieter moments between the characters , and listed `` the story feeling a little compressed '' as his main qualm . Todd VanDerWerff of the site listed `` Prophecy Girl '' as one of the `` 10 episodes that show how Buffy The Vampire Slayer blew up genre TV '' , writing that it gave `` a sense of the series at its early best '' . DVD Talk 's Phillip Duncan described the episode as `` a neat and tidy close without much fanfare '' and felt that there was `` too much crammed into this episode as several plot - points are struggled to be resolved '' . On the other hand , a review from the BBC called it `` a very satisfying conclusion '' , highlighting the tone and the performances . Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post listed the scene where Buffy says she quits being the Slayer as one of the top five moments of Gellar as Buffy . Joss Whedon named `` Prophecy Girl '' as his tenth favorite episode . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Prophecy Girl : Trivia '' . BBC . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon 's audio commentary for the episode `` The Harvest '' , The Complete First Season Region 1 DVD . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings for Buffy 's First Season '' . Archived from the original on 23 August 2006 . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Murray , Noel ( 26 June 2008 ) . `` '' Nightmares `` , etc '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( 13 December 2013 ) . `` 10 episodes that show how Buffy the Vampire Slayer blew up genre TV '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Phillip ( 21 January 2002 ) . `` Buffy the Vampire Slayer -- Season 1 '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Prophecy Girl : Review '' . BBC . 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett ( 14 April 2010 ) . `` Top 5 best Buffy moments '' . Page Six . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( April 28 , 2003 ) . `` Show 's creator takes a stab at 10 favorite episodes '' . USA Today . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Prophecy Girl `` Prophecy Girl '' on IMDb `` Prophecy Girl '' at TV.com ( hide ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes Season 1 `` Welcome to the Hellmouth '' `` The Harvest '' `` Witch '' `` Teacher 's Pet '' `` Never Kill a Boy on the First Date '' `` The Pack '' `` Angel '' `` I , Robot ... You , Jane '' `` The Puppet Show '' `` Nightmares '' `` Out of Mind , Out of Sight '' `` Prophecy Girl '' Season 2 `` When She Was Bad '' `` Some Assembly Required '' `` School Hard '' `` Inca Mummy Girl '' `` Reptile Boy '' `` Halloween '' `` Lie to Me '' `` The Dark Age '' `` What 's My Line , Parts One and Two '' `` Ted '' `` Bad Eggs '' `` Surprise '' `` Innocence '' `` Phases '' `` Bewitched , Bothered and Bewildered '' `` Passion '' `` Killed by Death '' `` I Only Have Eyes for You '' `` Go Fish '' `` Becoming , Parts One and Two '' Season 3 `` Anne '' `` Dead Man 's Party '' `` Faith , Hope & Trick '' `` Beauty and the Beasts '' `` Homecoming '' `` Band Candy '' `` Revelations '' `` Lovers Walk '' `` The Wish '' `` Amends '' `` Gingerbread '' `` Helpless '' `` The Zeppo '' `` Bad Girls '' `` Consequences '' `` Doppelgangland '' `` Enemies '' `` Earshot '' `` Choices '' `` The Prom '' `` Graduation Day , Parts One and Two '' Season 4 `` The Freshman '' `` Living Conditions '' `` The Harsh Light of Day '' `` Fear , Itself '' `` Beer Bad '' `` Wild at Heart '' `` The Initiative '' `` Pangs '' `` Something Blue '' `` Hush '' `` Doomed '' `` A New Man '' `` The I in Team '' `` Goodbye Iowa '' `` This Year 's Girl '' `` Who Are You '' `` Superstar '' `` Where the Wild Things Are '' `` New Moon Rising '' `` The Yoko Factor '' `` Primeval '' `` Restless '' Season 5 `` Buffy vs. Dracula '' `` Real Me '' `` The Replacement '' `` Out of My Mind '' `` No Place Like Home '' `` Family '' `` Fool for Love '' `` Shadow '' `` Listening to Fear '' `` Into the Woods '' `` Triangle '' `` Checkpoint '' `` Blood Ties '' `` Crush '' `` I Was Made to Love You '' `` The Body '' `` Forever '' `` Intervention '' `` Tough Love '' `` Spiral '' `` The Weight of the World '' `` The Gift '' Season 6 `` Bargaining , Parts One and Two '' `` After Life '' `` Flooded '' `` Life Serial '' `` All the Way '' `` Once More , with Feeling '' `` Tabula Rasa '' `` Smashed '' `` Wrecked '' `` Gone '' `` Doublemeat Palace '' `` Dead Things '' `` Older and Far Away '' `` As You Were '' `` Hell 's Bells '' `` Normal Again '' `` Entropy '' `` Seeing Red '' `` Villains '' `` Two to Go '' `` Grave '' Season 7 `` Lessons '' `` Beneath You '' `` Same Time , Same Place '' `` Help '' `` Selfless '' `` Him '' `` Conversations with Dead People '' `` Sleeper '' `` Never Leave Me '' `` Bring On the Night '' `` Showtime '' `` Potential '' `` The Killer in Me '' `` First Date '' `` Get It Done '' `` Storyteller '' `` Lies My Parents Told Me '' `` Dirty Girls '' `` Empty Places '' `` Touched '' `` End of Days '' `` Chosen '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prophecy_Girl&oldid=800708540 '' Categories : Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( season 1 ) episodes 1997 American television episodes Television episodes written by Joss Whedon Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list Talk Contents Help About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 05 : 45 . 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buffy the vampire slayer season 1 episode 12 full episode
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Canada permanent resident card
Canada permanent resident card - wikipedia Canada permanent resident card Permanent Resident Card Date first issued 28 June 2002 Issued by Canada Purpose Identifying holder as a non-citizen permanent resident of Canada Eligibility requirements Permanent residency in Canada Expiration 5 years Cost C $ 50 Canadian citizenship This article is part of a series Immigration Immigration to Canada History of immigration to Canada Economic impact of immigration Canadian immigration and refugee law Immigration Act , 1976 Immigration and Refugee Protection Act Permanent residency Temporary residency Permanent resident card Canadian nationality law History of nationality law Citizenship Act 1946 Citizenship Test Oath of Citizenship Agencies Immigration , Refugees and Citizenship Canada Citizenship classes Honorary citizenship Commonwealth citizen Issues Lost Canadians `` Canadians of convenience '' Demographics of Canada Canadians Population by year Ethnic origins The permanent resident card ( PR card ; French : carte de résident permanent ) is an identification document for non-citizen permanent residents of Canada . It is the primary method by which Canadian permanent residents can prove their status and is the only document that allows permanent residents to return to Canada by air . It is a more secure replacement for the paper IMM 1000 form previously used to identify permanent residents , and was first proposed in 2001 ( originally named the `` Maple Leaf card '' ) as part of the Canadian government 's overhaul of immigration and security laws following the September 11 attacks in the United States . After the 2001 passage of the new Immigration and Refugee Protection Act , the first PR cards were distributed on 28 June 2002 . Like Canadian passports , all PR cards are issued by Immigration , Refugees and Citizenship Canada ( IRCC ) and are the property of the Canadian Crown . Starting from 10 November 2016 , all travellers to Canada ( except for Canadian citizens , U.S. citizens and nationals , Canadian permanent residents , and travellers with a valid Canadian visa ) are required to have an Electronic Travel Authorization ( eTA ) before boarding a flight to Canada . Hence permanent residents , including those from one of the visa - free countries ( except the U.S. ) , need either a PR card or a permanent resident travel document ( PRTD ) to board a flight to Canada . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 1.1 2002 version 1.2 2009 version 1.3 2015 version 2 Application process 2.1 New permanent residents 2.2 Existing permanent residents and renewals 2.3 Validity 2.4 Permanent residents outside Canada 2.5 Processing times 3 Proof of status in Canada 4 Requirement to enter Canada 5 Use as a proof of status and for visa - free travel 5.1 In Canada 5.2 Outside Canada 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Design ( edit ) There are two types of PR card in circulation : the 2009 version and the 2015 version . As all PR card 's lifespan can not exceed five years , the initial 2002 version is obsolete and no longer in use . All three versions of the card contain a maple leaf in the front of the card , hence earning the nickname `` maple leaf card '' . 2002 version ( edit ) Permanent Resident Card ( 2002 - 2009 ) The card is an ISO / IEC 7810 ID - 1 sized ( commonly known as credit - card sized ) document . The front of the card contains the holder 's photograph , name , an 8 - digit ID number , sex , nationality , date of birth , signature and the card 's date of expiration . For the back of the card , an optical stripe which contains the holder 's information is available on top . Below it are additional information on the holder including their immigration category , colour of eyes and height , country of birth as well as the day the holder became a permanent resident . A machine readable zone is at the bottom . The colour of the card is aqua , with graphs in purple and orange , and a maple leaf can be seen in the front . 2009 version ( edit ) Permanent resident card ( 2009 - 2015 ) Comparing to the previous version , the 2009 version of the card , which was introduced on 24 August 2009 , contains the same information as the previous version . The design , however , was significantly changed with a white background colour , a transparent window on the right side of the card , a second ghost image located in the transparent window , and the replacement of optical stripe with a 2 - D barcode . PR cards issued after 1 February 2012 no longer contain the holder 's signature . 2015 version ( edit ) In circulation since 25 November 2015 , the 2015 version of the card has a RFID chip which can be used for future land border crossings . Unlike the biometric chips found in Canadian passports , the RFID chip does not store any personal data , but instead a unique identifier . When entering Canada from a land port of entry , the RFID chip in the PR card will be read by RFID tag readers . The unique identifier is then transmitted to a secure database and the permanent resident 's information is retrieved by the CBSA officer who will have information even before the vehicle stops at the inspection booth . The design is similar to the 2009 version , although an image of the Peace Tower is shown on the background . The new version also removed immigration category and the 2 - D barcode from the back of the card . Application process ( edit ) New permanent residents ( edit ) It is necessary to supply a Canadian residential address at the time of landing . If a Canadian address can not be supplied at the time , it is necessary to provide one to IRCC within 180 days . Otherwise a new application made to IRCC 's processing centre in Sydney , Nova Scotia , will be required , at a cost of CA $50 to the applicant . There is no fee for a first PR card provided that the applicant provides an address during the landing . Existing permanent residents and renewals ( edit ) Permanent residents as of 28 June 2002 and new permanent residents who did not provide a Canadian residential address , or whose PR card was expired , lost , stolen or damaged , must apply to IRCC 's processing centre in Sydney , Nova Scotia for a new card . The applicant must demonstrate he or she has resided for at least 730 days before the five - year period of the card 's renewal application . The fee is C $ 50 . In some cases , the PR card must be collected in person at an IRCC office in Canada . Validity ( edit ) The PR card is normally valid for 5 years . However , it may be valid for 1 year for those whose PR status are being assessed by the IRCC . As permanent residents must meet the residency obligation ( minimum of 730 days in every five years ) in order to renew PR cards , all valid PR card holders are deemed to have not lost permanent resident status and have the right to enter and remain in Canada during the card 's validity . If , however , the Canada Border Services Agency ( CBSA ) officer at the port of entry considers the permanent resident may not meet the residency obligation , the person may be reported to IRCC and may be required to attend a hearing to determine his or her PR status . A PR card 's expiration date does not indicate that the holder 's status as a permanent resident has expired , or will expire , on that date . It is the date after which the card must be replaced with a new card . Permanent residents outside Canada ( edit ) It is not possible to apply for the PR card outside Canada . Instead , permanent residents wishing to travel to Canada who do not have a valid PR card may apply for a single use Permanent Resident Travel Document ( PRTD ) which allows a journey to Canada as a permanent resident . The application may only be submitted to Government of Canada offices abroad and the fee is C $50 . The officers abroad will then determine whether the person still has permanent resident status . Processing times ( edit ) The processing time for a new PR card was 61 days for 80 per cent of the new applications as of October 2017 , slightly below IRCC 's service standard , which is two months or less for 80 per cent of cases . Before June 2016 , the processing time was 95 days for 80 per cent of the applications , and only 43 per cent of the cases were processed in two months or less . From April 2016 to March 2017 , IRCC was able to process 76 per cent of applications in under two months , while 80 per cent of cases were processed under 79 days or less . IRCC does not have a service standard for PR card renewals , which are subject to residency assessments to determine whether the required physical presence period was met . Proof of status in Canada ( edit ) Whether one is a permanent resident or not is determined by the provisions of the IRPA . Under section 31 ( 2 ) ( a ) of the IRPA , a person with a valid permanent card is presumed to be a permanent resident unless the IRCC officer determines that he or she is no longer a permanent resident . Similarly , under section 31 ( 2 ) ( b ) of the IRPA , a person who is outside Canada without a valid PR card is presumed not to be a permanent resident unless proven otherwise . The IRPA , however , does not specify the requirement for a permanent resident to hold a PR card , so a permanent resident who does not hold a valid PR card continues to be a permanent resident regardless of whether he or she is physically in Canada , if he or she satisfies the residency obligation and the status has not been revoked , although it would be difficult to prove the person 's status in many cases . Requirement to enter Canada ( edit ) A Canadian permanent resident has the right to enter Canada under section 27 ( 1 ) of the IRPA , provided that their PR status has not been revoked , hence legally speaking , a permanent resident do not need a PR card to enter Canada . Due to the changes in visa policy , however , all permanent residents are required to hold a valid PR card to enter Canada by air unless they hold a U.S passport . As any person can approach one of the Canadian land ports of entry along the Canada -- United States border , a permanent resident does not need to hold a valid PR card to enter Canada from the United States , although they may face difficulties when boarding a commercial carrier ( bus , ship or train ) . Use as a proof of status and for visa - free travel ( edit ) In Canada ( edit ) A PR card is the most convenient way of proving status to authorities within Canada ( e.g. provincial governments , employers , schools ) . All permanent residents have other documentation ( such as original landing papers ) which is also acceptable . However , there is no legal requirement for a permanent resident to carry a PR card at all times . Outside Canada ( edit ) For visa - free travels , Canadian permanent residents require a PR card , unless the person 's passport in itself is sufficient for exemption . A Canadian PR card holder may travel visa - free to the following countries if not already exempt : All Dutch Caribbean territories ( 90 days ) Bahamas ( 30 days ) Bermuda ( maximum 6 months ) Cayman Islands ( 60 days ) Costa Rica ( 30 days , PR card must be valid for more than six months ) Cuba ( 30 days , PR card and a current and valid passport required ) Dominican Republic Georgia ( 90 days in 180 days ) . Guatemala Jamaica Mexico ( 6 months ) Nicaragua ( 90 days within 180 days , not applicable to all nationalities ) Panama ( 30 days or 180 days ) South Korea ( 30 days when in transit , not applicable to all nationalities ) Taiwan ( 30 days , online registration required , only applicable to certain nationalities ) Turks and Caicos Islands ( 90 days ) For non-visa - exempt nationals , UK allows holders of a valid PR card issued after 2002 to transit without visa under TWOV program . See also ( edit ) Immigration to Canada Canadian nationality law Permanent residence ( United States ) Blue Card ( European Union ) Indefinite leave to remain , a British residence status equivalent to the Canada permanent resident card Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Moore , Oliver ; Lawlor , Allison ( October 12 , 2001 ) . `` Secure ' Maple Leaf ' card for immigrants introduced '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations ( SOR / 2002 - 227 ) ^ Jump up to : Understand permanent resident status ^ Jump up to : Notice -- Permanent Resident Card Redesign Jump up ^ CANADIAN PERMANENT RESIDENT CARD -- NEW DESIGN AND SECURITY FEATURES Jump up ^ Introduction of the Downloadable IMM 5455 Supplementary Identification Form Jump up ^ New Permanent Resident Card Has New Photo Specifications and RFID Chip ^ Jump up to : Apply -- Permanent resident card Jump up ^ ENF 23 Loss of permanent resident status Jump up ^ `` Details '' . Cic.gc.ca. 2010 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Service standard for initial permanent resident card Jump up ^ OP 10 : Permanent Residency Status Determination ^ Jump up to : Section 31 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act ( S.C. 2001 , c. 27 ) Jump up ^ Immigration and Refugee Protection Act ( S.C. 2001 , c. 27 ) Jump up ^ Entry requirements by country Jump up ^ Entry Requirements Jump up ^ VISAS & VISA CONTROLLED NATIONALS Jump up ^ List of coutries Jump up ^ Entry Requirements Jump up ^ UK VISA REQUIREMENTS Canadian Identity Documents Federal Government Passport Citizenship certificate Social Insurance Card Permanent resident Card Certificate of Indian Status Refugee travel document Canadian Certificate of Identity Firearms Possession and Acquisition Licence Old Age Security Identification Card Seafarer 's Identity Document Parolee Identification Card Armed Forces Identification Card Provincial and Territorial Birth certificate Driver 's licence Health card Provincial Photo ID Card Provincial Liquor Card International Nexus Card British emergency passport International Driving Permit Further reading ( edit ) Noorani , Nick ; Noorani , Sabrina ( 2008 ) , Arrival Survival Canada : A Handbook for New Immigrants , Oxford University Press , p. 65 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 542891 - 9 Twomey , Patrick ( 2008 ) , Working and Living in Canada , 2nd , Cadogan Guides , pp. 149 -- 150 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 86011 - 404 - 5 External links ( edit ) Permanent Resident Card Overview - Citizenship & Immigration Canada Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada_permanent_resident_card&oldid=848240306 '' Categories : 2002 establishments in Canada International travel documents Immigration to Canada Canadian immigration law Residency Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български فارسی Français Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 June 2018 , at 17 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
visa free countries for permanent resident of canada
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1994 Northridge earthquake
1994 Northridge earthquake - wikipedia 1994 Northridge earthquake Jump to : navigation , search 1994 Northridge earthquake Buildings collapsed as a result of the earthquake Los Angeles Las Vegas Date January 17 , 1994 ( 1994 - 01 - 17 ) Origin time 4 : 30 : 55 a.m. PST Duration 10 -- 20 seconds Magnitude 6.7 M Depth 11.31 mi ( 18.20 km ) Epicenter 34 ° 12 ′ 47 '' N 118 ° 32 ′ 13 '' W  /  34.213 ° N 118.537 ° W  / 34.213 ; - 118.537 Coordinates : 34 ° 12 ′ 47 '' N 118 ° 32 ′ 13 '' W  /  34.213 ° N 118.537 ° W  / 34.213 ; - 118.537 Type Blind thrust Areas affected Greater Los Angeles Area Southern California United States Total damage $13 -- $44 billion Max . intensity IX ( Violent ) Peak acceleration 1.82g horizontal Casualties 57 killed > 8,700 injured Map of perceived intensity of shaking Magnitude of 1994 Northridge earthquake The 1994 Northridge earthquake occurred on January 17 , at 4 : 30 : 55 a.m. PST and had its epicenter in Reseda , a neighborhood in the north - central San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles , California . It had a duration of approximately 10 -- 20 seconds . The blind thrust earthquake had a moment magnitude ( M ) of 6.7 , which produced ground acceleration that was the highest ever instrumentally recorded in an urban area in North America , measuring 1.8g ( 16.7 m / s ) with strong ground motion felt as far away as Las Vegas , Nevada , about 220 miles ( 360 km ) from the epicenter . The peak ground velocity at the Rinaldi Receiving Station was 183 cm / s ( 4.09 mph or 6.59 km / h ) , the fastest peak ground velocity ever recorded . In addition , two 6.0 M aftershocks occurred , the first about one minute after the initial event and the second approximately 11 hours later , the strongest of several thousand aftershocks in all . The death toll was 57 , with more than 8,700 injured . In addition , property damage was estimated to be between $13 and $50 billion , making it one of the costliest natural disasters in U.S. history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Epicenter 2 Damage and fatalities 3 Valley fever outbreak 4 Hospitals affected 5 Television , movie , and music productions affected 6 Transportation affected 7 Universities , colleges , and schools affected 8 Entertainment and sports affected 9 Other buildings affected 10 Radio and television affected 11 Government and organization affected 12 Legislative changes 13 Building code changes 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Epicenter ( edit ) The earthquake struck in the San Fernando Valley about 20 miles ( 31 km ) northwest of downtown Los Angeles . Although given the name `` Northridge '' , the epicenter was located in the community of Reseda ; it took several days to pinpoint the epicenter in detail ( both communities are neighborhoods of the City of Los Angeles ) . This was the first instance with a hypocenter directly beneath a U.S. city since the 1933 Long Beach earthquake . The National Geophysical Data Center placed the hypocenter 's geographical coordinates at 34 ° 12 ′ 47 '' N 118 ° 32 ′ 13 '' W  /  34.21306 ° N 118.53694 ° W  / 34.21306 ; - 118.53694 and at a depth of 11.4 miles ( 18.3 km ) . It occurred on a previously undiscovered fault , now named the Northridge blind thrust fault ( also known as the Pico thrust fault ) . Several other faults experienced minor rupture during the main shock and other ruptures occurred during large aftershocks , or triggered events . Damage and fatalities ( edit ) A house damaged in Santa Monica . I - 10 skyway after earthquake . The collapsed section is near the supporter beam . The freeway `` bent '' just before the collapsed section Kaiser Permanente building Collapsed apartment building Street damage Damage occurred up to 85 miles ( 125 km ) away , with the most damage in the west San Fernando Valley , and the cities of Santa Monica , Simi Valley and Santa Clarita . The exact number of fatalities is unknown , with sources estimating it at 60 or `` over 60 '' , to 72 , where most estimates fall around 60 . The `` official '' death toll was placed at 57 ; 33 people died immediately or within a few days from injuries sustained , and many died from indirect causes , such as stress - induced cardiac events . Some counts factor in related events such as a man 's suicide possibly inspired by the loss of his business in the disaster . More than 8,700 were injured including 1,600 who required hospitalization . The Northridge Meadows apartment complex was one of the well - known affected areas in which sixteen people were killed as a result of the building 's collapse . The Northridge Fashion Center and California State University , Northridge also sustained very heavy damage -- most notably , the collapse of parking structures . The earthquake also gained worldwide attention because of damage to the vast freeway network , which serves millions of commuters every day . The most notable of this damage was to the Santa Monica Freeway , Interstate 10 , known as the busiest freeway in the United States , congesting nearby surface roads for three months while the freeway was repaired . Farther north , the Newhall Pass interchange of Interstate 5 ( the Golden State Freeway ) and State Route 14 ( the Antelope Valley Freeway ) collapsed as it had 23 years earlier in the 1971 Sylmar earthquake even though it had been rebuilt with minor improvements to the structural components . One life was lost in the Newhall Pass interchange collapse : LAPD motorcycle officer Clarence Wayne Dean fell 40 feet from the damaged connector from southbound 14 to southbound I - 5 along with his motorcycle . Because of the early morning darkness , he likely did not realize that the elevated roadway below him had collapsed , and was unable to stop in time to miss the fall and died instantly . When the interchange was rebuilt again one year later , it was renamed the Clarence Wayne Dean Memorial Interchange in his honor . Additional damage occurred about 50 miles ( 80 km ) southeast in Anaheim as the scoreboard at Anaheim Stadium collapsed onto several hundred seats . The stadium was vacant at the time . Although several commercial buildings also collapsed , loss of life was minimized because of the early morning hour of the quake , and because it also occurred on a federal holiday ( Martin Luther King , Jr . Day ) . Also , because of known seismic activity in California , area building codes dictate that buildings incorporate structural design intended to withstand earthquakes . However , the damage caused revealed that some structural specifications did not perform as intended . Because of these revelations , building codes were revised . Some structures were not red - tagged until months later , because damage was not immediately evident . The quake produced unusually strong ground accelerations in the range of 1.0 g . Damage was also caused by fire and landslides . The Northridge earthquake was notable for hitting almost the same exact area as the M 6.6 San Fernando ( Sylmar ) earthquake . Estimates of total damage range between $13 and $40 billion . Most casualties and damage occurred in multi-story wood frame buildings ( e.g. the three - story Northridge Meadows apartment building ) . In particular , buildings with an unstable first floor ( such as those with parking areas on the bottom ) performed poorly . Numerous fires were also caused by broken gas lines from houses shifting off their foundations or unsecured water heaters tumbling . In the San Fernando Valley , several underground gas and water lines were severed , resulting in some streets experiencing simultaneous fires and floods . Damage to the system resulted in water pressure dropping to zero in some areas ; this predictably affected success in fighting subsequent fires . Five days later , it was estimated that between 40,000 and 60,000 customers were still without public water service . As expected , unreinforced masonry buildings and houses on steep slopes suffered damage . However , school buildings ( K - 12 ) , which are required by California law to be reinforced , in general survived fairly well . Valley fever outbreak ( edit ) An unusual effect of the Northridge earthquake was an outbreak of coccidioidomycosis ( Valley fever ) in Ventura County . This respiratory disease is caused by inhaling airborne spores of fungus . The 203 cases reported , of which three resulted in fatalities , constituted roughly 10 times the normal rate in the initial eight weeks . This was the first report of such an outbreak following an earthquake , and it is believed that the spores were carried in large clouds of dust created by seismically triggered landslides . Most of the cases occurred immediately downwind of the landslides . Hospitals affected ( edit ) Eleven hospitals suffered structural damage and were damaged or rendered unusable . Not only were they unable to serve their local neighborhoods , but they also had to transfer out their inpatient populations , which further increased the burden on nearby hospitals that were still operational . As a result , the state legislature passed a law requiring all hospitals in California to ensure that their acute care units and emergency rooms would be in earthquake - resistant buildings by January 1 , 2005 . Most were unable to meet this deadline and only managed to achieve compliance in 2008 or 2009 . Television , movie , and music productions affected ( edit ) The production of movies and TV shows was disrupted . The Star Trek : Deep Space Nine episode `` Profit and Loss '' was being filmed at the time , and actors Armin Shimerman and Edward Wiley left the Paramount Pictures lot in full Ferengi and Cardassian makeup respectively . The season five episode of Seinfeld entitled `` The Pie '' was due to begin shooting on January 17 before stage sets were damaged . NBC 's The Tonight Show , hosted by Jay Leno , took place in the NBC Studios in Burbank , close to the epicenter of the quake . Also , ABC 's General Hospital , which shoots in Los Angeles , was heavily affected . The set , which is at ABC Television Center , suffered major damage , including partial structural collapse and water damage . All of the earthquake sequences in the Wes Craven film New Nightmare were filmed a month prior to the Northridge quake . The real quake struck only weeks before filming was completed . Subsequently , a team was sent out to film footage of the quake - damaged areas of the city . The cast and crew had initially thought that the scenes that were filmed before the real quake struck were a bit overdone , but upon viewing the footage after the earthquake , they were reportedly startled by the realism of it . Some archives of film and entertainment programming were also affected . For example , the original 35 mm master films for the 1960s sitcom My Living Doll were destroyed . The first and second episodes of the fifth season of Baywatch featured the earthquake , and how the lifeguards responded to it , professionally and personally . Transportation affected ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Damaged portion of the Golden State Freeway at Gavin Canyon . Portions of a number of major roads and freeways , including Interstate 10 over La Cienega Boulevard , and the interchanges of Interstate 5 with California State Route 14 , 118 , and Interstate 210 , were closed because of structural failure or collapse . James E. Roberts was chief bridge engineer with Caltrans and was placed in charge of the seismic retrofit program for Caltrans until his death in 2006 . Rail service was briefly interrupted , with full Amtrak and expanded Metrolink service resuming in stages in the days after the quake . Metrolink used the interruptions to road transport as a reason to experiment with service to Camarillo and Oxnard , which continues to the present . During the interruption , Metrolink leased equipment from Amtrak , San Francisco 's Caltrain and Toronto , Canada 's GO Transit to handle the sudden onslaught of passengers . All MTA bus lines operated service with detours and delays on the day of the quake . Los Angeles International Airport and other airports in the area were also shut down as a 2 - hour precaution , including Burbank - Glendale - Pasadena Airport ( now Bob Hope Airport ) and Van Nuys Airport , which is near the epicenter , where the control tower suffered from radar failure and panel collapse . The airport was reopened in stages after the quake . Universities , colleges , and schools affected ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) California State University , Northridge , was the closest university to the epicenter . Thus , many campus buildings were heavily damaged and a parking structure collapsed ; as a result , many classes were moved to temporary structures . In Valencia , California Institute of the Arts also experienced heavy damage , and classes were relocated to a nearby Lockheed test facility for the remainder of 1994 . Los Angeles Unified School District closed local schools throughout the area , schools reopened one week later . University of California , Los Angeles and other universities were also shut down . The University of Southern California suffered some structural damage to several older campus buildings , but classes were conducted as scheduled . Entertainment and Sports affected ( edit ) Universal Studios Hollywood shut down the Earthquake attraction , based on the 1974 motion picture blockbuster , Earthquake . It was closed for the second time since the Loma Prieta earthquake . Angel Stadium of Anaheim ( then known as Anaheim Stadium ) , which is far away from the epicenter , suffered some damage when the scoreboard fell into the seats . The theme parks Disneyland , Knott 's Berry Farm and Six Flags Magic Mountain were shut down after the quake , but only for inspections , since all were designed with earthquakes in mind . The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena suffered minor damage . The major Hollywood film studios including Warner Brothers , 20th Century Fox , Columbia Pictures , Paramount Pictures , Walt Disney Studios and Universal Studios were also shut down . The recording venues Capitol Records and Warner Bros. Records were shut down at the time of the quake , most notably Madonna 's Bedtime Stories and Ill Communication by Beastie Boys . The Los Angeles Clippers of the NBA had three home games postponed or moved to other venues . The game scheduled against the Sacramento Kings was postponed , the game against the Cleveland Cavaliers was relocated to The Forum ( then the home arena of the Los Angeles Lakers ) , and the game against the New York Knicks was moved to the Arrowhead Pond ( now Honda Center ) in Anaheim . Other buildings affected ( edit ) Numerous Los Angeles museums , including the Art Deco Building in Hollywood , were closed , as were numerous city shopping malls . Gazzarri 's nightclub suffered irreparable damage and had to be torn down . The city of Santa Monica suffered significant damage . Many multifamily apartment buildings in Santa Monica were yellow - tagged and some red - tagged . Especially hard hit was a rough line between Santa Monica Canyon and Saint John 's Hospital , a linear corridor that suffered a significant amount of property damage . The City of Santa Monica provided assistance to landlords dealing with repairs so tenants could return home as soon as possible . Radio and television affected ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Los Angeles ' radio and television stations were knocked off the air , but resumed coverage later . NBC affiliate KNBC was the first television station to go on the air while reporters and anchors Kent Shocknek , Colleen Williams and Chuck Henry were producing special reports throughout the morning . Other stations KTLA , KCAL , KCBS and KABC were also knocked off the air . Afterward , anchors and reporters Stan Chambers and Hal Fishman of KTLA , Laura Diaz and Harold Greene of KABC , John Beard of KTTV , and Tritia Toyota of KCBS were doing coverage throughout the day . Radio stations such as KFI , KFWB and KNX were on the air during the main tremor , causing severe static on the airwaves . KROQ - FM 's Kevin and Bean morning show asked those people tuned in to stay out of their homes . Mark & Brian 's morning show on KLOS was also affected . The duo spoke to Los Angeles - area residents about their situation . FM radio stations such as KRTH , KIIS - FM , KOST - FM and KCBS - FM were bringing special reports when morning show hosts Robert W. Morgan , Rick Dees and Charlie Tuna were calling Los Angeles residents and others from their sister stations to bring their belongings to the stations and advising people not to drink water . Government and organization affected ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The United States Postal Service suspended all mail service throughout the Los Angeles area for several days . The Los Angeles Public Library shut down most of its branches ; books were knocked down during the quake . The Los Angeles City Hall suffered no damage . Los Angeles Mayor Richard Riordan declared a state of emergency and issued curfews in the area , while Governor Pete Wilson and President Bill Clinton visited Los Angeles to tour the area . The Archdiocese of Los Angeles 's Cathedral of St. Vibiana suffered severe damage and canceled activities until a new cathedral was built in 2002 . The Church on the Way , which is near the epicenter , suffered some damage to the church campus building . The Martin Luther King Jr . Parade , scheduled to take place on January 17 , was not held . Legislative changes ( edit ) The Northridge earthquake led to a number of legislative changes . Due to the large amount lost by insurance companies , most insurance companies either stopped offering or severely restricted earthquake insurance in California . In response , the California Legislature created the California Earthquake Authority ( CEA ) , which is a publicly managed but privately funded organization that offers minimal coverage . A substantial effort was also made to reinforce freeway bridges against seismic shaking , and a law requiring water heaters to be properly strapped was passed in 1995 . Building code changes ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) With each major earthquake comes new understanding of the way in which buildings respond to them . Advances in the technology associated with testing systems , design and seismic modeling software , structural connections , structural forms , and seismic force resisting systems have accelerated dramatically since Northridge . There is an array of building forms and systems that are no longer legal to build . An example is the previously popular `` soft - story '' multifamily apartments . These buildings typically look like a three - story box on a narrow lot , where the upper two floors overhang the lower floor and are supported on pipe columns so cars can be parked underneath . Because the ground level is soft relative to the upper floors , the upper portion can sway and fall onto the carport below . Today , no wood floors are allowed to extend more than an additional 15 % beyond the shear wall or other lateral - load resisting element of the floor below . This typically results in overhangs not exceeding three or four feet , compared to the 20 to 40 feet that were previously built . If an architect still wants this type of design , the structural engineer may specify that the previously used pipe column design be replaced with a laterally stiff steel `` moment frame '' . This can also mitigate the problem of the soft - story structure by stiffening the soft ground floor . See also ( edit ) Los Angeles portal 2008 California earthquake study List of earthquakes in California List of earthquakes in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Historic Earthquakes '' . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Petak , William ; Elahi , Shirin ( 2001 ) . The Northridge Earthquake , USA and its Economic and Social Impacts ( PDF ) . EuroConference on Global Change and Catastrophe Risk Management Earthquake Risks in Europe , IIASA , Laxenburg Austria , July 6 -- 9 , 2000 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Yegian , M.K. ; Ghahraman ; Gazetas , G. ; Dakoulas , P. ; Makris , N. ( April 1995 ) . `` The Northridge Earthquake of 1994 : Ground Motions and Geotechnical Aspects '' ( PDF ) . Third International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics . Northeastern University College of Engineering . p. 1384 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Northridge Earthquake Southern California Earthquake Data Center . Retrieved October 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ USGS Earthquake Information for 1994 `` Significant Earthquakes of the World 1994 '' Jump up ^ `` ShakeMap Scientific Background '' . Jump up ^ Douglas Dreger . `` The Large Aftershocks of the Northridge Earthquake and their Relationship to Mainshock Slip and Fault Zone Complexity '' . Retrieved 25 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 Quake Still Fresh in Los Angeles Minds '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Significant Earthquakes and Faults , Northridge Earthquake '' . Southern California Earthquake Data Center . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Show Event - NGDC Natural Hazard Images - ngdc.noaa.gov '' . Jump up ^ `` USGS Northridge Earthquake 10th Anniversary '' . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Southern California Earthquake Data Center at Caltech '' . Jump up ^ FEMA ^ Jump up to : Reich , K. Study raises Northridge quake death toll to 72 . Los Angeles Times December 20 , 1995 Jump up ^ History Channel Jump up ^ Peek - Asa , C. ; et al. ( 1998 ) . `` Fatal and hospitalized injuries resulting from the 1994 Northridge earthquake '' . International Journal of Epidemiology. 27 ( 3 ) : 459 -- 465 . doi : 10.1093 / ije / 27.3. 459 . PMID 9698136 . Jump up ^ Kloner , R.A. ; et al. ( 1997 ) . `` Population - Based Analysis of the Effect of the Northridge Earthquake on Cardiac Death in Los Angeles County , California '' . Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 30 ( 5 ) : 1174 -- 1180 . doi : 10.1016 / S0735 - 1097 ( 97 ) 00281 - 7 . Jump up ^ Leor , J. ; et al. ( 1996 ) . `` Sudden cardiac death triggered by an earthquake '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 334 ( 4 ) : 413 -- 419 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199602153340701 . ^ Jump up to : Executive Summary Jump up ^ `` Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology -- - Federal Highway Administration '' . Jump up ^ `` Comments for the Significant Earthquake '' . National Geophysical Data Center . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Secure Your Stuff : Water Heater Jump up ^ Scawthorn ; Eidinger ; Schiff , eds. ( 2005 ) . Fire Following Earthquake . Reston , vA : ASCE , NFPA . ISBN 9780784407394 . Jump up ^ `` Coccidioidmycosis Outbreak '' . USGS Landslide Hazards Program . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Cheevers , Jack ; Abrahamson , Alan ( January 19 , 1994 ) , `` Earthquake : The Long Road Back : Hospitals Strained to the Limit by Injured : Medical care : Doctors treat quake victims in parking lots . Details of some disaster - related deaths are released '' , Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ Erdmann , Terry J. ; Paula M. Block ( 2010 - 03 - 29 ) . Star Trek : Deep Space Nine Companion . ISBN 0 - 671 - 50106 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` New Nightmare ( 1994 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Susan King , `` The ' perfect ' ' 60s woman '' , Los Angeles Times , April 4 , 2012 ; retrieved April 14 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Flashback : NBC4 Covers 1994 Northridge Earthquake '' . KNBC. 17 January 2014 . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CA Earthquake Authority '' . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1994 Northridge earthquake . Southern California Earthquake Data Center USGS Pasadena USC Earthquake Engineering - Strong Motion Group SAC Steel Project ( Study of welded steel failures ) Helicopter Footage Filmed After The Quake CITY OF LOS ANGELES Re-survey of the San Fernando Valley ← Earthquakes in 1994 → Northridge ( 6.7 , Jan 17 ) † Sumatra ( 7.0 , Feb 15 ) Java ( 7.8 , Jun 3 ) † Paez river ( 6.4 , Jun 6 ) † ‡ Bolivia ( 8.2 , Jun 9 ) Taiwan Strait ( 6.8 , Sep 16 ) Kuril Islands ( 8.3 , Oct 5 ) Mindoro ( 7.1 , Nov 15 ) † Honshu ( 7.7 , Dec 28 ) † indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths ‡ indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year Earthquakes in California Very Large ( 7.0 -- 7.9 ) 1812 San Juan Capistrano ( 6.9 -- 7.5 ) 1838 San Andreas ( 6.8 -- 7.2 ) 1857 Fort Tejon ( 7.9 ) 1872 Lone Pine ( 7.4 -- 7.9 ) 1892 Laguna Salada ( 7.1 -- 7.2 ) 1906 San Francisco ( 7.8 ) 1952 Kern County ( 7.3 ) 1980 Eureka ( 7.3 ) 1992 Cape Mendocino ( 7.2 ) 1992 Landers ( 7.3 ) 1999 Hector Mine ( 7.1 ) 2010 Baja California ( 7.2 ) Large ( 6.0 -- 6.9 ) 1868 Hayward ( 6.3 -- 6.7 ) 1892 Vacaville -- Winters ( 6.4 , 6.2 ) 1898 Mare Island ( 5.8 -- 6.4 ) 1918 San Jacinto ( 6.7 ) 1925 Santa Barbara ( 6.8 ) 1932 Eureka ( 6.4 ) 1933 Long Beach ( 6.4 ) 1940 El Centro ( 6.9 ) 1948 Desert Hot Springs ( 6.3 ) 1971 San Fernando ( 6.5 -- 6.7 ) 1979 Imperial Valley ( 6.4 ) 1983 Coalinga ( 6.2 ) 1984 Morgan Hill ( 6.2 ) 1986 North Palm Springs ( 6.0 ) 1986 Chalfant Valley ( 6.2 ) 1989 Loma Prieta ( 6.9 ) 1992 Big Bear ( 6.5 ) 1994 Northridge ( 6.7 ) 2003 San Simeon ( 6.6 ) 2010 Eureka ( 6.5 ) 2014 South Napa ( 6.0 ) Moderate ( 5.0 -- 5.9 ) 1957 San Francisco ( 5.7 ) 1969 Santa Rosa ( 5.6 , 5.7 ) 1973 Point Mugu ( 5.8 ) 1979 Coyote Lake ( 5.7 ) 1987 Whittier Narrows ( 5.9 ) 1990 Upland ( 5.7 ) 1991 Sierra Madre ( 5.6 ) 2000 Yountville ( 5.0 ) 2007 Alum Rock ( 5.6 ) 2008 Chino Hills ( 5.5 ) Earthquakes in the United States Historical 1638 New Hampshire 1663 Charlevoix 1700 Cascadia 1755 Cape Ann 1811 -- 12 New Madrid 1838 San Andreas 1857 Fort Tejon 1865 Memphis 1867 Manhattan , Kansas 1868 Hawaii 1868 Hayward 1872 Lone Pine 1872 North Cascades 1886 Charleston 1887 Sonora 1892 Laguna Salada 1892 Vacaville -- Winters 1898 Mare Island 20th - century 1906 San Francisco 1906 Aleutian Islands 1909 Wabash River 1915 Pleasant Valley 1916 Irondale 1918 San Jacinto 1925 Santa Barbara 1931 Valentine 1932 Eureka 1933 Long Beach 1935 Helena 1940 El Centro 1940 New Hampshire 1944 Cornwall -- Massena 1946 Aleutian Islands 1947 Wisconsin 1948 Desert Hot Springs 1949 Olympia 1952 Kern County 1957 Andreanof Islands 1957 San Francisco 1959 Hebgen Lake 1964 Alaska 1965 Rat Islands 1965 Puget Sound 1968 Illinois 1969 Santa Rosa 1971 San Fernando 1973 Point Mugu 1975 Near Islands 1975 Morris 1975 Hawaii 1979 Coyote Lake 1979 Imperial Valley 1980 Eureka 1983 Coalinga 1983 Borah Peak 1984 Morgan Hill 1986 North Palm Springs 1986 Chalfant Valley 1987 Whittier Narrows 1989 Loma Prieta 1990 Upland 1991 Sierra Madre 1992 Cape Mendocino 1992 Landers 1992 Big Bear 1993 Scotts Mills 1993 Klamath Falls 1994 Northridge 1995 Marathon 1996 Duvall 1998 Pymatuning 1999 Hector Mine 2000 Yountville 21st - century 2001 Nisqually 2002 Denali 2003 Alabama 2003 San Simeon 2006 Gulf of Mexico 2006 Kiholo Bay 2007 Alum Rock 2008 Illinois 2008 Chino Hills 2010 Eureka 2010 Baja California 2010 Indiana 2011 Colorado 2011 Virginia 2011 Oklahoma 2014 Aleutian Islands 2014 Southeast Alaska 2014 South Napa 2016 Oklahoma 2016 Hawthorne Swarms 2001 Enola 2008 Reno 2010 -- 11 Guy - Greenbrier 2012 Brawley 2009 -- 17 Oklahoma Northridge , Los Angeles History Incidents 1994 Northridge earthquake Education Primary and secondary schools Los Angeles Unified School District Northridge Academy High School Highland Hall Waldorf School Other education California State University , Northridge Los Angeles Community College District Los Angeles Public Library Other Landmarks California State University Northridge Botanic Garden Northridge Fashion Center Northridge Hospital Medical Center This list is incomplete . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1994_Northridge_earthquake&oldid=811064317 '' Categories : Earthquakes in California 1994 in California Disasters in Los Angeles Geology of Los Angeles County , California History of Los Angeles History of the San Fernando Valley Northridge , Los Angeles Santa Susana Mountains 1994 earthquakes 1994 natural disasters in the United States January 1994 events Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles needing additional references from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano 日本 語 Português Simple English Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 November 2017 , at 08 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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Hydraulic pump
Hydraulic pump - wikipedia Hydraulic pump Jump to : navigation , search Fluid flow in an external gear pump Hydraulic pumps are used in hydraulic drive systems and can be hydrostatic or hydrodynamic . There is no since A hydraulic pump is a mechanical source of power that converts mechanical power into hydraulic energy ( hydrostatic energy i.e. flow , pressure ) . It generates flow with enough power to overcome pressure induced by the load at the pump outlet . When a hydraulic pump operates , it creates a vacuum at the pump inlet , which forces liquid from the reservoir into the inlet line to the pump and by mechanical action delivers this liquid to the pump outlet and forces it into the hydraulic system . Hydrostatic pumps are positive displacement pumps while hydrodynamic pumps can be fixed displacement pumps , in which the displacement ( flow through the pump per rotation of the pump ) can not be adjusted , or variable displacement pumps , which have a more complicated construction that allows the displacement to be adjusted . Although , hydrodynamic pumps are more frequent in day - to - day life . Hydrostatics pump which are of various types works on the principle of Pascal 's law . It states that the increase in pressure at one point of the enclosed liquid in equilibrium of rest is transmitted equally to all other points of the liquid , unless the effect of gravity is neglected. ( in case of statics ) Gearpump with external teeth , note the rotational direction of the gears . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hydraulic pump types 1.1 Gear pumps 1.2 Rotary vane pumps 1.3 Screw pumps 1.4 Bent axis pumps 1.5 Inline axial piston pumps and swashplate principle 1.6 Radial piston pumps 1.7 Peristaltic pumps 2 Pumps for open and closed systems 3 Multi-pump assembly 4 Hydraulic pumps , calculation formulas 4.1 Flow 4.2 Power 4.3 Mechanical efficiency 4.4 Hydraulic efficiency 5 References 6 External links Hydraulic pump types ( edit ) Gear pumps ( edit ) Gearpump with internal teeth Gear pumps ( with external teeth ) ( fixed displacement ) are simple and economical pumps . The swept volume or displacement of gear pumps for hydraulics will be between about 1 and 200 millilitres . They have the lowest volumetric efficiency ( η v ≈ 90 % ( \ displaystyle \ eta _ ( v ) \ approx 90 \ % ) ) of all three basic pump types ( gear , vane and piston pumps ) These pumps create pressure through the meshing of the gear teeth , which forces fluid around the gears to pressurize the outlet side . For lubrication , the gear pump uses a small amount of oil from the pressurized side of the gears , bleeds this through the ( typically ) hydrodynamic bearings , and vents the same oil either to the low pressure side of the gears , or through a dedicated drain port on the pump housing . Some gear pumps can be quite noisy , compared to other types , but modern gear pumps are highly reliable and much quieter than older models . This is in part due to designs incorporating split gears , helical gear teeth and higher precision / quality tooth profiles that mesh and unmesh more smoothly , reducing pressure ripple and related detrimental problems . Another positive attribute of the gear pump , is that catastrophic breakdown is a lot less common than in most other types of hydraulic pumps . This is because the gears gradually wear down the housing and / or main bushings , reducing the volumetric efficiency of the pump gradually until it is all but useless . This often happens long before wear causes the unit to seize or break down . A gerotor ( image does not show intake or exhaust ) Rotary vane pumps ( edit ) Fixed displacement vane pump Rotary vane pumps ( fixed and simple adjustable displacement ) have higher efficiencies than gear pumps , but are also used for mid pressures up to 180 bar ( 18,000 kPa ) in general . Modern units can exceed 300 bar ( 30,000 kPa ) in continuous operation , although vane pumps are not regarded as `` high pressure '' components . Some types of vane pumps can change the centre of the vane body , so that a simple adjustable pump is obtained . These adjustable vane pumps are in general constant pressure or constant power pumps : the displacement is increased until the required pressure or power is reached and subsequently the displacement or swept volume is decreased until an equilibrium is reached . A critical element in vane pump design is how the vanes are pushed into contact with the pump housing , and how the vane tips are machined at this very point . Several type of `` lip '' designs are used , and the main objective is to provide a tight seal between the inside of the housing and the vane , and at the same time to minimize wear and metal - to - metal contact . Forcing the vane out of the rotating centre and towards the pump housing is accomplished using spring - loaded vanes , or more traditionally , vanes loaded hydrodynamically ( via the pressurized system fluid ) . Screw pumps ( edit ) Principle of screw pump ( Saugseite = intake , Druckseite = outflow ) Screw pumps ( fixed displacement ) consist of two Archimedes ' screws that intermesh and are enclosed within the same chamber . These pumps are used for high flows at relatively low pressure ( max 100 bars ( 10,000 kPa ) ) . They were used on board ships where a constant pressure hydraulic system extended through the whole ship , especially to control ball valves but also to help drive the steering gear and other systems . The advantage of the screw pumps is the low sound level of these pumps ; however , the efficiency is not high . The major problem of screw pumps is that the hydraulic reaction force is transmitted in a direction that 's axially opposed to the direction of the flow . There are two ways to overcome this problem : put a thrust bearing beneath each rotor ; create a hydraulic balance by directing a hydraulic force to a piston under the rotor . Types of screw pumps : single end double end single rotor multi rotor timed multi rotor untimed . Bent axis pumps ( edit ) Bent axis pumps , axial piston pumps and motors using the bent axis principle , fixed or adjustable displacement , exists in two different basic designs . The Thoma - principle ( engineer Hans Thoma , Germany , patent 1935 ) with max 25 degrees angle and the Wahlmark - principle ( Gunnar Axel Wahlmark , patent 1960 ) with spherical - shaped pistons in one piece with the piston rod , piston rings , and maximum 40 degrees between the driveshaft centreline and pistons ( Volvo Hydraulics Co . ) . These have the best efficiency of all pumps . Although in general the largest displacements are approximately one litre per revolution , if necessary a two - liter swept volume pump can be built . Often variable - displacement pumps are used , so that the oil flow can be adjusted carefully . These pumps can in general work with a working pressure of up to 350 -- 420 bars in continuous work . Inline axial piston pumps and swashplate principle ( edit ) Axial piston pump , swashplate principle Axial piston pumps using the swashplate principle ( fixed and adjustable displacement ) have a quality that is almost the same as the bent axis model . They have the advantage of being more compact in design and also allow use of `` through - drive '' series mounted auxiliary rotating equipment , based on their in - line design . The pumps are easier and more economical to manufacture ; the disadvantage is that they are more sensitive to oil contamination . The axial piston pump is likely the most widely used variable displacement type , being found in everything from heavy industrial to mobile applications . By using different compensation techniques , the variable displacement type of these pumps can continuously alter fluid discharge per revolution and system pressure based on load requirements , maximum pressure cut - off settings , horsepower / ratio control , and even fully electroproportional systems , requiring no other input than electrical signals . This makes them potentially hugely power saving compared to other constant flow pumps in systems where prime mover / diesel / electric motor rotational speed is constant and required fluid flow is non-constant . Radial piston pumps ( edit ) Radial piston pump Radial piston pumps are used especially for high pressure and relatively small flows . Pressures of up to 650 bar are normal . In fact variable displacement is possible . The pump is designed in such a way that the plungers are connected to a floating ring . This floating ring can be moved horizontally by a control lever & thus causes an eccentricity in the centre of rotation of the plungers . The amount of eccentricity can be controlled to vary the discharge . The suction & discharge can be totally reversed seamlessly by shifting the eccentricity to the opposite side . Hence both quantity & direction can be varied in a radial piston pump , just as in the Swash plate pump . Peristaltic pumps ( edit ) Peristaltic pumps are not generally used for high pressures . Pumps for open and closed systems ( edit ) Most pumps are working in open systems . The pump draws oil from a reservoir at atmospheric pressure . It is very important that there is no cavitation at the suction side of the pump . For this reason the connection of the suction side of the pump is larger in diameter than the connection of the pressure side . In case of the use of multi-pump assemblies , the suction connection of the pump is often combined . It is preferred to have free flow to the pump ( pressure at inlet of pump at least 0.8 bar ) . The body of the pump is often in open connection with the suction side of the pump . In case of a closed system , both sides of the pump can be at high pressure . The reservoir is often pressurized with 6 - 20 bars boost pressure . For closed loop systems , normally axial piston pumps are used . Because both sides are pressurized , the body of the pump needs a separate leakage connection . Multi-pump assembly ( edit ) In a hydraulic installation , one pump can serve several cylinders and motors . However , in that case a constant pressure system is required and the system always needs full power . It is more economic to give each cylinder and motor its own pump . In that case , multi-pump assemblies can be used . Gear pumps are often supplied as multi-pumps . The different chambers ( sometimes of different sizes ) are mounted in one body or built together . Vane pumps and gerotor pumps too are often available as multi-pumps . Screw pumps can be combined with gear or vane pumps . Axial piston swashplate pumps can be combined with a second pump , or with one or more gear pumps or vane pumps ( the gear or vane pumps often serving as flush pumps for cooling larger units ) . Axial plunger pumps of the bent - axis design can not be combined with other pumps . Hydraulic pumps , calculation formulas ( edit ) Flow ( edit ) Q = n ⋅ V stroke ⋅ η vol ( \ displaystyle Q = n \ cdot V_ ( \ text ( stroke ) ) \ cdot \ eta _ ( \ text ( vol ) ) ) where Q ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle Q ) , flow ( m / s ) n ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle n ) , stroke frequency ( Hz ) V stroke ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle V_ ( \ text ( stroke ) ) ) , stroked volume ( m ) η vol ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ eta _ ( \ text ( vol ) ) ) , volumetric efficiency Power ( edit ) P = n ⋅ V stroke ⋅ Δ p η mech ( \ displaystyle P = ( n \ cdot V_ ( \ text ( stroke ) ) \ cdot \ Delta p \ over \ eta _ ( \ text ( mech ) ) ) ) where P ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle P ) , power ( W ) n ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle n ) , stroke frequency ( Hz ) V stroke ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle V_ ( \ text ( stroke ) ) ) , stroked volume ( m ) Δ p ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ Delta p ) , pressure difference over pump ( Pa ) η mech , hydr ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ eta _ ( \ text ( mech , hydr ) ) ) , mechanical / hydraulic efficiency Mechanical efficiency ( edit ) n mech = T theoretical T actual ⋅ 100 % ( \ displaystyle n_ ( \ text ( mech ) ) = ( T_ ( \ text ( theoretical ) ) \ over T_ ( \ text ( actual ) ) ) \ cdot 100 \ % ) where n mech ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle n_ ( \ text ( mech ) ) ) , mechanical pump efficiency percent T theoretical ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle T_ ( \ text ( theoretical ) ) ) , theoretical torque to drive T actual ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle T_ ( \ text ( actual ) ) ) , actual torque to drive Hydraulic efficiency ( edit ) n h y d r = Q a c t u a l Q t h e o r e t i c a l ⋅ 100 % ( \ displaystyle n_ ( hydr ) = ( Q_ ( actual ) \ over Q_ ( theoretical ) ) \ cdot 100 \ % ) where n h y d r ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle n_ ( hydr ) ) , hydraulic pump efficiency Q t h e o r e t i c a l ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle Q_ ( theoretical ) ) , theoretical flow rate output Q a c t u a l ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle Q_ ( actual ) ) , actual flow rate output References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Parr , Andrew ( 2011 ) . `` Hydraulics and Pneumatics a technician 's and engineer 's guide '' , p. 38 . Elsevier . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gear pump . External gear pump description Internal gear pump description Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mechanical efficiency . Mechanical efficiency description Hydraulic efficiency description ( hide ) Hydraulics Concepts Hydraulics Hydraulic fluid Fluid power Hydraulic engineering Technologies Machinery Accumulator Brake Circuit Cylinder Drive system Manifold Motor Power network Press Pump Ram Rescue tools Public networks Liverpool London Manchester Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_pump&oldid=801263112 '' Categories : Pumps Hydraulics Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano 日本 語 Polski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 17 : 25 . About Wikipedia
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Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam war - wikipedia Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam war Opposition to United States in the Vietnam War Part of the Anti-war movement Protests against the Vietnam War in Washington , D.C. , on October 21 , 1967 Date 1964 -- 1973 Caused by United States Involvement in the Vietnam War Goals End the U.S. presence in the Vietnam War Resulted in Disruption -- and eventual termination -- of the draft ( military conscription ) . Lowered military morale End of Lyndon B. Johnson presidency . Lowering of U.S. voting age from 21 to 18 -- codified nationally in 1971 , in the Twenty - sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution . Withdrawal of U.S. troops and aid . Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War began with demonstrations in 1964 against the escalating role of the U.S. military in the Vietnam War and grew into a broad social movement over the ensuing several years . This movement informed and helped shape the vigorous and polarizing debate , primarily in the United States , during the second half of the 1960s and early 1970s on how to end the war . Many in the peace movement within the U.S. were students , mothers , or anti-establishment hippies . Opposition grew with participation by the African - American civil rights , women 's liberation , and Chicano movements , and sectors of organized labor . Additional involvement came from many other groups , including educators , clergy , academics , journalists , lawyers , physicians ( such as Benjamin Spock ) , and military veterans . Their actions consisted mainly of peaceful , nonviolent events ; few events were deliberately provocative and violent . In some cases , police used violent tactics against peaceful demonstrators . By 1967 , according to Gallup Polls , an increasing majority of Americans considered U.S. military involvement in Vietnam to be a mistake , echoed decades later by the then head of American war planning , former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara . Contents 1 Reasons 2 Polarization 3 Antiwar movement 3.1 Students 3.2 Arts 3.3 Women 3.4 African Americans 3.5 Asian Americans 3.6 Clergy 3.7 Organizations 4 Music 5 Growth 6 Political factors 7 Draft 8 Environment 9 Congressional hearings 9.1 United Nations intervention 9.2 Dellums ( war crimes ) 9.3 Fulbright ( end to war ) 10 Effects 10.1 Fewer soldiers 10.2 College campuses 10.3 American soldiers 11 Timeline 11.1 1964 11.2 1965 11.3 1966 11.4 1967 11.5 1968 11.6 1969 11.7 1970 11.8 1971 and after 12 Public opinion on the Vietnam War 13 Slogans and chants 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links Reasons ( edit ) Vietnam War protesters in Wichita , Kansas , 1967 The draft , a system of conscription that mainly drew from minorities and lower and middle class whites , drove much of the protest after 1965 . Conscientious objectors played an active role despite their small numbers . The prevailing sentiment that the draft was unfairly administered inflamed blue - collar American , especially African - American , opposition to the military draft itself . Opposition to the war arose during a time of unprecedented student activism , which followed the free speech movement and the Civil Rights Movement . The military draft mobilized the baby boomers , who were most at risk , but it grew to include a varied cross-section of Americans . The growing opposition to the Vietnam War was partly attributed to greater access to uncensored information through extensive television coverage on the ground in Vietnam . Beyond opposition to the draft , anti-war protesters also made moral arguments against U.S. involvement in Vietnam . That moral imperative argument against the war was especially popular among American college students , who were more likely than the general public to accuse the United States of having imperialistic goals in Vietnam and to criticize the war as `` immoral . '' Civilian deaths , which were downplayed or omitted entirely by the Western media , became a subject of protest when photographic evidence of casualties emerged . An infamous photo of General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan shooting an alleged terrorist in handcuffs during the Tet Offensive also provoked public outcry . Another element of the American opposition to the war was the perception that U.S. intervention in Vietnam , which had been argued as acceptable because of the domino theory and the threat of communism , was not legally justifiable . Some Americans believed that the communist threat was used as a scapegoat to hide imperialistic intentions , and others argued that the American intervention in South Vietnam interfered with the self - determination of the country and felt that the war in Vietnam was a civil war that ought to have determined the fate of the country and that America was wrong to intervene . Media coverage of the war also shook the faith of citizens at home as new television brought images of wartime conflict to the kitchen table . Newsmen like NBC 's Frank McGee stated that the war was all but lost as a `` conclusion to be drawn inescapably from the facts . '' For the first time in American history , the media had the means to broadcast battlefield images . Graphic footage of casualties on the nightly news eliminated any myth of the glory of war . With no clear sign of victory in Vietnam , American military casualties helped stimulate opposition to the war by Americans . In their book Manufacturing Consent , Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman challenge that traditional view of how the media influenced the war and propose that the media instead censored the more brutal images of the fighting and the death of millions of innocent people . Polarization ( edit ) If America 's soul becomes totally poisoned , part of the autopsy must read `` Vietnam . '' -- Martin Luther King , Jr. , 1967 The U.S. became polarized over the war . Many supporters of U.S. involvement argued for what was known as the domino theory , a theory that believed if one country fell to communism , then the bordering countries would be sure to fall as well , much like falling dominoes . This theory was largely held due to the fall of eastern Europe to communism and the Soviet sphere of influence following World War II . However , military critics of the war pointed out that the Vietnam War was political and that the military mission lacked any clear idea of how to achieve its objectives . Civilian critics of the war argued that the government of South Vietnam lacked political legitimacy , or that support for the war was completely immoral . The media also played a substantial role in the polarization of American opinion regarding the Vietnam War . For example , In 1965 a majority of the media attention focused on military tactics with very little discussion about the necessity for a full scale intervention in Southeast Asia . After 1965 , the media covered the dissent and domestic controversy that existed within the United States , but mostly excluded the actual view of dissidents and resisters . The media established a sphere of public discourse surrounding the Hawk versus Dove debate . The Dove was a liberal and a critic of the war . Doves claimed that the war was well -- intentioned but a disastrously wrong mistake in an otherwise benign foreign policy . It is important to note the Doves did not question the U.S. intentions in intervening in Vietnam , nor did they question the morality or legality of the U.S. intervention . Rather , they made pragmatic claims that the war was a mistake . Contrarily , the Hawks argued that the war was legitimate and winnable and a part of the benign U.S. foreign policy . The Hawks claimed that the one - sided criticism of the media contributed to the decline of public support for the war and ultimately helped the U.S. lose the war . Author William F. Buckley repeatedly wrote about his approval for the war and suggested that `` The United States has been timid , if not cowardly , in refusing to seek ' victory ' in Vietnam . '' The hawks claimed that the liberal media was responsible for the growing popular disenchantment with the war and blamed the western media for losing the war in Southeast Asia as communism was no longer a threat for them . Antiwar movement ( edit ) As the Vietnam War continued to escalate , public disenchantment grew and a variety of different groups were formed or became involved in the movement . Students ( edit ) U.S. Marshals dragging away a Vietnam War protester in Washington , D.C. , 1967 There was a great deal of civic unrest on college campuses throughout the 1960s as students became increasingly involved in the Civil Rights Movement , Second Wave Feminism , and anti-war movement . Doug McAdam explains the success of the mass mobilization of volunteers for Freedom Summer in terms of `` Biographical Availability '' , where individuals must have a certain degree of social , economic , and psychological freedom to be able to participate in large scale social movements . This explanation can also be applied to the Anti-War Movement because it occurred around the same time and the same biographical factors applied to the college - aged anti-war protesters . David Meyers ( 2007 ) also explains how the concept of personal efficacy affects mass movement mobilization . For example , according to Meyers ' thesis , consider that American wealth increased drastically after World War II . At this time , America was a superpower and enjoyed great affluence after thirty years of depression , war , and sacrifice . Benjamin T. Harrison ( 2000 ) argues that the post World War II affluence set the stage for the protest generation in the 1960s . His central thesis is that the World Wars and Great Depression spawned a ' beat generation ' refusing to conform to mainstream American values which lead to the emergence of the Hippies and the counterculture . The Anti-war movement became part of a larger protest movement against the traditional American Values and attitudes . Meyers ( 2007 ) builds off this claim in his argument that the `` relatively privileged enjoy the education and affirmation that afford them the belief that they might make a difference . '' As a result of the present factors in terms of affluence , biographical availability ( defined in the sociological areas of activism as the lack of restrictions on social relationships of which most likely increases the consequences of participating in a social movement ) , and increasing political atmosphere across the county , political activity increased drastically on college campuses . College enrollment reached 9 million by the end of the 1960s . Colleges and universities in America had more students than ever before , and these institutions often tried to restrict student behavior to maintain order on the campuses . To combat this , many college students became active in causes that promoted free speech , student input in the curriculum , and an end to archaic social restrictions . Students joined the antiwar movement because they did not want to fight in a foreign civil war that they believed did not concern them or because they were morally opposed to all war . Others disliked the war because it diverted funds and attention away from problems in the U.S. Intellectual growth and gaining a liberal perspective at college caused many students to become active in the antiwar movement . Another attractive feature of the opposition movement was the fact that it was a popular social event . As one student said , antiwar demonstrations were the places to `` get laid , get high , and listen to some great rock . '' Most student antiwar organizations were locally or campus - based because they were easier to organize and participate in than national groups . Common antiwar demonstrations for college students featured attempts to sever ties between the war machine and universities through burning draft cards , protesting universities furnishing grades to draft boards , and protesting military and Dow Chemical job fairs on campus . From 1969 to 1970 , student protestors attacked 197 ROTC buildings on college campuses . Protests grew after the Kent State shootings , radicalizing more and more students . Although the media often portrayed the student antiwar movement as aggressive and widespread , only 10 % of the 2500 colleges in the United States had violent protests throughout the Vietnam War years . By the early 1970s , most student protest movements died down due to President Nixon 's de-escalation of the war , the economic downturn , and disillusionment with the powerlessness of the antiwar movement . Arts ( edit ) Many artists during the 1960s and 1970s opposed the war and used their creativity and careers to visibly oppose the war . Writers and poets opposed to involvement in the war included Allen Ginsberg , Denise Levertov , Robert Duncan , and Robert Bly . Their pieces often incorporated imagery based on the tragic events of the war as well as the disparity between life in Vietnam and life in the United States . Visual artists Ronald Haeberle , Peter Saul , and Nancy Spero , among others , used war equipment , like guns and helicopters , in their works while incorporating important political and war figures , portraying to the nation exactly who was responsible for the violence . Filmmakers such as Lenny Lipton , Jerry Abrams , Peter Gessner , and David Ringo created documentary - style movies featuring actual footage from the antiwar marches to raise awareness about the war and the diverse opposition movement . Playwrights like Frank O'Hara , Sam Shepard , Robert Lowell , Megan Terry , Grant Duay , and Kenneth Bernard used theater as a vehicle for portraying their thoughts about the Vietnam War , often satirizing the role of America in the world and juxtaposing the horrific effects of war with normal scenes of life . Regardless of medium , antiwar artists ranged from pacifists to violent radicals and caused Americans to think more critically about the war . Art as war opposition was quite popular in the early years of the war , but soon faded as political activism became the more common and most visible way of opposing the war . Women ( edit ) Women were a large part of the antiwar movement , even though they were sometimes relegated to second - class status within the organizations or faced sexism within opposition groups . Some leaders of anti-war groups viewed women as sex objects or secretaries , not actual thinkers who could contribute positively and tangibly to the group 's goals , or believed that women could not truly understand and join the antiwar movement because they were unaffected by the draft . Women involved in opposition groups disliked the romanticism of the violence of both the war and the antiwar movement that was common amongst male war protestors . Despite the inequalities , participation in various antiwar groups allowed women to gain experience with organizing protests and crafting effective antiwar rhetoric . These newfound skills combined with their dislike of sexism within the opposition movement caused many women to break away from the mainstream antiwar movement and create or join women 's antiwar groups , such as Another Mother for Peace , Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom ( WILPF ) , and Women Strike for Peace ( WSP ) , also known as Women For Peace . Female soldiers serving in Vietnam joined the movement to battle the war and sexism , racism , and the established military bureaucracy by writing articles for antiwar and antimilitary newspapers . Mothers and older generations of women joined the opposition movement , as advocates for peace and people opposed to the effects of the war and the draft on the generation of young men . These women saw the draft as one of the most disliked parts of the war machine and sought to undermine the war itself through undermining the draft . Another Mother for Peace and WSP often held free draft counseling centers to give young men legal and illegal methods to oppose the draft . Members of Women For Peace showed up at the White House every Sunday for 8 years from 11 to 1 for a peace vigil . Such female antiwar groups often relied on maternalism , the image of women as peaceful caretakers of the world , to express and accomplish their goals . The government often saw middle - aged women involved in such organizations as the most dangerous members of the opposition movement because they were ordinary citizens who quickly and efficiently mobilized . Many women in America sympathized with the Vietnamese civilians affected by the war and joined the opposition movement . They protested the use of napalm , a highly flammable jelly weapon created by the Dow Chemical Company and used as a weapon during the war , by boycotting Saran Wrap , another product made by the company . Faced with the sexism sometimes found in the antiwar movement , New Left , and Civil Rights Movement , some women created their own organizations to establish true equality of the sexes . Some of frustrations of younger women became apparent during the antiwar movement : they desired more radical change and decreased acceptance of societal gender roles than older women activists . Female activists ' disillusion with the antiwar movement led to the formation of the Women 's Liberation Movement to establish true equality for American women in all facets of life . African Americans ( edit ) Martin Luther King , Jr. speaking to an anti-Vietnam War rally at the University of Minnesota , St. Paul on April 27 , 1967 African - American leaders of earlier decades like W.E.B. Du Bois were often anti-imperialist and anti-capitalist . Paul Robeson weighed in on the Vietnamese struggle in 1954 , calling Ho Chi Minh `` the modern day Toussaint L'Overture , leading his people to freedom . '' These figures were driven from public life by McCarthyism , however , and black leaders were more cautious about criticizing US foreign policy as the 1960s began . By the middle of the decade , open condemnation of the war became more common , with figures like Malcolm X and Robert Parris Moses speaking out . Champion boxer Muhammad Ali risked his career and a prison sentence to resist the draft in 1966 . Soon Martin Luther King , Jr. , Coretta Scott King and James Bevel of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) became prominent opponents of the Vietnam War , and the Black Panther Party vehemently opposed U.S. involvement in Vietnam . In the beginning of the war , some African Americans did not want to join the war opposition movement because of loyalty to President Johnson for pushing Civil Rights legislation , but soon the escalating violence of the war and the perceived social injustice of the draft propelled involvement in antiwar groups . In 1965 , the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) became the first major civil rights group to issue a formal statement against the war . When SNCC - backed Georgia Representative Julian Bond acknowledged his agreement with the anti-war statement , he was refused his seat by the State of Georgia , an injustice which he successfully appealed up to the Supreme Court . SNCC had special significance as a nexus between the student movement and the black movement . At an SDS - organized conference at UC Berkeley in October 1966 , SNCC Chair Stokely Carmichael challenged the white left to escalate their resistance to the military draft in a manner similar to the black movement . Some participants in ghetto rebellions of the era had already associated their actions with opposition to the Vietnam War , and SNCC first disrupted an Atlanta draft board in August 1966 . According to historians Joshua Bloom and Waldo Martin , SDS 's first Stop the Draft Week of October 1967 was `` inspired by Black Power ( and ) emboldened by the ghetto rebellions . '' SNCC appear to have originated the popular anti-draft slogan : `` Hell no ! We wo n't go ! '' Black antiwar groups opposed the war for similar reasons as white groups , but often protested in separate events and sometimes did not cooperate with the ideas of white antiwar leadership . They harshly criticized the draft because poor and minority men were usually most affected by conscription . In 1965 and 1966 , Afro - Americans comprised 25 percent of combat deaths , more than twice their proportion of the population . As a result , black enlisted men themselves protested and began the resistance movement among veterans . After taking measures to reduce the fatalities , apparently in response to widespread protest , the military brought the proportion of blacks down to 12.6 percent of casualties . African Americans involved in the antiwar movement often formed their own groups , such as Black Women Enraged , National Black Anti-War Anti-Draft Union , and National Black Draft Counselors . Within these groups , however , many African American women were seen as subordinate members by black male leaders . Many African American women viewed the war in Vietnam as racially motivated and sympathized strongly with Vietnamese women . Such concerns often propelled their participation in the antiwar movement and their creation of new opposition groups . Asian Americans ( edit ) Many Asian Americans were strongly opposed to the Vietnam War . They saw the war as being a bigger action of U.S. imperialism and `` connected the oppression of the Asians in the United States to the prosecution of the war in Vietnam . '' Unlike many Americans in the anti-war movement , they viewed the war `` not just as imperialist but specifically as anti-Asian . '' Groups like the Asian American Political Alliance ( AAPA ) , the Bay Area Coalition Against the War ( BAACAW ) , and the Asian Americans for Action made opposition to the war their main focus . Of these organizations , the Bay Area Coalition Against the War was the biggest and most significant . One of the major reasons leading to their significance was that the BAACAW was `` highly organized , holding biweekly ninety - minute meetings of the Coordinating Committee at which each regional would submit detailed reports and action plans . '' The driving force behind their formation was their anger at `` the bombing of Hanoi and the mining of Haiphong Harbor . '' Another aspect of the group 's prevalence was the support of the Japanese Community Youth Center , members of the Asian Community Center , student leaders of Asian American student unions , etc. who stood behind it . The BAACAW members consisted of many Asians Americans and they were involved in antiwar efforts like marches , study groups , fundraisers , teach - ins and demonstrations . During marches , Asian American activists carried banners that read `` Stop the Bombing of Asian People and Stop Killing Our Asian Brothers and Sisters . '' Its newsletter stated , `` our goal is to build a solid , broad - based anti-imperialist movement of Asian people against the war in Vietnam . '' The anti-war sentiment by Asian Americans was fueled by the racial inequality that they faced in the United States . As historian Daryl Maeda notes , `` the antiwar movement articulated Asian Americans ' racial commonality with Vietnamese people in two distinctly gendered ways : identification based on the experiences of male soldiers and identification by women . '' Asian American soldiers in the U.S. military were many times classified as being like the enemy . They were referred to as gooks and had a racialized identity in comparison to their non-Asian counterparts . There was also the hypersexualization of Vietnamese women which in turn affected how Asian American women in the military were treated . `` In a Gidra article , ( a prominent influential newspaper of the Asian American movement ) , Evelyn Yoshimura noted that the U.S. military systematically portrayed Vietnamese women as prostitutes as a way of dehumanizing them . '' Asian American groups realized in order to extinguish racism , they also had to address sexism as well . This in turn led to women 's leadership in the Asian American antiwar movement . Patsy Chan , a `` Third World '' activist , said at an antiwar rally in San Francisco , `` We , as Third World women ( express ) our militant solidarity with our brothers and sisters from Indochina . We , as Third World people know of the struggle the Indochinese are waging against imperialism , because we share that common enemy in the United States . '' Some other notable figures were Grace Lee Boggs and Yuri Kochiyama . Both Boggs and Kochiyama were inspired by the civil rights movement of the 1960s and `` a growing number of Asian Americans began to push forward a new era in radical Asian American politics . '' There were also Asian American musicians who traveled around the United States to oppose the imperialist actions of the American government , specifically their involvement in Vietnam . `` The folk trio ' A Grain of Sand ' ... ( consisting of the members ) JoAnne ' Nobuko ' Miyamoto , Chris Iijima , and William ' Charlie ' Chin , performed across the nation as traveling troubadours who set the antiracist politics of the Asian American movement to music . '' This band was so against the imperialistic actions of the United States , that they supported the Vietnamese people vocally through their song ' War of the Flea ' . Asian American poets and playwrights also joined in unity with the movement 's antiwar sentiments . Melvyn Escueta created the play ' Honey Bucket ' and was an Asian American veteran of the war . Through this play , `` Escueta establishes equivalencies between his protagonist , a Filipino American soldier named Andy , and the Vietnamese people . '' `` The Asian American antiwar movement emerged from a belief that the mainstream peace movement was racist in its disregard to Asians ... Steve Louie remembers that while the white antiwar movement had ' this moral thing about no killing , ' Asian Americans sought to bring attention to ' a bigger issue ... genocide . ' ... the broader movement had a hard time with the Asian movement ... because it broadened the issues out beyond where they wanted to go ... the whole question of U.S. imperialism as a system , at home and abroad . '' Clergy ( edit ) The clergy , often a forgotten group during the opposition to the Vietnam War , played a large role as well . The clergy covered any of the religious leaders and members including individuals such as Martin Luther King Jr . In his speech `` Beyond Vietnam '' King stated , `` the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today : my own government . For the sake of those boys , for the sake of this government , for the sake of the hundreds of thousands trembling under our violence , I can not be silent . '' King was not looking for racial equality through this speech , but tried to voice for an end to the war instead . The involvement of the clergy did not stop at King though . The analysis entitled `` Social Movement Participation : Clergy and the Anti-Vietnam War Movement '' expands upon the anti-war movement by taking King , a single religious figurehead , and explaining the movement from the entire clergy 's perspective . The clergy were often forgotten though throughout this opposition . The analysis refers to that fact by saying , `` The research concerning clergy anti-war participation is even more barren than the literature on student activism . '' There is a relationship and correlation between theology and political opinions and during the Vietnam War , the same relationship occurred between feelings about the war and theology . This article basically was a social experiment finding results on how the pastors and clergy members reacted to the war . Based on the results found , they most certainly did not believe in the war and wished to help end it . Another source , Lift Up Your Voice Like A Trumpet : White Clergy And The Civil Rights And Antiwar Movements , 1954 -- 1973 explains the story of the entire spectrum of the clergy and their involvement . Michael Freidland is able to completely tell the story in his chapter entitled , `` A Voice of Moderation : Clergy and the Anti-War Movement : 1966 -- 1967 '' . In basic summary , each specific clergy from each religion had their own view of the war and how they dealt with it , but as a whole , the clergy was completely against the war . Organizations ( edit ) Committee for NonViolent Action ( CNVA ) -- radical pacifist organization that `` blended philosophical anarchism with Gandhian pacifism . '' The organization used civil disobedience in direct action against military action . Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy ( SANE ) -- liberal international organization that was founded in 1957 by a group of nuclear pacifists . They attempted to increase public opinion in favor of their cause in an attempt to influence policy makers to halt atmospheric nuclear testing and reversing the arms race and the Cold War . Another committee was called SNCC -- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee . Black Women Enraged -- a Harlem antiwar movement . National Black Anti-War Anti-Draft Union ( NBAWADU ) -- led by Gwen Patton and formed from black members of SNCC and socialist parties . National Black Draft Counselors ( NBDC ) -- led by Pat Berg and created to help young black men avoid being drafted . Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom ( WILPF ) -- founded in 1919 after World War I and provided women with an early entry into the antiwar movement . The League of Women Voters -- founded in 1920 , was one of the first groups to call for an end to military involvement in Vietnam . Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur -- popularized the use of kneel - ins and prayer to end the war and stop its escalation . Bay Area Asian Coalition Against the War ( BAACAW ) Asian American Political Alliance ( AAPA ) Asian Americans for Action Third World Liberation Front ( TWLF ) - Some Asian American student organizations under this were : Filipino American Collegiate ( PACE ) , Asian American Political Alliance ( AAPA ) , and Chinese for Social Action ( ICSA ) Vietnam Veterans Against the War Concerned Officers Movement - an organization of officers formed within the U.S. military . Movement for a Democratic Military - an antiwar and GI rights organization during the Vietnam War . GI Coffeehouses - coffeehouses created by antiwar activists as a method of supporting antiwar and anti-military sentiment among GIs . GI 's Against Fascism - a organization of antiwar and anti-military GIs formed within the U.S. Navy in San Diego , CA . American Writers and Artists Against the War in Vietnam Americans for Democratic Action FTA -- a group whose initials either stand for Free the Army or Fuck the Army , depending on the situation , was led by Jane Fonda and Donald Sutherland . Clergy and Laymen Concerned about Vietnam ( CALCAV ) WIN ( Workshop in Nonviolence ) Magazine editors and staff included Maris Cakars , Marty Jezer , Paul Johnson , Susan Kent Cakars and Tad Richards . Published authors such as Grace Paley , Barbara Deming , Andrea Dworkin and Abbie Hoffman . The Student Libertarian Movement -- Libertarian organization that was formed in 1972 . The guiding principles of this organization were opposition to the war in Vietnam and opposition to the draft . The organization did not take a strong stand on racial issues . For example , `` In virtually hundreds of issues of libertarian newspapers , bulletins , and journals , the civil rights movement , Black nationalism , or race in general composed no more than 1 percent of all articles surveyed . '' Students for Democratic Society ( SDS ) -- founded in 1960 and was seen as one of the most active college campus groups of the New Left and the antiwar movement . Student Peace Union . Furman University Corps of Kazoos ( FUCK ) -- created to make fun of the military and campus ROTC program at Furman University in South Carolina . Such anti-campus ROTC groups were common throughout the U.S. Traditional peace groups like Fellowship of Reconciliation , American Friends Service Committee , the War Resisters League , and the Catholic Workers Movement , became involved in the antiwar movement as well . Various committees and campaigns for peace in Vietnam came about , including Campaign for Disarmament , Campaign to End the Air War , Campaign to Stop Funding the War , Campaign to Stop the Air War , Catholic Peace Fellowship , and Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors . Music ( edit ) Waist Deep in the Big Muddy ; the Big Fool said to push on . -- Pete Seeger , 1963 / 1967 Cornelis Vreeswijk , Fred Åkerström , Gösta Cervin in a protest march against the Vietnam War in Stockholm , 1965 Protest to American participation in the Vietnam War was a movement that many popular musicians appropriated , which was a stark contrast to the pro-war compositions of artists during World War II . These musicians included Joni Mitchell , Joan Baez , Phil Ochs , Lou Harrison , Gail Kubik , William Mayer , Elie Siegmeister , Robert Fink , David Noon , Richard Wernick , and John W. Downey . The two most notable genres involved in this protest were Rock and Roll and Folk music . While composers created pieces affronting the war , they were not limited to their music . Often protesters were being arrested and participating in peace marches and popular musicians were among their ranks . This concept of intimate involvement reached new heights in May 1968 when the `` Composers and Musicians for Peace '' concert was staged in New York . As the war continued , and with the new media coverage , the movement snowballed and popular music reflected this . As early as the summer of 1965 , music - based protest against the American involvement in Southeast Asia began with works like P.F. Sloan 's folk rock song Eve of Destruction , recorded by Barry McGuire as one of the earliest musical protests against the Vietnam War . A key figure on the rock end of the antiwar spectrum was Jimi Hendrix ( 1942 -- 1970 ) . Hendrix had a huge following among the youth culture exploring itself through drugs and experiencing itself through rock music . He was not an official protestor of the war ; one of Hendrix 's biographers contends that Hendrix , being a former soldier , sympathized with the anticommunist view . He did , however , protest the violence that took place in the Vietnam War . With the song `` Machine Gun '' , dedicated to those fighting in Vietnam , this protest of violence is manifest . David Henderson , author of ' Scuse Me While I Kiss the Sky , describes the song as `` scary funk ( ... ) his sound over the drone shifts from a woman 's scream , to a siren , to a fighter plane diving , all amid Buddy Miles ' Gatling - gun snare shots . ( ... ) he says ' evil man make me kill you ( ... ) make you kill me although we 're only families apart . ' '' This song was often accompanied with pleas from Hendrix to bring the soldiers back home and cease the bloodshed . While Hendrix 's views may not have been analogous to the protestors , his songs became anthems to the antiwar movement . Songs such as `` Star Spangled Banner '' showed individuals that `` you can love your country , but hate the government . '' Hendrix 's anti-violence efforts are summed up in his words : `` when the power of love overcomes the love of power ... the world will know peace . '' Thus , Hendrix 's personal views did not coincide perfectly with those of the antiwar protestors ; however , his anti-violence outlook was a driving force during the years of the Vietnam War even after his death ( 1970 ) . The song known to many as the anthem of the protest movement was The `` Fish '' Cheer / I - Feel - Like - I 'm - Fixin ' - to - Die Rag -- first released on an EP in the October 1965 issue of Rag Baby -- by Country Joe and the Fish , one of the most successful protest bands . Although this song was not on music charts probably because it was too radical , it was performed at many public events including the famous Woodstock music festival ( 1969 ) . `` Feel - Like - I 'm - Fixin ' - To - Die Rag '' was a song that used sarcasm to communicate the problems with not only the war but also the public 's naïve attitudes towards it . It was said that `` the happy beat and insouciance of the vocalist are in odd juxtaposition to the lyrics that reinforce the sad fact that the American public was being forced into realizing that Vietnam was no longer a remote place on the other side of the world , and the damage it was doing to the country could no longer be considered collateral , involving someone else . '' Along with singer - songwriter Phil Ochs , who attended and organized anti-war events and wrote such songs as `` I Ai n't Marching Anymore '' and `` The War Is Over '' , another key historical figure of the antiwar movement was Bob Dylan . Folk and Rock were critical aspects of counterculture during the Vietnam War both were genres that Dylan would dabble in . His success in writing protest songs came from his pre-existing popularity , as he did not initially intend on doing so . Tor Egil Førland , in his article `` Bringing It All Back Home or Another Side of Bob Dylan : Midwestern Isolationist '' , quotes Todd Gitlin , a leader of a student movement at the time , in saying `` Whether he liked it or not , Dylan sang for us ... We followed his career as if he were singing our songs . '' The anthem `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' embodied Dylan 's anti-war , pro-civil rights sentiment . To complement `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' Dylan 's song `` The Times they are A-Changin ' '' alludes to a new method of governing that is necessary and warns those who currently participate in government that the change is imminent . Dylan tells the `` senators and congressmen ( to ) please heed the call . '' Dylan 's songs were designed to awaken the public and to cause a reaction . The protestors of the Vietnam War identified their cause so closely with the artistic compositions of Dylan that Joan Baez and Judy Collins performed `` The Times they are A-Changin ' '' at a march protesting the Vietnam War ( 1965 ) and also for President Johnson . While Dylan renounced the idea of subscribing to the ideals of one individual , his feelings of protest towards Vietnam were appropriated by the general movement and they `` awaited his gnomic yet oracular pronouncements '' , which provided a guiding aspect to the movement as a whole . John Lennon , former member of the Beatles , did most of his activism in his solo career with wife Yoko Ono . Given his immense fame due to the success of the Beatles , he was a very prominent movement figure with the constant media and press attention . Still being proactive on their honeymoon , the newlyweds controversially held a sit - in , where they sat in bed for a week answering press questions . They held numerous sit - ins , one where they first introduced their song `` Give Peace a Chance '' . Lennon and Ono 's song overshadowed many previous held anthems , as it became known as the ultimate anthem of peace in the 1970s , with their words `` all we are saying ... is give peace a chance '' being sung globally . `` ( McCormick , Anita Louise . The Vietnam Antiwar Movement in American History . Berkeley Heights , New Jersey : Enslow , 2000 . Print . ) '' Growth ( edit ) Gruesome images of two anti-war activists who set themselves on fire in November 1965 provided iconic images of how strongly some people felt that the war was immoral . On November 2 , 32 - year - old Quaker Norman Morrison set himself on fire in front of The Pentagon . On November 9 , 22 - year - old Catholic Worker Movement member Roger Allen LaPorte did the same in front of United Nations Headquarters in New York City . Both protests were conscious imitations of earlier ( and ongoing ) Buddhist protests in South Vietnam . 1967 Anti-Vietnam War demonstration at The Pentagon Protests against the Vietnam War took place in the late 1960s and early 1970s . The protests were part of a movement in opposition to the Vietnam War and took place mainly in the United States . ( See also Students for a Democratic Society , Free Speech Movement , Jerry Rubin , Abbie Hoffman , Youth International Party , Chicago Seven . ) The growing anti-war movement alarmed many in the U.S. government . On August 16 , 1966 the House Un-American Activities Committee ( HUAC ) began investigations of Americans who were suspected of aiding the NLF , with the intent to introduce legislation making these activities illegal . Anti-war demonstrators disrupted the meeting and 50 were arrested . In February 1967 , The New York Review of Books published `` The Responsibility of Intellectuals '' , an essay by Noam Chomsky , one of the leading intellectual opponents of the war . In the essay Chomsky argued that much responsibility for the war lay with liberal intellectuals and technical experts who were providing what he saw as pseudoscientific justification for the policies of the U.S. government . On February 1 , 1968 , Nguyễn Văn Lém , a Vietcong officer suspected of participating in murder of South Vietnamese government officials during the Tet Offensive , was summarily executed by General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan , the South Vietnamese National Police Chief . Loan shot Lém in the head on a public street in Saigon front of journalists . South Vietnamese reports provided as justification after the fact claimed that Lém was captured near the site of a ditch holding as many as thirty - four bound and shot bodies of police and their relatives , some of whom were the families of General Loan 's deputy and close friend . The execution provided an iconic image that helped sway public opinion in the United States against the war . The events of Tet in early 1968 as a whole were also remarkable in shifting public opinion regarding the war . U.S. military officials had previously reported that counter-insurgency in South Vietnam was being prosecuted successfully . While the Tet Offensive provided the U.S. and allied militaries with a great victory in that the Vietcong was finally brought into open battle and destroyed as a fighting force , the American media , including respected figures such as Walter Cronkite , interpreted such events as the attack on the American embassy in Saigon as an indicator of U.S. military weakness . The military victories on the battlefields of Tet were obscured by shocking images of violence on television screens , long casualty lists , and a new perception among the American people that the military had been untruthful to them about the success of earlier military operations , and ultimately , the ability to achieve a meaningful military solution in Vietnam . On October 15 , 1969 , hundreds of thousands of people took part in National Moratorium anti-war demonstrations across the United States ; the demonstrations prompted many workers to call in sick from their jobs and adolescents nationwide engaged in truancy from school . However , the proportion of individuals doing either who actually participated in the demonstrations is uncertain . A second round of `` Moratorium '' demonstrations was held on November 15 , but was less well - attended . The My Lai massacre was used as an example of bad military conduct during the Vietnam War . The U.S. realized that the South Vietnamese government needed a solid base of popular support if it were to survive the insurgency . To pursue this goal of winning the `` Hearts and Minds '' of the Vietnamese people , units of the United States Army , referred to as `` Civil Affairs '' units , were used extensively for the first time since World War II . Civil Affairs units , while remaining armed and under direct military control , engaged in what came to be known as `` nation - building '' : constructing ( or reconstructing ) schools , public buildings , roads and other infrastructure ; conducting medical programs for civilians who had no access to medical facilities ; facilitating cooperation among local civilian leaders ; conducting hygiene and other training for civilians ; and similar activities . This policy of attempting to win the hearts and minds of the Vietnamese people , however , often was at odds with other aspects of the war which sometimes served to antagonize many Vietnamese civilians and provided ammunition to the anti-war movement . These included the emphasis on `` body count '' as a way of measuring military success on the battlefield , civilian casualties during the bombing of villages ( symbolized by journalist Peter Arnett 's famous quote , `` it was necessary to destroy the village to save it '' ) , and the killing of civilians in such incidents as the My Lai massacre . In 1974 the documentary Hearts and Minds sought to portray the devastation the war was causing to the South Vietnamese people , and won an Academy Award for best documentary amid considerable controversy . The South Vietnamese government also antagonized many of its citizens with its suppression of political opposition , through such measures as holding large numbers of political prisoners , torturing political opponents , and holding a one - man election for President in 1971 . Covert counter-terror programs and semi-covert ones such as the Phoenix Program attempted , with the help of anthropologists , to isolate rural South Vietnamese villages and affect the loyalty of the residents . This man wears a Purple Heart medal as he watches a San Francisco peace march , April 1967 . Despite the increasingly depressing news of the war , many Americans continued to support President Johnson 's endeavors . Aside from the domino theory mentioned above , there was a feeling that the goal of preventing a communist takeover of a pro-Western government in South Vietnam was a noble objective . Many Americans were also concerned about saving face in the event of disengaging from the war or , as President Richard M. Nixon later put it , `` achieving Peace with Honor . '' In addition , instances of Viet Cong atrocities were widely reported , most notably in an article that appeared in Reader 's Digest in 1968 entitled The Blood - Red Hands of Ho Chi Minh . However , anti-war feelings also began to rise . Many Americans opposed the war on moral grounds , appalled by the devastation and violence of the war . Others claimed the conflict was a war against Vietnamese independence , or an intervention in a foreign civil war ; others opposed it because they felt it lacked clear objectives and appeared to be unwinnable . Many anti-war activists were themselves Vietnam veterans , as evidenced by the organization Vietnam Veterans Against the War . In April 1971 , thousands of these veterans converged on the White House in Washington , D.C. , and hundreds of them threw their medals and decorations on the steps of the United States Capitol . By this time , it had also become commonplace for the most radical anti-war demonstrators to prominently display the flag of the Viet Cong `` enemy '' , an act which alienated many who were otherwise morally opposed to the war . Political factors ( edit ) In 1968 , President Lyndon B. Johnson began his re-election campaign . Eugene McCarthy ran against him for the nomination on an anti-war platform . McCarthy did not win the first primary election in New Hampshire , but he did surprisingly well against an incumbent . The resulting blow to the Johnson campaign , taken together with other factors , led the President to make a surprise announcement in a March 31 televised speech that he was pulling out of the race . He also announced the initiation of the Paris Peace Negotiations with Vietnam in that speech . Then , on August 4 , 1969 , U.S. representative Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese representative Xuan Thuy began secret peace negotiations at the apartment of French intermediary Jean Sainteny in Paris . After breaking with Johnson 's pro-war stance , Robert F. Kennedy entered the race on March 16 and ran for the nomination on an anti-war platform . Johnson 's vice president , Hubert Humphrey , also ran for the nomination , promising to continue to support the South Vietnamese government . Draft ( edit ) See also : Kent State shootings and Jackson State killings Students demonstrate in Saigon , July 1964 , observing the tenth anniversary of the July 1954 Geneva Agreements . Anti-Vietnam War protest . Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . 1968 . Anti-Vietnam War protest . Vancouver , B.C. , Canada . 1968 Protests bringing attention to `` the draft '' began on May 5 , 1965 . Student activists at the University of California , Berkeley marched on the Berkeley Draft board and forty students staged the first public burning of a draft card in the United States . Another nineteen cards were burnt on May 22 at a demonstration following the Berkeley teach - in . Draft card protests were not aimed so much at the draft as at the immoral conduct of the war . At that time , only a fraction of all men of draft age were actually conscripted , but the Selective Service System office ( `` Draft Board '' ) in each locality had broad discretion on whom to draft and whom to exempt where there was no clear guideline for exemption . In late July 1965 , Johnson doubled the number of young men to be drafted per month from 17,000 to 35,000 , and on August 31 , signed a law making it a crime to burn a draft card . On October 15 , 1965 the student - run National Coordinating Committee to End the War in Vietnam in New York staged the first draft card burning to result in an arrest under the new law . In 1967 , the continued operation of a seemingly unfair draft system then calling as many as 40,000 men for induction each month fueled a burgeoning draft resistance movement . The draft favored white , middle - class men , which allowed an economically and racially discriminating draft to force young African American men to serve in rates that were disproportionately higher than the general population . Although in 1967 there was a smaller field of draft eligible black men -- 29 percent versus 63 percent of draft eligible white men -- 64 percent of black men were chosen to serve in the war through conscription , compared to only 31 percent of eligible white men . On October 16 , 1967 , draft card turn - ins were held across the country , yielding more than 1,000 draft cards , later returned to the Justice Department as an act of civil disobedience . Resisters expected to be prosecuted immediately , but Attorney General Ramsey Clark instead prosecuted a group of ringleaders including Dr. Benjamin Spock and Yale chaplain William Sloane Coffin , Jr. in Boston in 1968 . By the late 1960s , one quarter of all court cases dealt with the draft , including men accused of draft - dodging and men petitioning for the status of conscientious objector . Over 210,000 men were accused of draft - related offenses , 25,000 of whom were indicted . The charges of unfairness led to the institution of a draft lottery for the year 1970 in which a young man 's birthday determined his relative risk of being drafted ( September 14 was the birthday at the top of the draft list for 1970 ; the following year July 9 held this distinction ) . The first draft lottery since World War II in the United States was held on 1 December 1969 and was met with large protests and a great deal of controversy ; statistical analysis indicated that the methodology of the lotteries unintentionally disadvantaged men with late year birthdays . This issue was treated at length in a January 4 , 1970 New York Times article titled `` Statisticians Charge Draft Lottery Was Not Random '' . Various antiwar groups , such as Another Mother for Peace , WILPF , and WSP , had free draft counseling centers , where they gave young American men advice for legally and illegally evading the draft . Over 30,000 people left the country and went to Canada , Sweden , and Mexico to avoid the draft . The Japanese anti-war group Beheiren helped some American soldiers to desert and hide from the military in Japan . To gain an exemption or deferment , many men attended college , though they had to remain in college until their 26th birthday to be certain of avoiding the draft . Some men were rejected by the military as 4 - F unfit for service failing to meet physical , mental , or moral standards . Still others joined the National Guard or entered the Peace Corps as a way of avoiding Vietnam . All of these issues raised concerns about the fairness of who got selected for involuntary service , since it was often the poor or those without connections who were drafted . Ironically , in light of modern political issues , a certain exemption was a convincing claim of homosexuality , but very few men attempted this because of the stigma involved . Also , conviction for certain crimes earned an exclusion , the topic of the anti-war song `` Alice 's Restaurant '' by Arlo Guthrie . Even many of those who never received a deferment or exemption never served , simply because the pool of eligible men was so huge compared to the number required for service , that the draft boards never got around to drafting them when a new crop of men became available ( until 1969 ) or because they had high lottery numbers ( 1970 and later ) . Of those soldiers who served during the war , there was increasing opposition to the conflict amongst GIs , which resulted in fragging and many other activities which hampered the US 's ability to wage war effectively . Most of those subjected to the draft were too young to vote or drink in most states , and the image of young people being forced to risk their lives in the military without the privileges of enfranchisement or the ability to drink alcohol legally also successfully pressured legislators to lower the voting age nationally and the drinking age in many states . Student opposition groups on many college and university campuses seized campus administration offices , and in several instances forced the expulsion of ROTC programs from the campus . Some Americans who were not subject to the draft protested the conscription of their tax dollars for the war effort . War tax resistance , once mostly isolated to solitary anarchists like Henry David Thoreau and religious pacifists like the Quakers , became a more mainstream protest tactic . As of 1972 , an estimated 200,000 -- 500,000 people were refusing to pay the excise taxes on their telephone bills , and another 20,000 were resisting part or all of their income tax bills . Among the tax resisters were Joan Baez and Noam Chomsky . Environment ( edit ) Momentum from the protest organizations and the war 's impact on the environment became focal point of issues to an overwhelmingly main force for the growth of an environmental movement in the United States . Many of the environment - oriented demonstrations were inspired by Rachel Carson 's 1962 book Silent Spring , which warned of the harmful effects of pesticide use on the earth . For demonstrators , Carson 's warnings paralleled with the United States ' use of chemicals in Vietnam such as Agent Orange , a chemical compound which was used to clear forestry being used as cover , initially conducted by the United States Air Force in Operation Ranch Hand in 1962 . Congressional hearings ( edit ) U.S. Congressional opposition to American involvement in wars and interventions 1812 North America House Federalists ' Address 1847 Mexican -- American War Spot Resolutions 1917 World War I Filibuster of the Armed Ship Bill 1935 -- 1939 Neutrality Acts 1935 -- 1940 Ludlow Amendment 1970 Vietnam McGovern -- Hatfield Amendment 1970 Southeast Asia Cooper -- Church Amendment 1971 Vietnam Repeal of Tonkin Gulf Resolution 1973 Southeast Asia Case -- Church Amendment 1973 War Powers Resolution Hughes -- Ryan Amendment 1976 Angola Clark Amendment 1982 Nicaragua Boland Amendment 2007 Iraq House Concurrent Resolution 63 See also : List of Congressional opponents of the Vietnam War United Nations intervention ( edit ) In October 1967 the Senate Foreign Relations Committee held hearings on resolutions urging President Johnson to request an emergency session of the United Nations security council to consider proposals for ending the war . Dellums ( war crimes ) ( edit ) In January 1971 , just weeks into his first term , Congressman Ron Dellums set up a Vietnam war crimes exhibit in an annex to his Congressional office . The exhibit featured four large posters depicting atrocities committed by American soldiers embellished with red paint . This was followed shortly thereafter by four days of hearings on `` war crimes '' in Vietnam , which began April 25 . Dellums , assisted by the Citizens Commission of Inquiry , had called for formal investigations into the allegations , but Congress chose not to endorse these proceedings . As such , the hearings were ad hoc and only informational in nature . As a condition of room use , press and camera presence were not permitted , but the proceedings were transcribed . In addition to ( Ron Dellums ) ( Dem - CA ) , an additional 19 Congressional representatives took part in the hearings , including : Bella Abzug ( Dem - NY ) , Shirley Chisholm ( Dem - NY ) , Patsy Mink ( Dem - HI ) , Parren Mitchell ( Dem - MD ) , John Conyers ( Dem - MI ) , Herman Badillo ( Dem - NY ) , James Abourezk ( Dem - SD ) , Leo Ryan ( Dem - CA ) , Phil Burton ( Dem - CA ) , Don Edwards ( Dem - CA ) , Pete McCloskey ( Rep - CA ) , Ed Koch ( Dem - NY ) , John Seiberling ( Dem - OH ) , Henry Reuss ( Dem - WI ) , Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal ( Dem - NY ) , Robert Kastenmeier ( Dem - WI ) , and Abner J. Mikva ( Dem - IL ) . The transcripts describe alleged details of U.S. military 's conduct in Vietnam . Some tactics were described as `` gruesome '' , such as the severing of ears from corpses to verify body count . Others involved the killing of civilians . Soldiers claimed to have ordered artillery strikes on villages which did not appear to have any military presence . Soldiers were claimed to use racist terms such as `` gooks '' , `` dinks '' and `` slant eyes '' when referring to the Vietnamese . Witnesses described that legal , by - the - book instruction was augmented by more questionable training by non-commissioned officers as to how soldiers should conduct themselves . One witness testified about `` free - fire zones '' , areas as large as 80 square miles ( 210 km ) in which soldiers were free to shoot any Vietnamese they encountered after curfew without first making sure they were hostile . Allegations of exaggeration of body count , torture , murder and general abuse of civilians and the psychology and motivations of soldiers and officers were discussed at length . Fulbright ( end to war ) ( edit ) Main article : Fulbright Hearing In April and May 1971 , the Senate Foreign Relations Committee , chaired by Senator J. William Fulbright , held a series of 22 hearings ( referred to as the Fulbright Hearings ) on proposals relating to ending the war . On the third day of the hearings , April 22 , 1971 , future Senator and 2004 presidential candidate John Kerry became the first Vietnam veteran to testify before Congress in opposition to the war . Speaking on behalf of Vietnam Veterans Against the War , he argued for the immediate , unilateral withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam . During nearly two hours of discussions with committee members , Kerry related in some detail the findings of the Winter Soldier Investigation , in which veterans had described personally committing or witnessing atrocities and war crimes . Effects ( edit ) The opposition to the United States ' involvement in the Vietnam War had many effects , which arguably led to the eventual end of the involvement of the United States . Howard Zinn , a controversial historian , states in his book A People 's History of the United States that , `` in the course of the war , there developed in the United States the greatest antiwar movement the nation had ever experienced , a movement that played a critical role in bringing the war to an end . '' Fewer soldiers ( edit ) The first effect the opposition had that led to the end of the war was that fewer soldiers were available for the army . The draft was protested and even ROTC programs too . Howard Zinn first provides a note written by a student of Boston University on May 1 , 1968 , which stated to his draft board , `` I have absolutely no intention to report for that exam , or for induction , or to aid in any way the American war effort against the people of Vietnam ... '' The opposition to the United States ' involvement in the Vietnam War had many effects , which led to the eventual end of the involvement of the United States . This refusal letter soon led to an overflow of refusals ultimately leading to the event provided by Zinn stating , `` In May 1969 the Oakland induction center , where draftees reported from all of Northern California , reported that of 4,400 men ordered to report for induction , 2,400 did not show up . In the first quarter of 1970 the Selective Service System , for the first time , could not meet its quota . '' The fewer numbers of soldiers as an effect of the opposition to the war also can be traced to the protests against the ROTC programs in colleges . Zinn argues this by stating , `` Student protests against the ROTC resulted in the canceling of those programs in over forty colleges and universities . In 1966 , 191,749 college students enrolled in ROTC . By 1973 , the number was 72,459 . '' The number of ROTC students in college drastically dropped and the program lost any momentum it once had before the anti-war movement . College campuses ( edit ) A further effect of the opposition was that many college campuses were completely shut down due to protests . These protests led to wear on the government who tried to mitigate the tumultuous behavior and return the colleges back to normal . The colleges involved in the anti-war movement included ones such as , Brown University , Kent State University , and the University of Massachusetts . Even at The College of William and Mary unrest occurred with protests by the students and even some faculty members that resulted in `` multiple informants '' hired to report to the CIA on the activities of students and faculty members . At the University of Massachusetts , `` The 100th Commencement of the University of Massachusetts yesterday was a protest , a call for peace '' , `` Red fists of protest , white peace symbols , and blue doves were stenciled on black academic gowns , and nearly every other senior wore an armband representing a plea for peace . '' Additionally , `` At Boston College , a Catholic institution , six thousand people gathered that evening in the gymnasium to denounce the war . '' At Kent State University , `` on May 4 , when students gathered to demonstrate against the war , National Guardsmen fired into the crowd . Four students were killed . '' Finally , `` At the Brown University commencement in 1969 , two - thirds of the graduating class turned their backs when Henry Kissinger stood up to address them . '' Basically , from all of the evidence here provided by the historians , Zinn and McCarthy , the second effect was very prevalent and it was the uproar at many colleges and universities as an effect of the opposition to the United States ' involvement in Vietnam . American soldiers ( edit ) Another effect the opposition to the war had was that the American soldiers in Vietnam began to side with the opposition and feel remorse for what they were doing . Zinn argues this with an example in which the soldiers in a POW camp formed a peace committee as they wondered who the enemy of the war was , because it certainly was not known among them . The statement of one of the soldiers reads , Until we got to the first camp , we did n't see a village intact ; they were all destroyed . I sat down and put myself in the middle and asked myself : Is this right or wrong ? Is it right to destroy villages ? Is it right to kill people en masse ? After a while it just got to me . Howard Zinn provides that piece of evidence to reiterate how all of this destruction and fighting against an enemy that seems to be unknown has been taking a toll on the soldiers and that they began to sense a feeling of opposition as one effect of the opposition occurring in the United States . Timeline ( edit ) 1964 ( edit ) On May 12 , twelve young men in New York publicly burned their draft cards to protest the war . August -- Prompted by the Gulf of Tonkin incident , Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution . In December 1964 , Joan Baez leads six hundred people in an antiwar demonstration in San Francisco . 1965 ( edit ) On March 24 , organized by professors against the war at the University of Michigan , a teach - in protest was attended by 2,500 participants . This model was to be repeated at 35 campuses across the country . On March 16 , Alice Herz , an 82 - year - old pacifist , set herself on fire in the first known act of self - immolation to protest the Vietnam War . On April 17 , the Students for a Democratic Society ( SDS ) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) , a civil rights activist group , led the first of several anti-war marches in Washington , D.C. , with about 25,000 protesters . Draft - card burnings took place at University of California , Berkeley at student demonstrations in May organized by a new anti-war group , the Vietnam Day Committee . Events included a teach - in attended by 30,000 , and the burning in effigy of president Lyndon B. Johnson . A Gallup poll in May showed 48 % of U.S. respondents felt the government was handling the war effectively , 28 % felt the situation was being handled badly , and the rest had no opinion . May -- First anti-Vietnam War demonstration in London was staged outside the U.S. embassy . Protests were held in June on the steps of the Pentagon , and in August , attempts were made by activists at Berkeley to stop the movement of trains carrying troops . A Gallup poll in late August showed that 24 % of Americans view sending troops to Vietnam as a mistake versus 60 % who do not . By mid-October , the anti-war movement had significantly expanded to become a national and even global phenomenon , as anti-war protests drawing 100,000 were held simultaneously in as many as 80 major cities around the US , London , Paris , and Rome . On October 15 , 1965 , the first large scale act of civil disobedience in opposition to the Vietnam War occurred when approximately 40 people staged a sit - in at the Ann Arbor , Michigan draft board . They were sentenced to 10 to 15 days in jail . On November 2 , Norman Morrison , a 31 - year - old pacifist , set himself on fire below the third - floor window of Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara at the Pentagon , emulating the actions of the Vietnamese monk Thích Quảng Đức . On November 27 , Coretta Scott King , SDS President Carl Oglesby , and Dr. Benjamin Spock , among others , spoke at an anti-war rally of about 30,000 in Washington , D.C. , in the largest demonstration to date . Parallel protests occurred elsewhere around the nation . On that same day , President Johnson announced a significant escalation of U.S. involvement in Indochina , from 120,000 to 400,000 troops . 1966 ( edit ) In February , a group of about 100 veterans attempted to return their military decorations to the White House in protest of the war , but were turned back . On March 26 , anti-war demonstrations were held around the country and the world , with 20,000 taking part in New York City . A Gallup poll shows that 59 % believe that sending troops to Vietnam was not a mistake . Among the age group of 21 -- 29 , 71 % believe it was not a mistake compared to 48 % of those over 50 . On May 15 , another large demonstration , with 10,000 picketers calling for an end to the war , took place outside the White House and the Washington Monument . June -- The Gallup poll respondents supporting the U.S. handling of the war slipped to 41 % , 37 % expressed disapproval , and the rest had no opinion . A crowd of 4,000 demonstrated against the U.S. war in London on July 3 and scuffled with police outside the U.S. embassy. 33 protesters were arrested . Joan Baez and A.J. Muste organized over 3,000 people across the nation in an antiwar tax protest . Participants refused to pay their taxes or did not pay the amount designated for funding the war . Protests , strikes and sit - ins continued at Berkeley and across other campuses throughout the year . Three army privates , known as the `` Fort Hood Three '' , refused to deploy in Vietnam , calling the war `` illegal and immoral '' , and were sentenced to prison terms . Heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali -- formerly known as Cassius Clay -- declared himself a conscientious objector and refused to go to war . According to a writer for Sports Illustrated , the governor of Illinois , Otto Kerner , Jr. , called Ali `` disgusting '' and the governor of Maine , John H. Reed , said that Ali `` should be held in utter contempt by every patriotic American . '' In 1967 Ali was sentenced to 5 years in prison for draft evasion , but his conviction was later overturned on appeal . In addition , he was stripped of his title and banned from professional boxing for more than three years . In June 1966 American students and others in England meeting at the London School of Economics formed the Stop It Committee . The group was prominent in every major London anti-war demonstration . It remained active until the end of the war in April 1975 . 1967 ( edit ) The protest on June 23 in Los Angeles is particularly significant . It was one of the first massive war protests in the United States and the first in Los Angeles . Ending in a clash with riot police , it set a pattern for the massive protests which followed and due to the size and violence of this event , Johnson attempted no further public speeches in venues outside military bases . Play media Universal Newsreel about peace marches in April , 1967 Mounted policemen watch a protest march in San Francisco on April 15 , 1967 . The San Francisco City Hall is in the background . Vietnam War protests at the Pentagon , October 1967 Another Mother for Peace group founded . January 14 -- 20,000 -- 30,000 people staged a `` Human Be-In '' in Golden Gate Park in San Francisco , near the Haight - Ashbury neighborhood that had become the center of hippie activity . In February , about 2,500 members of Women Strike for Peace ( WSP ) marched to the Pentagon . This was a peaceful protest that became rowdier when the demonstrators were denied a meeting with Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara . February 8 -- Christian groups opposed to the war staged a nationwide `` Fast for Peace . '' February 23 -- The New York Review of Books published `` The Responsibility of Intellectuals '' by Noam Chomsky as a special supplement . March 12 -- A three - page anti-war ad appeared in The New York Times bearing the signatures of 6,766 teachers and professors . The advertisement spanned two and a quarter pages in Section 4 , The Week in Review . The advertisement itself cost around $16,500 and was sponsored by the Inter-University Committee for Debate on Foreign Policy . March 17 -- a group of antiwar citizens marched to the Pentagon to protest American involvement in Vietnam . March 25 -- Martin Luther King Jr. , a leader of the civil rights movement , led a march of 5,000 against the war in Chicago . April 4 -- Martin Luther King Jr. gave a speech in New York City . `` America rejected Ho Chi Minh 's revolutionary government seeking self - determination ... '' ( See details here . ) On April 15 , 400,000 people organized by the Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam marched from Central Park to the UN building in New York City to protest the war , where they were addressed by critics of the war such as Benjamin Spock , Martin Luther King , event initiator and director James Bevel , Harry Belafonte , and Jan Barry Crumb , a veteran of the war . On the same date 100,000 , including Coretta Scott King , marched in San Francisco . On April 24 , Abbie Hoffman led a small group of protesters against both the war and capitalism who interrupted the New York Stock Exchange , causing chaos by throwing fistfuls of both real and fake dollars down from the gallery . May 2 -- British philosopher Bertrand Russell presided over the `` Russell Tribunal '' in Stockholm , a mock war crimes tribunal , which ruled that the U.S. and its allies had committed war crimes in Vietnam . The proceedings were criticized as being a `` show trial . '' On May 22 , the fashionable À L'Innovation department store in Brussels , Belgium burnt down , killing over 300 people amid speculation that the fire was caused by Belgian Maoists against the Vietnam War . On May 30 Jan Crumb and ten like - minded men attended a peace demonstration in Washington , D.C. , and on June 1 Vietnam Veterans Against the War was born . In the summer of 1967 , Neil Armstrong and various other NASA officials began a tour of South America to raise awareness for space travel . According to First Man , a biography of Armstrong 's life , during the tour , several college students protested the astronaut , and shouted such phrases as `` Murderers get out of Vietnam ! '' and other anti-Vietnam War messages . June 23 , 1967 President Johnson traveled to Los Angeles for a Democratic fundraiser . He was met by a massive anti-war protest on the street outside the hotel where he was speaking as Progressive Labor Party and SDS protestors at the head of a march halted . The Riot Act was read and 51 protestors arrested . This was one of the first massive war protests in the United States and the first in Los Angeles , Ending in a clash with riot police , it set a pattern for the massive protests which followed . The vigor of the response from the LAPD , initially intended to prevent the demonstrators from storming the hotel where Johnson was speaking , was to a certain extent based on exaggerated reports from undercover agents which had infiltrated the organizations sponsoring the protest . `` Unresisting demonstrators were beaten -- some in front of literally thousands of witnesses -- without even the pretext of and attempt to make an arrest . '' A crowd the Los Angeles Times reports at 10,000 clashed with 500 riot police outside President Johnson 's fundraiser at the Century City Plaza Hotel . Expecting only 1,000 or 2,000 protesters , the LAPD field commander later told reporters he had been ' astounded ' by the size of the demonstration . `` Where did all those people come from ? I asked myself . '' Scores were injured , including many peaceful middle - class protestors . Some sources put the crowd as high as 15,000 and noted that the police attacked the marchers with nightsticks to disperse the crowd . Due to the size and violence of this event , Johnson attempted no further public speeches in venues outside military bases . July 30 -- Gallup poll reported 52 % of Americans disapproved of Johnson 's handling of the war , 41 % thought the U.S. made a mistake in sending troops , and over 56 % thought the U.S. was losing the war or at an impasse . On August 28 , 1967 , U.S. representative Tim Lee Carter ( R - KY ) stated before congress : `` Let us now , while we are yet strong , bring our men home , every man jack of them . The Vietcong fight fiercely and tenaciously because it is their land and we are foreigners intervening in their civil war . If we must fight , let us fight in defense of our homeland and our own hemisphere . '' On September 20 , over one thousand members of WSP rallied at the White House . The police used brutal tactics to try to limit it to 100 people ( as per the law ) or stop the demonstration , and the event tarnished the wholesome and nonviolent reputation of the WSP . Demonstrations in The Hague in the Netherlands , 1967 . The placards read `` USA out of Vietnam '' . In October 1967 , Stop the Draft Week resulted in major clashes at the Oakland , California military induction center , and saw more than a thousand registrants return their draft cards in events across the country . The cards were delivered to the Justice Department on October 20 . Singer / musician - activist Joan Baez , a longtime critic of the war in Vietnam , was among those arrested in the Oakland demonstrations In October 1967 , 300 students at the University of Wisconsin attempted to prevent Dow Chemical Company , the maker of napalm , from holding a job fair on campus . The police eventually forced the demonstration to end , but Dow was banned from the campus . Three police officers and 65 students were injured in the two - day event . The next day , October 21 , 1967 , the March on the Pentagon took place . A large demonstration organized by the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam , a crowd of nearly 100,000 met at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington , D.C. and at least 30,000 people then marched to the Pentagon for another rally and an all night vigil . Some , including Abbie Hoffman , Jerry Rubin , and Allen Ginsberg , attempted to `` exorcise '' and `` levitate '' the building , while others engaged in civil disobedience on the steps of the Pentagon . These actions were interrupted by clashes with soldiers and police . In all , 647 arrests were made . When a plot to airdrop 10,000 flowers on the Pentagon was foiled by undercover agents , some of these flowers ended up being placed in the barrels of MP 's rifles , as seen in famous photographs of the event ( such as Flower Power and The Ultimate Confrontation : The Flower and the Bayonet ) . Norman Mailer documented the events surrounding the march , and the march on the Pentagon itself , in his non-fiction novel , The Armies of the Night . In November 1967 a non-binding referendum was voted on in San Francisco , California which posed the question of whether there should be an immediate withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam . The vote was 67 % against the referendum , which was taken by a Johnson administration official as support for the war 1968 ( edit ) Olof Palme marching against the Vietnam War in Stockholm , 1968 On January 15 , 1968 , over five thousand women rallied in D.C. in the Jeannette Rankin Brigade protest . This was the first all female antiwar protest intended to get Congress to withdrawal troops from Vietnam . On January 18 , 1968 , while in the White House for a conference about juvenile delinquency , black singer - entertainer Eartha Kitt yelled at Lady Bird Johnson about the generation of young men dying in the war . January 30 , 1968 -- Tet Offensive was launched and resulted in much higher casualties and changed perceptions . The optimistic assessments made prior to the offensive by the administration and the Pentagon came under heavy criticism and ridicule as the `` credibility gap '' that had opened in 1967 widened into a chasm . February -- Gallup poll showed 35 % approved of Johnson 's handling of the war ; 50 % disapproved ; the rest , no opinion . ( NYT , 2 / 14 / 68 ) In another poll that month , 23 % of Americans defined themselves as `` doves '' and 61 % `` hawks . '' March 12 -- anti-war candidate Eugene McCarthy received more votes than expected in the New Hampshire primary , leading to more expressions of opposition against the war . McCarthy urged his supporters to exchange the ' unkempt look ' rapidly becoming fashionable among war opponents for a more clean - cut style to in order not to scare voters . These were known as `` Clean Genes . '' March 16 -- Robert Kennedy joined the race for the US Presidency as an anti-war candidate . He was shot and killed on June 5 , the morning after he won a decisive victory over McCarthy in the Democratic primary in California . March 17 -- Major rally outside the U.S. Embassy in London 's Grosvenor Square turned to a riot with 86 people injured and over 200 arrested . Over 10,000 had rallied peacefully in Trafalgar Square but met a police barricade outside the embassy . A UK Foreign Office report claimed that the rioting had been organized by 100 members of the German SDS who were `` acknowledged experts in methods of riot against the police . '' In March , Gallup poll reported that 49 % of respondents felt involvement in the war was an error . April 17 -- National media films the anti-war riot that breaks out in Berkeley , California . The over-reaction by the police in Berkeley is shown in Berlin and Paris , sparking reactions in those cities . On April 26 , 1968 , a million college and high school students boycotted class to show opposition to the war . April 27 -- an anti-war march in Chicago organized by Rennie Davis and others ended with police beating many of the marchers , a precursor to the police riots later that year at the Democratic Convention . During the 1968 Democratic National Convention , held August 26 -- August 29 in Chicago , anti-war protesters marched and demonstrated throughout the city . Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley brought to bear 23,000 police and National Guardsman upon 10,000 protestors . Tensions between police and protesters quickly escalated , resulting in a `` police riot . '' Eight leading anti-war activists were indicted by the U.S. Attorney and prosecuted for conspiracy to riot ; the convictions of the Chicago Seven were subsequently overturned on appeal . August -- Gallup poll shows 53 % said it was a mistake to send troops to Vietnam . Among the academic or scholarly groups was the Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars , founded in 1968 by graduate students and junior faculty in Asian studies . 1969 ( edit ) Late 1960s -- early 1970s anti-Vietnam War demonstrations in Lund , Sweden . March polls indicated that 19 % of Americans wanted the war to end as soon as possible , 26 % wanted South Vietnam to take over responsibility for the war from the U.S. , 19 % favored the current policy , and 33 % wanted total military victory . In March , students at SUNY Buffalo destroyed a Themis construction site . On March 5 , Senator J. William Fulbright was prevented from speaking at the first National Convocation on the Challenge of Building Peace by members of the Veterans and Reservists to End the War in Vietnam . On April 6 , a spontaneous anti-war rally in Central Park was recorded and later released as Environments 3 . On May 22 , the Canadian government announced that immigration officials would not and could not ask about immigration applicants ' military status if they showed up at the border seeking permanent residence in Canada . On July 16 , activist David Harris was arrested for refusing the draft , and would ultimately serve a fifteen - month prison sentence ; Harris ' wife , prominent musician , pacifist and activist Joan Baez , toured and performed on behalf of her husband , throughout the remainder of 1969 , attempting to raise consciousness around the issue of ending the draft . On July 31 , The New York Times published the results of a Gallup poll showing that 53 % of the respondents approved of Nixon 's handling of the war , 30 % disapproved , and the balance had no opinion . On August 15 -- 18 , the Woodstock Festival was held at Max Yasgur 's farm in Bethel , New York . Peace was a primary theme in this pivotal popular music event . On October 15 the Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam demonstrations took place . Millions of Americans took the day off from work and school to participate in local demonstrations against the war . These were the first major demonstrations against the Nixon administration 's handling of the war . In October , 58 % of Gallup respondents said U.S. entry into the war was a mistake . In November , Sam Melville , Jane Alpert , and several others bombed several corporate offices and military installations ( including the Whitehall Army Induction Center ) in and around New York City . On November 15 , crowds of up to half a million people participated in an anti-war demonstration in Washington , D.C. and a similar demonstration was held in San Francisco . These protests were organized by the New Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam ( New Mobe ) and the Student Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam ( SMC ) . On December 7 , The 5th Dimension performed their song `` Declaration '' on the Ed Sullivan Show . Consisting of the opening of the Declaration of Independence ( through `` for their future security '' ) , it suggests that the right and duty of revolting against a tyrannical government is still relevant . In late December , the And babies poster is published -- `` easily the most successful poster to vent the outrage that so many felt about the war in Southeast Asia . '' By end of the year , 69 % of students identified themselves as doves . 1970 ( edit ) On March 4 Antonia Martínez , a 21 - year - old student at the University of Puerto Rico at Río Piedras was shot and killed by a policeman while watching and commenting on the anti-Vietnam War and education reform student protests at the University of Puerto Rico . On March 14 , two merchant seamen , claiming allegiance to the SDS , hijacked the SS Columbia Eagle , a U.S. - flagged merchant vessel under contract with the U.S. government , carrying 10,000 tons of napalm bombs for use by the U.S. Air Force in the Vietnam War . The hijackers forced its master to divert to then - neutral Cambodia ( which promptly was taken over by anti-Communists , who eventually returned to the ship to the U.S. ) . Kent State / Cambodia Invasion Protest , Washington , D.C. : After the Kent State shootings , on May 4 , 100,000 anti-war demonstrators converged on Washington , D.C. to protest the shooting of the students in Ohio and the Nixon administration 's incursion into Cambodia . Even though the demonstration was quickly put together , protesters were still able to bring out thousands to march in the Capital . It was an almost spontaneous response to the events of the previous week . Police ringed the White House with buses to block the demonstrators from getting too close to the executive mansion . Early in the morning before the march , Nixon met with protesters briefly at the Lincoln Memorial but nothing was resolved and the protest went on as planned . National Student Strike : more than 450 university , college and high school campuses across the country were shut by student strikes and both violent and non-violent protests that involved more than 4 million students , in the only nationwide student strike in U.S. history . A Gallup poll in May shows that 56 % of the public believed that sending troops to Vietnam was a mistake , 61 % of those over 50 expressed that belief compared to 49 % of those between the ages of 21 -- 29 . On June 13 , President Nixon established the President 's Commission on Campus Unrest . The commission was directed to study the dissent , disorder , and violence breaking out on college and university campuses . In July 1970 . the award - winning documentary The World of Charlie Company was broadcast . `` It showed GI 's close to mutiny , balking at orders that seemed to them unreasonable . This was something never seen on television before . '' The documentary was produced by CBS News . On August 24 , 1970 , near 3 : 40 a.m. , a van filled with ammonium nitrate and fuel oil mixture was detonated on the University of Wisconsin - Madison in the Sterling Hall bombing . One researcher was killed and three others were injured . Vortex I : A Biodegradable Festival of Life : To avert potential violence arising from planned anti-war protests , a government - sponsored rock festival was held near Portland , Oregon from August 28 to September 3 , attracting 100,000 participants . The festival , arranged by the People 's Army Jamboree ( an ad hoc group ) and Oregon governor Tom McCall , was set up when the FBI told the governor that President Nixon 's planned appearance at an American Legion convention in Portland could lead to violence worse than that seen at 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago . The Chicano Moratorium : on August 29 , some 25,000 Mexican - Americans participated in the largest anti-war demonstration in Los Angeles . Police attacked the crowd with billyclubs and tear gas ; two people were killed . Immediately after the marchers were dispersed , sheriff 's deputies raided a nearby bar , where they shot and killed Rubén Salazar , KMEX news director and Los Angeles Times columnist , with a tear - gas projectile . 1971 and after ( edit ) Protests against the Vietnam War in Washington D.C. on April 24 , 1971 On April 23 , 1971 , Vietnam veterans threw away over 700 medals on the West Steps of the Capitol building . The next day , antiwar organizers claimed that 500,000 marched , making this the largest demonstration since the November , 1969 march . Two weeks later , on May 5 , 1971 , 1146 people were arrested on the Capitol grounds trying to shut down Congress . This brought the total arrested during the 1971 May Day Protests to over 12,000 . Abbie Hoffman was arrested on charges of interstate travel to incite a riot and assaulting a police officer . In August , 1971 , the Camden 28 conducted a raid on the Camden , New Jersey draft board offices . The 28 included five or more members of the clergy , as well as a number of local blue - collar workers . Beginning December 26 , 1971 , 15 anti-war veterans occupied the Statue of Liberty , flying a US flag upside down from her crown . They left on December 28 , following issuance of a Federal Court order . Also on December 28 , 80 young veterans clashed with police and were arrested while trying to occupy the Lincoln Memorial in Washington , D.C. On March 29 , 1972 , 166 people , many of them seminarians , were arrested in Harrisburg , Pennsylvania for encircling the Federal Courthouse with a chain , to protest the trial of the Harrisburg Seven . On April 19 , 1972 , in response to renewed escalation of bombing , students at many colleges and universities around the country broke into campus buildings and threatened strikes . The following weekend , protests were held in Los Angeles , New York City , San Francisco , and elsewhere . On May 13 , 1972 , protests again spread across the country in response to President Nixon 's decision to mine harbors in North Vietnam and renewed bombing of North Vietnam ( Operation Linebacker ) . On July 6 , 1972 , four Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur on a White House Tour stopped and began praying to protest the war . In the next six weeks , such kneel - ins became a popular form of protest and led to over 158 protestors arrests . Public opinion on the Vietnam war ( edit ) The American public 's support of the Vietnam War decreased as the war continued on . As public support decreased , opposition grew . The Gallup News Service began asking the American public whether it was a `` mistake to send troops to Vietnam '' in August 1965 . At the time less than a quarter of Americans polled , 24 % , believed it was a mistake to send troops to Vietnam while 60 % of Americans polled believed the opposite . Three years later , in September 1968 , 54 % of Americans polled believed it was a mistake to send troops to Vietnam while 37 % believed it was not a mistake . A 1965 Gallup Poll asked the question , `` Have you ever felt the urge to organize or join a public demonstration about something ? '' Positive responses were quite low ; not many people wanted to protest anything , and those who did want to show a public demonstration often wanted to demonstrate in support of the Vietnam War . However , when the American Public was asked in 1990 , `` Looking back , do you wish that you had made a stronger effort to protest or demonstrate against the Vietnam War , or not '' , 25 percent said they wished they had . Urge to Organize or Demonstrate Yes % No % U.S. adults 10 90 21 to 29 years old 15 85 30 to 49 years 12 88 50 and older 6 94 College graduates 21 79 High school graduates 9 91 High school nongraduates 5 95 GALLUP , OCT. 29 - NOV. 2 , 1965 A major factor in the American public 's disapproval of the Vietnam War came from the casualties being inflicted on US forces . In a Harris poll from 1967 asking what aspect most troubled people most about the Vietnam war the plurality answer of 31 % was `` the loss of our young men . '' A separated 1967 Harris poll asked the American public , `` How has the war affected your own family , job or financial life ? '' The majority of respondents , 55 % , said that it had had no effect on their lives . Of the 45 % who indicated the war had affected their lives , 32 % listed inflation as the most important factor while 25 % listed casualties inflicted . As the war continued the public became much more opposed to the war as they could see was not ending . In a poll from December 1967 , 71 % of the public believed the war would not be settled in 1968 . A year later the same question was asked and 55 % of people did not think the war would be settled in 1969 . When the American public was asked about the Vietnam - era Anti-War movement in the 1990s , 39 % of the public said the approved while 39 % said they disapproved . The last 22 % were unsure . Slogans and chants ( edit ) `` Hell , no , we wo n't go ! '' was heard in antidraft and antiwar protests throughout the country . `` Bring the troops home now ! '' was heard in mass marches in Washington D.C. , Seattle , San Francisco , Berkeley , New York , and San Diego . `` Dow shall not kill '' and `` Making money burning babies ! '' were two slogans used by students at UCLA and other colleges to protest the Dow Chemical Company , the maker of napalm and Agent Orange . `` Stop the war , feed the poor '' was a popular slogan used by socially conscious and minority antiwar groups , protesting that the war diverted funds that struggling Americans desperately needed . `` Girls say yes to men who say no '' was an antidraft slogan used by the SDS and other organizations . `` War is not healthy for children and other living things '' was a slogan of Another Mother for Peace , and was popular on posters . `` End the nuclear race , not the human race '' was first used by the WSP in antinuclear demonstrations and became incorporated into the antiwar events . `` Not my son , not your son , not their sons '' was an antiwar and antidraft slogan used by the WSP during protests . `` Ho , Ho , Ho Chi Minh , the Viet Cong are gon na win '' was a common anti-war chant during anti-war marches and rallies in the later sixties . `` Hey , hey , LBJ ! How many kids did you kill today ? '' was especially chanted by students and other marchers and demonstrators in opposition to Lyndon B. Johnson . `` One , two , three , four , we do n't want your fucking war '' was chanted in marches from Brisbane to Boston . `` Fuck , fuck , fuck it all we do n't want this anymore '' this was also chanted in marches from Brisbane to Boston See also ( edit ) Social movements portal Lists of protests against the Vietnam War Bed - in Civil disobedience Congressional opponents of the Vietnam War Legality of the Vietnam War Canada and the Vietnam War Nonviolence Opposition to the Iraq War Pacifism in the United States List of peace activists List of anti-war organizations List of protest marches on Washington , D.C. May Day Protests 1971 Sir ! No Sir ! , a documentary about the anti-war movement in the ranks of the U.S. Armed Forces Sterling Hall bombing Soviet - run peace movements in Western Europe and USA Teach - in Writers and Editors War Tax Protest Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ deLeon , Rudy ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` 5 ways Vietnam War changed America '' . CNN . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robert S. McNamara , Architect of a Futile War , Dies at 93 '' . The New York Times . July 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schuman , Howard. 2000 . ' Two Sources of Antiwar Sentiment in America , ' in Hixson , Walter L. ( ed ) The United States and the Vietnam War : Significant Scholarly Articles . New York : Garland Publishing , pp127 -- 150 ^ Jump up to : Guttmann , Allen . 1969 . Protest against the War in Vietnam . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , 382 . pp. 56 -- 63 , Jump up ^ Life magazine : Remembering Martin Luther King Jr. 40 Years Later . Time Inc , 2008 . Pg 139 ^ Jump up to : Herman , Edward S. & Chomsky , Noam. ( 2002 ) Manufacturing Consent : The Political Economy of the Mass Media . New York : Pantheon Books . Jump up ^ Meyer , David S. 2007 . The Politics of Protest : Social Movements in America . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Harrison , Benjamin T. ( 2000 ) ' Roots of the Anti-Vietnam War Movement , ' in Hixson , Walter ( ed ) the Vietnam Antiwar Movement . New York : Garland Publishing Jump up ^ p49 Jump up ^ University of Wisconsin - Madison ( 2017 ) . `` A Turning Point '' . Retrieved 26 Oct 2017 . Jump up ^ Worland , Gayle ( 8 Oct 2017 ) . `` 50 years ago , ' Dow Day ' left its mark on Madison '' . Wisconsin State Journal . Madison , WI : John Humenik . Retrieved 26 Oct 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph Fry ( 2007 ) . David Anderson , John Ernst , ed . The War That Never Ends : Student Opposition to the Vietnam War . University of Kentucky . pp. 219 -- 243 . Jump up ^ Alexis Greene ( 1992 ) . Barbara Tischler , ed . Sights on the Sixties . Rutgers , the State University Press . pp. 149 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Nina Adams ( 1992 ) . Barbara Tischler , ed . Sights on the Sixties . Rutgers , the State University Press . pp. 149 -- 161 . ^ Jump up to : Swerdlow 1992 , pp. 159 -- 170 Jump up ^ Rosen , Ruth ( 2006 ) . The World Split Open : How the Modern Women 's Movement Changed America . New York : Penguin Books . Jump up ^ Barbara Tischler ( 1992 ) . Barbara Tischler , ed . Sights on the Sixties . Rutgers , the State University Press . pp. 197 -- 209 . Jump up ^ Small 1992 , p. 92 Jump up ^ Small 1992 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Small 1992 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Rosen 2006 , p. 201 Jump up ^ Adams 1992 , pp. 182 -- 195 Jump up ^ Lucks , Daniel S. ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) . Selma to Saigon : The Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 9780813145099 . Jump up ^ Lucks , Daniel S. ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) . Selma to Saigon : The Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 83 -- 84 . ISBN 9780813145099 . ^ Jump up to : Small 1992 , pp. 57 -- 60 Jump up ^ Lucks , Daniel S. ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) . Selma to Saigon : The Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 113 -- 120 . ISBN 9780813145099 . Jump up ^ Joshua Bloom and Waldo E. Martin , Black Against Empire : The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party ( University of California Press , 2013 ) , pp. 29 , 41 - 42 , 102 - 103 , 128 - 130 . Jump up ^ Gills 1992 , p. 188 Jump up ^ Appy , Christian G. ( 2015 - 02 - 05 ) . American Reckoning : The Vietnam War and Our National Identity . Penguin . ISBN 9780698191556 . ^ Jump up to : Gills 1992 , pp. 177 -- 195 Jump up ^ Gills 1992 , pp. 57 -- 60 Jump up ^ Maeda , Daryl ( 2009 ) . Chaines of Babylon : Rise of Asian America . University of Minnesota Press . p. 96 . Jump up ^ Maeda , Daryl ( 2009 ) . Chains of Babylon : Rise of Asian America . University of Minnesota Press . p. 99 . Jump up ^ Maeda , Daryl ( 2009 ) . Chains of Babylon : The Rise of Asian America . University of Minnesota Press . p. 101 . Jump up ^ Maeda , Daryl ( 2009 ) . Chains of Babylon : Rise of Asian America . University of Minnesota Press . p. 101 . Jump up ^ Lee , Erika ( 2015 ) . The Making of Asian America : A History . Simon & Schuster . p. 308 . Jump up ^ Maeda , Daryl ( 2009 ) . Chains of Babylon : Rise of Asian America . University of Minnesota Press . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Maeda , Daryl ( 2009 ) . Chains of Babylon : Rise of Asian America . University of Minnesota Press . p. 104 . Jump up ^ Maeda , Daryl ( 2009 ) . Chains of Babylon : Rise of Asian America . University of Minnesota Press . p. 113 . ^ Jump up to : Srikanth , Rajini ; Hyoung Song , Min ( 2015 ) . The Cambridge History of Asian American Literature . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Lee , Erika ( 2015 ) . The Making of Asian America : A History . Simon & Schuster . pp. 301 -- 303 . Jump up ^ Maeda , Daryl ( 2009 ) . Chains of Babylon : Rise of Asian America . University of Minnesota Press . pp. 123 -- 124 . Jump up ^ King , `` Beyond Vietnam '' Jump up ^ Tygart , `` Social Movement Participation : Clergy and the Anti-Vietnam War Movement '' Jump up ^ Tygart , `` Social Movement Participation : Clergy and the Anti-Vietnam War Movement '' Jump up ^ Friedland , Lift Up Your Voice Like A Trumpet : White Clergy And The Civil Rights And Antiwar Movements , 1954 -- 1973 ^ Jump up to : Debenedette , Charles . ( 2000 ) . On the Significance of Citizen Peace Activism : America , 1961 -- 1975 , ' in Hixson , Walter ( ed ) the Vietnam Antiwar Movement . New York : Garland Publishing Jump up ^ DeBenedetti 1990 , p. 14 Jump up ^ DeBenedetti , 1990 & p329 ^ Jump up to : DeBenedetti 1990 , p. 360 ^ Jump up to : Maeda , Daryl ( 2009 ) . Chains of Babylon : Rise of Asian America . University of Minnesota Press . Jump up ^ Terry Anderson ( 2007 ) . David Anderson , John Ernst , ed . The War That Never Ends : Student Opposition to the Vietnam War . University of Kentucky . pp. 245 -- 264 . Jump up ^ DeBenedetti 1990 , p. 146 Jump up ^ DeBenedetti , 1990 & p18 Jump up ^ Small 1992 , p. 150 Jump up ^ DeBenedetti 1990 , p. 144 Jump up ^ Schoenwald Jonathan ( 2001 ) . `` No War , No Welfare , and No Damm Taxation : The Student Libertarian Movement , 1968 -- 1972 '' , in Gilbert , Marc Jason ( ed ) . The Vietnam War on Campus : Other Voices , More Distant Drums . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger . pp. 1 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : DeBenedetti 1990 Jump up ^ Arnold , Ben . `` War Music and the American Composer during the Vietnam Era . '' The Musical Quarterly 75.3 ( 1991 ) : 317 . JSTOR . Web . 27 Jan. 2011 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Ben . `` War Music and the American Composer during the Vietnam Era . '' The Musical Quarterly 75.3 ( 1991 ) : 318 . JSTOR . Web . 27 Jan. 2011 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Ben . `` War Music and the American Composer during the Vietnam Era . '' The Musical Quarterly 75.3 ( 1991 ) : 320 . JSTOR . Web . 27 Jan. 2011 . Jump up ^ Cross , Charles R. Room Full of Mirrors : a Biography of Jimi Hendrix . New York : Hyperion , 2006 . 248 . Print . Jump up ^ Henderson , David . ' Scuse Me While I Kiss the Sky : Jimi Hendrix , Voodoo Child . New York : Atria , 2009 . 339 . Print Jump up ^ Cross , Charles R. Room Full of Mirrors : a Biography of Jimi Hendrix . New York : Hyperion , 2006 . 221 . Print . Jump up ^ Cross , Charles R. Room Full of Mirrors : a Biography of Jimi Hendrix . New York : Hyperion , 2006 . 271 . Print . Jump up ^ `` Country Joe 's Place '' . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Andresen , Lee . Battle Notes . Superior : Savage Press , 2000 . Jump up ^ James , David . `` The Vietnam War and American Music . '' Social Text 23 ( 1989 ) : 132 . JSTOR . Web . 27 Jan. 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Førland , Tor Egil . `` Bringing It All Back Home or Another Side of Bob Dylan : Midwestern Isolationist . '' Journal of American Studies 26.3 ( 1992 ) : 351 . JSTOR . Web . 26 Jan. 2011 . Jump up ^ Førland , Tor Egil . `` Bringing It All Back Home or Another Side of Bob Dylan : Midwestern Isolationist . '' Journal of American Studies 26.3 ( 1992 ) : 352 . JSTOR . Web . 26 Jan. 2011 . Jump up ^ Karnow , Stanley `` Vietnam '' Jump up ^ `` UC Berkeley Library Social Activism Sound Recording Project : Anti-Vietnam War Protests -- San Francisco Bay Area '' . Lib.berkeley.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Flynn , George Q. ( 1993 ) . The Draft , 1940 -- 1973 . Modern war studies . University Press of Kansas . p. 175 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0586 - X . Jump up ^ Graham III , Herman ( 2003 ) . The Brothers ' Vietnam War : Black Power , Manhood , and the Military Experience . Gainesville : University of Florida Press . pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Small 1992 ^ Jump up to : Fry 2007 , p. 228 Jump up ^ Nonrandom Risk : The 1970 Draft Lottery , Norton Starr , Journal of Statistics Education v. 5 , n. 2 , 1997 Jump up ^ Antiwar campaigners to donate documents to Vietnamese museum , Keiji Hirano , Kyodo News , The Japan Times , February 16 , 2002 . ( Web edition hosted by lbo - talk under the title `` What Japanese Anti-Vietnam War activists are up to '' ) Jump up ^ 1961 -- 1973 : GI Resistance in the Vietnam War , libcom.org Jump up ^ War Tax Resistance War Resisters League ( 2003 ) p. 75 Jump up ^ Koehn , Nancy F. ( 2012 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Rachel Carson 's Lessons , 50 Years After ' Silent Spring ' '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 - Operation Ranch Hand > Air Force Historical Support Division > Fact Sheets '' . www.afhistory.af.mil . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune , Give Viet Cong Voice In Peace Talks -- Cohen ( October 27 , 1967 ) ^ Jump up to : Uhl , Michael ( 2007 ) . Vietnam Awakening . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . pp. 203 -- 207 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3074 - 1 . Jump up ^ Howard Zinn , A People 's History of the United States Page 469 ^ Jump up to : Howard Zinn , A People 's History of the United States ^ Jump up to : Howard Zinn , A People 's History of the United States Page 486 Jump up ^ Howard Zinn , A People 's History of the United States Page 491 Jump up ^ David McCarthy , `` ' The Sun Never Sets on the Activities of the CIA ' : Project Resistance at William and Mary '' Jump up ^ Howard Zinn , A People 's History of the United States Page 491 Jump up ^ Howard Zinn , A People 's History of the United States Page 490 ^ Jump up to : Howard Zinn , A People 's History of the United States Page 490 Jump up ^ Howard Zinn , A People 's History of the United States Page 496 Jump up ^ Howard Zinn , A People 's History of the United States Page 496 Jump up ^ Flynn , George Q. ( 1993 ) . The Draft , 1940 -- 1973 . Modern war studies . University Press of Kansas . p. 175 . ISBN 070060586X . Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Sherry Gershon ( 1991 ) . Hell no , we wo n't go ! : resisting the draft during the Vietnam War . Viking . p. xix . ISBN 0670839353 . 1964 : May 12 -- Twelve students at a New York rally burn their draft cards ... Jump up ^ Charles DeBenedetti ; Charles Chatfield ( 1990 ) . An American Ordeal : The Antiwar Movement of the Vietnam Era . Syracuse , New York : Syracuse University Press . ^ Jump up to : Ronald B. Frankum Jr. ( 2011 ) . `` Chronology '' . Historical Dictionary of the War in Vietnam . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7956 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` IV '' . Library.law.ua.edu . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Usa Today / Cnn Gallup Poll '' . USA Today . November 15 , 2005 . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DeBenedetti 1990 , p. 132 Jump up ^ `` Commentaries for 2011 -- Pew Research Center for the People & the Press '' . People-press.org. 2002 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Small , Melvin ( 2002 ) . Antiwarriors : The Vietnam War and the Battle for America 's Hearts and Minds . Delaware : Scholarly Resources Inc . Jump up ^ `` Gale -- Free Resources -- Black History -- Biographies -- Muhammad Ali '' . Gale.cengage.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crowd Battles LAPD as War Protest Turns Violent '' , http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/thedailymirror/2009/05/crowd-battles-lapd-as-war-protest-turns-violent-.html ^ Jump up to : Jim Dann and Hari Dillon . `` The Five Retreats : A History of the Failure of the Progressive Labor Party CHAPTER 2 : THE RETREAT FROM THE ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT 1967 - 1968 '' . Marxist.org . Marxist.org . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . On June 23 , 1967 President Johnson came to Century City , Los Angeles to speak . The Mobe got permission to march past his hotel without stopping . PLP , SDS , the War Resisters ' League and other left forces determined to stop in front of the hotel . Leadership of the march of 20,000 was wrested from the hands of the Mobe 's marshals by the PL - led militants . A 4 hour bloody battle ensued after the police attacked the march , with injuries on both sides and - a partial victory for the anti-war movement because LBJ never dared speak in public again . Jump up ^ DeBenedetti 1990 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Gladwin Hill ( June 24 , 1967 ) . `` 51 Protesters Arrested '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : ACLU , Southern California Branch , Day of Protest , Night of Violence : The Century City Peace March , a Report ( Los Angeles : Sawyer Press , 1967 ) , on Scribd Jump up ^ Amy Swerdlow ( 1992 ) . Melvin Small , William Hoover , ed . Give Peace A Chance : Exploring the Vietnam Antiwar Movement . Syracuse , New York : Syracuse University Press . pp. 159 -- 170 . Jump up ^ Davies , Lawrence E. ( November 8 , 1967 ) . `` The New York Times '' . Voters in San Francisco Reject Immediate Vietnam Cease - Fire ; San Franciscans Reject Proposal for a Cease - Fire and Withdrawal of Troops . pp. 1 , 3 . Jump up ^ Alice Echols ( 1992 ) . `` ' Women Power ' and Women 's Liberation : Exploring the Relationship between the Antiwar Movement and the Women 's Liberation Movement '' . In Melvin Small , William Hoover . Give Peace A Chance : Exploring the Vietnam Antiwar Movement . Syracuse , New York : Syracuse University Press . pp. 171 -- 181 . Jump up ^ Gerald Gills ( 1992 ) . Barbara Tischler , ed . Sights on the Sixties . Rutgers , the State University of New Jersey . pp. 177 -- 195 . Jump up ^ Clark Clifford , Counsel to the President : A Memoir pp. 47 -- 55 . ^ Jump up to : Bowman , Karlyn ( 2001 - 10 - 18 ) . `` Articles & Commentary '' . Aei.org . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Jennings & Brewster 1998 : 413 . Jump up ^ Gallup , Alec ( 2006 ) . The Gallup Poll : Public Opinion 2005 . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 315 -- 318 . ISBN 0742552586 . Jump up ^ `` At Peace Meal , Protestors Drown Out Fulbright '' . Lubbock Avalanche - Journal . Lubbock , Texas . March 6 , 1969 . p. 10 - A. Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Keung ( Aug 20 , 2010 ) . `` Iraq war resisters meet cool reception in Canada '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ M. Paul Holsinger , `` And Babies '' in War and American Popular Culture , Greenwood Press , 1999 , p. 363 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Evan , `` 6 Famous Naval Mutinies , '' November 6 , 2012 , History in the Headlines newsletter , retrieved March 1 , 2018 from History.com . Jump up ^ Cronkite , Walter , and Nelson Benton , `` Columbia Eagle / Mutiny / Cambodia , '' segment # 208707 , in transcript : CBS Evening News for 1970 - 03 - 16 , from the Vanderbilt Television News Archive , Vanderbilt University , retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Emery , Fred , `` Two Who Say They Support S.D.S. Tell How They Hijacked Ship , '' March 26 , 1970 , New York Times archives , retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Asks Return of Ship , '' March 25 , 1970 , New York Times archives , retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mutiny Involved 5 : Captain , '' , March 19 , 1970 , Nashville Tennessean , Page 13 retrieved March 1 , 2018 from OCR transcription in Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Fred S. , Associated Press , `` U.S. Bomb Ship Seized in Mutiny : Anchored Off Cambodia '' , March 16 , 1970 , San Bernardino Sun , San Bernardino , California , Volume 76 , Number 137 , pp. 1 - 2 , photocopy at retrieved March 1 , 2018 from OCR transcription in California Digital Newspaper Collection . Jump up ^ Associated Press , `` 2 American Ship Hijackers Want to Quit Cambodia , '' written July 3 , 1970 , published July 4 , 1970 , New York Times , retrieved March 1 , 2018 from the Harold Weisberg Archive , Hood College , Maryland . Jump up ^ `` Pew Research Center : Generations Divide Over Military Action in Iraq '' . People-press.org. 2002 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ The Report of the President 's Commission on Campus Unrest . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . 1970 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . This book is also known as The Scranton Commission Report . Jump up ^ Bliss , Edward Jr. ( 1991 ) . Now the news . p. 349 Jump up ^ `` Veterans Discard Medals In War Protest At Capitol '' , New York Times , April 24 , 1971 , P. 1 Jump up ^ `` Reports of Its Death Have Been Greatly Exaggerated '' , James Buckley , New York Times , April 25 , 1971 , P. E1 Jump up ^ `` Protesters Fail to Stop Congress , Police Seize 1,146 '' , James M. McNaughton , New York Times , May 6 , 1971 , P. 1 Jump up ^ Blumberg , Barbara ( 1985 ) . `` Statue of Liberty NM : An Administrative History ( Chapter 1 ) '' . STATUE OF LIBERTY -- Celebrating the Immigrant : An Administrative History of the Statue of Liberty National Monument 1952 -- 1982 . United States National Park Service . pp. Ch. 1 . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 1973 World Almanac , p. 996 . Jump up ^ `` Students Picket Harrisburg Trial '' , Eleanor Blaus , New York Times , March 30 , 1972 , p. 15 Jump up ^ `` Campus Outbreaks Spread '' , Martin Arnold , New York Times , April 19 , 1972 , p. 1 Jump up ^ `` War Foes March in the Rain Here '' , Martin Arnold , New York Times , April 23 , 1972 , p. 1 Jump up ^ James Stuart Olson , ed. ( 1999 ) . `` Chronology '' . Historical Dictionary of the 1970s . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30543 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Peaceful Antiwar Protests Held Here And in Other Cities Across the Nation '' , John Darnton , New York Times , May 14 , 1972 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Lunch , William ( March 1979 ) . `` American Public Opinion and the War in VietnamWar '' . JSTOR 447561 . Jump up ^ Inc. , Gallup , . `` Iraq Versus Vietnam : A Comparison of Public Opinion '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Inc. , Gallup , . `` Gallup Vault : The Urge to Demonstrate '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Inc. , Gallup , . `` Gallup Vault : The Urge to Demonstrate '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Lorell , Mark ( March 1985 ) . `` Casualties , Public Opinion , and Presidential Policy during the Vietnam War '' ( PDF ) . Casualties , Public Opinion , and Presidential Policy during the Vietnam War : 27 -- via Rand Corporation . Jump up ^ 2008 , Solomon Berhe , Derek Doran , Alberto De la Rosa Algaran , Darlene Hart , Marc Maynard , Meena Stout , . `` The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research '' . ropercenter.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ 2008 , Solomon Berhe , Derek Doran , Alberto De la Rosa Algaran , Darlene Hart , Marc Maynard , Meena Stout , . `` The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research '' . ropercenter.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ 2008 , Solomon Berhe , Derek Doran , Alberto De la Rosa Algaran , Darlene Hart , Marc Maynard , Meena Stout , . `` The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research '' . ropercenter.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` '' Hell no , we wo n't go ! '' The infamous chant is shouted by draft opponents in the streets of New York City `` . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Gills 1992 , p. 192 Jump up ^ Adams 1992 , p. 185 Jump up ^ DeBenedetti 1990 , p. 185 Jump up ^ DeBenedetti 1990 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Swerdlow 1992 , p. 159 Jump up ^ https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21586830-what-current-fascination-lyndon-johnson-says-about-barack-obamas-america-hey-hey Jump up ^ Walker , Frank ( 2013 ) . Ghost Platoon . Hachette Australia . p. 69 . ISBN 0733628001 . References ( edit ) Charles DeBenedetti ; Charles Chatfield . An American Ordeal : The Antiwar Movement of the Vietnam Era . Syracuse , New York : Syracuse University Press , 1990 . ISBN 0815602456 John Hagan , Northern passage : American Vietnam War resisters in Canada , Harvard University Press , 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 00471 - 9 Mary Susannah Robbins , Against the Vietnam War : Writings by Activists , Rowman & Littlefield , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5914 - 1 Robert R. Tomes , Apocalypse Then : American Intellectuals and the Vietnam War , 1954 -- 1975 , NYU Press , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 8262 - 0 King Jr. , Martin Luther . `` Beyond Vietnam '' . New York . 4 April 1967 . Tygart , Clarence . `` Social Movement Participation : Clergy and the Anti-Vietnam War Movement . '' Sociological Analysis Vol. 34 . No. 3 ( Autumn , 1973 ) : pp. 202 -- 211 . Print . Friedland , Michael B. Lift Up Your Voice Like A Trumpet : White Clergy And The Civil Rights And Antiwar Movements , 1954 -- 1973 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1998 . eBook Collection ( EBSCOhost ) . Web . 15 Dec. 2013 . McCarthy , David . `` ' The Sun Never Sets on the Activities of the CIA ' : Project Resistance at William and Mary '' . Routledge Publishing : 4 September 2012 . Patler , Nicholas . Norman 's Triumph : the Transcendent Language of Self - Immolation Quaker History , Fall 2105 , 18 - 39 . Zinn , Howard . A People 's History of the United States . New York : HarperCollins Publishing , 2003 . Print . Maeda , Daryl . Chains of Babylon : Rise of Asian America . University of Minnesota Press , 2009 . Lee , Erika . The Making of Asian Ameria : A History . Simon & Schuster , 2015 . Srikanth , Rajini and Hyoung Song , Min . The Cambridge History of Asian American Literature . Cambridge University Press , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Bates , Tom . Rads : The 1970 Bombing of the Army Math Research Center at the University of Wisconsin and Its Aftermath . New York : HarperCollins , 1992 . Greene , Bob . Homecoming . Putnam , 1989 . ISBN 0399133860 Heineman , Kenneth J. Campus Wars : The Peace Movement at American State Universities in the Vietnam Era . New York : New York University Press , 2010 . Olson , James S. , ed. ( 1999 ) . `` Antiwar Movement '' . Historical Dictionary of the 1960s . Greenwood . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29271 - 2 . Patler , Nicholas . `` Norman 's Triumph : the Transcendent Language of Self - Immolation '' . Quaker History , Fall 2015 , 18 - 39 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Opposition to the Vietnam War . Social Activism Sound Recording Project : Anti-Vietnam War Protests in the San Francisco Bay Area & Beyond Includes chronology , texts , online audio and video ( via UC Berkeley ) Pacific Northwest Antiwar and Radical History Project , multimedia collection of photographs , video , oral histories and essays on Vietnam War resistance . Sir , No Sir ! -- Documentary on GI resistance during the Vietnam War . GI resistance during the Vietnam War Book excerpt of student seizure of WSU in Detroit Vietnam War : Disturbing Images -- slideshow by Life magazine University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections -- Vietnam War Era Ephemera This collection contains leaflets and newspapers that were distributed on the University of Washington campus during the decades of the 1960s and 1970s . Tavis Smiley on Rev. Martin Luther King and His Opposition to the Vietnam War -- video by Democracy Now ! Records of Statement on the War in Vietnam are held by Simon Fraser University 's Special Collections and Rare Books The Boys Who Said NO -- Documentary on draft resistance and its impact during the Vietnam War . Vietnam Peace Commemoration Committee -- Organization of Vietnam War peace activists , including veterans and scholars . Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War Protests and events General 1960s Berkeley protests Central Park be-ins Before 1967 Edmonton aircraft bombing 1965 March Against the Vietnam War Alice Herz , Norman Morrison , Roger Allen LaPorte 1965 political self - immolations Human Be-In 1967 Angry Arts week `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' ( April 4 speech ) April 15 , 1967 Anti-Vietnam war demonstrations Nhat Chi Mai self - immolation 1968 Columbia University protests of 1968 1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity Presidio mutiny 1969 Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District Bed - In Zip to Zap Weather High School Jailbreaks Days of Rage Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam 1970 Greenwich Village townhouse explosion Free The Army tour Kent State shootings Student strike of 1970 Hard Hat Riot Sterling Hall bombing After 1970 1971 May Day protests People and Organizations Chicago Seven Chicano Moratorium National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam Students for a Democratic Society Vietnam Veterans Against the War Weather Underground Yippies Chicago Seven Defendants Rennie Davis David Dellinger John Froines Tom Hayden Abbie Hoffman Jerry Rubin Bobby Seale Lee Weiner Lawyers / Judge William Kunstler Leonard Weinglass Julius Hoffman ( Judge ) Tom Foran Richard Schultz Supporters Stew Albert Noam Chomsky Judy Collins Bernardine Dohrn Allen Ginsberg Anita Hoffman Paul Krassner Timothy Leary Norman Mailer Country Joe McDonald Graham Nash Phil Ochs Pigasus Ed Sanders Context Youth International Party ( Yippies ) 1968 Democratic National Convention protests `` The whole world is watching '' Counterculture of the 1960s National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam Mayor Richard J. Daley Vietnam War Opposition Miami and the Siege of Chicago ( 1968 book ) Weather Underground Media `` Chicago '' ( 1970 song ) Steal This Movie ! ( 2000 film ) Chicago 10 ( 2007 film ) William Kunstler : Disturbing the Universe ( 2009 documentary ) The Chicago 8 ( 2010 film ) Peace movement / Anti-war movement Peace advocates Anti-nuclear organizations Anti-war movement Anti-war organizations Bed - In Central Park be-ins Conscientious objectors Counterculture Culture of peace Draft evasion Human Be-In List of peace activists Peace and conflict studies Peace camp Peace churches Peace commission Peace education Peace movement Peace walk Teach - in War resisters War tax resisters Ideologies Ahimsa Anarchism Anarcho - pacifism Anarcho - punks Christian anarchism Anti-imperialism Anti-nuclear movement Antimilitarism Appeasement Direct action Finvenkismo Hippie Isolationism Non-interventionism Nonkilling Nonviolence Pacificism Pacifism Peace Satyagraha Simple living Socialism Soviet influence on the peace movement Media and cultural Art Books Films International Day of Non-Violence International Day of Peace Dialogue Among Civilizations List of places named Peace `` Make love , not war '' Monuments and memorials Museums Peace journalism Peace News Plays Promoting Enduring Peace Songs Symbols World Game Opposition to specific wars or their aspects Afghan War American Civil War Iraq War Landmines Military action in Iran Military intervention in Libya Military taxation Nuclear armament Second Boer War Sri Lankan Civil War Vietnam War War of 1812 War on Terror World War I World War II Countries Canada Germany Israel Netherlands Spain United Kingdom United States Protests of 1968 Movements 1968 movement in Italy Civil rights movement Anti-nuclear movement Black Consciousness Movement Black Power movement Black Power Revolution Chicano Movement Cultural Revolution Gay liberation German student movement Hippie movement Human rights movement in the Soviet Union May 1968 events in France Mexico 68 Northern Ireland civil rights movement Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War Prague Spring Red Power movement Sexual revolution The Troubles Women 's liberation movement Events 1968 Polish political crisis 1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia 1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity 1968 Miami riot 1968 Red Square demonstration Båstad riots Battle of Valle Giulia Ceaușescu 's speech of 21 August 1968 Central Park be-ins Columbia University protests of 1968 East L.A. walkouts King assassination riots March of the One Hundred Thousand Memphis sanitation strike Movement of 22 March Occupation of the Old Student House Occupation of the Student Union Building Poor People 's Campaign Presidio mutiny Rodney riots Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968 Tlatelolco massacre Related Anti-capitalism Black Power Counterculture of the 1960s Desegregation Flower power Free love Hippie Antisemitism in Poland New Left Racism in the United States School discipline Second - wave feminism Segregation in Northern Ireland Student activism Vietnam War Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War&oldid=854000429 '' Categories : Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War Protests Anti-war protests Counterculture of the 1960s 1970s in politics Criticism of the United States 1960s in politics Hidden categories : All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 08 : 41 ( UTC ) . 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Rob & Fab
Rob & Fab - wikipedia Rob & Fab Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rob & Fab Origin U.S. Genres New jack swing , hip hop Years active 1990 -- 1993 Labels Joss Entertainment Associated acts Milli Vanilli The Real Milli Vanilli Empire Bizarre Past members Fab Morvan Rob Pilatus Rob & Fab was an American - based pop and dance music project formed and fronted by German Rob Pilatus and Frenchman Fabrice Morvan in 1990 after their participation in the commercially successful but ill - fated Milli Vanilli band project . Upon separation from the Milli Vanilli project , Pilatus and Morvan moved to Los Angeles , California and signed to The Joss Entertainment Group , with whom the duo recorded the album Rob & Fab , which was financed by Taj Records in 1992 and released by Joss Entertainment in 1993 . Due to financial constraints they only released the album in the U.S. , the most critical market in the Milli Vanilli fiasco . A single , `` We Can Get It On '' , was made available for radio play shortly before the album 's release . However , the single did not have much commercial success . The album itself only sold around 2,000 copies . Rob & Fab did not record or release any further music . Over the next two years , the two stopped speaking to one another . Subsequently , Rob & Fab disbanded , and Taj Records soon went out of business . The 1993 album Rob & Fab was the last performance by Pilatus prior to his death in 1998 . Morvan would not release another album until his 2003 solo release Love Revolution . Rob & Fab track listing `` We Can Get It On '' `` Do I '' `` Please Do n't Throw It All Away '' `` A Kiss 4 Now '' `` That 's What My Heart Says '' `` Where Do We Go from Here ? '' `` Get Ready '' `` Let 's Do It '' `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' `` Land of the Free '' `` I Want You to Want Me '' Milli Vanilli / The Real Milli Vanilli Fab Morvan Rob Pilatus Brad Howell John Davis Jodie Rocco Linda Rocco Charles Shaw Gina Mohammed Ray Horton Studio albums All or Nothing Girl You Know It 's True The Moment of Truth Compilations The U.S. - Remix Album : All or Nothing The Remix Album Best of the Best 2 × 2 Singles `` Girl You Know It 's True '' `` Baby Do n't Forget My Number '' `` Blame It on the Rain '' `` Girl I 'm Gonna Miss You '' `` All or Nothing '' `` Keep On Running '' `` Tell Me Where It Hurts '' `` Too Late ( True Love ) '' Related Discography Frank Farian Rob & Fab Book MusicBrainz : f7142bc8 - aed8 - 433d - b5ca - bea26b55282b Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob_%26_Fab&oldid=810948508 '' Categories : 1992 debut albums Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from November 2008 All articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 18 November 2017 , at 14 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
rob and fab we can get it on
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Bo Brady
Bo Brady - wikipedia Bo Brady Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bo Brady Peter Reckell as Bo Brady Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Peter Reckell ( 1983 -- 92 , 1995 -- 2016 ) Robert Kelker - Kelly ( 1992 -- 95 ) Duration 1983 -- 87 1990 -- 2012 2015 -- 16 First appearance May 3 , 1983 Last appearance June 8 , 2016 Created by Margaret DePriest and Sheri Anderson Introduced by Betty Corday and Al Rabin ( 1983 ) Ken Corday and Al Rabin ( 1990 ) Ken Corday , Albert Alarr and Greg Meng ( 2015 ) Classification Former ; regular Profile Other names Beauregard Aurelius Brady Occupation Police detective Bounty hunter Merchant marine ( show ) Family Family Kiriakis Brady family ( Legal ) Father Shawn Brady ( legal ) Victor Kiriakis Mother Caroline Brady Stepmother Carly Manning ( 1991 ) Kate Roberts ( 1993 -- 94 ) Vivian Alamain ( 1995 -- 97 , 2010 -- 11 ) Nicole Walker ( 2002 -- 08 ) Maggie Horton ( 2011 -- 15 ) Half - brothers Roman Brady Frankie Brady ( adoptive ) Max Brady ( adoptive ) Philip Kiriakis Half - sisters Kimberly Brady Kayla Brady Isabella Toscano Spouse Hope Williams Brady ( 1985 -- 95 , 2000 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 ) Carly Manning ( 1992 ) Billie Reed ( 1995 , 1997 -- 98 ) Sons Shawn - Douglas Brady Zack Brady Daughters Chelsea Brady Ciara Brady Granddaughters Claire Brady Grandparents Template : Unbulleted list Peter Brady ( legal ) Uncles Template : Unbulleted list Eric Brady ( legal ) Nephews Eric Brady Rex Brady Andrew Donovan Joey Johnson Brady Black Tyler Kiriakis Nieces Carrie Brady Sami Brady Cassie Brady Theresa Donovan Stephanie Johnson First cousins Justin Kiriakis Xander Cook Other relatives Will Horton Allie Horton Johnny DiMera Sydney DiMera Tate Black Sonny Kiriakis Bo Brady is a fictional character on the NBC soap opera , Days of Our Lives , the youngest of the series ' Brady family . Created under head - writer Margaret DePriest , the role was originated by Peter Reckell on May 3 , 1983 . Reckell left the show alongside Kristian Alfonso who played Bo 's wife Hope Williams Brady on April 20 , 1987 . Reckell returned from April 19 , 1990 , to January 17 , 1992 , when Robert Kelker - Kelly stepped into the role from March 13 , 1992 , to July 24 , 1995 . Reckell returned to portray Bo on August 1 , 1995 . In June 2012 , after much speculation , it was confirmed that Reckell would once again exit the soap . Reckell filmed his final scenes for Days of our Lives on July 24 , 2012 , last airing on October 30 . It was announced on March 18 , 2015 , that Reckell has inked a deal to return for the show 's fiftieth anniversary , airing on August 28 , 2015 . In May 2016 , it was announced that Reckell would return for a special episode centered around Hope , airing on June 7 and 8 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Storylines ( edit ) Bo was born on November 5 , 1963 and is the only son of Caroline Brady ( Peggy McCay ) and Victor Kiriakis ( John Aniston ) . However , Bo is raised as the youngest child of Caroline and her husband Shawn Brady ( Frank Parker ) until his paternity reveal in 1985 . Bo returns to Salem in 1983 and marries Hope Williams ( Kristian Alfonso ) shortly after . The couple later welcomes their son , Shawn - Douglas Brady . Bo later becomes a detective at the Salem Police Department . In 2000 , Bo and Hope welcome another son , Zack . During the Salem Stalker storyline , Bo loses his mother and older brother Roman ( Josh Taylor ) . He rejoins the police force to help solve the case and is forced to arrest his former sister - in - law , Dr. Marlena Evans ( Deidre Hall ) . Fortunately , all the victims are discovered on a mysterious island and Bo is on the rescue team . He is also reunited with his ex-wife , Billie Reed ( Julie Pinson ) . On New Year 's Day in 2006 , Zack is hit by a car driven by Bo and Billie 's daughter , Chelsea ( Rachel Melvin ) . To protect Chelsea , Bo hides the truth believing it would destroy his family . In 2008 , Chelsea saves Bo 's life by donating part of her pancreas when his begins failing . Bo suffers a concussion and temporarily experiences psychic visions . In 2012 , Bo quits the force after budget cuts and accompanies Caroline to California for Alzheimer 's treatment . Caroline eventually returns , but Bo decides to go sailing as it is a lifelong dream of his . Hope and their daughter go sailing with him for a brief vacation however all the boat scenes only include Hope and Ciara in the cabin by themselves . In late 2013 - early 2014 , Hope reveals that Bo went to Europe to continue investigating the DiMeras on his own . However , as time went on and his investigation took on a wider scope ( ostensibly as part of a larger ISA mission ) , so did his absence from home , and Hope . In March 2014 , John Black delivered a message to Hope that Bo 's investigation had branched off into a larger , more powerful , and more dangerous criminal organization than even the DiMeras , and is working deep undercover in Europe to bring them down , and may not be back for another year or more . Bo 's situation even precludes him from contacting friends and family , and a letter to Hope is the last known contact any Salemite has had with him . Beginning September 2015 , Bo is seen being held captive and tortured in a dirty prison , later revealed to be in Mexico . When Steve , with John 's help , begins to track him down , he is moved to an equally filthy hospital - looking facility . Steve , John , and Victor uncover that Bo was working with Victor to help Dr. Salinas find a cure for Caroline 's Alzheimer 's - type condition . This may have also been at the same time that he was involved in an investigation that may or may not have involved the ISA which took him to northern Europe . He was then lured by a Britta Englund - lookalike to Mexico . In November 2015 , Bo starts to blackout and experience headaches , Thanks to his sister , Kayla , he undergoes testing and is diagnosed with an inoperable terminal brain tumor and does n't have long to live . In the location of their first kiss , Bo tells Hope of his condition . Bo and Hope passionately repeat their wedding vows to each other as Bo becomes extremely pale and weak . Hope told Bo that his niece Sami 's son Will was murdered last month , which he was devastated , and then , Bo loses consciousness and dies in Hope 's arms , while snow starts to fall on them . See also ( edit ) Brady family Kiriakis family References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Days of our Lives -- Bios -- Peter Reckell as Bo Brady '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( 2013 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Today in Soap Opera History ( April 20 ) '' . We Love Soaps . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Kelker Kelly Bio '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` DAYS : Peter Reckell Exit News '' . Soap Opera Digest . 2012 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( 2012 - 06 - 13 ) . `` TVLine Items : Days Vet Peter Reckell to Exit , Breaking Bad Star 's New Gig and More ! '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Reckell Exits Salem Today '' . Soap Opera Digest . Soapoperadigest.com. 2012 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://michaelfairmansoaps.com/news/days-ep-ken-corday-confirms-stephen-nichols-and-peter-reckell-returning-for-series-50th-anniversary/2015/03/18/ Jump up ^ White - Nobles , Omar ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` Days of our Lives Scoop : Who 's Appearing in the Special Hope Episode ? ( Exclusive ) '' . TVSource Magazine . United States : SoSource Media LLC . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Victor Kiriakis mentioned to Peggy that their son 's birthdate was his passcode to his phone . September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DAYS Daily Recaps Archive : The week of October 29 , 2007 '' . Soap Central . SoapCentral . November 2 , 2007 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Soap Opera Scenes '' . Boca Raton News . South Florida Media Company . August 5 , 1983 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Days of our Lives -- Bios -- Peter Reckell as Bo Brady '' . NBC.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Get Episode Recaps & Previews - Days of our Lives - NBC '' . NBC . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) http://www.soapcentral.com/days Bo at soapcentral.com Days of Our Lives Current characters Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Reed Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Anna DiMera Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Tate Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Belle Black Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux André DiMera Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Anne Milbauer Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bo_Brady&oldid=832421128 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional American police officers Fictional police commissioners Fictional characters introduced in 1983 Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from February 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles needing additional references from February 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 22 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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Sex and the City
Sex and the City - wikipedia Sex and the City This article is about the TV series . For the book on which it is based , see Sex and the City ( book ) . For its subsequent films , see Sex and the City ( film ) and Sex and the City 2 . Sex and the City Also known as S.A.T.C. Genre Romantic comedy Comedy - drama Sex comedy Created by Darren Star Starring Sarah Jessica Parker Kim Cattrall Kristin Davis Cynthia Nixon Narrated by Sarah Jessica Parker Theme music composer Douglas J. Cuomo Tom Findlay Opening theme `` Sex and the City Theme '' Composer ( s ) Bob Boykin Kenneth Burgomaster Bob Christianson Douglas J. Cuomo Didier Rachou Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 94 ( + 2 feature films ) ( list of episodes ) Production Location ( s ) New York City , New York Millstone Township , New Jersey West Orange , New Jersey Los Angeles , California Paris , France Camera setup Single camera Running time 30 minutes Production company ( s ) Darren Star Productions HBO Original Programming Distributor North America Warner Bros. Television Distribution HBO Enterprises International CBS Studios International Release Original network HBO Picture format 480i ( 4 : 3 SDTV ) Audio format Stereo Original release June 6 , 1998 ( 1998 - 06 - 06 ) -- February 22 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 22 ) Chronology Followed by Sex and the City ( 2008 ) Sex and the City 2 ( 2010 ) The Carrie Diaries ( 2013 -- 14 ) External links Website Sex and the City is an American romantic comedy - drama television series created by Darren Star and produced by HBO . Broadcast from 1998 until 2004 , the original run of the show had a total of 94 episodes . Throughout its six - year run , the show received contributions from various producers , writers , and directors , perhaps most significantly from Michael Patrick King . Set and filmed in New York City and based on the 1997 book of the same name by Candace Bushnell , the show follows the lives of a group of four women -- three in their mid-thirties and one in her forties -- who , despite their different natures and ever - changing sex lives , remain inseparable and confide in each other . Starring Sarah Jessica Parker ( as Carrie Bradshaw ) , Kim Cattrall ( as Samantha Jones ) , Kristin Davis ( as Charlotte York ) , and Cynthia Nixon ( as Miranda Hobbes ) , the quirky series had multiple continuing storylines that tackled relevant and modern social issues such as sexuality , safe sex , promiscuity , and femininity , while exploring the difference between friendships and romantic relationships . The deliberate omission of the better part of the early lives of the four women was the writers ' way of exploring social life -- from sex to relationships -- through each of their four very different , individual perspectives . Sex and the City has received both acclaim and criticism for its subjects and characters , and is credited with helping to increase HBO 's popularity as a network . The series has won several accolades , including seven of its 54 Emmy Award nominations , eight of its 24 Golden Globe Award nominations , and three of its 11 Screen Actors Guild Award nominations . The series placed fifth on Entertainment Weekly 's `` New TV Classics '' list , and has been listed as one of the best television series of all time by Time in 2007 and TV Guide in 2013 . The series still airs in syndication worldwide . It spawned two feature films , Sex and the City ( 2008 ) and Sex and the City 2 ( 2010 ) , and a prequel television series commissioned by The CW , The Carrie Diaries ( 2013 -- 2014 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Carrie Bradshaw 2.2 Charlotte York 2.3 Samantha Jones 2.4 Miranda Hobbes 2.5 Recurring roles 3 Episodes 4 Plot 4.1 Season 1 ( 1998 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 1999 ) 4.3 Season 3 ( 2000 ) 4.4 Season 4 ( 2001 -- 02 ) 4.5 Season 5 ( 2002 ) 4.6 Season 6 ( 2003 -- 04 ) 5 Reception 5.1 Awards and recognition 5.2 Fashion 5.3 Criticism 6 Broadcast and distribution 6.1 Syndication 6.1. 1 United States 6.1. 2 Canada 6.1. 3 Australia 6.1. 4 Ireland 6.1. 5 United Kingdom 7 DVD releases 8 Soundtrack releases 9 Films 9.1 Sex and the City ( 2008 ) 9.2 Sex and the City 2 ( 2010 ) 9.3 Sex and the City 3 10 Franchise 10.1 Prequel series 10.2 Adaptations 11 References 12 External links Origins ( edit ) The show was based in part on writer Candace Bushnell 's 1997 book of the same name , compiled from her column at The New York Observer . Bushnell has said in several interviews that the Carrie Bradshaw in her columns is her alter ego ; when she wrote the `` Sex and the City '' essays , she used her own name initially , but for privacy reasons , later created the character played in the series by Sarah Jessica Parker . Carrie Bradshaw was a writer living in New York City . Carrie Bradshaw and Candace Bushnell have the same initials , a flourish emphasizing their connection . Moreover , just as Carrie Bradshaw eventually gets her articles for the fictional ' New York Star ' published as a book in later series , the entire Sex and the City series is based on a compilation of Bushnell 's own columns for the ' New York Observer . ' Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Sex and the City characters Columnist Carrie Bradshaw is played by Sarah Jessica Parker Art dealer and housewife Charlotte York Goldenblatt is played by Kristin Davis Carrie Bradshaw ( edit ) Carrie Bradshaw ( Sarah Jessica Parker ) is the narrator , with each episode structured around her train of thought while writing her weekly column `` Sex and the City '' for the fictitious paper , the New York Star . A member of the New York glitterati , she is a club / bar / restaurant staple known for her unique fashion sense , who lives in a studio apartment in an Upper East Side brownstone . Stanford Blatch , a gay talent agent from an aristocratic family ( played by Willie Garson ) , is Carrie 's best friend outside of the other three women . Carrie is entangled with Mr. Big ( Chris Noth ) , whose real name is revealed in the final episode ( Season 6 , Episode 8 ) to be John James Preston , in a tumultuous , on - and - off - again relationship . ( In a running joke , whenever Carrie is about to introduce Mr. Big on - camera to another character , she is interrupted before she can say his name . ) He is the reason for many of Carrie 's breakdowns as he never seems ready to fully commit to her . He is once - divorced by the time the series opens and is a prominent businessman and an aficionado of jazz and cigars . Carrie and Big break up when he leaves New York for a work secondment to Paris and does not show willingness for Carrie to accompany him or continue a long - distance relationship , citing commitment issues . Carrie is heartbroken and some months later runs into Big at a party in the Hamptons . He is accompanied by his 20 - something year old girlfriend , Natasha , whom he met in Paris . Despite this , Carrie attempts to be friends with Big , however this goes awry when he tells her that he and Natasha are getting married , something he 'd never considered with Carrie . In season three , Carrie meets and is instantly attracted to up - and - coming Manhattan furniture designer Aidan Shaw ( John Corbett ) who becomes her boyfriend . Aidan is more traditional and patient about relationships than many of Carrie 's other love interests and for a while they are happy together . At a furniture show , the pair run into Big and now - wife Natasha , where Mr. Big confides to Carrie that he made a mistake marrying Natasha and wants out . Soon after , Big and Carrie begin an affair , with it ending only when she is caught at Big 's apartment by Natasha . Wracked with guilt , Carrie tells Aidan of the affair on the day of Charlotte 's wedding to Trey , and the two break up . They reunite in Season four , when Aidan opens a bar with Miranda 's ex , Steve . Carrie realizes she is still in love with Aidan and wins him back . He struggles to trust her , particularly as Mr. Big has gotten divorced from his wife and he and Carrie have a platonic friendship . Carrie stands firm on her friendship with Big , even inviting him up to Aidan 's cabin after a girl had broken up with him . When Carrie 's building goes co-op , Aidan offers to buy her apartment ( and the one next door ) so they can move in together . She agrees and later finds an engagement ring in his gym bag . Aidan later proposes and Carrie accepts . Aidan is initially patient at Carrie 's reluctance to set a wedding date , but soon begins to push her , suggesting they get married in Hawaii . Carrie has a panic attack whilst trying on wedding dresses with Miranda , and again when Aidan is knocking down the wall between her apartment and the one next door . She confesses to Aidan that she 's not ready and needs more time . He agrees to slow things down but at a Black and White ball not long after , he pressures her to commit , making it clear that he still does n't trust she 's over Big . Carrie can not commit and they break up soon after . Aleksandr Petrovsky ( Mikhail Baryshnikov ) is a famous artist who becomes Carrie 's lover in the final season . Despite their age difference , he sweeps her off her feet with huge romantic gestures and shows her the foreign pockets of New York she has never seen before . Carrie also makes plans to move to Paris with Aleksandr for his work . The rest of the women are not keen on Aleksandr , particularly Miranda who feels that he is controlling and that Carrie is different around him . On the night before she leaves , Mr. Big turns up at her home . The two argue in the street with Carrie accusing him of turning up whenever she 's happy to ruin things for her . She tells him to leave her alone . When Carrie arrives in Paris , she finds Aleksandr to be frequently absent with work on his art show . She is left to wander the streets of Paris alone day after day and begins to regret her decision . She confides in Miranda during a phone conversation that she is lonely and that Aleks is neglecting her . Meanwhile , back in New York , Charlotte hears a message Mr. Big leaves Carrie on her answering machine admitting that he loves her . She invites Mr. Big to the coffee shop where he enlists the help of Carrie 's friends , asking if they think he has a chance . Miranda , armed with the information from Carrie simply says `` go get our girl '' and Big goes to Paris to win her back . Carrie , having once again been abandoned by Aleksandr ( having given up the opportunity to go to a party with some new friends to accompany him to a preview of his show ) , has it out with him in their hotel room and Aleksandr smacks Carrie in the face ; he then claims it was an accident . As Carrie is in the lobby , trying to obtain a room for the night , Big walks in . They see each other and he tells her she 's `` the one '' ( something she 's been waiting for their entire relationship ) and he takes her home to New York . Charlotte York ( edit ) Charlotte York ( Kristin Davis ) has had a conventional , privileged Episcopalian Connecticut upbringing and works in an art gallery . Charlotte is a classic over-achiever and perfectionist ; a `` straight A '' student who attended Smith College , where she was a member of Kappa Kappa Gamma ( note that there are no sororities at the real Smith College ) majoring in art history with a minor in finance . During the series , it is also revealed that Charlotte was voted homecoming queen , prom queen , `` most popular '' , student body president , and track team captain , in addition to being an active cheerleader and teen model . She is the antithesis of Samantha ; optimistic , hopelessly romantic and a believer in true love and soul mates . She places the most emphasis on emotional love as opposed to lust . From the beginning , Charlotte is searching for her `` knight in shining armor '' and nothing shakes her belief of finding `` the one '' and getting married and starting a family . All her dating activity during the show is in pursuit of a long - term , monogamous boyfriend with a view to marriage and as such she typically dates men of ' pedigree ' and money ( bankers , lawyers , doctors etc . ) . Charlotte can be a dark horse and we learn that she once had a dalliance with an Orthodox Jewish artist , she dressed in drag for a portrait and allowed an artist to paint a picture of her vulva . She can be an ' East Side Princess ' sometimes and she and Samantha occasionally come to blows over their differing opinions about love and sex . In season three , Charlotte decides she will be married that year and sets about canvassing her married friends to set her up on dates . One married friend usurps her blind date to try and start an affair with her . Horrified , she dashes into the street and trips in front of a taxi , carrying Trey MacDougal ( Kyle MacLachlan ) , an attractive , old - money , Scottish - American cardiologist with pedigree , a Park Avenue apartment and country estate in Connecticut . They fall in love at first sight and he appears to be everything she has always wanted . Things move quickly and Charlotte , convinced he is the one , suggests they marry , he agrees and they are married very shortly after ( having enlisted the help of wedding planner Anthony Marentino ; a gay , bitchy Sicilian who is as forceful as Charlotte is timid ) . Wishing to ' do things the right way ' Charlotte has withheld having sex with Trey , hoping for a romantic and traditional wedding night . On the evening before the big day , she gets drunk with the other women and goes to Trey for sex . Unfortunately it does not go well and Trey reveals he suffers from impotence . Whilst concerned , Charlotte presses ahead with the wedding , although she confides in Carrie just before walking down the aisle . As the marriage begins things do not get any better in their intimate relationship and Trey refuses to address matters either physically or psychologically , resisting their marriage counselor 's advice . Matters are not helped by Trey 's overbearing mother Bunny ( Frances Sternhagen ) , a manipulative sort who intrudes on Trey and Charlotte 's relationship and apartment on a regular basis . Not long into the marriage on a weekend trip to the MacDougal country estate , Charlotte is caught in a clinch with the hunky gardener and this seals the fate of her marriage to Trey . They separate and Charlotte moves back into her old apartment . While separated , they mend their sexual relationship and get back together . All seems to be well and Charlotte returns to live with Trey . To mark a new beginning and letting go of Bunny 's control , she redecorates the apartment and they decide to create a baby room and try for a baby . Having no luck , Charlotte seeks fertility treatment and is told she has a very low chance of becoming pregnant . Seeking other options , she begins hormone injections and looks into adopting a Chinese baby girl . A combination of these factors once again ignite old tensions with Trey and Bunny , culminating in Trey deciding he no longer wants a family . This blow to her hopes and dreams proves too much for Charlotte and she finishes the marriage once and for all . When their marriage ends , she meets Harry Goldenblatt ( Evan Handler ) , her Jewish divorce lawyer , at the beginning of season five . She is not attracted to him initially but spurred on by Anthony she starts a purely physical relationship with him . Harry is the opposite of Trey ; short , bald , hairy , uncouth but funny , passionate and attentive . Their sexual relationship is fulfilling and eventually they begin dating properly . However , Harry says he can not be serious with her because she is n't a Jew . Believing Harry to be her future , Charlotte converts to Judaism and this sees her struggle with losing her Christian faith and ideologies including Christmas and Easter . After her conversion , Charlotte celebrates her first Shabbat with Harry but loses her temper when he appears to not appreciate all her efforts . The row quickly evolves into Charlotte badgering Harry to propose and , feeling pressured , he storms out and they break up . Charlotte is heartbroken and some time later a singles event at the synagogue she bumps into Harry . She tells him she loves him and does n't care if he never marries her as long as they can be together . Having missed her too , Harry proposes and they marry in a traditional Jewish ceremony . Charlotte , against all the odds , becomes pregnant after acupuncture therapy but loses the baby very early on . They later go on to adopt a baby girl , Lily , from China , and it is revealed during Sex and the City : The Movie that Charlotte later naturally conceives and gives birth to the couple 's second daughter Rose . Kim Cattrall plays PR business woman Samantha Jones Cynthia Nixon plays the role of lawyer Miranda Hobbes Samantha Jones ( edit ) The oldest and most sexually confident of the foursome , Samantha Jones ( Kim Cattrall ) is an independent businesswoman with a career in public relations ( PR ) . She is confident , strong , and extremely outspoken , and calls herself a `` try - sexual '' ( meaning she 'll try anything once ) . Early on in the show , Samantha declares she has given up on relationships and has decided to just have sex `` like a man '' , that is without emotions or feelings and purely for physical gratification . Samantha has numerous , extremely brief sexual relationships throughout the show , including a lesbian relationship with an artist named Maria ( Sônia Braga ) . This is her first stab at monogamy but she soon gets bored and goes back to her old ways . Later , she wins the PR business for hotel magnate Richard Wright ( James Remar ) who is the male equivalent of herself ; good - looking , sexually carefree and not interested in long - term relationships . She and Richard soon end up together and Samantha feels herself falling for him and finds herself unattracted to other men . Scared of this , she attempts to hide her feelings but Richard is also falling for her and pursues her with expensive gifts and romantic gestures and despite her reluctance they begin a monogamous relationship . Not long after , Samantha becomes suspicious of Richard and catches him cheating on her which breaks her heart . They reunite not long after when Richard apologises , but Samantha develops jealousy and is unable to trust him around other women . She therefore ends the relationship before he can break her heart again . In the final season , Samantha seduces young waiter Jerry / Smith Jerrod ( Jason Lewis ) , a much younger struggling actor whose career jump starts thanks to Samantha 's PR connections . He mentions being a recovering alcoholic who attends AA. Smith manages to win Samantha 's heart thanks to the strength of their physical connection and his patience with her issues with commitment . In the final season , Samantha is diagnosed with breast cancer and is subject to chemo . She loses her hair and Smith shaves his head to support her . They remain together and in the first movie , it is revealed that Samantha has moved to Los Angeles with Smith to further his career and become his manager / agent , however breaks up with him in the end because she ca n't adapt to the Californian lifestyle and misses being her old self and New York . Miranda Hobbes ( edit ) Miranda Hobbes ( Cynthia Nixon ) is a career - minded lawyer with cynical views on relationships and men . A 1990 Harvard Law School graduate from the Philadelphia area , she is Carrie 's confidante and voice of reason . In the early seasons she is somewhat portrayed as distrustful of men and this is something she struggles with throughout most of the show . Carrie sets up Miranda on a blind date with her geeky friend Skipper , but he is too sweet and passive for Miranda . Miranda 's main relationship is with bartender Steve Brady ( David Eigenberg ) who she meets by chance one night . They have a one - night stand but Steve pursues Miranda , eventually becoming her boyfriend . Steve and Miranda have a great relationship , but Steve feels uncomfortable with Miranda 's success and money given that he makes a low wage . Things come to a head when Miranda attempts to buy Steve a suit to wear to an event at her law firm . He refuses , maxes out his credit cards to buy it , but then returns it , and breaks up with her , saying that she deserves someone who is more on her level . Later , in season two , Miranda runs from Steve when she sees him on the street , but he goes to her house to confront her . They start hanging out as friends , but eventually end up getting back together , and Steve moves into Miranda 's apartment . Steve is keen to move things forward in their relationship by having a baby , but Miranda cites her career as a barrier to this as she is on Partner track at her law firm . Instead they agree on a puppy which proves to be disaster as she feels she is doing all the work and Steve behaves like an overgrown child . They break up . Steve takes Miranda 's criticisms to heart and later opens his own bar with Carrie 's ex Aiden Shaw . Miranda runs into Steve who tells her about the bar and thanks her for spurring him on . They begin a friendship of sorts . In season four , we discover that Steve has testicular cancer and Miranda sets out to `` help '' Steve , realizing that he does n't have healthcare . She helps him through his operation and subsequent treatment and they become close . Steve confides that he is depressed at losing a testicle . Feeling sorry for him , Miranda has sex with him . Soon after , Miranda discovers she is pregnant ( something she thought was not possible as she had been diagnosed with a ' lazy ovary ' ) . At the same time , Charlotte is struggling to get pregnant with Trey 's baby and is furious when she discovers that Miranda is not only pregnant , but she is planning to have an abortion . At the clinic with Carrie , Miranda decides she can not go through with the procedure and decides to keep the baby . She later gives birth to a son who she names Brady ( which is also Steve 's last name ) . She and Steve share custody ( along with her hired housekeeper / nanny Magda , an older Ukrainian / Eastern European woman who remains a constant in Miranda 's life ) . The show charts Miranda 's struggle as a single , working professional mother and her feelings at losing her old single life . Miranda later realizes she is still in love with Steve . Unfortunately , before she can confess this to Steve , he announces he has a new girlfriend , Debbie -- a much younger girl from his native Queens area of New York . Not wishing to rock the boat , Miranda decides not to tell Steve and things remain platonic between them . Soon after , a new man moves into her building -- Robert Leeds , an attractive African - American doctor who works for the New York Knicks basketball team . He is divorced , handsome , and makes it clear that he is interested in Miranda . They start a relationship that becomes serious when Robert tells Miranda he loves her ( albeit by giving her a giant cookie with the words `` I Love You '' written on it in chocolate chips ) . Miranda feels unable to say it back to him though and in a moment of epiphany at Brady 's first birthday party , she blurts out to Steve that she loves him and is sorry for losing him . Steve reassures her that he loves her too , and soon after they break up with their respective partners and get back together . They decide to marry in a low - key ceremony in a community garden . Living together in Miranda 's one - bedroom apartment ( still in the same building as her now - hostile ex , Robert ) proves to be cramped , and they decide to buy a bigger place and eventually move to a house in Brooklyn ( much to Miranda 's initial dismay ) . In the final episodes of season six , Miranda and Steve care for Steve 's mother Mary , who is suffering from dementia / Alzheimer 's . Recurring roles ( edit ) List of notables recurring roles during series Actor or actress Character Notes Recurring seasons Episodes Episode count Chris Noth Mr. Big ( John James Preston ) Carrie 's on - again - off - again boyfriend now husband 1 -- 6 1.01 -- 6.20 41 David Eigenberg Steven `` Steve '' Brady Miranda 's boyfriend , then husband 2 -- 6 2.08 -- 6.20 41 Willie Garson Stanford Blatch Carrie 's friend 1 -- 6 1.01 -- 6.18 27 Kyle MacLachlan Trey MacDougal Charlotte 's first husband 3 -- 4 3.07 -- 4.18 23 John Corbett Aidan Shaw Carrie 's boyfriend 3 -- 4 , 6 3.05 -- 4.16 , 6.01 22 Evan Handler Harry Goldenblatt Charlotte 's lawyer and second husband 5 -- 6 5.06 -- 6.20 18 Jason Lewis Jerry `` Smith '' Jerrod Samantha 's boyfriend 6 6.02 -- 6.20 18 Lynn Cohen Magda Miranda 's housekeeper 3 -- 6 3.03 -- 6.20 13 James Remar Richard Wright Samantha 's boyfriend 4 -- 5 , 6 4.10 -- 5.03 , 6.13 12 Mario Cantone Anthony Marantino Charlotte 's wedding planner and friend 4 -- 6 3.11 -- 6.20 12 Frances Sternhagen Bunny MacDougal Trey 's mother 3 -- 5 3.09 -- 5.06 10 Mikhail Baryshnikov Aleksandr Petrovsky Carrie 's boyfriend , ' The Russian ' 6 6.12 -- 6.20 9 Ron Livingston Jack Berger Carrie 's boyfriend 5 -- 6 5.05 -- 6.06 8 Sean Palmer Marcus Adant Stanford 's boyfriend 5 -- 6 5.04 -- 6.18 8 Bridget Moynahan Natasha Naginsky Mr. Big 's second wife 2 -- 3 2.17 -- 3.17 7 Ben Weber Skipper Johnston Miranda 's boyfriend 1 -- 2 1.01 -- 2.14 7 Blair Underwood Dr. Robert E. Leeds Miranda 's boyfriend 6 6.09 -- 6.14 5 Candice Bergen Enid Mead ( later changed to Enid Frick ) Carrie 's publisher at Vogue magazine 4 -- 6 4.17 - 6.18 Sônia Braga Maria Diega Reyes Samantha 's girlfriend 4.03 -- 4.05 Michael Hollick Dickie Sailor 5 5.21 - 7.02 Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Sex and the City episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 12 June 6 , 1998 ( 1998 - 06 - 06 ) August 23 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 23 ) 18 June 6 , 1999 ( 1999 - 06 - 06 ) October 3 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 03 ) 18 June 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 06 - 04 ) October 15 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 15 ) 18 June 3 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 03 ) February 10 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 10 ) 5 8 July 21 , 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 21 ) September 8 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 08 ) 6 20 12 June 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 22 ) September 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 14 ) 8 January 4 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 04 ) February 22 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 22 ) Plot ( edit ) Season 1 ( 1998 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sex and the City ( season 1 ) Carrie Bradshaw lives in Manhattan and writes a column called `` Sex and the City '' . At a birthday party for Miranda , Carrie and her friends decide to start having sex `` like men '' , meaning without emotional attachment . However , she realizes she can not after getting brushed off by a man she has sex with one time later . Carrie has many chance encounters with a handsome businessman whom Samantha refers to as `` Mr. Big '' . They begin to date , but Carrie is dismayed to find out he is still seeing other people . Although he eventually agrees to exclusivity , he does n't introduce Carrie to his mother and wo n't refer to her as `` the one '' , so rather than going on a planned vacation with him , Carrie breaks it off . Carrie sets up Miranda with her friend Skipper . Miranda and he date on and off ; he is more laid back while Miranda is more forceful . After they break up , Miranda sees him with another woman and feels compelled to resume their relationship , but they again break up when he wants exclusivity and she does not . Charlotte dates a marriage - minded man but they clash over china patterns . She declines to have anal sex with another boyfriend and also consents to pose nude for a famous painter . Samantha sleeps with an artist who likes to videotape his encounters , with Charlotte 's doorman , with a married couple , and with others . When she meets James , who seems utterly perfect for her , she 's heartbroken to discover that he has an extremely small penis . Season 2 ( 1999 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sex and the City ( season 2 ) Carrie dates a baseball player while on the rebound but breaks it off when she realizes she 's not over Big . She then dates a sell - out filmmaker , a shoplifter , and a nice guy she scares away by snooping , and then takes up with Big again . She at first keeps this from her friends . Her and Big 's relationship is rocky , and when he announces that he might have to move to Paris for a year but does n't overtly invite Carrie to come with him , they break up a second time . Carrie then tries without success to convert a friend - with - benefits to something more , dates a writer with a great family but who is always `` early '' in bed , and then a recovering alcoholic who uses Carrie to replace his old addiction . She then runs into Big , returned from Paris , and his new 20 - something fiancee , Natasha ( played by Bridget Moynahan ) . Miranda dates a dirty talker , fakes it with an ophthalmologist , and tries to adjust to a guy who likes to watch porn during sex . By the time she meets Steve , the bartender , she 's unwilling to believe he is as nice as he seems . They start dating but the differences in their schedules and their finances lead to a breakup . She winds up back in bed with Steve , but not before dating a guy who wants to get caught , a Peeping Tom in the next building , and a divorced dad . Charlotte encounters a legendary purveyor of cunnilingus , a handy actor next door , a widower on the make , a man who undergoes adult circumcision , a famous actor , a too - effeminate pastry chef , a shoe salesman with a foot fetish , and a 20 - something guy who gives her crabs . Despite a brief attempt at couples therapy , Samantha breaks up with James . She then sleeps with a litigator , a salsa dancer , her personal trainer , a sports fan who can only rally when his team does well , and Charlotte 's brother . She then meets a man whose penis is too big even for her . The end of Season two also marks the end of characters ' talking directly to the camera . Season 3 ( 2000 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sex and the City ( season 3 ) Carrie starts off dating a politician , followed by a bisexual person . Big marries Natasha , and Carrie meets Aidan , a furniture maker . They have a virtually flaw - free relationship until Carrie and Big begin an affair . When Natasha catches Carrie in Natasha and Big 's apartment , Carrie and Big 's affair ends as do eventually both Big 's marriage and Carrie 's relationship with Aidan . Miranda and Steve move in together . He tells Miranda he 'd like them to have a baby , but a puppy purchase instead alerts Miranda to the fact that they 're very different when it comes to maturity . Steve moves out and Miranda makes partner at her law firm . She also goes on to date a phone sex guy , a fake ER doctor , a guy who does n't swallow his food , and a police detective . Charlotte , looking for a husband , dates an investment banker with an anger management problem , a photographer who gets her into menswear , a bad kisser , and a climax name caller . She then meets Trey MacDougal ; despite an awkward `` proposal '' , the discovery of his low libido and inability to perform sexually the night before their marriage , and conflict with his domineering mother , the two marry . They begin their marriage with a sexless honeymoon , and as sex remains an ongoing problem in their relationship , the two eventually separate . Samantha sleeps with a firefighter , a short man , her assistant , a black guy with a disapproving sister , a recreational Viagra user , a guy who tastes bad , Trey 's Scottish cousin , a dildo model , and a college - aged virgin . She also has a menopause scare , gets tested for HIV , and buys a new apartment in the Meatpacking District , where she has to make peace with the transgender women on her street . After Carrie 's break - ups with Big and Aidan , she dates a guy who still lives at home , teaches a class at the Learning Annex on how to meet men , gets mugged , and tries to apologize to Natasha . She and Big also make an attempt at being friends . Season 4 ( 2001 -- 02 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sex and the City ( season 4 ) After a chance meeting with Aidan at the opening of a bar he co-owns , Carrie convinces him to restart their relationship . He moves into her apartment after purchasing it when her building goes co-op and then proposes . Despite her misgivings , Carrie accepts the proposal and then eventually realizes she 's not ready for marriage . Despite discussing her concerns and initially agreeing to give her more time , Aidan soon pressures Carrie for marriage . She realizes this is because he does not trust her , given her past affair with Big . They break up and he moves out , and Carrie purchases her apartment after Charlotte lends her the down payment in the form of the engagement ring she received from Trey . At the end of Season Four , Carrie discovers that Big has sold his apartment and is moving to Napa , California . Charlotte and Trey are living apart but continuing to have marital relations ; they eventually reconcile and Charlotte moves back into their shared apartment . They decide to try for a baby but realize Charlotte is reproductively challenged ; after fertility treatments and discussing adoption , their marriage breaks apart under the strain and they decide to divorce . Miranda supports Steve through testicular cancer and surgery . Later , when he feels emasculated by the surgery , they have sex and Miranda gets pregnant . She initially considers an abortion , which is particularly distressing to Charlotte , as she deals with her struggles to get pregnant , but Miranda decides to keep the baby . Samantha flirts with a priest , has nude photos taken of herself , tries to have a relationship with a lesbian , and sleeps with a baby talker , a wrestling coach , and a farmer . She then lands a big PR account with resolutely single hotel magnate Richard Wright . They begin a relationship that starts out as purely sexual but becomes something more to both of them , and they attempt monogamy . However , she eventually catches him cheating , and they break up . Season 5 ( 2002 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sex and the City ( season 5 ) Carrie spends time by herself in Season Five ; she fears this means she will be fired from writing her sex column , but instead a publisher wants to turn the columns into a book . A book tour lands her in San Francisco , where she reunites briefly with Big . In New York , she meets Jack Berger , a fellow author with whom she feels sparks , but who is attached . Samantha tries again with Richard but can not overcome her lack of trust in him , and she breaks it off for good . Miranda is now mother to son Brady and finds it difficult to work , date , and carry on her previous lifestyle . Steve is supportive , and she falls into bed with him one afternoon , making her question her feelings for him . Charlotte has a run - in with her former mother - in - law over the legalities of the apartment she shared with Trey , and she hires Harry Goldenblatt as her divorce attorney . Despite his physical shortcomings she finds herself attracted to him , and they begin a sexual relationship . She soon finds that she is developing real feelings for him . Harry , however , reveals that he must marry within his Jewish faith , causing Charlotte to actually consider conversion . Season 6 ( 2003 -- 04 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sex and the City ( season 6 ) Carrie begins dating Jack Berger , who is termed her best ' mental match ' of all her relationships . However , his struggles as an author and her success with her upcoming book cause too much conflict between them , and they break up . Big returns to New York for angioplasty , and Carrie realizes she still has feelings for him ; she also realizes he still can not fully commit . After he returns to Napa , she meets Aleksandr , a famous Russian artist . Aleksandr seems to be attentive to her in a way that Big never was , and he asks her to come to Paris with him . She does , briefly , but realizes how inattentive he is when working , and she breaks it off with him just as Big arrives in Paris , looking for her , ready to finally commit to her being `` the one '' . Charlotte decides that life with Harry , who accepts her fertility issues , would be worth converting to Judaism . After this process , she presses Harry to `` set the date '' in an insulting way and he breaks it off with her . However , they run into each other at a mixer and , after her tearful apology , rekindle their relationship and eventually marry . After fertility treatments fail , they decide to adopt , and eventually learn they have been approved to adopt a child from China . Once Miranda realizes she 's still in love with Steve , he begins a serious relationship with someone else ( Debbie ) , and so she does the same with Robert ( played by Blair Underwood ) . However , at their son Brady 's first birthday party , they reveal their feelings for each other and renew their relationship . Miranda proposes to Steve and they marry in a community park . Needing more room for their growing family , she consents to moving to Brooklyn , where they buy a brownstone . After Steve 's mother Mary ( played by Anne Meara ) is revealed to have suffered a stroke and subsequent memory loss , she moves in with the couple . Samantha begins a relationship with a much younger waiter , Jerry Jerrod , who turns out to be a struggling actor . She uses her PR skills to help his career , even changing his name to Smith Jerrod . Despite trying to keep their relationship as casual as her others , she develops true feelings for him . Smith supports her after she is diagnosed with breast cancer , shaving his own head in sympathy after catching her shaving her head when chemotherapy makes her hair fall out . He also insists on waiting for her when her treatment diminishes her sex drive . When he flies home from his movie shoot just to tell her that he loves her , she replies , `` You have meant more to me than any man I 've ever known . '' The season and the series concludes with the four girlfriends reunited in New York City , and with Carrie receiving a phone call from Big ( which finally reveals his first name , John ) , telling her that his Napa house is up for sale and he is headed back to New York . Carrie 's final voiceover states : `` The most exciting , challenging and significant relationship of all is the one you have with yourself . And if you find someone to love you you love , well , that 's just fabulous . '' Reception ( edit ) Sex and the City premiered on HBO , June 6 , 1998 , and was one of the highest - rated sitcoms of the season . The last original episode , `` An American Girl in Paris , Part Deux '' , aired on February 22 , 2004 . Awards and recognition ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Sex and the City Over the course of its six seasons , Sex and the City was nominated for over 50 Emmy Awards , and won seven : two for Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series ( Jennifer McNamara ) , one for Costumes , one for Outstanding Comedy Series , one for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series , one for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series ( Sarah Jessica Parker ) , and one for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series ( Cynthia Nixon ) . The show has also been nominated for 24 Golden Globe Awards , and won eight . In 2007 , it was listed as one of TIME magazine 's `` 100 Best TV Shows of All - TIME '' . Entertainment Weekly put it on its end - of - the - decade , `` best - of '' list , saying , `` The clothes from SATC raise your cosmos ! A toast to the wonderful wardrobe from Sex and the City , which taught us that no flower is too big , no skirt too short , and no shoe too expensive . '' For its 65th anniversary , TV Guide picked `` My Motherboard , My Self '' as the eighth best episode of the 21st century . Fashion ( edit ) The New York Times in 2013 credited Sex and the City and its costume designer Patricia Field with `` starting crazes for nameplate necklaces , Manolo Blahnik shoes , flower corsages and visible bra straps '' . Field described the show 's influence as `` like sitting at the bottom of an atom bomb '' . A 2018 feature in The Guardian on the show 's lasting influence quoted fashion editor Chelsea Fairless : `` I would venture to say that the mix of high fashion and fast fashion that Patricia Field brought to the show influenced most people who work in fashion in one way or another . '' It also pointed to fan accounts on Instagram like `` Every outfit on Sex and the City '' and `` Carrie Dragshaw '' as a testament to the continued popular appeal of the show 's fashion . Criticism ( edit ) Criticism has been expressed about the influence the show has on adolescents and how the images displayed on the show affect the way women and young girls view themselves . Unplanned pregnancy was a topic during episode `` The Baby Shower '' ( 1.10 ) when Carrie found herself in a potential unplanned pregnancy situation with Mr. Big ( it was a false alarm ) . In the episode `` Coulda Woulda Shoulda '' ( 4.11 ) , Miranda did find herself dealing with an unplanned pregnancy and potential abortion . Miranda opted against the abortion and throughout season 5 and 6 , we saw how Miranda dealt with raising a child as a single mother . There were also two episodes that dealt with sexually transmitted diseases . In the episode `` Are we Sluts '' ( 3.06 ) , Miranda had to deal with a case of chlamydia along with contacting her former lovers so they could also be tested . In `` Running with Scissors '' ( 3.11 ) , Samantha faced having an HIV test after a partner refused to have sex with her until she gets tested . Tanya Gold of The Daily Telegraph stated , `` Sex and the City is to feminism what sugar is to dental care . The first clue is in the opening credits of the television show . Carrie is standing in a New York street in a ballet skirt , the sort that toddlers wear . She is dressed , unmistakably , as a child . And , because she is sex columnist on a newspaper , a bus wearing a huge photo of her in a tiny dress trundles past . ' Carrie Bradshaw knows good sex , ' says the bus . And there , before any dialogue hits your ears , you have the two woeful female archetypes that Sex and the City loves -- woman as sex object and woman as child ... In another ( episode ) , Carrie realizes she is homeless because she has spent $40,000 on shoes and does not have a deposit for an apartment . ( In this crisis , she cries and borrows the money for the deposit -- what child would do anything else ? ) . '' Joan Swirsky , a New York -- based journalist and author , wrote in 2003 : `` Another example that feminism is dead is the popularity of Sex and the City , the HBO show that features 30 - and 40 - something women sending out the unmistakable messages to females both younger and older that careers , money , looks and , ostensibly , intelligence are nothing compared to doing anything to get a man , including endlessly obsessing about the subject , engaging in loveless or even like-less sexual encounters . '' In addition to obsessing about finding and keeping a man , the lead character on the show also routinely hides her true thoughts and feelings from said man . The show uses voiceovers to reveal Carrie 's inner thought life , which is often in conflict with how she is expressing herself externally . As pop culture expert Ashli L. Dykes points out , `` ... ( the ) fear that men will no longer find a woman attractive if she reveals her true self is in contrast to the relationships among the four main female characters ... '' Academic critics , however , disagree on whether Sex and the City was truly anti-feminist , feminist , or post-feminist . Some argue whatever label is applied to the show , it offered an important contribution `` to ongoing dialogue '' and that because it `` shows women in a world where they can be feminine , attractive , and feminist at the same time ... the series gives a forum to a renewed postfeminist debate . '' The show has received criticism for how it handles topics such as unexpected pregnancy , with Andrea Press stating that it contrasts with feminist progressive thought . In one episode , Miranda is faced with an unexpected pregnancy , which causes Carrie to reflect on her own experience of pregnancy and abortion . Critics argue that Carrie 's shame when sharing this story with her boyfriend serves to `` undermine '' the hard - fought freedoms that allowed her choice with `` multiple critical perspectives toward the act '' Critics also note that , while the show is lauded as a champion of progressive feminism , its characters adhere to a strongly traditional view of female gender roles with a focus on appearance , glamour , and consumerism. . The outfits the characters wear is as important as the storyline itself ( and sometimes IS the storyline itself ) . A central message of the show is that consumption is key , and we are fed constant marketing messages throughout the series . In retrospective analysis of the show , critics have generally reassessed Carrie Bradshaw as an unsympathetic protagonist , despite the show 's portrayal of her as a positive figure . In 2013 , Glamour magazine called Carrie `` the worst '' character on the show , saying that `` her brattiness and self - absorption eclipsed her redeeming qualities and even her awesome shoes . '' In a 2010 retrospective about the previous two decades in pop culture , ABC News named Carrie one of the ten worst characters of the past twenty years , calling her a `` snippy , self - righteous Manhattan snob '' and citing the character 's actions in Sex and the City 2 as evidence that she was beyond personal growth or redemption . Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker , looking back on the show a decade after it went off the air , argued Bradshaw was `` the unacknowledged first female anti-hero on television , '' who began as a `` happy , curious explorer , out companionably smoking with modellizers ( sic ) , '' but from the second season on she `` spun out , becoming anxious , obsessive , and , despite her charm , wildly self - centered . '' Nussbaum also asserted that it is only over time that the show 's reputation has `` shrunk and faded , '' largely due to disappointment that the show `` gave in '' to the limits of romantic comedy toward the end of the series . Until then , Nussbaum writes , Sex and the City `` was sharp , iconoclastic television . '' In answer to the question of why the show is now `` so often portrayed as a set of empty , static cartoons , an embarrassment to womankind , '' Nussbaum wrote : `` It 's a classic misunderstanding , I think , stemming from an unexamined hierarchy : the assumption that anything stylized ( or formulaic , or pleasurable , or funny , or feminine , or explicit about sex rather than about violence , or made collaboratively ) must be inferior . '' Nussbaum also pushed against criticism of Sex and the City as anti-feminist , arguing for a more complex view of the characters as situated within different waves of feminism : `` Miranda and Carrie were second - wave feminists , who believed in egalitarianism ; Charlotte and Samantha were third - wave feminists , focused on exploiting the power of femininity , from opposing angles . '' A 2018 article in The Guardian entitled `` ' That show was as white as it gets ! ' : Sex and the City 's problematic legacy '' , pointed to the lack of any non-white series regulars and `` racial insensitivities '' in the show like Carrie 's `` ghetto gold '' reference or Samantha 's wearing an afro wig to cover her baldness from chemotherapy . It also referenced the # wokecharlotte memes which gained popularity on social media in 2017 , in which Charlotte chastises Carrie for comments that retrospectively appear insensitive and ignorant ( i.e. Carrie 's calling bisexuality a `` layover on the way to Gay Town '' , or Samantha using transphobic language to refer to the sex workers outside her apartment ) . The creator of the memes stated that `` it is satisfying to see the show get called out for the stuff that would n't hold up in 2017 . It 's true that it was progressive for its time but that does n't mean contemporary viewers should be dismissive of some of its more problematic content . '' On the 20th anniversary of the show 's premiere , the Guardian published an opinion piece by Rebecca Nicholson arguing that the show should not be discounted because of its retrospective flaws , but should still be appreciated for the fact that `` it was , and is , a brilliant , daring , pioneering show . '' There are multiple social media fan accounts that look at the series from more than a decade after its premiere offering new commentary and interpretation including the Instagram accounts Carrie Dragshaw ( @ dan_clay ) and Every Outfit on Sex & the City ( @ everyoutfitonSATC ) . Broadcast and distribution ( edit ) Season one of Sex and the City aired on HBO from June to August 1998 . Season two was broadcast from June until October 1999 . Season three aired from June until October 2000 . Season four was broadcast in two parts : from June until August 2001 , and then in January and February 2002 . Season five , truncated due to Parker 's pregnancy , aired on HBO during the summer of 2002 . The twenty episodes of the final season , season six , aired in two parts : from June until September 2003 and during January and February 2004 . Syndication ( edit ) Sex and the City is currently syndicated in the US by HBO corporate sibling ( under Time Warner ) Warner Bros. Television Distribution . CBS Television Studios ( successors to Rysher Entertainment and Paramount Domestic Television ) and their distribution arm own international rights . United states ( edit ) The United States cable channel HBO was the original broadcaster . TBS and WGN were the first US channels to syndicate the show . As of 2015 , the show is currently syndicated on E ! quite frequently . The series has also gone into international syndication . Canada ( edit ) In Canada cable channel Bravo aired the first run of the show Every Saturday at 11 : 00 PM a few weeks behind the U.S. HBO broadcast . Australia ( edit ) In Australia , the Nine Network aired the first run of the show Every Monday Between 9 : 30 pm and 11 : 00 pm . After 2004 the Cable Channel W aired it until summer 2008 when Arena started airing it in a block with Will & Grace with promos stating `` all the good guys are gay '' . The series was repeated on Network Ten from 2005 to 2010 , and on Eleven from February 2011 . Ireland ( edit ) In the Republic of Ireland , TV3 premiered Sex and the City in February 1999 . Since 2006 , repeats of the series aired on 3e . United kingdom ( edit ) Channel 4 originally aired the series in the UK with the first episode shown on February 3 , 1999 . As of August 2009 a double bill of the show airs each weeknight at 10 : 30 pm on Comedy Central and a double bill airs on Wednesdays from 9 pm on 5 * . From 2015 , the show has been repeated on CBS Drama . Starting on February 26 , 2018 , the series returned to Channel 4 on its music - oriented channel , 4Music . DVD releases ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) All six seasons of Sex and the City have been released commercially on DVD , with season six being split into two parts . They have been released officially in region 1 ( America 's ) , region 2 ( Europe & Middle East ) , region 3 ( Korea ) , and region 4 ( Oceania & South Pacific ) formats . In addition to their region encoding , releases vary depending on the region in which they were released . In addition to standard single - season DVD box sets of the show , limited edition collectors ' editions have been released that include all six seasons in one complete set . These also vary among regions ( and the regions are defined differently ) . While Europe got a complete set that came with special `` shoebox '' packaging ( a reference to Carrie Bradshaw 's love for shoes ) , the USA and Canada version came packaged in a more traditional fold - out suede case and with an additional bonus DVD that includes many special features . Mexico and Oceania 's edition come packaged in a beauty case . As well as missing out on some special features , many in Europe had trouble with the region 2 edition of the season 1 DVD . The season was not converted into a PAL video signal ; it instead remained in its original American NTSC format , which caused compatibility problems with some European television sets and DVD players . All subsequent Region 2 DVD releases of the program were appropriately transferred to PAL video using the original film prints , and season 1 has since been re-released in PAL format . Outside the US , Sex and the City boxed sets were released through Paramount Pictures . American and Canadian DVDs were released through the program 's original broadcasters , HBO . In Australia , single editions have been released , wherein each disc is sold separately . In South Korea , complete , six - season , special DVD shoebox sets were released . In Brazil , the first and fifth seasons were released on DVD Dual , but all other seasons were released in DVD box sets . Selected episodes are also available as part of the Sex and the City Essentials DVD collection . These are four separately - packaged discs containing three selected episodes that fit a common theme . The Best of Lust : Contains the episodes `` The Fuck Buddy '' , `` Running with Scissors '' , and `` The Turtle and the Hare '' . The Best of Mr. Big : Contains the episodes `` Sex and the City '' , `` Ex and the City '' , and `` I Heart NY '' . The Best of Romance : Contains the episodes `` Baby , Talk is Cheap '' , `` Hop , Skip and a Week '' , and `` An American Girl in Paris ( Part Deux ) '' . The Best of Breakups : Contains the episodes `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' , `` I Love a Charade '' , and `` The Post-it Always Sticks Twice '' . The Best of Fashion : Contains the episodes `` Secret Sex '' , `` The Real Me '' , and `` Luck Be an Old Lady '' . This DVD was only released to Target stores in the US and was the only DVD of the `` Essentials '' collection to have a colored cover instead of a black and white one like the other four . Soundtrack releases ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Several digital CDs have been released to a company , Sex and the City The series , including digital . Two of them ( the albums from Irma Records ) contain tracks used in the show 's actual soundtrack . Sex and the City -- Soundtrack ( Import ) 2000 / 2001 / 2002 Sire Records Includes the main theme from the show , written by Douglas J. Cuomo . Sex and the City -- Official Soundtrack ( Two disc set ) March 1 , 2004 Sony TV 36 hits , including the songs of Kylie Minogue , Justin Timberlake , Beyoncé , Cyndi Lauper , Jamiroquai , and Aretha Franklin , among her others . Films ( edit ) Sex and the City ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sex and the City ( film ) A feature film based on Sex and the City , written , produced and directed by Michael Patrick King , was released in May 2008 . The four lead actresses returned to reprise their roles , as did Chris Noth , Evan Handler , David Eigenberg , Jason Lewis , and Willie Garson . In addition , Jennifer Hudson appears in the film as Carrie 's assistant . The film is set four years after the series finale . The film was released to mixed reviews by critics ; at the box office , it was the highest - grossing romantic comedy of the year . The film was released on DVD on September 23 , 2008 . Sex and the City 2 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sex and the City 2 Sex and the City 2 was released in May 2010 . The film stars Sarah Jessica Parker , Cynthia Nixon , Kristin Davis , Kim Cattrall , and Noth , who reprised their roles again , as well as Handler , Eigenberg , Lewis , and Garson . It also features cameos from Liza Minnelli , Miley Cyrus , and Penélope Cruz . The film is set two years after the events of the first film . It was critically panned but a commercial success at the box office . Sex and the City 3 ( edit ) It was reported in December 2016 that a script for the third and final film had been approved and that the main cast had signed on . However , on September 28 , 2017 , Parker confirmed to Extra that the film had been cancelled , stating , `` I 'm disappointed . We had this beautiful , funny , heartbreaking , joyful , very relatable script and story . It 's not just disappointing that we do n't get to tell the story and have that experience , but more so for that audience that has been so vocal in wanting another movie . '' Franchise ( edit ) Prequel series ( edit ) The Carrie Diaries is a prequel to the original series , based on the book of the same name by Candace Bushnell . The series premiered on The CW on January 14 , 2013 . AnnaSophia Robb plays the role of young Carrie Bradshaw . On May 8 , 2014 , The CW canceled The Carrie Diaries after two seasons . Adaptations ( edit ) The Brazilian television series Sexo e as Negas was adapted from the original series and released on September 16 , 2014 . The version introduced some differences -- the four ladies were Black actresses and the show takes place in the suburb . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` Difficult Women : How ' Sex and the City ' Lost its Good Name '' . New Yorker . Jump up ^ `` The New Classics : TV '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 18 , 2007 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Poniewozik , James ( September 6 , 2007 ) . `` The 100 Best TV Shows of All - TIME '' . Time . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bruce Fretts ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Best Series of All Time '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ McCabe , ed. by Kim Akass & Janet ( 2004 ) . Reading Sex and the City ( Repr . ed . ) . London ( u.a. ) : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1850434239 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ; Jensen , Jeff ; Jordan , Tina ; Lyons , Margaret ; Markovitz , Adam ; Nashawaty , Chris ; Pastorek , Whitney ; Rice , Lynette ; Rottenberg , Josh ; Schwartz , Missy ; Slezak , Michael ; Snierson , Dan ; Stack , Tim ; Stroup , Kate ; Tucker , Ken ; Vary , Adam B. ; Vozick - Levinson , Simon ; Ward , Kate ( December 11 , 2009 ) , `` THE 100 Greatest MOVIES , TV SHOWS , ALBUMS , BOOKS , CHARACTERS , SCENES , EPISODES , SONGS , DRESSES , MUSIC VIDEOS , AND TRENDS THAT ENTERTAINED US OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS '' . Entertainment Weekly . ( 1079 / 1080 ) : 74 - 84 Jump up ^ Holbrook , Damian ( April 2 -- 15 , 2018 ) . `` 65 Best Episodes of the 21st Century '' . TV Guide . access - date = requires url = ( help ) CS1 maint : Date format ( link ) Jump up ^ Meltzer , Marisa ( 2013 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Get Me Wardrobe ! '' . The New York Times . p . E1 . Jump up ^ Ellen E. Jones ( 2018 - 04 - 21 ) . `` ' That show was as white as it gets ! ' Sex and the City 's problematic legacy '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Judith ( 2009 ) . `` Constructions of Active Womanhood and New Femininities : From a Feminist Linguistic Perspective , is Sex and the City a Modernist or a Post-Modernist TV ? '' . Women & Language . 32 ( 1 ) : 91 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Gold , Tanya ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Sorry Sisters But I Hate Sex and the City '' . The Telegraph ( UK ) . Retrieved February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Swirsky , Joan ( July 24 , 2003 ) . `` The Death of Feminism II : Sex and the City '' . Newsmax.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dykes , Ashli L. `` ' And I Started Wondering ... '' : Voiceover and Conversation in ' Sex and the City . ' '' Studies in Popular Culture , vol. 34 , no . 1 , 2011 , pp. 49 -- 66 . JSTOR , JSTOR , www.jstor.org/stable/23416350 Jump up ^ Hermes , Joke ( 2002 ) . `` Television and Its Viewers in Post-Feminist Dialogue Internet - mediated Response to ' Ally McBeal ' and ' Sex and the City ' '' . Ethnofoor . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Adriaens , Fien and Sofie Van Bauwel ( 2011 ) . `` Sex and the City : A Postfeminist Point of View ? Or How Popular Culture Functions as a Channel for Feminist Discourse '' . The Journal of Popular Culture , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Press , Andrea . `` Gender and Family in Televisions Golden Age and Beyond . '' The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , vol. 625 , 2009 , pp. 139 -- 150 . JSTOR , JSTOR , www.jstor.org/stable/40375911 . Jump up ^ Press , Andrea . `` Gender and Family in Televisions Golden Age and Beyond . '' The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , vol. 625 , 2009 , pp. 139 -- 150 . JSTOR , JSTOR , www.jstor.org/stable/40375911 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Noël . `` Consuming Passion : ' Sex and the City . ' '' Revue Internationale De Philosophie , vol. 64 , no . 254 ( 4 ) , 2010 , pp. 525 -- 546 . JSTOR , JSTOR , www.jstor.org/stable/23960986 . Jump up ^ Angelo , Megan ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` Confession : I 've Never Been Able to Stand Carrie Bradshaw '' . Glamour . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marikar , Sheila , Heron , Liz ( June 4 , 2010 ) . `` Top 10 Worst TV and Film Characters in the Last 20 '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` How `` Sex and the City '' Lost its Good Name `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ellen E. Jones ( 2018 - 04 - 21 ) . `` ' That show was as white as it gets ! Sex and the City 's problematic legacy '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ellen E. Jones ( 2018 - 04 - 21 ) . `` ' That show was as white as it gets ! Sex and the City 's problematic legacy '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ryan Butcher ( 2018 - 01 - 01 ) . `` ' Woke Charlotte ' is the socially conscious Sex and the City meme we all need right now '' . indy100.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Fishbein ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) . `` The `` Woke Charlotte '' Instagrams Take This ' Sex and the City ' Character to a Whole New Level in 2017 `` . Bustle magazine . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Nicholson ( 2018 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Sex and the City is too good to be written off as just ' dated ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Carrie Dragshaw '' . Jump up ^ `` Out Magazine '' . Jump up ^ `` Instagram - Every Outfit on Sex & the City '' . Jump up ^ `` Nylon Magazine '' . Jump up ^ `` Women behaving badly '' . BBC News . BBC . February 3 , 1999 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( September 10 , 2007 ) . `` Jennifer Hudson moves to ' City ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sex and the City ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sex and the City ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sex and the City DVD Release Date September 23 , 2008 '' . DVDs Release Dates . May 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sex and the City 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sex and the City 2 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Littlejohn , Georgina ( December 25 , 2016 ) . `` Sex and the City 3 ' confirmed ' as Sarah Jessica Parker and her ladies get set to return for another big screen adventure '' . The Sun . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Jessica Parker Confirms There Will Be No ' Sex and the City 3 ' '' . Extra . September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sex and the City '' Prequel Set for the CW ! , US Magazine , September 12 , 2011 Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( 2012 - 02 - 27 ) . `` AnnaSophia Robb Cast As Carrie Bradshaw In The CW 's ' Carrie Diaries ' Pilot '' ( May require Firefox 3 / IE7 to view properly ) . Hollywood Life by Bonnie Fuller . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Carrie Diaries ' , ' Tomorrow People ' & ' Star - Crossed ' Cancelled by The CW '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Inspirada em ' Sex and the city ' , ' Sexo e as negas ' narra as desventuras amorosas de quatro amigas '' . O Globo . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil 's new primetime show `` Sexo e as Negas '' serves the white gaze `` . Media Diversified . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sex and the City Archive of the original Sex and the City columns in The New York Observer Sex and the City on IMDb Sex and the City at TV.com Sex and the City by Candace Bushnell Episodes Season 1 5 6 ( `` To Market , to Market '' ) Characters Carrie Bradshaw Samantha Jones Charlotte York Goldenblatt Miranda Hobbes John James `` Mr. Big '' Preston Steve Brady Films Sex and the City soundtrack Sex and the City 2 Miscellaneous Book Sex and the City : Music from the HBO Series The Carrie Diaries episodes Accolades HBO programming Former Series 1970s debuts Inside the NFL On Location Race for the Pennant Standing Room Only ( `` Vanities '' ) Tennis on HBO Time Was 1980s debuts 1st & Ten America Undercover ( `` Autopsy '' , `` Real Sex '' and `` Taxicab Confessions '' ) Babar Braingames Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Brown Fraggle Rock The Ghost of Faffner Hall The Hitchhiker The Kids in the Hall Maximum Security Not Necessarily the News One Night Stand Philip Marlowe , Private Eye The Ray Bradbury Theater The Storyteller Tales from the Crypt Video Jukebox 1990s debuts The Adventures of Tintin Arliss The Chris Rock Show The Country Mouse and the City Mouse Adventures Crashbox Def Comedy Jam Dennis Miller Live Dream On George and Martha Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child HBO Comedy Half - Hour Hotel Room The Larry Sanders Show Lifestories : Families in Crisis A Little Curious The Little Lulu Show Mokku of the Oak Tree Mr. Show with Bob and David The Neverending Story Oz Perversions of Science Pippi Longstocking Rainbow Fish Reverb Sex and the City The Sopranos Spicy City Tenacious D Todd McFarlane 's Spawn Tracey Takes On ... 2000s debuts Animated Tales of the World Big Love Bored to Death Carnivàle Cathouse : The Series Classical Baby Costas Now Da Ali G Show Deadwood Def Poetry Jam Eastbound & Down The Electric Company Entourage Extras Flight of the Conchords G String Divas Harold and the Purple Crayon Hung I Spy In Treatment Joe Buck Live John from Cincinnati K Street Kindergarten KO Nation The Life & Times of Tim Little Britain USA Lucky Louie The Mind of the Married Man The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency On the Record with Bob Costas Pinky Dinky Doo Pornucopia Project Greenlight Rome Six Feet Under Stuart Little : The Animated Series Summer Heights High Tales from the Neverending Story Tell Me You Love Me True Blood Tourgasm Unscripted The Wire 2010s debuts After the Thrones Angry Boys Any Given Wednesday with Bill Simmons Boardwalk Empire The Brink Doll & Em Enlightened Family Tree Funny or Die Presents Getting On Girls Hello Ladies Here and Now How to Make It in America Ja'mie : Private School Girl Jonah from Tonga The Leftovers Life 's Too Short Looking Luck Masterclass The Newsroom The Ricky Gervais Show Togetherness Treme Vice Principals Vinyl Miniseries All the Rivers Run Angels in America Assume the Position with Mr. Wuhl Band of Brothers The Casual Vacancy The Corner Elizabeth I Empire Falls From the Earth to the Moon Foo Fighters : Sonic Highways Generation Kill House of Saddam The Jinx : The Life and Deaths of Robert Durst John Adams Laurel Avenue Mildred Pierce Mosaic The Night Of Olive Kitteridge The Pacific Parade 's End Show Me a Hero Tanner ' 88 Current and upcoming Current All Def Comedy ( since 2016 ) Animals . ( since 2016 ) Ballers ( since 2015 ) Barry ( since 2018 ) Big Little Lies ( since 2017 ) Boxing After Dark ( since 1996 ) The Comeback ( 2005 ; since 2014 ) Crashing ( since 2017 ) Curb Your Enthusiasm ( since 2000 ) The Deuce ( since 2017 ) Divorce ( since 2016 ) Game of Thrones ( since 2011 ) Hard Knocks ( since 2001 ) HBO World Championship Boxing ( since 1973 ) High Maintenance ( since 2016 ) Insecure ( since 2016 ) Last Week Tonight with John Oliver ( since 2014 ) Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel ( since 1995 ) Real Time with Bill Maher ( since 2003 ) Room 104 ( since 2017 ) Sesame Street ( since 2016 ) Silicon Valley ( since 2014 ) Succession ( since 2018 ) Tracey Ullman 's Show ( since 2016 ) True Detective ( since 2014 ) Veep ( since 2012 ) Vice ( since 2013 ) Vice News Tonight ( since 2016 ) Westworld ( since 2016 ) Wyatt Cenac 's Problem Areas ( since 2018 ) The Young Pope ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Camping ( TBA ) Chernobyl ( TBA ) Demimonde ( TBA ) Esme and Roy ( TBA ) Gentleman Jack ( TBA ) Lovecraft Country ( TBA ) Random Acts of Flyness ( TBA ) Sharp Objects ( 2018 ) The Undoing ( TBA ) See also HBO Storybook Musicals HBO Latin America original series HBO Canada original series Awards for Sex and the City Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series The Red Skelton Show ( 1952 ) I Love Lucy ( 1953 ) I Love Lucy ( 1954 ) Make Room for Daddy ( 1955 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1956 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1957 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1958 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1959 ) The Art Carney Special ( 1960 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1961 ) The Bob Newhart Show ( 1962 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1963 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1964 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1965 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1966 ) The Monkees ( 1967 ) Get Smart ( 1968 ) Get Smart ( 1969 ) My World and Welcome to It ( 1970 ) All in the Family ( 1971 ) All in the Family ( 1972 ) All in the Family ( 1973 ) M * A * S * H ( 1974 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1975 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1976 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1977 ) All in the Family ( 1978 ) Taxi ( 1979 ) Taxi ( 1980 ) Taxi ( 1981 ) Barney Miller ( 1982 ) Cheers ( 1983 ) Cheers ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years ( 1988 ) Cheers ( 1989 ) Murphy Brown ( 1990 ) Cheers ( 1991 ) Murphy Brown ( 1992 ) Seinfeld ( 1993 ) Frasier ( 1994 ) Frasier ( 1995 ) Frasier ( 1996 ) Frasier ( 1997 ) Frasier ( 1998 ) Ally McBeal ( 1999 ) Will & Grace ( 2000 ) Sex and the City ( 2001 ) Friends ( 2002 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2003 ) Arrested Development ( 2004 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2005 ) The Office ( 2006 ) 30 Rock ( 2007 ) 30 Rock ( 2008 ) 30 Rock ( 2009 ) Modern Family ( 2010 ) Modern Family ( 2011 ) Modern Family ( 2012 ) Modern Family ( 2013 ) Modern Family ( 2014 ) Veep ( 2015 ) Veep ( 2016 ) Veep ( 2017 ) GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Comedy Series Doctor Doctor ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Roseanne ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Dream On ( 1994 ) Roseanne / Friends ( 1995 ) Spin City ( 1997 ) Ellen ( 1998 ) Will & Grace ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Sex and the City ( 2004 ) Will & Grace ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Ugly Betty ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) Glee / Modern Family ( 2011 ) Modern Family ( 2012 ) The New Normal ( 2013 ) Orange Is the New Black ( 2014 ) Transparent ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( 2018 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Governor & J.J. ( 1969 ) The Carol Burnett Show ( 1970 ) All in the Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 1971 ) All in the Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 1972 ) All in the Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 1973 ) Rhoda , season 1 ( 1974 ) Barney Miller , season 1 / season 2 ( 1975 ) Barney Miller , season 2 / season 3 ( 1976 ) All in the Family , season 7 / season 8 ( 1977 ) Taxi , season 1 ( 1978 ) Alice / Taxi , season 1 / season 2 ( 1979 ) Taxi , season 2 / season 3 ( 1980 ) M * A * S * H , season 9 / season 10 ( 1981 ) Fame ( 1982 ) Fame ( 1983 ) The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1984 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 / season 2 ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls , season 2 / season 3 ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown ( 1989 ) Cheers , season 8 / season 9 ( 1990 ) Brooklyn Bridge ( 1991 ) Roseanne , season 4 / season 5 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 / season 5 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 / season 2 & Mad About You ( 1994 ) Cybill ( 1995 ) 3rd Rock from the Sun , season 1 / season 2 ( 1996 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 ( 1997 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 / season 2 ( 1998 ) Sex and the City , season 2 ( 1999 ) Sex and the City , season 3 ( 2000 ) Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) Curb Your Enthusiasm ( 2002 ) The Office ( UK ) ( 2003 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Ugly Betty , season 1 ( 2006 ) Extras ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) Glee , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) Girls , season 1 ( 2012 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine , season 1 ( 2013 ) Transparent , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mozart in the Jungle , season 1 ( 2015 ) Atlanta , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel , season 1 ( 2017 ) Producers Guild of America Award for Best Episodic Comedy Sex and the City ( 2000 ) Sex and the City ( 2001 ) Curb Your Enthusiasm ( 2002 ) Sex and the City ( 2003 ) Curb Your Enthusiasm ( 2004 ) Entourage ( 2005 ) The Office ( 2006 ) 30 Rock ( 2007 ) 30 Rock ( 2008 ) 30 Rock ( 2009 ) Modern Family ( 2010 ) Modern Family ( 2011 ) Modern Family ( 2012 ) Modern Family ( 2013 ) Orange Is the New Black ( 2014 ) Transparent ( 2015 ) Atlanta ( 2016 ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ( 2017 ) Satellite Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Larry Sanders Show ( 1996 ) Frasier ( 1997 ) Ellen ( 1998 ) Action ( 1999 ) Sex and the City ( 2000 ) Sex and the City ( 2001 ) The Bernie Mac Show ( 2002 ) Arrested Development ( 2003 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2004 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2005 ) Ugly Betty ( 2006 ) Pushing Daisies ( 2007 ) Tracey Ullman 's State of the Union ( 2008 ) Glee ( 2009 ) The Big C ( 2010 ) It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ( 2011 ) The Big Bang Theory ( 2012 ) Orange Is the New Black ( 2013 ) Transparent ( 2014 ) Silicon Valley ( 2015 ) Silicon Valley ( 2016 ) GLOW ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Will & Grace , season 2 / season 3 ( 2000 ) : Hayes ; McCormack ; Messing ; Mullally Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Everybody Loves Raymond season 6 / season 7 ( 2002 ) : Boyle ; Garrett ; Heaton ; Roberts ; Romano ; Sweeten Sex and the City , season 6 ( 2003 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) : Bowen ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; Kasch ; Longoria ; Metcalfe ; Moses ; Sheridan ; Strong Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) : Bart ; Bowen ; Brooks ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; B. 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Charleston, South Carolina
Charleston , South Carolina - wikipedia Charleston , South Carolina For other uses , see Charleston ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Charleston , West Virginia or North Charleston , South Carolina . City in United States Charleston , South Carolina City City of Charleston Clockwise from top - left : Rainbow Row , Arthur Ravenel Jr . Bridge , cobblestone street , McLeod Plantation , battery , Fort Sumter Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : `` The Holy City '' Motto ( s ) : Ædes Mores Juraque Curat ( Latin for `` She Guards Her Temples , Customs , and Laws '' ) Charleston Location in South Carolina Charleston Charleston ( the US ) Show map of South Carolina Show map of the US Show all Coordinates : 32 ° 47 ′ 00 '' N 79 ° 56 ′ 00 '' W  /  32.78333 ° N 79.93333 ° W  / 32.78333 ; - 79.93333 Coordinates : 32 ° 47 ′ 00 '' N 79 ° 56 ′ 00 '' W  /  32.78333 ° N 79.93333 ° W  / 32.78333 ; - 79.93333 Country United States State South Carolina Historic colony Colony of South Carolina Counties Charleston , Berkeley Named for Charles II of England Government Type Mayor -- council Mayor John Tecklenburg ( I ) Area City 127.5 sq mi ( 330.2 km ) Land 109.0 sq mi ( 282.3 km ) Water 18.5 sq mi ( 47.9 km ) 14.51 % Elevation 20 ft ( 6 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 120,083 Estimate ( 2017 ) 134,875 Rank SC : 1st ; US : 198th Density 1,152 / sq mi ( 444.9 / km ) Urban 548,404 ( US : 76th ) MSA ( 2015 ) 744,526 ( US : 75th ) Demonym Charlestonian Time zone UTC - 5 ( EST ) Summer ( DST ) UTC - 4 ( EDT ) ZIP code ( s ) 29401 , 29403 , 29405 , 29407 , 29409 , 29412 , 29414 , 29424 , 29425 , 29455 , 29492 Area code 843 and 854 FIPS code 45 - 13330 GNIS feature ID 1221516 Website www.charleston-sc.gov The downtown Charleston waterfront on The Battery Charleston is the oldest and largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina , the county seat of Charleston County , and the principal city in the Charleston -- North Charleston -- Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina 's coastline and is located on Charleston Harbor , an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley , Cooper , and Wando rivers . Charleston had an estimated population of 134,875 in 2017 . The estimated population of the Charleston metropolitan area , comprising Berkeley , Charleston , and Dorchester counties , was 761,155 residents in 2016 , the third - largest in the state and the 78th - largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States . Charleston was founded in 1670 as Charles Town , honoring King Charles II of England . Its initial location at Albemarle Point on the west bank of the Ashley River ( now Charles Towne Landing ) was abandoned in 1680 for its present site , which became the fifth - largest city in North America within ten years . Despite its size , it remained unincorporated throughout the colonial period ; its government was handled directly by a colonial legislature and a governor sent by London . Election districts were organized according to Anglican parishes , and some social services were managed by Anglican wardens and vestries . Charleston adopted its present spelling with its incorporation as a city in 1783 at the close of the Revolutionary War . Population growth in the interior of South Carolina influenced the removal of the state government to Columbia in 1788 , but the port city remained among the ten largest cities in the United States through the 1840 census . Historians estimate that `` nearly half of all Africans brought to America arrived in Charleston '' , most at Gadsden 's Wharf . The only major antebellum American city to have a majority - enslaved population , Charleston was controlled by an oligarchy of white planters and merchants who successfully forced the federal government to revise its 1828 and 1832 tariffs during the Nullification Crisis and launched the Civil War in 1861 by seizing the Arsenal , Castle Pinckney , and Fort Sumter from their federal garrisons . Known for its rich history , well - preserved architecture , distinguished restaurants , and hospitable people , Charleston is a popular tourist destination . It has received numerous accolades , including `` America 's Most Friendly ( City ) '' by Travel + Leisure in 2011 and in 2013 and 2014 by Condé Nast Traveler , and also `` the most polite and hospitable city in America '' by Southern Living magazine . In 2016 , Charleston was ranked the `` World 's Best City '' by Travel + Leisure . Contents 1 Geography 1.1 Topography 1.2 Climate 1.3 Metropolitan Statistical Area 2 History 2.1 Colonial era ( 1670 -- 1786 ) 2.2 American Revolution ( 1776 -- 1783 ) 2.3 Antebellum era ( 1783 -- 1861 ) 2.4 Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) 2.5 Postbellum ( 1865 -- 1945 ) 2.6 Contemporary era ( 1945 -- present ) 3 Demographics 3.1 Language 3.2 Religion 4 Culture 4.1 Annual cultural events and fairs 4.2 Music 4.3 Live theater 4.4 Museums , historical sites , and other attractions 4.5 Sports 4.6 Books and films 5 Economy 6 Government 6.1 Fire department 6.2 Police department 6.3 EMS and medical centers 6.4 Coast Guard Station Charleston 7 Crime 8 Transportation 8.1 Airport 8.2 Rail 8.3 Interstates and highways 8.3. 1 Major highways 8.3. 2 Arthur Ravenel Jr . Bridge 8.4 City bus service 8.5 Port 9 Nearby cities and towns 9.1 Other outlying areas 10 Parks 11 Schools , colleges , and universities 12 Armed Forces 12.1 U.S. Coast Guard 12.2 Army 13 Media 13.1 Broadcast television 14 Notable people 15 Sister cities 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 Further reading 19.1 General 19.2 Art , architecture , city planning , literature , science 19.3 Race 20 External links Geography ( edit ) Map showing the major rivers of Charleston and the Charleston Harbor watershed The city proper consists of six distinct districts . Downtown , or sometimes referred to as The Peninsula , is Charleston 's center city separated by the Ashley River to the west and the Cooper River to the east . West Ashley , residential area to the west of Downtown bordered by the Ashley River to the east and the Stono River to the west . Johns Island , far western limits of Charleston home to the Angel Oak , bordered by the Stono River to the east , Kiawah River to the south and Wadmalaw Island to the west . James Island , popular residential area between Downtown and the town of Folly Beach where the McLeod Plantation is located . Cainhoy Peninsula , far eastern limits of Charleston bordered by the Wando River to the west and Nowell Creek to the east . Daniel Island , fast - growing residential area to the north of downtown , east of the Cooper River and west of the Wando River . Topography ( edit ) See also : Charleston Harbor The incorporated city fit into 4 -- 5 square miles ( 10 -- 13 km ) as late as the First World War , but has since greatly expanded , crossing the Ashley River and encompassing James Island and some of Johns Island . The city limits also have expanded across the Cooper River , encompassing Daniel Island and the Cainhoy area . The present city has a total area of 127.5 square miles ( 330.2 km ) , of which 109.0 square miles ( 282.2 km ) is land and 18.5 square miles ( 47.9 km ) is covered by water . North Charleston blocks any expansion up the peninsula , and Mount Pleasant occupies the land directly east of the Cooper River . Charleston Harbor runs about 7 miles ( 11 km ) southeast to the Atlantic with an average width of about 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) , surrounded on all sides except its entrance . Sullivan 's Island lies to the north of the entrance and Morris Island to the south . The entrance itself is about 1 mile ( 2 km ) wide ; it was originally only 18 feet ( 5 m ) deep , but began to be enlarged in the 1870s . The tidal rivers ( Wando , Cooper , Stono , and Ashley ) are evidence of a submergent or drowned coastline . There is a submerged river delta off the mouth of the harbor and the Cooper River is deep . Climate ( edit ) Damage left from Hurricane Hugo in 1989 Charleston has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfa ) , with mild winters , hot , humid summers , and significant rainfall all year long . Summer is the wettest season ; almost half of the annual rainfall occurs from June to September in the form of thundershowers . Fall remains relatively warm through the middle of November . Winter is short and mild , and is characterized by occasional rain . Measurable snow ( ≥ 0.1 in or 0.25 cm ) only occurs several times per decade at the most however freezing rain is more common ; a snowfall / freezing rain event on January 3 , 2018 was the first such event in Charleston since December 26 , 2010 . However , 6.0 in ( 15 cm ) fell at the airport on December 23 , 1989 , the largest single - day fall on record , contributing to a single - storm and seasonal record of 8.0 in ( 20 cm ) snowfall . The highest temperature recorded within city limits was 104 ° F ( 40 ° C ) on June 2 , 1985 , and June 24 , 1944 , and the lowest was 7 ° F ( − 14 ° C ) on February 14 , 1899 . At the airport , where official records are kept , the historical range is 105 ° F ( 41 ° C ) on August 1 , 1999 , down to 6 ° F ( − 14 ° C ) on January 21 , 1985 . Hurricanes are a major threat to the area during the summer and early fall , with several severe hurricanes hitting the area -- most notably Hurricane Hugo on September 21 , 1989 ( a category 4 storm ) . The dewpoint in June to August ranges from 67.8 to 71.4 ° F ( 19.9 to 21.9 ° C ) . show Climate data for Charleston Int'l , South Carolina ( 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1938 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 83 ( 28 ) 87 ( 31 ) 90 ( 32 ) 95 ( 35 ) 99 ( 37 ) 103 ( 39 ) 104 ( 40 ) 105 ( 41 ) 99 ( 37 ) 94 ( 34 ) 88 ( 31 ) 83 ( 28 ) 105 ( 41 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 75.3 ( 24.1 ) 78.1 ( 25.6 ) 83.5 ( 28.6 ) 88.5 ( 31.4 ) 92.7 ( 33.7 ) 96.8 ( 36 ) 98.0 ( 36.7 ) 96.5 ( 35.8 ) 92.6 ( 33.7 ) 87.1 ( 30.6 ) 81.9 ( 27.7 ) 76.8 ( 24.9 ) 99.2 ( 37.3 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 59.0 ( 15 ) 62.8 ( 17.1 ) 69.6 ( 20.9 ) 76.4 ( 24.7 ) 83.2 ( 28.4 ) 88.4 ( 31.3 ) 91.1 ( 32.8 ) 89.5 ( 31.9 ) 84.8 ( 29.3 ) 77.1 ( 25.1 ) 69.8 ( 21 ) 61.6 ( 16.4 ) 76.1 ( 24.5 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 37.5 ( 3.1 ) 40.6 ( 4.8 ) 46.7 ( 8.2 ) 53.3 ( 11.8 ) 61.8 ( 16.6 ) 69.6 ( 20.9 ) 73.0 ( 22.8 ) 72.3 ( 22.4 ) 67.2 ( 19.6 ) 56.8 ( 13.8 ) 47.5 ( 8.6 ) 40.1 ( 4.5 ) 55.5 ( 13.1 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 21.4 ( − 5.9 ) 25.5 ( − 3.6 ) 30.4 ( − 0.9 ) 38.6 ( 3.7 ) 49.5 ( 9.7 ) 61.1 ( 16.2 ) 67.5 ( 19.7 ) 66.0 ( 18.9 ) 55.6 ( 13.1 ) 41.0 ( 5 ) 32.6 ( 0.3 ) 24.0 ( − 4.4 ) 18.8 ( − 7.3 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 6 ( − 14 ) 12 ( − 11 ) 15 ( − 9 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 36 ( 2 ) 50 ( 10 ) 58 ( 14 ) 56 ( 13 ) 42 ( 6 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 15 ( − 9 ) 8 ( − 13 ) 6 ( − 14 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.71 ( 94.2 ) 2.96 ( 75.2 ) 3.71 ( 94.2 ) 2.91 ( 73.9 ) 3.02 ( 76.7 ) 5.65 ( 143.5 ) 6.53 ( 165.9 ) 7.15 ( 181.6 ) 6.10 ( 154.9 ) 3.75 ( 95.3 ) 2.43 ( 61.7 ) 3.11 ( 79 ) 51.03 ( 1,296.2 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) trace 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 9.6 8.6 7.9 7.7 7.8 11.9 13.0 13.2 10.0 7.3 7.0 8.7 112.7 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 0.1 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.5 Average relative humidity ( % ) 69.8 67.4 68.1 67.5 72.5 75.1 76.6 78.9 78.2 74.1 72.7 71.6 72.7 Mean monthly sunshine hours 179.3 186.7 243.9 275.1 294.8 279.5 287.8 256.7 219.7 224.5 189.5 171.3 2,808.8 Percent possible sunshine 56 61 66 71 69 65 66 62 59 64 60 55 63 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) show Climate data for Charleston , South Carolina ( Downtown ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1893 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 82 ( 28 ) 83 ( 28 ) 94 ( 34 ) 94 ( 34 ) 99 ( 37 ) 104 ( 40 ) 103 ( 39 ) 103 ( 39 ) 100 ( 38 ) 95 ( 35 ) 87 ( 31 ) 81 ( 27 ) 104 ( 40 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 71.3 ( 21.8 ) 74.6 ( 23.7 ) 79.7 ( 26.5 ) 84.6 ( 29.2 ) 90.0 ( 32.2 ) 94.0 ( 34.4 ) 96.2 ( 35.7 ) 94.2 ( 34.6 ) 91.2 ( 32.9 ) 85.2 ( 29.6 ) 79.0 ( 26.1 ) 73.9 ( 23.3 ) 97.4 ( 36.3 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 56.7 ( 13.7 ) 59.6 ( 15.3 ) 65.0 ( 18.3 ) 72.0 ( 22.2 ) 78.7 ( 25.9 ) 84.5 ( 29.2 ) 87.6 ( 30.9 ) 86.4 ( 30.2 ) 82.0 ( 27.8 ) 74.6 ( 23.7 ) 67.3 ( 19.6 ) 59.5 ( 15.3 ) 72.8 ( 22.7 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 42.8 ( 6 ) 45.5 ( 7.5 ) 51.6 ( 10.9 ) 58.8 ( 14.9 ) 67.1 ( 19.5 ) 74.0 ( 23.3 ) 76.9 ( 24.9 ) 76.1 ( 24.5 ) 71.8 ( 22.1 ) 62.5 ( 16.9 ) 53.6 ( 12 ) 45.6 ( 7.6 ) 60.5 ( 15.8 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 27.5 ( − 2.5 ) 31.6 ( − 0.2 ) 36.4 ( 2.4 ) 44.8 ( 7.1 ) 55.6 ( 13.1 ) 66.5 ( 19.2 ) 71.0 ( 21.7 ) 69.8 ( 21 ) 61.6 ( 16.4 ) 48.1 ( 8.9 ) 39.1 ( 3.9 ) 30.2 ( − 1 ) 24.8 ( − 4 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 10 ( − 12 ) 7 ( − 14 ) 22 ( − 6 ) 36 ( 2 ) 45 ( 7 ) 52 ( 11 ) 61 ( 16 ) 59 ( 15 ) 50 ( 10 ) 37 ( 3 ) 17 ( − 8 ) 12 ( − 11 ) 7 ( − 14 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.94 ( 74.7 ) 2.51 ( 63.8 ) 3.30 ( 83.8 ) 2.53 ( 64.3 ) 2.16 ( 54.9 ) 4.65 ( 118.1 ) 5.40 ( 137.2 ) 6.71 ( 170.4 ) 5.76 ( 146.3 ) 3.67 ( 93.2 ) 2.19 ( 55.6 ) 2.60 ( 66 ) 44.42 ( 1,128.3 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 9.0 8.0 7.8 6.9 6.6 10.0 11.3 11.3 8.9 6.6 6.3 8.6 101.3 Source : NOAA Metropolitan statistical area ( edit ) The Charleston -- North Charleston -- Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of three counties : Charleston , Berkeley , and Dorchester . As of the 2013 U.S. Census , the metropolitan statistical area had a total population of 712,239 people . North Charleston is the second - largest city in the Charleston -- North Charleston -- Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area and ranks as the third - largest city in the state ; Mount Pleasant and Summerville are the next - largest cities . These cities combined with other incorporated and unincorporated areas along with the city of Charleston form the Charleston - North Charleston Urban Area with a population of 548,404 as of 2010 . The metropolitan statistical area also includes a separate and much smaller urban area within Berkeley County , Moncks Corner ( with a 2000 population of 9,123 ) . The traditional parish system persisted until the Reconstruction Era , when counties were imposed . Nevertheless , traditional parishes still exist in various capacities , mainly as public service districts . When the city of Charleston was formed , it was defined by the limits of the Parish of St. Philip and St. Michael , now also includes parts of St. James ' Parish , St. George 's Parish , St. Andrew 's Parish , and St. John 's Parish , although the last two are mostly still incorporated rural parishes . History ( edit ) The Pink House , the oldest stone building in Charleston , was built of Bermudian limestone at 17 Chalmers Street , between 1694 and 1712 Main articles : History of Charleston , South Carolina and Timeline of Charleston , South Carolina Colonial Era ( 1670 -- 1786 ) ( edit ) A c. 1724 English copy of a Catawba map of the tribes between `` Charlestown '' ( left ) and `` Virginie '' ( right ) following the displacements of a century of disease , enslavement , and the 1715 -- 7 Yamasee War . After Charles II was restored to the English throne in 1660 , he granted the chartered Province of Carolina to eight of his loyal friends , known as the Lords Proprietors , on March 24 , 1663 . It took seven years before the group arranged for settlement expeditions . In 1670 , Governor William Sayle brought over several shiploads of settlers from Bermuda , which lies due east of Charleston although closer to Cape Hatteras in North Carolina . These settlers established Charles Town at Albemarle Point on the west bank of the Ashley River a few miles northwest of the present - day city center . Charles Town became English - speaking America 's first comprehensively planned town with governance , settlement , and development to follow a visionary plan known as the Grand Model prepared for the Lords Proprietors by John Locke . Because the Carolina 's Fundamental Constitutions was never ratified , however , Charles Town was never incorporated during the colonial period . The British Crown did not approve the one attempt to do so in the 1720s . Instead , local ordinances were passed by the provincial government , with day - to - day administration handled by the wardens and vestries of St Philip 's and St Michael 's Anglican parishes . At the time of contact , the area was inhabited by the Cusabo Indians . The settlers declared war on them in October 1671 . The Charlestonians initially allied with the Westo , a slaving northern tribe that had grown powerful trading for guns with the colonists in Virginia . The Westo had made enemies of nearly every other tribe in the region , however , and the English turned on them in 1679 . Destroying the Westo by 1680 , the settlers were able to use their improved relations with the Cusabo and other tribes to trade , recapture runaway slaves , and engage in slaving raids of Spanish - allied areas . The Earl of Shaftesbury , one of the Lords Proprietors , proclaimed that it would soon become a `` great port towne '' . Instead , the initial settlement quickly dwindled away and disappeared while another village -- established by the settlers on Oyster Point at the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers around 1672 -- thrived ; this settlement formally replaced the original Charles Town in 1680 . ( The original site is now commemorated as Charles Towne Landing . ) Not only was this location more defensible , but it also offered access to a fine natural harbor , which accommodated trade with the West Indies . The new town was the 5th - largest in North America by 1690 . On Carolina 's southern coast , transportation between the early communities by river and sea was so convenient that Charleston was the only court needed until the late 1750s , but difficulty in transport and communications with the north meant its settlers were effectively independent of Charles Town as late as the governorship of Philip Ludwell ; even then , the north was controlled through an appointed deputy governor . On December 7 , 1710 , the Lords Proprietors decided to separate the Province of North Carolina from Charles Town 's government , although they continued to own and control both regions . A smallpox outbreak hit in 1698 , followed by an earthquake in February 1699 whose ensuing fire destroyed about a third of the town . During rebuilding , a yellow fever outbreak killed about 15 % of the remaining inhabitants . Charles Town suffered between 5 and 8 major yellow fever outbreaks over the first half of the 18th century . It developed a deserved reputation as one of the least healthy locations in British North America for whites , although mistaken observations over the period led some doctors to think that blacks had a natural immunity to the disease . Both black and white locals appear to have developed a general immunity to the disease by 1750 , with future outbreaks ( lasting until 1871 ) tending to kill only new arrivals , prompting its local name as `` stranger 's fever '' . Malaria -- locally known as `` country fever '' since yellow fever was largely confined to Charles Town and the coast -- was endemic . Although it did not have the high fatalities of yellow fever , it caused much illness and was also a major health problem through most of the city 's history before dying out in the 1950s after use of pesticides . Herman Moll 's 1733 Town and Harbour of Charles Town in South Carolina , showing the town 's defensive walls . Charles Town was fortified according to a plan developed in 1704 under Governor Nathaniel Johnson . The early settlement was often subject to attack from sea and land . Both Spain and France contested England 's claims to the region . Native Americans and pirates both raided it , though the Yamasee War of the 1710s did not quite reach it . Charles Town was besieged by the pirate `` Blackbeard '' for several days in May 1718 ; his pirates plundered merchant ships and seized the passengers and crew of the Crowley . Blackbeard released his hostages and left in exchange for a chest of medicine from Governor Robert Johnson . Around 1719 , the town 's name began to be generally written Charlestown and , excepting those fronting the Cooper River , the old walls were largely removed over the next decade . Charlestown was a center for inland colonization of South Carolina , but remained the southernmost point of English settlement on the American mainland until the Province of Georgia was established in 1732 . The first settlers primarily came from England and its colonies on Barbados and Bermuda . The latter planters brought African slaves with them who had been purchased in the islands . Early immigrants to the city included Protestant French , Scottish , Irish , and Germans , as well as hundreds of Jews , predominately Sephardi from England and the Netherlands . As late as 1830 , Charleston 's Jewish community was the largest and wealthiest in America . Because of the struggles of the English Reformation and particularly because the papacy long recognized James II 's son as the rightful king of England , Scotland , and Ireland , Roman Catholics were prohibited from settling in South Carolina throughout the colonial period . ( Catholic emancipation did not proceed in earnest until after the onset of the American Revolution . ) By 1708 , however , the majority of the colony 's population were black Africans . They had been brought to Charlestown on the Middle Passage , first as `` servants '' and then as slaves . Of the estimated 400,000 Africans transported to North America for sale as slaves , 40 % are thought to have landed at Sullivan 's Island off Charlestown , a `` hellish Ellis Island of sorts '' , where they were held in a structure of 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) by 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) called the lazaretto or pest - house for a minimum of 10 days . This structure was demolished at the end of the 18th century . As there is no official monument , the writer Toni Morrison organized a privately funded commemorative bench . The Bakongo , Mbundu , Wolof , Mende , and Malinke peoples formed the largest groups of Africans brought through here . Free people of color also arrived from the West Indies , where wealthy whites took black consorts and color lines were ( especially early on ) looser among the working class . In 1767 Gadsden 's Wharf was constructed at the city port on the Cooper River ; it ultimately extended 840 feet and was able to accommodate six ships at a time . Many slaves were sold from here . Devoted to plantation agriculture , the state of South Carolina had a black majority from the colonial period until after the Great Migration of the early 20th century . Rainbow Row 's 13 houses along East Bay Street formed the commercial center of the town from the colonial period through the early 20th century . At the foundation of the town , the principal items of commerce were pine timber and pitch for ships and tobacco . The early economy developed around the deerskin trade , in which colonists used alliances with the Cherokee and Creek peoples to secure the raw material used for Europeans ' buckskin pants , gloves , and bookbindings . Records show an average annual export of 54,000 skins for the years from 1699 to 1715 . During the height of the trade from 1739 to 1761 , 5,239,350 lb ( 2,376,530 kg ) of deerskin were exported through Charlestown , representing between 0.5 -- 1.25 million deer . To a lesser extent , beaver pelts were also exported . At the same time , Indians were used to enslave one another . From 1680 to 1720 , approximately 40,000 native men , women , and children were sold through the port , principally to the West Indies but also to Boston and other cities in British North America . The Lowcountry planters did not keep Indian slaves , considering them too prone to escape or revolt , and instead used the proceeds of their sale to purchase black African slaves for their own plantations . The slaveraiding -- and the European firearms it introduced -- helped destabilize Spanish Florida and French Louisiana in the 1700s during the War of the Spanish Succession . But it also provoked the Yamasee War of the 1710s that nearly destroyed the colony , after which they largely abandoned the Indian slave trade . The area 's unsuitability for tobacco prompted the Lowcountry planters to experiment with other cash crops . The profitability of growing rice led the planters to pay premiums for slaves from the `` Rice Coast '' who knew its cultivation ; their descendants make up the Gullah . Slaves imported from the Caribbean showed the planter George Lucas 's daughter Eliza how to raise and use indigo for dyeing in 1747 . Within three years , British subsidies and high demand had already made it a leading export . Throughout this period , the slaves were sold aboard the arriving ships or at ad hoc gatherings in town 's taverns . Runaways and minor rebellions prompted the 1739 Security Act requiring all white men to carry weapons at all times ( even to church on Sundays ) , but before it had fully taken effect , the Cato or Stono Rebellion broke out . The white community had recently been decimated by a malaria outbreak and the rebels killed about 25 white people before being stopped by the colonial militia ; the rebellion resulted in whites killing 35 to 50 black people . The planters attributed the violence to recently imported Africans and agreed to a 10 - year moratorium on slave importation through Charlestown , relying on the communities they already possessed . The 1740 Negro Act also tightened controls , requiring one white for every ten blacks on any plantation and banning slaves from assembling together , growing their own food , earning money , or learning to read . Drums were banned owing to Africans ' use of them for signaling , although slaves continued to be permitted string and other instruments . When the moratorium expired and Charlestown reopened to the slave trade in 1750 , the memory of the Stono Rebellion meant that traders avoided purchasing slaves from the Congo and Angola . By the mid-18th century , Charlestown , described as `` the Jerusalem of American slavery , its capital and center of faith '' , was the hub of the Atlantic trade of England 's southern colonies . Even with the decade - long moratorium , its customs processed around 40 % of the African slaves brought to North America between 1700 and 1775 . and about half up until the end of the African trade . From 1767 , many were sold from the newly constructed Gadsden 's Wharf , where six slave ships at a time could tie up . The plantations and the economy based on them made this the wealthiest city in British North America and the largest in population south of Philadelphia . In 1770 , the city 's 11,000 inhabitants -- half slaves -- made it the 4th - largest port after Boston , New York , and Philadelphia . The elite used this wealth to create cultural and social development . America 's first theater building was constructed here in 1736 ; it was later replaced by today 's Dock Street Theater . St Michael 's was erected in 1753 . Benevolent societies were formed by the Huguenots , free people of color , Germans , and Jews . The Library Society was established in 1748 by well - born young men who wanted to share the financial cost to keep up with the scientific and philosophical issues of the day . This group also helped establish the town 's college in 1770 , the first in the colony . Until it was acquired by the state university system in 1970 , the College of Charleston was the oldest municipally supported college in the United States . American Revolution ( 1776 -- 1783 ) ( edit ) Charlestown and environs in 1780 Delegates for the Continental Congress were elected in 1774 , and South Carolina declared its independence from Britain on the steps of the Exchange . As part of the Southern theater of the American Revolution , the British attacked the town in force three times , generally assuming that the settlement had a large base of Loyalists who would rally to their cause once given some military support . The loyalty of the white southerners had largely been forfeited , however , by British legal cases ( such as the 1772 Somerset case which marked the prohibition of slavery in England and Wales ; a significant milestone in the Abolitionist struggle ) and military tactics ( such as Dunmore 's Proclamation in 1775 ) that promised the emancipation of the planter 's slaves ; these efforts did however , unsurprisingly win the allegiance of thousands of Black Loyalists . The Battle of Sullivan 's Island saw the British fail to capture a partially constructed palmetto palisade from Col. Moultrie 's militia regiment on June 28 , 1776 ; this was the British Royal Navy 's first defeat in a century . The Liberty Flag used by Moultrie 's men formed the basis of the later South Carolina flag , and the victory 's anniversary continues to be commemorated as Carolina Day . Making the capture of Charlestown their chief priority , the British sent Gen. Clinton , who began his siege of Charleston on April 1 , 1780 with about 14,000 troops and 90 ships . Bombardment began on March 11 . The rebels , led by Gen. Lincoln , had about 5,500 men and inadequate fortifications to repel the forces against them . After the British cut his supply lines and lines of retreat at the battles of Monck 's Corner and Lenud 's Ferry , Lincoln 's surrender on May 12 became the greatest American defeat of the war . The British continued to hold Charlestown for over a year following their defeat at Yorktown in 1781 , although they alienated local elites by refusing to restore full civil government . General Nathanael Greene had entered the state after Cornwallis 's pyrrhic victory at Guilford Courthouse and kept the area under a kind of siege . General Alexander Leslie , commanding Charlestown , requested a truce in March 1782 to purchase food for his garrison and the town 's inhabitants . Greene refused and formed a brigade under Mordecai Gist to oppose British forays . One such foray in August led to a British victory at the Combahee River , but Charlestown was finally evacuated in December 1782 . Gen. Greene presented the leaders of the town with the Moultrie Flag . From the summer of 1782 , French planters fleeing the Haitian Revolution began arriving in the port with their slaves . The major outbreak of yellow fever that occurred in Philadelphia the next year probably spread there from an epidemic these refugees brought to Charleston , although it was not publicly reported at the time . Over the 19th century , the health officials and newspapers of the town came under repeated criticism from Northerners , fellow Southerners , and one another for covering up epidemics as long as possible in order to keep up the city 's maritime traffic . The distrust and mortal risk meant that between July and October each year communication nearly shut down between the city and the surrounding countryside , which was less susceptible to yellow fever . Antebellum Era ( 1783 -- 1861 ) ( edit ) Former German Fire Co . Engine House and Old Slave Mart Museum built 1859 , 8 & 6 Chalmers St. , respectively Edmondston - Alston House ( built 1828 ) by the Battery with carriage tour Charleston home near the Battery The spelling Charleston was adopted in 1783 as part of the city 's formal incorporation . Although Columbia replaced it as the state capital in 1788 , Charleston became even more prosperous as Eli Whitney 's 1793 invention of the cotton gin sped the processing of the crop over 50 times . The development made short - staple cotton profitable and opened the upland Piedmont region to slave - based cotton plantations , previously restricted to the Sea Islands and Lowcountry . Britain 's Industrial Revolution -- initially built upon its textile industry -- took up the extra production ravenously and cotton became Charleston 's major export commodity in the 19th century . The Bank of South Carolina , the second - oldest building in the nation to be constructed as a bank , was established in 1798 . Branches of the First and Second Bank of the United States were also located in Charleston in 1800 and 1817 . Throughout the Antebellum Period , Charleston continued to be the only major American city with a majority - slave population . The city widespread use of slaves as workers was a frequent subject of writers and visitors : a merchant from Liverpool noted in 1834 that `` almost all the working population are Negroes , all the servants , the carmen & porters , all the people who see at the stalls in Market , and most of the Journeymen in trades '' . American traders had been prohibited from equipping the Atlantic slave trade in 1794 and all importation of slaves was banned in 1808 , but American ships long refused to permit British inspection , and smuggling remained common . Much more important was the domestic slave trade , which boomed as the Deep South was developed in new cotton plantations . As a result of the trade , there was a forced migration of more than one million slaves from the Upper South to the Lower South in the antebellum years . During the early 19th century , the first dedicated slave markets were founded in Charleston , mostly near Chalmers & State streets . Many domestic slavers used Charleston as a port in what was called the coastwise trade , traveling to such ports as Mobile and New Orleans . Slave ownership was the primary marker of class and even the town 's freedmen and free people of color typically kept slaves if they had the wealth to do so . Visitors commonly remarked on the sheer number of blacks in Charleston and their seeming freedom of movement , though in fact -- mindful of the Stono Rebellion and the violent slave revolution that established Haiti -- the whites closely regulated the behavior of both slaves and free people of color . Wages and hiring practices were fixed , identifying badges were sometimes required , and even work songs were sometimes censored . Punishment was handled out of sight by the city 's Work House , whose fees netting the municipal government thousands a year . In 1820 , a state law mandated that each individual act of freeing a slave henceforth legislative approval , effectively halting the practice . The effects of slavery were pronounced on white society as well . The high cost of 19th - century slaves and their high rate of return combined to institute an oligarchic society controlled by about ninety interrelated families , where 4 % of the free population controlled half of the wealth , and the lower half of the free population -- unable to compete with owned or rented slaves -- held no wealth at all . The white middle class was minimal : Charlestonians generally disparaged hard work as the lot of slaves . All the slaveholders taken together held 82 % of the city 's wealth and almost all non-slaveholders were poor . Olmsted considered their civic elections `` entirely contests of money and personal influence '' and the oligarchs dominated civic planning : the lack of public parks and amenities was noted , as was the abundance of private gardens in the wealthy 's walled estates . In the 1810s , the town 's churches intensified their discrimination against their black parishioners , culminating in Bethel Methodist 's 1817 construction of a hearse house over its black burial ground . 4,376 black Methodists joined Morris Brown in establishing Hampstead Church , the African Methodist Episcopal church now known as Mother Emanuel . State and city laws prohibited black literacy , limited black worship to daylight hours , and required a majority of any church 's parishioners be white . In June 1818 , 140 black church members at Hampstead Church were arrested and eight of its leaders given fines and ten lashes ; police raided the church again in 1820 and leaned on it in 1821 . In 1822 , members of the church , led by Denmark Vesey , a lay preacher and carpenter who had bought his freedom after winning a lottery , planned an uprising and escape to Haiti -- initially for Bastille Day -- that failed when one slave revealed the plot to his master . Over the next month , the city 's intendant ( mayor ) James Hamilton Jr. organized a militia for regular patrols , initiated a secret and extrajudicial tribunal to investigate , and hanged 35 and exiled 35 or 37 slaves to Spanish Cuba for their involvement . In a sign of Charleston 's antipathy to abolitionists , a white co-conspirator pled for leniency from the court on the grounds that his involvement had been motivated only by greed and not by any sympathy with the slaves ' cause . Governor Thomas Bennett Jr. had pressed for more compassionate and Christian treatment of slaves but his own had been found involved Vesey 's planned uprising . Hamilton was able to successfully campaign for more restrictions on both free and enslaved blacks : South Carolina required free black sailors to be imprisoned while their ships were in Charleston Harbor though international treaties eventually required the United States to quash the practice ; free blacks were banned from returning to the state if they left for any reason ; slaves were given a 9 : 15 pm curfew ; the city razed Hampstead Church to the ground and erected a new arsenal . This structure later was the basis of the Citadel 's first campus . The AME congregation built a new church but in 1834 the city banned it and all black worship services , following Nat Turner 's 1831 rebellion in Virginia . The estimated 10 % of slaves who came to America as Muslims never had a separate mosque . Slaveholders sometimes provided them with beef rations in place of pork in recognition of religious traditions . In 1832 , South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification , a procedure by which a state could , in effect , repeal a federal law ; it was directed against the most recent tariff acts . Soon , federal soldiers were dispensed to Charleston 's forts , and five United States Coast Guard cutters were detached to Charleston Harbor `` to take possession of any vessel arriving from a foreign port , and defend her against any attempt to dispossess the Customs Officers of her custody until all the requirements of law have been complied with . '' This federal action became known as the Charleston incident . The state 's politicians worked on a compromise law in Washington to gradually reduce the tariffs . On 27 April 1838 , a massive fire broke out around 9 : 00 in the evening . It raged until noon the next day , damaging over 1,000 buildings , a loss estimated at $3 million at the time . In efforts to put the fire out , all the water in the city pumps was used up . The fire ruined businesses , several churches , a new theater , and the entire market except for the fish section . Most famously , Charleston 's Trinity Church was burned . Another important building that fell victim was the new hotel that had been recently built . Many houses were burnt to the ground . The damaged buildings amounted to about one - fourth of all the businesses in the main part of the city . The fire rendered penniless many who were wealthy . Several prominent store owners died attempting to save their establishments . When the many homes and business were rebuilt or repaired , a great cultural awakening occurred . In many ways , the fire helped put Charleston on the map as a great cultural and architectural center . Previous to the fire , only a few homes were styled as Greek Revival ; many residents decided to construct new buildings in that style after the conflagration . This tradition continued and made Charleston one of the foremost places to view Greek Revival architecture . The Gothic Revival also made a significant appearance in the construction of many churches after the fire that exhibited picturesque forms and reminders of devout European religion . By 1840 , the Market Hall and Sheds , where fresh meat and produce were brought daily , became a hub of commercial activity . The slave trade also depended on the port of Charleston , where ships could be unloaded and the slaves bought and sold . The legal importation of African slaves had ended in 1808 , although smuggling was significant . However , the domestic trade was booming . More than one million slaves were transported from the Upper South to the Deep South in the antebellum years , as cotton plantations were widely developed through what became known as the Black Belt . Many slaves were transported in the coastwise slave trade , with slave ships stopping at ports such as Charleston . Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) ( edit ) Main article : Charleston in the American Civil War Two 10 '' Columbiads guarding the Battery in 1863 . The ruins of Charleston in 1865 , following major fires in 1861 and at the evacuation of the Confederates . The 1932 monument in the Battery honoring the Confederate defenders of Fort Sumter . Following the election of Abraham Lincoln , the South Carolina General Assembly voted on December 20 , 1860 to secede from the Union . On December 27 , Castle Pinckney was surrendered by its garrison to the state militia and , on January 9 , 1861 , Citadel cadets opened fire on the USS Star of the West as it entered Charleston Harbor . The first full battle of the American Civil War occurred on April 12 , 1861 when shore batteries under the command of General Beauregard opened fire on the US Army - held Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor . After a 34 - hour bombardment , Major Robert Anderson surrendered the fort . On December 11 , 1861 , an enormous fire burned over 500 acres ( 200 ha ) of the city . Union control of the sea permitted the repeated bombardment of the city , causing vast damage . Although Admiral Du Pont 's naval assault on the town 's forts in April 1863 failed , the Union navy 's blockade shut down most commercial traffic . Over the course of the war , some blockade runners got through but not a single one made it into or out of the Charleston Harbor between August 1863 and March 1864 . The early submarine H.L. Hunley made a night attack on the USS Housatonic on February 17 , 1864 . General Gillmore 's land assault in July 1864 was unsuccessful but the fall of Columbia and advance of General William T. Sherman 's army through the state prompted the Confederates to evacuate the town on February 17 , 1865 , burning the public buildings , cotton warehouses , and other sources of supply before their departure . Union troops moved into the city within the month . The War Department recovered what federal property remained and also confiscated the campus of the Citadel Military Academy and used it as a federal garrison for the next 17 years . The facilities were finally returned to the state and reopened as a military college in 1882 under the direction of Lawrence E. Marichak . Postbellum ( 1865 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) After the defeat of the Confederacy , federal forces remained in Charleston during Reconstruction . The war had shattered the city 's prosperity , but the African - American population surged ( from 17,000 in 1860 to over 27,000 in 1880 ) as freedmen moved from the countryside to the major city . Blacks quickly left the Southern Baptist Church and resumed open meetings of the African Methodist Episcopal and AME Zion churches . They purchased dogs , guns , liquor , and better clothes -- all previously banned -- and ceased yielding the sidewalks to whites . Despite the efforts of the state legislature to halt manumissions , Charleston had already had a large class of free people of color as well . At the onset of the war , the city had 3,785 free people of color , many of mixed race , making up about 18 % of the city 's black population and 8 % of its total population . Many were educated and practiced skilled crafts ; they quickly became leaders of South Carolina 's Republican Party and its legislators . Men who had been free people of color before the war comprised 26 % of those elected to state and federal office in South Carolina from 1868 to 1876 . By the late 1870s , industry was bringing the city and its inhabitants back to a renewed vitality ; new jobs attracted new residents . As the city 's commerce improved , residents worked to restore or create community institutions . In 1865 , the Avery Normal Institute was established by the American Missionary Association as the first free secondary school for Charleston 's African American population . Gen. Sherman lent his support to the conversion of the United States Arsenal into the Porter Military Academy , an educational facility for former soldiers and boys left orphaned or destitute by the war . Porter Military Academy later joined with Gaud School and is now a university - preparatory school , Porter - Gaud School . In 1875 , blacks made up 57 % of the city 's and 73 % of the county 's population . With leadership by members of the antebellum free black community , historian Melinda Meeks Hennessy described the community as `` unique '' in being able to defend themselves without provoking `` massive white retaliation '' , as occurred in numerous other areas during Reconstruction . In the 1876 election cycle , two major riots between black Republicans and white Democrats occurred in the city , in September and the day after the election in November , as well as a violent incident in Cainhoy at an October joint discussion meeting . Violent incidents occurred throughout the Piedmont of the state as white insurgents struggled to maintain white supremacy in the face of social changes after the war and granting of citizenship to freedmen by federal constitutional amendments . After former Confederates were allowed to vote again , election campaigns from 1872 on were marked by violent intimidation of blacks and Republicans by white Democratic paramilitary groups , known as the Red Shirts . Violent incidents took place in Charleston on King Street in September 6 and in nearby Cainhoy on October 15 , both in association with political meetings before the 1876 election . The Cainhoy incident was the only one statewide in which more whites were killed than blacks . The Red Shirts were instrumental in suppressing the black Republican vote in some areas in 1876 and narrowly electing Wade Hampton as governor , and taking back control of the state legislature . Another riot occurred in Charleston the day after the election , when a prominent Republican leader was mistakenly reported killed . On August 31 , 1886 , Charleston was nearly destroyed by an earthquake . The shock was estimated to have a moment magnitude of 7.0 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of X ( Extreme ) . It was felt as far away as Boston to the north , Chicago and Milwaukee to the northwest , as far west as New Orleans , as far south as Cuba , and as far east as Bermuda . It damaged 2,000 buildings in Charleston and caused $6 million worth of damage ( $146 million in 2016 dollars ) , at a time when all the city 's buildings were valued around $24 million ( $585 million in 2016 dollars ) . Investment in the city continued . The William Enston Home , a planned community for the city 's aged and infirm , was built in 1889 . An elaborate public building , the United States Post Office and Courthouse , was completed by the federal government in 1896 in the heart of the city . The Democrat - dominated state legislature passed a new constitution in 1895 that disfranchised blacks , effectively excluding them entirely from the political process , a second - class status that was maintained for more than six decades in a state that was majority black until about 1930 . Charleston 's tourism boom began in earnest following the publication of Albert Simons and Samuel Lapham 's Architecture of Charleston in the 1920s . Contemporary Era ( 1945 -- present ) ( edit ) A Charleston street Charleston languished economically for several decades in the 20th century , though the large federal military presence in the region helped to shore up the city 's economy . The Charleston Hospital Strike of 1969 , in which mostly black workers protested discrimination and low wages , was one of the last major events of the civil rights movement . It attracted Ralph Abernathy , Coretta Scott King , Andrew Young , and other prominent figures to march with the local leader , Mary Moultrie . Its story is recounted in Tom Dent 's book Southern Journey ( 1996 ) . Joseph P. Riley Jr. was elected mayor in the 1970s , and helped advance several cultural aspects of the city . Riley worked to revive Charleston 's economic and cultural heritage . The last 30 years of the 20th century had major new investments in the city , with a number of municipal improvements and a commitment to historic preservation to restore the city 's unique fabric . There was an effort to preserve working - class housing of African Americans on the historic peninsula , but the neighborhood has gentrified , with rising prices and rents . From 1980 to 2010 , the peninsula 's population has shifted from two - thirds black to two - thirds white ; in 2010 residents numbered 20,668 whites to 10,455 blacks . Many African Americans have moved to the less - expensive suburbs in these decades . The city 's commitments to investment were not slowed down by Hurricane Hugo and continue to this day . The eye of Hurricane Hugo came ashore at Charleston Harbor in 1989 , and though the worst damage was in nearby McClellanville , three - quarters of the homes in Charleston 's historic district sustained damage of varying degrees . The hurricane caused over $2.8 billion in damage . The city was able to rebound fairly quickly after the hurricane and has grown in population , reaching an estimated 124,593 residents in 2009 . In 1993 , the city was further impacted economically by the end of the Cold War when a decision of the Base Realignment and Closure Commission ( BRAC ) directed that Naval Base Charleston be closed and that its surface ships and nuclear - powered submarines be relocated to other homeports , primarily Naval Station Norfolk , Virginia and Naval Station Mayport , Florida . Pursuant to BRAC action , Naval Base Charleston was closed on April 1 , 1996 , although some activities remain under the cognizance of Naval Support Activity Charleston , now part of Joint Base Charleston . On June 17 , 2015 , 21 - year - old Dylann Roof entered the historic Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church and sat in on part of a Bible study before shooting and killing nine people . Senior pastor Clementa Pinckney , who also served as a state senator , was among those killed during the attack . The deceased also included congregation members Susie Jackson , 87 ; Rev. Daniel Simmons Sr. , 74 ; Ethel Lance , 70 ; Myra Thompson , 59 ; Cynthia Hurd , 54 ; Rev. Depayne Middleton - Doctor , 49 ; Rev. Sharonda Coleman - Singleton , 45 ; and Tywanza Sanders , 26 . The attack garnered national attention , and sparked a debate on historical racism , Confederate symbolism in Southern states , and gun violence , in part based on Roof 's online postings . On July 10 , 2015 , the Confederate battle flag was removed from the South Carolina State House . A memorial service on the campus of the College of Charleston was attended by President Barack Obama , Michelle Obama , Vice President Joe Biden , Jill Biden , and Speaker of the House John Boehner . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1790 16,359 -- 1800 18,824 15.1 % 1810 24,711 31.3 % 1820 24,780 0.3 % 1830 30,289 22.2 % 1840 29,261 − 3.4 % 1850 42,985 46.9 % 1860 40,522 − 5.7 % 1870 48,956 20.8 % 1880 49,984 2.1 % 1890 54,955 9.9 % 1900 55,807 1.6 % 1910 58,833 5.4 % 1920 67,957 15.5 % 1930 62,265 − 8.4 % 1940 71,275 14.5 % 1950 70,174 − 1.5 % 1960 60,288 − 14.1 % 1970 66,945 11.0 % 1980 69,779 4.2 % 80,414 15.2 % 2000 96,650 20.2 % 120,083 24.2 % Est. 2017 138,036 15.0 % U.S. Decennial Census 2016 Estimate In 2010 , the racial makeup of Charleston was 70.2 % White , 25.4 % African American , 1.6 % Asian , and 1.5 % of two or more races ; in addition , 2.9 % of the population was Hispanic or Latino , of any race . Language ( edit ) Given Charleston 's high concentration of African Americans who spoke the Gullah language , a creole language that developed on the Sea Islands and in the Low Country , the local speech patterns were also influenced by this community . Today , Gullah is still spoken by many African American residents . However , rapid development since 1980 , especially on the surrounding Sea Islands , has attracted residents from outside the area and led to a decline in Gullah 's prominence . The traditional educated Charleston accent has long been noted in the state and throughout the South . It is typically heard in wealthy white families who trace their families back generations in the city . It has ingliding or monophthongal long mid-vowels , raises ay and aw in certain environments , and is nonrhotic . Sylvester Primer of the College of Charleston wrote about aspects of the local dialect in his late 19th - century works : `` Charleston Provincialisms '' ( 1887 ) and `` The Huguenot Element in Charleston 's Provincialisms '' , published in a German journal . He believed the accent was based on the English as it was spoken by the earliest settlers , therefore derived from Elizabethan England and preserved with modifications by Charleston speakers . The rapidly disappearing `` Charleston accent '' is still noted in the local pronunciation of the city 's name . Some elderly ( and usually upper - class ) Charleston natives ignore the ' r ' and elongate the first vowel , pronouncing the name as `` Chah - l - ston '' . Religion ( edit ) Charleston is known as `` The Holy City . '' Despite beliefs that the term dates to the city 's earliest days and refers to its religiously tolerant culture , the term was coined in the 20th century , likely as a mockery of Charlestonians ' self - satisfied attitude about their city . Regardless of the nickname 's origination , residents have embraced the term and explained it in more flattering terms . The Anglican church was dominant in the colonial era , and the Cathedral of St. Luke and St. Paul is today the seat of the Diocese of South Carolina . Many French Huguenot refugees settled in Charleston in the early 18th century . The Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church is the oldest African Methodist Episcopal church in the Southern United States and houses the oldest black congregation south of Baltimore , Maryland . South Carolina has long allowed Jews to practice their faith without restriction . Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim , founded in 1749 by Sephardic Jews from London , is the fourth - oldest Jewish congregation in the continental United States and was an important site for the development of Reform Judaism . Brith Sholom Beth Israel is the oldest Orthodox synagogue in the South , founded by Sam Berlin and other Ashkenazi German and Central European Jews in the mid-19th century . The city 's oldest Roman Catholic parish , Saint Mary of the Annunciation Roman Catholic Church , is the mother church of Roman Catholicism in North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia . In 1820 , Charleston was established as the see city of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston , which at the time comprised the Carolinas and Georgia , and presently encompasses the state of South Carolina . Churches in Charleston The French Protestant Huguenot Church ( 1844 ) St. Matthew 's German Evangelical Lutheran Church The Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. John the Baptist Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church The German St. Johannes Lutheran Church St. Philip 's Episcopal Church First Scots Presbyterian Church St. Michael 's on Broad Street Culture ( edit ) Charleston is known for its unique culture , which blends traditional Southern U.S. , English , French , and West African elements . The downtown peninsula has gained a reputation for its art , music , local cuisine , and fashion . Spoleto Festival USA , held annually in late spring , has become one of the world 's major performing arts festivals . It was founded in 1977 by Pulitzer Prize - winning composer Gian Carlo Menotti , who sought to establish a counterpart to the Festival dei Due Mondi ( the Festival of Two Worlds ) in Spoleto , Italy . Charleston 's oldest community theater group , the Footlight Players , has provided theatrical productions since 1931 . A variety of performing arts venues includes the historic Dock Street Theatre . The annual Charleston Fashion Week held each spring in Marion Square brings in designers , journalists , and clients from across the nation . Charleston is known for its local seafood , which plays a key role in the city 's renowned cuisine , comprising staple dishes such as gumbo , she - crab soup , fried oysters , Lowcountry boil , deviled crab cakes , red rice , and shrimp and grits . Rice is the staple in many dishes , reflecting the rice culture of the Low Country . The cuisine in Charleston is also strongly influenced by British and French elements . Annual cultural events and fairs ( edit ) Charleston annually hosts Spoleto Festival USA founded by Gian Carlo Menotti , a 17 - day art festival featuring over 100 performances by individual artists in a variety of disciplines . The Spoleto Festival is internationally recognized as America 's premier performing arts festival . The annual Piccolo Spoleto festival takes place at the same time and features local performers and artists , with hundreds of performances throughout the city . Other festivals and events include Historic Charleston Foundation 's Festival of Houses and Gardens and Charleston Antiques Show , the Taste of Charleston , The Lowcountry Oyster Festival , the Cooper River Bridge Run , The Charleston Marathon , Southeastern Wildlife Exposition ( SEWE ) , Charleston Food and Wine Festival , Charleston Fashion Week , the MOJA Arts Festival , and the Holiday Festival of Lights ( at James Island County Park ) , and the Charleston International Film Festival . The Charleston Conference is a major library industry event , held in the city center since 1980 . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music in Charleston As it has on every aspect of Charleston culture , the Gullah community has had a tremendous influence on music in Charleston , especially when it comes to the early development of jazz music . In turn , the music of Charleston has had an influence on that of the rest of the country . The geechee dances that accompanied the music of the dock workers in Charleston followed a rhythm that inspired Eubie Blake 's `` Charleston Rag '' and later James P. Johnson 's `` Charleston '' , as well as the dance craze that defined a nation in the 1920s . `` Ballin ' the Jack '' , which was a popular dance in the years before `` Charleston '' , was written by native Charlestonian Chris Smith . The Jenkins Orphanage was established in 1891 by the Rev. Daniel J. Jenkins in Charleston . The orphanage accepted donations of musical instruments and Rev. Jenkins hired local Charleston musicians and Avery Institute Graduates to tutor the boys in music . As a result , Charleston musicians became proficient on a variety of instruments and were able to read music expertly . These traits set Jenkins musicians apart and helped land some of them positions in big bands with Duke Ellington and Count Basie . William `` Cat '' Anderson , Jabbo Smith , and Freddie Green are but a few of the alumni from the Jenkins Orphanage band who became professional musicians in some of the best bands of the day . Orphanages around the country began to develop brass bands in the wake of the Jenkins Orphanage Band 's success . At the Colored Waif 's Home Brass Band in New Orleans , for example , a young trumpeter named Louis Armstrong first began to draw attention . As many as five bands were on tour during the 1920s . The Jenkins Orphanage Band played in the inaugural parades of Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Taft and toured the USA and Europe . The band also played on Broadway for the play `` Porgy '' by DuBose and Dorothy Heyward , a stage version of their novel of the same title . The story was based in Charleston and featured the Gullah community . The Heywards insisted on hiring the real Jenkins Orphanage Band to portray themselves on stage . Only a few years later , DuBose Heyward collaborated with George and Ira Gershwin to turn his novel into the now famous opera , Porgy and Bess ( so named so as to distinguish it from the play ) . George Gershwin and Heyward spent the summer of 1934 at Folly Beach outside of Charleston writing this `` folk opera '' , as Gershwin called it . Porgy and Bess is considered the Great American Opera and is widely performed . To this day , Charleston is home to many musicians in all genres . A unique showcase of Charleston 's musical heritage is presented weekly . `` The Sound of Charleston ... from gospel to Gershwin '' , is staged at the historic Circular Congregational Church . The Music Farm concert venue opened in Charleston on Ann Street in 1991 . Live theater ( edit ) Charleston has a vibrant theater scene and is home to America 's first theater . In 2010 , Charleston was listed as one of the country 's top 10 cities for theater , and one of the top two in the South . Most of the theaters are part of the League of Charleston Theatres , better known as Theatre Charleston . Some of the city 's theaters include : The Dock Street Theatre , opened in the 1930s on the site of America 's first purpose - built theater building , is home of the Charleston Stage Company , South Carolina 's largest professional theater company . Sottile Theater is on the campus of The College of Charleston . Museums , historical sites , and other attractions ( edit ) See also : Charleston Historic District The Calhoun Mansion at 16 Meeting Street was built in 1876 by George Williams , but derives its name from a later occupant , his grandson - in - law Patrick Calhoun . Nathaniel Russell House built 1808 Old Exchange and Provost Dungeon built 1767 on Broad St . Charleston has many historic buildings , art and historical museums , and other attractions , including : Halsey Institute of Contemporary Art at the College of Charleston is free a non-collecting contemporary arts organization . Their mission is to create meaningful interactions between adventurous artists and diverse communities within a context that emphasizes the historical , social , and cultural importance of the art of our time . Patriots Point Naval and Maritime Museum located in the nearby town of Mount Pleasant . It includes the aircraft carrier USS Yorktown ( CV - 10 ) , destroyer USS Laffey ( DD - 724 ) , submarine USS Clamagore ( SS - 343 ) , Cold War Submarine Memorial ( SSBN and SSN ) , Vietnam Support Base and Experience Exhibit , and Medal of Honor Museum . The Calhoun Mansion , a 24,000 - square - foot , 1876 Victorian home at 16 Meeting Street , is named for a grandson of John C. Calhoun who lived there with his wife , the builder 's daughter . The private house is periodically open for tours . The Charleston Museum , America 's first museum , was founded in 1773 . Its mission is to preserve and interpret the cultural and natural history of Charleston and the South Carolina Low Country . The Warren Lasch Conservation Center houses the very first successful submarine the CSS Hunley , which is on display while awaiting conservation . The Exchange and Provost was built in 1767 . The building , located on Broad Street , has served as a customhouse , mercantile exchange , and military prison and barracks . During the American Revolution , it was used as a prison by both the British and Continental armies ; later , it hosted events for George Washington in 1791 and the ratification of the U.S. Constitution in 1788 . It is operated as a museum by the Daughters of the American Revolution . The Powder Magazine is a 1713 gunpowder magazine and museum . It is the oldest surviving public building in South Carolina . The Gibbes Museum of Art , opened in 1905 , houses a premier collection of principally American works with a Charleston or Southern connection . The Fireproof Building houses the South Carolina Historical Society , a membership - based reference library open to the public . The Nathaniel Russell House is an important federal - style house . It is owned by the Historic Charleston Foundation and open to the public as a house museum . The Gov. William Aiken House , also known as the Aiken - Rhett House , is a home built in 1820 for William Aiken Jr . The Heyward - Washington House is a historic house museum owned and operated by the Charleston Museum . Furnished for the late 18th century , the house includes a collection of Charleston - made furniture . The Joseph Manigault House is a historic house museum owned and operated by the Charleston Museum . The house was designed by Gabriel Manigault and is significant for its Adam style architecture . The Market Hall and Sheds , also known as the City Market or simply the Market , stretch several blocks behind 188 Meeting Street . Market Hall was built in the 1841 and houses the Daughters of the Confederacy Museum . The sheds house some permanent stores , but are mainly occupied by open - air vendors . The Avery Research Center for African American History and Culture was established to collect , preserve , and make public the unique historical and cultural heritage of African Americans in Charleston and the South Carolina Low Country . Avery 's archival collections , museum exhibitions , and public programming reflect these diverse populations , as well as the wider African Diaspora . Fort Sumter , site of the first shots fired in the Civil War , is located in Charleston Harbor . The National Park Service maintains a visitor center for Fort Sumter at Liberty Square ( near the South Carolina Aquarium ) , and boat tours including the fort depart nearby . The Battery is an historic defensive seawall and promenade located at the tip of the peninsula along with White Point Garden , a park featuring several memorials and Civil War - era artillery pieces . Rainbow Row is an iconic strip of homes along the harbor that date back to the mid-18th century . Though the homes are not open to the public , they are one of the most photographed attractions in the city and are featured heavily in local art . Pineapple Fountain - Located in Charleston 's Waterfront Park , the fountain was placed here in 1990 during the spring time after Hurricane Hugo had hit . Pineapples are popular in Charleston as they are used as symbols of hospitality . Middleton Place , home to America 's Oldest Landscaped Gardens , was named `` the most important and most interesting garden in America '' . It is home to camellias that are hundreds of years old and hills of azaleas . It was planned so that there is something in bloom year - round . The house was built in 1755 , and was home to four generations of the Middleton Family . It still holds their exquisite furniture , and decorations . The same family has held ownership of the property for more than 320 years , and successfully keeps it in good condition so that visitors can appreciate its significance . The South Carolina Aquarium is Charleston 's # 1 family attraction . Visitors can come face - to - face with over 5000 wild animals , and anyone can touch the sharks and sting rays . There is a Sea Turtle Hospital where tourists can interact and learn . The mission of the aquarium is to inspire conservation of the natural world by exhibiting and caring for animals , by excelling in education and research , and by providing an exceptional visitor experience . The aquarium is a not - for - profit organization . Waterfront Park located on the Cooper River . This park was completed in May 1990 , and has many activities , such as taking a nice walk through the canopy of live oak trees and there are two fountains located in the park , where most children will play in . The park consists of 13 acres ( 5.3 hectares ) , therefore making it the ideal place to take a walk or even get some studying done , as the College of Charleston is very close . Old Slave Mart museum -- Located at 6 Chalmers St in the historic district is the first African American Museum . It has operated since 1938 . Sports ( edit ) MUSC Health Stadium , home of the Charleston Battery Charleston is home to a number of professional , minor league , and amateur sports teams : The Charleston Battery , a professional soccer team , plays in the United Soccer League . The Charleston Battery plays on Daniel Island at MUSC Health Stadium . The South Carolina Stingrays , a professional hockey team , plays in the ECHL . The Stingrays play in North Charleston at the North Charleston Coliseum . The Stingrays are an affiliate of the Washington Capitals and Hershey Bears . The Charleston RiverDogs , a Minor League Baseball team , plays in the South Atlantic League and are an affiliate of the New York Yankees . The RiverDogs play at Joseph P. Riley Jr . Park . The Charleston Outlaws RFC is a rugby union club in the Palmetto Rugby Union , USA Rugby South , and USA Rugby . It competes in Men 's Division II against the Cape Fear , Columbia , Greenville , and Charlotte `` B '' clubs . The club also hosts a rugby sevens tournament during Memorial Day weekend . The Charleston Gaelic Athletic Association is a Gaelic athletic club focusing on the sports of hurling and Gaelic football . The club competes in the Southeastern Division of the North American County Board of the GAA . The club hosts other division clubs in the Holy City Cup each spring . The Lowcountry Highrollers is a women 's flat - track roller derby league in the Charleston area . The league is a local member of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association . The Family Circle Tennis Center hosts major Women 's Tennis Association Events such as the Volvo Car Open . The facility is located on Daniel Island . Other notable sports venues in Charleston include Johnson Hagood Stadium ( home of The Citadel Bulldogs football team ) and Toronto Dominion Bank Arena at the College of Charleston , which seats 5,700 people who view the school 's basketball and volleyball teams . Books and films ( edit ) Main articles : Creative works set in Charleston , South Carolina and List of television shows and movies in Charleston , South Carolina Various books and films have been set in Charleston ; some of the best known works are listed below . In addition , Charleston is a popular filming location for movies and television , both in its own right and as a stand - in for Southern and / or historic settings . Porgy ( 1925 ) , by DuBose Heyward , adapted into the play in 1927 . George Gershwin 's folk opera Porgy and Bess ( 1935 ) , based on the novel Porgy , is set in Charleston and was partially written at Folly Beach , near Charleston . A film version was released in 1959 . North and South series of books by John Jakes , was partially set in Charleston . The North and South miniseries was partially set and filmed in Charleston . Part of the 1989 film Glory , starring Matthew Broderick , Denzel Washington , and Morgan Freeman , features the 1863 Second Battle of Fort Wagner on Morris Island . The movies Swamp Thing ( 1982 ) and The Lords of Discipline ( 1983 ) ( based on the novel by Pat Conroy ) were partly filmed in Charleston . Economy ( edit ) Charleston is a popular tourist destination , with a considerable number of hotels , inns , and bed and breakfasts , numerous restaurants featuring Lowcountry cuisine and shops . Charleston is also a notable art destination , named a top - 25 arts destination by AmericanStyle magazine . Commercial shipping is important to the economy . The city has two shipping terminals , owned and operated by the South Carolina Ports Authority , which are part of the fourth - largest container seaport on the East Coast and the thirteenth - largest container seaport in North America . Charleston is becoming a popular location for information technology jobs and corporations , and this sector has had the highest rate of growth between 2011 and 2012 , due in large part to the Charleston Digital Corridor . In 2013 , the Milken Institute ranked the Charleston region as the ninth - best performing economy in the US because of its growing IT sector . Notable companies include Blackbaud , SPARC , BoomTown , CSS , and Benefitfocus . In June 2017 , the mean sales price for a home in Charleston was $351,186 and the median price was $260,000 . Government ( edit ) Charleston City Hall is open to tourists for free historical tours . Shown during Spoleto Festival USA Charleston has a strong mayor - council government , with the mayor acting as the chief administrator and the executive officer of the municipality . The mayor also presides over city council meetings and has a vote , the same as other council members . The current mayor , since 2016 , is John Tecklenburg The council has 12 members who are each elected from single - member districts . In 2006 , Charleston 's residents voted against Amendment 1 , which sought to ban same - sex marriage in that state . Statewide , the measure passed by 78 % to 22 % , but the voters of Charleston rejected it by 3,563 ( 52 % ) to 3,353 votes ( 48 % ) . Fire Department ( edit ) Fire Department station houses for Engines 2 and 3 of the Charleston Fire Department The City of Charleston Fire Department consists over 300 full - time firefighters . These firefighters operate out of 20 companies located throughout the city : 16 engine companies , two tower companies , and one ladder company . Training , Fire Marshall , Operations , and Administration are the divisions of the department . The department operates on a 24 / 48 schedule and had a Class 1 ISO rating until late 2008 , when ISO officially lowered it to Class 3 . Russell ( Rusty ) Thomas served as Fire Chief until June 2008 , and was succeeded by Chief Thomas Carr in November 2008 . Police Department ( edit ) The City of Charleston Police Department , with a total of 458 sworn officers , 117 civilians , and 27 reserve police officers , is South Carolina 's largest police department . Their procedures on cracking down on drug use and gang violence in the city are used as models to other cities to do the same . According to the final 2005 FBI Crime Reports , Charleston crime level was worse than the national average in almost every major category . Greg Mullen , the former Deputy Chief of the Virginia Beach , Virginia Police Department , serves as the current Chief of the Charleston Police Department . The former Charleston police chief was Reuben Greenberg , who resigned August 12 , 2005 . Greenberg was credited with creating a polite police force that kept police brutality well in check , even as it developed a visible presence in community policing and a significant reduction in crime rates . Crime overall , declining since 1999 , has continued to decline in Charleston and in most major cities across the country since then . EMS and Medical centers ( edit ) Emergency medical services ( EMS ) for the city are provided by Charleston County Emergency Medical Services ( CCEMS ) & Berkeley County Emergency Medical Services ( BCEMS ) . The city is served by the EMS and 911 services of both Charleston and Berkeley counties since the city is part of both counties . Charleston is the primary medical center for the eastern portion of the state . The city has several major hospitals located in the downtown area : Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center ( MUSC ) , Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center , and Roper Hospital . MUSC is the state 's first school of medicine , the largest medical university in the state , and the sixth - oldest continually operating school of medicine in the United States . The downtown medical district is experiencing rapid growth of biotechnology and medical research industries coupled with substantial expansions of all the major hospitals . Additionally , more expansions are planned or underway at another major hospital located in the West Ashley portion of the city : Bon Secours - St Francis Xavier Hospital . The Trident Regional Medical Center located in the City of North Charleston and East Cooper Regional Medical Center located in Mount Pleasant also serve the needs of residents of the city of Charleston . Coast Guard Station Charleston ( edit ) Coast Guard Station Charleston responds to search and rescue emergencies , conducts maritime law enforcement activities , and Ports , Waterways , and Coastal Security ( PWCS ) missions . Personnel from Station Charleston are highly trained professionals , composed of federal law enforcement officers , boat crewmen , and coxswains who are capable of completing a wide range of missions . Crime ( edit ) The following table shows Charleston 's crime rate for six crimes that Morgan Quitno uses to calculate the ranking of `` America 's most dangerous cities '' , in comparison to the national average . The statistics shown are for the number of crimes committed per 100,000 people . Crime Charleston ( 2011 ) National Average Murder 11.0 4.9 Rape 30.0 24.7 Robbery 162.0 133.4 Assault 195.0 160.5 Burglary 527.0 433.8 Theft 2,957.0 2,434.1 Auto thefts 270.0 222.3 Arson 6.0 4.9 Since 1999 , the overall crime rate of Charleston has declined markedly . The total crime index rate for Charleston in 1999 was 597.1 crimes committed per 100,000 people , while in 2011 , the total crime index rate was 236.4 per 100,000 . ( The United States average is 320.9 per 100,000 . ) Transportation ( edit ) Airport ( edit ) The City of Charleston is served by the Charleston International Airport . It is located in the City of North Charleston and is about 12 mi ( 19 km ) northwest of downtown Charleston . It is the busiest passenger airport in South Carolina ( IATA : CHS , ICAO : KCHS ) . The airport shares runways with the adjacent Charleston Air Force Base . Charleston Executive Airport is a smaller airport located in the John 's Island section of the city of Charleston and is used by noncommercial aircraft . Both airports are owned and operated by the Charleston County Aviation Authority . Rail ( edit ) Charleston is served by two daily Amtrak trains : The Palmetto and Silver Meteor at the Amtrak station located at 4565 Gaynor Avenue in the City of North Charleston located around 7.5 miles from downtown Charleston . Interstates and highways ( edit ) Interstate 26 ( I - 26 ) begins in downtown Charleston , with exits to the Septima Clark Expressway , the Arthur Ravenel Jr . Bridge and Meeting Street . Heading northwest , it connects the city to North Charleston , the Charleston International Airport , I - 95 , and Columbia . The Arthur Ravenel Jr . Bridge and Septima Clark Expressway are part of U.S. Route 17 ( US 17 ) , which travels east -- west through the cities of Charleston and Mount Pleasant . The Mark Clark Expressway , or I - 526 , is the bypass around the city and begins and ends at US 17 . US 52 is Meeting Street and its spur is East Bay Street , which becomes Morrison Drive after leaving the east side . This highway merges with King Street in the city 's Neck area ( industrial district ) . US 78 is King Street in the downtown area , eventually merging with Meeting Street . Major highways ( edit ) I - 26 ( eastern terminus is in Charleston ) I - 526 I - 526 Bus . US 17 US 52 ( eastern terminus is in Charleston ) US 52 Spur US 78 ( Eastern terminus is in Charleston ) SC 7 ( Sam Rittenberg Boulevard ) SC 30 ( James Island Expressway ) SC 61 ( St. Andrews Boulevard / Ashley River Road ) SC 171 ( Old Towne Road / Folly Road ) SC 461 ( Paul Cantrell Boulevard / Glenn McConnell Parkway ) SC 700 ( Maybank Highway ) Arthur Ravenel Jr . Bridge ( edit ) The Arthur Ravenel Jr . Bridge across the Cooper River opened on July 16 , 2005 , and was the second - longest cable - stayed bridge in the Americas at the time of its construction . The bridge links downtown Charleston with Mount Pleasant , and has eight lanes plus a 12 - foot lane shared by pedestrians and bicycles . It replaced the Grace Memorial Bridge ( built in 1929 ) and the Silas N. Pearman Bridge ( built in 1966 ) . They were considered two of the more dangerous bridges in America and were demolished after the Ravenel Bridge opened . The new Arthur Ravenel Jr . Bridge , constructed in 2005 and named after former U.S. Representative Arthur Ravenel Jr. , who pushed the project to fruition , was at the time of its construction the second longest cable - stayed bridge in the Western Hemisphere . City bus service ( edit ) The city is also served by a bus system , operated by the Charleston Area Regional Transportation Authority ( CARTA ) . Most of the urban area is served by regional fixed route buses , which are equipped with bike racks as part of the system 's Rack and Ride program . CARTA offers connectivity to historic downtown attractions and accommodations with the Downtown Area Shuttle trolley buses , and it offers curbside pickup for disabled passengers with its Tel - A-Ride buses . Rural parts of the city and metropolitan area are served by a different bus system , operated by Berkeley - Charleston - Dorchester Rural Transportation Management Association . The system is also commonly called the TriCounty Link . Port ( edit ) Main article : Port of Charleston Columbus Street Terminal viewed from the southwest The Port of Charleston , owned and operated by the South Carolina Ports Authority , is one of the largest ports in the United States , ranked in the top 25 by containerized cargo volume in 2014 . It consists of five terminals , and a sixth terminal was to open in 2018 . Despite occasional labor disputes , the port is ranked number one in customer satisfaction across North America by supply chain executives . Port activity at the two terminals located in the city of Charleston is one of the city 's leading sources of revenue , behind tourism . Today , the Port of Charleston boasts the deepest water in the southeast region and regularly handles ships too big to transit through the Panama Canal . A harbor - deepening project is currently underway to take the Port of Charleston 's entrance channel to 54 feet and harbor channel to 52 feet at mean low tide . With an average high tide of 6 feet , the depth clearances will become 60 feet and 58 feet , respectively . Union Pier , in the city of Charleston , is a cruise ship passenger terminal which hosts numerous cruise departures annually . In May 2010 , the Carnival Fantasy was permanently stationed in Charleston , offering weekly cruises to the Bahamas and Key West , eventually to include Bermuda . With the addition of the weekly Carnival Fantasy sailings , Union Terminal hosted 67 embarkations and ports of call in 2010 . With the closure of the Naval Base and the Charleston Naval Shipyard in 1996 , Detyens , Inc. signed a long term lease . With three dry docks , one floating dock , and six piers , Detyens Shipyard , Inc. is one of the largest commercial marine repair facilities on the East Coast . Projects include military , commercial , and cruise ships . Nearby cities and towns ( edit ) Town of Awendaw Town of Cottageville City of Folly Beach City of Hanahan City of Goose Creek Town of Harleyville Town of Hollywood City of Isle of Palms Town of James Island Town of McClellanville Town of Meggett Town of Mount Pleasant City of North Charleston Town of Ridgeville Town of Rockville Town of Sullivan 's Island Town of Summerville City of Walterboro Other outlying areas ( edit ) Cross Dewees Island Edisto Island James Island Johns Island Ladson Morris Island Wadmalaw Island Yonges Island Saint Stephen Parks ( edit ) Allan Park Bees Landing Park Brittlebank Park Cannon Park Charles Towne Landing State Park Concord Park Corrine Jones Playground Demetre Park Elliotborough Park and Community Garden Etiwan Park Hampstead Park Hampton Park Harmon Park Hazel Parker Playground Lenevar Park Marion Square Martin Park Mary Utsey Park McMahon Playground Mitchell Playground Moultrie Playground Northbridge Park Parkshore Park Theodora Park Vivian Anderson Moultrie Playground Washington Square Park Waterfront Park West Ashley Park White Point Garden Schools , colleges , and universities ( edit ) See also : List of schools in Charleston , South Carolina Because most of the city of Charleston is located in Charleston County , it is served by the Charleston County School District . Part of the city , however , is served by the Berkeley County School District in northern portions of the city , such as the Cainhoy Industrial District , Cainhoy Historical District and Daniel Island . Charleston is also served by a large number of independent schools , including Porter - Gaud School ( K - 12 ) , Charleston Collegiate School ( K - 12 ) , Ashley Hall ( Pre K - 12 ) , Charleston Day School ( 1 -- 8 ) , First Baptist Church School ( K - 12 ) , Palmetto Christian Academy ( K - 12 ) , Coastal Christian Preparatory School ( K - 12 ) , Mason Preparatory School ( K - 8 ) , and Addlestone Hebrew Academy ( K - 8 ) . The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston Office of Education also operates out of the city and oversees several K - 8 parochial schools , such as Blessed Sacrament School , Christ Our King School , Charleston Catholic School , Nativity School , and Divine Redeemer School , all of which are `` feeder '' schools into Bishop England High School , a diocesan high school within the city . Bishop England , Porter - Gaud School , and Ashley Hall are the city 's oldest and most prominent private schools , and are a significant part of Charleston history , dating back some 150 years . Public institutions of higher education in Charleston include the College of Charleston ( the nation 's 13th - oldest university ) , The Citadel , The Military College of South Carolina , and the Medical University of South Carolina . The city is also home to private universities , including the Charleston School of Law . Charleston is also home to the Roper Hospital School of Practical Nursing , and the city has a downtown satellite campus for the region 's technical school , Trident Technical College . Charleston is also the location for the only college in the country that offers bachelor 's degrees in the building arts , The American College of the Building Arts . The Art Institute of Charleston , located downtown on North Market Street , opened in 2007 . Higher education includes institutions such as the Medical University of South Carolina , College of Charleston , The Citadel , and Charleston School of Law . In addition , Charleston Southern University is located in nearby North Charleston . Armed forces ( edit ) Charleston , North Charleston , Goose Creek , and Hanahan are home to branches of the United States military . During the Cold War , the Naval Base ( 1902 -- 1996 ) became the third largest U.S. homeport , with 23,500 Navy and Marine personnel , and 13,200 civilians serving over 80 ships and submarines . In addition , the combined facilities of the Naval Base and Weapons Station created the largest U.S. submarine port . The Charleston Naval Shipyard repaired frigates , destroyers , cruisers , submarine tenders , and submarines . Also during this period , the shipyard conducted refueling of nuclear submarines . The Weapons Station was the Atlantic Fleet 's loadout base for all nuclear ballistic missile submarines . Two SSBN `` Boomer '' squadrons and a submarine tender were homeported at the Weapons Station , while one SSN attack squadron , Submarine Squadron 4 , and a submarine tender were homeported at the Naval Base . At the 1996 closure of the station 's Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic ( POMFLANT ) , over 2,500 nuclear warheads and their UGM - 27 Polaris , UGM - 73 Poseidon , and UGM - 96 Trident I delivery missiles ( SLBM ) were stored and maintained , guarded by a U.S. Marine Corps security force company . In 2010 , the Air Force base ( 3,877 acres ) and Naval Weapons Station ( > 17,000 acres ) merged to form Joint Base Charleston . Today , Joint Base Charleston , supporting 53 military commands and federal agencies , provides service to over 79,000 airmen , sailors , soldiers , Marines , coast guardsmen , Department of Defense civilians , dependents , and retirees . U.S. Coast Guard ( edit ) Coast Guard Maritime Law Enforcement Academy ( MLEA ) Coast Guard Sector Charleston ( District 7 ) Coast Guard Station Charleston ( Search and Rescue , Maritime Law Enforcement , Ports , Waterways , and Coastal Security ) Coast Guard Air Facility , Johns Island Coast Guard Eurocopter HH - 65 Dolphin , Johns Island USCGC Yellowfin , Marine Protector - class coastal patrol boat USCGC Anvil , Charleston ( Aids to Navigation ) USCGC Hamilton ( WMSL - 753 ) National Security Cutter , ( NSC ) USCGC James ( WMSL - 754 ) National Security Cutter , ( NSC ) Army ( edit ) United States Army Corps of Engineers , Charleston District Media ( edit ) Main article : Media in Charleston , South Carolina Broadcast Television ( edit ) Charleston is the nation 's 98th - largest Designated market area ( DMA ) , with 312,770 households and 0.27 % of the U.S. TV population . These stations are licensed in Charleston and have significant operations or viewers in the city : WCBD - TV ( 2 , NBC ) and ( 14 , CW ) : licensed in Charleston , owned by Nexstar Media Group , broadcast studios are located in Mount Pleasant WGWG ( 4 , Heroes & Icons ) : licensed in Charleston , formerly owned by Allbritton Communications , currently owned by Howard Stirk Holdings , broadcast studios are located in Mount Pleasant WCSC - TV ( 5 , CBS , Bounce TV , Grit ) : licensed in Charleston , owned by Raycom , broadcast studios are located in Charleston WITV ( 7 , PBS ) : licensed in Charleston , owned by South Carolina Educational Television , transmitter in Mount Pleasant WLCN - CD ( 18 , CTN ) licensed in Charleston , owned by Faith Assembly of God , broadcast studios are located in Summerville , South Carolina WTAT - TV ( 24 , Fox ) : licensed in Charleston , owned by Cunningham Broadcasting Company , broadcast studios are located in North Charleston WAZS - CD ( 29 , Azteca America Independent ) licensed in Charleston , owned by Jabar Communications , broadcast studios are located in North Charleston WJNI - CD ( 31 , America One Independent ) licensed in Charleston , owned by Jabar Communications , broadcast studios are located in North Charleston , South Carolina WCIV ( 36 , MyNetworkTV , ABC , MeTV ) : licensed in Charleston , owned by Sinclair Broadcasting Company , broadcast studios are located in Mount Pleasant The Coastal Buzz - areas only media company dedicated to positive news . Owned by Positive Life Media and run by Chris & Sandy Benton . https://www.TheCoastalBuzz.com Notable people ( edit ) Andy Dick , actor Herman Baer , American author Frances Elizabeth Barrow , children 's writer Solomon Nunes Carvalho , painter and photographer Mo Brooks , U.S. Representative Mark Catesby , English naturalist and author of the Natural History of Carolina , Florida and the Bahama Islands Catherine Coleman , chemist , former US Air Force officer , NASA astronaut Stephen Colbert , comedian and host of The Late Show Shepard Fairey , graffiti artist Robert F. Furchgott , The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winner , 1998 Thomas Gibson , actor and star of Criminal Minds Fritz Hollings , former United States Senator and Governor of South Carolina Lauren Hutton , model and actress , starring in American Gigolo and The Gambler ( 1974 ) Robert Jordan ( James Oliver Rigney Jr . ) , fantasy author , notable for the bestselling Wheel of Time series John Laurens , American revolutionary Lieutenant colonel in the continental army Helen Morris Lewis , suffragist Peter Manigault , wealthiest person in British North America in 1770 Louisa Susannah Cheves McCord , writer Jeremy McLellan , stand - up comedian Khris Middleton , basketball player for the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association Julie Mitchum , actress Chris Owings , baseball player for Arizona Diamondbacks Henry Peronneau ( d. 1754 ) , said to be the wealthiest man in America Alexandra Ripley , author of Scarlett Darius Rucker , former lead singer of Hootie and the Blowfish Clarence E. Singletary , South Carolina state legislator and judge Louise Hammond Willis Snead , writer , lecturer , artist Earl Manigault Street basketball player Angry Grandpa , YouTube Personal Sister cities ( edit ) Charleston has one official sister city , Spoleto , Umbria , Italy . The relationship between the two cities began when Pulitzer Prize - winning Italian composer Gian Carlo Menotti selected Charleston as the city to host the American version of Spoleto 's annual Festival of Two Worlds . `` Looking for a city that would provide the charm of Spoleto , as well as its wealth of theaters , churches , and other performance spaces , they selected Charleston , South Carolina , as the ideal location . The historic city provided a perfect fit : intimate enough that the Festival would captivate the entire city , yet cosmopolitan enough to provide an enthusiastic audience and robust infrastructure . '' Charleston is also twinned with Speightstown , St. Peter , Barbados . Early English settlers here designed the original parts of Charlestown based on the plans of Barbados 's capital city Bridgetown . Many indigo , tobacco , and cotton planters relocated their slaves and plantation operations from Speightstown to Charleston after the sugarcane industry came to dominate agricultural production in Barbados . See also ( edit ) South Carolina portal 1886 Charleston earthquake Charleston Sofa Super Store fire French Quarter ( Charleston , South Carolina ) Hampton Park Terrace John Henry Devereux List of people from Charleston , South Carolina List of tallest buildings in Charleston , South Carolina List of television shows and films in Charleston , South Carolina National Register of Historic Places listings in Charleston , South Carolina Old Slave Mart Riverland Terrace Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The female figure is sometimes glossed as Athena , although the official explanation is that she is a personification of Charleston itself . Similarly , although aedes properly refers to temples and originally referred to the churches depicted on the seal , the official gloss is that it intends the city 's `` buildings '' . Jump up ^ The Brown Fellowship Society , initially a burial society , operated from 1790 to 1945 . Jump up ^ Savannah , Georgia , and Richmond , Virginia , came closest , reaching 40 % at times . Jump up ^ A monument to Vesey as a freedom fighter was long opposed by Charleston 's white community but was finally begun in 2010 after a compromise placed it in Hampton Park , out of the historic district and far from the original proposed site in Marion Square . Jump up ^ `` Why is Charleston Called the Holy City ? '' . Ahoy Charleston . Charleston Harbor Tours . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Trouche , Michael ( 28 January 2014 ) , `` Enlightening Latin '' , Charleston Footprints Jump up ^ Schultz , Rebecca , `` The Seal of the City of Charleston '' , Official website , City of Charleston Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ As defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget , for use by the U.S. Census Bureau for statistical purposes only . ^ Jump up to : `` Charleston city , South Carolina '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places : 1840 '' . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Kimmelman , `` Charleston Needs That African American Museum . And Now . '' , New York Times , 29 March 2018 ; accessed 29 March 2018 Jump up ^ `` Which are the world 's friendliest and unfriendliest cities ? '' . CNN . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` What are the world 's friendliest / unfriendliest cities ? '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Another Ladies ' Night '' . google.al . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Best Cities Travel + Leisure '' . Travelandleisure.com. 2016 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : EB ( 1878 ) , p. 428 . Jump up ^ EB ( 1911 ) , p. 943 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` WMO Climate Normals for CHARLESTON / MUNICIPAL , SC 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : SC CHARLESTON INTL AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : SC CHARLESTON CITY '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` List of Populations of Urbanized Areas '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : EB ( 1911 ) , p. 944 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Thomas D . The Ashley Cooper Plan : The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Edgar ( 1998 ) , p. 125 Jump up ^ Gallay , Alan ( 2002 ) , The Indian Slave Trade : The Rise of the English Empire in the American South 1670 -- 1717 , New Haven : Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 10193 - 7 ^ Jump up to : EB ( 1878 ) , p. 429 . Jump up ^ `` Charleston Time Line '' . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2007 . Retrieved July 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Charleston Love Story '' . Xroads.virginia.edu. 2000 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ McCandless , Peter ( 2006 ) . Edgar , Walter B. , ed . Yellow Fever . Columbia : University of South Carolina Press . Jump up ^ McCandless , Peter ( 2006 ) . Edgar , Walter B. , ed . Malaria . Columbia : University of South Carolina Press . Jump up ^ D. Moore . ( 1997 ) `` A General History of Blackbeard the Pirate , the Queen Anne 's Revenge and the Adventure '' . In Tributaries , Volume VII , 1997 . pp. 31 -- 35 . ( North Carolina Maritime History Council ) ^ Jump up to : Edgar ( 1998 ) , p. 61 Jump up ^ `` A ' Portion of the People ' '' , Harvard Magazine , Harvard University ^ Jump up to : Ball , Edward ( 2014 ) . Slaves in the Family . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 9780374534455 . Jump up ^ Douglas Egerton , Opinion : `` Abolitionist or Terrorist ? '' , The New York Times , 25 February 2014 , accessed 5 November 2014 Jump up ^ Joseph A. Opala Archived September 4 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. ; The Gullah People and Their African Heritage by William S. Pollizer , pp. 32 -- 33 ^ Jump up to : Michael P. Johnson ; James L. Roark ( 1986 ) . Black Masters : A Free Family of Color in the Old South . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 405 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 24548 - 6 . Jump up ^ History : Gadsden 's Wharf , International African American Museum ; accessed 29 March 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` Settlement , Trade , and Conflicts in Colonial South Carolina '' , The James Poyas Daybook : An Account of a Charles Town Merchant , 1760 -- 1765 , Lowcountry Digital History Initiative ^ Jump up to : `` The Great Indian Slave Caper '' , Common - Place : The Interactive Journal of Early American Life , Vol . III , No. 1 , Worcester : American Antiquarian Society , October 2002 Jump up ^ Opala , Joseph A. ( 2016 ) , `` South Carolina Rice Plantations '' ( PDF ) , The Gullah : Rice , Slavery , and the Sierra Leone - American Connection , New Haven : Yale University Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery , Resistance , and Abolition Jump up ^ The Gullah People and Their African Heritage , by William S. Pollitzer ; pp. 91 -- 92 . ^ Jump up to : Edgar ( 1998 ) , p. 67 Jump up ^ Kars , Marjoleine ( 2008 ) . `` 1739 -- Stono Rebellion '' . In Campbell , Ballard C. Disasters , Accidents , and Crises in American History : A Reference Guide to the Nation 's Most Catastrophic Events . New York : Facts on File . pp. 22 -- 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6603 - 2 . Jump up ^ Aptheker , Herbert ( 1983 ) ( 1943 ) . American Negro Slave Revolts ( Fifth ed . ) . New York : International Publishers . pp. 187 -- 189 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7178 - 0605 - 8 . Jump up ^ Diouf ( 1998 ) , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Mark , ed. ( 2015 ) , `` Building Boom '' , Charleston , with Hilton Head and the Lowcountry , 4th ed. , New York : Fodor 's Travel , p. 59 Jump up ^ Urban , Mark , Fusiliers Jump up ^ McCandless ( 2011 ) , p. 89 . Jump up ^ McCandless ( 2011 ) , p. 80 . Jump up ^ McCandless ( 2011 ) , p. 116 ff . Jump up ^ McCandless ( 2011 ) , p. 113 . Jump up ^ `` SC Counties -- South Carolina Information -- LibGuides at South Carolina State Library '' . libguides.com . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McInnis ( 2005 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2015 ) , p. 48 Jump up ^ Kroger , Larry Black . Slaveowners : Free Black Slave Masters in South Carolina , 1790 -- 1860 . University of South Carolina Press , 1995 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2015 ) , p. 49 Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2015 ) , pp. 49 -- 50 Jump up ^ McInnis ( 2005 ) , p. 225 ff ^ Jump up to : `` Row over Statue to Bermudian 's Slave '' , Bernews , 3 January 2011 Jump up ^ McInnis ( 2005 ) , p. 29 Jump up ^ Olmsted , Frederick Law , mcJourney in the Seaboard Slave States Jump up ^ Olmsted , cited in McInnis . Jump up ^ Curtis , Nancy C. ( 1996 ) , `` Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church '' , Black Heritage Sites : An African American Odyssey and Finder 's Guide , Chicago : American Library Association , ISBN 978 - 0 - 838 - 90643 - 9 , OCLC 45885630 ^ Jump up to : Egerton , Douglas R. ( 18 June 2015 ) , `` The Long , Troubled History of Charleston 's Emanuel AME Church '' , The New Republic , ISSN 0028 - 6583 ^ Jump up to : Frazier & al. ( 2016 ) , p. 70 Jump up ^ Rubio , Philip ( January 2012 ) , `` Though He Had a White Face , He Was a Negro in Heart : Examining the White Men Convicted of Supporting the 1822 Denmark Vesey Slave Insurrection '' , South Carolina Historical Magazine , Vol. 113 ( No. 1 ) , pp. 50 -- 67 ^ Jump up to : Freehling , William H. ( 1990 ) , The Road to Disunion : Secessionists at Bay 1776 -- 1854 , Oxford : Oxford University Press , pp. 253 -- 70 Jump up ^ `` ' Mother Emanuel ' A.M.E. Church History '' , Official website , Charleston : Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church , 2016 Jump up ^ Robertson , David M. ( 1999 ) , Denmark Vesey : The Buried Story of America 's Largest Slave Rebellion and the Man who Led It , New York : Alfred A. Knopf , p. 37 , ISBN 9780307483737 Jump up ^ Diouf , Sylviane Anna ( 1998 ) , Servants of Allah : African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas , New York : New York University Press , p. 121 , ISBN 9781479830510 Jump up ^ Willoughby , Malcolm F. ( 1957 ) . The U.S. Coast Guard in World War II . Annapolis , Maryland : United States Naval Institute . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` History Engine : Tools for Collaborative Education and Research Episodes '' . Historyengine.richmond.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Craig L. Symonds , The Civil War at Sea ( 2009 ) p. 57 Jump up ^ `` H.L. Hunley , Confederate Submarine '' . History.navy.mil . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey G. Strickland , Ethnicity And Race In The Urban South : German Immigrants And African - Americans In Charleston , South Carolina During Reconstruction , 2003 , p. 11 , Electronic Theses , Treatises and Dissertations . Paper 1541 Archived October 28 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ E. Horace Fitchett , `` The Traditions of the Free Negro in Charleston , South Carolina '' , Journal of Negro History , XXV ( April 1940 ) , p. 139 Jump up ^ Thomas Holt , Black Over White : Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina During Reconstruction , University of Illinois Press , 1979 , p. 43 ^ Jump up to : Melinda Meeks Hennessy , `` Racial Violence During Reconstruction : The 1876 Riots in Charleston and Cainhoy '' , South Carolina Historical Magazine , Vol. 86 , No. 2 , ( April 1985 ) , 104 -- 106 ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Reconstruction as Armed Insurgency : Cainhoy Archived November 6 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , South Carolina during Reconstruction , 2010 -- 2012 , accessed 27 October 2014 Jump up ^ Simons , Albert ; Lapham , Samuel VI ( 1927 ) , Charleston , S.C. , The Octagon Library of Early American Architecture , Vol . I , Press of the American Institute of Architects . Jump up ^ Horton , Tom ( 2014 ) , `` Touring Charleston Back in 1912 '' , History 's Lost Moments , Vol . V , Trafford , p. 182 ^ Jump up to : David Slade , `` RACIAL SHIFT : Charleston peninsula 's makeup reverses in 30 years , with blacks leaving for suburbs , area becoming two - thirds white '' , The Post and Courier , 28 March 2011 ; accessed 10 November 2016 Jump up ^ `` Century V City of Charleston Population 2010 Estimates '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.northcharleston.org/Visitors/Attractions/Greater-Charleston-Naval-Base-Memorial/Naval-Base-History.aspx Jump up ^ Bever , Lindsey ; Costa , Robert ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` 9 dead in shooting at historic Charleston African American church . Police chief calls it ' hate crime . ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnson , M. Alex ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' This Was a Hate Crime ' : Nine People Killed at Historic South Carolina Church '' . NBC News . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Decennial Census '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Charleston Provincialisms '' ( 1887 ) , Pub . Modern Language Association of America , Vol . iii , Internet Archive and Early Journal Content on JSTOR , accessed 5 November 2014 Jump up ^ Gilbreth , Edward M. ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Research says ' Holy City ' term not church - based '' . Post and Courier . Charleston , South Carolina . Jump up ^ `` History of the Huguenot Society '' . Huguenotsociety.org . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2000 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Jonathan ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Killings Add a Painful Chapter to Storied History of Charleston Church '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim '' . Kkbe.org . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Brith Sholom Beth Israel '' . Bsbisynagogue.com . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Archived March 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Events -- Historic Charleston Foundation '' . Historiccharleston.org . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` MLK Weekend Marathon Half Marathon 5k Youth Marathon Bike Ride Going the Distance for the Arts '' . Charleston Marathon . 2017 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Southeastern Wildlife Exposition 2017 '' . Sewe.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Charleston International Film Festival '' . Charlestoniff.org. 2017 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Stratton . `` Charleston Conference to flood downtown with 1,600 bookworms '' . Charleston City Paper . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Jack McCray ( June 6 , 2007 ) . Charleston Jazz . Arcadia Publishing . pp. 11 , 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 4350 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jack McCray ( June 6 , 2007 ) . Charleston Jazz . Arcadia Publishing . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 4350 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Hubbert , Julie . `` Jenkins Orphanage '' . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Edgar , Walter . South Carolina Encyclopedia ( 2006 ) pp. 590 -- 591 , ISBN 1 - 57003 - 598 - 9 Jump up ^ Erb , Jane . `` Porgy and Bess ( 1934 ) '' . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome -- The Sound Of Charleston '' . soundofcharleston . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Favorite Cities 2010 -- Culture -- Theater / performance art -- Travel + Leisure '' . Travel + Leisure . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Theatre Charleston '' . theatrecharleston.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Halsey Institute of Contemporary Art '' . halsey.cofc.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Jinkins , Shirley ( February 23 , 1997 ) . `` Charleston S.C. has had a long and turbulent history , but a remarkable number of its buildings have survived '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pineapple Fountain '' . SC Picture Project . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Waterfront Park : Charleston , South Carolina '' . www.planning.org . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Old Slave Mart Museum '' . www.oldslavemartmuseum.com/ . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Charleston Hurling Club '' . Charleston Hurling Club . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Barth , Jack ( 1991 ) . Roadside Hollywood : The Movie Lover 's State - By - State Guide to Film Locations , Celebrity Hangouts , Celluloid Tourist Attractions , and More . Contemporary Books . Page 177 . ISBN 9780809243266 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived January 29 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived July 17 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chau , Lisa ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Charleston , South Carolina Outpaces the Nation in Tech Growth '' . HuffingtonPost.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Indicators '' ( PDF ) . Charleston Trident Association of REALTORS . June 2017 . p. 2 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Charleston County election results by precinct : 2006 general election '' . Jump up ^ `` Investigation examining Charleston firefighters ' handling of deadly blaze , '' . Ksla.com . June 19 , 2007 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived March 27 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Archived February 7 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2005 FBI Crime Reports '' . Charlestonsc.areaconnect.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Michael Ledeen , `` Hail to the Chief '' , National Review Online , August 18 , 2005 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center '' . Charleston.va.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Messmer , Carly . `` Charleston Hospital -- Roper Hospital -- Roper St. Francis -- Roper St. Francis '' . Ropersaintfrancis.com . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 14 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Jump up ^ RC . `` Compassionate Pregnancy & Child Birth Services -- East Cooper Medical Center '' . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Charleston , South Carolina ( SC ) Detailed Profile -- relocation , real estate , travel , jobs , hospitals , schools , crime , move , moving , houses news , sex offenders '' . City-data.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` TriCounty Link rural bus service with flagstop system serving Berkeley , Charleston and Dorchester counties of South Carolina '' . Ridetricountylink.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Freight Facts and Figures : 2015 '' ( PDF ) . dot.gov . Bureau of Transportation Statistics ( U.S. Department of Transportation ) . 2015 . p. 46 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . The cited data is in Figure 3 - 12 ( Top 25 Water Ports by Containerized Cargo : 2014 ) . Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Archived September 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2011 . Retrieved December 28 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Charles Towne Landing '' . Charlestowne.org . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2015 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Private School Charleston SC -- Mason Preparatory School '' . Masonprep.org. 2017 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome -- American College of the Building Arts in Charleston , SC '' . Buildingartscollege.us. 2016 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Charleston drops in TV market pecking order '' . Jump up ^ `` Television station listings in Charleston , South Carolina -- Total station FCC filings found '' . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Robert F. Furchgott -- Facts '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Archived August 1 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Cultural Heritage Programme -- The Barbados Carolina Connection '' . Tourism.gov.bb . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 9 ) Archived May 24 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Barbados : South Carolina 's Mother Colony '' . Sciway.net . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . References ( edit ) Baynes , T.S. , ed. ( 1878 ) , `` Charleston '' , Encyclopædia Britannica , 5 ( 9th ed . ) , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , pp. 428 -- 429 Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) , `` Charleston ( South Carolina ) '' , Encyclopædia Britannica , 5 ( 11th ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , pp. 943 -- 945 Edgar , Walter B. ( 1998 ) , South Carolina : A History , Columbia : University of South Carolina Press , ISBN 9781570032554 Frazier , Herb ; Bernard Edward Powers Jr. ; Marjory Wentworth ( 2016 ) , We Are Charleston : Tragedy and Triumph at Mother Emanuel , Nashville : W Publishing , ISBN 9780718041496 . McInnis , Maurie D. ( 2005 ) , The Politics of Taste in Antebellum Charleston , Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , ISBN 9781469625997 Thompson , Michael D. ( 2015 ) , Working on the Dock of the Bay : Labor and Enterprise in an Antebellum Southern Port , Columbia : University of South Carolina Press Further reading ( edit ) General ( edit ) Borick , Carl P. A Gallant Defense : The Siege of Charleston , 1780 . U. of South Carolina Press , 2003 . 332 pp . Bull , Kinloch Jr . The Oligarchs in Colonial and Revolutionary Charleston : Lieutenant Governor William Bull II and His Family . U. of South Carolina Press , 1991 . 415 pp . Clarke , Peter . A Free Church in a Free Society . The Ecclesiology of John England , Bishop of Charleston , 1820 -- 1842 , a Nineteenth Century Missionary Bishop in the Southern United States . Charleston , South Carolina : Bagpipe , 1982 . 561 pp . Coker , P.C. , III . Charleston 's Maritime Heritage , 1670 -- 1865 : An Illustrated History . Charleston , South Carolina : Coker - Craft , 1987 . 314 pp . Doyle , Don H. New Men , New Cities , New South : Atlanta , Nashville , Charleston , Mobile , 1860 -- 1910 . U. of North Carolina Press , 1990 . 369 pp . Fraser , Walter J. Jr . Charleston ! Charleston ! The History of a Southern City . U. of South Carolina , 1990 . 542 pp. the standard scholarly history Gillespie , Joanna Bowen . The Life and Times of Martha Laurens Ramsay , 1759 -- 1811 . U. of South Carolina Press , 2001 . Goloboy , Jennifer L. Charleston and the Emergence of Middle - Class Culture in the Revolutionary Era . Athens , GA ; University of Georgia Press , 2016 . Hagy , James William . This Happy Land : The Jews of Colonial and Antebellum Charleston . U. of Alabama Press , 1993 . Hart , Emma . Building Charleston : Town and Society in the Eighteenth Century British Atlantic World ( University of Virginia Press , 2010 , University of South Carolina Press 2015 ) Jaher , Frederic Cople . The Urban Establishment : Upper Strata in Boston , New York , Charleston , Chicago , and Los Angeles . U. of Illinois Press , 1982 . 777 pp . Pease , William H. and Pease , Jane H. The Web of Progress : Private Values and Public Styles in Boston and Charleston , 1828 -- 1843 . Oxford U. Press , 1985 . 352 pp . Pease , Jane H. and Pease , William H. A Family of Women : The Carolina Petigrus in Peace and War . U. of North Carolina Press , 1999 . 328 pp . Pease , Jane H. and Pease , William H. Ladies , Women , and Wenches : Choice and Constraint in Antebellum Charleston and Boston . U. of North Carolina Press , 1990 . 218 pp . Phelps , W. Chris . The Bombardment of Charleston , 1863 -- 1865 . Gretna , La. : Pelican , 2002 . 175 pp . Rosen , Robert N. Confederate Charleston : An Illustrated History of the City and the People during the Civil War . U. of South Carolina Press , 1994 . 181 pp . Rosen , Robert . A Short History of Charleston . University of South Carolina Press , ( 1997 ) . ISBN 1 - 57003 - 197 - 5 , scholarly survey Spence , E. Lee . Spence 's Guide to South Carolina : diving , 639 shipwrecks ( 1520 -- 1813 ) , saltwater sport fishing , recreational shrimping , crabbing , oystering , clamming , saltwater aquarium , 136 campgrounds , 281 boat landings ( Nelson Southern Printing , Sullivan 's Island , South Carolina : Spence , © 1976 ) OCLC : 2846435 Spence , E. Lee . Treasures of the Confederate Coast : the `` real Rhett Butler '' & Other Revelations ( Narwhal Press , Charleston / Miami , © 1995 ) ISBN 1 - 886391 - 01 - 7 ISBN 1 - 886391 - 00 - 9 , OCLC 32431590 Art , Architecture , city planning , literature , Science ( edit ) Coles , John R. ; Tiedj , Mark C. ( June 4 , 2009 ) . Movie Theaters of Charleston ( Paperback ) . p. 97 . ISBN 1 - 4414 - 9355 - 7 . Cothran , James R. Gardens of Historic Charleston . U. of South Carolina Press , 1995 . 177 pp . Gadsden Cultural Center ; Macmurphy , Make ; Williams , Sullivan ( October 4 , 2004 ) . Sullivan 's Island / Images of America . Charleston , South Carolina : Arcadia Publishing . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 1678 - 3 . Greene , Harlan . Mr. Skylark : John Bennett and the Charleston Renaissance . U. of Georgia Press , 2001 . 372 pp . Hudgins ; Carter L. , ed ( 1994 ) . The Vernacular Architecture of Charleston and the Lowcountry , 1670 -- 1990 . Charleston , South Carolina : Historic Charleston Foundation . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Hutchisson , James M. and Greene , Harlan , ed . Renaissance in Charleston : Art and Life in the Carolina Low Country , 1900 -- 1940 . U. of Georgia Press , 2003 . 259 pp . Hutchisson , James M. DuBose Heyward : A Charleston Gentleman and the World of Porgy and Bess . U. Press of Mississippi , 2000 . 225 pp . Jacoby , Mary Moore , ed ( 1994 ) . The Churches of Charleston and the Lowcountry ( hardback ) . Columbia South Carolina : University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 87249 - 888 - 3 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 87249 - 888 - 4 . McNeil , Jim . Charleston 's Navy Yard : A Picture History . Charleston , South Carolina : Coker Craft , 1985 . 217 pp . Moore , Margaret H ( 1997 ) . Complete Charleston : A Guide to the Architecture , History , and Gardens of Charleston . Charleston , South Carolina : TM Photography . ISBN 0 - 9660144 - 0 - 5 . O'Brien , Michael and Moltke - Hansen , David , ed . Intellectual Life in Antebellum Charleston . U. of Tennessee Press , 1986 . 468 pp . Poston , Jonathan H. The Buildings of Charleston : A Guide to the City 's Architecture . U. of South Carolina Press , 1997 . 717 pp . Severens , Kenneth ( 1988 ) . Charleston Antebellum Architecture and Civic Destiny ( hardback ) . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press . p. 315 . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 555 - 0 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87049 - 555 - 7 Huger Smith , Alice Ravenel ; Huger Smith , Daniel Elliott ; Simons , Albert , The Dwelling House of Charleston , South Carolina , Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott & Co . Stephens , Lester D. Science , Race , and Religion in the American South : John Bachman and the Charleston Circle of Naturalists , 1815 -- 1895 . U. of North Carolina Press , 2000 . 338 pp . Stockton , Robert , et . al ( 1985 ) . Information for Guides of Historic Charleston , South Carolina . Charleston , South Carolina : City of Charleston Tourism Commission . Waddell , Gene ( 2003 ) . Charleston Architecture , 1670 -- 1860 ( hardback ) . 2 . Charleston : Wyrick & Company . p. 992 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 941711 - 68 - 5 . ISBN 0 - 941711 - 68 - 4 Weyeneth , Robert R. ( 2000 ) . Historic Preservation for a Living City : Historic Charleston Foundation , 1947 -- 1997 . Historic Charleston Foundation Studies in History and Culture series . University of South Carolina Press . p. 256 . ISBN 1 - 57003 - 353 - 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 353 - 7 . Yuhl , Stephanie E. A Golden Haze of Memory : The Making of Historic Charleston . U. of North Carolina Press , 2005 . 285 pp . Zola , Gary Phillip . Isaac Harby of Charleston , 1788 -- 1828 : Jewish Reformer and Intellectual . U. of Alabama Press , 1994 . 284 pp . Susan Harbage Page and Juan Logan . `` Prop Master at Charleston 's Gibbes Museum of Art '' , Southern Spaces , September 21 , 2009 . Nelson , Emily The Locket , 2010 , 207 pp . The Angel Oak tree at Johns Island near Charleston is featured prominently in the book , The Locket by Emily Nelson . Wilson , Thomas D . The Ashley Cooper Plan : The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture . Chapel Hill , N.C. : University of North Carolina Press , 2016 . Race ( edit ) Bellows , Barbara L. Benevolence among Slaveholders : Assisting the Poor in Charleston , 1670 -- 1860 . Baton Rouge , LA : Louisiana State U. Press , 1993 . Drago , Edmund L. Initiative , Paternalism , and Race Relations : Charleston 's Avery Normal Institute . Athens , GA : University of Georgia Press , 1990 . Egerton , Douglas R. He Shall Go Out Free : The Lives of Denmark Vesey . Madison House , 1999 . Greene , Harlan ; Hutchins , Harry S. Jr. ; and Hutchins , Brian E. Slave Badges and the Slave - Hire System in Charleston , South Carolina , 1783 -- 1865 . McFarland , 2004 . 194 pp . Jenkins , Wilbert L. Seizing the New Day : African Americans in Post-Civil War Charleston . Bloomington , IN : Indiana University Press , 1998 . 256 pp . Johnson , Michael P. and Roark , James L. No Chariot Let Down : Charleston 's Free People of Color on the Eve of the Civil War . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press , 1984 . Kennedy , Cynthia M. Braided Relations , Entwined Lives : The Women of Charleston 's Urban Slave Society . Bloomington , IN : Indiana University Press , 2005 . Powers , Bernard E. Jr . Black Charlestonians : A Social History , 1822 -- 1885 . U. of Arkansas Press , 1994 . Strickland , Jeff . Unequal Freedom : Ethnicity , Race , and White Supremacy in Civil War - Era Charleston . Gainesville , FL : University Press of Florida , 2015 . Wilson , Thomas D . The Ashley Cooper Plan : The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutCharleston , South Carolinaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Charleston Tourism Guide Geographic data related to Charleston , South Carolina at OpenStreetMap Charleston Corporate Limit Map 2006 , archived from the original on July 6 , 2012 Charleston , South Carolina metropolitan area Joint Base Charleston Patriots Point Naval & Maritime Museum Congressional Medal of Honor Museum USS Yorktown CV10 Association Municipalities and communities of Berkeley County , South Carolina , United States County seat : Moncks Corner Cities Charleston ‡ Goose Creek ‡ Hanahan North Charleston ‡ Towns Bonneau Jamestown Moncks Corner St. Stephen Summerville ‡ CDPs Bonneau Beach Ladson ‡ Pinopolis Russellville Sangaree Other unincorporated communities Alvin Bethera Cordesville Cross Gumville Huger Mount Holly Pineville Strawberry Wide Awake Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Municipalities and communities of Charleston County , South Carolina , United States County seat : Charleston Cities Charleston ‡ Folly Beach Goose Creek ‡ Isle of Palms North Charleston ‡ Towns Awendaw Hollywood James Island Kiawah Island Lincolnville ‡ McClellanville Meggett Mount Pleasant Ravenel Rockville Seabrook Island Sullivan 's Island Summerville ‡ CDP Ladson ‡ Unincorporated communities Adams Run Edisto Island ‡ Johns Island Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties City of Charleston Mayor John Tecklenburg Districts Downtown West Ashley Johns Island Daniel Island Cainhoy Peninsula Sports teams South Carolina Stingrays ( ECHL ) Charleston Battery ( USL ) Charleston RiverDogs ( SAL ) Charleston Outlaws RFC ( USA Rugby ) Newspapers The Post and Courier Charleston City Paper The Charleston Regional Business Journal The Catholic Miscellany Television stations 2 WCBD - TV ( NBC ) 4 WCIV - ABC 5 WCSC - TV ( CBS ) 7 WITV - TV ( PBS ) 18 WLCN - CD ( RTN ) 24 WTAT - TV ( Fox ) 36 WMMP - TV ( MyNetworkTV ) Squares Court House Square Marion Square Washington Square Transport Charleston Area Regional Transportation Authority Arthur Ravenel Jr . Bridge History History Timeline WikiProject South Carolina State of South Carolina Columbia ( capital ) Regions Atlantic Coastal Plain Blue Ridge Mountains Grand Strand High Hills of Santee Lake Murray Country Lowcountry Metrolina Midlands Ninety - Six District Olde English District Pee Dee Piedmont Sandhills Sea Islands Upstate Seal of South Carolina Larger cities Charleston Columbia Greenville North Charleston Rock Hill Spartanburg Smaller cities Aiken Anderson Beaufort Bennettsville Camden Cayce Conway Easley Florence Forest Acres Gaffney Georgetown Greenwood Greer Goose Creek Hilton Head Island Isle of Palms Laurens Lexington Mauldin Myrtle Beach North Augusta North Myrtle Beach Orangeburg Simpsonville Summerville Sumter Union Walterboro West Columbia York Towns Abbeville Barnwell Batesburg - Leesville Bluffton Clemson Darlington Dillon Edgefield Fort Mill Fountain Inn Great Falls Hardeeville Irmo Jefferson Kingstree Liberty Marion McCormick Moncks Corner Mount Pleasant Newberry Pageland Pendleton Pickens Seneca Sullivan 's Island Travelers Rest Walhalla Westminster Williamston CDPs Berea Carolina Forest Dentsville Gantt Garden City Ladson Parker Red Hill Saint Andrews Seven Oaks Socastee Taylors Wade Hampton Counties Abbeville Aiken Allendale Anderson Bamberg Barnwell Beaufort Berkeley Calhoun Charleston Cherokee Chester Chesterfield Clarendon Colleton Darlington Dillon Dorchester Edgefield Fairfield Florence Georgetown Greenville Greenwood Hampton Horry Jasper Kershaw Lancaster Laurens Lee Lexington Marion Marlboro McCormick Newberry Oconee Orangeburg Pickens Richland Saluda Spartanburg Sumter Union Williamsburg York Topics Airports Amusement parks Census areas Colleges and universities Congressional districts Famous people Governors Highways Historic places History Legislature Media Newspapers Radio TV Rivers Shopping malls Sports venues State House State parks Tourist attractions Wildlife refuges Society Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports BNF : cb119967781 ( data ) GND : 4217693 - 1 NARA : 10045374 Jump up ^ `` Spence 's Guide to South Carolina : diving , 639 shipwrecks ( 1520 -- 1813 ) , saltwater sport fishing , recreational shrimping , crabbing , oystering , clamming , saltwater aquarium , 136 campgrounds , 281 boat landings ( Book , 1976 ) ( WorldCat.org ) '' . Worldcatlibraries.org. 2017 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` H - Net Reviews '' . H-net.msu.edu. 2000 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&oldid=862981927 '' Categories : Charleston , South Carolina Populated places established in 1670 Cities in Berkeley County , South Carolina Cities in Charleston County , South Carolina Cities in South Carolina Former state capitals in the United States Port cities and towns of the United States Atlantic coast Former colonial and territorial capitals in the United States County seats in South Carolina Regions of South Carolina Charleston -- North Charleston -- Summerville metropolitan area Populated coastal places in South Carolina 1670 establishments in South Carolina Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Archived copy as title All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Wikipedia pages move - protected due to vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from July 2013 Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Kernowek Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 中文 53 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2018 , at 23 : 41 ( UTC ) . 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Treble (association football)
Treble ( association football ) - wikipedia Treble ( association football ) Jump to : navigation , search FC Barcelona are the only European team in football history to win a continental treble twice , in 2008 -- 09 and in 2014 -- 15 . A treble in association football is achieved when a club team wins three trophies in a single season . A ' continental treble ' involves winning the club 's national league competition , main national cup competition and a continental trophy . A ' domestic treble ' involves winning three national competitions - normally the league title , the primary cup competition and one secondary competition . Competitions which consist of a single match or a two - leg match ( e.g. the FA Community Shield , Irish FA Charity Shield , Supercopa de España , Trophée des Champions , the Recopa Sudamericana , the UEFA Super Cup or the Intercontinental Cup ) are not normally counted as part of a treble . Contents ( hide ) 1 Continental trebles 2 Domestic trebles 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Continental trebles ( edit ) This list includes clubs who have won their country 's top tier league and the primary cup competition ( the double ) , in addition to the major continental tournament , all within a single season . This was first achieved in 1967 by Celtic , winning the Scottish Football League , Scottish Cup and European Cup . In total , 19 clubs across five confederations have achieved the feat on 23 occasions since 1967 , including seven African clubs , seven European clubs , two Oceanian clubs , two North American clubs and one Asian club . This list does not include secondary continental and domestic competitions , along with Liverpool winning the domestic League Cup along with the top tier League and the European Cup in 1983 -- 84 , nor Al - Ahly winning the continental Cup Winners ' Cup alongside the Egyptian domestic double in 1984 -- 85 . In Europe , Spanish club Barcelona is the only club to have won this treble twice . Club Country Confederation Season / Year ( s ) Titles won Celtic Scotland UEFA 1966 -- 67 Scottish Football League , Scottish Cup , European Cup Ajax Netherlands 1971 -- 72 Eredivisie , KNVB Cup , European Cup PSV 1987 -- 88 Eredivisie , KNVB Cup , European Cup Manchester United England 1998 -- 99 Premier League , FA Cup , UEFA Champions League Barcelona Spain 2008 -- 09 La Liga , Copa del Rey , UEFA Champions League Internazionale Italy 2009 -- 10 Serie A , Coppa Italia , UEFA Champions League Bayern Munich Germany 2012 -- 13 Bundesliga , DFB Pokal , UEFA Champions League Barcelona ( 2 ) Spain 2014 -- 15 La Liga , Copa del Rey , UEFA Champions League Englebert DR Congo CAF 1967 Linafoot , Coupe du Congo , African Cup of Champions Vita Club Zaire 1973 Linafoot , Coupe du Congo , African Cup of Champions MC Algiers Algeria 1976 Algerian Championnat National , Algerian Cup , African Cup of Champions Club Africain Tunisia 1991 -- 92 Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1 , Tunisian Cup , CAF Champions League Hearts of Oak Ghana 2000 Ghana Premier League , Ghanaian FA Cup , CAF Champions League Al - Ahly Egypt 2005 -- 06 Egyptian League , Egyptian Soccer Cup , CAF Champions League Espérance Tunisia 2011 Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1 , Tunisian Cup , CAF Champions League Cruz Azul Mexico CONCACAF 1968 -- 69 Primera División de México , Copa México , CONCACAF Champions Cup Defence Force Trinidad and Tobago 1985 TT Pro League , Trinidad and Tobago Cup , CONCACAF Champions Cup Yomiuri Japan AFC Japanese First Division , Emperor 's Cup , Asian Club Championship Auckland City New Zealand OFC 2006 NZFC Championship , NZFC Premiership , OFC Champions League Waitakere United New Zealand 2008 NZFC Championship , NZFC Premiership , OFC Champions League Auckland City ( 2 ) New Zealand 2013 -- 14 NZFC Championship , NZFC Premiership , OFC Champions League Auckland City ( 3 ) New Zealand 2014 -- 15 NZFC Championship , NZFC Premiership , OFC Champions League Celtic also won the Scottish League Cup and Glasgow Cup that season . Auckland City also won the OFC President 's Cup that season . Auckland City also won the Charity Cup that season . Cruz Azul also won the Campeón de Campeones that season . Al - Ahly also won the Egyptian Super Cup that season . Bayern Munich also won the DFL - Supercup that season . Domestic trebles ( edit ) A domestic treble consists of a club winning three of their country 's competitions ( top - tier league , cup , league cup , etc ) , all during one season . Many countries do not have a third domestic competition ( such as a League Cup ) , besides competitions consisting of a single match or a two - leg match ( e.g. Supercups ) , so achieving a domestic treble is impossible ( modern examples include Germany and Italy ) . Some leagues , including the A-League , the New Zealand Football Championship , the Premier Soccer League in South Africa , the Q - League in Qatar and Major League Soccer , each award only one championship trophy at the end of postseason knockout playoffs . However , teams in those leagues are able to achieve a domestic treble as those leagues award separate trophies for the team that finishes the regular season atop the league table . Most Latin American leagues host two league competitions per season with each one lasting half of a year . Also , some cases like Mexico also host two of the same cup competition . Brazil has an unofficial `` Triple Crown '' , a name given to a team that wins the national league , the national cup , and their state league . Note that trophy competitions which consist of a single match or a two - leg match ( e.g. Supercups in general ) are generally not counted as part of a treble . Club Country Number won Year ( s ) won Titles won Rangers Scotland 7 1949 , 1964 , 1976 , 1978 , 1993 , 1999 , 2003 Scottish League , Scottish Cup , Scottish League Cup South China Hong Kong 6 1972 , 1987 , 1988 , 1991 , 2002 , 2007 Hong Kong First Division League , Hong Kong Senior Shield , Viceroy Cup ( 1972 ) Hong Kong First Division League , Hong Kong FA Cup , Viceroy Cup ( 1987 ) Hong Kong First Division League , Hong Kong Senior Shield , Hong Kong FA Cup ( 1988 , 1991 ) Hong Kong Senior Shield , Hong Kong FA Cup , Hong Kong League Cup ( 2002 ) Hong Kong First Division League , Hong Kong Senior Shield , Hong Kong FA Cup ( 2007 ) Kaizer Chiefs South Africa 6 1976 , 1977 , 1981 , 1984 , 1989 , 1992 NPSL , Nedbank Cup , MTN 8 ( 1976 , 1977 , 1981 , 1992 ) NPSL , Nedbank Cup , Telkom Knockout ( 1984 ) NSL , Telkom Knockout , MTN 8 ( 1989 ) Al Ahly Egypt 5 1925 , 1927 , 1931 , 1950 , 1958 Cairo League , Egypt Cup , Sultan Hussein Cup ( 1925 , 1927 , 1931 ) Egyptian Premier League , Cairo League , Egypt Cup ( 1950 , 1958 ) Linfield Northern Ireland 5 1922 , 1962 , 1994 , 2006 , 2008 Irish League , Irish Cup , County Antrim Shield ( 1922 , 1962 ) Irish League , Irish Cup , Irish League Cup ( 1994 ) Irish Premier League , Irish Cup , Irish League Cup ( 2006 , 2008 ) Seiko Hong Kong 5 1973 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1985 Hong Kong First Division League , Hong Kong Senior Shield , Viceroy Cup ( 1973 , 1979 , 1985 ) Hong Kong First Division League , Hong Kong Senior Shield , Hong Kong FA Cup ( 1980 , 1981 ) Celtic Scotland 5 1967 , 1969 , 2001 , 2017 , 2018 Scottish League , Scottish Cup , Scottish League Cup Arsenal Ladies England 1993 , 2001 and 2007 , 2009 FA Women 's Cup , Women 's League Cup , FA Women 's Premier League National Division Shamrock Rovers Republic of Ireland 1925 , 1932 , 1964 League of Ireland , FAI Cup , League of Ireland Shield Buriram PEA / Buriram United Thailand 2011 , 2013 , 2015 Thai Premier League , Thai FA Cup , Thai League Cup Kitchee Hong Kong 2012 , 2015 , 2017 Hong Kong First Division League , Hong Kong FA Cup , Hong Kong League Cup ( 2012 ) Hong Kong Premier League , Hong Kong FA Cup , Hong Kong League Cup ( 2015 ) Hong Kong Premier League , Hong Kong FA Cup , Hong Kong Senior Shield ( 2017 ) Paris Saint - Germain France 2015 , 2016 , 2018 Ligue 1 , Coupe de France , Coupe de la Ligue Melbourne Victory Australia 2009 , 2015 A-League Pre-Season Challenge Cup , A-League Premiership , A-League Championship ( 2009 ) A-League Premiership , A-League Championship , FFA Cup ( 2015 ) Valletta Malta 1997 , 2001 Maltese Premier League , Maltese Cup , Löwenbräu Cup Barry Town Wales 1997 , 1999 Welsh Premier League , Welsh Cup , Welsh League Cup ( 1997 ) Welsh Premier League , FAW Premier Cup , Welsh League Cup ( 1999 ) Eastern Hong Kong 1993 , 1994 Hong Kong First Division League , Hong Kong Senior Shield , Hong Kong FA Cup Sunrise Mauritius 1992 , 1996 Mauritian League , Mauritian Cup , Mauritian Republic Cup Kedah Malaysia 2007 , 2008 Malaysian Super League , Malaysia Cup , Malaysian FA Cup Orlando Pirates South Africa 1973 , 2011 NPSL , Nedbank Cup , MTN 8 The New Saints Wales 2015 , 2016 Welsh Premier League , Welsh Cup , Welsh League Cup Bohemians Republic of Ireland 1928 League of Ireland , FAI Cup , League of Ireland Shield Fall River Marksmen United States 1930 American Soccer League , National Challenge Cup , Lewis Cup Brookhattan United States 1945 American Soccer League , National Challenge Cup , Lewis Cup Bahia Brazil 1959 Campeonato Baiano , Taça Norte - Nordeste , Taça Brasil Santos Brazil 1964 Campeonato Paulista , Torneio Rio - São Paulo , Taça Brasil Toronto Croatia Canada 1971 NSL Cup , NSL Regular Season Champion , NSL Playoff Champion Mitsubishi Motors Japan 1978 Japan Soccer League , Emperor 's Cup , JSL Cup Servette Switzerland 1979 Nationalliga A , Swiss Cup , Swiss League Cup Levski Sofia Bulgaria 1984 Bulgarian A Professional Football Group , Bulgarian Cup , Cup of the Soviet Army CSKA Sofia Bulgaria 1989 Bulgarian A Professional Football Group , Bulgarian Cup , Cup of the Soviet Army Derry City Republic of Ireland 1989 League of Ireland , FAI Cup , League of Ireland Cup Nissan Motors Japan 1989 Japan Soccer League , Emperor 's Cup , JSL Cup Mamelodi Sundowns South Africa NSL , Telkom Knockout , MTN 8 Palmeiras Brazil 1993 Campeonato Paulista , Torneio Rio - São Paulo , Campeonato Brasileiro Melbourne Knights Australia 1995 NSL Cup , NSL Minor Premiership , NSL Grand Final ÍA Iceland Úrvalsdeild , Icelandic Cup , Deildabikar Al - Ittihad FC Saudi Arabia 1997 Saudi Premier League , Crown Prince Cup , Federation Cup Al - Quwa Al - Jawiya Iraq 1997 Iraqi Premier League , Iraq FA Cup , Iraqi Elite Cup Pusan Daewoo Royals South Korea 1997 K League , Korean League Cup , Korean League Cup ( Supplementary Cup ) Suwon Samsung Bluewings South Korea 1999 K League , Korean League Cup , Korean League Cup ( Supplementary Cup ) Al - Zawra'a Iraq 2000 Iraqi Premier League , Iraq FA Cup , Iraqi Elite Cup Bayern Munich Germany 2000 Bundesliga , DFB Pokal , DFB Ligapokal Kashima Antlers Japan 2000 J. League , Emperor 's Cup , J. League Cup Fulham Ladies England 2003 FA Women 's Cup , Women 's League Cup , FA Women 's Premier League National Division Cruzeiro Brazil 2003 Campeonato Mineiro , Copa do Brasil , Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Rhyl Wales Welsh Premier League , Welsh Cup , Welsh League Cup Al - Hilal Saudi Arabia 2005 Saudi Premier League , Crown Prince Cup , Federation Cup Brøndby Denmark 2005 Danish Superliga , Danish Cup , Danish League Cup Sun Hei Hong Kong 2005 Hong Kong League , Hong Kong Senior Shield , Hong Kong FA Cup AS Port - Louis 2000 Mauritius 2005 Mauritian League , Mauritian Cup , Mauritian Republic Cup Al - Sadd Qatar 2007 Qatari League , Emir of Qatar Cup , Qatar Crown Prince Cup Curepipe Mauritius 2008 Mauritian League , Mauritian Cup , Mauritian Republic Cup Debreceni Hungary Nemzeti Bajnokság I , Magyar Kupa , Ligakupa Kelantan Malaysia 2012 Malaysian Super League , Malaysia Cup , Malaysian FA Cup Atlético Nacional Colombia 2013 Categoría Primera A Torneo Apertura , Copa Colombia , Categoría Primera A Torneo Finalización Lincoln Gibraltar 2014 Gibraltar Premier Division , Rock Cup , Gibraltar Premier Cup Benfica Portugal 2014 Primeira Liga , Taça de Portugal , Taça da Liga Gamba Osaka Japan 2014 J. League , Emperor 's Cup , J. League Cup Maccabi Tel Aviv Israel 2015 Israeli Premier League , Israel State Cup , Israeli Toto Cup Steaua București Romania 2015 Liga I , Cupa României , Cupa Ligii Albirex Niigata Singapore Singapore 2016 S. League , Singapore Cup , Singapore League Cup Sydney FC Australia 2017 A-League Premiership , A-League Championship , FFA Cup Toronto FC Canada 2017 Supporters ' Shield , Canadian Championship , MLS Cup - South China 's 1988 and 1991 trebles were part of domestic quadruples . Those seasons they also won the Viceroy Cup . - The League of Ireland Shield was the forerunner to the League of Ireland Cup . - Linfield 's 1922 treble was part of a domestic septuple . That season they also won the City Cup , the Gold Cup , the Belfast Charity Cup and the Alhambra Cup . - Linfield 's 1962 treble was part of a domestic septuple . That season they also won the City Cup , the Gold Cup , the Ulster Cup and the North - South Cup . - Linfield 's 2006 treble was part of a domestic quadruple . That season they also won the County Antrim Shield . - The matches played in the Danish League Cup were not counted as official games as the matches were only played with one regular half ( 45 minutes ) . - Sun Hei 's treble was part of a domestic quadruple . That season they also won the Hong Kong League Cup . - Debreceni 's treble was part of a domestic quadruple . That season they also won the Szuperkupa . - Buriram 's 2013 treble was part of a domestic quadruple . That season they also won the Kor Royal Cup . - Valletta 's 1997 treble was part of a domestic quintuple . That season they also won the MFA Super Cup and the Super 5 Lottery Tournament . - Valletta 's 2001 treble was part of a domestic sextuple . That season they also won the MFA Super Cup , the Super 5 Lottery Tournament and the Malta Centenary Cup . - Suwon Samsung Bluewings 's treble was part of a domestic quadruple . That season they also won the Korean Super Cup . - Kaizer Chiefs 's 1984 treble was part of a domestic quadruple . That season they also won the Sales House Cup . - Orlando Pirate 's 2011 treble was part of a domestic quintuple . That season they also won the Telkom Knockout and the Carling Black Label Cup . - PSG 's treble was part of a domestic quadruple . That season they also won the Trophée des Champions . - PSG 's treble was part of a domestic quadruple . That season they also won the Trophée des Champions . - PSG 's treble was part of a domestic quadruple . That season they also won the Trophée des Champions . - Rangers 's 1976 treble was part of a domestic quadruple . That season they also won the Glasgow Cup . - Buriram 's 2015 treble was part of a quintuple . That season they also won the Kor Royal Cup and the Mekong Club Championship . - Al - Quwa Al - Jawiya 's 1997 treble was part of a domestic quadruple . That season they also won the Iraqi Super Cup . - Al - Zawra'a's 2000 treble was part of a domestic quadruple . That season they also won the Iraqi Super Cup . - Albirex Niigata Singapore 's 2016 treble was part of a domestic quadruple . That season they also won the Singapore Community Shield . See also ( edit ) Double ( association football ) Tuples in association football References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Raja aiming high once more . FIFA ( 2008 - 06 - 04 ) . Retrieved on 2009 - 06 - 23 - ' continental treble ' mentioned in this article . Jump up ^ Spiers , Graham ( 2008 - 01 - 30 ) . http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/scotland/article3274019.ece Walter Smith demands final push as Rangers target domestic treble . The Times . Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Ralston , Gary ( 2008 - 09 - 26 ) . Domestic treble for Rangers will make up for failure in Europe , says Pedro Mendes . Daily Record . Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ UEFA.com . `` Barcelona break new ground with second treble - UEFA Champions League - News - UEFA.com '' . Jump up ^ uefa.com ( 2015 - 06 - 06 ) . `` UEFA Champions League - News -- UEFA.com '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Barça make history with second treble ! FC Barcelona '' . www.fcbarcelona.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Records and Honours . Rangers Official club website . Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Celtic Honours Archived 21 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Celtic Official club website . Retrieved on 2009 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Roll of Honour . Shamrock Rovers FC . Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 6 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Role of Honour Archived 24 May 2012 at Archive.is . Bohemian Football Club . Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Litterer , Dave . `` The Year In American Soccer , 1930 '' . The USA Soccer History Archives . Archived from the original on 10 May 2013 . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Litterer , Dave . `` The Year In American Soccer , 1945 '' . The USA Soccer History Archives . Archived from the original on 10 May 2013 . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Croatian National Sports Club history at a glance '' . Archived from the original on 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Футболният требъл -- теория и история '' . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Derry City FC - A Concise History Archived 14 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Derry City Football Club Website ( 2009 - 02 - 08 ) . Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Dynasty Begins '' . Archived from the original on 3 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Relação Dos Títulos Oficiais Do Cruzeiro ( Portuguese ) '' . Jump up ^ `` - Rhyl FC - Honours '' . Archived from the original on 8 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sun Hei lift Cup to sweep four titles '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Al - Sadd Trophies and awards '' . Archived from the original on 7 July 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` ¡ Atlético Nacional , rey absoluto del fútbol colombiano en 2013 ! '' . External links ( edit ) List of domestic trebles from RSSSF Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treble_(association_football)&oldid=842099845 '' Categories : Association football terminology Association football records and statistics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template archiveis links Use dmy dates from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Malti Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 06 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End
Pirates of the Caribbean : at World 's End - wikipedia Pirates of the Caribbean : at World 's End Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the video game , see Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( video game ) . For the soundtrack , see Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( soundtrack ) . Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Theatrical release poster Directed by Gore Verbinski Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Written by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Based on Characters by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Stuart Beattie Jay Wolpert Pirates of the Caribbean by Walt Disney Starring Johnny Depp Orlando Bloom Keira Knightley Stellan Skarsgård Bill Nighy Chow Yun - Fat Geoffrey Rush Jack Davenport Kevin R. McNally Jonathan Pryce Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date May 19 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 19 ) ( Disneyland Resort ) May 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 168 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $300 million Box office $963.4 million Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End is a 2007 American epic fantasy swashbuckler film directed by Gore Verbinski , the third installment of the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) . The plot follows Will Turner , Elizabeth Swann , Hector Barbossa , and the crew of the Black Pearl rescuing Captain Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones 's Locker , and then preparing to fight the East India Trading Company , led by Cutler Beckett , who controls Davy Jones and plans to extinguish piracy forever . It is the last film in the series to be directed by Verbinski . It was filmed in two shoots during 2005 and 2006 , the former simultaneously with the preceding film , Dead Man 's Chest . With a production budget of $300 million , Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End was the most expensive film ever made at the time of its release , even after adjusting for inflation . Walt Disney Pictures released the film in the United States on May 25 , 2007 . Critical reviews were mixed ; the film was praised for its performances , musical score , action scenes , and special effects , but was criticized for its plot and running time . At World 's End was a box office hit , becoming the most successful film of 2007 , with over $960 million worldwide . It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling and the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects , which it lost to La Vie en Rose and The Golden Compass , respectively . A sequel , On Stranger Tides , the first in the series to neither be directed by Verbinski nor star Bloom and Knightley , was released in cinemas on May 20 , 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Censorship 4.3 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.3 Accolades 6 Sequel 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In order to control the oceans , Lord Cutler Beckett executes anyone associated with piracy by ordering Davy Jones to destroy all pirate ships in the seas . Condemned prisoners sing `` Hoist the Colours '' to compel the nine Pirate Lords to convene at Shipwreck Cove to hold the Brethren Court . Because Captain Jack Sparrow , Pirate Lord of the Caribbean Sea , never named a successor before being killed , Captain Barbossa , along with Will Turner , Elizabeth Swann , Tia Dalma , and the crew of the Black Pearl , plot to rescue Jack from Davy Jones ' Locker . Traveling to Singapore , the crew meet Captain Sao Feng ( Pirate Lord of the South China Sea ) , who owns navigational charts to the Locker and quickly gains an unpredictable interest in Elizabeth . Beckett 's soldiers invade , but the crew escape . Feng and Turner make a deal to give Jack to Feng , so he in turn can use the Pearl to rescue his father Bootstrap Bill Turner from the Flying Dutchman . The crew travels to the locker and rescues the marooned Jack . They find themselves trapped , encountering dead souls , including Elizabeth 's father Governor Swann who was executed by Beckett . Tia Dalma reveals that the Goddess `` Calypso '' charged Davy Jones with the job to guide the souls of those who died at sea to the next world . Once every ten years he could come ashore to be with the woman he loved . But he corrupted his purpose and was cursed to become a monster . The soul of Governor Swann reveals that the Dutchman must always have a captain . Returning to the living world , the Pearl stops at an island for fresh water , where the crew find the Kraken lying dead on the beach , having been killed by Jones under orders from Beckett . They are then attacked by Sao Feng and Beckett 's men . Through a complex series of deals , Elizabeth is handed over to Feng , who believes she is the goddess Calypso , while the rest of the crew make for Shipwreck Cove aboard the Pearl , though Jack later throws Will off the ship as part of the plan to seize control of the Dutchman . Sao Feng tells Elizabeth that the first Brethren Court bound Calypso in human form after she betrayed her lover , Davy Jones . He plans to release her to defeat Beckett . Davy Jones attacks Feng 's ship , the Empress , mortally wounding Feng in the process , but he appoints Elizabeth his successor as Pirate Lord before dying . Elizabeth and the crew are locked in the brig of the Dutchman and she finds Bootstrap Bill Turner merging with the side of the ship and losing his mind . In a moment of clarity Bootstrap reveals that whoever kills Davy Jones must take his place , bound to serve the Dutchman forever . He reiterates that `` the Dutchman must always have a captain . '' Admiral Norrington frees Elizabeth and her new crew from the Dutchman , but is killed by a crazed Bootstrap Bill . The Black Pearl arrives at Shipwreck Cove where Barbossa attempts to persuade the Brethren Court to release Calypso . Davy Jones visits Tia Dalma in the Pearl 's brig , revealing she is Calypso , and they promise to be together again . Jack 's father Captain Teague and Keeper of the Pirate Code , informs the Court that only an elected Pirate King can decide on going into battle . A vote is taken . To avoid a stalemate , Jack casts his vote for Elizabeth , making her King . The Brethren Court and Beckett 's fleets emerge for war . On a sandbank , Elizabeth , Jack , Barbossa , Beckett , Jones , and Will parley , trading Will for Jack , and Barbossa steals Jack 's piece of eight , all of which are owned by the Pirate Lords and required to free Calypso . Barbossa frees Calypso , but when Will reveals it was Jones who made it possible for the first Court to imprison her , Calypso vanishes and summons an enormous maelstrom . The Pearl and the Dutchman battle in the maelstrom . Elizabeth and Will are wed by Barbossa before swinging over to the Dutchman to aid Jack . On board the Dutchman , Jones and Jack engage in a duel , with Jones gaining the upper hand . Jones stabs Will with a sword , causing Bootstrap to fly into a rage and attack Jones . Jones begins to gain the upper hand , but Jack and Elizabeth help Will stab Jones ' heart . Jones falls into the maelstrom , while Will succumbs to his injuries . Jack and Elizabeth escape the Dutchman as it is sucked into the maelstrom , while the crew of the Dutchman converge on Will , led by Bootstrap . As Beckett 's ship , the Endeavour , approaches to destroy the Pearl , the Dutchman rises , now captained by Will , and the crew free of Jones ' curse . Together , the two pirate ships destroy the Endeavour , with a stunned Beckett going down with the ship while his navy retreats , demoralized by the loss of both the Endeavour and their commander in Beckett . With Will now forever bound to escort souls lost at sea to the next world , he and Elizabeth bid farewell to each other on the beach of an abandoned island . Will departs on the Dutchman , leaving Elizabeth pregnant and with the chest containing his heart . Jack and Joshamee Gibbs discover Barbossa has stolen the Black Pearl again , but Jack planned ahead and cut out Sao Feng 's navigational charts , departing from Tortuga alone to track down the mythical Fountain of Youth to become immortal . In a post-credits scene , set ten years later , Elizabeth and her son Henry watch from a sea cliff as Will returns aboard the Dutchman . Cast ( edit ) Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow : Sparrow and the Black Pearl have been dragged to Davy Jones 's Locker by the Kraken ; he is trapped there until his former crew mounts a rescue party . Geoffrey Rush as Captain Hector Barbossa : Once first mate of the Black Pearl under Jack 's command before leading a mutiny , Barbossa has been resurrected by Tia Dalma to captain the rescue of Jack Sparrow . He was also needed for his `` piece of eight '' to free Calypso . Rush said that in the film , Barbossa becomes more of a cunning politician . Depp said he was pleased he got more screentime with Rush than in the first film : `` We 're like a couple of old ladies fighting over their knitting needles '' . Orlando Bloom as William `` Will '' Turner Jr. : A young blacksmith - turned - pirate , the son of `` Bootstrap Bill '' Turner , and later the husband of Elizabeth Swann . Turner becomes Captain of The Flying Dutchman after the ritual is performed to save his life . Keira Knightley as Elizabeth Swann : Governor Swann 's daughter and Will Turner 's fiancée . Having tricked Jack Sparrow into being swallowed by the Kraken to save herself and the Black Pearl crew , she subsequently goes to his rescue . Swann becomes Captain of The Empress and Pirate Lord of the South China Seas as successor to Feng , and becomes the Pirate King by default as a result of the Bretheren Court vote . Jack Davenport as James Norrington : Promoted to the rank of admiral in return for giving Beckett Jones 's heart , he has allied himself with Beckett and the Company , although he still cares for Elizabeth , his former fiancée , and finds himself torn between his duty and his growing dislike for Beckett . Bill Nighy as Davy Jones : Malevolent ruler of the ocean realm , Captain of The Flying Dutchman . With his heart captured by James Norrington , he is now enslaved to Cutler Beckett who commanded him to kill the Kraken ( `` your pet '' ) , and now serves the East India Trading Company , though he remains volatile and makes life difficult for the marines policing him . Jonathan Pryce as Weatherby Swann : Governor of Port Royal and father to Elizabeth Swann , he is now trapped in Beckett 's service . Lee Arenberg and Mackenzie Crook as Pintel and Ragetti : A mischievous and eccentric duo , part of Jack 's crew . Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs : Jack 's loyal , if superstitious , first mate . David Bailie as Cotton : Jack 's loyal mute crewman who returns again to join the quest to bring back Sparrow . Stellan Skarsgård as William `` Bootstrap Bill '' Turner Sr. : Will 's father , cursed to serve an eternity aboard Davy Jones 's ship The Flying Dutchman . As he slowly loses hope , he also loses his humanity to the ship , and becomes mentally confused , barely recognizing his own son in the second half of the film . Chow Yun - fat as Sao Feng : Pirate Lord of the South China Sea , he captains the Chinese ship The Empress and has a poor history with Sparrow . He is reluctant to aid in his rescue from Davy Jones 's Locker . `` Sao Feng '' ( 嘯 風 ) means `` Howling Wind '' in Chinese . Chow was confirmed to be playing Feng in July 2005 while production of the second film was on hiatus . Chow relished playing the role , even helping out crew members with props . Tom Hollander as Cutler Beckett : A powerful chairman of the East India Trading Co. and now armed with a mandate from the King and in possession of Davy Jones 's heart , Beckett attempts to control the world 's oceans for the sake of sustainable business - and with it , the end of piracy . Naomie Harris as Tia Dalma / Calypso : An obeah witch who travels with the Black Pearl crew to rescue Jack ; she also raised Barbossa from the dead at the conclusion of Dead Man 's Chest and has a mysterious past connection to Davy Jones . Martin Klebba as Marty : Jack 's dwarf crewman who also joins the quest to bring back Sparrow . David Schofield as Mr. Mercer : Lord Beckett 's henchman , assigned to hold Davy Jones 's leash aboard the Dutchman . Keith Richards as Edward Teague : Keeper of the Pirata Codex for the Brethren Court and Jack Sparrow 's father . The other pirate lords are visibly terrified of him . Richards , who partially inspired Depp 's portrayal of Sparrow , was meant to appear in Dead Man 's Chest , but there was no room for him in the story , as well as his being tied up with a Rolling Stones tour . He almost missed filming a scene in At World 's End , following injuries sustained by falling out of a tree . In June 2006 , Verbinski finally managed to make room in Richards ' schedule to shoot that September . Greg Ellis as Lieutenant Theodore Groves : second - in - command to Lord Beckett . Lauren Maher and Vanessa Branch as Scarlett and Giselle Angus Barnett and Giles New as Mullroy and Murtogg Reggie Lee as Tai Huang Dominic Scott Kay as Young Henry Turner : the son of Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann . Scott Kay was credited as Young William Turner , and was retroactively named Young Henry Turner following the release of Dead Men Tell No Tales . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) See also : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest -- Production `` I felt it important that the third film was the end of an era -- like in a postmodern western where the railroad comes and the gunfighter is extinct . It seemed that we had an opportunity to take a look at a world where the legitimate has become corrupt and there is no place for honest thieves in that society , so you have darker issues and a little melancholy . The myths are dying . That seemed a great theme with which to complete the trilogy . '' -- Gore Verbinski Following The Curse of the Black Pearl 's success in 2003 , the cast and crew signed on for two sequels to be shot back - to - back . For the third film , director Gore Verbinski wanted to return the tone to that of a character piece after using the second film to keep the plot moving . Inspired by the real - life confederation of pirates , Elliott and Rossio looked at historical figures and created fictional characters from them to expand the scope beyond the main cast . Finally embellishing their mythology , Calypso was introduced , going full circle to Barbossa 's mention of `` heathen gods '' that created the curse in the first film . Filming ( edit ) Parts of the third film were shot during location filming of Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , a long shoot which finished on March 1 , 2006 . During August 2005 , the Singapore sequence was shot . The set was built on Stage 12 of the Universal Studios backlot , and comprised 40 structures within an 80 by 130 - foot ( 24 by 40 - m ) tank that was 3 ⁄ feet ( 1.1 m ) deep . As 18th century Singapore is not a well - documented era , the filmmakers chose to use an Expressionist style based on Chinese and Malaysian cities of the same period . The design of the city was also intended by Verbinski to parody spa culture , with fungi growing throughout the set . Continuing this natural feel , the floorboards of Sao Feng 's bathhouse had to be cut by hand , and real humidity was created by the combination of gallons of water and the lighting equipment on the set . Filming resumed on August 3 , 2006 at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah for 70 days off the California coast , as all the shooting required in the Caribbean had been conducted in 2005 . Davy Jones 's Locker was shot at Utah , and it was shot in a monochromatic way to represent its different feeling from the usual colorful environment of a pirate . The climactic battle was shot in a former air hangar at Palmdale , California , where the cast had to wear wetsuits underneath their costumes on angle - tipped ships . The water - drenched set was kept in freezing temperatures , to make sure bacteria did not come inside and infect the crew . A second unit shot at Niagara Falls . Industrial Light & Magic did 750 effects shots , while Digital Domain also took on 300 . They spent just five months finishing the special effects . The film posed numerous challenges in creating water - based effects . Filming finished on December 12 , 2006 in Molokai , and the first assembly cut was three hours . Twenty minutes were removed , not including end credits , though producer Jerry Bruckheimer maintained that the long running time was needed to make the final battle work in terms of build - up . Music ( edit ) Hans Zimmer composed the score , as he did for the previous films , composing eight new motifs , including a new love theme for the At World 's End soundtrack . He scored scenes as the editors began work , so as to influence their choice of cutting to the music . Gore Verbinski helped on the score . He played the Ennio Morricone - influenced guitar music in the parley scene between Barbossa , Sparrow , Elizabeth and Will , Davy Jones , and Cutler Beckett . He also co-wrote the song `` Hoist the Colours '' with Zimmer . Release ( edit ) Keith Richards , who plays Jack 's father Captain Teague , at the premiere . The world premiere of At World 's End was held on May 19 , 2007 at Disneyland , home of the ride that inspired the film and where the first two films in the trilogy debuted . Disneyland offered the general public a chance to attend the premiere through the sale of tickets , priced at $1,500 per ticket , with proceeds going to the Make - a-Wish Foundation charity . Just a few weeks before the film 's release , Walt Disney Pictures decided to move the United States opening of At World 's End from screenings Friday , May 25 , 2007 to Thursday at 8 PM , May 24 , 2007 . The film opened in 4,362 theaters domestically , beating Spider - Man 3 's theater opening record by 110 ( this record was surpassed by The Dark Knight the following year ) . Marketing ( edit ) After a muted publicity campaign , the trailer finally debuted at ShoWest 2007 . It was shown on March 18 , 2007 at a special screening of Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl named `` Pirates Ultimate Fan Event '' , and was then shown on March 19 during Dancing with the Stars , before it debuted online . Action figures by NECA were released in late April . Board games such as a Collector 's Edition Chess Set , a Monopoly Game , and a Pirates Dice Game ( Liar 's dice ) were also released . Master Replicas made sculptures of characters and replicas of jewellery and the Dead Man 's Chest . A video game with the same title as the film was released on May 22 , 2007 on Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Wii , PSP , PlayStation 2 , PC , and Nintendo DS formats . The soundtrack and its remix were also released on May 22 . Censorship ( edit ) At least one nation 's official censors ordered scenes cut from the film . According to Xinhua , the state news agency of the People 's Republic of China , ten minutes of footage containing Chow Yun - fat 's portrayal of Singaporean pirate Sao Feng were trimmed from versions of the film which may be shown in China . Chow is onscreen for twenty minutes in the uncensored theatrical release of the film . No official reason for the censorship was given , but unofficial sources within China have indicated that the character gave a negative and stereotypical portrayal of Chinese people . Home Media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD and Blu - Ray on November 19 , 2007 in the UK and December 4 , 2007 in the United States and Canada . The 2 - Disc Limited Edition DVD was in continuous circulation until it stopped on September 30 , 2008 . In contrast , the Blu - ray Disc release , containing all of the features from the 2 - Disc DVD version ( including some original scenes from the theatrical release , but excluding the writer 's commentary ) is still widely available . The initial Blu - ray Disc release was misprinted on the back of the box as 1080i , although Disney confirmed it to be 1080p . Disney decided not to recall the misprinted units , but to fix the error on subsequent printings . DVD sales brought in $296,043,871 in revenue , marking the best - selling DVD of 2007 , although it ranks second in terms of units sold ( 14,505,271 ) behind Transformers ( 16,234,195 ) . At World 's End had its television premiere in the UK on Boxing Day 2009 on BBC One at 19 : 30 , and was watched by 6.06 million viewers . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 45 % based on 220 reviews , with an average rating of 5.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` POTC : AWE provides the thrilling action scenes , but mixes in too many characters with too many incomprehensible plot threads . '' At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews , the film received an average score of 50 out of 100 , based on 36 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Reviewer Alex Billington noted , `` This is just how the film industry works nowadays ; critics give bad opinions , the public usually has a differing opinion , and all is well in the world of Hollywood since the studios made their millions anyway . '' Drew McWeeny praised the film 's complexity as giving it repeat - viewing value , and its conclusion as `` perhaps the most canny move it makes . '' Todd Gilchrist found the story too similar to other cinematic trilogies such as Star Wars , but praised the production values . Brian Lowry felt that `` unlike last year 's bloated sequel , it at least possesses some semblance of a destination , making it slightly more coherent - if no less numbing during the protracted finale . '' Total Film praised the performances but complained that the twists and exposition made it hard to care for the characters . Edward Douglas liked the film but had issues with its pacing , while Blake Wright criticized the Davy Jones 's Locker and Calypso segments . James Berardinelli found it the weakest of the trilogy as `` the last hour offers adventure as rousing as anything provided in either of the previous installments ... which does n't account for the other 108 minutes of this gorged , self - indulgent , and uneven production . '' Peter Travers praised Richards and Rush but felt `` there can indeed be too much of a good thing , '' regarding Depp 's character . Travers later declared the movie to be one of the worst films of the year . Colm Andrew of the Manx Independent said the film was overall a disappointment and that `` the final showdown ... is a non-event and the repetitive swordplay and inane plot contrivances simply become boring by the end '' . Richard Roeper gave a positive review , saying `` Gore Verbinski and the stunt and special effects crews have created one of the most impressive blends of live - action work and CGI wizardry ever put on film , '' and believing it `` rarely drags and is almost always entertaining . '' He praised the performances of the actors as one of the best things about the film . Chow Yun - fat 's character stirred a great deal of controversy with the Chinese press . Perry Lam , of Hong Kong cultural magazine , Muse , found an offensive resemblance between Chow 's character and Fu Manchu : `` Now Fu Manchu has returned after an absence of 27 years in the Hollywood cinema ; except that , in a nod to political correctness and marketing realities , he is no longer called Fu Manchu . '' Box Office ( edit ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End earned $309,420,425 in North America and $654,000,000 in other countries , for a worldwide total of $963,420,425 . Worldwide , it is the thirtieth - highest - grossing film , the highest - grossing film of 2007 , and the third - highest - grossing film in the Pirates of the Caribbean series . Compared to its predecessor , it grossed far less at the North American box office , but more outside North America . Still , its worldwide earnings are more than $100 million below Dead Man 's Chest 's . During its worldwide opening weekend , it grossed $344.0 million , making it the seventh - largest opening . North America At World 's End was released in a then - record 4,362 theaters in North America , and was shown on around 11,500 screens , which is still an all - time record . On its first three - day weekend , it earned $114,732,820 . It set a Memorial Day 4 - day weekend record ( $139,802,190 ) , which it still retains . This record was previously held by X-Men : The Last Stand . Including Thursday night previews , as well , At World 's End earned $153,042,234 in 5 days , and is the fourth - highest - grossing film of 2007 . Among May 's Big Three ( Spider - Man 3 , Shrek 3 and Pirates 3 ) , Pirates 3 grossed the least both during its opening weekend and in total earnings . However , this was mainly attributed to the fact that it was released third , after the other two films , so there was already too much competition . It is also the second - highest - grossing film in the Pirates series . Outside North America It is the eighteenth - highest - grossing film , the sixth - largest film distributed by Disney , and the second - highest - grossing Pirates of the Caribbean film . During its opening weekend , it grossed an estimated $216.0 million , which stands as the sixth biggest opening outside North America . It set opening - weekend records in South Korea with $16.7 million ( surpassed by Transformers : Dark of the Moon ) , Russia , and the CIS with $14.0 million ( first surpassed by Samy luchshiy film ) , and Spain with $11.9 million ( surpassed by The Impossible ) . It dominated for three consecutive weekends at the box office outside North America . By June 12 , 2007 , its 20th day of release , the film had grossed $500 million , breaking Spider - Man 3 's record for reaching that amount the fastest . This record was first overtaken by Avatar ( 15 days to $500 million ) . Its highest - grossing countries after North America are Japan , where it earned $91.1 million , and became the last Hollywood film to earn more than 10 billion yen before Avatar , and the UK , Ireland , Malta ( $81.4 million ) , and Germany ( $59.4 million ) . Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of accolades received by the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise At the 80th Academy Awards , Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End was nominated for two awards , Best Makeup and Best Visual Effects . However , it did not win either of the two , losing the former to La Vie en Rose and the latter to The Golden Compass . At the 2008 MTV Movie Awards , the film was nominated for three awards , including one win : the Best Comedic Performance ( Johnny Depp ) . At the 34th People 's Choice Awards , it was nominated for five awards , including four wins : Favorite Movie , Favorite Threequel , Favorite Male Movie Star ( Johnny Depp ) and Favorite Female Action Star ( Keira Knightley ) . Also , at the Teen Choice Awards it won five awards , out of six nominations . Finally , at the 2008 Kids ' Choice Awards , it achieved three nominations but won only the Favorite Movie Actor award ( Johnny Depp ) . However , Orlando Bloom was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean - At World 's End '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Revealing the True Nature of all the Characters '' . Production Notes . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . 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Blu-ray.com . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2012 . Retrieved December 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End '' . The-Numbers.com . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2015 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/news/a192995/tennants-hamlet-seen-by-896000.html#~oZ0lqBR7MwOtf9 Archived September 24 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Movie Reviews , Pictures '' Archived May 30 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved August 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Alex Billington ( May 22 , 2007 ) . `` Get Ready for a Swarm of Negative Critics This Friday on Pirates 3 '' . FirstShowing.net . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2007 . Retrieved May 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Drew McWeeny ( May 24 , 2007 ) . `` Moriarty Sets Sail With PIRATES 3 : AT WORLD 'S END ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Todd Gilchrist ( May 24 , 2007 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2007 . Retrieved May 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Brian Lowry ( May 22 , 2007 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2007 . Retrieved May 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates Of The Caribbean : At World 's End '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2007 . Retrieved May 14 , 2009 . 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Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( May 29 , 2007 ) . `` Third ' Pirates ' Sacks Memorial Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Already Breaking Records '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2013 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Memorial Day Holiday Weekends '' . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2013 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Third ' Pirates ' Sacks Memorial Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Film franchises set to do battle '' . USA Today . May 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . 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Archived from the original on May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( July 5 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Transformers ' Lays Waste to World '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2013 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bresnan , Conor ( February 2 , 2008 ) . `` Around the World Roundup : ' Sweeney Todd , ' Russian Movie Lead '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bresnan , Conor ( May 30 , 2007 ) . `` Around the World Roundup : ' At World 's End ' Massive in Beginning '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Taken 2 ' Crushes Predecessor , ' Ted ' Sets New Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total Box Office Index for 2007 '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( June 13 , 2007 ) . `` ' Pirates ' tops $500 million overseas '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved June 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total Box Office Index '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2011 . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Blair , Gavin ( May 24 , 2010 ) . `` ' Alice ' gets to 10 bil yen faster than ' Avatar ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 80th Annual Academy Awards '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2008 . Retrieved January 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The People 's Choice Awards Winners ! '' . ComingSoon.net . January 9 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2012 . Retrieved January 9 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Official website Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End on IMDb Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End at Box Office Mojo Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End at Rotten Tomatoes Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End at Metacritic Pirates of the Caribbean Film series The Curse of the Black Pearl video game soundtrack Dead Man 's Chest video game soundtrack At World 's End video game soundtrack On Stranger Tides soundtrack Dead Men Tell No Tales ‎ soundtrack Characters Jack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Will Turner Elizabeth Swann Joshamee Gibbs James Norrington Davy Jones Pintel and Ragetti Bootstrap Bill Cutler Beckett Tia Dalma Universe Black Pearl Flying Dutchman Queen Anne 's Revenge Kraken Locations Music List of songs in the film series `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Soundtrack Treasures Collection Swashbuckling Sea Songs 1966 soundtrack `` He 's a Pirate '' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes Theme park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Battle for the Sunken Treasure The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Video games Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean Online Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile Kingdom Hearts II Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Infinity Books Jack Sparrow Legends of the Brethren Court The Price of Freedom Other Trading Card Game Pinball machine Lego Pirates of the Caribbean Accolades for the film series Rob Kidd Book Films directed by Gore Verbinski MouseHunt ( 1997 ) The Mexican ( 2001 ) The Ring ( 2002 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) The Weather Man ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) Rango ( 2011 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) A Cure for Wellness ( 2016 ) Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Farewell , My Lovely ( 1975 ) March or Die ( 1977 ) Defiance ( 1980 ) American Gigolo ( 1980 ) Thief ( 1981 ) Young Doctors in Love ( 1982 ) Flashdance ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Thief of Hearts ( 1984 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) Dangerous Minds ( 1995 ) Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) Bad Boys ( 1995 ) The Rock ( 1996 ) Con Air ( 1997 ) Enemy of the State ( 1998 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Coyote Ugly ( 2000 ) Gone in 60 Seconds ( 2000 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) Bad Company ( 2002 ) Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Veronica Guerin ( 2003 ) Kangaroo Jack ( 2003 ) National Treasure ( 2004 ) King Arthur ( 2004 ) Just Legal ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Déjà Vu ( 2006 ) Glory Road ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) National Treasure : Book of Secrets ( 2007 ) G - Force ( 2009 ) Confessions of a Shopaholic ( 2009 ) Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) Deliver Us from Evil ( 2014 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Action The Matrix Reloaded ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) X-Men Origins : Wolverine ( 2009 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Abduction ( 2012 ) Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) Divergent ( 2014 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) Deadpool ( 2016 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_At_World%27s_End&oldid=804890552 '' Categories : 2007 films English - language films Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) 2000s adventure films 2000s fantasy films 2000s sequel films American epic films American sequel films Films directed by Gore Verbinski Fantasy adventure films Films set in Singapore Films set in the 18th century Films shot in California Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in the Bahamas Films shot in Utah Films using computer - 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Virus classification
Virus classification - wikipedia Virus classification Jump to : navigation , search Virus classification is the process of naming viruses and placing them into a taxonomic system . Similar to the classification systems used for cellular organisms , virus classification is the subject of ongoing debate and proposals . This is mainly due to the pseudo-living nature of viruses , which is to say they are non-living particles with some chemical characteristics similar to those of life . As such , they do not fit neatly into the established biological classification system in place for cellular organisms . Viruses are mainly classified by phenotypic characteristics , such as morphology , nucleic acid type , mode of replication , host organisms , and the type of disease they cause . Currently , two main schemes are used for the classification of viruses : the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ( ICTV ) system and Baltimore classification system , which places viruses into one of seven groups . Accompanying this broad method of classification are specific naming conventions and further classification guidelines set out by the ICTV . A catalogue of all the world 's viruses has been proposed ; some related preliminary efforts have been accomplished . Contents ( hide ) 1 Virus species definition 2 ICTV classification 3 Structure - based virus classification 4 Baltimore classification 4.1 DNA viruses 4.2 RNA viruses 4.3 Reverse transcribing viruses 5 Holmes classification 6 LHT System of Virus Classification 7 Subviral agents 7.1 Viroids 7.2 Satellites 7.3 Prions 7.4 Defective interfering particles 8 See also 9 Notes 10 External links Virus species definition ( edit ) Species form the basis for any biological classification system . The ICTV had adopted the principle that a virus species is a polythetic class of viruses that constitutes a replicating lineage and occupies a particular ecological niche . In July 2013 , the ICTV definition of species changed to state : `` A species is a monophyletic group of viruses whose properties can be distinguished from those of other species by multiple criteria . '' ICTV classification ( edit ) The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses began to devise and implement rules for the naming and classification of viruses early in the 1970s , an effort that continues to the present . The ICTV is the only body charged by the International Union of Microbiological Societies with the task of developing , refining , and maintaining a universal virus taxonomy . The system shares many features with the classification system of cellular organisms , such as taxon structure . However , this system of nomenclature differs from other taxonomic codes on several points . A minor point is that names of orders and families are italicized , unlike in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants and International Code of Zoological Nomenclature . Viral classification starts at the level of order and continues as follows , with the taxon suffixes given in italics : Order ( - virales ) Family ( - viridae ) Subfamily ( - virinae ) Genus ( - virus ) Species Species names often take the form of ( Disease ) virus , particularly for higher plants and animals . The establishment of an order is based on the inference that the virus families it contains have most likely evolved from a common ancestor . The majority of virus families remain unplaced . As of 2012 , seven orders , 96 families , 22 subfamilies , 420 genera , and 2,618 species of viruses have been defined by the ICTV . The orders are the Caudovirales , Herpesvirales , Ligamenvirales , Mononegavirales , Nidovirales , Picornavirales , and Tymovirales . These orders span viruses with varying host ranges . The Ligamenvirales , infecting archaea , are the most recent addition to the classification system . Caudovirales are tailed dsDNA ( group I ) bacteriophages . Herpesvirales contain large eukaryotic dsDNA viruses . Ligamenvirales contains linear , dsDNA ( group I ) archaean viruses . Mononegavirales include nonsegmented ( - ) strand ssRNA ( Group V ) plant and animal viruses . Nidovirales are composed of ( + ) strand ssRNA ( Group IV ) viruses with vertebrate hosts . Picornavirales contains small ( + ) strand ssRNA viruses that infect a variety of plant , insect and animal hosts . Tymovirales contain monopartite ( + ) ssRNA viruses that infect plants . Other variations occur between the orders : Nidovirales , for example , are isolated for their differentiation in expressing structural and nonstructural proteins separately . Structure - based virus classification ( edit ) It has been suggested that similarity in virion assembly and structure observed for certain viral groups infecting hosts from different domains of life ( e.g. , bacterial tectiviruses and eukaryotic adenoviruses or prokaryotic Caudovirales and eukaryotic herpesviruses ) reflects an evolutionary relationship between these viruses . Therefore , structural relationship between viruses has been suggested to be used as a basis for defining higher - level taxa - structure - based viral lineages - that could complement the existing ICTV classification scheme . Baltimore classification ( edit ) Main articles : Baltimore classification and Virus Information Table The Baltimore Classification of viruses is based on the method of viral mRNA synthesis Baltimore classification ( first defined in 1971 ) is a classification system that places viruses into one of seven groups depending on a combination of their nucleic acid ( DNA or RNA ) , strandedness ( single - stranded or double - stranded ) , Sense , and method of replication . Named after David Baltimore , a Nobel Prize - winning biologist , these groups are designated by Roman numerals . Other classifications are determined by the disease caused by the virus or its morphology , neither of which are satisfactory due to different viruses either causing the same disease or looking very similar . In addition , viral structures are often difficult to determine under the microscope . Classifying viruses according to their genome means that those in a given category will all behave in a similar fashion , offering some indication of how to proceed with further research . Viruses can be placed in one of the seven following groups : I : dsDNA viruses ( e.g. Adenoviruses , Herpesviruses , Poxviruses ) II : ssDNA viruses ( + strand or `` sense '' ) DNA ( e.g. Parvoviruses ) III : dsRNA viruses ( e.g. Reoviruses ) IV : ( + ) ssRNA viruses ( + strand or sense ) RNA ( e.g. Picornaviruses , Togaviruses ) V : ( − ) ssRNA viruses ( − strand or antisense ) RNA ( e.g. Orthomyxoviruses , Rhabdoviruses ) VI : ssRNA - RT viruses ( + strand or sense ) RNA with DNA intermediate in life - cycle ( e.g. Retroviruses ) VII : dsDNA - RT viruses DNA with RNA intermediate in life - cycle ( e.g. Hepadnaviruses ) Visualization of the 7 groups of virus according to the Baltimore Classification DNA viruses ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see DNA virus . Group I : viruses possess double - stranded DNA . Viruses that cause chickenpox and herpes are found here . Group II : viruses possess single - stranded DNA . Virus family Examples ( common names ) Virion naked / enveloped Capsid symmetry Nucleic acid type Group 1 . Adenoviridae Adenovirus , infectious canine hepatitis virus Naked Icosahedral ds 2 . Papovaviridae Papillomavirus , polyomaviridae , simian vacuolating virus Naked Icosahedral ds circular 3 . Parvoviridae Parvovirus B19 , canine parvovirus Naked Icosahedral ss II 4 . Herpesviridae Herpes simplex virus , varicella - zoster virus , cytomegalovirus , Epstein -- Barr virus Enveloped Icosahedral ds 5 . Poxviridae Smallpox virus , cow pox virus , sheep pox virus , orf virus , monkey pox virus , vaccinia virus Complex coats Complex ds 6 . Hepadnaviridae Hepatitis B virus Enveloped Icosahedral circular , partially ds VII 7 . Anelloviridae Torque teno virus Naked Icosahedral ss circular II RNA viruses ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see RNA virus . Group III : viruses possess double - stranded RNA genomes , e.g. rotavirus . Group IV : viruses possess positive - sense single - stranded RNA genomes . Many well known viruses are found in this group , including the picornaviruses ( which is a family of viruses that includes well - known viruses like Hepatitis A virus , enteroviruses , rhinoviruses , poliovirus , and foot - and - mouth virus ) , SARS virus , hepatitis C virus , yellow fever virus , and rubella virus . Group V : viruses possess negative - sense single - stranded RNA genomes . The deadly Ebola and Marburg viruses are well known members of this group , along with influenza virus , measles , mumps and rabies . Virus Family Examples ( common names ) Capsid naked / enveloped Capsid Symmetry Nucleic acid type Group 1 . Reoviridae Reovirus , rotavirus Naked Icosahedral ds III 2 . Picornaviridae Enterovirus , rhinovirus , hepatovirus , cardiovirus , aphthovirus , poliovirus , parechovirus , erbovirus , kobuvirus , teschovirus , coxsackie Naked Icosahedral ss IV 3 . Caliciviridae Norwalk virus Naked Icosahedral ss IV 4 . Togaviridae Rubella virus , alphavirus Enveloped Icosahedral ss IV 5 . Arenaviridae Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Enveloped Complex ss ( - ) V 6 . Flaviviridae Dengue virus , hepatitis C virus , yellow fever virus Enveloped Icosahedral ss IV 7 . Orthomyxoviridae Influenzavirus A , influenzavirus B , influenzavirus C , isavirus , thogotovirus Enveloped Helical ss ( - ) V 8 . Paramyxoviridae Measles virus , mumps virus , respiratory syncytial virus , Rinderpest virus , canine distemper virus Enveloped Helical ss ( - ) V 9 . Bunyaviridae California encephalitis virus , hantavirus Enveloped Helical ss ( - ) V 10 . Rhabdoviridae Rabies virus Enveloped Helical ss ( - ) V 11 . Filoviridae Ebola virus , Marburg virus Enveloped Helical ss ( - ) V 12 . Coronaviridae Corona virus Enveloped Helical ss IV 13 . Astroviridae Astrovirus Naked Icosahedral ss IV 14 . Bornaviridae Borna disease virus Enveloped Helical ss ( - ) V 15 . Arteriviridae Arterivirus , equine arteritis virus Enveloped Icosahedral ss IV 16 . Hepeviridae Hepatitis E virus Naked Icosahedral ss IV 17 . Retroviridae HIV Enveloped Reverse transcribing viruses ( edit ) Group VI : viruses possess single - stranded RNA viruses that replicate through a DNA intermediate . The retroviruses are included in this group , of which HIV is a member . Group VII : viruses possess double - stranded DNA genomes and replicate using reverse transcriptase . The hepatitis B virus can be found in this group . Holmes classification ( edit ) Holmes ( 1948 ) used Carl Linnaeus 's system of binomial nomenclature to classify viruses into 3 groups under one order , Virales . They are placed as follows : Group I : Phaginae ( attacks bacteria ) Group II : Phytophaginae ( attacks plants ) Group III : Zoophaginae ( attacks animals ) LHT system of virus classification ( edit ) The LHT System of Virus Classification is based on chemical and physical characters like nucleic acid ( DNA or RNA ) , Symmetry ( Helical or Icosahedral or Complex ) , presence of envelope , diameter of capsid , number of capsomers . This classification was approved by the Provisional Committee on Nomenclature of Virus ( PNVC ) of the International Association of Microbiological Societies ( 1962 ) . It is as follows : Phylum Vira ( divided into 2 subphyla ) Subphylum Deoxyvira ( DNA viruses ) Class Deoxybinala ( dual symmetry ) Order Urovirales Family Phagoviridae Class Deoxyhelica ( Helical symmetry ) Order Chitovirales Family Poxviridae Class Deoxycubica ( cubical symmetry ) Order Peplovirales Family Herpesviridae ( 162 capsomeres ) Order Haplovirales ( no envelope ) Family Iridoviridae ( 812 capsomeres ) Family Adenoviridae ( 252 capsomeres ) Family Papiloviridae ( 72 capsomeres ) Family Paroviridae ( 32 capsomeres ) Family Microviridae ( 12 capsomeres ) Subphylum Ribovira ( RNA viruses ) Class Ribocubica Order Togovirales Family Arboviridae Order Lymovirales Family Napoviridae Family Reoviridae Class Ribohelica Order Sagovirales Family Stomataviridae Family Paramyxoviridae Family Myxoviridae Order Rhabdovirales Suborder Flexiviridales Family Mesoviridae Family Peptoviridae Suborder Rigidovirales Family Pachyviridae Family Protoviridae Family Polichoviridae Subviral agents ( edit ) The following agents are smaller than viruses but have only some of their properties . Viroids ( edit ) Main article : Viroid Family Avsunviroidae Genus Avsunviroid ; type species : Avocado sunblotch viroid Genus Pelamoviroid ; type species : Peach latent mosaic viroid Genus Elaviroid ; type species : Eggplant latent viroid Family Pospiviroidae Genus Pospiviroid ; type species : Potato spindle tuber viroid Genus Hostuviroid ; type species : Hop stunt viroid Genus Cocadviroid ; type species : Coconut cadang - cadang viroid Genus Apscaviroid ; type species : Apple scar skin viroid Genus Coleviroid ; type species : Coleus blumei viroid 1 Satellites ( edit ) Main article : Satellite ( biology ) Satellites depend on co-infection of a host cell with a helper virus for productive multiplication . Their nucleic acids have substantially distinct nucleotide sequences from either their helper virus or host . When a satellite subviral agent encodes the coat protein in which it is encapsulated , it is then called a satellite virus . Satellite viruses Single - stranded RNA satellite viruses Subgroup 1 : Chronic bee - paralysis satellite virus Subgroup 2 : Tobacco necrosis satellite virus Double - stranded DNA satellite viruses ( virophages ) Satellite nucleic acids Single - stranded satellite DNAs Double - stranded satellite RNAs Single - stranded satellite RNAs Subgroup 1 : Large satellite RNAs Subgroup 2 : Small linear satellite RNAs Subgroup 3 : Circular satellite RNAs ( virusoids ) Prions ( edit ) Prions , named for their description as `` proteinaceous and infectious particles '' , lack any detectable ( as of 2002 ) nucleic acids or virus - like particles . They resist inactivation procedures that normally affect nucleic acids . Mammalian prions : Agents of spongiform encephalopathies Fungal prions : PSI+ prion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae URE3 prion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNQ / PIN+ prion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Het - s prion of Podospora anserina Defective interfering particles ( edit ) Main article : Defective interfering particle Defective interfering RNA Defective interfering DNA See also ( edit ) Viruses portal Binomial nomenclature Biological classification International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses List of genera of viruses List of virus species Nomenclature codes Taxonomy Trinomial nomenclature Virology Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Zimmer , Carl ( 5 September 2013 ) . `` A Catalog for All the World 's Viruses ? '' . New York Times . Retrieved 6 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Witzany G ( ed ) ( 2012 ) . Viruses : Essential Agents of Life . Springer . ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 4898 - 9 . Jump up ^ Adams , MJ ; Lefkowitz , EJ ; King , AMQ ; Carstens , EB ( 2013 ) . `` Recently agreed changes to the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature '' . Arch Virol. 158 : 2633 -- 9 . PMID 23836393 . doi : 10.1007 / s00705 - 013 - 1749 - 9 . Jump up ^ The Virus Species Concept : Introduction Virus Taxonomy Online : Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. 2000 . Retrieved on 2007 - 07 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : ICTV Home Jump up ^ ICTV Virus Taxonomy 2012 Jump up ^ Prangishvili D , Krupovic M ( 2012 ) . `` A new proposed taxon for double - stranded DNA viruses , the order `` Ligamenvirales '' `` . Arch Virol. 157 ( 4 ) : 791 -- 795 . PMID 22270758 . doi : 10.1007 / s00705 - 012 - 1229 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bamford DH ( 2003 ) . `` Do viruses form lineages across different domains of life ? '' . Res Microbiol. 154 ( 4 ) : 231 -- 236 . PMID 12798226 . doi : 10.1016 / S0923 - 2508 ( 03 ) 00065 - 2 . Jump up ^ Krupovic M , Bamford DH ( 2010 ) . `` Order to the Viral Universe '' ( PDF ) . J Virol. 84 ( 24 ) : 12476 -- 12479 . PMC 3004316 . PMID 20926569 . doi : 10.1128 / JVI. 01489 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Classification of Viruses '' ( Website . ) Molecular Biology Web Book - http://web-books.com/ . Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Lwoff A , Horne R , Tournier P ( 1962 ) . `` A system of viruses '' . Cold Spring Harb . Symp . Quant. Biol. 27 : 51 -- 5 . PMID 13931895 . doi : 10.1101 / sqb. 1962.027. 001.008 . Jump up ^ `` 80.002 Avsunviroidae - ICTVdB Index of Viruses . '' ( Website . ) U.S. National Institutes of Health website . Retrieved on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 80.001 Popsiviroidae - ICTVdB Index of Viruses . '' ( Website . ) U.S. National Institutes of Health website . Retrieved on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 81 . Satellites - ICTVdB Index of Viruses . '' ( Website . ) U.S. National Institutes of Health website . Retrieved on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 90 . Prions - ICTVdB Index of Viruses . '' ( Website . ) U.S. National Institutes of Health website . Retrieved on 2007 - 09 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Wikispecies has information related to : Virus ICTV web site ICTV International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses Master Species List 2009 Version 10 ( This is version was published on August 24 , 2011 ) The Baltimore Method Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource ( ViPR ) Microbiology : Virus Components Viral envelope Capsid Viral protein Viral life cycle Viral entry Viral replication Viral shedding Virus latency Viroplasm Genetics Reassortment Antigenic shift Antigenic drift Phenotype mixing By host Bacteriophage Virophage Mycovirus Plant virus ( Plant to Human ) Animal virus Human virome Archea virus Amoeba virus Other Viral disease Helper virus Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections Viral load Virus - like particle Viral quantification Antiviral drug Neurotropic virus Oncovirus Social history of viruses Satellite virus Giant viruses Baltimore ( virus classification ) DNA I : dsDNA viruses Caudovirales Myoviridae Podoviridae Siphoviridae Herpesvirales Alloherpesviridae Herpesviridae Malacoherpesviridae Ligamenvirales Lipothrixviridae Rudiviridae Unassigned NLCDV : Ascoviridae Asfarviridae Iridoviridae Marseilleviridae Mimiviridae Phycodnaviridae Poxviridae genera : Dinodnavirus nonenveloped : Adenoviridae Papillomaviridae Papovaviridae ( obsolete ) Polyomaviridae genera : Rhizidiovirus Ampullaviridae Baculoviridae Bicaudaviridae Clavaviridae Corticoviridae Fuselloviridae Globuloviridae Guttaviridae Hytrosaviridae Nimaviridae Nudiviridae Plasmaviridae Polydnaviridae Sphaerolipoviridae Tectiviridae Turriviridae genera : Salterprovirus II : ssDNA viruses Anelloviridae Bidnaviridae Circoviridae Geminiviridae Inoviridae Microviridae Nanoviridae Parvoviridae Spiraviridae genera : Bacilladnavirus RNA III : dsRNA viruses Amalgaviridae Birnaviridae Chrysoviridae Cystoviridae Endornaviridae Hypoviridae Megabirnaviridae Partitiviridae Picobirnaviridae Quadriviridae Reoviridae Totiviridae IV : ( + ) ssRNA viruses ( primarily icosahedral ) Nidovirales Arteriviridae Coronaviridae Mesoniviridae Roniviridae Picornavirales Comoviridae ( obsolete ) Dicistroviridae Iflaviridae Marnaviridae Picornaviridae Secoviridae Sequiviridae ( obsolete ) genera : Bacillarnavirus Labyrnavirus Tymovirales Alphaflexiviridae Betaflexiviridae Gammaflexiviridae Tymoviridae Unassigned Alphatetraviridae Alvernaviridae Astroviridae Barnaviridae Benyviridae Bromoviridae Caliciviridae Carmotetraviridae Closteroviridae Flaviviridae Flexiviridae ( obsolete ) Hepeviridae Leviviridae Luteoviridae Narnaviridae Nodaviridae Permutotetraviridae Potyviridae Tetraviridae ( obsolete ) Togaviridae Tombusviridae Virgaviridae genera : Cilevirus Higrevirus Idaeovirus Ourmiavirus Polemovirus Sobemovirus V : ( - ) ssRNA viruses ( primarily helical ) Mononegavirales Bornaviridae Filoviridae Nyamiviridae Paramyxoviridae Rhabdoviridae Unassigned Arenaviridae Bunyaviridae Ophioviridae Orthomyxoviridae genera : Deltavirus Emaravirus Tenuivirus Varicosavirus RT VI : ssRNA - RT viruses Metaviridae Pseudoviridae Retroviridae VII : dsDNA - RT viruses Caulimoviridae Hepadnaviridae Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virus_classification&oldid=793884798 '' Categories : Virus taxonomy Virology Biological classification Morphology ( biology ) Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Simple English Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2017 , at 15 : 03 . 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where do viruses fit in the current classification system and why
[ "Virus classification is the process of naming viruses and placing them into a taxonomic system. Similar to the classification systems used for cellular organisms, virus classification is the subject of ongoing debate and proposals. This is mainly due to the pseudo-living nature of viruses, which is to say they are non-living particles with some chemical characteristics similar to those of life. As such, they do not fit neatly into the established biological classification system in place for cellular organisms.", "Virus classification is the process of naming viruses and placing them into a taxonomic system. Similar to the classification systems used for cellular organisms, virus classification is the subject of ongoing debate and proposals. This is mainly due to the pseudo-living nature of viruses, which is to say they are non-living particles with some chemical characteristics similar to those of life. As such, they do not fit neatly into the established biological classification system in place for cellular organisms." ]
[ "virus classification is the subject of ongoing debate and proposals", "due to the pseudo-living nature of viruses, which is to say they are non-living particles with some chemical characteristics similar to those of life" ]
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A Change Is Gonna Come
A Change Is Gonna Come - wikipedia A Change Is Gonna Come For other uses , see A Change Is Gonna Come ( disambiguation ) . `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Single by Sam Cooke from the album Ai n't That Good News A-side `` Shake '' Released December 22 , 1964 ( 1964 - 12 - 22 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded January 30 , 1964 Studio RCA , Hollywood , California Genre Soul Length 3 : 11 Label RCA Victor Songwriter ( s ) Sam Cooke Producer ( s ) Hugo & Luigi Sam Cooke singles chronology `` Cousin of Mine '' ( 1964 ) `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' ( 1964 ) `` It 's Got The Whole World Shakin ' '' ( 1965 ) `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' is a song by American recording artist Sam Cooke . It initially appeared on Cooke 's album Ai n't That Good News , released March 1 , 1964 by RCA Victor ; a slightly edited version of the recording was released as a single on December 22 , 1964 . Produced by Hugo & Luigi and arranged and conducted by René Hall , the song was the B - side to `` Shake '' . The song was inspired by various personal events in Cooke 's life , most prominently an event in which he and his entourage were turned away from a whites - only motel in Louisiana . Cooke felt compelled to write a song that spoke to his struggle and of those around him , and that pertained to the Civil Rights Movement and African Americans . The song contains the refrain , `` It 's been a long time coming , but I know a change is gon na come . '' Though only a modest hit for Cooke in comparison with his previous singles , `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' is widely considered Cooke 's best composition and has been voted among the best songs ever released by various publications . In 2007 , the song was selected for preservation in the Library of Congress , with the National Recording Registry deeming the song `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically important . '' Contents 1 Background 2 Recording and production 3 Composition 4 Personnel 5 Release 5.1 Cover versions 6 Media usage 7 Other 8 Chart history ( Sam Cooke version ) 9 Bibliography 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) On October 8 , 1963 , en route to Shreveport , Louisiana , Cooke called ahead to the Holiday Inn North to make reservations for his wife , Barbara , and himself , but when he and his group arrived , the desk clerk glanced nervously and explained there were no vacancies . While his brother Charles protested , Sam was fuming , yelling to see the manager and refusing to leave until he received an answer . His wife nudged him , attempting to calm him down , telling him , `` They 'll kill you , '' to which he responded , `` They ai n't gon na kill me , because I 'm Sam Cooke . '' When they eventually persuaded Cooke to leave , the group drove away calling out insults and blaring their horns . When they arrived at the Castle Motel on Sprague Street downtown , the police were waiting for them , arresting them for disturbing the peace . The New York Times ran an AP report the following day headlined `` Negro Band Leader Held in Shreveport , '' but African - Americans were outraged , leading to the creation of a myth surrounding the incident , exaggerating parts of the story and fabricating others . In addition , upon hearing Bob Dylan 's `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' in 1963 , Cooke was greatly moved that such a poignant song about racism in America could come from someone who was not black , and was also ashamed he had not yet written something like that himself . However , his image and fears of losing his largely white fan base prevented him from doing so . Cooke loved the song so much it was immediately incorporated into his repertoire . Recording and production ( edit ) Following Christmas 1963 , Cooke invited J.W. Alexander to his home to preview a new song he had just written , one Cooke was very excited about . When he arrived , Cooke ran through the number on his guitar twice , the second time going over it line by line . Both were very excited to record the song , with Alexander viewing it more personal and political than anything he had yet attempted . He warned Cooke that he may not profit off the song as he had with lighter , poppier songs , but Cooke did not care . He explained to Alexander that he hoped the song would make his father proud . `` It was less work than any song he 'd ever written , '' biographer Peter Guralnick says . `` It almost scared him that the song -- it was almost as if the song were intended for somebody else . He grabbed it out of the air and it came to him whole , despite the fact that in many ways it 's probably the most complex song that he wrote . It was both singular -- in the sense that you started out , ' I was born by the river ' -- but it also told the story both of a generation and of a people . '' Cooke handed the song to his arranger René Hall , with no specific instructions as to what he personally wanted , but to give it `` the kind of instrumentation and orchestration that it demanded . '' Previously , the duo had collaborated on arrangement , but this was the first occasion in which Hall was granted complete control of the eventual arrangement , and he composed it as he would a movie score , with lush , symphonic strings . `` I wanted it to be the greatest thing in my ( life ) -- I spent a lot of time , put out a lot of ideas , and then changed them and rearranged them , '' said Hall . Cooke was well known as a perfectionist and `` control freak '' in the recording studio , so giving Hall total latitude was unprecedented . AFO drummer John Boudreaux was intimidated by the orchestral arrangement and refused to leave the control room ; session player and close collaborator Earl Palmer was working next door and filled in for the song . Luigi Creatore asked Cooke to provide one more take , and the eighth take was `` nearly perfect . '' Luigi was very pleased with the song , considering it among his best , both very serious and still uniquely his own . Cooke had initially imagined that Luigi , first and foremost a pop hitmaker , would not respect the socially conscious song . Composition ( edit ) `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' A sound sample of `` A Change Is Gonna Come , '' emphasizing the song 's lush , orchestral accompaniment . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Each verse is a different movement , with the horns carrying the first , the strings the second , and the timpani carrying the bridge . The French horn present in the recording was intended to convey a sense of melancholy . Cooke incorporated his own personal experiences as well into the song , such as encounters in Memphis , Shreveport and Birmingham , to reflect the lives and struggles of all African - Americans of the time . The lines `` I do n't know what 's up there / Beyond the sky '' could refer to Cooke 's doubt for absolute true justice on earth . The final verse , in which Cooke pleads for his `` brother '' to help him , is a metaphor for what Alexander described as `` the establishment '' The verse continues , ' But he winds up knocking me / back down on my knees . ' '' Personnel ( edit ) `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' was recorded on January 30 , 1964 , at RCA Studios in Hollywood , California . The engineer present was Wally Heider , and the session was conducted and arranged by René Hall . The musicians also recorded `` Falling in Love '' the same day . Credits adapted from the liner notes to the 2003 compilation Portrait of a Legend : 1951 -- 1964 . Sam Cooke -- lead vocals SR Crain -- backing vocals Paul Foster -- backing vocals Jimmie Outler -- backing vocals Richard Gibbs -- backing vocals JJ Farley -- backing vocals René Hall -- guitar Norman Bartold -- guitar Arnold Belnick -- guitar Clifton White -- guitar Chuck Badie -- bass guitar Earl Palmer -- drums Harold Battiste -- piano William Hinshaw -- French horn Emil Radocchia -- marimba , timpani , percussion William Kurasch -- trumpet Louis Blackburn -- trombone John Ewing -- trombone David Wells -- trombone Harry Hyams -- viola Alexander Neiman -- viola Israel Baker -- violin Irving Lipschultz -- violin Leonard Malarsky -- violin Jack Pepper -- violin Ralph Schaeffer -- violin Sidney Sharp -- violin Darrel Terwilliger -- violin Tibor Zelig -- violin Emmet Sargeant -- cello Release ( edit ) Cooke first performed `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson on February 7 , 1964 . Cooke 's new manager , Allen Klein , was infatuated with the song and persuaded Cooke to do away with promoting his most recent single , `` Ai n't That Good News '' , and perform `` Change '' instead , feeling that that was the statement he needed to make before a national audience . Cooke objected , noting that the album 's release was a month away and that he had no time to pull together an arrangement within such a short time frame . Klein arranged for RCA to pay for a full string section and Cooke performed the song that Friday on The Tonight Show after performing `` Basin Street '' . An NBC timekeeper logged down the number as `` It 's a Long Time Coming , '' but the network did not save the tape of the performance . Klein and Alexander both felt it would become a milestone moment in Cooke 's career , but it was overshadowed by the Beatles ' performance on The Ed Sullivan Show on CBS just two days later . The song was issued on March 1 as a track on Cooke 's album Ai n't That Good News . It would not be issued as a single for another nine months . Cooke elected not to perform `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' again in his lifetime , both because of the complexity of the arrangement and because of the ominous nature of the song . When shown to his protégé Bobby Womack , his response was that it sounds `` like death . '' Cooke responded , `` Man , that 's kind of how it sounds like to me . That 's why I 'm never going to play it in public . '' Womack clarified his thoughts , that it was n't deathly , but rather `` spooky , '' but Cooke never performed the song again . In December , `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' was prepared for single release , with the verse and chorus preceding the bridge ( `` I go to the movies ... '' ) deleted for radio airplay . The civil rights movement picked up on `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' with near immediacy . On December 11 , 1964 , two weeks before the song was released , Sam Cooke was fatally shot at a Los Angeles motel . `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' became an anthem for the Civil Rights Movement , and is widely considered Cooke 's best composition . Over the years , the song has garnered significant praise and , in 2005 , was voted number 12 by representatives of the music industry and press in Rolling Stone magazine 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , and voted number 3 in the webzine Pitchfork Media 's The 200 Greatest Songs of the 60s . The song is also among three hundred songs deemed the most important ever recorded by National Public Radio ( NPR ) and was recently selected by the Library of Congress as one of twenty - five selected recordings to the National Recording Registry as of March 2007 . The song is currently ranked as the 46th greatest song of all time , as well as the third best song of 1964 , by Acclaimed Music . NPR called the song `` one of the most important songs of the civil rights era . '' Despite its acclaim , legal troubles have haunted the single since its release . A dispute between Cooke 's music publisher , ABKCO , and record company , RCA Records , made the recording unavailable for much of the four decades since its release . Although the song was featured prominently in the 1992 film Malcolm X , it could not be included in the film 's soundtrack . By 2003 , however , the disputes had been settled in time for the song to be included on the remastered version of Ai n't That Good News , as well as the Cooke anthology Portrait of a Legend . A live rendition was included in the soundtrack to the 2001 Michael Mann film Ali . James Taylor recorded a version specially for an episode of the same title of the television drama The West Wing . The Allman Brothers Band captured their performance of the song on their 2003 DVD Live at the Beacon Theatre . Cover versions ( edit ) Other notable artists who have covered the song include : Gerald Alston 2008 Baby Huey on The Baby Huey Story 1971 The Band 1973 George Benson 1979 Wayne Brady 2008 Billy Bragg 2006 Brandy Solomon Burke 1986 John Boutte 2001 Tony Carey the Cold War Kids 2007 Terence Trent D'Arby Gavin DeGraw 2003 Matt Doyle Bob Dylan 1979 Everlast 2011 The 5th Dimension ( in a 1970 medley with The Rascals ' `` People Got to Be Free '' ) Aretha Franklin from `` I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You '' 1967 the Fugees 1996 Jeffrey Gaines The Gits Al Green 1996 Greta Van Fleet 2017 Deitrick Haddon Morten Harket Beth Hart jacksoul 2006 Leela James 2005 R. Kelly Evelyn Champagne King 1985 Patti LaBelle 1998 The Manhattans Allison Moorer The Neville Brothers 1989 Graham Parker 1989 Billy Preston 1981 James & Bobby Purify 1967 Prince Buster 2016 Otis Redding 1965 Michael Thompson featuring Bobby Womack 1976 The Righteous Brothers ( Bobby Hatfield solo ) 1966 Seal and Arcade Fire , who used the song in support of Barack Obama 's nomination for President of the United States . Ben Sollee Solo 1995 The Supremes 1965 Seal ( singer ) 2008 James Taylor ( c. 2005 ) Three Dog Night 1969 Tina Turner 1988 Luther Vandross Cory Wells Canned Heat performed live at Woodstock , 1969 Storyville 1994 - Album `` Bluest eyes '' In recent years , the song has served as a sample for rappers Ghostface Killah ( 1996 ) , Ja Rule ( 2003 ) , Papoose ( 2006 ) , Lil Wayne ( 2007 ) `` Long Time Coming ( remix ) '' Charles Hamilton , Asher Roth , and B.o.B ( 2009 ) , and Nas 's It Was Written album also features a similar opening as the song . On their album The Reunion hip - hop artists Capone - N - Noreaga used an excerpt from the song on the opening track which shares the same title as the Cooke original . British soul singer Beverley Knight says the song is her all - time favorite and has performed it live many a time ; most notably on ' Later with Jools Holland ' . On May 6 , 2008 , during the seventh season of American Idol , the song was sung by contestant Syesha Mercado as the remaining top 4 . It was also sung by Joshua Ledet during the Top 7 episode of season 11 ( 2012 ) , for which he received a standing ovation from the audience . After winning the 2008 United States presidential election , Barack Obama referred to the song , stating to his supporters in Chicago , `` It 's been a long time coming , but tonight , change has come to America . '' A duet of the song by Bettye LaVette and Jon Bon Jovi was included in We Are One : The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial . In Washington DC , in the days leading up to the Inauguration of Barack Obama , this song could be heard played constantly in the city centre . In 2004 , Patti LaBelle performed the song on the annual Nobel Peace Prize Concert to a standing ovation . Julian Casablancas , lead singer of popular rock band The Strokes , has cited `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' as his favorite song of all time . In 2009 , Aaron Neville , along with the Mt . Zion Mass Choir , released a version of the song `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' on the compilation album Oh Happy Day . American Idol creator / producer Simon Fuller selected the song for contestant Adam Lambert to sing in the season 8 finale in May , 2009 . It was also covered by season 9 semifinalist Lilly Scott in March 2010 . In 2010 , one of the finalists of the British The X Factor , Rebecca Ferguson , sang the song for her audition , impressing judges Simon Cowell , Louis Walsh and guest judge Nicole Scherzinger . The song was performed in the 2011 Miss America Pageant by Miss Kentucky , Djuan Trent . In 2011 , jazz group Afro - Blue performed the song on The Sing - off by request of the judges . The same year , Everlast recorded a version of the song for his album Songs of the Ungrateful Living . Maverick Sabre covered the song on his 2012 album Lonely Are the Brave On January 1 , 2012 , the song was the last single to be played on the New Zealand radio station Solid Gold FM before the station rebranded . On June 1 , 2013 Beyoncé Knowles sang the song during The Sound of Change Live concert in London , as part of Chime for Change , an organization which supports total equality between women and men in all areas of life . Mark Sutherland of Rolling Stone magazine noted that Knowles belted out the song , while Alice Vincent from The Daily Telegraph noted that the rendition of the song reflected the event 's purpose . Later , on July 20 , 2013 , Knowles performed the song during a stop in Detroit as part of her Mrs. Carter Show World Tour . The performance followed the city 's recent file for bankruptcy . As Knowles performed , the screen behind her displayed photos of Detroit 's landmarks and icons including Aretha Franklin , Aaliyah , Eminem , Anita Baker , Bob Seger , Kid Rock , The White Stripes , Berry Gordy , Jr , Joe Louis . The montage ended with the declaration `` Nothing Stops Detroit ! '' and Knowles closed the performance by saying `` I love you , Detroit '' . A spokesperson for the singer described the performance as a `` unique tribute to the history of an incredible city and a celebration of the strong spirit of its people '' . A black - and - white video of the cover was uploaded on Knowles ' official YouTube channel on July 30 , 2013 . It closes with a quote from Henry Ford : `` Failure is simply the opportunity to start over , this time more intelligently . '' A reporter for The Huffington Post reported that the singer 's `` heartfelt '' cover of the song `` touched '' her fans and the people who loved Detroit . Latifah Muhammad of the Black Entertainment Television wrote that Knowles ' `` powerful '' rendition of the song came right on time . An editor for Essence described Knowles ' cover as a `` moving tribute to Detroit '' . Jordan Sargent of Spin wrote , `` It all might come off as a bit heavy - handed if it was n't for the fact that , well , Beyonce absolutely slays the cover . '' Lauren Moraski from CBS News described the tribute to the city as `` touching '' . In 2013 15 - year - old Dwayne Cooke released a video of himself singing `` A Change Gonna Come '' on YouTube which has gone viral on Facebook and other social networking sites ... Media usage ( edit ) Many stations have played this song to signal the moment of format change ( e.g. when KSOC 94.5 in Dallas / Fort Worth , TX changed from urban AC to urban oldies in July 2011 ) . Other ( edit ) The words `` A change is gon na come '' are on a wall of the Contemplative Court , a space for reflection in the Smithsonian 's National Museum of African American History and Culture ; the museum opened in 2016 . Chart history ( Sam Cooke version ) ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Peak position Billboard R&B Singles Chart 9 Billboard Hot 100 31 Bibliography ( edit ) Portrait of a Legend 1951 - 1964 . Abkco Records , 2003 . Los Angeles , California . Werner , Craig ( 1999 ) . A Change Is Gonna Come : Music , Race , and the Soul of America . Plume . ISBN 0 - 452 - 28065 - 6 . Wolff , Daniel J. ; S.R. Crain ; Clifton White & G. David Tenenbaum ( 1995 ) . You Send Me : The Life and Times of Sam Cooke . William Morrow & Co . ISBN 0 - 688 - 12403 - 8 . Guralnick , Peter ( 2005 ) . Dream Boogie : The Triumph of Sam Cooke . Back Bay Books . ISBN 978 - 0316013291 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cannady , S. 2007 , Recordings by Historical Figures and Musical Legends Added To the 2006 National Recording Registry : Library of Congress Accepting Nominations for the 2007 Registry , viewed May 9 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 2005 , p. 526 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 2005 , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 2005 , p. 512 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 2005 , p. 513 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sam Cooke And The Song That ' Almost Scared Him ' '' . NPR ( National Public Radio ) . February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 2005 , p. 540 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 2005 , p. 541 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 2005 , p. 547 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 2005 , p. 548 . ^ Jump up to : Portrait of a Legend : 1951 -- 1964 ( liner notes ) . Sam Cooke . US : ABKCO Records . 2003 . 92642 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 2005 , p. 550 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 2005 , p. 552 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 2005 , p. 607 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Acclaimed Music Top 3000 songs '' . 27 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Kathy Boyd ( 22 February 2011 ) . `` Beth Hart - A Change Is Gonna Come ( WOW ! ! ! ) - Echoplex 2 - 20 - 11 '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` American Idol '' . gossipcop.com . Jump up ^ `` Jon Bon Jovi , Queen Latifah go gospel for `` Day '' `` . Reuters . March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Mark ( June 1 , 2013 ) . `` Beyonce Leads a Charge of Powerful Women at Sound of Change '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( June 2 , 2013 ) . `` Beyoncé , Sound of Change Live , Twickenham Stadium , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé dedicates ' A Change is Gonna Come ' to Detroit '' . Rap - Up . July 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Graff , Gary ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` Beyoncé Pays Tribute to Motor City : ' Nothing Stops Detroit ! ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Graham , Adam ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Grapevine : Beyonce 's ' Change ' hits online '' . The Detroit News . MediaNews Group . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Releases Powerful Detroit Dedication , Cover Of Sam Cooke 's ' A Change Is Gonna Come ' ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . July 30 , 2013 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Muhammad , Latifah ( July 22 , 2013 ) . `` Beyoncé Sings `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' in Detroit `` . Black Entertainment Television . BET Networks . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Must - See : Beyoncé Dedicates ' A Change Is Gonna Come ' to Detroit '' . Essence . Essence Communications . August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sargent , Jordan ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Watch Beyonce Dedicate Moving Cover of ' A Change Is Gonna Come ' to Detroit '' . Spin . Spin Media LLC . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moraski , Lauren ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Watch : Beyonce releases touching tribute to Detroit '' . CBS News . CBS . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Change Is Gonna Come , Sam Cooke Cover , 1963 - Done By Dwayne '' . Jump up ^ 94.5 KSoul Revamps As Old School 94.5 - Format Change Archive ( accessed October 4 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Keyes , Allison ( 2017 ) . `` '' In This Quiet Space for Contemplation , a Fountain Rains Down Calming Waters `` '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Sam Cooke Studio albums Keen Songs by Sam Cooke Encore Tribute to the Lady The Wonderful World of Sam Cooke RCA Victor Cooke 's Tour Hits of the 50 's Swing Low My Kind of Blues Twistin ' the Night Away Mr. Soul Night Beat Ai n't That Good News Posthumous releases Shake Try a Little Love Live albums Sam Cooke at the Copa Live at the Harlem Square Club , 1963 Collaboration albums 3 Great Guys Compilations Hit Kit I Thank God The Best of Sam Cooke The Man and His Music Portrait of a Legend : 1951 -- 1964 Singles `` You Send Me '' / `` Summertime '' `` I 'll Come Running Back to You '' `` ( I Love You ) For Sentimental Reasons '' `` You Were Made for Me '' / `` Lonely Island '' `` Everybody Loves to Cha Cha Cha '' `` Only Sixteen '' `` There ! I 've Said It Again '' `` Wonderful World '' `` Chain Gang '' `` Sad Mood '' `` That 's It , I Quit , I 'm Movin ' On '' `` Cupid '' `` Twistin ' the Night Away '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' / `` Having a Party '' `` Somebody Have Mercy '' / `` Nothing Can Change This Love '' `` Send Me Some Lovin ' '' `` Another Saturday Night '' `` Frankie and Johnny '' `` Little Red Rooster '' `` ( Ai n't That ) Good News '' `` Good Times '' / `` Tennessee Waltz '' `` That 's Where It 's At '' `` Shake '' / `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Related articles Discography The Soul Stirrers René Hall Linda Womack We Remember Sam Cooke IAMSAM Book : Sam Cooke Category : Sam Cooke Portal : R&B and Soul Music Wikiquote : Sam Cooke Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Change_Is_Gonna_Come&oldid=865671161 '' Categories : 1963 songs 1964 singles 1970 singles 1960s ballads Songs written by Sam Cooke Sam Cooke songs Otis Redding songs The 5th Dimension songs James & Bobby Purify songs James Taylor songs Three Dog Night songs Song recordings produced by Hugo & Luigi Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients United States National Recording Registry recordings RCA Victor singles Songs released posthumously Songs against racism and xenophobia Soul ballads Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 12 : 30 ( UTC ) . 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who sang a change is gonna come first
[ "\"A Change Is Gonna Come\" is a song by American recording artist Sam Cooke. It initially appeared on Cooke's album Ain't That Good News, released March 1, 1964 by RCA Victor; a slightly edited version of the recording was released as a single on December 22, 1964. Produced by Hugo & Luigi and arranged and conducted by René Hall, the song was the B-side to \"Shake\".\n" ]
[ "American recording artist Sam Cooke" ]
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Pyeongchang County
Pyeongchang County - wikipedia Pyeongchang County Jump to : navigation , search For the county with the same Chinese characters ( 平 昌 ) in Sichuan , China , see Pingchang County . Not to be confused with Pyongyang or Pyonggang . `` Pyeongchang '' redirects here . For other uses , see Pyeongchang ( disambiguation ) . Pyeongchang 평창군 County Korean transcription ( s ) Hangul 평 창 군 Hanja 平 昌 郡 Revised Romanization Pyeongchang - gun McCune - Reischauer P'yŏngch'ang - gun Alpensia Resort and a wind farm in Pyeongchang Emblem of Pyeongchang Etymology : 平 `` peaceful '' or `` flatland '' , 昌 `` prosperity '' or `` flourishing '' Location in Gangwon Province , South Korea Country South Korea Province Gangwon - do Administrative divisions 1 eup , 7 myeon Area Total 1,463.65 km ( 565.12 sq mi ) Population ( 2013 ) Total 43,666 Density 30 / km ( 80 / sq mi ) Dialect Gangwon Time zone UTC + 9 Pyeongchang ( Korean pronunciation : ( phjʌŋtɕhaŋ ) ; in full , Pyeongchang - gun ( phjʌŋtɕhaŋɡun ) ; English : / ˌpjʌŋˈtʃɑːŋ / ) is a county in the province of Gangwon - do , South Korea , located in the Taebaek Mountains region . It is home to several Buddhist temples , including Woljeongsa . It is about 180 km ( 110 mi ) east southeast of Seoul , the capital of South Korea , and connected by expressways and high - speed passenger railways . Pyeongchang 's slogan , `` Happy 700 Pyeongchang '' , is taken from its average elevation of approximately 700 metres ( 2,300 ft ) . Pyeongchang hosted the 2018 Winter Olympics and the 2018 Winter Paralympics . To avoid confusion with Pyongyang , North Korea , it has been officially rebranded as `` PyeongChang '' for the Olympics and the Paralympics . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Culture and tourism 3.1 Cultural heritage sites 3.1. 1 Temples 3.1. 2 Historic sites 3.2 Festivals 3.3 Museum 3.4 Tourism 4 Sport 4.1 1999 Asian Winter Games 4.2 2018 Winter Olympic Games 4.2. 1 Olympic venues and Dream Program 5 Transportation 5.1 Train 5.2 Buses 5.3 Road 6 Administrative divisions 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Pyeongchang region was ruled by the Goguryeo Dynasty during the Three Kingdoms period , and it was called Uk - o - hyeon ( 욱 오현 ) . After the Silla dynasty conquered the Goguryeo Dynasty and Baekje Dynasty , it was renamed Baek - o - hyeon ( 백오현 ) . After the Goryeo Dynasty was established , it renamed Pyeongchang - hyeon . Then , it was under control of Wonju . When a 10 - provincial system was enforced , the north of Pyeongchang region was involved in Sakbang - do , and the south of the region was involved in Jungwon - do . When a new administrative system was carried out by King Hyeonjong , the east of the region was involved in Dong - gyeo , and the rest of it was included in Yanggwang - do . An administrator for the region was sent from the central government , and it became independent of Wonju in 1299 . When the Joseon Dynasty was founded in 1392 , the region was promoted from a hyeon to a county ( gun ) . After the territory was divided into 8 Provinces under the reign of King Taejong , it was involved in Gangwon - do . After the territory was divided into 23 districts in 1895 with the 8 - provincial system abolished , it was included in Chugju - bu . When a 13 - provincial system was enacted in 1896 , it was involved in Gangwon - do . Geography ( edit ) Pyeongchang , Gangwon -- winter is cold but relatively dry , with clear blue skies . The altitude of Pyeongchang is wide - ranging , with 84 % of its territory comprising mountains with average elevations of 750 m ( 2,460 ft ) . Its best - known place , the township of Daegwallyeong - myeon , averages between 700 and 800 m ( 2,300 and 2,600 ft ) above sea level , with some areas over 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) high . Climate ( edit ) Pyeongchang County experiences a warm - summer humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dwb ) . Pyeongchang 's winters are long and very snowy , while summers are relatively short . Average temperature of Pyeongchang from 2001 to 2010 was 7.0 ° C , and it was lower than Gangwon 's 8.9 ° C. Annual precipitation of the region from 2001 to 2010 was 1,555.0 mm , and it was more than Gangwon 's 1,491.5 mm . The warmest months of the year are July and August , with January and February being the coldest . ( hide ) Climate data for Daegwallyeong , Pyeongchang ( 1981 -- 2010 , extremes 1971 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 8.7 ( 47.7 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 19.7 ( 67.5 ) 30.1 ( 86.2 ) 31.0 ( 87.8 ) 32.3 ( 90.1 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 32.7 ( 90.9 ) 29.0 ( 84.2 ) 24.7 ( 76.5 ) 21.5 ( 70.7 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 32.7 ( 90.9 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) − 2.5 ( 27.5 ) − 0.4 ( 31.3 ) 4.4 ( 39.9 ) 12.9 ( 55.2 ) 17.6 ( 63.7 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 22.8 ( 73 ) 22.8 ( 73 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 7.0 ( 44.6 ) 0.5 ( 32.9 ) 11.5 ( 52.7 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) − 7.7 ( 18.1 ) − 5.5 ( 22.1 ) − 0.5 ( 31.1 ) 7.0 ( 44.6 ) 11.9 ( 53.4 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 14.1 ( 57.4 ) 8.3 ( 46.9 ) 1.3 ( 34.3 ) − 4.4 ( 24.1 ) 6.6 ( 43.9 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 12.6 ( 9.3 ) − 10.5 ( 13.1 ) − 5.2 ( 22.6 ) ( 34.2 ) 6.3 ( 43.3 ) 11.2 ( 52.2 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 16.1 ( 61 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 3.1 ( 37.6 ) − 2.8 ( 27 ) − 9.1 ( 15.6 ) 2.0 ( 35.6 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 28.9 ( − 20 ) − 27.6 ( − 17.7 ) − 23.0 ( − 9.4 ) − 14.6 ( 5.7 ) − 4.7 ( 23.5 ) − 1.7 ( 28.9 ) 4.4 ( 39.9 ) 3.3 ( 37.9 ) − 2.3 ( 27.9 ) − 9.9 ( 14.2 ) − 18.7 ( − 1.7 ) − 24.7 ( − 12.5 ) − 28.9 ( − 20 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 62.6 ( 2.465 ) 53.6 ( 2.11 ) 75.6 ( 2.976 ) 89.5 ( 3.524 ) 122.3 ( 4.815 ) 201.0 ( 7.913 ) 326.7 ( 12.862 ) 420.9 ( 16.571 ) 307.3 ( 12.098 ) 124.9 ( 4.917 ) 76.9 ( 3.028 ) 36.8 ( 1.449 ) 1,898 ( 74.724 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.1 mm ) 10.5 10.5 11.3 9.5 11.1 13.2 17.6 17.8 13.0 8.9 10.1 9.4 142.9 Average snowy days 13.0 11.8 12.0 3.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 5.2 10.9 57.2 Average relative humidity ( % ) 67.3 67.0 67.5 61.0 68.4 79.2 85.7 87.0 84.6 75.2 69.9 67.3 73.3 Mean monthly sunshine hours 197.2 185.2 202.3 226.6 229.4 179.8 138.1 130.7 143.9 193.3 176.4 191.9 2,194.8 Percent possible sunshine 64.4 60.8 54.6 57.4 52.1 40.7 30.8 31.0 38.6 55.5 57.8 64.3 49.3 Source : Korea Meteorological Administration ( percent sunshine and snowy days ) Culture and Tourism ( edit ) Woljeongsa Nine Story Stone Pagoda A part of Bell of Sangwonsa Cultural heritage sites ( edit ) In Pyeongchang , 16 heritage sites were registered by the South Korean government , and 45 Heritages were registered by the Gangwon Provincial Office . The count of cultural heritage designations is as follows . Registered by the Nation : 5 National Treasures , 5 Treasures , 1 Historic Site , 3 Natural Monuments , 1 National Folklore Cultural Heritage , 1 Registered Cultural Heritage Registered by the local government : 29 Tangible Cultural Heritages , 2 Intangible Cultural Heritages , 4 Monuments , 10 Cultural Heritage Materials Temples ( edit ) Main article : Sangwonsa Sangwansa is a temple on Odaesan Mountain that was originally established as Jinyeowon in 705 . Although the Joseon Dynasty 's policy was the prohibition of Buddhism , it constantly donated to rebuild the temple . In 1401 , King Taejong donated to the construction of Sajaam Hermitage . In 1465 , King Sejo and administrators donated to rebuild the temple . Sejo 's son , King Yejong designated it as a memorial for his father . During the Third Battle of Seoul , the United Nations Command ordered that the temple be burned , but a Buddhist monk prevented it . Instead , the Command agreed to burn only the doors of the temple . Sangwonsa has the following cultural heritage sites : The Bell of Sangwonsa ( National Treasure No. 36 ) Promotion of Virtue for Rebuilding Sangwonsa ( National Treasure No. 292 ) Wooden seated figure of the Manjusri Child in Sangwonsa ( National Treasure No. 221 ) Wooden seated figure of the Manjusri Child 's Enshrined Heritages in Sangwonsa ( Treasure No. 793 ) Wooden seated figure of Manjusri and its Enshrined Heritages in Sangwonsa ( Treasure No. 1811 ) Wooden sedentary figure of Manjusri 's Enshrined Classical Kooks in Sangwonsa ( Treasure No. 1812 ) Main article : Woljeongsa Woljeongsa is a temple on Odaesan Mountain established by Jajang the monk in 643 . After it was established , it was consistently rebuilt . During the Third Battle of Seoul , 10 buildings were totally destroyed by fire . Tanheo the monk restored Jeokgwangjeon , one of the burnt buildings , in 1964 , and Manhwa the monk gradually reconstructed other buildings . Woljeongsa has the following cultural heritage sites : Octagonal Nine - story Stone Pagoda of Woljeongsa ( National Treasure No. 48 - 1 ) Reliquaries of the Octagonal Nine - story Stone Pagoda of Woljeongsa ( Treasure No. 1375 ) Stone seated figure of the Bodhisattva in Woljeongsa ( National Treasure No. 48 - 2 ) Painting of Three Bodhisattvas originated from Wonju Guryongsa ( Treasure No. 1855 ) ( Placed in Wolljeongsa , possessed by Guryongsa ) Clothes of the Buddhist monk Han - am ( Registered Cultural Heritage No. 645 ) Historic sites ( edit ) The Pyeongchang Odaesan Historic Archive ( Historic Site No. 37 ) was one of five archival locations in the latter part of the Joseon Dynasty for the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty and Sonwon - kyebo - kiryak . Festivals ( edit ) Daegwallyeong Snow Festival Daegwallyeong Snow Festival began as `` Daegwallyeong Winter Snow Festival '' in 1992 by Daegwallyeong Ski Club . In 1993 , the first festival was formally held . Events of the 1st festival were skiing competition for locals , games of making snowmen , snow sledge competition , and sledge competition . Some games were added to next festivals , such as traditional games and snow car raising . On 7 -- 22 Feb 2018 , 26th festival was held in hwenggye - ri , Daegwallyeong - myeon as a pre-event of the 2018 Winter Olympics . Events include an exhibition of snow figures , snow sledge competition , international naked marathon , traditional folk performances , and Hwangbyoungsan Mountain hunting game . Hyoseok Cultural Festival Pyeongchang is the hometown of Lee Hyo - seok , a Korean novelist , and this festival is held in Lee Hyo - seok Culture Village , where he grew up . Museum ( edit ) Lee Seung - bok Memorial Hall The Lee Seung - bok Memorial Hall is located in Nodong - ri , Yongpyeong - myeon to memorialize Lee Seung - bok who was a South Korean boy murdered by North Korean commandos in 1968 . It was established in 1982 , with building a memorial statue for Lee . Lee 's house was restored in 2000 . Tourism ( edit ) A snowscape of Odaesan National Park Daegwallyeong Sheep Farm Odaesan Mountain is the home of historical Buddhist temples including Sangwonsa and Woljeongsa . It was designated as a national park in 1975 . The highest peak , Birobong Peak is 1,563 m ( 5,128 ft ) high . Two major ski resorts in the county was the home of the 2018 Winter Olympics . Alpensia ski resort has six slopes for skiing and snowboarding , with runs up to 1,400.0 m ( 4,593.2 ft ) long , for beginners and advanced skiers , and an area reserved for snowboarders . The resort is open year - round . Alpensia hosted the majority of the Olympic snow events . Yongpyong Resort , which has a total of 28 ski slopes , hosted the technical alpine skiing events . Alpensia will be the focus of the 2018 Cultural Olympiad , with a new , purpose - built concert hall within the resort with an indoor water park . Samyang Ranch is the largest highlands farm in Asia , located in the hills of Daegwallyeong at 850 to 1,470 meters above sea level . It is operated as a petting zoo and features a pastoral landscape . The ranch is operated by the leading Korean food and dairy company Samyang food , the first company to introduce ramyeon instant noodles into a poverty - ridden South Korea in the 1960s . It is the filming location of the drama Autumn in My Heart and the movie Lover 's Concerto . Sport ( edit ) Pyeongchang hosted the 1999 Asian Winter Games and 2013 Special Olympics World Winter Games . The 2018 Winter Olympic Games were held in Pyeongchang . The 2009 IBU Biathlon World Championships were also held there . 1999 Asian Winter Games ( edit ) Main article : 1999 Asian Winter Games The Asian Winter Games was held in 1999 in Gangwon Province including Pyeongchang . Originally , it hoped to host the 3rd Asian Winter Games , which North Korea gave up ; however , Harbin was announced to host the 3rd Games . It was decided that Gangwon would host the 4th Asian Winter Games at the same time . Total 799 athletes participated in the Games . Alpine skiing , cross-country skiing , biathlon , short track speed skating , and figure skating events were held in Pyeongchang . 2018 Winter Olympic Games ( edit ) One of the venues that is being used for the 2018 Winter Olympics ( taken in 2013 ) . Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics On 6 July 2011 , Pyeongchang was announced to host the 2018 Winter Olympics and the 2018 Winter Paralympics . The other candidates were Annecy , France and Munich , Germany . It is the third Winter Games in Asia after the 1972 games in Sapporo , Japan and the 1998 games in Nagano , Japan . It also is the first Asian locality to host the Winter Games outside Japan . Pyeongchang won their 2018 bid after two previous failed attempts for the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics , in which it lost to Vancouver , Canada , and Sochi , Russia , respectively . For the 2018 Olympics , Pyeongchang is being marketed with the CamelCase spelling of `` PyeongChang '' , so the global audience does not confuse it with Pyongyang , the capital of neighboring North Korea . Two main facilities for the 2018 Winter Olympics were the PyeongChang Olympic Plaza ( where the opening / closing ceremonies and victory ceremonies were held ) and the GangNeung Olympic Park ( where the men 's and women 's short track , speed skating , figure skating , ice hockey , curling events were held ) . The 2018 Winter Paralympics was held in the same venues starting March 9 , 2018 . Olympic venues and Dream program ( edit ) In preparation for the 2018 Olympics , the region has built facilities including hotels and a world - class ski resort , named Alpensia . The region is implementing its so - called 2018 Dream Program , a legacy of the 2010 bid . It has mounted its fifth sports and cultural program , involving 124 participants from 31 countries , who were invited because they live where there is no snowfall and have no opportunity to participate in winter sports . Transportation ( edit ) Pyeongchang County is traversed from west to east by the Gyeonggang Line and Yeongdong Expressway . The railway and expressway both originate in the Seoul metropolitan region . Train ( edit ) Main articles : Pyeongchang Station and Jinbu Station A new KTX line named Gyeonggang Line was built between Wonju and Gangneung via Pyeongchang for the 2018 Winter Olympics and put Pyeongchang within 80 minutes of travel time from Seoul , and the new KTX line started commercial operation since Dec. 22 , 2017 . It takes 1 and half hours from Cheongnyangni KTX station ( NE Seoul ) as well as Seoul station of Gyeonggang high speed rail . The Gyeonggang Line passes through Pyeongchang from west to east , providing main - line rail service . KTX trains stop at Pyeongchang Station and Jinbu Station . During the 2018 Winter Olympic Games , KTX trains to Jinbu Station were increased . Buses ( edit ) Intercity Buses Pyeongchang Bus Terminal and Jangpyeong Bus Terminal , Jinbu Bus Station and Hoenggye Bus Station are the main intercity bus terminals of the county . Daehwa Bus Station is also served by intercity buses . Transit buses Local transit operators connect communities in the county to hubs at Pyeongchang Bus Station , Jangpyeong Bus Terminal , and Jinbu Bus Station . Road ( edit ) Expressways Main article : Yeongdong Expressway Yeongdong Expressway passes through Pyeongchang from west to east . After the expressway was expanded in 1999 for the Winter Asian Games , it takes about two hours from Seoul to Pyeongchang by car . Expressways 50 Yeongdong Expressway E. Dunnae IC ↔ Myeonon IC ↔ Pyeongchang IC ↔ Soksa IC ↔ Jinbu IC ↔ Daegwallyeong IC ↔ Gangneung JC National highways Pyeongchang County is traversed from west to east by National Routes 6 and 42 ; National Routes 31 and 59 pass through from north to south . Administrative divisions ( edit ) The district includes one town ( eup ) , Pyeongchang - eup ( 평창읍 ) and seven townships ( myeon ) : Pyeongchang - eup ( 평창읍 ) : County seat Bangnim - myeon ( 방림면 ) Bongpyeong - myeon ( 봉평면 ) Daegwallyeong - myeon ( 대관령 면 ) : The center of winter sports that will host the 2018 Winter Olympics Daehwa - myeon ( 대화면 ) Jinbu - myeon ( 진부면 ) Mitan - myeon ( 미탄면 ) Yongpyeong - myeon ( 용평면 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` P'yŏngch'ang - gun : South Korea - name , geographic coordinates , administrative division , and map '' . Geographical Names . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AAJA MediaWatch on Pyeongchang Pronunciation '' . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` S. Korean city to host 2018 Winter Olympics '' . CNN . 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Swalec , Andrea ( 28 November 2017 ) . `` Pyeongchang ? Pyongyang ? Olympic Host City Location Is Easily Mistaken '' . NBC4 Washington . Washington . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Keating , Josh . `` Pyongchang vs. PyeongChang vs. Pyeongchang '' . Slate . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ 관동대 학교 영동 문화 연구소 ( 평창군 지 편찬 위원회 ) , 평창군 지 상 , Pyoengchang County , 2003 , pp. 48 -- 49 Jump up ^ 관동대 학교 영동 문화 연구소 ( 평창군 지 편찬 위원회 ) , 평창군 지 상 , Pyoengchang County , 2003 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Goryeosa. 1455 . Jump up ^ 관동대 학교 영동 문화 연구소 ( 평창군 지 편찬 위원회 ) , 평창군 지 상 , Pyoengchang County , 2003 , p. 75 Jump up ^ `` 연혁 '' . happy700.or.kr . Jump up ^ `` 강원도 역사 와 문화 '' . www.provin.gangwon.kr . Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang Culture & Tourism -- History '' . eng.pc.go.kr . Jump up ^ `` VI . Environment and meteorology - Geographic Characteristics of PyeongChang and its Vicinity '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang , Korea '' . Gamesbids.com. 2007 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Peel , M.C. ; Finlayson B.L. & McMahon , T.A. ( 2007 ) . `` Updated world map of the Köppen − Geiger climate classification '' ( PDF ) . Hydrol . Earth Syst . Sci. 11 ( 5 ) : 1633 -- 44 . doi : 10.5194 / hess - 11 - 1633 - 2007 . ISSN 1027 - 5606 . Jump up ^ 관동대 학교 영동 문화 연구소 ( 평창군 지 편찬 위원회 ) , 평창군 지 상 , Pyoengchang County , 2003 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ 기상청 ; 강원 지방 기상청 ( 2016 ) . `` 강원도 평창군 기후 변화 상세 분석 보고서 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` 평년값 자료 ( 1981 -- 2010 ) , 대관령 ( 100 ) '' ( in Korean ) . Korea Meteorological Administration . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 기후 자료 극값 ( 최대 값 ) 전체 년도 일 최고 기온 ( °C ) 최고 순위 , 대관령 ( 100 ) '' ( in Korean ) . Korea Meteorological Administration . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 기후 자료 극값 ( 최대 값 ) 전체 년도 일 최저 기온 ( °C ) 최고 순위 , 대관령 ( 100 ) '' ( in Korean ) . Korea Meteorological Administration . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Climatological Normals of Korea '' ( PDF ) . Korea Meteorological Administration . 2011 . pp. 499 , 649 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 December 2016 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ 평창 상원사 중창 권선문 ( Promotion of Virtue for Rebuilding Sangwonsa ( National Treasure No. 292 of South Korea ) ) ( in middle korean ) . 1464 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ 한국학 중앙 연구원 . 한국 민족 문화 대백과 사전 , 상원사 . 한국학 중앙 연구원 . Jump up ^ 한국학 중앙 연구원 . 한국 민족 문화 대백과 사전 , 월정사 . 한국학 중앙 연구원 . Jump up ^ 관동대 학교 영동 문화 연구소 ( 평창군 지 편찬 위원회 ) , 평창군 지 상 , Pyoengchang County , 2003 , pp. 385 -- 87 . Jump up ^ `` 대관령 눈꽃 축제 소개 '' . 대관령 축제 위원회 ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ 한국학 중앙 연구원 . 한국 민족 문화 대백과 사전 , 이효석 . 한국학 중앙 연구원 . Jump up ^ `` 이효석 문화 마을 '' . visitkorea ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ 관동대 학교 영동 문화 연구소 ( 평창군 지 편찬 위원회 ) , 평창군 지 상 , Pyoengchang County , 2003 , p. 384 . Jump up ^ 한국학 중앙 연구원 . 한국 민족 문화 대백과 사전 , 오대산 . 한국학 중앙 연구원 . Jump up ^ `` Odaesan National Park ( 오대산 국립 공원 ) '' . visitkorea.or.kr . Korea Tourism Organization . Jump up ^ `` Gangwon - do '' Pyeongchang - gun '' Alpensia Resort `` . Korean Tourism Organization . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 올림픽 의 감동 ! 설레는 질주 해볼까 1 . 알펜시아 리조트 '' . 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 올림픽 의 감동 ! 설레는 질주 해볼까 2 . 용평 리조트 '' . 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release : PyeongChang 2018 boosts cultural Olympiad plan with new Alpensia concert hall ( SportsFeatures.com ) '' . PyeongChang 2018 Bid Committee . 2010 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang , nature 's playground -- Tourist Sites '' . visitkorea . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ 관동대 학교 영동 문화 연구소 ( 평창군 지 편찬 위원회 ) , 평창군 지 상 , Pyoengchang County , 2003 , p. 777 Jump up ^ 관동대 학교 영동 문화 연구소 ( 평창군 지 편찬 위원회 ) , 평창군 지 상 , Pyoengchang County , 2003 , p. 778 Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang named as host city for 2018 Winter Olympics '' . Daily Telegraph . 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics : 2018 Winter Olympics ... not in Pyongyang '' . Manila Bulletin . Agence France - Presse. 26 January 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The PyeongChang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games '' . www.pyeongchang2018.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The PyeongChang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games '' . www.pyeongchang2018.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang Gets into Position for 2018 Olympic Winter Games Bid '' . Gamesbids.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 경강선 , 22 일 정식 개통 ... KTX 로 청량리 서 강릉 까지 86 분 '' . Jump up ^ Bureau of railroad operation , MOLIT . `` 서울 ~ 강릉 KTX 올해 말 개통 , 114 분 소요 '' ( Press release ) ( in Korean ) . Ministry of Land , Infrastructure and Transport , South Korea . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Pyeongchang county Office . `` 시외 버스 안내 '' ( Intercity Bus Information ) ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ 관동대 학교 영동 문화 연구소 ( 평창군 지 편찬 위원회 ) , 평창군 지 상 , Pyoengchang County , 2003 , pp. 589 -- 90 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pyeongchang . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Pyeongchang . Pyeongchang County government website ( in English ) Pyeongchang 2018 website ( in English ) Gangwon Province Chuncheon ( capital ) Cities Chuncheon Donghae Gangneung Samcheok Sokcho Taebaek Wonju Counties Cheorwon Goseong Hoengseong Hongcheon Hwacheon Inje Jeongseon Pyeongchang Yanggu Yangyang Yeongwol Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St. Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing 2026 : TBD 2030 : TBD Winter Paralympic Games host cities 1976 : Örnsköldsvik 1980 : Geilo 1984 : Innsbruck 1988 : Innsbruck 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : PyeongChang 2022 : Beijing Coordinates : 37 ° 22 ′ N 128 ° 24 ′ E  /  37.367 ° N 128.400 ° E  / 37.367 ; 128.400 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyeongchang_County&oldid=834498965 '' Categories : Pyeongchang County Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing Korean - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پښتو Picard Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 61 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 01 : 33 . 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where on the map is pyeongchang south korea
[ "Pyeongchang (Korean pronunciation: [pʰjʌŋtɕʰaŋ]; in full, Pyeongchang-gun [pʰjʌŋtɕʰaŋɡun]; English: /ˌpjʌŋˈtʃɑːŋ/[2]) is a county in the province of Gangwon-do, South Korea, located in the Taebaek Mountains region. It is home to several Buddhist temples, including Woljeongsa. It is about 180 km (110 mi) east southeast of Seoul, the capital of South Korea, and connected by expressways and high-speed passenger railways. Pyeongchang's slogan, \"Happy 700 Pyeongchang\", is taken from its average elevation of approximately 700 metres (2,300 ft)." ]
[ "about 180 km (110 mi) east southeast of Seoul" ]
-6067071890566415096
United States presidential election, 1892
United states presidential election , 1892 - wikipedia United states presidential election , 1892 Jump to : navigation , search United States presidential election , 1892 ← 1888 November 8 , 1892 1896 → All 444 electoral votes of the Electoral College 223 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 74.7 % 4.6 pp Nominee Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison James B. Weaver Party Democratic Republican Populist Home state New York Indiana Iowa Running mate Adlai Stevenson I Whitelaw Reid James G. Field Electoral vote 277 145 22 States carried 23 16 5 Popular vote 5,556,918 5,176,108 1,041,028 Percentage 46.0 % 43.0 % 8.5 % Presidential election results map . Red denotes states won by Harrison / Reid , blue denotes those won by Cleveland / Stevenson , light green denotes those won by Weaver / Field . Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state . President before election Benjamin Harrison Republican Elected President Grover Cleveland Democratic The United States presidential election of 1892 was the 27th quadrennial presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 8 , 1892 . In a re-match of the closely contested 1888 presidential election , former Democratic President Grover Cleveland defeated incumbent Republican President Benjamin Harrison . Cleveland 's victory made him the first and to date only person in American history to be elected to a second , non-consecutive presidential term . Though some Republicans opposed Harrison 's re-nomination , Harrison defeated James G. Blaine and William McKinley on the first presidential ballot of the 1892 Republican National Convention . Cleveland defeated challenges by David B. Hill and Horace Boies on the first presidential ballot of the 1892 Democratic National Convention , becoming the first Democrat to win his party 's presidential nomination in three different elections . The new Populist Party , formed by groups from The Grange , the Farmers ' Alliances , and the Knights of Labor , fielded a ticket led by former Congressman James B. Weaver of Iowa . The campaign centered mainly on economic issues , especially the protectionist 1890 McKinley Tariff . Cleveland ran on a platform of lowering the tariff , and he opposed the Republicans ' 1890 voting rights proposal . Cleveland was also a proponent of the gold standard , while the Republicans and Populists both supported bimetalism . Cleveland swept the Solid South and won several important swing states , taking a majority of the electoral vote and a plurality of the popular vote . Cleveland was the first person since Andrew Jackson to win a significant number of electoral votes in three different elections , and only Jackson , Cleveland , and Franklin D. Roosevelt have won the popular vote in three different elections . Weaver won 8.5 % of the popular vote and carried several Western states , while John Bidwell of the Prohibition Party won 2.2 % of the popular vote . The Democrats would not win another presidential election until 1912 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nominations 1.1 Republican Party nomination 1.2 Democratic Party nomination 1.3 People 's Party nomination 1.3. 1 Candidates gallery 1.4 Prohibition Party nomination 1.4. 1 Candidates gallery 1.5 Socialist Labor Party Nomination 2 General election 2.1 Campaign 2.2 Results 2.3 Geography of results 2.3. 1 Cartographic gallery 2.4 Results by state 2.5 Close states 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Nominations ( edit ) Republican Party nomination ( edit ) Main article : 1892 Republican National Convention Republican Party Ticket , 1892 Benjamin Harrison Whitelaw Reid for President for Vice President 23rd President of the United States ( 1889 -- 1893 ) 28th U.S. Ambassador to France ( 1889 -- 1892 ) Campaign Benjamin Harrison 's administration was widely viewed as unsuccessful , and as a result , Thomas C. Platt ( a political boss in New York ) and other disaffected party leaders mounted a dump - Harrison movement coalescing around veteran candidate James G. Blaine from Maine , a favorite of Republican party regulars . Blaine had been the Republican nominee in 1884 when he was beaten by Democrat Grover Cleveland . Privately , Harrison did not want to be re-nominated for the presidency , but he remained opposed to the nomination going to Blaine , who he was convinced intended to run , and thought himself the only candidate capable of preventing such an occurrence . Blaine , however , did not want another fight for the nomination and a re-match against Cleveland at the general election . His health had begun to fail , and three of his children had recently died ( Walker and Alice in 1890 , and Emmons in 1892 ) . Blaine refused to run actively , but the cryptic nature of his responses to a draft effort fueled speculation that he was not averse to such a movement . For his part , Benjamin Harrison curtly demanded that he either renounce his supporters or resign his position as Secretary of State , with Blaine choosing the latter a scant three days before the National Convention . A boom began to build around the `` draft Blaine '' effort with supporters hoping to cause a break towards their candidate . Senator John Sherman from Ohio , who had been the leading candidate for the nomination at the 1888 Republican Convention before Harrison actually won it , was also brought up again as a possible challenger . Like Blaine , however , he was averse to another bitter battle for the nomination and `` like the rebels down South , want to be let alone . '' This inevitably turned attention to Ohio 's Governor William McKinley , who was indecisive as to his intentions in spite his ill feelings toward Harrison and popularity among the Republican base . He was not averse to receiving the nomination , but did not expect to win it either . However , should Blaine and Harrison fail to attain the nomination after a number of ballots , he felt he could be brought forth as a harmony candidate . Despite the urging of Republican powerbroker Mark Hanna , McKinley would not openly put himself out as a potential candidate , afraid of offending Harrison and Blaine 's supporters , while also feeling that the coming elections would not favor the Republicans . In any case , the president 's forces had the nomination locked up by the time delegates met in Minneapolis , Minnesota , on June 7 -- 10 , 1892 . Richard Thomas from Indiana delivered Harrison 's nominating speech . Harrison was nominated on the first ballot with 535.17 votes to 182.83 for Blaine , 182 for McKinley , and the rest scattered . McKinley protested when the Ohio delegation threw its entire vote in his name , despite not being formally nominated , but Joseph Foraker , who headed the delegation , managed to silence him on a point of order . With the ballots counted , many observers were surprised at the strength of the McKinley vote , which almost overtook Blaine . Whitelaw Reid from New York , editor of the New York Tribune and recent United States Ambassador to France , was nominated for vice-president . The incumbent Vice President , Levi Morton , was supported by many at the convention , including Reid himself , but he did not wish to serve another term . Harrison also did not want to have Morton on the ticket . Democratic Party nomination ( edit ) Main article : 1892 Democratic National Convention Democratic Party Ticket , 1892 Grover Cleveland Adlai Stevenson for President for Vice President 22nd President of the United States ( 1885 -- 1889 ) Former U.S. Representative for Illinois 's 13th ( 1875 -- 1877 & 1879 -- 1881 ) Campaign By the beginning of 1892 , many Americans were ready to return to Cleveland 's political policies . Although he was the clear frontrunner for the Democratic presidential nomination , he was far from the universal choice of the party 's supporters ; many , such as the journalists Henry Watterson and Charles Dana , thought that if he were to attain the nomination , their party would lose in November , but there were few capable of challenging him effectively . Though he had remained relatively quiet on the issue of silver versus gold , often deferring to bi-metallism , Senate Democrats in January 1891 voted for free coinage of silver . Furious , he sent a letter to Ellery Anderson , who headed the New York Reform Club , to condemn the party 's apparent drift towards inflation and agrarian control , the `` dangerous and reckless experiment of free , unlimited coinage of silver at our mints . '' Advisors warned that such statements might alienate potential supporters in the South and West and risk his chances for the nomination , but Cleveland felt that being right on the issue was more important than the nomination . After making his position clear , Cleveland worked to focus his campaign on tariff reform , hoping that the silver issue would dissipate . A challenger emerged in the form of David Hill , former Governor of and incumbent Senator from New York . In favor of bi-metallism and tariff reform , Hill hoped to make inroads with Cleveland 's supporters while appealing to those in the South and Midwest that were not keen on nominating Cleveland for a third consecutive time . Hill had begun to run for the position of president unofficially as early as 1890 , and he even offered former Postmaster General Donald Dickinson his support for the vice-presidential nomination . He was not able to escape his past association with Tammany Hall , however , which he supported along machine politics , and the lack of confidence in his ability to defeat Cleveland for the nomination kept Hill from attaining the support he needed . By the time of the convention , Cleveland could count on the support of majority of the state Democratic parties , though his native New York remained pledged to Senator Hill . In a narrow first - ballot victory , Cleveland received 617.33 votes , barely 10 more than needed , to 114 for Senator Hill from New York , 103 for Governor Horace Boies of Iowa , a populist and former Republican , and the rest scattered . Although the Cleveland forces preferred Isaac P. Gray from Indiana for vice-president , Cleveland directed his own support to the convention favorite , Adlai E. Stevenson from Illinois . As a supporter of using paper greenbacks and free silver to inflate the currency and alleviate economic distress in rural districts , Stevenson balanced the ticket headed by Cleveland , who supported hard - money and the gold standard . At the same time , it was hoped that his nomination would represent a promise not to ignore regulars , and so potentially get Hill and Tammany Hall to support the Democratic ticket to their fullest in the coming election . People 's Party nomination ( edit ) People 's Party Ticket , 1892 James B. Weaver James G. Field for President for Vice President Former U.S. Representative for Iowa 's 6th ( 1879 -- 1881 & 1885 -- 1889 ) 13th Attorney General of Virginia ( 1877 -- 1882 ) Campaign Populist candidates : James B. Weaver , former U.S. representative from Iowa James H. Kyle , U.S. senator from South Dakota Leonidas L. Polk , former representative from North Carolina Walter Q. Gresham , Appellate judge from Indiana Candidates gallery ( edit ) James B. Weaver from Iowa Senator James H. Kyle from South Dakota Leonidas L. Polk from North Carolina ( Died June 11 , 1892 ) Appellate Judge Walter Q. Gresham from Indiana ( Declined to be Nominated ) Weaver / Field campaign poster In 1891 , the American farmers ' alliances met with delegates from labor and reform groups in Cincinnati , Ohio , to discuss the formation of a new political party . They formed the People 's Party , commonly known as the `` Populists , '' a year later in St. Louis , Missouri . Leonidas L. Polk was the initial frontrunner to the presidential nomination . He had been instrumental in the party 's formation and held great appeal with its agrarian base , but he unexpectedly died while in Washington , D.C. , on June 11 . Another candidate mentioned frequently for the nomination was Walter Q. Gresham , an appellate judge who had made a number of rulings against the railroads that made him a favorite of some farmer and labor groups , and it was felt that his rather dignified image would make the Populists appear as more than a minor contender . Both Democrats and Republicans feared his nomination for this reason , and while Gresham toyed with the idea , he ultimately was not ready to make a complete break with the two parties , declining petitions for his nomination right up to and during the Populist Convention . Later he would endorse Grover Cleveland for the presidency . At the first Populist national convention in Omaha , Nebraska , in July 1892 , James B. Weaver from Iowa was nominated for president on the first ballot , now lacking any serious opposition . While his nomination brought with him significant campaigning experience from over several decades , he also had a longer tract of history for which Republicans and Democrats could criticize him , and he also alienated many potential supporters in the South , having participated in Sherman 's March to the Sea . James G. Field from Virginia was nominated for vice-president to try and rectify this problem while also attaining the regional balance often seen in Republican and Democratic tickets . I Presidential Ballot Vice Presidential Ballot Ballot 1st 1st James B. Weaver 995 James G. Field 733 James H. Kyle 265 Ben Stockton Terrell 554 Seymour F. Norton Mann Page Others Source : US President -- P Convention . Our Campaigns . ( September 7 , 2009 ) . Source : US Vice President -- P Convention . Our Campaigns . ( September 7 , 2009 ) . The Populist platform called for nationalization of the telegraph , telephone , and railroads , free coinage of silver , a graduated income tax , and creation of postal savings banks . Prohibition Party nomination ( edit ) Main article : 1892 Prohibition National Convention Prohibition candidates : John Bidwell , former U.S. representative from California Gideon T. Stewart , Prohibition Party Chairman from Ohio William Jennings Demorest , magazine publisher from New York Candidates gallery ( edit ) John Bidwell from California Prohibition Party Chairman Gideon T. Stewart from Ohio Magazine Publisher William J. Demorest from New York National Prohibition Convention , Cincinnati , Ohio , 1892 . The sixth Prohibition Party National Convention assembled in Music Hall in Cincinnati , Ohio . There were 972 delegates present from all states except Louisiana and South Carolina . Two major stories about the convention loomed before it assembled . In the first place , some members of the national committee sought to merge the Prohibition and Populist Parties . While there appeared a likelihood that the merger would materialize , it was clear that it was not going to happen by the time that the convention convened . Secondly , the southern states sent a number of black delegates . Cincinnati hotels refused to serve meals to blacks and whites at the same time , and several hotels refused service to the black delegates altogether . The convention nominated John Bidwell from California for president on the first ballot . Prior to the convention , the race was thought to be close between Bidwell and William Jennings Demorest , but the New York delegation became irritated with Demorest and voted for Bidwell 73 - 7 . James B. Cranfill from Texas was nominated for vice-president on the first ballot with 417 votes to 351 for Joshua Levering from Maryland and 45 for others . Presidential Ballot Ballot 1st John Bidwell 590 Gideon T. Stewart 179 William Jennings Demorest 139 H. Clay Bascom Source : US President -- P Convention . Our Campaigns . ( May 9 , 2010 ) . Socialist Labor Party nomination ( edit ) The first Socialist Labor Party National Convention assembled in New York City and , despite running on a platform that called for the abolition of the positions of president and vice-president , decided to nominate candidates for those positions : Simon Wing from Massachusetts for president and Charles Matchett from New York for vice-president . They were on the ballot in five states : Connecticut , Massachusetts , New Jersey , New York , and Pennsylvania . General election ( edit ) Campaign ( edit ) Main article : Grover Cleveland Presidential campaign , 1892 Cleveland / Stevenson poster . The tariff issue dominated this rather lackluster campaign . Harrison defended the protectionist McKinley Tariff passed during his term . For his part , Cleveland assured voters that he opposed absolute free trade and would continue his campaign for a reduction in the tariff . Cleveland also denounced the Lodge Bill , a voting rights bill that sought to protect the rights of African American voters in the South . William McKinley campaigned extensively for Harrison , setting the stage for his own run four years later . The campaign took a somber turn when , in October , First Lady Caroline Harrison died . Despite the ill health that had plagued Mrs. Harrison since her youth and had worsened in the last decade , she often accompanied Mr. Harrison on official travels . On one such trip , to California in the spring of 1891 , she caught a cold . It quickly deepened into her chest , and she was eventually diagnosed with tuberculosis . A summer in the Adirondack Mountains failed to restore her to health . An invalid the last six months of her life , she died in the White House on October 25 , 1892 , just two weeks before the national election . As a result , all of the candidates ceased campaigning . Results ( edit ) Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the winning candidate . Shades of blue are for Cleveland ( Democratic ) , shades of red are for Harrison ( Republican ) , and shades of green are for Weaver ( Populist ) . The margin in the popular vote for Cleveland was 400,000 , the largest since Grant 's re-election in 1872 . The Democrats won the presidency and both houses of Congress for the first time since 1856 . President Harrison 's re-election bid was a decisive loss in both the popular and electoral count , unlike President Cleveland 's re-election bid four years earlier , in which he won the popular vote , but lost the electoral vote . Cleveland was the third of only five presidents to win re-election with a smaller percentage of the popular vote than in previous elections , although in the two prior such incidents -- James Madison in 1812 and Andrew Jackson in 1832 -- not all states held popular elections . Ironically , Cleveland saw his popular support decrease not only from his electoral win in 1884 , but also from his electoral loss in 1888 . A similar vote decrease would happen again for Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940 and 1944 and Barack Obama in 2012 . At the county level , the Democratic candidate fared much better than the Republican candidate . The Republicans ' vote was not nearly as widespread as the Democrats . In 1892 , it was still a sectionally based party mainly situated in the East , Midwest , and West and was barely visible south of the Mason -- Dixon line . In the South the party was holding on in only a few counties . In East Tennessee and tidewater Virginia , the vote at the county level showed some strength , but it barely existed in Alabama , Mississippi , and Texas . In a continuation of its collapse there during the 1890 Congressional elections , the Republican Party even struggled in its Midwestern strongholds , where general electoral troubles from economic woes were acutely exacerbated by the promotion of temperance laws and , in Wisconsin and Illinois , the aggressive support of state politicians for English - only compulsory education laws . Such policies , which particularly in the case of the latter were associated with an upwelling of nativist and anti-Catholic attitudes amongst their supporters , resulted in the defection of large sections of immigrant communities , especially Germans , to the Democratic Party . Cleveland carried Wisconsin and Illinois with their 36 combined electoral votes , a Democratic victory not seen in those states since 1852 and 1856 respectively , and which would not be repeated until Woodrow Wilson 's election in 1912 . While not as dramatic a loss as in 1890 , it would take until the next election cycle for more moderate Republican leaders to pick up the pieces left by the reformist crusaders and bring alienated immigrants back to the fold . Of the 2,683 counties making returns , Cleveland won in 1,389 ( 51.77 % ) , Harrison carried 1,017 ( 37.91 % ) , while Weaver placed first in 276 ( 10.29 % ) . One county ( 0.04 % ) split evenly between Cleveland and Harrison . Populist James B. Weaver , calling for free coinage of silver and an inflationary monetary policy , received such strong support in the West that he become the only third - party nominee between 1860 and 1912 to carry a single state . The Democratic Party did not have a presidential ticket on the ballot in the states of Colorado , Idaho , Kansas , North Dakota , or Wyoming , and Weaver won the first four of these states . Weaver also performed well in the South as he won counties in Alabama , Georgia , Mississippi , North Carolina , and Texas . Populists did best in Alabama , where electoral chicanery probably carried the day for the Democrats . The Prohibition ticket received 270,879 , or 2.2 % nationwide . It was the largest total vote and highest percentage of the vote received by any Prohibition Party national ticket . Wyoming , having attained statehood two years earlier , became the first state to allow women to vote in a presidential election since 1804 . ( Women in New Jersey had the right to vote under the state 's original constitution , but this right was rescinded in 1807 . ) Wyoming was also one of six states ( along with North Dakota , South Dakota , Montana , Washington , and Idaho ) participating in their first presidential election . This was the most new states voting since the first election . Electors from the state of Michigan were selected using the congressional district method ( the winner in each congressional district wins one electoral vote , the winner of the state wins two electoral votes ) . This resulted in a split between the Republican and Democratic electors : nine for Harrison and five for Cleveland . In Oregon , the direct election of presidential electors combined with the fact that one Weaver elector was endorsed by the Democratic Party and elected as a Fusionist , resulted in a split between the Republican and Populist electors : three for Harrison and one for Weaver . In California , the direct election of presidential electors combined with the close race resulted in a split between the Republican and Democratic electors : eight for Cleveland and one for Harrison . In Ohio , the direct election of presidential electors combined with the close race resulted in a split between the Republican and Democratic of electors : 22 for Harrison and one for Cleveland . In North Dakota , two electors from the Democratic - Populist Fusion ticket won and one Republican Elector won . This created a split delegation of electors : one for Weaver , one for Harrison , and one for Cleveland . This was the first occasion in which incumbent presidents were defeated in two consecutive elections . This would not happen again until 1980 . This was the last election in which the Democrats won California until 1916 ( although it voted against the Republicans by supporting the Progressive Party in 1912 ) , the last in which the Democrats won Connecticut , Delaware , Illinois , Indiana , New Jersey , New York , West Virginia and Wisconsin until 1912 , the last in which the Democrats won a majority of electoral votes in Maryland until 1904 , and the last in which the Republicans won Montana until 1904 . The election was also the last in which the Democrats did n't win Colorado and Nevada until 1904 . Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral vote Running mate Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote Grover Cleveland Democratic New York 5,553,898 46.02 % 277 Adlai E. Stevenson Illinois 277 Benjamin Harrison ( Incumbent ) Republican Indiana 5,190,819 43.01 % 145 Whitelaw Reid New York 145 James B. Weaver Populist Iowa 1,026,595 8.51 % 22 James G. Field Virginia 22 John Bidwell Prohibition California 270,879 2.24 % 0 James Cranfill Texas 0 Simon Wing Socialist Labor Massachusetts 21,173 0.18 % 0 Charles Matchett New York 0 Other 4,673 0.04 % -- Other -- Total 12,068,037 100 % 444 444 Needed to win 223 223 Source ( Popular Vote ) : Leip , David . `` 1892 Presidential Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved July 27 , 2005 . Source ( Electoral Vote ) : `` Electoral College Box Scores 1789 -- 1996 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 31 , 2005 . Popular vote Cleveland 46.02 % Harrison 43.01 % Weaver 8.51 % Bidwell 2.24 % Others 0.21 % Electoral vote Cleveland 62.39 % Harrison 32.66 % Weaver 4.95 % Geography of results ( edit ) Results by county , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote Cartographic gallery ( edit ) Map of presidential election results by county Map of Democratic presidential election results by county Map of Republican presidential election results by county Map of Populist presidential election results by county Map of `` Other '' presidential election results by county Cartogram of presidential election results by county Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county Cartogram of Populist presidential election results by county Cartogram of `` other '' presidential election results by county Results by state ( edit ) Source : Data from Walter Dean Burnham , Presidential ballots , 1836 -- 1892 ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 1955 ) pp 247 - 57 . States won by Cleveland / Stevenson States won by Harrison / Reid States won by Weaver / Field Grover Cleveland Democratic Benjamin Harrison Republican James Weaver Populist John Bidwell Prohibition Simon Wing Socialist Labor Margin State Total State electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % # Alabama 11 138,135 59.40 11 9,184 3.95 - 84,984 36.55 - 240 0.10 - - - - 53,151 22.86 232,543 AL Arkansas 8 87,834 59.30 8 47,072 31.78 - 11,831 7.99 - 113 0.08 - - - - 40,762 27.52 148,117 AR California 9 118,174 43.83 8 118,027 43.78 25,311 9.39 - 8,096 3.00 - - - - 147 0.05 269,609 CA Colorado - - - 38,620 41.13 - 53,584 57.07 1,687 1.80 - - - - - 14,964 - 15.94 93,891 CO Connecticut 6 82,395 50.06 6 77,032 46.80 - 809 0.49 - 4,026 2.45 - 333 0.20 - 5,363 3.26 164,595 CT Delaware 18,581 49.90 18,077 48.55 - - - - 564 1.51 - - - - 504 1.35 37,235 DE Florida 30,153 85.01 - - - 4,843 13.65 - 475 1.34 - - - - 25,310 71.35 35,471 FL Georgia 13 129,446 58.01 13 48,408 21.70 - 41,939 18.80 - 988 0.44 - - - - 81,038 36.32 223,126 GA Idaho - - - 8,599 44.31 - 10,520 54.21 288 1.48 - - - - - 1,921 - 9.90 19,407 ID Illinois 24 426,281 48.79 24 399,288 45.70 - 22,207 2.54 - 25,871 2.96 - - - - 26,993 3.09 873,647 IL Indiana 15 262,740 47.46 15 255,615 46.17 - 22,208 4.01 - 13,050 2.36 - - - - 7,125 1.29 553,613 IN Iowa 13 196,367 44.31 - 219,795 49.60 13 20,595 4.65 - 6,402 1.44 - - - - - 23,428 - 5.29 443,159 IA Kansas 10 - - - 157,241 48.40 - 163,111 50.20 10 4,553 1.40 - - - - - 5,870 - 1.81 324,905 KS Kentucky 13 175,461 51.48 13 135,462 39.74 - 23,500 6.89 - 6,441 1.89 - - - - 39,999 11.73 340,864 KY Louisiana 8 87,926 76.53 8 26,963 23.47 - - - - - - - - - - 60,963 53.06 114,889 LA Maine 6 48,049 41.26 - 62,936 54.05 6 2,396 2.06 - 3,066 2.63 - - - - - 14,887 - 12.78 116,451 ME Maryland 8 113,866 53.39 8 92,736 43.48 - 796 0.37 - 5,877 2.76 - - - - 21,130 9.91 213,275 MD Massachusetts 15 176,813 45.22 - 202,814 51.87 15 3,210 0.82 - 7,539 1.93 - 649 0.17 - - 26,001 - 6.65 391,028 MA Michigan 14 201,624 43.26 5 222,708 47.79 9 19,931 4.28 - 20,857 4.48 - - - - - 21,084 - 4.52 466,045 MI Minnesota 9 100,920 37.76 - 122,823 45.96 9 29,313 10.97 - 14,182 5.31 - - - - - 21,903 - 8.20 267,238 MN Mississippi 9 40,030 76.22 9 1,398 2.66 - 10,118 19.27 - 973 1.85 - - - - 29,912 56.95 52,519 MS Missouri 17 268,400 49.56 17 227,646 42.03 - 41,204 7.61 - 4,333 0.80 - - - - 40,754 7.52 541,583 MO Montana 17,690 39.79 - 18,871 42.44 7,338 16.50 - 562 1.26 - - - - - 1,181 - 2.66 44,461 MT Nebraska 8 24,943 12.46 - 87,213 43.56 8 83,134 41.53 - 4,902 2.45 - - - - - 4,079 - 2.04 200,192 NE Nevada 714 6.56 - 2,811 25.84 - 7,264 66.78 89 0.82 - - - - - 4,453 - 40.94 10,878 NV New Hampshire 42,081 47.11 - 45,658 51.11 293 0.33 - 1,297 1.45 - - - - - 3,577 - 4.00 89,329 NH New Jersey 10 171,066 50.67 10 156,101 46.24 - 985 0.29 - 8,134 2.41 - 1,337 0.40 - 14,965 4.43 337,623 NJ New York 36 654,868 48.99 36 609,350 45.58 - 16,429 1.23 - 38,190 2.86 - 17,956 1.34 - 45,518 3.41 1,336,793 NY North Carolina 11 132,951 47.44 11 100,346 35.80 - 44,336 15.82 - 2,637 0.94 - - - - 32,605 11.63 280,270 NC North Dakota 0 0.00 17,519 48.50 17,700 49.01 899 2.49 - - - - - 181 - 0.50 36,118 ND Ohio 23 404,115 47.53 405,187 47.66 22 14,850 1.75 - 26,012 3.06 - - - - - 1,072 - 0.13 850,164 OH Oregon 14,243 18.15 - 35,002 44.59 26,965 34.35 2,281 2.91 - - - - - 8,037 - 10.24 78,491 OR Pennsylvania 32 452,264 45.09 - 516,011 51.45 32 8,714 0.87 - 25,123 2.50 - 898 0.09 - - 63,747 - 6.36 1,003,010 PA Rhode Island 24,336 45.75 - 26,975 50.71 228 0.43 - 1,654 3.11 - - - - - 2,639 - 4.96 53,196 RI South Carolina 9 54,680 77.56 9 13,345 18.93 - 2,407 3.41 - - - - - - - 41,335 58.63 70,504 SC South Dakota 9,081 12.88 - 34,888 49.48 26,544 37.64 - - - - - - - - 8,344 - 11.83 70,513 SD Tennessee 12 136,468 51.36 12 100,537 37.83 - 23,918 9.00 - 4,809 1.81 - - - - 35,931 13.52 265,732 TN Texas 15 239,148 56.65 15 81,144 19.22 - 99,688 23.61 - 2,165 0.51 - - - - 139,460 33.04 422,145 TX Vermont 16,325 29.26 - 37,992 68.09 44 0.08 - 1,424 2.55 - - - - - 21,667 - 38.83 55,796 VT Virginia 12 164,136 56.17 12 113,098 38.70 - 12,275 4.20 - 2,729 0.93 - - - - 51,038 17.46 292,238 VA Washington 29,802 33.88 - 36,460 41.45 19,165 21.79 - 2,542 2.89 - - - - - 6,658 - 7.57 87,969 WA West Virginia 6 84,467 49.37 6 80,292 46.93 - 4,167 2.44 - 2,153 1.26 - - - - 4,175 2.44 171,079 WV Wisconsin 12 177,325 47.72 12 171,101 46.05 - 10,019 2.70 - 13,136 3.54 - - - - 6,224 1.68 371,581 WI Wyoming - - - 8,454 50.52 7,722 46.14 - 530 3.17 - - - - - 732 - 4.37 16,735 WY TOTALS : 444 5,553,898 46.02 277 5,190,799 43.01 145 1,026,595 8.51 22 270,889 2.24 - 21,173 0.18 - 363,099 3.01 12,068,027 US Close states ( edit ) Margin of victory less than 5 % ( 193 electoral votes ) : California , 0.05 % Ohio , 0.13 % North Dakota , 0.50 % Indiana , 1.29 % Delaware , 1.35 % Wisconsin , 1.68 % Kansas , 1.81 % Nebraska , 2.04 % West Virginia , 2.44 % Montana , 2.66 % Illinois , 3.09 % Connecticut , 3.26 % New York , 3.41 % New Hampshire , 4.00 % Wyoming , 4.37 % New Jersey , 4.43 % Michigan , 4.52 % Rhode Island , 4.96 % Margin of victory between 5 % and 10 % ( 101 electoral votes ) : Iowa , 5.29 % Pennsylvania , 6.36 % Massachusetts , 6.65 % Missouri , 7.52 % Washington , 7.57 % Minnesota , 8.20 % Idaho , 9.90 % Maryland , 9.91 % See also ( edit ) United States House of Representatives elections , 1892 United States Senate elections , 1892 American election campaigns in the 19th century History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) History of the United States Democratic Party History of the United States Republican Party Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections '' . The American Presidency Project . UC Santa Barbara . Jump up ^ History of American Presidential Elections , Volume II , Pgs 1706 -- 1708 Jump up ^ History of American Presidential Elections , Volume II , Pgs 1706 -- 1707 ^ Jump up to : History of American Presidential Elections , Volume II , Pgs 1716 Jump up ^ History of American Presidential Elections , Volume II , Pg 1710 -- 1711 Jump up ^ History of American Presidential Elections , Volume II , Pg 1711 -- 1714 Jump up ^ William DeGregorio , The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents , Gramercy 1997 Jump up ^ `` VP Adlai Stevenson '' . Senate.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ History of American Presidential Elections , Volume II , p. 1719 -- 1720 Jump up ^ History of American Presidential Elections Volume II 1848 -- 1896 ; Schlesinger ; Pgs 1721 -- 1722 Jump up ^ History of American Presidential Elections Volume II 1848 -- 1896 ; Schlesinger ; Pgs 1722 -- 1723 Jump up ^ `` US President -- PRB Convention Race -- Jun 29 , 1892 '' . Our Campaigns . February 24 , 2008 . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` US President -- SLP Convention Race -- Aug 28 , 1892 '' . Our Campaigns . January 28 , 2006 . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sig Synnestvedt , The White Response to Black Emancipation : Second - class Citizenship in the United States Since Reconstruction. ( 1972 ) . p 41 . ^ Jump up to : Charles W. Calhoun ( ed . ) , The Gilded Age : Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America . Blue Ridge Summit , PA : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , 2006 ; pg. 295 . Jump up ^ Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 : County , State , and National Mapping of Election Data , Donald R. Deskins , Jr. , Hanes Walton , Jr. , and Sherman C. Puckett , pg. 250 ^ Jump up to : Counting the Votes ; Wisconsin Jump up ^ Counting the Votes ; Illinois Jump up ^ Jensen , Richard J. The Winning of the Midwest : Social and Political Conflict , 1888 -- 1896 , ch. 4 : Iowa , Wet or Dry ? & ch. 5 : Education , the Tariff , and the Melting Pot . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press , 1971 . pp. 89 - 153 . Jump up ^ Nathan Fine , Farmer and Labor Parties in the United States , 1828 -- 1928 . New York : Rand School of Social Science , 1928 ; pg. 79 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Counting the Votes ; West Virginia Jump up ^ `` 1892 Presidential General Election Data -- National '' . Uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Faulkner , Harold U. ( 1959 ) . Politics , Reform and Expansion , 1890 -- 1900 . New York : Harper . Jensen , Richard ( 1971 ) . The Winning of the Midwest : Social and Political Conflict , 1888 -- 1896 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 39825 - 0 . Josephson , Matthew ( 1938 ) . The Politicos : 1865 -- 1896 . New York : Harcourt , Brace and Co . Keller , Morton ( 1977 ) . Affairs of State : Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America . Cambridge : Belknap Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00721 - 2 . Kleppner , Paul ( 1979 ) . The Third Electoral System 1853 -- 1892 : Parties , Voters , and Political Cultures . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1328 - 1 . Knoles , George H. ( 1942 ) . The Presidential Campaign and Election of 1892 . Stanford : Stanford University Press . Morgan , H. Wayne ( 1969 ) . From Hayes to McKinley : National Party Politics , 1877 -- 1896 . Syracuse : Syracuse University Press . Nevins , Allan . Grover Cleveland : A Study in Courage ( 1932 ) Pulitzer Prize - winning biography , the major resource on Cleveland . Oberholtzer , Ellis Paxson . A History of the United States since the Civil War . Volume V , 1888 -- 1901 ( 1937 ) . pp 169 - 244 Rhodes , James Ford ( 1920 ) . History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Mckinley - Bryan Campaign of 1896 . 8 . New York : Macmillan . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States presidential election , 1892 . United States presidential election of 1892 at Encyclopædia Britannica Presidential Election of 1892 : A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress 1892 popular vote by counties 1892 State - by - state Popular vote Overview of 1892 Democratic National Convention How close was the 1892 election ? -- Michael Sheppard , Massachusetts Institute of Technology Election of 1892 in Counting the Votes ( 1888 ← ) United States presidential election , 1892 ( 1896 → ) Republican Party Convention Nominee Benjamin Harrison VP nominee Whitelaw Reid Candidates James G. Blaine William McKinley John Sherman Democratic Party Convention Nominee Grover Cleveland VP nominee Adlai Stevenson I Candidates David B. Hill Horace Boies Third party and independent candidates Populist Party Nominee James B. Weaver VP nominee James G. Field Candidates James H. Kyle Leonidas L. Polk Walter Q. Gresham Prohibition Party Nominee John Bidwell VP nominee James Cranfill Candidates Gideon T. Stewart William Jennings Demorest Socialist Labor Party Nominee Simon Wing VP nominee Charles H. Matchett Other 1892 elections : House Senate United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C. 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who was elected president in 1884 and again in 1892
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Planning Commission (India)
Planning Commission ( India ) - Wikipedia Planning Commission ( India ) Jump to : navigation , search PLANNING COMMISSION ' योजना आयोग Agency overview Formed 15 March 1950 ( 1950 - 03 - 15 ) Dissolved 17 Aug 2014 Headquarters Yojana Bhavan , New Delhi Website planningcommission.gov.in Footnotes Planning Commission has been replaced by new institution NITI Aayog . The Planning Commission ( Hindi : योजना आयोग , Yojana Āyog ) was an institution in the Government of India , which formulated India 's Five - Year Plans , among other functions . In his first Independence Day speech in 2014 , Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced his intention to dissolve the Planning Commission . It has since been replaced by a new institution named NITI Aayog . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Organisation 3 Functions 4 Social media 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) See also : Five - year plans of India Rudimentary economic planning , deriving from the sovereign authority of the state , was first initiated in India in 1938 by Congress President and Indian National Army supreme leader Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose , who had been persuaded by Meghnad Saha to set up a National Planning Committee . M. Visvesvaraya had been elected head of the Planning Committee . Meghnad Saha approached the great engineer and requested him to step down . He argued that planning needed a reciprocity between science and politics . M. Visvesvaraya generously agreed and Jawaharlal Nehru was made head of the National Planning Committee. The so - called `` British Raj '' also formally established Advisory Planning Board under K.C. Neogy that functioned from 1944 to 1946 . Industrialists and economists independently formulated at least three development plans in 2012 . Some scholars have argued that the introduction of planning as an instrument was intended to transcend the ideological divisions between Mahatma Gandhi and Nehru . Other scholars have argued that the Planning Commission , as a central agency in the context of plural democracy in India , needs to carry out more functions than rudimentary economic planning . After India achieved Independence , a formal model of planning was adopted , and accordingly the Planning Commission , reporting directly to the Prime Minister of India , was established on 15 March 1950 , with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as the Chairman . Authority for creation of the Planning Commission was not derived from the Constitution of India or statute ; it is an arm of the Central Government of India . The first Five - Year Plan was launched in 1951 , focusing mainly on development of the agricultural sector . Two subsequent Five - Year Plans were formulated before 1965 , when there was a break because of the Indo - Pakistan conflict . Two successive years of drought , devaluation of the currency , a general rise in prices and erosion of resources disrupted the planning process and after three Annual Plans between 1966 and 1969 , the fourth Five - Year Plan was started in 1969 . The Eighth Plan could not take off in 1990 due to the fast changing political situation at the Centre , and the years 1990 -- 91 and 1991 -- 92 were treated as Annual Plans . The Eighth Plan was finally launched in 1992 after the initiation of structural adjustment policies . For the first eight Plans the emphasis was on a growing public sector with massive investments in basic and heavy industries , but since the launch of the Ninth Plan in 1997 , the emphasis on the public sector has become less pronounced and the current thinking on planning in the country , in general , is that it should increasingly be of an indicative nature . In 2014 , Narendra Modi government decided to wind down the Planning Commission . It was replaced by the newly formed NITI Aayog . Organisation ( edit ) The composition of the Commission underwent considerable changes since its initiation . With the Prime Minister as the ex officio Chairman , the committee had a nominated Deputy Chairman , with the rank of a full Cabinet Minister . Cabinet Ministers with certain important portfolios acted as ex officio members of the Commission , while the full - time members were experts in various fields like economics , industry , science and general administration . Ex officio members of the Commission included the Finance Minister , Agriculture Minister , Home Minister , Health Minister , Chemicals and Fertilisers Minister , Information Technology Minister , Law Minister , Human Resource Development Minister and Minister of State for Planning . The Commission worked through its various divisions , of which there were two kinds : General Planning Divisions Programme Administration Divisions The majority of the experts in the Commission were economists , making the Commission the biggest employer of the Indian Economic Service . Functions ( edit ) The Indian Planning Commission 's functions as outlined by the Government 's 1950 resolution are following : To make an assessment in the material , capital and human resources of the country called India , including technical personal , and investigate the possibilities of augmenting those are related resources which are found to be deficient in relation to the nation 's requirement . To formulate a plan for the most effective and balanced utilisation of country 's resources . To define the stages , on the basis of priority , in which the plan should be carried out and propose the allocation of resources for the due completion of each stage . To indicate the factors that tend to retard economic development . To determine the conditions which need to be established for the successful execution of the plan within the incumbent socio - political situation of the country . To determine the nature of the machinery required for securing the successful implementation of each stage of the plan in all its aspects . To appraise from time to time the progress achieved in the execution of each stage of the plan and also recommend the adjustments of policy and measures which are deemed important vis - a-vis a successful implementation of the plan . To make necessary recommendations from time to time regarding those things which are deemed necessary for facilitating the execution of these functions . Such recommendations can be related to the prevailing economic conditions , current policies , measures or development programmes . They can even be given out in response to some specific problems referred to the commission by the central or the state governments . Social media ( edit ) In March 2013 , Planning Commission launched a massive social media campaign for spreading Awareness about 12th Five Year Plan . It was followed by series of Google+ Hangouts and a Plan Hackathon . By September 2013 , it had made a considerable presence on Social Media with over One lakh Twitter followers and a considerable size on Facebook , YouTube and SlideShare . See also ( edit ) Investment commission of India Five - Year Plans of India Ministry of Finance , Government of India Finance Commission of India NITI Aayog References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Economic Times , See also Lex - Warrier : Online Law Journal Jump up ^ Template : Citfe web Jump up ^ Partha Chatterjee , 2001 `` Development planning and the Indian state '' in State and Politics in India ( ed . Partha Chatterjee ) New Delhi : Oxford University Press Jump up ^ Sony Pellissery , 2010 Central agency in plural democracy . The India Economy Review , 7 ( 3 ) , 12 -- 16 Jump up ^ `` Indian Express '' . Jump up ^ `` Planning Commission of India gets over 1 Lakh followers on Twitter '' . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official Homepage Economy of India Companies BSE SENSEX CNX Nifty Government - owned companies List of companies Governance Ministry of Finance Finance ministers Ministry of Commerce and Industry Commerce ministers Finance Commission Economic Advisory Council Central Statistical Office Securities and Exchange Board of India Enforcement Directorate Foreign trade Foreign direct investment Foreign exchange reserves Remittances Taxation Subsidies Industrial licensing Voluntary guidelines NITI Aayog Make in India Currency Indian rupee Sign History Historical exchange rates Coinage Indian paisa Reserve Bank of India Governors India Government Mint Inflation Financial services Banking Banks Insurance Bombay Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange Multi Commodity Exchange Bullion Black money Stock exchanges History Economic development Economic liberalisation Licence Raj Green revolution Government initiatives Numbering system People Billionaires Businesspeople Demography Income Poverty Labour law Pensions EPFO NPS PPF States Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Mizoram Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Telangana Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Sectors Agriculture Livestock Fishing Automotive Defence Construction Education Energy Nuclear Solar Wind Entertainment Forestry Gambling Healthcare Information technology Media Cinema Television Printing Mining Coal Iron and Steel Pharmaceuticals Pulp and paper Retail Science and technology Biotechnology Telecommunications Textiles Tourism Transport Aviation Civil Ports Rail Utilities Electricity Water Commons Wikiquotes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planning_Commission_(India)&oldid=841371367 '' Categories : Nehru administration Economic planning in India Indian commissions and inquiries 2014 disestablishments in India Defunct government departments and agencies of India 1950 establishments in India Hidden categories : Use Indian English from September 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from September 2013 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia ગુજરાતી हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 12 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who headed the national planning committee of india in 1938
[ "Rudimentary economic planning, deriving from the sovereign authority of the state, was first initiated in India in 1938 by Congress President and Indian National Army supreme leader Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, who had been persuaded by Meghnad Saha to set up a National Planning Committee.[2] M. Visvesvaraya had been elected head of the Planning Committee. Meghnad Saha approached the great engineer and requested him to step down. He argued that planning needed a reciprocity between science and politics. M. Visvesvaraya generously agreed and Jawaharlal Nehru was made head of the National Planning Committee.The so-called \"British Raj\" also formally established Advisory Planning Board under K. C. Neogy that functioned from 1944 to 1946. Industrialists and economists independently formulated at least three development plans in 2012. Some scholars have argued that the introduction of planning as an instrument was intended to transcend the ideological divisions between Mahatma Gandhi and Nehru.[3] Other scholars have argued that the Planning Commission, as a central agency in the context of plural democracy in India, needs to carry out more functions than rudimentary economic planning.[4]" ]
[ "M. Visvesvaraya" ]
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When Will I Be Loved (song)
When Will I Be Loved ( song ) - wikipedia When Will I Be Loved ( song ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` When Will I Be Loved '' Single by The Everly Brothers from the album The Fabulous Style of The Everly Brothers B - side `` Be-Bop - A-Lula '' Released May 1960 Format Vinyl , 7 `` , 45 RPM Recorded February 18 , 1960 Genre Country Length 2 : 26 Label Cadence Songwriter ( s ) Phil Everly Producer ( s ) Wesley Rose The Everly Brothers singles chronology `` Cathy 's Clown '' ( 1960 ) `` When Will I Be Loved '' ( 1960 ) `` So Sad '' ( 1960 ) `` Cathy 's Clown '' ( 1960 ) `` When Will I Be Loved '' ( 1960 ) `` So Sad '' ( 1960 ) `` When Will I Be Loved '' is a classic popular song written by Phil Everly of the Everly Brothers , who had a US top ten hit with it in 1960 . Linda Ronstadt covered the song in 1975 , and her version was an even bigger hit in the US peaking at No. 2 . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Everly Brothers version 1.1 Background 1.2 Personnel 1.3 Chart performance 1.4 Weekly charts 1.5 Year - end charts 2 Linda Ronstadt version 2.1 Background 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Other versions 5 References 6 External links The Everly Brothers version ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The Everly Brothers scored a number 8 hit single with `` When Will I Be Loved '' in the summer of 1960 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . The track had been recorded in 1960 while the duo were contracted to Cadence Records ; by 1960 they had moved to Warner Brothers and recording in a more mainstream pop / rock style than previously . The belated release by Cadence of `` When Will I Be Loved '' provided the Everly Brothers with a final rockabilly - style hit . Personnel ( edit ) The session , produced by Archie Bleyer , took place on February 18 , 1960 at the RCA Studio in Nashville . Those at the session included : Don Everly -- guitar , vocals Phil Everly -- guitar , vocals Chet Atkins , guitar Hank Garland , guitar Luther Brandon , guitar Lightnin Chance , bass Buddy Harman , drums Floyd Cramer , piano Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1960 ) Peak position Australian ARIA Chart Canadian RPM Top Singles 16 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1960 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 91 Linda Ronstadt version ( edit ) `` When Will I Be Loved '' Single by Linda Ronstadt from the album Heart Like a Wheel B - side `` It Does n't Matter Anymore '' Released March 25 , 1975 Format Vinyl , 7 `` , 45 RPM Genre Country rock , soft rock Length 2 : 04 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Phil Everly Producer ( s ) Peter Asher Linda Ronstadt singles chronology `` You 're No Good '' ( 1974 ) `` When Will I Be Loved '' ( 1975 ) `` Heat Wave '' ( 1975 ) `` You 're No Good '' ( 1974 ) `` When Will I Be Loved '' / `` It Does n't Matter Anymore '' ( 1975 ) `` Heat Wave '' ( 1975 ) Background ( edit ) The song had its highest profile when Linda Ronstadt covered it on her album Heart Like A Wheel . This version rearranges the verses of the Everly Brothers original , transposing the first and fourth verses . Capitol Records was reportedly unsure whether to release `` When Will I Be Loved '' or `` You 're No Good '' as the lead 45 off of Heart Like a Wheel , finally deciding to issue `` You 're No Good '' as the premier single . `` When Will I Be Loved '' was issued as the second single ( in March 1975 ) and hit number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 in June of that year , as well as number 1 in Cash Box ; only the chart dominance of the year 's biggest hit , `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' by Captain & Tennille , prevented Ronstadt from having consecutive number 1 hit singles on the Hot 100 . Billboard did afford a number 1 ranking to `` When Will I Be Loved '' on its C&W chart . As Ronstadt 's `` When Will I Be Loved '' descended the charts , its B - side , a remake of Buddy Holly 's `` It Does n't Matter Anymore '' , garnered enough airplay to chart at number 47 Pop , number 20 Adult Contemporary , and number 54 Country . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks Canadian RPM Country Singles Canadian RPM Top Singles 7 US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Billboard Hot Country Singles US Billboard Hot 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Rank Canada RPM Top Singles 78 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 23 US Billboard Hot 100 47 US Cash Box 39 Other versions ( edit ) Manfred Mann included a version of the song on their number - one EP in 1966 . John Denver recorded a cover of the album on his 1966 album John Denver Sings . However , the album was not released to the general public until 2011 . In 1967 Johnny Young & Kompany reached No. 3 in Australia with `` When Will I Be Loved '' charted in tandem with its flip `` Kiss Me Now '' . Sandy Denny recorded a version of the song with Linda Thompson on the rock n ' roll covers album Rock On with The Bunch in 1972 . The track was also released as a single that same year . Tanya Tucker recorded `` When Will I Be Loved '' for her 1975 album Tanya Tucker ; the track features a harmony vocal by the song 's composer , Phil Everly . Slik has taken this song on their album Slik in 1976 . Nick Lowe and Dave Edmunds released a version of the song on their 1980 EP , Nick Lowe & Dave Edmunds Sing The Everly Brothers . The 1985 Magnum , P.I. episode `` Let Me Hear the Music '' features a live performance of `` When Will I Be Loved '' by Amanda McBroom while the `` Jami McFame '' episode of According to Jim ( 2008 ) features Jamison Belushi - daughter of series star James Belushi - performing the song . Dolly Parton has performed the song live on numerous occasions , including on her 1987 - 88 TV series Dolly . In the movie Cocktail ( 1988 ) , Tom Cruise and Elisabeth Shue dance and sing along to the jukebox which is playing When Will I Be Loved . Ria performed the song in the movie When Will I Be Loved ( 2004 ) . Carrie Underwood performed the song on American Idol in 2005 . John Fogerty remade `` When Will I Be Loved '' for his 2009 album The Blue Ridge Rangers Rides Again ; the track is performed as a duet with Bruce Springsteen . The Chapin Sisters remade `` When Will I Be Loved '' for their 2013 album release A Date with the Everly Brothers . Versions of `` When Will I Be Loved '' have also been recorded by Rosemary Clooney , John Denver , The Little River Band , Gram Parsons , Sandy Posey , Ricochet , and Rockpile . Vince Gill recorded the song for the soundtrack of the 1994 movie 8 Seconds . Martina McBride sang the song on the ACM Girls Night Out Broadcast , April 22 , 2011 . In 2012 , The Rifles recorded an acoustic cover for their album Acoustic 2 In 2014 , Billie Joe Armstrong of Green Day and Miranda Lambert performed the song at the Grammy Awards as a tribute to the song 's writer who died in January 2014 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Poore , Billy ( 1998 ) . Rockabilly : a forty - year journey . Milwaukee , WI : Hal Leonard Publishing . p. 170 . ISBN 0 - 7935 - 9142 - 2 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1960 / Top 100 Songs of 1960 '' . www.musicoutfitters.com . Jump up ^ Knowles , Christopher ( 1 October 2010 ) . `` The Secret History of Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Simon and Schuster -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ The New York Times , 19 November 1974 , p. 32 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits : Eighth Edition . Record Research . p. 540 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944b2008 , . Record Research . p. 300 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1975 / Top 100 Songs of 1975 '' . www.musicoutfitters.com . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1975 '' . tropicalglen.com . Jump up ^ `` Nick Lowe and Dave Edmunds , Nick Lowe & Dave Edmunds Sing The Everly Brothers '' . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Episode Music & Scores '' . Magnum Mania ! . 2013 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` News '' . John Fogerty . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Everly Brothers Studio albums The Everly Brothers Songs Our Daddy Taught Us It 's Everly Time A Date with the Everly Brothers Both Sides of an Evening Instant Party ! Christmas with the Everly Brothers and the Boystown Choir The Everly Brothers Sing Great Country Hits Gone Gone Gone Rock'n Soul Beat & Soul In Our Image Two Yanks in England The Hit Sound of the Everly Brothers The Everly Brothers Sing Roots Stories We Could Tell Pass the Chicken & Listen EB 84 Born Yesterday Some Hearts Live albums Everly Brothers Show Compilation albums The Everly Brothers ' Best Greatest Hits Vol . III The New Album All They Had to Do Was Dream Heartaches and Harmonies Stories We Could Tell : The RCA Years Too Good to Be True Give Me a Future Singles `` Bye Bye Love '' `` Wake Up Little Susie '' `` This Little Girl of Mine '' `` Should We Tell Him '' `` All I Have to Do Is Dream '' `` Bird Dog '' `` Devoted to You '' `` Problems '' `` Take a Message to Mary '' `` Poor Jenny '' `` ( Till ) I Kissed You '' `` Let It Be Me '' `` Cathy 's Clown '' `` When Will I Be Loved '' `` So Sad ( To Watch Good Love Go Bad ) '' `` Like Strangers '' `` Be-Bop - A-Lula '' `` Lucille '' `` Walk Right Back '' `` Ebony Eyes '' `` Temptation '' `` Do n't Blame Me '' `` Crying in the Rain '' `` That 's Old Fashioned ( That 's the Way Love Should Be ) '' `` Do n't Ask Me to Be Friends '' `` Love Her '' `` Ai n't That Lovin ' You , Baby '' `` That 'll Be the Day '' `` The Price of Love '' `` Love Is Strange '' `` ( You Got ) The Power of Love '' `` Somebody Help Me '' `` Bowling Green '' `` Love of the Common People '' `` Carolina in My Mind '' `` Not Fade Away '' `` The Air That I Breathe '' ( Phil Everly solo ) `` Brother Jukebox '' ( Don Everly solo ) `` Dare to Dream Again '' ( Phil Everly solo ) `` On the Wings of a Nightingale '' `` Do n't Worry Baby '' `` Ballad of a Teenage Queen '' Related topics Discography List of songs Gibson Everly Brothers Flattop Venetia Stevenson Edan Everly James Best Book Linda Ronstadt Stone Poneys albums The Stone Poneys featuring Linda Ronstadt Evergreen , Volume 2 Linda Ronstadt , Stone Poneys and Friends , Vol . III Studio albums Hand Sown ... Home Grown Silk Purse Linda Ronstadt Do n't Cry Now Heart Like a Wheel Prisoner in Disguise Hasten Down the Wind Simple Dreams Living in the USA Mad Love Get Closer What 's New Lush Life For Sentimental Reasons Canciones de Mi Padre Cry Like a Rainstorm , Howl Like the Wind Mas Canciones Frenesí Winter Light Feels Like Home Dedicated to the One I Love We Ran A Merry Little Christmas Hummin ' to Myself Collaborations Trio Santiago Trio II Western Wall : The Tucson Sessions Adieu False Heart Compilations Different Drum Greatest Hits Greatest Hits , Volume 2 The Very Best of Linda Ronstadt Mi Jardin Azul : Las Canciones Favoritas Duets Hit singles `` Different Drum '' `` Long , Long Time '' `` You 're No Good '' `` When Will I Be Loved '' `` Heat Wave '' `` Love Is a Rose '' `` The Tracks of My Tears '' `` That 'll Be the Day '' `` Blue Bayou '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Poor Poor Pitiful Me '' `` Tumbling Dice '' `` Back in the U.S.A. '' `` Ooh Baby Baby '' `` Just One Look '' `` Alison '' `` How Do I Make You '' `` Hurt So Bad '' `` I Ca n't Let Go '' `` I Knew You When '' `` What 's New ? '' `` Somewhere Out There `` Do n't Know Much '' `` All My Life '' `` When Something Is Wrong With My Baby '' `` Walk On '' Related topics Discography Mr. Plow Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_Will_I_Be_Loved_(song)&oldid=848708405 '' Categories : 1960 songs 1960 singles 1975 singles 2009 singles Songs written by Phil Everly The Everly Brothers songs Linda Ronstadt songs Nick Lowe songs Dave Edmunds songs John Fogerty songs Bruce Springsteen songs Little River Band songs Song recordings produced by Peter Asher Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles Cadence Records singles Capitol Records singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 July 2018 , at 19 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who wrote the song when will i be loved
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World War I
World War I - wikipedia World War I Jump to : navigation , search `` World War One '' , `` Great War '' , and `` WW1 '' redirect here . For other uses , see World War One ( disambiguation ) , Great War ( disambiguation ) , and WW1 ( album ) . World War I Clockwise from the top : The aftermath of shelling during the Battle of the Somme , Mark V tanks cross the Hindenburg Line , HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a mine in the Dardanelles , a British Vickers machine gun crew wears gas masks during the Battle of the Somme , Albatros D. III fighters of Jagdstaffel 11 Date 28 July 1914 -- 11 November 1918 ( 1914 - 07 - 28 -- 1918 - 11 - 11 ) ( 4 years , 3 months and 2 weeks ) Peace treaties ( show ) Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 ( 4 years and 11 months ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Signed 10 September 1919 ( 5 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Signed 27 November 1919 ( 4 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 ( 5 years , 10 months and 1 week ) Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 ( 6 years , 1 week and 6 days ) United States -- Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 2 weeks and 3 days ) United States -- Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 ( 4 years , 4 months , 2 weeks and 5 days ) United States -- Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 1 day ) Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 ( 8 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 4 days ) Location Europe , Africa , the Middle East , the Pacific Islands , China , Indian Ocean , and off the coast of South and North America Result Allied victory Central Powers ' victory on the Eastern Front nullified by defeat on the Western Front Fall of the German , Russian , Ottoman , and Austro - Hungarian empires Russian Civil War and foundation of Soviet Union Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers Establishment of the League of Nations . ( more ... ) Belligerents Allied Powers France British Empire Russia ( until 1917 ) Serbia Montenegro Belgium Japan Italy ( 1915 -- 18 ) Portugal ( 1916 -- 18 ) Romania ( 1916 -- 18 ) Hejaz ( 1916 -- 18 ) United States ( 1917 -- 18 ) Greece ( 1917 -- 18 ) Siam ( 1917 -- 18 ) ... and others Central Powers German Empire Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria ( 1915 -- 18 ) ... and co-belligerents Commanders and leaders Allied leaders Georges Clemenceau Raymond Poincaré H.H. Asquith David Lloyd George Nicholas II Vittorio Orlando Victor Emmanuel III Woodrow Wilson Yoshihito Peter I Ferdinand I ... and others Central Powers leaders Wilhelm II Franz Joseph I † Karl I Mehmed V † Three Pashas Ferdinand I ... and others Strength 12,000,000 8,841,541 8,660,000 5,615,140 4,743,826 1,234,000 800,000 707,343 380,000 250,000 50,000 Total : 42,959,850 13,250,000 7,800,000 2,998,321 1,200,000 Total : 25,248,321 Casualties and losses Military dead : 5,525,000 Military wounded : 12,831,500 Military missing : 4,121,000 Total : 22,477,500 KIA , WIA or MIA ... further details . Military dead : 4,386,000 Military wounded : 8,388,000 Military missing : 3,629,000 Total : 16,403,000 KIA , WIA or MIA ... further details . Theatres of World War I European Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Balkans Middle Eastern Caucasus Persia Gallipoli Mesopotamia Sinai and Palestine Arab Revolt South Arabia African South - West Africa Togoland Cameroon East Africa North Africa Asian and Pacific theatre Naval theaters U-boat Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Events leading to World War I Triple Alliance 1882 Franco - Russian Alliance 1894 Anglo - German naval arms race 1898 -- 1912 Venezuela Naval Blockade 1902 - 1903 Entente Cordiale 1904 Russo - Japanese War 1904 -- 1905 First Moroccan Crisis 1905 -- 1906 Anglo - Russian Entente 1907 Bosnian crisis 1908 -- 1909 Agadir Crisis 1911 Italo - Turkish War 1911 -- 1912 Balkan Wars 1912 -- 1913 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 1914 July Crisis 1914 World War I ( WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War , the Great War , or the War to End All Wars , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . More than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history . Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war ( including the victims of a number of genocides ) , a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents ' technological and industrial sophistication , and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare . It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history , and paved the way for major political changes , including revolutions in many of the nations involved . Unresolved rivalries still extant at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War only twenty - one years later . The war drew in all the world 's economic great powers , assembled in two opposing alliances : the Allies ( based on the Triple Entente of the Russian Empire , the French Third Republic , and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ) versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria - Hungary . Although Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance alongside Germany and Austria - Hungary , it did not join the Central Powers , as Austria - Hungary had taken the offensive against the terms of the alliance . These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war : Italy , Japan and the United States joined the Allies , while the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers . The trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria , heir to the throne of Austria - Hungary , by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 . This set off a diplomatic crisis when Austria - Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia , and entangled international alliances formed over the previous decades were invoked . Within weeks , the major powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world . On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July the Austro - Hungarians declared war on Serbia . Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise , and when this was refused , declared war on Russia on 1 August . Being outnumbered on the Eastern Front , Russia urged its Triple Entente ally France to open up a second front in the west . Over forty years earlier in 1870 , the Franco - Prussian War had ended the Second French Empire and France had ceded the provinces of Alsace - Lorraine to a unified Germany . Bitterness over that defeat and the determination to retake Alsace - Lorraine made the acceptance of Russia 's plea for help an easy choice , so France began full mobilisation on 1 August and , on 3 August , Germany declared war on France . The border between France and Germany was heavily fortified on both sides so , according to the Schlieffen Plan , Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France from the north , leading the United Kingdom to declare war on Germany on 4 August due to their violation of Belgian neutrality . After the German march on Paris was halted in the Battle of the Marne , what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition , with a trench line that changed little until 1917 . On the Eastern Front , the Russian army led a successful campaign against the Austro - Hungarians , but the Germans stopped its invasion of East Prussia in the battles of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes . In November 1914 , the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers , opening fronts in the Caucasus , Mesopotamia and the Sinai . In 1915 , Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers ; Romania joined the Allies in 1916 , as did the United States in 1917 . The Russian government collapsed in March 1917 , and a revolution in November followed by a further military defeat brought the Russians to terms with the Central Powers via the Treaty of Brest Litovsk , which granted the Germans a significant victory . After a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918 , the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives . On 4 November 1918 , the Austro - Hungarian empire agreed to an armistice , and Germany , which had its own trouble with revolutionaries , agreed to an armistice on 11 November 1918 , ending the war in victory for the Allies . By the end of the war or soon after , the German Empire , Russian Empire , Austro - Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire ceased to exist . National borders were redrawn , with several independent nations restored or created , and Germany 's colonies were parceled out among the victors . During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 , the Big Four ( Britain , France , the United States and Italy ) imposed their terms in a series of treaties . The League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict . This effort failed , and economic depression , renewed nationalism , weakened successor states , and feelings of humiliation ( particularly in Germany ) eventually contributed to the start of World War II . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 Background 2.1 Political and military alliances 2.2 Arms race 2.3 Conflicts in the Balkans 3 Prelude 3.1 Sarajevo assassination 3.2 Expansion of violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.3 July Crisis 4 Progress of the war 4.1 Opening hostilities 4.1. 1 Confusion among the Central Powers 4.1. 2 Serbian campaign 4.1. 3 German forces in Belgium and France 4.1. 4 Asia and the Pacific 4.1. 5 African campaigns 4.1. 6 Indian support for the Allies 4.2 Western Front 4.2. 1 Trench warfare begins 4.2. 2 Continuation of trench warfare 4.3 Naval war 4.4 Southern theatres 4.4. 1 War in the Balkans 4.4. 2 Ottoman Empire 4.4. 3 Italian participation 4.4. 4 Romanian participation 4.5 Eastern Front 4.5. 1 Initial actions 4.5. 2 Russian Revolution 4.5. 3 Czechoslovak Legion 4.6 Central Powers peace overtures 4.7 1917 -- 1918 4.7. 1 Developments in 1917 4.7. 2 Ottoman Empire conflict , 1917 -- 1918 4.7. 3 15 August 1917 : Peace offer by the Pope 4.7. 4 Entry of the United States 4.7. 5 German Spring Offensive of 1918 4.7. 6 New states under war zone 4.8 Allied victory : summer 1918 onwards 4.8. 1 Hundred Days Offensive 4.8. 2 Armistices and capitulations 5 Aftermath 5.1 Formal end of the war 5.2 Peace treaties and national boundaries 5.3 National identities 5.4 Health effects 6 Technology 6.1 Ground warfare 6.2 Naval 6.3 Aviation 7 War crimes 7.1 Baralong incidents 7.2 Torpedoing of HMHS Llandovery Castle 7.3 Chemical weapons in warfare 7.4 Genocide and ethnic cleansing 7.4. 1 Russian Empire 7.5 Rape of Belgium 8 Soldiers ' experiences 8.1 Prisoners of war 8.2 Military attachés and war correspondents 9 Support and opposition to the war 9.1 Support 9.2 Opposition 9.2. 1 Conscription 9.2. 2 Conscription in Canada 9.2. 3 Conscription in Australia 9.2. 4 Conscription in Britain 9.3 Diplomacy 10 Legacy and memory 10.1 Historiography 10.2 Memorials 10.3 Cultural memory 10.4 Social trauma 10.5 Discontent in Germany 10.6 Economic effects 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References 14 Bibliography 14.1 Primary sources 14.2 Historiography and memory 15 External links 15.1 Animated maps 15.2 Library guides Names From the time of its start until the approach of World War II , the First World War was called simply the World War or the Great War and thereafter the First World War or World War I . At the time , it was also sometimes called `` the war to end war '' or `` the war to end all wars '' due to its then - unparalleled scale and devastation . In Canada , Maclean 's magazine in October 1914 wrote , `` Some wars name themselves . This is the Great War . '' During the interwar period ( 1918 -- 1939 ) , the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English - speaking countries . The term `` First World War '' was first used in September 1914 by the German biologist and philosopher Ernst Haeckel , who claimed that `` there is no doubt that the course and character of the feared ' European War ' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of the word , '' citing a wire service report in The Indianapolis Star on 20 September 1914 . After the onset of the Second World War in 1939 , the terms World War I or the First World War became standard , with British and Canadian historians favouring the First World War , and Americans World War I . Background Main article : Causes of World War I Rival military coalitions in 1914 ; Triple Entente in green ; Triple Alliance in brown . Only the Triple Alliance was a formal `` alliance '' ; the others listed were informal patterns of support . Political and military alliances During the 19th century , the major European powers went to great lengths to maintain a balance of power throughout Europe , resulting in the existence of a complex network of political and military alliances throughout the continent by 1900 . These began in 1815 , with the Holy Alliance between Prussia , Russia , and Austria . When Germany was united in 1871 , Prussia became part of the new German nation . Soon after , in October 1873 , German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors ( German : Dreikaiserbund ) between the monarchs of Austria - Hungary , Russia and Germany . This agreement failed because Austria - Hungary and Russia could not agree over Balkan policy , leaving Germany and Austria - Hungary in an alliance formed in 1879 , called the Dual Alliance . This was seen as a method of countering Russian influence in the Balkans as the Ottoman Empire continued to weaken . This alliance expanded in 1882 to include Italy , in what became the Triple Alliance . Bismarck had especially worked to hold Russia at Germany 's side in an effort to avoid a two - front war with France and Russia . When Wilhelm II ascended to the throne as German Emperor ( Kaiser ) , Bismarck was compelled to retire and his system of alliances was gradually de-emphasised . For example , the Kaiser refused , in 1890 , to renew the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia . Two years later , the Franco - Russian Alliance was signed to counteract the force of the Triple Alliance . In 1904 , Britain signed a series of agreements with France , the Entente Cordiale , and in 1907 , Britain and Russia signed the Anglo - Russian Convention . While these agreements did not formally ally Britain with France or Russia , they made British entry into any future conflict involving France or Russia a possibility , and the system of interlocking bilateral agreements became known as the Triple Entente . SMS Rheinland , a Nassau - class battleship , Germany 's first response to Dreadnought . Arms race German industrial and economic power had grown greatly after unification and the foundation of the Empire in 1871 following the Franco - Prussian War . From the mid-1890s on , the government of Wilhelm II used this base to devote significant economic resources for building up the Kaiserliche Marine ( Imperial German Navy ) , established by Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz , in rivalry with the British Royal Navy for world naval supremacy . As a result , each nation strove to out - build the other in capital ships . With the launch of HMS Dreadnought in 1906 , the British Empire expanded on its significant advantage over its German rival . The arms race between Britain and Germany eventually extended to the rest of Europe , with all the major powers devoting their industrial base to producing the equipment and weapons necessary for a pan-European conflict . Between 1908 and 1913 , the military spending of the European powers increased by 50 % . Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the Austrian annexation in 1908 Conflicts in the Balkans Austria - Hungary precipitated the Bosnian crisis of 1908 -- 1909 by officially annexing the former Ottoman territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina , which it had occupied since 1878 . This angered the Kingdom of Serbia and its patron , the Pan-Slavic and Orthodox Russian Empire . Russian political manoeuvring in the region destabilised peace accords that were already fracturing in the Balkans , which came to be known as the `` powder keg of Europe . '' In 1912 and 1913 , the First Balkan War was fought between the Balkan League and the fracturing Ottoman Empire . The resulting Treaty of London further shrank the Ottoman Empire , creating an independent Albanian state while enlarging the territorial holdings of Bulgaria , Serbia , Montenegro , and Greece . When Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece on 16 June 1913 , it lost most of Macedonia to Serbia and Greece , and Southern Dobruja to Romania in the 33 - day Second Balkan War , further destabilising the region . The Great Powers were able to keep these Balkan conflicts contained , but the next one would spread throughout Europe and beyond . Prelude Sarajevo assassination Main article : Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria This picture is usually associated with the arrest of Gavrilo Princip , although some believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr , a bystander . On 28 June 1914 , Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand visited the Bosnian capital , Sarajevo . A group of six assassins ( Cvjetko Popović , Gavrilo Princip , Muhamed Mehmedbašić , Nedeljko Čabrinović , Trifko Grabež , Vaso Čubrilović ) from the Yugoslavist group Mlada Bosna , supplied by the Serbian Black Hand , had gathered on the street where the Archduke 's motorcade would pass , with the intention of assassinating him . Čabrinović threw a grenade at the car , but missed . Some nearby were injured by the blast , but Ferdinand 's convoy carried on . The other assassins failed to act as the cars drove past them . About an hour later , when Ferdinand was returning from a visit at the Sarajevo Hospital with those wounded in the assassination attempt , the convoy took a wrong turn into a street where , by coincidence , Princip stood . With a pistol , Princip shot and killed Ferdinand and his wife Sophie . The reaction among the people in Austria was mild , almost indifferent . As historian Zbyněk Zeman later wrote , `` the event almost failed to make any impression whatsoever . On Sunday and Monday ( 28 and 29 June ) , the crowds in Vienna listened to music and drank wine , as if nothing had happened . '' . Nevertheless , the political impact of the murder of the heir to the throne was significant and has been described as a `` 9 / 11 effect , a terrorist event charged with historic meaning , transforming the political chemistry in Vienna . And although they were not personally close , the Emperor Franz Joseph was profoundly shocked and upset . Expansion of violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina The Austro - Hungarian authorities encouraged the subsequent anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo , in which Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks killed two Bosnian Serbs and damaged numerous Serb - owned buildings . Violent actions against ethnic Serbs were also organized outside Sarajevo , in other cities in Austro - Hungarian - controlled Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia and Slovenia . Austro - Hungarian authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina imprisoned and extradited approximately 5,500 prominent Serbs , 700 to 2,200 of whom died in prison . A further 460 Serbs were sentenced to death . A predominantly Bosniak special militia known as the Schutzkorps was established and carried out the persecution of Serbs . July crisis Main article : July Crisis Crowds on the streets in the aftermath of the anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo , 29 June 1914 Ethno - linguistic map of Austria - Hungary , 1910 . Bosnia - Herzegovina was annexed in 1908 . The assassination led to a month of diplomatic manoeuvring between Austria - Hungary , Germany , Russia , France and Britain , called the July Crisis . Believing correctly that Serbian officials ( especially the officers of the Black Hand ) were involved in the plot to murder the Archduke , and wanting to finally end Serbian interference in Bosnia , Austria - Hungary delivered to Serbia on 23 July the July Ultimatum , a series of ten demands that were made intentionally unacceptable , in an effort to provoke a war with Serbia . The next day , after the Council of Ministers of Russia was held under the chairmanship of the Tsar at Krasnoe Selo , Russia ordered general mobilization for Odessa , Kiev , Kazan and Moscow military districts , and fleets of the Baltic and the Black Sea . They also asked other regions to accelerate preparations for general mobilization . Serbia decreed general mobilization on the 25th . The Serbs drafted their reply to the ultimatum in such a way as to give the impression of making significant concessions but , as Christopher Clark states , `` this was a highly perfumed rejection on most points '' . This included article six , which demanded that Austrian delegates be allowed in Serbia for the purpose of participation in the investigation into the assassination . Following this , Austria broke off diplomatic relations with Serbia and , the next day ordered a partial mobilization . Finally , on 28 July 1914 , Austria - Hungary declared war on Serbia . On 25 July , Russia , in support of its Serb protégé , unilaterally declared -- outside of the conciliation procedure provided by the Franco - Russian military agreements -- partial mobilization against Austria - Hungary . On the 30th , Russia ordered general mobilization against Germany . German Chancellor Bethmann - Hollweg waited until the 31st for an appropriate response , when Germany declared a `` state of danger of war '' . Kaiser Wilhelm II asked his cousin , Tsar Nicolas II , to suspend the Russian general mobilization . When he refused , Germany issued an ultimatum demanding its mobilization be stopped , and a commitment not to support Serbia . Another was sent to France , asking her not to support Russia if it were to come to the defence of Serbia . On 1 August , after the Russian response , Germany mobilized and declared war on Russia . This also led to the general mobilization in Austria - Hungary on 4 August . The German government issued demands to France that it remain neutral as they had to decide which deployment plan to implement , it being difficult if not impossible to change the deployment whilst it was underway . The modified German Schlieffen Plan , Aufmarsch II West , would deploy 80 % of the army in the west , and Aufmarsch I Ost and Aufmarsch II Ost would deploy 60 % in the west and 40 % in the east as this was the maximum that the East Prussian railway infrastructure could carry . The French did not respond , but sent a mixed message by ordering their troops to withdraw 10 km ( 6 mi ) from the border to avoid any incidents , and at the same time ordered the mobilisation of her reserves . Germany responded by mobilising its own reserves and implementing Aufmarsch II West . On 1 August Wilhelm ordered General Moltke to `` march the whole of the ... army to the East '' after he had been wrongly informed that the British would remain neutral as long as France was not attacked . The General convinced the Kaiser that improvising the redeployment of a million men was unthinkable and that making it possible for the French to attack the Germans `` in the rear '' might prove disastrous . Yet Wilhelm insisted that the German army should not march into Luxembourg until he received a telegram sent by his cousin George V , who made it clear that there had been a misunderstanding . Eventually the Kaiser told Molkte , `` Now you can do what you want . '' Germany attacked Luxembourg on 2 August , and on 3 August declared war on France . On 4 August , after Belgium refused to permit German troops to cross its borders into France , Germany declared war on Belgium as well . Britain declared war on Germany at 19 : 00 UTC on 4 August 1914 ( effective from 11 pm ) , following an `` unsatisfactory reply '' to the British ultimatum that Belgium must be kept neutral . Progress of the War Further information : Diplomatic history of World War I Opening hostilities Confusion among the Central Powers The strategy of the Central Powers suffered from miscommunication . Germany had promised to support Austria - Hungary 's invasion of Serbia , but interpretations of what this meant differed . Previously tested deployment plans had been replaced early in 1914 , but those had never been tested in exercises . Austro - Hungarian leaders believed Germany would cover its northern flank against Russia . Germany , however , envisioned Austria - Hungary directing most of its troops against Russia , while Germany dealt with France . This confusion forced the Austro - Hungarian Army to divide its forces between the Russian and Serbian fronts . Serbian Campaign Serbian Army Blériot XI `` Oluj '' , 1915 Main article : Serbian Campaign of World War I Austria invaded and fought the Serbian army at the Battle of Cer and Battle of Kolubara beginning on 12 August . Over the next two weeks , Austrian attacks were thrown back with heavy losses , which marked the first major Allied victories of the war and dashed Austro - Hungarian hopes of a swift victory . As a result , Austria had to keep sizable forces on the Serbian front , weakening its efforts against Russia . Serbia 's defeat of the Austro - Hungarian invasion of 1914 counts among the major upset victories of the twentieth century . German forces in Belgium and France Main article : Western Front ( World War I ) German soldiers in a railway goods wagon on the way to the front in 1914 . Early in the war , all sides expected the conflict to be a short one . At the outbreak of World War I , 80 % of the German army was deployed as seven field armies in the west according to the plan Aufmarsch II West . However , they were then assigned to execute the retired deployment plan Aufmarsch I West , also known as the Schlieffen Plan . This would march German armies through northern Belgium and into France , in an attempt to encircle the French army and then breach the ' second defensive area ' of the fortresses of Verdun and Paris and the Marne river . Aufmarsch I West was one of four deployment plans available to the German General Staff in 1914 . Each plan favoured certain operations , but did not specify exactly how those operations were to be carried out , leaving the commanding officers to carry those out at their own initiative and with minimal oversight . Aufmarsch I West , designed for a one - front war with France , had been retired once it became clear it was irrelevant to the wars Germany could expect to face ; both Russia and Britain were expected to help France , and there was no possibility of Italian nor Austro - Hungarian troops being available for operations against France . But despite its unsuitability , and the availability of more sensible and decisive options , it retained a certain allure due to its offensive nature and the pessimism of pre-war thinking , which expected offensive operations to be short - lived , costly in casualties , and unlikely to be decisive . Accordingly , the Aufmarsch II West deployment was changed for the offensive of 1914 , despite its unrealistic goals and the insufficient forces Germany had available for decisive success . Moltke took Schlieffen 's plan and modified the deployment of forces on the western front by reducing the right wing , the one to advance through Belgium , from 85 % to 70 % . In the end , the Schlieffen plan was so radically modified by Moltke , that it could be more properly called the Moltke Plan . The plan called for the right flank of the German advance to bypass the French armies concentrated on the Franco - German border , defeat the French forces closer to Luxembourg and Belgium and move south to Paris . Initially the Germans were successful , particularly in the Battle of the Frontiers ( 14 -- 24 August ) . By 12 September , the French , with assistance from the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) , halted the German advance east of Paris at the First Battle of the Marne ( 5 -- 12 September ) and pushed the German forces back some 50 km ( 31 mi ) . The French offensive into southern Alsace , launched on 20 August with the Battle of Mulhouse , had limited success . In the east , Russia invaded with two armies . In response , Germany rapidly moved the 8th Field Army from its previous role as reserve for the invasion of France to East Prussia by rail across the German Empire . This army , led by general Paul von Hindenburg , defeated Russia in a series of battles collectively known as the First Battle of Tannenberg ( 17 August -- 2 September ) . While the Russian invasion failed , it caused the diversion of German troops to the east , allowing the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne . This meant Germany failed to achieve its objective of avoiding a long , two - front war . However , the German army had fought its way into a good defensive position inside France and effectively halved France 's supply of coal . It had also killed or permanently crippled 230,000 more French and British troops than it itself had lost . Despite this , communications problems and questionable command decisions cost Germany the chance of a more decisive outcome . Asia and the Pacific Main article : Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I Military recruitment in Melbourne , Australia , 1914 New Zealand occupied German Samoa ( later Western Samoa ) on 30 August 1914 . On 11 September , the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force landed on the island of Neu Pommern ( later New Britain ) , which formed part of German New Guinea . On 28 October , the German cruiser SMS Emden sank the Russian cruiser Zhemchug in the Battle of Penang . Japan seized Germany 's Micronesian colonies and , after the Siege of Tsingtao , the German coaling port of Qingdao on the Chinese Shandong peninsula . As Vienna refused to withdraw the Austro - Hungarian cruiser SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth from Tsingtao , Japan declared war not only on Germany , but also on Austria - Hungary ; the ship participated in the defense of Tsingtao where it was sunk in November 1914 . Within a few months , the Allied forces had seized all the German territories in the Pacific ; only isolated commerce raiders and a few holdouts in New Guinea remained . African campaigns Main article : African theatre of World War I Military recruitment near Tiberias , Ottoman Empire , 1914 Some of the first clashes of the war involved British , French , and German colonial forces in Africa . On 6 -- 7 August , French and British troops invaded the German protectorate of Togoland and Kamerun . On 10 August , German forces in South - West Africa attacked South Africa ; sporadic and fierce fighting continued for the rest of the war . The German colonial forces in German East Africa , led by Colonel Paul von Lettow - Vorbeck , fought a guerrilla warfare campaign during World War I and only surrendered two weeks after the armistice took effect in Europe . Indian support for the Allies Further information : Hindu -- German Conspiracy , Niedermayer -- Hentig Expedition , and Third Anglo - Afghan War Germany attempted to use Indian nationalism and pan-Islamism to its advantage , instigating uprisings in India , and sending a mission that urged Afghanistan to join the war on the side of Central powers . However , contrary to British fears of a revolt in India , the outbreak of the war saw an unprecedented outpouring of loyalty and goodwill towards Britain . Indian political leaders from the Indian National Congress and other groups were eager to support the British war effort , since they believed that strong support for the war effort would further the cause of Indian Home Rule . The Indian Army in fact outnumbered the British Army at the beginning of the war ; about 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe , Africa , and the Middle East , while the central government and the princely states sent large supplies of food , money , and ammunition . In all , 140,000 men served on the Western Front and nearly 700,000 in the Middle East . Casualties of Indian soldiers totalled 47,746 killed and 65,126 wounded during World War I . The suffering engendered by the war , as well as the failure of the British government to grant self - government to India after the end of hostilities , bred disillusionment and fuelled the campaign for full independence that would be led by Mohandas K. Gandhi and others . Western front Main article : Western Front ( World War I ) Trench warfare begins Royal Irish Rifles in a communications trench , first day on the Somme , 1916 Military tactics developed before World War I failed to keep pace with advances in technology and had become obsolete . These advances had allowed the creation of strong defensive systems , which out - of - date military tactics could not break through for most of the war . Barbed wire was a significant hindrance to massed infantry advances , while artillery , vastly more lethal than in the 1870s , coupled with machine guns , made crossing open ground extremely difficult . Commanders on both sides failed to develop tactics for breaching entrenched positions without heavy casualties . In time , however , technology began to produce new offensive weapons , such as gas warfare and the tank . Just after the First Battle of the Marne ( 5 -- 12 September 1914 ) , Entente and German forces repeatedly attempted manoeuvring to the north in an effort to outflank each other : this series of manoeuvres became known as the `` Race to the Sea '' . When these outflanking efforts failed , the opposing forces soon found themselves facing an uninterrupted line of entrenched positions from Lorraine to Belgium 's coast . Britain and France sought to take the offensive , while Germany defended the occupied territories . Consequently , German trenches were much better constructed than those of their enemy ; Anglo - French trenches were only intended to be `` temporary '' before their forces broke through the German defences . Both sides tried to break the stalemate using scientific and technological advances . On 22 April 1915 , at the Second Battle of Ypres , the Germans ( violating the Hague Convention ) used chlorine gas for the first time on the Western Front . Several types of gas soon became widely used by both sides , and though it never proved a decisive , battle - winning weapon , poison gas became one of the most - feared and best - remembered horrors of the war . Tanks were developed by Britain and France , and were first used in combat by the British during the Battle of Flers -- Courcelette ( part of the Battle of the Somme ) on 15 September 1916 , with only partial success . However , their effectiveness would grow as the war progressed ; the Allies built tanks in large numbers , whilst the Germans employed only a few of their own design , supplemented by captured Allied tanks . Continuation of trench warfare French 87th regiment near Verdun , 1916 King George V ( front left ) and a group of officials inspect a British munitions factory in 1917 Canadian troops advancing with a British Mark II tank at the Battle of Vimy Ridge , 1917 Neither side proved able to deliver a decisive blow for the next two years . Throughout 1915 -- 17 , the British Empire and France suffered more casualties than Germany , because of both the strategic and tactical stances chosen by the sides . Strategically , while the Germans only mounted one major offensive , the Allies made several attempts to break through the German lines . In February 1916 the Germans attacked the French defensive positions at Verdun . Lasting until December 1916 , the battle saw initial German gains , before French counter-attacks returned matters to near their starting point . Casualties were greater for the French , but the Germans bled heavily as well , with anywhere from 700,000 to 975,000 casualties suffered between the two combatants . Verdun became a symbol of French determination and self - sacrifice . The Battle of the Somme was an Anglo - French offensive of July to November 1916 . The opening of this offensive ( 1 July 1916 ) saw the British Army endure the bloodiest day in its history , suffering 57,470 casualties , including 19,240 dead , on the first day alone . The entire Somme offensive cost the British Army some 420,000 casualties . The French suffered another estimated 200,000 casualties and the Germans an estimated 500,000 . Protracted action at Verdun throughout 1916 , combined with the bloodletting at the Somme , brought the exhausted French army to the brink of collapse . Futile attempts using frontal assault came at a high price for both the British and the French and led to the widespread French Army Mutinies , after the failure of the costly Nivelle Offensive of April -- May 1917 . The concurrent British Battle of Arras was more limited in scope , and more successful , although ultimately of little strategic value . A smaller part of the Arras offensive , the capture of Vimy Ridge by the Canadian Corps , became highly significant to that country : the idea that Canada 's national identity was born out of the battle is an opinion widely held in military and general histories of Canada . The last large - scale offensive of this period was a British attack ( with French support ) at Passchendaele ( July -- November 1917 ) . This offensive opened with great promise for the Allies , before bogging down in the October mud . Casualties , though disputed , were roughly equal , at some 200,000 -- 400,000 per side . These years of trench warfare in the West saw no major exchanges of territory and , as a result , are often thought of as static and unchanging . However , throughout this period , British , French , and German tactics constantly evolved to meet new battlefield challenges . Naval War Main article : Naval warfare of World War I Battleships of the Hochseeflotte , 1917 At the start of the war , the German Empire had cruisers scattered across the globe , some of which were subsequently used to attack Allied merchant shipping . The British Royal Navy systematically hunted them down , though not without some embarrassment from its inability to protect Allied shipping . For example , the German detached light cruiser SMS Emden , part of the East - Asia squadron stationed at Qingdao , seized or destroyed 15 merchantmen , as well as sinking a Russian cruiser and a French destroyer . However , most of the German East - Asia squadron -- consisting of the armoured cruisers SMS Scharnhorst and Gneisenau , light cruisers Nürnberg and Leipzig and two transport ships -- did not have orders to raid shipping and was instead underway to Germany when it met British warships . The German flotilla and Dresden sank two armoured cruisers at the Battle of Coronel , but was virtually destroyed at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914 , with only Dresden and a few auxiliaries escaping , but after the Battle of Más a Tierra these too had been destroyed or interned . Soon after the outbreak of hostilities , Britain began a naval blockade of Germany . The strategy proved effective , cutting off vital military and civilian supplies , although this blockade violated accepted international law codified by several international agreements of the past two centuries . Britain mined international waters to prevent any ships from entering entire sections of ocean , causing danger to even neutral ships . Since there was limited response to this tactic of the British , Germany expected a similar response to its unrestricted submarine warfare . The Battle of Jutland ( German : Skagerrakschlacht , or `` Battle of the Skagerrak '' ) developed into the largest naval battle of the war . It was the only full - scale clash of battleships during the war , and one of the largest in history . The Kaiserliche Marine 's High Seas Fleet , commanded by Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer , fought the Royal Navy 's Grand Fleet , led by Admiral Sir John Jellicoe . The engagement was a stand off , as the Germans were outmanoeuvred by the larger British fleet , but managed to escape and inflicted more damage to the British fleet than they received . Strategically , however , the British asserted their control of the sea , and the bulk of the German surface fleet remained confined to port for the duration of the war . U-155 exhibited near Tower Bridge in London , after the 1918 Armistice . German U-boats attempted to cut the supply lines between North America and Britain . The nature of submarine warfare meant that attacks often came without warning , giving the crews of the merchant ships little hope of survival . The United States launched a protest , and Germany changed its rules of engagement . After the sinking of the passenger ship RMS Lusitania in 1915 , Germany promised not to target passenger liners , while Britain armed its merchant ships , placing them beyond the protection of the `` cruiser rules '' , which demanded warning and movement of crews to `` a place of safety '' ( a standard that lifeboats did not meet ) . Finally , in early 1917 , Germany adopted a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare , realising that the Americans would eventually enter the war . Germany sought to strangle Allied sea lanes before the United States could transport a large army overseas , but after initial successes eventually failed to do so . The U-boat threat lessened in 1917 , when merchant ships began travelling in convoys , escorted by destroyers . This tactic made it difficult for U-boats to find targets , which significantly lessened losses ; after the hydrophone and depth charges were introduced , accompanying destroyers could attack a submerged submarine with some hope of success . Convoys slowed the flow of supplies , since ships had to wait as convoys were assembled . The solution to the delays was an extensive program of building new freighters . Troopships were too fast for the submarines and did not travel the North Atlantic in convoys . The U-boats had sunk more than 5,000 Allied ships , at a cost of 199 submarines . World War I also saw the first use of aircraft carriers in combat , with HMS Furious launching Sopwith Camels in a successful raid against the Zeppelin hangars at Tondern in July 1918 , as well as blimps for antisubmarine patrol . Southern theatres War in the Balkans Main articles : Balkans Campaign ( World War I ) , Bulgaria during World War I , Serbian Campaign ( World War I ) , and Macedonian Front Austro - Hungarian troops executing captured Serbians , 1917 . Serbia lost about 850,000 people during the war , a quarter of its pre-war population . Bulgarian soldiers in a trench , preparing to fire against an incoming airplane . Refugee transport from Serbia in Leibnitz , Styria , 1914 Faced with Russia , Austria - Hungary could spare only one - third of its army to attack Serbia . After suffering heavy losses , the Austrians briefly occupied the Serbian capital , Belgrade . A Serbian counter-attack in the Battle of Kolubara succeeded in driving them from the country by the end of 1914 . For the first ten months of 1915 , Austria - Hungary used most of its military reserves to fight Italy . German and Austro - Hungarian diplomats , however , scored a coup by persuading Bulgaria to join the attack on Serbia . The Austro - Hungarian provinces of Slovenia , Croatia and Bosnia provided troops for Austria - Hungary , in the fight with Serbia , Russia and Italy . Montenegro allied itself with Serbia . Bulgaria declared war on Serbia , 12 October and joined in the attack by the Austro - Hungarian army under Mackensen 's army of 250,000 that was already underway . Serbia was conquered in a little more than a month , as the Central Powers , now including Bulgaria , sent in 600,000 troops total . The Serbian army , fighting on two fronts and facing certain defeat , retreated into northern Albania . The Serbs suffered defeat in the Battle of Kosovo . Montenegro covered the Serbian retreat towards the Adriatic coast in the Battle of Mojkovac in 6 -- 7 January 1916 , but ultimately the Austrians also conquered Montenegro . The surviving Serbian soldiers were evacuated by ship to Greece . After conquest , Serbia was divided between Austro - Hungary and Bulgaria . In late 1915 , a Franco - British force landed at Salonica in Greece , to offer assistance and to pressure its government to declare war against the Central Powers . However , the pro-German King Constantine I dismissed the pro-Allied government of Eleftherios Venizelos before the Allied expeditionary force arrived . The friction between the King of Greece and the Allies continued to accumulate with the National Schism , which effectively divided Greece between regions still loyal to the king and the new provisional government of Venizelos in Salonica . After intense negotiations and an armed confrontation in Athens between Allied and royalist forces ( an incident known as Noemvriana ) , the King of Greece resigned and his second son Alexander took his place ; Greece then officially joined the war on the side of the Allies . In the beginning , the Macedonian Front was mostly static . French and Serbian forces retook limited areas of Macedonia by recapturing Bitola on 19 November 1916 following the costly Monastir Offensive , which brought stabilization of the front . Serbian and French troops finally made a breakthrough in September 1918 , after most of the German and Austro - Hungarian troops had been withdrawn . The Bulgarians suffered their only defeat of the war at the Battle of Dobro Pole . Bulgaria capitulated two weeks later , on 29 September 1918 . The German high command responded by despatching troops to hold the line , but these forces were far too weak to reestablish a front . The disappearance of the Macedonian Front meant that the road to Budapest and Vienna was now opened to Allied forces . Hindenburg and Ludendorff concluded that the strategic and operational balance had now shifted decidedly against the Central Powers and , a day after the Bulgarian collapse , insisted on an immediate peace settlement . Ottoman Empire Main article : History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I See also : Middle Eastern theatre of World War I Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench during the Gallipoli Campaign Mehmed V greeting Wilhelm II on his arrival at Constantinople Kaiser Wilhelm II inspecting Turkish troops of the 15th Corps in East Galicia , Austria - Hungary ( now Poland ) . Prince Leopold of Bavaria , the Supreme Commander of the German Army on the Eastern Front , is second from the left . Russian forest trench at the Battle of Sarikamish , 1914 -- 1915 The Ottomans threatened Russia 's Caucasian territories and Britain 's communications with India via the Suez Canal . As the conflict progressed , the Ottoman Empire took advantage of the European powers ' preoccupation with the war and conducted large - scale ethnic cleansing of the indigenous Armenian , Greek , and Assyrian Christian populations , known as the Armenian Genocide , Greek Genocide , and Assyrian Genocide . The British and French opened overseas fronts with the Gallipoli ( 1915 ) and Mesopotamian campaigns ( 1914 ) . In Gallipoli , the Ottoman Empire successfully repelled the British , French , and Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZACs ) . In Mesopotamia , by contrast , after the defeat of the British defenders in the Siege of Kut by the Ottomans ( 1915 -- 16 ) , British Imperial forces reorganised and captured Baghdad in March 1917 . The British were aided in Mesopotamia by local Arab and Assyrian tribesmen , while the Ottomans employed local Kurdish and Turcoman tribes . Further to the west , the Suez Canal was defended from Ottoman attacks in 1915 and 1916 ; in August , a German and Ottoman force was defeated at the Battle of Romani by the ANZAC Mounted Division and the 52nd ( Lowland ) Infantry Division . Following this victory , an Egyptian Expeditionary Force advanced across the Sinai Peninsula , pushing Ottoman forces back in the Battle of Magdhaba in December and the Battle of Rafa on the border between the Egyptian Sinai and Ottoman Palestine in January 1917 . Russian armies generally saw success in the Caucasus . Enver Pasha , supreme commander of the Ottoman armed forces , was ambitious and dreamed of re-conquering central Asia and areas that had been lost to Russia previously . He was , however , a poor commander . He launched an offensive against the Russians in the Caucasus in December 1914 with 100,000 troops , insisting on a frontal attack against mountainous Russian positions in winter . He lost 86 % of his force at the Battle of Sarikamish . The Ottoman Empire , with German support , invaded Persia ( modern Iran ) in December 1914 in an effort to cut off British and Russian access to petroleum reservoirs around Baku near the Caspian Sea . Persia , ostensibly neutral , had long been under the spheres of British and Russian influence . The Ottomans and Germans were aided by Kurdish and Azeri forces , together with a large number of major Iranian tribes , such as the Qashqai , Tangistanis , Luristanis , and Khamseh , while the Russians and British had the support of Armenian and Assyrian forces . The Persian Campaign was to last until 1918 and end in failure for the Ottomans and their allies . However the Russian withdrawal from the war in 1917 led to Armenian and Assyrian forces , who had hitherto inflicted a series of defeats upon the forces of the Ottomans and their allies , being cut off from supply lines , outnumbered , outgunned and isolated , forcing them to fight and flee towards British lines in northern Mesopotamia . General Yudenich , the Russian commander from 1915 to 1916 , drove the Turks out of most of the southern Caucasus with a string of victories . In 1917 , Russian Grand Duke Nicholas assumed command of the Caucasus front . Nicholas planned a railway from Russian Georgia to the conquered territories , so that fresh supplies could be brought up for a new offensive in 1917 . However , in March 1917 ( February in the pre-revolutionary Russian calendar ) , the Czar abdicated in the course of the February Revolution and the Russian Caucasus Army began to fall apart . The Arab Revolt , instigated by the Arab bureau of the British Foreign Office , started June 1916 with the Battle of Mecca , led by Sherif Hussein of Mecca , and ended with the Ottoman surrender of Damascus . Fakhri Pasha , the Ottoman commander of Medina , resisted for more than two and half years during the Siege of Medina before surrendering . The Senussi tribe , along the border of Italian Libya and British Egypt , incited and armed by the Turks , waged a small - scale guerrilla war against Allied troops . The British were forced to dispatch 12,000 troops to oppose them in the Senussi Campaign . Their rebellion was finally crushed in mid-1916 . Total Allied casualties on the Ottoman fronts amounted 650,000 men . Total Ottoman casualties were 725,000 ( 325,000 dead and 400,000 wounded ) . Italian participation Main articles : Italian Front ( World War I ) and Albania during World War I Further information : Battles of the Isonzo A pro-war demonstration in Bologna , 1914 . Italy had been allied with the German and Austro - Hungarian Empires since 1882 as part of the Triple Alliance . However , the nation had its own designs on Austrian territory in Trentino , the Austrian Littoral , Fiume ( Rijeka ) and Dalmatia . Rome had a secret 1902 pact with France , effectively nullifying its part in the Triple Alliance . At the start of hostilities , Italy refused to commit troops , arguing that the Triple Alliance was defensive and that Austria - Hungary was an aggressor . The Austro - Hungarian government began negotiations to secure Italian neutrality , offering the French colony of Tunisia in return . The Allies made a counter-offer in which Italy would receive the Southern Tyrol , Austrian Littoral and territory on the Dalmatian coast after the defeat of Austria - Hungary . This was formalised by the Treaty of London . Further encouraged by the Allied invasion of Turkey in April 1915 , Italy joined the Triple Entente and declared war on Austria - Hungary on 23 May . Fifteen months later , Italy declared war on Germany . Austro - Hungarian troops , Tyrol . The Italians had numerical superiority but this advantage was lost , not only because of the difficult terrain in which the fighting took place , but also because of the strategies and tactics employed . Field Marshal Luigi Cadorna , a staunch proponent of the frontal assault , had dreams of breaking into the Slovenian plateau , taking Ljubljana and threatening Vienna . On the Trentino front , the Austro - Hungarians took advantage of the mountainous terrain , which favoured the defender . After an initial strategic retreat , the front remained largely unchanged , while Austrian Kaiserschützen and Standschützen engaged Italian Alpini in bitter hand - to - hand combat throughout the summer . The Austro - Hungarians counterattacked in the Altopiano of Asiago , towards Verona and Padua , in the spring of 1916 ( Strafexpedition ) , but made little progress . Beginning in 1915 , the Italians under Cadorna mounted eleven offensives on the Isonzo front along the Isonzo ( Soča ) River , northeast of Trieste . All eleven offensives were repelled by the Austro - Hungarians , who held the higher ground . In the summer of 1916 , after the Battle of Doberdò , the Italians captured the town of Gorizia . After this minor victory , the front remained static for over a year , despite several Italian offensives , centred on the Banjšice and Karst Plateau east of Gorizia . Depiction of the Battle of Doberdò , fought in August 1916 between the Italian and the Austro - Hungarian armies The Central Powers launched a crushing offensive on 26 October 1917 , spearheaded by the Germans . They achieved a victory at Caporetto ( Kobarid ) . The Italian Army was routed and retreated more than 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) to reorganise , stabilising the front at the Piave River . Since the Italian Army had suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Caporetto , the Italian Government called to arms the so - called ' 99 Boys ( Ragazzi del ' 99 ) : that is , all males born 1899 and prior , and so were 18 years old or older . In 1918 , the Austro - Hungarians failed to break through in a series of battles on the Piave and were finally decisively defeated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto in October of that year . On 1 November , the Italian Navy destroyed much of the Austro - Hungarian fleet stationed in Pula , preventing it from being handed over to the new State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs . On 3 November , the Italians invaded Trieste from the sea . On the same day , the Armistice of Villa Giusti was signed . By mid-November 1918 , the Italian military occupied the entire former Austrian Littoral and had seized control of the portion of Dalmatia that had been guaranteed to Italy by the London Pact . By the end of hostilities in November 1918 , Admiral Enrico Millo declared himself Italy 's Governor of Dalmatia . Austria - Hungary surrendered on 11 November 1918 . Romanian participation Main article : Romania during World War I Marshal Joffre inspecting Romanian troops , 1916 Romanian troops during the Battle of Mărăşeşti , 1917 Romania had been allied with the Central Powers since 1882 . When the war began , however , it declared its neutrality , arguing that because Austria - Hungary had itself declared war on Serbia , Romania was under no obligation to join the war . When the Entente Powers promised Romania Transylvania and Banat , large territories of eastern Hungary , in exchange for Romania 's declaring war on the Central Powers , the Romanian government renounced its neutrality . On 27 August 1916 , the Romanian Army launched an attack against Austria - Hungary , with limited Russian support . The Romanian offensive was initially successful , against the Austro - Hungarian troops in Transylvania , but a counterattack by the forces of the Central Powers drove them back . As a result of the Battle of Bucharest , the Central Powers occupied Bucharest on 6 December 1916 . Fighting in Moldova continued in 1917 , resulting in a costly stalemate for the Central Powers . Russian withdrawal from the war in late 1917 as a result of the October Revolution meant that Romania was forced to sign an armistice with the Central Powers on 9 December 1917 . In January 1918 , Romanian forces established control over Bessarabia as the Russian Army abandoned the province . Although a treaty was signed by the Romanian and the Bolshevik Russian governments following talks between 5 and 9 March 1918 on the withdrawal of Romanian forces from Bessarabia within two months , on 27 March 1918 Romania attached Bessarabia to its territory , formally based on a resolution passed by the local assembly of that territory on its unification with Romania . Romania officially made peace with the Central Powers by signing the Treaty of Bucharest on 7 May 1918 . Under that treaty , Romania was obliged to end the war with the Central Powers and make small territorial concessions to Austria - Hungary , ceding control of some passes in the Carpathian Mountains , and to grant oil concessions to Germany . In exchange , the Central Powers recognised the sovereignty of Romania over Bessarabia . The treaty was renounced in October 1918 by the Alexandru Marghiloman government , and Romania nominally re-entered the war on 10 November 1918 . The next day , the Treaty of Bucharest was nullified by the terms of the Armistice of Compiègne . Total Romanian deaths from 1914 to 1918 , military and civilian , within contemporary borders , were estimated at 748,000 . Eastern front Main article : Eastern Front ( World War I ) Heir presumptive Karl visiting the fortress of Przemyśl after the first siege . The Russian Siege of Przemyśl was the longest siege of the war . Initial actions While the Western Front had reached stalemate , the war continued in East Europe . Initial Russian plans called for simultaneous invasions of Austrian Galicia and East Prussia . Although Russia 's initial advance into Galicia was largely successful , it was driven back from East Prussia by Hindenburg and Ludendorff at the Battle of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes in August and September 1914 . Russia 's less developed industrial base and ineffective military leadership were instrumental in the events that unfolded . By the spring of 1915 , the Russians had retreated to Galicia , and , in May , the Central Powers achieved a remarkable breakthrough on Poland 's southern frontiers . On 5 August , they captured Warsaw and forced the Russians to withdraw from Poland . Russian Revolution Main article : Russian Revolution Allied troops parade through Vladivostok in armed support of the anti-communist White Army , September 1918 Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , 1918 . Count Ottokar von Czernin Richard von Kühlmann Vasil Radoslavov Despite Russia 's success with the June 1916 Brusilov Offensive in eastern Galicia , dissatisfaction with the Russian government 's conduct of the war grew . The offensive 's success was undermined by the reluctance of other generals to commit their forces to support the victory . Allied and Russian forces were revived only temporarily by Romania 's entry into the war on 27 August . German forces came to the aid of embattled Austro - Hungarian units in Transylvania while a German - Bulgarian force attacked from the south , and Bucharest was retaken by the Central Powers on 6 December . Meanwhile , unrest grew in Russia , as the Tsar remained at the front . Empress Alexandra 's increasingly incompetent rule drew protests and resulted in the murder of her favourite , Rasputin , at the end of 1916 . In March 1917 , demonstrations in Petrograd culminated in the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the appointment of a weak Provisional Government , which shared power with the Petrograd Soviet socialists . This arrangement led to confusion and chaos both at the front and at home . The army became increasingly ineffective . Following the Tsar 's abdication , Vladimir Lenin was ushered by train from Switzerland into Russia 16 April 1917 . He was financed by Jacob Schiff . Discontent and the weaknesses of the Provisional Government led to a rise in the popularity of the Bolshevik Party , led by Lenin , which demanded an immediate end to the war . The Revolution of November was followed in December by an armistice and negotiations with Germany . At first , the Bolsheviks refused the German terms , but when German troops began marching across Ukraine unopposed , the new government acceded to the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk on 3 March 1918 . The treaty ceded vast territories , including Finland , the Baltic provinces , parts of Poland and Ukraine to the Central Powers . Despite this enormous apparent German success , the manpower required for German occupation of former Russian territory may have contributed to the failure of the Spring Offensive and secured relatively little food or other materiel for the Central Powers war effort . With the adoption of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , the Entente no longer existed . The Allied powers led a small - scale invasion of Russia , partly to stop Germany from exploiting Russian resources , and to a lesser extent , to support the `` Whites '' ( as opposed to the `` Reds '' ) in the Russian Civil War . Allied troops landed in Arkhangelsk and in Vladivostok as part of the North Russia Intervention . Czechoslovak Legion Czechoslovak Legion , Vladivostok , 1918 . Main article : Czechoslovak Legion The Czechoslovak Legion fought with the Entente ; their goal was to win support for the independence of Czechoslovakia . The Legion in Russia was established in September 1914 , in December 1917 in France ( including volunteers from America ) and in April 1918 in Italy . Czechoslovak Legion troops defeated the Austro - Hungarian army at the Ukrainian village of Zborov , in July 1917 . After this success , the number of Czechoslovak legionaries increased , as well as Czechoslovak military power . In the Battle of Bakhmach , the Legion defeated the Germans and forced them to make a truce . In Russia , they were heavily involved in the Russian Civil War , siding with the Whites against the Bolsheviks , at times controlling most of the Trans - Siberian railway and conquering all the major cities of Siberia . The presence of the Czechoslovak Legion near Yekaterinburg appears to have been one of the motivations for the Bolshevik execution of the Tsar and his family in July 1918 . Legionaries arrived less than a week afterwards and captured the city . Because Russia 's European ports were not safe , the corps was evacuated by a long detour via the port of Vladivostok . The last transport was the American ship Heffron in September 1920 . Central Powers peace overtures `` They shall not pass '' , a phrase typically associated with the defense of Verdun . In December 1916 , after ten brutal months of the Battle of Verdun and a successful offensive against Romania , the Germans attempted to negotiate a peace with the Allies . Soon after , the U.S. President , Woodrow Wilson , attempted to intervene as a peacemaker , asking in a note for both sides to state their demands . Lloyd George 's War Cabinet considered the German offer to be a ploy to create divisions amongst the Allies . After initial outrage and much deliberation , they took Wilson 's note as a separate effort , signalling that the United States was on the verge of entering the war against Germany following the `` submarine outrages '' . While the Allies debated a response to Wilson 's offer , the Germans chose to rebuff it in favour of `` a direct exchange of views '' . Learning of the German response , the Allied governments were free to make clear demands in their response of 14 January . They sought restoration of damages , the evacuation of occupied territories , reparations for France , Russia and Romania , and a recognition of the principle of nationalities . This included the liberation of Italians , Slavs , Romanians , Czecho - Slovaks , and the creation of a `` free and united Poland '' . On the question of security , the Allies sought guarantees that would prevent or limit future wars , complete with sanctions , as a condition of any peace settlement . The negotiations failed and the Entente powers rejected the German offer , because Germany did not state any specific proposals . The Entente powers stated to Wilson that they would not start peace negotiations until the Central powers evacuated all occupied Allied territories and provided indemnities for all damage that had been done . 1917 -- 1918 Developments in 1917 French Army lookout at his observation post , Haut - Rhin , France , 1917 . German film crew recording the action . Events of 1917 proved decisive in ending the war , although their effects were not fully felt until 1918 . The British naval blockade began to have a serious impact on Germany . In response , in February 1917 , the German General Staff convinced Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann - Hollweg to declare unrestricted submarine warfare , with the goal of starving Britain out of the war . German planners estimated that unrestricted submarine warfare would cost Britain a monthly shipping loss of 600,000 tons . The General Staff acknowledged that the policy would almost certainly bring the United States into the conflict , but calculated that British shipping losses would be so high that they would be forced to sue for peace after 5 to 6 months , before American intervention could make an impact . In reality , tonnage sunk rose above 500,000 tons per month from February to July . It peaked at 860,000 tons in April . After July , the newly re-introduced convoy system became effective in reducing the U-boat threat . Britain was safe from starvation , while German industrial output fell and the United States joined the war far earlier than Germany had anticipated . On 3 May 1917 , during the Nivelle Offensive , the French 2nd Colonial Division , veterans of the Battle of Verdun , refused orders , arriving drunk and without their weapons . Their officers lacked the means to punish an entire division , and harsh measures were not immediately implemented . The French Army Mutinies eventually spread to a further 54 French divisions and saw 20,000 men desert . However , appeals to patriotism and duty , as well as mass arrests and trials , encouraged the soldiers to return to defend their trenches , although the French soldiers refused to participate in further offensive action . Robert Nivelle was removed from command by 15 May , replaced by General Philippe Pétain , who suspended bloody large - scale attacks . The victory of the Central Powers at the Battle of Caporetto led the Allies to convene the Rapallo Conference at which they formed the Supreme War Council to coordinate planning . Previously , British and French armies had operated under separate commands . In December , the Central Powers signed an armistice with Russia , thus freeing large numbers of German troops for use in the west . With German reinforcements and new American troops pouring in , the outcome was to be decided on the Western Front . The Central Powers knew that they could not win a protracted war , but they held high hopes for success based on a final quick offensive . Furthermore , both sides became increasingly fearful of social unrest and revolution in Europe . Thus , both sides urgently sought a decisive victory . In 1917 , Emperor Charles I of Austria secretly attempted separate peace negotiations with Clemenceau , through his wife 's brother Sixtus in Belgium as an intermediary , without the knowledge of Germany . Italy opposed the proposals . When the negotiations failed , his attempt was revealed to Germany , resulting in a diplomatic catastrophe . Ottoman Empire conflict , 1917 -- 1918 Main article : Sinai and Palestine Campaign 10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98 / 09 and Ottoman artillerymen at Hareira in 1917 before the Southern Palestine offensive . Ottoman troops during Mesopotamian campaign . British artillery battery on Mount Scopus in the Battle of Jerusalem , 1917 . Foreground , a battery of 16 heavy guns . Background , conical tents and support vehicles . British troops on the march during Mesopotamian campaign , 1917 In March and April 1917 , at the First and Second Battles of Gaza , German and Ottoman forces stopped the advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force , which had begun in August 1916 at the Battle of Romani . At the end of October , the Sinai and Palestine Campaign resumed , when General Edmund Allenby 's XXth Corps , XXI Corps and Desert Mounted Corps won the Battle of Beersheba . Two Ottoman armies were defeated a few weeks later at the Battle of Mughar Ridge and , early in December , Jerusalem was captured following another Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Jerusalem ( 1917 ) . About this time , Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein was relieved of his duties as the Eighth Army 's commander , replaced by Djevad Pasha , and a few months later the commander of the Ottoman Army in Palestine , Erich von Falkenhayn , was replaced by Otto Liman von Sanders . In early 1918 , the front line was extended and the Jordan Valley was occupied , following the First Transjordan and the Second Transjordan attack by British Empire forces in March and April 1918 . In March , most of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force 's British infantry and Yeomanry cavalry were sent to the Western Front as a consequence of the Spring Offensive . They were replaced by Indian Army units . During several months of reorganisation and training of the summer , a number of attacks were carried out on sections of the Ottoman front line . These pushed the front line north to more advantageous positions for the Entente in preparation for an attack and to acclimatise the newly arrived Indian Army infantry . It was not until the middle of September that the integrated force was ready for large - scale operations . The reorganised Egyptian Expeditionary Force , with an additional mounted division , broke Ottoman forces at the Battle of Megiddo in September 1918 . In two days the British and Indian infantry , supported by a creeping barrage , broke the Ottoman front line and captured the headquarters of the Eighth Army ( Ottoman Empire ) at Tulkarm , the continuous trench lines at Tabsor , Arara and the Seventh Army ( Ottoman Empire ) headquarters at Nablus . The Desert Mounted Corps rode through the break in the front line created by the infantry and , during virtually continuous operations by Australian Light Horse , British mounted Yeomanry , Indian Lancers and New Zealand Mounted Rifle brigades in the Jezreel Valley , they captured Nazareth , Afulah and Beisan , Jenin , along with Haifa on the Mediterranean coast and Daraa east of the Jordan River on the Hejaz railway . Samakh and Tiberias on the Sea of Galilee , were captured on the way northwards to Damascus . Meanwhile , Chaytor 's Force of Australian light horse , New Zealand mounted rifles , Indian , British West Indies and Jewish infantry captured the crossings of the Jordan River , Es Salt , Amman and at Ziza most of the Fourth Army ( Ottoman Empire ) . The Armistice of Mudros , signed at the end of October , ended hostilities with the Ottoman Empire when fighting was continuing north of Aleppo . 15 August 1917 : peace offer by the Pope See also : Pope Benedict XV § Peace efforts On or shortly before 15 August 1917 Pope Benedict XV made a peace proposal suggesting : No annexations No indemnities , except to compensate for severe war damage in Belgium and parts of France and of Serbia . A solution to the problems of Alsace - Lorraine and Trentino and Trieste Restoration of the Kingdom of Poland Germany to pull out of Belgium and France Germany 's overseas colonies to be returned to Germany General disarmament A Supreme Court of arbitration to settle future disputes between nations The freedom of the seas Abolish all retaliatory economic conflicts No point in ordering reparations , because so much damage had been caused to all belligerents Entry of the United States Main article : American entry into World War I President Wilson before Congress , announcing the break in official relations with Germany on 3 February 1917 At the outbreak of the war , the United States pursued a policy of non-intervention , avoiding conflict while trying to broker a peace . When the German U-boat U-20 sank the British liner RMS Lusitania on 7 May 1915 with 128 Americans among the dead , President Woodrow Wilson insisted that `` America is too proud to fight '' but demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships . Germany complied . Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate a settlement . However , he also repeatedly warned that the United States would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare , in violation of international law . Former president Theodore Roosevelt denounced German acts as `` piracy '' . Wilson was narrowly reelected in 1916 as his supporters emphasized `` he kept us out of war '' . In January 1917 , Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare , realizing it would mean American entry . The German Foreign Minister , in the Zimmermann Telegram , invited Mexico to join the war as Germany 's ally against the United States . In return , the Germans would finance Mexico 's war and help it recover the territories of Texas , New Mexico , and Arizona . The United Kingdom intercepted the message and presented it to the U.S. embassy in the U.K. From there it made its way to President Wilson who released the Zimmermann note to the public , and Americans saw it as casus belli . Wilson called on antiwar elements to end all wars , by winning this one and eliminating militarism from the globe . He argued that the war was so important that the U.S. had to have a voice in the peace conference . After the sinking of seven U.S. merchant ships by submarines and the publication of the Zimmermann telegram , Wilson called for war on Germany , which the U.S. Congress declared on 6 April 1917 . The United States was never formally a member of the Allies but became a self - styled `` Associated Power '' . The United States had a small army , but , after the passage of the Selective Service Act , it drafted 2.8 million men , and , by summer 1918 , was sending 10,000 fresh soldiers to France every day . In 1917 , the U.S. Congress granted U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans to allow them to be drafted to participate in World War I , as part of the Jones -- Shafroth Act . If Germany believed it would be many more months before American soldiers would arrive and that their arrival could be stopped by U-boats , it had miscalculated . The United States Navy sent a battleship group to Scapa Flow to join with the British Grand Fleet , destroyers to Queenstown , Ireland , and submarines to help guard convoys . Several regiments of U.S. Marines were also dispatched to France . The British and French wanted American units used to reinforce their troops already on the battle lines and not waste scarce shipping on bringing over supplies . General John J. Pershing , American Expeditionary Forces ( AEF ) commander , refused to break up American units to be used as filler material . As an exception , he did allow African - American combat regiments to be used in French divisions . The Harlem Hellfighters fought as part of the French 16th Division , and earned a unit Croix de Guerre for their actions at Château - Thierry , Belleau Wood , and Sechault . AEF doctrine called for the use of frontal assaults , which had long since been discarded by British Empire and French commanders due to the large loss of life that resulted . German spring offensive of 1918 Main article : Spring Offensive British 55th Division soldiers , blinded by tear gas during the Battle of Estaires , 10 April 1918 French soldiers under General Gouraud , with machine guns amongst the ruins of a cathedral near the Marne , 1918 . Ludendorff drew up plans ( codenamed Operation Michael ) for the 1918 offensive on the Western Front . The Spring Offensive sought to divide the British and French forces with a series of feints and advances . The German leadership hoped to end the war before significant U.S. forces arrived . The operation commenced on 21 March 1918 , with an attack on British forces near Saint - Quentin . German forces achieved an unprecedented advance of 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) . British and French trenches were penetrated using novel infiltration tactics , also named Hutier tactics , after General Oskar von Hutier , by specially trained units called stormtroopers . Previously , attacks had been characterised by long artillery bombardments and massed assaults . However , in the Spring Offensive of 1918 , Ludendorff used artillery only briefly and infiltrated small groups of infantry at weak points . They attacked command and logistics areas and bypassed points of serious resistance . More heavily armed infantry then destroyed these isolated positions . This German success relied greatly on the element of surprise . The front moved to within 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) of Paris . Three heavy Krupp railway guns fired 183 shells on the capital , causing many Parisians to flee . The initial offensive was so successful that Kaiser Wilhelm II declared 24 March a national holiday . Many Germans thought victory was near . After heavy fighting , however , the offensive was halted . Lacking tanks or motorised artillery , the Germans were unable to consolidate their gains . The problems of re-supply were also exacerbated by increasing distances that now stretched over terrain that was shell - torn and often impassable to traffic . General Foch pressed to use the arriving American troops as individual replacements , whereas Pershing sought to field American units as an independent force . These units were assigned to the depleted French and British Empire commands on 28 March . A Supreme War Council of Allied forces was created at the Doullens Conference on 5 November 1917 . General Foch was appointed as supreme commander of the Allied forces . Haig , Petain , and Pershing retained tactical control of their respective armies ; Foch assumed a coordinating rather than a directing role , and the British , French , and U.S. commands operated largely independently . Following Operation Michael , Germany launched Operation Georgette against the northern English Channel ports . The Allies halted the drive after limited territorial gains by Germany . The German Army to the south then conducted Operations Blücher and Yorck , pushing broadly towards Paris . Germany launched Operation Marne ( Second Battle of the Marne ) 15 July , in an attempt to encircle Reims . The resulting counterattack , which started the Hundred Days Offensive , marked the first successful Allied offensive of the war . By 20 July , the Germans had retreated across the Marne to their starting lines , having achieved little , and the German Army never regained the initiative . German casualties between March and April 1918 were 270,000 , including many highly trained storm troopers . Meanwhile , Germany was falling apart at home . Anti-war marches became frequent and morale in the army fell . Industrial output was half the 1913 levels . New States under War zone In the late spring of 1918 , three new states were formed in the South Caucasus : the First Republic of Armenia , the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic , and the Democratic Republic of Georgia , which declared their independence from the Russian Empire . Two other minor entities were established , the Centrocaspian Dictatorship and South West Caucasian Republic ( the former was liquidated by Azerbaijan in the autumn of 1918 and the latter by a joint Armenian - British task force in early 1919 ) . With the withdrawal of the Russian armies from the Caucasus front in the winter of 1917 -- 18 , the three major republics braced for an imminent Ottoman advance , which commenced in the early months of 1918 . Solidarity was briefly maintained when the Transcaucasian Federative Republic was created in the spring of 1918 , but this collapsed in May , when the Georgians asked for and received protection from Germany and the Azerbaijanis concluded a treaty with the Ottoman Empire that was more akin to a military alliance . Armenia was left to fend for itself and struggled for five months against the threat of a full - fledged occupation by the Ottoman Turks before defeating them at the Battle of Sardarabad . Allied victory : summer 1918 onwards Between April and November 1918 , the Allies increased their front - line rifle strength while German strength fell by half . Hundred days offensive Main articles : Hundred Days Offensive and Weimar Republic Aerial view of ruins of Vaux - devant - Damloup , France , 1918 The Allied counteroffensive , known as the Hundred Days Offensive , began on 8 August 1918 , with the Battle of Amiens . The battle involved over 400 tanks and 120,000 British , Dominion , and French troops , and by the end of its first day a gap 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) long had been created in the German lines . The defenders displayed a marked collapse in morale , causing Ludendorff to refer to this day as the `` Black Day of the German army '' . After an advance as far as 23 kilometres ( 14 mi ) , German resistance stiffened , and the battle was concluded on 12 August . Rather than continuing the Amiens battle past the point of initial success , as had been done so many times in the past , the Allies shifted their attention elsewhere . Allied leaders had now realised that to continue an attack after resistance had hardened was a waste of lives , and it was better to turn a line than to try to roll over it . They began to undertake attacks in quick order to take advantage of successful advances on the flanks , then broke them off when each attack lost its initial impetus . Canadian Scottish , advancing during the Battle of the Canal du Nord , 1918 British and Dominion forces launched the next phase of the campaign with the Battle of Albert on 21 August . The assault was widened by French and then further British forces in the following days . During the last week of August the Allied pressure along a 110 - kilometre ( 68 mi ) front against the enemy was heavy and unrelenting . From German accounts , `` Each day was spent in bloody fighting against an ever and again on - storming enemy , and nights passed without sleep in retirements to new lines . '' Faced with these advances , on 2 September the German Supreme Army Command issued orders to withdraw to the Hindenburg Line in the south . This ceded without a fight the salient seized the previous April . According to Ludendorff `` We had to admit the necessity ... to withdraw the entire front from the Scarpe to the Vesle . September saw the Allies advance to the Hindenburg Line in the north and centre . The Germans continued to fight strong rear - guard actions and launched numerous counterattacks on lost positions , but only a few succeeded , and those only temporarily . Contested towns , villages , heights , and trenches in the screening positions and outposts of the Hindenburg Line continued to fall to the Allies , with the BEF alone taking 30,441 prisoners in the last week of September . On 24 September an assault by both the British and French came within 3 kilometres ( 2 mi ) of St. Quentin . The Germans had now retreated to positions along or behind the Hindenburg Line . An American major , piloting an observation balloon near the front , 1918 In nearly four weeks of fighting beginning on 8 August , over 100,000 German prisoners were taken . As of `` The Black Day of the German Army '' , the German High Command realised that the war was lost and made attempts to reach a satisfactory end . The day after that battle , Ludendorff said : `` We can not win the war any more , but we must not lose it either . '' On 11 August he offered his resignation to the Kaiser , who refused it , replying , `` I see that we must strike a balance . We have nearly reached the limit of our powers of resistance . The war must be ended . '' On 13 August , at Spa , Hindenburg , Ludendorff , the Chancellor , and Foreign Minister Hintz agreed that the war could not be ended militarily and , on the following day , the German Crown Council decided that victory in the field was now most improbable . Austria and Hungary warned that they could only continue the war until December , and Ludendorff recommended immediate peace negotiations . Prince Rupprecht warned Prince Max of Baden : `` Our military situation has deteriorated so rapidly that I no longer believe we can hold out over the winter ; it is even possible that a catastrophe will come earlier . '' On 10 September Hindenburg urged peace moves to Emperor Charles of Austria , and Germany appealed to the Netherlands for mediation . On 14 September Austria sent a note to all belligerents and neutrals suggesting a meeting for peace talks on neutral soil , and on 15 September Germany made a peace offer to Belgium . Both peace offers were rejected , and on 24 September Supreme Army Command informed the leaders in Berlin that armistice talks were inevitable . The final assault on the Hindenburg Line began with the Meuse - Argonne Offensive , launched by French and American troops on 26 September . The following week , cooperating French and American units broke through in Champagne at the Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge , forcing the Germans off the commanding heights , and closing towards the Belgian frontier . On 8 October the line was pierced again by British and Dominion troops at the Battle of Cambrai . The German army had to shorten its front and use the Dutch frontier as an anchor to fight rear - guard actions as it fell back towards Germany . When Bulgaria signed a separate armistice on 29 September , Ludendorff , having been under great stress for months , suffered something similar to a breakdown . It was evident that Germany could no longer mount a successful defence . Men of U.S. 64th Regiment , 7th Infantry Division , celebrate the news of the Armistice , 11 November 1918 . News of Germany 's impending military defeat spread throughout the German armed forces . The threat of mutiny was rife . Admiral Reinhard Scheer and Ludendorff decided to launch a last attempt to restore the `` valour '' of the German Navy . Knowing the government of Prince Maximilian of Baden would veto any such action , Ludendorff decided not to inform him . Nonetheless , word of the impending assault reached sailors at Kiel . Many , refusing to be part of a naval offensive , which they believed to be suicidal , rebelled and were arrested . Ludendorff took the blame ; the Kaiser dismissed him on 26 October . The collapse of the Balkans meant that Germany was about to lose its main supplies of oil and food . Its reserves had been used up , even as U.S. troops kept arriving at the rate of 10,000 per day . The Americans supplied more than 80 % of Allied oil during the war , and there was no shortage . With the military faltering and with widespread loss of confidence in the Kaiser , Germany moved towards surrender . Prince Maximilian of Baden took charge of a new government as Chancellor of Germany to negotiate with the Allies . Negotiations with President Wilson began immediately , in the hope that he would offer better terms than the British and French . Wilson demanded a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary control over the German military . There was no resistance when the Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann on 9 November declared Germany to be a republic . The Kaiser , kings and other hereditary rulers all were removed from power and Wilhelm fled to exile in the Netherlands . Imperial Germany was dead ; a new Germany had been born as the Weimar Republic . Armistices and capitulations Main article : Armistice of 11 November 1918 The New York Times of 11 November 1918 Ferdinand Foch , second from right , pictured outside the carriage in Compiègne after agreeing to the armistice that ended the war there . The carriage was later chosen by Nazi Germany as the symbolic setting of Pétain 's June 1940 armistice . The collapse of the Central Powers came swiftly . Bulgaria was the first to sign an armistice , on 29 September 1918 at Saloniki . On 30 October , the Ottoman Empire capitulated , signing the Armistice of Mudros . On 24 October , the Italians began a push that rapidly recovered territory lost after the Battle of Caporetto . This culminated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto , which marked the end of the Austro - Hungarian Army as an effective fighting force . The offensive also triggered the disintegration of the Austro - Hungarian Empire . During the last week of October , declarations of independence were made in Budapest , Prague , and Zagreb . On 29 October , the imperial authorities asked Italy for an armistice , but the Italians continued advancing , reaching Trento , Udine , and Trieste . On 3 November , Austria - Hungary sent a flag of truce to ask for an armistice ( Armistice of Villa Giusti ) . The terms , arranged by telegraph with the Allied Authorities in Paris , were communicated to the Austrian commander and accepted . The Armistice with Austria was signed in the Villa Giusti , near Padua , on 3 November . Austria and Hungary signed separate armistices following the overthrow of the Habsburg Monarchy . In the following days the Italian Army occupied Innsbruck and all Tyrol with 20 to 22,000 soldiers . On 11 November , at 5 : 00 am , an armistice with Germany was signed in a railroad carriage at Compiègne . At 11 am on 11 November 1918 -- `` the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month '' -- a ceasefire came into effect . During the six hours between the signing of the armistice and its taking effect , opposing armies on the Western Front began to withdraw from their positions , but fighting continued along many areas of the front , as commanders wanted to capture territory before the war ended . The occupation of the Rhineland took place following the Armistice . The occupying armies consisted of American , Belgian , British and French forces . In November 1918 , the Allies had ample supplies of men and materiel to invade Germany . Yet at the time of the armistice , no Allied force had crossed the German frontier ; the Western Front was still some 720 kilometres ( 450 mi ) from Berlin ; and the Kaiser 's armies had retreated from the battlefield in good order . These factors enabled Hindenburg and other senior German leaders to spread the story that their armies had not really been defeated . This resulted in the stab - in - the - back legend , which attributed Germany 's defeat not to its inability to continue fighting ( even though up to a million soldiers were suffering from the 1918 flu pandemic and unfit to fight ) , but to the public 's failure to respond to its `` patriotic calling '' and the supposed intentional sabotage of the war effort , particularly by Jews , Socialists , and Bolsheviks . The Allies had much more potential wealth they could spend on the war . One estimate ( using 1913 U.S. dollars ) is that the Allies spent $58 billion on the war and the Central Powers only $25 billion . Among the Allies , the UK spent $21 billion and the U.S. $17 billion ; among the Central Powers Germany spent $20 billion . Aftermath Main article : Aftermath of World War I The French military cemetery at the Douaumont ossuary , which contains the remains of more than 130,000 unknown soldiers In the aftermath of the war , four empires disappeared : the German , Austro - Hungarian , Ottoman , and Russian . Numerous nations regained their former independence , and new ones were created . Four dynasties , together with their ancillary aristocracies , all fell as a result of the war : the Romanovs , the Hohenzollerns , the Habsburgs , and the Ottomans . Belgium and Serbia were badly damaged , as was France , with 1.4 million soldiers dead , not counting other casualties . Germany and Russia were similarly affected . Formal end of the War A formal state of war between the two sides persisted for another seven months , until the signing of the Treaty of Versailles with Germany on 28 June 1919 . The United States Senate did not ratify the treaty despite public support for it , and did not formally end its involvement in the war until the Knox -- Porter Resolution was signed on 2 July 1921 by President Warren G. Harding . For the United Kingdom and the British Empire , the state of war ceased under the provisions of the Termination of the Present War ( Definition ) Act 1918 with respect to : Germany on 10 January 1920 . Austria on 16 July 1920 . Bulgaria on 9 August 1920 . Hungary on 26 July 1921 . Turkey on 6 August 1924 . After the Treaty of Versailles , treaties with Austria , Hungary , Bulgaria , and the Ottoman Empire were signed . However , the negotiation of the latter treaty with the Ottoman Empire was followed by strife , and a final peace treaty between the Allied Powers and the country that would shortly become the Republic of Turkey was not signed until 24 July 1923 , at Lausanne . Some war memorials date the end of the war as being when the Versailles Treaty was signed in 1919 , which was when many of the troops serving abroad finally returned to their home countries ; by contrast , most commemorations of the war 's end concentrate on the armistice of 11 November 1918 . Legally , the formal peace treaties were not complete until the last , the Treaty of Lausanne , was signed . Under its terms , the Allied forces left Constantinople on 23 August 1923 . Peace treaties and National boundaries Greek prime minister Eleftherios Venizelos signing the Treaty of Sèvres The signing of peace in the Hall of Mirrors , Versailles , 28 June 1919 After the war , the Paris Peace Conference imposed a series of peace treaties on the Central Powers officially ending the war . The 1919 Treaty of Versailles dealt with Germany and , building on Wilson 's 14th point , brought into being the League of Nations on 28 June 1919 . The Central Powers had to acknowledge responsibility for `` all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by '' their aggression . In the Treaty of Versailles , this statement was Article 231 . This article became known as the War Guilt clause as the majority of Germans felt humiliated and resentful . Overall the Germans felt they had been unjustly dealt with by what they called the `` diktat of Versailles '' . Schulze said the Treaty placed Germany `` under legal sanctions , deprived of military power , economically ruined , and politically humiliated . '' Belgian historian Laurence Van Ypersele emphasizes the central role played by memory of the war and the Versailles Treaty in German politics in the 1920s and 1930s : Active denial of war guilt in Germany and German resentment at both reparations and continued Allied occupation of the Rhineland made widespread revision of the meaning and memory of the war problematic . The legend of the `` stab in the back '' and the wish to revise the `` Versailles diktat '' , and the belief in an international threat aimed at the elimination of the German nation persisted at the heart of German politics . Even a man of peace such as ( Gustav ) Stresemann publicly rejected German guilt . As for the Nazis , they waved the banners of domestic treason and international conspiracy in an attempt to galvanize the German nation into a spirit of revenge . Like a Fascist Italy , Nazi Germany sought to redirect the memory of the war to the benefit of its own policies . Meanwhile , new nations liberated from German rule viewed the treaty as recognition of wrongs committed against small nations by much larger aggressive neighbors . The Peace Conference required all the defeated powers to pay reparations for all the damage done to civilians . However , owing to economic difficulties and Germany being the only defeated power with an intact economy , the burden fell largely on Germany . Austria - Hungary was partitioned into several successor states , including Austria , Hungary , Czechoslovakia , and Yugoslavia , largely but not entirely along ethnic lines . Transylvania was shifted from Hungary to Greater Romania . The details were contained in the Treaty of Saint - Germain and the Treaty of Trianon . As a result of the Treaty of Trianon , 3.3 million Hungarians came under foreign rule . Although the Hungarians made up 54 % of the population of the pre-war Kingdom of Hungary , only 32 % of its territory was left to Hungary . Between 1920 and 1924 , 354,000 Hungarians fled former Hungarian territories attached to Romania , Czechoslovakia , and Yugoslavia . The Russian Empire , which had withdrawn from the war in 1917 after the October Revolution , lost much of its western frontier as the newly independent nations of Estonia , Finland , Latvia , Lithuania , and Poland were carved from it . Romania took control of Bessarabia in April 1918 . The Ottoman Empire disintegrated , with much of its Levant territory awarded to various Allied powers as protectorates . The Turkish core in Anatolia was reorganised as the Republic of Turkey . The Ottoman Empire was to be partitioned by the Treaty of Sèvres of 1920 . This treaty was never ratified by the Sultan and was rejected by the Turkish National Movement , leading to the victorious Turkish War of Independence and the much less stringent 1923 Treaty of Lausanne . National identities Further information : Sykes -- Picot Agreement Map of territorial changes in Europe after World War I ( as of 1923 ) Poland reemerged as an independent country , after more than a century . The Kingdom of Serbia and its dynasty , as a `` minor Entente nation '' and the country with the most casualties per capita , became the backbone of a new multinational state , the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes , later renamed Yugoslavia . Czechoslovakia , combining the Kingdom of Bohemia with parts of the Kingdom of Hungary , became a new nation . Russia became the Soviet Union and lost Finland , Estonia , Lithuania , and Latvia , which became independent countries . The Ottoman Empire was soon replaced by Turkey and several other countries in the Middle East . In the British Empire , the war unleashed new forms of nationalism . In Australia and New Zealand the Battle of Gallipoli became known as those nations ' `` Baptism of Fire '' . It was the first major war in which the newly established countries fought , and it was one of the first times that Australian troops fought as Australians , not just subjects of the British Crown . Anzac Day , commemorating the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps , celebrates this defining moment . After the Battle of Vimy Ridge , where the Canadian divisions fought together for the first time as a single corps , Canadians began to refer to theirs as a nation `` forged from fire '' . Having succeeded on the same battleground where the `` mother countries '' had previously faltered , they were for the first time respected internationally for their own accomplishments . Canada entered the war as a Dominion of the British Empire and remained so , although it emerged with a greater measure of independence . When Britain declared war in 1914 , the dominions were automatically at war ; at the conclusion , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , and South Africa were individual signatories of the Treaty of Versailles . The establishment of the modern state of Israel and the roots of the continuing Israeli -- Palestinian conflict are partially found in the unstable power dynamics of the Middle East that resulted from World War I. Before the end of the war , the Ottoman Empire had maintained a modest level of peace and stability throughout the Middle East . With the fall of the Ottoman government , power vacuums developed and conflicting claims to land and nationhood began to emerge . The political boundaries drawn by the victors of World War I were quickly imposed , sometimes after only cursory consultation with the local population . These continue to be problematic in the 21st - century struggles for national identity . While the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I was pivotal in contributing to the modern political situation of the Middle East , including the Arab - Israeli conflict , the end of Ottoman rule also spawned lesser known disputes over water and other natural resources . Health effects Transporting Ottoman wounded at Sirkeci Emergency military hospital during the Spanish flu pandemic , which killed about 675,000 people in the United States alone . Camp Funston , Kansas , 1918 . The war had profound consequences on the health of soldiers . Of the 60 million European military personnel who were mobilized from 1914 to 1918 , 8 million were killed , 7 million were permanently disabled , and 15 million were seriously injured . Germany lost 15.1 % of its active male population , Austria - Hungary lost 17.1 % , and France lost 10.5 % . In Germany , civilian deaths were 474,000 higher than in peacetime , due in large part to food shortages and malnutrition that weakened resistance to disease . By the end of the war , starvation caused by famine had killed approximately 100,000 people in Lebanon . Between 5 and 10 million people died in the Russian famine of 1921 . By 1922 , there were between 4.5 million and 7 million homeless children in Russia as a result of nearly a decade of devastation from World War I , the Russian Civil War , and the subsequent famine of 1920 -- 1922 . Numerous anti-Soviet Russians fled the country after the Revolution ; by the 1930s , the northern Chinese city of Harbin had 100,000 Russians . Thousands more emigrated to France , England , and the United States . In Australia , the effects of the war on the economy were no less severe . The Australian prime minister , Billy Hughes , wrote to the British prime minister , Lloyd George , `` You have assured us that you can not get better terms . I much regret it , and hope even now that some way may be found of securing agreement for demanding reparation commensurate with the tremendous sacrifices made by the British Empire and her Allies . '' Australia received ₤ 5,571,720 war reparations , but the direct cost of the war to Australia had been ₤ 376,993,052 , and , by the mid-1930s , repatriation pensions , war gratuities , interest and sinking fund charges were ₤ 831,280,947 . Of about 416,000 Australians who served , about 60,000 were killed and another 152,000 were wounded . Diseases flourished in the chaotic wartime conditions . In 1914 alone , louse - borne epidemic typhus killed 200,000 in Serbia . From 1918 to 1922 , Russia had about 25 million infections and 3 million deaths from epidemic typhus . In 1923 , 13 million Russians contracted malaria , a sharp increase from the pre-war years . In addition , a major influenza epidemic spread around the world . Overall , the 1918 flu pandemic killed at least 50 million people . Lobbying by Chaim Weizmann and fear that American Jews would encourage the United States to support Germany culminated in the British government 's Balfour Declaration of 1917 , endorsing creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine . A total of more than 1,172,000 Jewish soldiers served in the Allied and Central Power forces in World War I , including 275,000 in Austria - Hungary and 450,000 in Tsarist Russia . The social disruption and widespread violence of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing Russian Civil War sparked more than 2,000 pogroms in the former Russian Empire , mostly in Ukraine . An estimated 60,000 -- 200,000 civilian Jews were killed in the atrocities . In the aftermath of World War I , Greece fought against Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal , a war that eventually resulted in a massive population exchange between the two countries under the Treaty of Lausanne . According to various sources , several hundred thousand Greeks died during this period , which was tied in with the Greek Genocide . Technology See also : Technology during World War I and Weapons of World War I Ground warfare See also : Tanks in World War I Tanks on parade in London at the end of World War I A Russian armoured car , 1919 World War I began as a clash of 20th - century technology and 19th - century tactics , with the inevitably large ensuing casualties . By the end of 1917 , however , the major armies , now numbering millions of men , had modernised and were making use of telephone , wireless communication , armoured cars , tanks , and aircraft . Infantry formations were reorganised , so that 100 - man companies were no longer the main unit of manoeuvre ; instead , squads of 10 or so men , under the command of a junior NCO , were favoured . Artillery also underwent a revolution . In 1914 , cannons were positioned in the front line and fired directly at their targets . By 1917 , indirect fire with guns ( as well as mortars and even machine guns ) was commonplace , using new techniques for spotting and ranging , notably aircraft and the often overlooked field telephone . Counter-battery missions became commonplace , also , and sound detection was used to locate enemy batteries . Germany was far ahead of the Allies in utilising heavy indirect fire . The German Army employed 150 mm ( 6 in ) and 210 mm ( 8 in ) howitzers in 1914 , when typical French and British guns were only 75 mm ( 3 in ) and 105 mm ( 4 in ) . The British had a 6 - inch ( 152 mm ) howitzer , but it was so heavy it had to be hauled to the field in pieces and assembled . The Germans also fielded Austrian 305 mm ( 12 in ) and 420 mm ( 17 in ) guns and , even at the beginning of the war , had inventories of various calibers of Minenwerfer , which were ideally suited for trench warfare . 38 - cm `` Lange Max '' of Koekelare ( Leugenboom ) , biggest gun of the world in 1917 . In 1917 , on 27 June the Germans used their biggest gun of the world Batterie Pommern , nicknamed `` Lange Max '' . This gun from Krupp was able to shoot 750 kg shells from Koekelare to Dunkirk , which is about 50 km away . Much of the combat involved trench warfare , in which hundreds often died for each metre gained . Many of the deadliest battles in history occurred during World War I. Such battles include Ypres , the Marne , Cambrai , the Somme , Verdun , and Gallipoli . The Germans employed the Haber process of nitrogen fixation to provide their forces with a constant supply of gunpowder despite the British naval blockade . Artillery was responsible for the largest number of casualties and consumed vast quantities of explosives . The large number of head wounds caused by exploding shells and fragmentation forced the combatant nations to develop the modern steel helmet , led by the French , who introduced the Adrian helmet in 1915 . It was quickly followed by the Brodie helmet , worn by British Imperial and US troops , and in 1916 by the distinctive German Stahlhelm , a design , with improvements , still in use today . Gas ! GAS ! Quick , boys ! -- An ecstasy of fumbling , Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time ; But someone still was yelling out and stumbling , And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime ... Dim , through the misty panes and thick green light , As under a green sea , I saw him drowning . -- Wilfred Owen , Dulce et Decorum est , 1917 A Canadian soldier with mustard gas burns , c. 1917 -- 1918 The widespread use of chemical warfare was a distinguishing feature of the conflict . Gases used included chlorine , mustard gas and phosgene . Few war casualties were caused by gas , as effective countermeasures to gas attacks were quickly created , such as gas masks . The use of chemical warfare and small - scale strategic bombing were both outlawed by the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 , and both proved to be of limited effectiveness , though they captured the public imagination . The most powerful land - based weapons were railway guns , weighing dozens of tons apiece . The German ones were nicknamed Big Berthas , even though the namesake was not a railway gun . Germany developed the Paris Gun , able to bombard Paris from over 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) , though shells were relatively light at 94 kilograms ( 210 lb ) . British Vickers machine gun , 1917 Trenches , machine guns , air reconnaissance , barbed wire , and modern artillery with fragmentation shells helped bring the battle lines of World War I to a stalemate . The British and the French sought a solution with the creation of the tank and mechanised warfare . The British first tanks were used during the Battle of the Somme on 15 September 1916 . Mechanical reliability was an issue , but the experiment proved its worth . Within a year , the British were fielding tanks by the hundreds , and they showed their potential during the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917 , by breaking the Hindenburg Line , while combined arms teams captured 8,000 enemy soldiers and 100 guns . Meanwhile , the French introduced the first tanks with a rotating turret , the Renault FT , which became a decisive tool of the victory . The conflict also saw the introduction of light automatic weapons and submachine guns , such as the Lewis Gun , the Browning automatic rifle , and the Bergmann MP18 . Another new weapon , the flamethrower , was first used by the German army and later adopted by other forces . Although not of high tactical value , the flamethrower was a powerful , demoralising weapon that caused terror on the battlefield . Trench railways evolved to supply the enormous quantities of food , water , and ammunition required to support large numbers of soldiers in areas where conventional transportation systems had been destroyed . Internal combustion engines and improved traction systems for automobiles and trucks / lorries eventually rendered trench railways obsolete . Naval The Moltke - class Ottoman battlecruiser Yavûz Sultân Selîm Germany deployed U-boats ( submarines ) after the war began . Alternating between restricted and unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic , the Kaiserliche Marine employed them to deprive the British Isles of vital supplies . The deaths of British merchant sailors and the seeming invulnerability of U-boats led to the development of depth charges ( 1916 ) , hydrophones ( passive sonar , 1917 ) , blimps , hunter - killer submarines ( HMS R - 1 , 1917 ) , forward - throwing anti-submarine weapons , and dipping hydrophones ( the latter two both abandoned in 1918 ) . To extend their operations , the Germans proposed supply submarines ( 1916 ) . Most of these would be forgotten in the interwar period until World War II revived the need . Aviation Main article : Aviation in World War I RAF Sopwith Camel . In April 1917 , the average life expectancy of a British pilot on the Western Front was 93 flying hours . Fixed - wing aircraft were first used militarily by the Italians in Libya on 23 October 1911 during the Italo - Turkish War for reconnaissance , soon followed by the dropping of grenades and aerial photography the next year . By 1914 , their military utility was obvious . They were initially used for reconnaissance and ground attack . To shoot down enemy planes , anti-aircraft guns and fighter aircraft were developed . Strategic bombers were created , principally by the Germans and British , though the former used Zeppelins as well . Towards the end of the conflict , aircraft carriers were used for the first time , with HMS Furious launching Sopwith Camels in a raid to destroy the Zeppelin hangars at Tondern in 1918 . Manned observation balloons , floating high above the trenches , were used as stationary reconnaissance platforms , reporting enemy movements and directing artillery . Balloons commonly had a crew of two , equipped with parachutes , so that if there was an enemy air attack the crew could parachute to safety . At the time , parachutes were too heavy to be used by pilots of aircraft ( with their marginal power output ) , and smaller versions were not developed until the end of the war ; they were also opposed by the British leadership , who feared they might promote cowardice . Recognised for their value as observation platforms , balloons were important targets for enemy aircraft . To defend them against air attack , they were heavily protected by antiaircraft guns and patrolled by friendly aircraft ; to attack them , unusual weapons such as air - to - air rockets were tried . Thus , the reconnaissance value of blimps and balloons contributed to the development of air - to - air combat between all types of aircraft , and to the trench stalemate , because it was impossible to move large numbers of troops undetected . The Germans conducted air raids on England during 1915 and 1916 with airships , hoping to damage British morale and cause aircraft to be diverted from the front lines , and indeed the resulting panic led to the diversion of several squadrons of fighters from France . War crimes Baralong incidents Main article : Baralong incidents HMS Baralong . On 19 August 1915 , the German submarine U-27 was sunk by the British Q - ship HMS Baralong . All German survivors were summarily executed by Baralong 's crew on the orders of Lieutenant Godfrey Herbert , the captain of the ship . The shooting was reported to the media by American citizens who were on board the Nicosia , a British freighter loaded with war supplies , which was stopped by U-27 just minutes before the incident . On 24 September , Baralong destroyed U-41 , which was in the process of sinking the cargo ship Urbino . According to Karl Goetz , the submarine 's commander , Baralong continued to fly the U.S. flag after firing on U-41 and then rammed the lifeboat -- carrying the German survivors -- sinking it . Torpedoing of HMHS Llandovery Castle The Canadian hospital ship HMHS Llandovery Castle was torpedoed by the German submarine SM U-86 on 27 June 1918 in violation of international law . Only 24 of the 258 medical personnel , patients , and crew survived . Survivors reported that the U-boat surfaced and ran down the lifeboats , machine - gunning survivors in the water . The U-boat captain , Helmut Patzig , was charged with war crimes in Germany following the war , but escaped prosecution by going to the Free City of Danzig , beyond the jurisdiction of German courts . Chemical weapons in warfare Main article : Chemical weapons in World War I French soldiers making a gas and flame attack on German trenches in Flanders The first successful use of poison gas as a weapon of warfare occurred during the Second Battle of Ypres ( 22 April -- 25 May 1915 ) . Gas was soon used by all major belligerents throughout the war . It is estimated that the use of chemical weapons employed by both sides throughout the war had inflicted 1.3 million casualties . For example , the British had over 180,000 chemical weapons casualties during the war , and up to one - third of American casualties were caused by them . The Russian Army reportedly suffered roughly 500,000 chemical weapon casualties in World War I . The use of chemical weapons in warfare was in direct violation of the 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases and the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare , which prohibited their use . The effect of poison gas was not limited to combatants . Civilians were at risk from the gases as winds blew the poison gases through their towns , and rarely received warnings or alerts of potential danger . In addition to absent warning systems , civilians often did not have access to effective gas masks . An estimated 100,000 -- 260,000 civilian casualties were caused by chemical weapons during the conflict and tens of thousands more ( along with military personnel ) died from scarring of the lungs , skin damage , and cerebral damage in the years after the conflict ended . Many commanders on both sides knew such weapons would cause major harm to civilians but nonetheless continued to use them . British Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig wrote in his diary , `` My officers and I were aware that such weapons would cause harm to women and children living in nearby towns , as strong winds were common in the battlefront . However , because the weapon was to be directed against the enemy , none of us were overly concerned at all . '' Genocide and ethnic cleansing See also : Armenian Genocide , Assyrian genocide , Greek genocide , and Genocide denial Armenians killed during the Armenian Genocide . Image taken from Ambassador Morgenthau 's Story , written by Henry Morgenthau , Sr. and published in 1918 . Austro - Hungarian soldiers executing men and women in Serbia , 1916 The ethnic cleansing of the Ottoman Empire 's Armenian population , including mass deportations and executions , during the final years of the Ottoman Empire is considered genocide . The Ottomans carried out organized and systematic massacres of the Armenian population at the beginning of the war and portrayed deliberately provoked acts of Armenian resistance as rebellions to justify further extermination . In early 1915 , a number of Armenians volunteered to join the Russian forces and the Ottoman government used this as a pretext to issue the Tehcir Law ( Law on Deportation ) , which authorized the deportation of Armenians from the Empire 's eastern provinces to Syria between 1915 and 1918 . The Armenians were intentionally marched to death and a number were attacked by Ottoman brigands . While an exact number of deaths is unknown , the International Association of Genocide Scholars estimates 1.5 million . The government of Turkey has consistently denied the genocide , arguing that those who died were victims of inter-ethnic fighting , famine , or disease during World War I ; these claims are rejected by most historians . Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period , including Assyrians and Greeks , and some scholars consider those events to be part of the same policy of extermination . Russian Empire Main article : Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire See also : Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia , 1914 -- 1915 ; Volhynia ; and Volga Germans Many pogroms accompanied the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing Russian Civil War . 60,000 -- 200,000 civilian Jews were killed in the atrocities throughout the former Russian Empire ( mostly within the Pale of Settlement in present - day Ukraine ) . Rape of Belgium Main article : Rape of Belgium The German invaders treated any resistance -- such as sabotaging rail lines -- as illegal and immoral , and shot the offenders and burned buildings in retaliation . In addition , they tended to suspect that most civilians were potential francs - tireurs ( guerrillas ) and , accordingly , took and sometimes killed hostages from among the civilian population . The German army executed over 6,500 French and Belgian civilians between August and November 1914 , usually in near - random large - scale shootings of civilians ordered by junior German officers . The German Army destroyed 15,000 -- 20,000 buildings -- most famously the university library at Louvain -- and generated a wave of refugees of over a million people . Over half the German regiments in Belgium were involved in major incidents . Thousands of workers were shipped to Germany to work in factories . British propaganda dramatizing the Rape of Belgium attracted much attention in the United States , while Berlin said it was both lawful and necessary because of the threat of franc - tireurs like those in France in 1870 . The British and French magnified the reports and disseminated them at home and in the United States , where they played a major role in dissolving support for Germany . Soldiers ' experiences Main articles : List of last surviving World War I veterans by country , World War I casualties , Commonwealth War Graves Commission , and American Battle Monuments Commission The First Contingent of the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps to the 1 Lincolns , training in Bermuda for the Western Front , winter 1914 -- 1915 . The two BVRC contingents suffered 75 % casualties . The British soldiers of the war were initially volunteers but increasingly were conscripted into service . Surviving veterans , returning home , often found that they could only discuss their experiences amongst themselves . Grouping together , they formed `` veterans ' associations '' or `` Legions '' . A small number of personal accounts of American veterans have been collected by the Library of Congress Veterans History Project . Prisoners of War Main article : World War I prisoners of war in Germany German prisoners in a French prison camp during the later part of the war About eight million men surrendered and were held in POW camps during the war . All nations pledged to follow the Hague Conventions on fair treatment of prisoners of war , and the survival rate for POWs was generally much higher than that of their peers at the front . Individual surrenders were uncommon ; large units usually surrendered en masse . At the siege of Maubeuge about 40,000 French soldiers surrendered , at the battle of Galicia Russians took about 100,000 to 120,000 Austrian captives , at the Brusilov Offensive about 325,000 to 417,000 Germans and Austrians surrendered to Russians , and at the Battle of Tannenberg 92,000 Russians surrendered . When the besieged garrison of Kaunas surrendered in 1915 , some 20,000 Russians became prisoners , at the battle near Przasnysz ( February -- March 1915 ) 14,000 Germans surrendered to Russians , and at the First Battle of the Marne about 12,000 Germans surrendered to the Allies. 25 -- 31 % of Russian losses ( as a proportion of those captured , wounded , or killed ) were to prisoner status ; for Austria - Hungary 32 % , for Italy 26 % , for France 12 % , for Germany 9 % ; for Britain 7 % . Prisoners from the Allied armies totalled about 1.4 million ( not including Russia , which lost 2.5 -- 3.5 million men as prisoners ) . From the Central Powers about 3.3 million men became prisoners ; most of them surrendered to Russians . Germany held 2.5 million prisoners ; Russia held 2.2 -- 2.9 million ; while Britain and France held about 720,000 . Most were captured just before the Armistice . The United States held 48,000 . The most dangerous moment was the act of surrender , when helpless soldiers were sometimes gunned down . Once prisoners reached a camp , conditions were , in general , satisfactory ( and much better than in World War II ) , thanks in part to the efforts of the International Red Cross and inspections by neutral nations . However , conditions were terrible in Russia : starvation was common for prisoners and civilians alike ; about 15 -- 20 % of the prisoners in Russia died and in Central Powers imprisonment -- 8 % of Russians . In Germany , food was scarce , but only 5 % died . British prisoners guarded by Ottoman forces after the First Battle of Gaza in 1917 . The Ottoman Empire often treated POWs poorly . Some 11,800 British Empire soldiers , most of them Indians , became prisoners after the Siege of Kut in Mesopotamia in April 1916 ; 4,250 died in captivity . Although many were in a poor condition when captured , Ottoman officers forced them to march 1,100 kilometres ( 684 mi ) to Anatolia . A survivor said : `` We were driven along like beasts ; to drop out was to die . '' The survivors were then forced to build a railway through the Taurus Mountains . In Russia , when the prisoners from the Czech Legion of the Austro - Hungarian army were released in 1917 , they re-armed themselves and briefly became a military and diplomatic force during the Russian Civil War . While the Allied prisoners of the Central Powers were quickly sent home at the end of active hostilities , the same treatment was not granted to Central Power prisoners of the Allies and Russia , many of whom served as forced labor , e.g. , in France until 1920 . They were released only after many approaches by the Red Cross to the Allied Supreme Council . German prisoners were still being held in Russia as late as 1924 . Military attachés and War correspondents Main article : Military attachés and war correspondents in the First World War Military and civilian observers from every major power closely followed the course of the war . Many were able to report on events from a perspective somewhat akin to modern `` embedded '' positions within the opposing land and naval forces . Support and opposition to the War Support Poster urging women to join the British war effort , published by the Young Women 's Christian Association In the Balkans , Yugoslav nationalists such as the leader , Ante Trumbić , strongly supported the war , desiring the freedom of Yugoslavs from Austria - Hungary and other foreign powers and the creation of an independent Yugoslavia . The Yugoslav Committee was formed in Paris on 30 April 1915 but shortly moved its office to London ; Trumbić led the Committee . In April 1918 , the Rome Congress of Oppressed Nationalities met , including Czechoslovak , Italian , Polish , Transylvanian , and Yugoslav representatives who urged the Allies to support national self - determination for the peoples residing within Austria - Hungary . In the Middle East , Arab nationalism soared in Ottoman territories in response to the rise of Turkish nationalism during the war , with Arab nationalist leaders advocating the creation of a pan-Arab state . In 1916 , the Arab Revolt began in Ottoman - controlled territories of the Middle East in an effort to achieve independence . In East Africa , Iyasu V of Ethiopia was supporting the Dervish state who were at war with the British in the Somaliland Campaign . Von Syburg , the German envoy in Addis Ababa , said , `` now the time has come for Ethiopia to regain the coast of the Red Sea driving the Italians home , to restore the Empire to its ancient size . '' The Ethiopian Empire was on the verge of entering World War I on the side of the Central Powers before Iyasu 's overthrow due to Allied pressure on the Ethiopian aristocracy . A number of socialist parties initially supported the war when it began in August 1914 . But European socialists split on national lines , with the concept of class conflict held by radical socialists such as Marxists and syndicalists being overborne by their patriotic support for war . Once the war began , Austrian , British , French , German , and Russian socialists followed the rising nationalist current by supporting their countries ' intervention in the war . Italian nationalism was stirred by the outbreak of the war and was initially strongly supported by a variety of political factions . One of the most prominent and popular Italian nationalist supporters of the war was Gabriele d'Annunzio , who promoted Italian irredentism and helped sway the Italian public to support intervention in the war . The Italian Liberal Party , under the leadership of Paolo Boselli , promoted intervention in the war on the side of the Allies and utilised the Dante Alighieri Society to promote Italian nationalism . Italian socialists were divided on whether to support the war or oppose it ; some were militant supporters of the war , including Benito Mussolini and Leonida Bissolati . However , the Italian Socialist Party decided to oppose the war after anti-militarist protestors were killed , resulting in a general strike called Red Week . The Italian Socialist Party purged itself of pro-war nationalist members , including Mussolini . Mussolini , a syndicalist who supported the war on grounds of irredentist claims on Italian - populated regions of Austria - Hungary , formed the pro-interventionist Il Popolo d'Italia and the Fasci Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista ( `` Revolutionary Fasci for International Action '' ) in October 1914 that later developed into the Fasci di Combattimento in 1919 , the origin of fascism . Mussolini 's nationalism enabled him to raise funds from Ansaldo ( an armaments firm ) and other companies to create Il Popolo d'Italia to convince socialists and revolutionaries to support the war . Opposition Main articles : Opposition to World War I and French Army Mutinies Sackville Street ( now O'Connell Street ) after the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin The Deserter , 1916 . Anti-war cartoon depicting Jesus facing a firing squad with soldiers from five European countries . Once war was declared , many socialists and trade unions backed their governments . Among the exceptions were the Bolsheviks , the Socialist Party of America , and the Italian Socialist Party , and individuals such as Karl Liebknecht , Rosa Luxemburg , and their followers in Germany . Benedict XV , elected to the papacy less than three months into World War I , made the war and its consequences the main focus of his early pontificate . In stark contrast to his predecessor , five days after his election he spoke of his determination to do what he could to bring peace . His first encyclical , Ad beatissimi Apostolorum , given 1 November 1914 , was concerned with this subject . Benedict XV found his abilities and unique position as a religious emissary of peace ignored by the belligerent powers . The 1915 Treaty of London between Italy and the Triple Entente included secret provisions whereby the Allies agreed with Italy to ignore papal peace moves towards the Central Powers . Consequently , the publication of Benedict 's proposed seven - point Peace Note of August 1917 was roundly ignored by all parties except Austria - Hungary . In Britain , in 1914 , the Public Schools Officers ' Training Corps annual camp was held at Tidworth Pennings , near Salisbury Plain . Head of the British Army , Lord Kitchener , was to review the cadets , but the imminence of the war prevented him . General Horace Smith - Dorrien was sent instead . He surprised the two - or - three thousand cadets by declaring ( in the words of Donald Christopher Smith , a Bermudian cadet who was present ) , that war should be avoided at almost any cost , that war would solve nothing , that the whole of Europe and more besides would be reduced to ruin , and that the loss of life would be so large that whole populations would be decimated . In our ignorance I , and many of us , felt almost ashamed of a British General who uttered such depressing and unpatriotic sentiments , but during the next four years , those of us who survived the holocaust -- probably not more than one - quarter of us -- learned how right the General 's prognosis was and how courageous he had been to utter it . Voicing these sentiments did not hinder Smith - Dorrien 's career , or prevent him from doing his duty in World War I to the best of his abilities . Possible execution at Verdun at the time of the mutinies in 1917 . The original French text accompanying this photograph notes however that the uniforms are those of 1914 / 15 and that the execution may be that of a spy at the beginning of the war . Many countries jailed those who spoke out against the conflict . These included Eugene Debs in the United States and Bertrand Russell in Britain . In the US , the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 made it a federal crime to oppose military recruitment or make any statements deemed `` disloyal '' . Publications at all critical of the government were removed from circulation by postal censors , and many served long prison sentences for statements of fact deemed unpatriotic . A number of nationalists opposed intervention , particularly within states that the nationalists were hostile to . Although the vast majority of Irish people consented to participate in the war in 1914 and 1915 , a minority of advanced Irish nationalists staunchly opposed taking part . The war began amid the Home Rule crisis in Ireland that had resurfaced in 1912 and , by July 1914 , there was a serious possibility of an outbreak of civil war in Ireland . Irish nationalists and Marxists attempted to pursue Irish independence , culminating in the Easter Rising of 1916 , with Germany sending 20,000 rifles to Ireland to stir unrest in Britain . The UK government placed Ireland under martial law in response to the Easter Rising ; although , once the immediate threat of revolution had dissipated , the authorities did try to make concessions to nationalist feeling . However , opposition to involvement in the war increased in Ireland , resulting in the Conscription Crisis of 1918 . Other opposition came from conscientious objectors -- some socialist , some religious -- who refused to fight . In Britain , 16,000 people asked for conscientious objector status . Some of them , most notably prominent peace activist Stephen Henry Hobhouse , refused both military and alternative service . Many suffered years of prison , including solitary confinement and bread and water diets . Even after the war , in Britain many job advertisements were marked `` No conscientious objectors need apply '' . The Central Asian Revolt started in the summer of 1916 , when the Russian Empire government ended its exemption of Muslims from military service . In 1917 , a series of French Army Mutinies led to dozens of soldiers being executed and many more imprisoned . German Revolution , Kiel , 1918 In Milan , in May 1917 , Bolshevik revolutionaries organised and engaged in rioting calling for an end to the war , and managed to close down factories and stop public transportation . The Italian army was forced to enter Milan with tanks and machine guns to face Bolsheviks and anarchists , who fought violently until 23 May when the army gained control of the city . Almost 50 people ( including three Italian soldiers ) were killed and over 800 people arrested . In September 1917 , Russian soldiers in France began questioning why they were fighting for the French at all and mutinied . In Russia , opposition to the war led to soldiers also establishing their own revolutionary committees , which helped foment the October Revolution of 1917 , with the call going up for `` bread , land , and peace '' . The Bolsheviks agreed to a peace treaty with Germany , the peace of Brest - Litovsk , despite its harsh conditions . In northern Germany , the end of October 1918 saw the beginning of the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 . Units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last , large - scale operation in a war they saw as good as lost ; this initiated the uprising . The sailors ' revolt , which then ensued in the naval ports of Wilhelmshaven and Kiel , spread across the whole country within days and led to the proclamation of a republic on 9 November 1918 and shortly thereafter to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II . Conscription Young men registering for conscription , New York City , 5 June 1917 Conscription was common in most European countries . However it was controversial in English speaking countries . It was especially unpopular among minority ethnic groups -- especially the Irish Catholics in Ireland and Australia , and the French Catholics in Canada . Conscription in Canada Main article : Conscription Crisis of 1917 In Canada the issue produced a major political crisis that permanently alienated the Francophiles . It opened a political gap between French Canadians , who believed their true loyalty was to Canada and not to the British Empire , and members of the Anglophone majority , who saw the war as a duty to their British heritage . Conscription in Australia Main article : Conscription in Australia In Australia , a sustained pro-conscription campaign by Billy Hughes , the Prime Minister , caused a split in the Australian Labor Party , so Hughes formed the Nationalist Party of Australia in 1917 to pursue the matter . Farmers , the labour movement , the Catholic Church , and the Irish Catholics successfully opposed Hughes ' push , which was rejected in two plebiscites . Conscription in Britain Main article : Conscription in the United Kingdom In Britain , conscription resulted in the calling up of nearly every physically fit man in Britain -- six of ten million eligible . Of these , about 750,000 lost their lives . Most deaths were to young unmarried men ; however , 160,000 wives lost husbands and 300,000 children lost fathers . In the United States , conscription began in 1917 and was generally well received , with a few pockets of opposition in isolated rural areas . Diplomacy Main article : Diplomatic history of World War I The non-military diplomatic and propaganda interactions among the nations were designed to build support for the cause , or to undermine support for the enemy . For the most part , wartime diplomacy focused on five issues : propaganda campaigns ; defining and redefining the war goals , which became harsher as the war went on ; luring neutral nations ( Italy , Ottoman Empire , Bulgaria , Romania ) into the coalition by offering slices of enemy territory ; and encouragement by the Allies of nationalistic minority movements inside the Central Powers , especially among Czechs , Poles , and Arabs . In addition , there were multiple peace proposals coming from neutrals , or one side or the other ; none of them progressed very far . Legacy and memory ... `` Strange , friend , '' I said , `` Here is no cause to mourn . '' `` None , '' said the other , `` Save the undone years '' ... -- Wilfred Owen , Strange Meeting , 1918 The War was an unprecedented triumph for natural science . ( Francis ) Bacon had promised that knowledge would be power , and power it was : power to destroy the bodies and souls of men more rapidly than had ever been done by human agency before . This triumph paved the way to other triumphs : improvements in transport , in sanitation , in surgery , medicine , and psychiatry , in commerce and industry , and , above all , in preparations for the next war . -- R.G. Collingwood , writing in 1939 . The first tentative efforts to comprehend the meaning and consequences of modern warfare began during the initial phases of the war , and this process continued throughout and after the end of hostilities , and is still underway , more than a century later . Historiography Historian Heather Jones argues that the historiography has been reinvigorated by the cultural turn in recent years . Scholars have raised entirely new questions regarding military occupation , radicalization of politics , race , and the male body . Furthermore , new research has revised our understanding of five major topics that historians have long debated . These are : Why did the war begin ? Why did the Allies win ? Were the generals to blame for the high casualty rates ? How did the soldiers endure the horrors of trench warfare ? To what extent did the civilian homefront accept and endorse the war effort ? Memorials A typical village war memorial to soldiers killed in World War I Main article : World War I memorials Memorials were erected in thousands of villages and towns . Close to battlefields , those buried in improvised burial grounds were gradually moved to formal graveyards under the care of organisations such as the Commonwealth War Graves Commission , the American Battle Monuments Commission , the German War Graves Commission , and Le Souvenir français . Many of these graveyards also have central monuments to the missing or unidentified dead , such as the Menin Gate memorial and the Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme . In 1915 John McCrae , a Canadian army doctor , wrote the poem In Flanders Fields as a salute to those who perished in the Great War . Published in Punch on 8 December 1915 , it is still recited today , especially on Remembrance Day and Memorial Day . National World War I Museum and Memorial in Kansas City , Missouri , is a memorial dedicated to all Americans who served in World War I . The Liberty Memorial was dedicated on 1 November 1921 , when the supreme Allied commanders spoke to a crowd of more than 100,000 people . The UK Government has budgeted substantial resources to the commemoration of the war during the period 2014 to 2018 . The lead body is the Imperial War Museum . On 3 August 2014 , French President Francois Hollande and German President Joachim Gauck together marked the centenary of Germany 's declaration of war on France by laying the first stone of a memorial in Vieil Armand , known in German as Hartmannswillerkopf , for French and German soldiers killed in the war . Cultural memory The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with Britain and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : World War I in popular culture Left : John McCrae , author of In Flanders Fields . Right : Siegfried Sassoon World War I had a lasting impact on social memory . It was seen by many in Britain as signalling the end of an era of stability stretching back to the Victorian period , and across Europe many regarded it as a watershed . Historian Samuel Hynes explained : A generation of innocent young men , their heads full of high abstractions like Honour , Glory and England , went off to war to make the world safe for democracy . They were slaughtered in stupid battles planned by stupid generals . Those who survived were shocked , disillusioned and embittered by their war experiences , and saw that their real enemies were not the Germans , but the old men at home who had lied to them . They rejected the values of the society that had sent them to war , and in doing so separated their own generation from the past and from their cultural inheritance . This has become the most common perception of World War I , perpetuated by the art , cinema , poems , and stories published subsequently . Films such as All Quiet on the Western Front , Paths of Glory and King & Country have perpetuated the idea , while war - time films including Camrades , Poppies of Flanders , and Shoulder Arms indicate that the most contemporary views of the war were overall far more positive . Likewise , the art of Paul Nash , John Nash , Christopher Nevinson , and Henry Tonks in Britain painted a negative view of the conflict in keeping with the growing perception , while popular war - time artists such as Muirhead Bone painted more serene and pleasant interpretations subsequently rejected as inaccurate . Several historians like John Terraine , Niall Ferguson and Gary Sheffield have challenged these interpretations as partial and polemical views : These beliefs did not become widely shared because they offered the only accurate interpretation of wartime events . In every respect , the war was much more complicated than they suggest . In recent years , historians have argued persuasively against almost every popular cliché of World War I. It has been pointed out that , although the losses were devastating , their greatest impact was socially and geographically limited . The many emotions other than horror experienced by soldiers in and out of the front line , including comradeship , boredom , and even enjoyment , have been recognised . The war is not now seen as a ' fight about nothing ' , but as a war of ideals , a struggle between aggressive militarism and more or less liberal democracy . It has been acknowledged that British generals were often capable men facing difficult challenges , and that it was under their command that the British army played a major part in the defeat of the Germans in 1918 : a great forgotten victory . Though these views have been discounted as `` myths '' , they are common . They have dynamically changed according to contemporary influences , reflecting in the 1950s perceptions of the war as `` aimless '' following the contrasting Second World War and emphasising conflict within the ranks during times of class conflict in the 1960s . The majority of additions to the contrary are often rejected . Social trauma A 1919 book for veterans , from the US War Department The social trauma caused by unprecedented rates of casualties manifested itself in different ways , which have been the subject of subsequent historical debate . The optimism of la belle époque was destroyed , and those who had fought in the war were referred to as the Lost Generation . For years afterwards , people mourned the dead , the missing , and the many disabled . Many soldiers returned with severe trauma , suffering from shell shock ( also called neurasthenia , a condition related to posttraumatic stress disorder ) . Many more returned home with few after - effects ; however , their silence about the war contributed to the conflict 's growing mythological status . Though many participants did not share in the experiences of combat or spend any significant time at the front , or had positive memories of their service , the images of suffering and trauma became the widely shared perception . Such historians as Dan Todman , Paul Fussell , and Samuel Heyns have all published works since the 1990s arguing that these common perceptions of the war are factually incorrect . Discontent in Germany The rise of Nazism and Fascism included a revival of the nationalist spirit and a rejection of many post-war changes . Similarly , the popularity of the stab - in - the - back legend ( German : Dolchstoßlegende ) was a testament to the psychological state of defeated Germany and was a rejection of responsibility for the conflict . This conspiracy theory of betrayal became common , and the German populace came to see themselves as victims . The widespread acceptance of the `` stab - in - the - back '' theory delegitimized the Weimar government and destabilized the system , opening it to extremes of right and left . Communist and fascist movements around Europe drew strength from this theory and enjoyed a new level of popularity . These feelings were most pronounced in areas directly or harshly affected by the war . Adolf Hitler was able to gain popularity by utilising German discontent with the still controversial Treaty of Versailles . World War II was in part a continuation of the power struggle never fully resolved by World War I. Furthermore , it was common for Germans in the 1930s to justify acts of aggression due to perceived injustices imposed by the victors of World War I. American historian William Rubinstein wrote that : The ' Age of Totalitarianism ' included nearly all of the infamous examples of genocide in modern history , headed by the Jewish Holocaust , but also comprising the mass murders and purges of the Communist world , other mass killings carried out by Nazi Germany and its allies , and also the Armenian Genocide of 1915 . All these slaughters , it is argued here , had a common origin , the collapse of the elite structure and normal modes of government of much of central , eastern and southern Europe as a result of World War I , without which surely neither Communism nor Fascism would have existed except in the minds of unknown agitators and crackpots . Economic effects See also : Economic history of World War I Poster showing women workers , 1915 One of the most dramatic effects of the war was the expansion of governmental powers and responsibilities in Britain , France , the United States , and the Dominions of the British Empire . To harness all the power of their societies , governments created new ministries and powers . New taxes were levied and laws enacted , all designed to bolster the war effort ; many have lasted to this day . Similarly , the war strained the abilities of some formerly large and bureaucratised governments , such as in Austria - Hungary and Germany . Gross domestic product ( GDP ) increased for three Allies ( Britain , Italy , and the United States ) , but decreased in France and Russia , in neutral Netherlands , and in the three main Central Powers . The shrinkage in GDP in Austria , Russia , France , and the Ottoman Empire ranged between 30 % and 40 % . In Austria , for example , most pigs were slaughtered , so at war 's end there was no meat . In all nations , the government 's share of GDP increased , surpassing 50 % in both Germany and France and nearly reaching that level in Britain . To pay for purchases in the United States , Britain cashed in its extensive investments in American railroads and then began borrowing heavily on Wall Street . President Wilson was on the verge of cutting off the loans in late 1916 , but allowed a great increase in U.S. government lending to the Allies . After 1919 , the U.S. demanded repayment of these loans . The repayments were , in part , funded by German reparations that , in turn , were supported by American loans to Germany . This circular system collapsed in 1931 and the loans were never repaid . Britain still owed the United States $4.4 billion of World War I debt in 1934 , and this money was never repaid . Macro - and micro-economic consequences devolved from the war . Families were altered by the departure of many men . With the death or absence of the primary wage earner , women were forced into the workforce in unprecedented numbers . At the same time , industry needed to replace the lost labourers sent to war . This aided the struggle for voting rights for women . World War I further compounded the gender imbalance , adding to the phenomenon of surplus women . The deaths of nearly one million men during the war in Britain increased the gender gap by almost a million : from 670,000 to 1,700,000 . The number of unmarried women seeking economic means grew dramatically . In addition , demobilisation and economic decline following the war caused high unemployment . The war increased female employment ; however , the return of demobilised men displaced many from the workforce , as did the closure of many of the wartime factories . In Britain , rationing was finally imposed in early 1918 , limited to meat , sugar , and fats ( butter and margarine ) , but not bread . The new system worked smoothly . From 1914 to 1918 , trade union membership doubled , from a little over four million to a little over eight million . Britain turned to her colonies for help in obtaining essential war materials whose supply from traditional sources had become difficult . Geologists such as Albert Ernest Kitson were called on to find new resources of precious minerals in the African colonies . Kitson discovered important new deposits of manganese , used in munitions production , in the Gold Coast . Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles ( the so - called `` war guilt '' clause ) stated Germany accepted responsibility for `` all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies . '' It was worded as such to lay a legal basis for reparations , and a similar clause was inserted in the treaties with Austria and Hungary . However neither of them interpreted it as an admission of war guilt . '' In 1921 , the total reparation sum was placed at 132 billion gold marks . However , `` Allied experts knew that Germany could not pay '' this sum . The total sum was divided into three categories , with the third being `` deliberately designed to be chimerical '' and its `` primary function was to mislead public opinion ... into believing the `` total sum was being maintained . '' Thus , 50 billion gold marks ( 12.5 billion dollars ) `` represented the actual Allied assessment of German capacity to pay '' and `` therefore ... represented the total German reparations '' figure that had to be paid . This figure could be paid in cash or in kind ( coal , timber , chemical dyes , etc . ) . In addition , some of the territory lost -- via the treaty of Versailles -- was credited towards the reparation figure as were other acts such as helping to restore the Library of Louvain . By 1929 , the Great Depression arrived , causing political chaos throughout the world . In 1932 the payment of reparations was suspended by the international community , by which point Germany had only paid the equivalent of 20.598 billion gold marks in reparations . With the rise of Adolf Hitler , all bonds and loans that had been issued and taken out during the 1920s and early 1930s were cancelled . David Andelman notes `` refusing to pay does n't make an agreement null and void . The bonds , the agreement , still exist . '' Thus , following the Second World War , at the London Conference in 1953 , Germany agreed to resume payment on the money borrowed . On 3 October 2010 , Germany made the final payment on these bonds . The war contributed to the evolution of the wristwatch from women 's jewelry to a practical everyday item , replacing the pocketwatch , which requires a free hand to operate . Military funding of advancements in radio contributed to the postwar popularity of the medium . See also Outline of World War I Death rates in the 20th century Diplomatic history of World War I European Civil War List of people associated with World War I Lists of wars List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll Lists of World War I topics Timeline of World War I World War I casualties World War I medal abbreviations Footnotes Jump up ^ The United States did not ratify any of the treaties agreed to at the Paris Peace Conference . Jump up ^ Bulgaria joined the Central Powers on 14 October 1915 . Jump up ^ The Ottoman Empire agreed to a secret alliance with Germany on 2 August 1914 . It joined the war on the side of the Central Powers on 29 October 1914 . Jump up ^ The United States declared war on Austria - Hungary on 7 December 1917 . Jump up ^ Austria was considered one of the successor states to Austria - Hungary . Jump up ^ The United States declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917 . Jump up ^ Hungary was considered one of the successor states to Austria - Hungary . Jump up ^ Although the Treaty of Sèvres was intended to end the war between the Allies and the Ottoman Empire , the Allies and the Republic of Turkey , the successor state of the Ottoman Empire , agreed to the Treaty of Lausanne . Jump up ^ The World War I officially ended when Germany paid off the final amount of reparations imposed on it by the Allies . References Jump up ^ `` British Army statistics of the Great War '' . 1914-1918.net . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Figures are for the British Empire Jump up ^ Figures are for Metropolitan France and its colonies ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 273 Jump up ^ `` The war to end all wars '' . BBC News . 10 November 1998 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Bade & Brown 2003 , pp. 167 -- 168 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Willmott 2003 , p. 15 ^ Jump up to : Taylor 1998 , pp. 80 -- 93 Jump up ^ Djokić 2003 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Evans 2004 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Martel 2003 , p. xii ff . Jump up ^ `` Were they always called World War I and World War II ? '' . Ask History . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Braybon 2004 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` The war to end all wars '' . BBC News . 10 November 1998 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` great , adj. , adv. , and n . '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Shapiro & Epstein 2006 , p. 329 . Jump up ^ Margery Fee and Janice McAlpine , Guide to Canadian English Usage ( Oxford UP , 1997 ) p 210 . Jump up ^ Clark 2014 , pp. 121 -- 152 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Willmott 2003 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Prior 1999 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Fromkin 2004 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , pp. 2 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Finestone , Jeffrey ; Massie , Robert K. ( 1981 ) . The last courts of Europe . Dent . p. 247 . Jump up ^ Smith 2010 . Jump up ^ `` European powers maintain focus despite killings in Sarajevo -- History.com This Day in History '' . History.com. 30 June 1914 . Retrieved 26 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Clark , Christopher ( 25 June 2014 ) . Month of Madness . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ Djordjević , Dimitrije ; Spence , Richard B. ( 1992 ) . Scholar , patriot , mentor : historical essays in honor of Dimitrije Djordjević . East European Monographs . p. 313 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88033 - 217 - 0 . Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914 , Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom . Jump up ^ Reports Service : Southeast Europe series . American Universities Field Staff . 1964 . p. 44 . Retrieved 7 December 2013 ... the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo ... Jump up ^ Kröll , Herbert ( 28 February 2008 ) . Austrian - Greek encounters over the centuries : history , diplomacy , politics , arts , economics . Studienverlag . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7065 - 4526 - 6 . Retrieved 1 September 2013 ... arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons , a new Schutzkorps , an auxiliary militia , widened the anti-Serb repression . Jump up ^ Tomasevich 2001 , p. 485 . Jump up ^ Schindler , John R. ( 2007 ) . Unholy Terror : Bosnia , Al - Qa'ida , and the Rise of Global Jihad . Zenith Imprint . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61673 - 964 - 5 . Jump up ^ Velikonja 2003 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Stevenson 1996 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Clark 2013 , p. 466 . Jump up ^ The Telegraph , First World War centenary : how the events of 1 August 1914 unfolded , http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-one/11002644/First-World-War-centenary-how-events-unfolded-on-August-1-1914.html Jump up ^ McMeekin , Sean , July 1914 : Countdown to War , Basic Books , 2014 , 480 p. , ISBN 978 - 0465060740 , pp. 342,349 Jump up ^ Crowe 2001 , p. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Dell , Pamela ( 2013 ) . A World War I Timeline ( Smithsonian War Timelines Series ) . Capstone . pp. 10 -- 12 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4765 - 4159 - 4 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Mirror Headlines : The Declaration of War , Published 4 August 1914 '' . BBC . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Strachan 2003 , pp. 292 -- 296 , 343 -- 354 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Schindler , John R. ( 1 April 2002 ) . `` Disaster on the Drina : The Austro - Hungarian Army in Serbia , 1914 '' . Wih.sagepub.com . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Nova Scotia House of Assembly Committee on Veterans ' Affairs ( 9 November 2006 ) . `` Committee Hansard '' . Hansard . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Chickering , Roger ; Förster , Stig ; Greiner , Bernd ( 2005 ) . A world at total war : global conflict and the politics of destruction , 1937 -- 1945 . Publications of the German Historical Institute . Washington , D.C. : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83432 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Price 1980 Jump up ^ `` The Balkan Wars and World War I '' . p. 28 . Library of Congress Country Studies . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer ; Roberts , Priscilla Mary ( 1 January 2005 ) . World War One . ABC - CLIO . pp. 241 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 420 - 2 . Jump up ^ Neiberg 2005 , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , pp. 1075 -- 6 . Jump up ^ DiNardo 2015 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Neiberg 2005 , pp. 108 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Hall , Richard ( 2010 ) . Balkan Breakthrough : The Battle of Dobro Pole 1918 . Indiana University Press . p. 11 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 35452 - 8 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Wood & Murphy 1999 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Korsun , N. `` The Balkan Front of the World War '' ( in Russian ) . militera.lib.ru . Retrieved 27 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Doughty 2005 , p. 491 . Jump up ^ Gettleman , Marvin ; Schaar , Stuart , eds. ( 2003 ) . The Middle East and Islamic world reader ( 4th pr . ed . ) . New York : Grove Press . pp. 119 -- 120 . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3936 - 1 . Jump up ^ January , Brendan ( 2007 ) . Genocide : modern crimes against humanity . Minneapolis , Minn. : Twenty - First Century Books . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 7613 - 3421 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , Benjamin ( 2013 ) . The Holocaust and Genocides in Europe . New York : Continuum Publishing Corporation . pp. 80 -- 1 . ISBN 1 - 4411 - 9478 - 9 . Jump up ^ Arthur J. Barker , The Neglected War : Mesopotamia , 1914 -- 1918 ( London : Faber , 1967 ) Jump up ^ Crawford , John ; McGibbon , Ian ( 2007 ) . New Zealand 's Great War : New Zealand , the Allies and the First World War . Exisle Publishing . pp. 219 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Fromkin 2004 , p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : Hinterhoff 1984 , pp. 499 -- 503 Jump up ^ abc The Encyclopedia Americana , 1920 , v. 28 , p. 403 Jump up ^ abcdefg ( Northcote 1922 , pp. 788 ) Jump up ^ Sachar 1970 , pp. 122 -- 138 . Jump up ^ Gilbert 1994 . Jump up ^ Hanioglu , M. Sukru ( 2010 ) . A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire . Princeton University Press . pp. 180 -- 181 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13452 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Hall ( 2015 ) . The Failure to Prevent World War I : The Unexpected Armageddon . Ashgate . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Page , Thomas Nelson ( 1920 ) . Italy and the world war . Scribners . pp. 142 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Marshall page = 108 Jump up ^ Thompson , Mark . The White War : Life and Death on the Italian Front , 1915 -- 1919 . London : Faber and Faber . p. 163 . Jump up ^ Giuseppe Praga , Franco Luxardo . History of Dalmatia . Giardini , 1993 . Pp. 281 . ^ Jump up to : Paul O'Brien . Mussolini in the First World War : the Journalist , the Soldier , the Fascist . Oxford , England , UK ; New York , New York , USA : Berg , 2005 . Pp. 17 . Jump up ^ Hickey 2003 , pp. 60 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , pp. 585 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Michael B. Barrett , Prelude to Blitzkrieg : The 1916 Austro - German Campaign in Romania ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Marasti ( July 1917 ) '' . WorldWar2.ro. 22 July 1917 . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Cyril Falls , The Great War , p. 285 Jump up ^ Clark , Charles Upson ( 1927 ) . Bessarabia . New York City : Dodd , Mead . Jump up ^ Béla , Köpeczi . Erdély története . Akadémiai Kiadó . Jump up ^ Béla , Köpeczi . History of Transylvania . Akadémiai Kiadó . ISBN 84 - 8371 - 020 - X . Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Потери народонаселения в 20 . веке ( The loss of population in the 20th Century ) ( in Russian ) . Moscow : Русская панорама . ISBN 9785931651071 . Jump up ^ Prit Buttar , Collision of Empires : The War on the Eastern Front in 1914 ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 715 . Jump up ^ Meyer 2006 , pp. 152 -- 4 , 161 , 163 , 175 , 182 . ^ Jump up to : Smele Jump up ^ Schindler 2003 . Jump up ^ Cholly Knickerbocker . New York Journal American . 3 February 1949 . Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett 1956 . Jump up ^ Mawdsley 2008 , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Kernek 1970 , pp. 721 -- 766 . Jump up ^ Stracham 1998 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Marshall , 292 . Jump up ^ Heyman 1997 , pp. 146 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Kurlander 2006 . Jump up ^ Shanafelt 1985 , pp. 125 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Edward J. ( 2001 ) . Ordered to Die : A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War : Forward by General Hüseyiln Kivrikoglu . No. 201 Contributions in Military Studies . Westport Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 163 . OCLC 43481698 . Jump up ^ Moore , A. Briscoe ( 1920 ) . The Mounted Riflemen in Sinai & Palestine : The Story of New Zealand 's Crusaders . Christchurch : Whitcombe & Tombs . p. 67 . OCLC 156767391 . Jump up ^ Falls , Cyril ( 1930 ) . Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War . Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence . Volume 2 Part I. Maps by A.F. Becke . London : HM Stationery Office . p. 59 . OCLC 644354483 . Jump up ^ Wavell , Earl ( 1968 ) ( 1933 ) . `` The Palestine Campaigns '' . In Sheppard , Eric William . A Short History of the British Army ( 4th ed . ) . London : Constable & Co. pp. 153 -- 5 . OCLC 35621223 . Jump up ^ `` Text of the Decree of the Surrender of Jerusalem into British Control '' . First World War.com . Archived from the original on 14 June 2011 . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Bruce , Anthony ( 2002 ) . The Last Crusade : The Palestine Campaign in the First World War . London : John Murray . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7195 - 5432 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Who -- Kress von Kressenstein '' . First World War.com . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Who -- Otto Liman von Sanders '' . First World War.com . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Edward J. ( 2001 ) . Ordered to Die : A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War : Forward by General Hüseyiln Kivrikoglu . No. 201 Contributions in Military Studies . Westport Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 195 . OCLC 43481698 . Jump up ^ Daily Telegraph Wednesday 15 August 1917 , reprinted on page 26 of Daily Telegraph Tuesday 15 August 2017 Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 756 . Jump up ^ Tuchman 1966 . ^ Jump up to : Karp 1979 Jump up ^ `` Woodrow Wilson Urges Congress to Declare War on Germany '' ( Wikisource ) Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : History and Records '' . Sss.gov . Archived from the original on 7 May 2009 . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilgus 1931 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ `` Teaching With Documents : Photographs of the 369th Infantry and African Americans during World War I '' . US National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original on 4 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Millett & Murray 1988 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Westwell 2004 . Jump up ^ Posen 1984 , pp. 190 ¿ . Jump up ^ Gray 1991 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Moon 1996 , pp. 495 -- 196 . Jump up ^ Rickard 2007 . Jump up ^ Hovannisian 1967 , pp. 1 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Ayers 1919 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Schreiber , Shane B ( 2004 ) ( 1977 ) . Shock Army of the British Empire : The Canadian Corps in the Last 100 Days of the Great War . St. Catharines , ON : Vanwell . ISBN 1 - 55125 - 096 - 9 . OCLC 57063659 . Jump up ^ Rickard 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Pitt 2003 Jump up ^ Terraine 1963 . ^ Jump up to : Gray & Argyle 1990 Jump up ^ Nicholson 1962 . Jump up ^ Ludendorff 1919 . Jump up ^ McLellan , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Christie , Norm M ( 1997 ) . The Canadians at Cambrai and the Canal du Nord , August -- September 1918 . For King and Empire : A Social History and Battlefield Tour . CEF Books . ISBN 1 - 896979 - 18 - 1 . OCLC 166099767 . Jump up ^ Stevenson 2004 , p. 380 . Jump up ^ Hull 2006 , pp. 307 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Stevenson 2004 , p. 383 . Jump up ^ Painter 2012 , p. 25 . Over the course of the war the United States supplied more than 80 percent of Allied oil requirements , and after US entry into the war , the United States helped provide and protect tankers transporting oil to Europe . US oil resources meant that insufficient energy supplies did not hamper the Allies , as they did the Central Powers . Jump up ^ Stevenson 2004 , p. 385 . Jump up ^ Stevenson 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Clairière de l'Armistice '' ( in French ) . Ville de Compiègne . Archived from the original on 27 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1918 Timeline '' . League of Nations Photo Archive . Retrieved 20 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrea Di Michele ( 2014 ) . `` Trento , Bolzano E Innsbruck : L'occupazione Militare Italiana Del Tirolo ( 1918 - 1920 ) '' ( Trento , Bolzano and Innsbruck : The Italian Military Occupation of Tyrol ( 1918 -- 1920 ) ) ( PDF ) . Trento e Trieste . Percorsi degli italiani d'Austria dal ' 48 all'annessione ( in Italian ) . Accademia Roveretana degli Agiati : 436 -- 437 . La forza numerica del contingente italiano variò con il passare dei mesi e al suo culmine raggiunse i 20 - 22.000 uomini . ( The numerical strength of the Italian contingent varied with the passing of months and at its peak reached 20 - 22,000 men . ) < -- see http://www.agiati.it/ara_context.jsp?ID_LINK=113344&area=196 for metadata -- > Jump up ^ Baker 2006 . Jump up ^ Chickering 2004 , pp. 185 -- 188 . Jump up ^ Gerd Hardach , The First World War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 1977 ) p 153 , using estimated made by H. Menderhausen , The Economics of War ( 1941 ) p 305 Jump up ^ `` France 's oldest WWI veteran dies '' Archived 28 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC News , 20 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of World War I. ABC - CLIO . p. 273 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 420 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hastedt , Glenn P. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy . Infobase Publishing . p. 483 . ISBN 1 - 4381 - 0989 - X . Jump up ^ Murrin , John ; Johnson , Paul ; McPherson , James ; Gerstle , Gary ; Fahs , Alice ( 2010 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power : A History of the American People . II . Cengage Learning . p. 622 . ISBN 0 - 495 - 90383 - 3 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 3 July 1921 ) . `` Harding Ends War ; Signs Peace Decree at Senator 's Home . Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan . '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` No. 31773 '' . The London Gazette. 10 February 1920 . p. 1671 . Jump up ^ `` No. 31991 '' . The London Gazette. 23 July 1920 . pp. 7765 -- 7766 . Jump up ^ `` No. 13627 '' . The Edinburgh Gazette. 27 August 1920 . p. 1924 . Jump up ^ `` No. 32421 '' . The London Gazette. 12 August 1921 . pp. 6371 -- 6372 . Jump up ^ `` No. 32964 '' . The London Gazette. 12 August 1924 . pp. 6030 -- 6031 . Jump up ^ Magliveras 1999 , pp. 8 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Northedge 1986 , pp. 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Morrow , John H. ( 2005 ) . The Great War : An Imperial History . London : Routledge . p. 290 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 20440 - 8 . Jump up ^ Schulze , Hagen ( 1998 ) . Germany : A New History . Harvard U.P. p. 204 . Jump up ^ Ypersele , Laurence Van ( 2012 ) . Horne , John , ed . Mourning and Memory , 1919 -- 45 . A Companion to World War I. Wiley . p. 584 . Jump up ^ `` The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson , Rice University '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Kocsis , Károly ; Hodosi , Eszter Kocsisné ( 1998 ) . Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 963 - 7395 - 84 - 0 . Jump up ^ Clark 1927 . Jump up ^ `` Appeals to Americans to Pray for Serbians '' . The New York Times . 27 July 1918 . Jump up ^ `` Serbia Restored '' . The New York Times . 5 November 1918 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Matt ( 22 August 2009 ) . `` The Minor Powers During World War One -- Serbia '' . firstworldwar.com . Jump up ^ `` ' ANZAC Day ' in London ; King , Queen , and General Birdwood at Services in Abbey '' . The New York Times . 26 April 1916 . Jump up ^ Australian War Memorial . `` The ANZAC Day tradition '' . Australian War Memorial . Retrieved 2 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Canadian War Museum . `` Vimy Ridge '' . Canadian War Museum . Retrieved 22 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The War 's Impact on Canada '' . Canadian War Museum . Retrieved 22 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's last WW1 vet gets his citizenship back '' . CBC News . 9 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Documenting Democracy Archived 20 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 31 March 2012 Jump up ^ Doughty 2005 . Jump up ^ Hooker 1996 . Jump up ^ Muller 2008 . Jump up ^ Kaplan 1993 . Jump up ^ Salibi 1993 . Jump up ^ Evans 2005 Jump up ^ Israeli Foreign Ministry . Jump up ^ Gelvin 2005 Jump up ^ Isaac & Hosh 1992 . Jump up ^ Kitchen 2000 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Howard , N.P. ( 1993 ) . The Social and Political Consequences of the Allied Food Blockade of Germany , 1918 -- 19 ( PDF ) . German History . 11 . pp. 161 -- 88 . table p 166 , with 271,000 excess deaths in 1918 and 71,000 in the first half of 1919 while the blockade was still in effect . Jump up ^ Saadi 2009 . Jump up ^ Patenaude , Bertrand M. ( 30 January 2007 ) . `` Food as a Weapon '' . Hoover Digest . Hoover Institution . Archived from the original on 19 July 2008 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ball 1996 , pp. 16 , 211 . Jump up ^ `` The Russians are coming ( Russian influence in Harbin , Manchuria , China ; economic relations ) '' . The Economist ( US ) . 14 January 1995 . ( via Highbeam.com ) Jump up ^ Souter 2000 , p. 354 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of World War I. Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . p. 273 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 420 - 2 . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Tschanz . Jump up ^ Conlon . Jump up ^ Taliaferro , William Hay ( 1972 ) . Medicine and the War . p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 8369 - 2629 - 3 . Jump up ^ Knobler 2005 . Jump up ^ Kamps , Bernd Sebastian ; Reyes - Terán , Gustavo . Influenza . Influenza Report . Flying Publisher . ISBN 3 - 924774 - 51 - X . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Balfour Declaration ( United Kingdom 1917 ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of The Jewish Agency for Israel : 1917 -- 1919 '' . The Jewish Agency for Israel . Archived from the original on 20 May 2013 . Retrieved 29 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pogroms '' . Encyclopaedia Judaica . American - Israeli Cooperative Enterprise . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Modern and Contemporary Periods ( ca . 1700 -- 1917 ) '' . Jewish Virtual Library . American - Israeli Cooperative Enterprise . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Diaspora Welcomes the Pope '' Archived 4 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , Der Spiegel Online . 28 November 2006 . Jump up ^ R.J. Rummel , `` The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective '' , 1998 , Idea Journal of Social Issues , Vol. 3 no. 2 Jump up ^ Hedges , Chris ( 17 September 2000 ) . `` A Few Words in Greek Tell of a Homeland Lost '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Hartcup 1988 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Hartcup 1988 , pp. 82 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Sterling , Christopher H. ; Military Communications : From Ancient Times to the 21st Century ( 2008 ) . Santa Barbara : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 732 - 6 p. 444 . Jump up ^ Mosier 2001 , pp. 42 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Jager , Herbert ( 2001 ) . German Artillery of World War One . Crowood Press . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 1861264039 . Jump up ^ Hartcup 1988 . Jump up ^ Raudzens 1990 , p. 421 . ^ Jump up to : Wilfred Owen : poems , ( Faber and Faber , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Raudzens 1990 . Jump up ^ Heller 1984 . Jump up ^ Postwar pulp novels on future `` gas wars '' included Reginald Glossop 's 1932 novel Ghastly Dew and Neil Bell 's 1931 novel The Gas War of 1940 . Jump up ^ `` Heavy Railroad Artillery '' on YouTube Jump up ^ Lawrence Sondhaus , The Great War at Sea : A Naval History of the First World War ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Lawson , Eric ; Lawson , Jane ( 2002 ) . The First Air Campaign : August 1914 -- November 1918 . Da Capo Press . p. 123 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81213 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Cross 1991 Jump up ^ Cross 1991 , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Winter 1983 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson 2001 Jump up ^ Halpern , Paul G. ( 1994 ) . A Naval History of World War I. Routledge , p. 301 ; ISBN 1 - 85728 - 498 - 4 Jump up ^ Hadley , Michael L. ( 1995 ) . Count Not the Dead : The Popular Image of the German Submarine . McGill - Queen 's Press -- MQUP , p. 36 ; ISBN 0 - 7735 - 1282 - 9 . Jump up ^ Davies , JD ( 2013 ) . Britannia 's Dragon : A Naval History of Wales . History Press Limited . p. 158 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 9410 - 4 . Jump up ^ A German attempt in January on the Russian front failed to cause casualties . Jump up ^ Schneider , Barry R. ( 28 February 1999 ) . Future War and Counterproliferation : US Military Responses to NBC . Praeger , p. 84 ; ISBN 0 - 275 - 96278 - 4 Jump up ^ Taylor , Telford ( 1 November 1993 ) . The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials : A Personal Memoir. Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 83400 - 9 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Graham , Thomas ; Lavera , Damien J. ( May 2003 ) . Cornerstones of Security : Arms Control Treaties in the Nuclear Era . University of Washington Press . pp. 7 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 295 - 98296 - 9 . Retrieved 5 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Haber , L.F. ( 20 February 1986 ) . The Poisonous Cloud : Chemical Warfare in the First World War . Clarendon Press . pp. 106 -- 108 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 858142 - 4 . Jump up ^ Vilensky , Joel A. ( 20 February 1986 ) . Dew of Death : The Story of Lewisite , America 's World War I Weapon of Mass destruction . Indiana University Press . pp. 78 -- 80 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34612 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ellison , D. Hank ( 24 August 2007 ) . Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents , Second Edition . CRC Press . pp. 567 -- 570 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 1434 - 8 . Jump up ^ Boot , Max ( 16 August 2007 ) . War Made New : Weapons , Warriors , and the Making of the Modern World . Gotham . pp. 245 -- 250 . ISBN 1 - 59240 - 315 - 8 . Jump up ^ Henry Morgenthau ( 1918 ) . `` XXV : Talaat Tells Why He `` Deports '' the Armenians `` . Ambassador Mogenthau 's story . Brigham Young University . Jump up ^ Honzík , Miroslav ; Honzíková , Hana ( 1984 ) . 1914 / 1918 , Léta zkázy a naděje . Czech Republic : Panorama . ^ Jump up to : International Association of Genocide Scholars ( 13 June 2005 ) . `` Open Letter to the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan '' . Genocide Watch ( via archive.org ) . Archived from the original on 6 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Vartparonian , Paul Leverkuehn ; Kaiser ( 2008 ) . A German officer during the Armenian genocide : a biography of Max von Scheubner - Richter . translated by Alasdair Lean ; with a preface by Jorge and a historical introduction by Hilmar . London : Taderon Press for the Gomidas Institute . ISBN 1 - 903656 - 81 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 2006 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ `` International Association Of Genocide Scholars '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Fromkin 1989 , pp. 212 -- 215 . Jump up ^ International Association of Genocide Scholars . `` Resolution on genocides committed by the Ottoman empire '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaunt , David ( 2006 ) . Massacres , Resistance , Protectors : Muslim - Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway , New Jersey : Gorgias Press . Jump up ^ Schaller , Dominik J ; Zimmerer , Jürgen ( 2008 ) . `` Late Ottoman genocides : the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies -- introduction '' . Journal of Genocide Research . 10 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 14 . doi : 10.1080 / 14623520801950820 . Jump up ^ `` Pogroms '' . Encyclopaedia Judaica . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Horne & Kramer 2001 , ch 1 -- 2 , esp . p. 76 . Jump up ^ The claim of franc - tireurs in Belgium has been rejected : Horne & Kramer 2001 , ch 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Horne & Kramer 2001 , ch 5 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , pp. 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ `` Search Results ( + ( war : '' worldwari `` ) ) : Veterans History Project '' . American Folklife Center , Library of Congress . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillimore & Bellot 1919 , pp. 4 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 1999 , pp. 368 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Blair 2005 . Jump up ^ Cook 2006 , pp. 637 -- 665 . Jump up ^ `` Максим Оськин -- Неизвестные трагедии Первой мировой Пленные Дезертиры Беженцы -- стр 24 -- Читаем онлайн '' . Profismart.ru . Archived from the original on 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Speed 1990 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 1999 . Jump up ^ Morton 1992 . Jump up ^ Bass 2002 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ `` The Mesopotamia campaign '' . British National Archives . Retrieved 10 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Prisoners of Turkey : Men of Kut Driven along like beasts '' . Stolen Years : Australian Prisoners of War . Australian War Memorial . Archived from the original on 8 January 2009 . Retrieved 10 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ICRC in WWI : overview of activities '' . Icrc.org . Archived from the original on 19 July 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` GERMANY : Notes , Sep. 1 , 1924 '' . Time . 1 September 1924 . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 1189 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 1001 Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Mukhtar , Mohammed ( 25 February 2003 ) . Historical Dictionary of Somalia . Scarecrow Press . p. 126 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Ethiopian prince scuppered Germany 's WW1 plans '' . BBC News . 25 September 2016 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 1069 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 884 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 335 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 596 Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 826 . Jump up ^ Dennis Mack Smith . 1997 . Modern Italy ; A Political History . Ann Arbor : The University of Michigan Press . Pp. 284 . Jump up ^ Aubert , Roger ( 1981 ) . `` Chapter 37 : The Outbreak of World War I '' . In Hubert Jedin ; John Dolan . History of the Church . The Church in the industrial age . 9 . Translated by Resch , Margit . London : Burns & Oates . p. 521 . ISBN 0 - 86012 - 091 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Who -- Pope Benedict XV '' . firstworldwar.com. 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Merely For the Record '' : The Memoirs of Donald Christopher Smith 1894 -- 1980 . By Donald Christopher Smith . Edited by John William Cox , Jr . Bermuda . Jump up ^ Pennell , Catriona ( 2012 ) . A Kingdom United : Popular Responses to the Outbreak of the First World War in Britain and Ireland . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 959058 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 584 . Jump up ^ O'Halpin , Eunan , The Decline of the Union : British Government in Ireland , 1892 -- 1920 , ( Dublin , 1987 ) Jump up ^ Lehmann & van der Veer 1999 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Brock , Peter , These Strange Criminals : An Anthology of Prison Memoirs by Conscientious Objectors to Military Service from the Great War to the Cold War , p. 14 , Toronto : University of Toronto Press , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 8020 - 8707 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Soviet Union -- Uzbeks '' . Country-data.com . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Seton - Watson , Christopher . 1967 . Italy from Liberalism to Fascism : 1870 to 1925 . London : Methuen & Co. Ltd . Pp. 471 Jump up ^ Cockfield 1997 , pp. 171 -- 237 . Jump up ^ Alan J. Ward , `` Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish conscription crisis '' . Historical Journal ( 1974 ) 17 # 1 pp : 107 -- 129 . Jump up ^ `` The Conscription Crisis '' . CBC. 2001 . Jump up ^ J.M. Main , Conscription : the Australian debate , 1901 -- 1970 ( 1970 ) abstract Archived 7 July 2015 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Havighurst 1985 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ John Whiteclay Chambers , To raise an army : The draft comes to modern America ( 1987 ) . Jump up ^ David Stevenson , The First World War and International Politics ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Z.A.B. Zeman , Diplomatic History of the First World War ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ See * Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . Official Statements of War Aims and Peace Proposals : December 1916 to November 1918 , edited by James Brown Scott . ( 1921 ) 515pp online free Jump up ^ R.G. Collingwood An Autobiography , 1939 , page 90 . Jump up ^ Heather Jones , `` As the centenary approaches : the regeneration of First World War historiography '' . Historical Journal ( 2013 ) 56 # 3 pp : 857 -- 878 , esp . p. 858 Jump up ^ `` John McCrae '' . Historica . Archived from the original on 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ David , Evans . `` John McCrae '' . Canadian Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ `` Monumental Undertaking '' . kclibrary.org . Jump up ^ `` Commemoration website '' . 1914.org . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` French , German Presidents Mark World War I Anniversary '' . France News.Net . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Sheftall , Mark David ( 2010 ) . Altered Memories of the Great War : Divergent Narratives of Britain , Australia , New Zealand , and Canada . ^ Jump up to : Hynes , Samuel Lynn ( 1991 ) . A war imagined : the First World War and English culture . Atheneum . pp. i -- xii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 689 - 12128 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Todman 2005 , p. 153 - 221 . Jump up ^ Fussell , Paul ( 2000 ) . The Great War and modern memory . Oxford University Press . pp. 1 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513332 - 5 . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Todman 2005 , p. xi -- xv . Jump up ^ Roden . Jump up ^ Wohl 1979 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , pp. 108 -- 1086 . Jump up ^ Kitchen , Martin . `` The Ending of World War One , and the Legacy of Peace '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` World War II '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Archived from the original on 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 12 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Baker , Kevin ( June 2006 ) . `` Stabbed in the Back ! The past and future of a right - wing myth '' . Harper 's Magazine . Archived from the original on 15 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Chickering 2004 . Jump up ^ Rubinstein , W.D. ( 2004 ) . Genocide : a history . Pearson Education . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 50601 - 8 . Jump up ^ 10 in this context -- see Long and short scales Jump up ^ `` What 's a little debt between friends ? Archived 10 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . '' . BBC News . 10 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Noakes , Lucy ( 2006 ) . Women in the British Army : War and the Gentle Sex , 1907 -- 1948 . Abingdon , England : Routledge . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 39056 - 7 . Jump up ^ Green 1938 , pp. CXXVI . Jump up ^ Anton Kaes et al. , eds. ( 1994 ) . The Weimar Republic Sourcebook . University of California Press . p. 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Marls , The Myths of Reparations , pp. 231 -- 2 ^ Jump up to : Marks , p. 237 Jump up ^ Marks , pp. 223 -- 234 Jump up ^ World War One : A Short History By Norman Stone Jump up ^ Marks , p. 233 Jump up ^ Hall , Allan ( 28 September 2010 ) . `` First World War officially ends '' . The Telegraph . Berlin . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . The final payment of £ 59.5 million , writes off the crippling debt that was the price for one world war and laid the foundations for another . Jump up ^ Suddath , Claire ( 4 October 2010 ) . `` Why Did World War I Just End ? '' . Time . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . World War I ended over the weekend . Germany made its final reparations - related payment for the Great War on Oct. 3 , nearly 92 years after the country 's defeat by the Allies . Jump up ^ `` World War I to finally end for Germany this weekend '' . CNN . 30 September 2010 . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Germany and the Allies can call it even on World War I this weekend . Jump up ^ MacMillan , Margaret ( 25 December 2010 ) . `` Ending the War to End All Wars '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . NOT many people noticed at the time , but World War I ended this year . ^ Jump up to : `` From Wristwatches To Radio , How World War I Ushered In The Modern World '' . NPR . Bibliography For a comprehensive bibliography see List of books about World War I American Battle Monuments Commission ( 1938 ) . American Armies and Battlefields in Europe : A History , Guide , and Reference Book . US Government Printing Office . OCLC 59803706 . Army Art of World War I. United States Army Center of Military History : Smithsonian Institution , National Museum of American History . 1993 . OCLC 28608539 . Ayers , Leonard Porter ( 1919 ) . The War with Germany : A Statistical Summary . Government Printing Office . Bade , Klaus J ; Brown , Allison ( tr . ) ( 2003 ) . Migration in European History . The making of Europe . Oxford : Blackwell . ISBN 0 - 631 - 18939 - 4 . OCLC 52695573 . ( translated from the German ) Balakian , Peter ( 2003 ) . The Burning Tigris : The Armenian Genocide and America 's Response . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 019840 - 4 . OCLC 56822108 . Ball , Alan M ( 1996 ) . And Now My Soul Is Hardened : Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia , 1918 -- 1930 . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20694 - 6 . , reviewed in Hegarty , Thomas J ( March -- June 1998 ) . `` And Now My Soul Is Hardened : Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia , 1918 -- 1930 '' . Canadian Slavonic Papers . ( via Highbeam.com ) Bass , Gary Jonathan ( 2002 ) . Stay the Hand of Vengeance : The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . pp. 424pp . ISBN 0 - 691 - 09278 - 8 . OCLC 248021790 . Blair , Dale ( 2005 ) . No Quarter : Unlawful Killing and Surrender in the Australian War Experience , 1915 -- 1918 . Charnwood , Australia : Ginninderra Press . ISBN 1 - 74027 - 291 - 9 . OCLC 62514621 . Brands , Henry William ( 1997 ) . T.R. : The Last Romantic . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 06958 - 4 . OCLC 36954615 . Braybon , Gail ( 2004 ) . Evidence , History , and the Great War : Historians and the Impact of 1914 -- 18 . Berghahn Books . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57181 - 801 - 0 . Brown , Judith M. ( 1994 ) . Modern India : The Origins of an Asian Democracy . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 873113 - 2 . Chickering , Rodger ( 2004 ) . Imperial Germany and the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83908 - 4 . OCLC 55523473 . Clark , Charles Upson ( 1927 ) . Bessarabia , Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea . New York : Dodd , Mead . OCLC 150789848 . Clark , Christopher ( 2013 ) . The Sleepwalkers : How Europe Went to War in 1914 . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 219922 - 5 . Clark , Christopher ( 2014 ) . The Sleepwalkers : How Europe Went to War in 1914 . New York : Harper Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 114666 - 4 . Cockfield , Jamie H ( 1997 ) . With snow on their boots : The tragic odyssey of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France during World War I. Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 22082 - 0 . Conlon , Joseph M. The historical impact of epidemic typhus ( PDF ) . Montana State University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 June 2010 . Retrieved 21 April 2009 . Cook , Tim ( 2006 ) . The politics of surrender : Canadian soldiers and the killing of prisoners in the First World War . The Journal of Military History . 70 . pp. 637 -- 665 . doi : 10.1353 / jmh. 2006.0158 . Cross , Wilbur L ( 1991 ) . Zeppelins of World War I. New York : Paragon Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55778 - 382 - 0 . OCLC 22860189 . Crowe , David ( 2001 ) . The Essentials of European History : 1914 to 1935 , World War I and Europe in crisis . Research and Education Association . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87891 - 710 - 5 . DiNardo , Richard ( 2015 ) . Invasion : The Conquest of Serbia , 1915 . Santa Barbara , California : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4408 - 0092 - 4 . Djokić , Dejan ( 2003 ) . Yugoslavism : histories of a failed idea , 1918 -- 1992 . London : Hurst . OCLC 51093251 . Doughty , Robert A. ( 2005 ) . Pyrrhic victory : French strategy and operations in the Great War . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01880 - 8 . Duffy , Michael . Somme . First World War.com . ISBN 0 - 297 - 84689 - 2 . Retrieved 25 February 2007 . Dupuy , R. Ernest and Trevor N. ( 1993 ) . The Harper 's Encyclopedia of Military History , 4th Edition . Harper Collins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 270056 - 8 . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 12th ed. 1922 ) comprises the 11th edition plus three new volumes 30 - 31 - 32 that cover events since 1911 with thorough coverage of the war as well as every country and colony . partly online and list of article titles ABBE to ENGLISH HISTORY online free . scans of each page of vol 30 - 31 - 32 Evans , David ( 2004 ) . The First World War . Teach yourself . London : Hodder Arnold . ISBN 0 - 340 - 88489 - 4 . OCLC 224332259 . Evans , Leslie ( 27 May 2005 ) . Future of Iraq , Israel - Palestine Conflict , and Central Asia Weighed at International Conference . UCLA International Institute . Archived from the original on 24 May 2008 . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Falls , Cyril Bentham ( 1960 ) . The First World War . London : Longmans . ISBN 1 - 84342 - 272 - 7 . OCLC 460327352 . Farwell , Byron ( 1989 ) . The Great War in Africa , 1914 -- 1918 . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30564 - 7 . Ferguson , Niall ( 1999 ) . The Pity of War . New York : Basic Books . pp. 563pp . ISBN 0 - 465 - 05711 - X . OCLC 41124439 . Ferguson , Niall ( 2006 ) . The War of the World : Twentieth - Century Conflict and the Descent of the West . New York : Penguin Press . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 100 - 5 . Fortescue , Granville Roland ( 28 October 1915 ) . London in Gloom over Gallipoli ; Captain Fortescue in Book and Ashmead - Bartlett in Lecture Declare Campaign Lost . New York Times . Fromkin , David ( 1989 ) . A Peace to End All Peace : The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East . New York : Henry Holt and Co . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 0857 - 8 . Fromkin , David ( 2004 ) . Europe 's Last Summer : Who Started the Great War in 1914 ? . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41156 - 9 . OCLC 53937943 . Gelvin , James L ( 2005 ) . The Israel - Palestine Conflict : One Hundred Years of War . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 85289 - 7 . OCLC 59879560 . Grant , R.G. ( 2005 ) . Battle : A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat . DK Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 5578 - 5 . Gray , Randal ; Argyle , Christopher ( 1990 ) . Chronicle of the First World War . New York : Facts on File . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 2595 - 4 . OCLC 19398100 . Gilbert , Martin ( 1994 ) . First World War . Stoddart Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7737 - 2848 - 6 . Gilbert , Martin ( 2004 ) . The First World War : A Complete History . Clearwater , Florida : Owl Books . p. 306 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7617 - 4 . OCLC 34792651 . Goodspeed , Donald James ( 1985 ) . The German Wars 1914 -- 1945 . New York : Random House ; Bonanza . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 46790 - 9 . Gray , Randal ( 1991 ) . Kaiserschlacht 1918 : the final German offensive . Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 157 - 1 . Green , John Frederick Norman ( 1938 ) . `` Obituary : Albert Ernest Kitson '' . Geological Society Quarterly Journal . Geological Society . 94 . Halpern , Paul G ( 1995 ) . A Naval History of World War I. New York : Routledge . ISBN 1 - 85728 - 498 - 4 . OCLC 60281302 . Harris , J.P. ( 2008 ) . Douglas Haig and the First World War ( 2009 ed . ) . Cambridge : CUP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 89802 - 7 . Hartcup , Guy ( 1988 ) . The War of Invention ; Scientific Developments , 1914 -- 18 . Brassey 's Defence Publishers . ISBN 0 - 08 - 033591 - 8 . Havighurst , Alfred F ( 1985 ) . Britain in transition : the twentieth century ( 4 ed . ) . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 31971 - 1 . Heller , Charles E ( 1984 ) . Chemical warfare in World War I : the American experience , 1917 -- 1918 . Fort Leavenworth , Kansas : Combat Studies Institute . OCLC 123244486 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2007 . Heyman , Neil M ( 1997 ) . World War I. Guides to historic events of the twentieth century . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29880 - 7 . OCLC 36292837 . Hickey , Michael ( 2003 ) . The Mediterranean Front 1914 -- 1923 . The First World War . 4 . New York : Routledge . pp. 60 -- 65 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 96844 - 5 . OCLC 52375688 . Hinterhoff , Eugene ( 1984 ) . Young , Peter , ed . The Campaign in Armenia . Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I. ii . New York : Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 0 - 86307 - 181 - 3 . Hirschfeld , Gerhard et al. eds . Brill 's Encyclopedia of the First World War ( 2012 ) , 1105pp Holmes , T.M. ( April 2014 ) . `` Absolute Numbers : The Schlieffen Plan as a Critique of German Strategy in 1914 '' . War in History . London : Edward Arnold . XXI ( 2 ) : 194 , 211 . ISSN 1477 - 0385 . Hooker , Richard ( 1996 ) . The Ottomans . Washington State University . Archived from the original on 8 October 1999 . Hooker , Richard ( 1996 ) . The Ottomans . Washington State University . Archived from the original on 8 October 1999 . Horne , John ; Kramer , Alan ( 2001 ) . German Atrocities , 1914 : A History of Denial . Yale University Press . OCLC 47181922 . Hovannisian , Richard G. ( 1967 ) . Armenia on the Road to Independence , 1918 . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 00574 - 0 . Hull , Isabel Virginia ( 2006 ) . Absolute destruction : military culture and the practices of war in Imperial Germany . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 7293 - 0 . Humphries , Mark Osborne ( 2007 ) . `` '' Old Wine in New Bottles `` : A Comparison of British and Canadian Preparations for the Battle of Arras '' . In Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike . Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment . Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press . pp. 65 -- 85 . ISBN 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 . Inglis , David ( 1995 ) . Vimy Ridge : 1917 -- 1992 , A Canadian Myth over Seventy Five Years ( PDF ) . Burnaby : Simon Fraser University . Isaac , Jad ; Hosh , Leonardo ( 7 -- 9 May 1992 ) . Roots of the Water Conflict in the Middle East . University of Waterloo . Archived from the original on 28 September 2006 . Jenkins , Burris A ( 2009 ) . Facing the Hindenburg Line . BiblioBazaar . ISBN 978 - 1 - 110 - 81238 - 7 . Johnson , James Edgar ( 2001 ) . Full Circle : The Story of Air Fighting . London : Cassell . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35860 - 6 . OCLC 45991828 . Jones , Howard ( 2001 ) . Crucible of Power : A History of US Foreign Relations Since 1897 . Wilmington , Delaware : Scholarly Resources Books . ISBN 0 - 8420 - 2918 - 4 . OCLC 46640675 . Kaplan , Robert D ( February 1993 ) . Syria : Identity Crisis . The Atlantic . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Karp , Walter ( 1979 ) . The Politics of War ( 1st ed . ) . ISBN 0 - 06 - 012265 - X . OCLC 4593327 . , Wilson 's maneuvering US into war Keegan , John ( 1998 ) . The First World War . Hutchinson . ISBN 0 - 09 - 180178 - 8 . , general military history Keene , Jennifer D ( 2006 ) . World War I. Daily Life Through History Series . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 5 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33181 - 2 . OCLC 70883191 . 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Primary sources Collins , Ross F. ed . World War I : Primary Documents on Events from 1914 to 1919 ( Greenwood Press , 2008 ) online Historiography and memory Baker , Kevin ( June 2006 ) . `` Stabbed in the Back ! The past and future of a right - wing myth '' . Harper 's Magazine . Deak , John . `` The Great War and the Forgotten Realm : The Habsburg Monarchy and the First World War '' Journal of Modern History ( 2014 ) 86 # 2 pp : 336 -- 380 . Iriye , Akira . `` The Historiographic Impact of the Great War '' . Diplomatic History ( July 2014 ) doi : 10.1093 / dh / dhu035 Jones , Heather . `` As the centenary approaches : the regeneration of First World War historiography '' . Historical Journal ( 2013 ) 56 # 3 pp : 857 -- 878 . Jones , Heather . `` Goodbye to all that ? : Memory and meaning in the commemoration of the first world war '' . Juncture ( 2014 ) 20 # 4 pp : 287 -- 291 . Kitchen , James E. , Alisa Miller and Laura Rowe , eds . Other Combatants , Other Fronts : Competing Histories of the First World War ( 2011 ) excerpt Kramer , Alan . `` Recent Historiography of the First World War -- Part I '' , Journal of Modern European History ( Feb. 2014 ) 12 # 1 pp 5 -- 27 ; `` Recent Historiography of the First World War ( Part II ) '' , ( May 2014 ) 12 # 2 pp 155 -- 174 Mulligan , William . `` The Trial Continues : New Directions in the Study of the Origins of the First World War '' . English Historical Review ( 2014 ) 129 # 538 pp : 639 -- 666 . Reynolds , David . The Long Shadow : The Legacies of the Great War in the Twentieth Century ( 2014 ) Excerpt and text search Sanborn , Joshua . `` Russian Historiography on the Origins of the First World War Since the Fischer Controversy '' . Journal of Contemporary History ( 2013 ) 48 # 2 pp : 350 -- 362 . Sharp , Heather . `` Representing Australia 's Involvement in the First World War : Discrepancies between Public Discourses and School History Textbooks from 1916 to 1936 '' . Journal of Educational Media , Memory , and Society ( 2014 ) 6 # 1 pp : 1 -- 23 . Trout , Stephen . `` On the Battlefield of Memory : The First World War and American Remembrance , 1919 -- 1941 ( 2013 ) Turan , Ömer . `` Turkish Historiography of the First World War '' . Middle East Critique ( 2014 ) 23 # 2 pp : 241 -- 257 . Winter , Jay , ed . The Cambridge History of the First World War ( 2 vol . Cambridge University Press , 2014 ) External links Listen to this article ( 3 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` World War I '' dated 2006 - 06 - 24 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles 1914 -- 1918 - online International Encyclopedia of the First World War The Heritage of the Great War / First World War . Graphic color photos , pictures and music A multimedia history of World War I European Newspapers from the start of the First World War and the end of the war Powerpoint summary of the war The World War I Document Archive Wiki , Brigham Young University Maps of Europe covering the history of World War I at omniatlas.com `` World War I Crossroads '' current discussions by scholars World War I ( First World War ) Guide to websites Documents from Mount Holyoke College EFG1914 -- Film digitisation project on First World War WWI Films on the European Film Gateway The British Pathé WW1 Film Archive World War I British press photograph collection -- A sampling of images distributed by the British government during the war to diplomats overseas , from the UBC Library Digital Collections Personal accounts of American World War I veterans , Veterans History Project , Library of Congress . Animated maps An animated map `` Europe plunges into war '' An animated map of Europe at the end of the war Library Guides National Library of New Zealand State Library of New South Wales US Library of Congress Indiana University Bloomington , USA New York University , USA University of Alberta , Canada History of World War I by region and country Africa Angola East Africa Egypt Liberia Morocco South West Africa Southern Rhodesia North America Canada United States South America Brazil Asia Caucasus India Iran Iraq Japan Levant Siam Vietnam Yemen Europe Austria - Hungary Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Luxembourg Poland Ottoman Empire Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South - West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 23 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people ( Armenian Genocide , Assyrian genocide , Pontic Greek genocide ) Blockade of Germany Women ( Australia ) Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary ( commemorations ) Portal World War I at Wiktionary WWI textbooks at Wikibooks WWI quotations at Wikiquote WWI source texts at Wikisource WWI images & media at Commons WWI news stories at Wikinews LCCN : sh85148236 GND : 4079163 - 4 BNF : cb11939093g ( data ) NDL : 00570522 Books View or order collections of articles World War I Portals Access related topics World War I portal War portal History portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons News stories from Wikinews Definitions from Wiktionary Textbooks from Wikibooks Quotations from Wikiquote Learning resources from Wikiversity Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_I&oldid=801294918 '' Categories : World Wars World War I Modern history of Italy French Third Republic Global conflicts History of Austria - 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who did we fight in war world 1
[ "The war drew in all the world's economic great powers,[9] assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. Although Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance alongside Germany and Austria-Hungary, it did not join the Central Powers, as Austria-Hungary had taken the offensive against the terms of the alliance.[10] These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war: Italy, Japan and the United States joined the Allies, while the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers." ]
[ "the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary" ]
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Michael Jordan
Michael Jordan - wikipedia Michael Jordan For other people named Michael Jordan , see Michael Jordan ( disambiguation ) . Michael Jordan Jordan in 2014 Charlotte Hornets Position Owner League NBA ( 1963 - 02 - 17 ) February 17 , 1963 ( age 55 ) Brooklyn , New York Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) Listed weight 216 lb ( 98 kg ) Career information High school Emsley A. Laney ( Wilmington , North Carolina ) College North Carolina ( 1981 -- 1984 ) NBA draft 1984 / Round : 1 / Pick : 3rd overall Selected by the Chicago Bulls Playing career 1984 -- 1993 , 1995 -- 1998 , 2001 -- 2003 Position Shooting guard Number 23 , 45 , 12 Career history 1984 -- 1993 , 1995 -- 1998 Chicago Bulls 2001 -- 2003 Washington Wizards Career highlights and awards 6 × NBA champion ( 1991 -- 1993 , 1996 -- 1998 ) 6 × NBA Finals MVP ( 1991 -- 1993 , 1996 -- 1998 ) 5 × NBA Most Valuable Player ( 1988 , 1991 , 1992 , 1996 , 1998 ) 14 × NBA All - Star ( 1985 -- 1993 , 1996 -- 1998 , 2002 , 2003 ) 3 × NBA All - Star Game MVP ( 1988 , 1996 , 1998 ) 10 × All - NBA First Team ( 1987 -- 1993 , 1996 -- 1998 ) All - NBA Second Team ( 1985 ) NBA Defensive Player of the Year ( 1988 ) 9 × NBA All - Defensive First Team ( 1988 -- 1993 , 1996 -- 1998 ) NBA Rookie of the Year ( 1985 ) NBA All - Rookie First Team ( 1985 ) 10 × NBA scoring champion ( 1987 -- 1993 , 1996 -- 1998 ) 3 × NBA steals leader ( 1988 , 1990 , 1993 ) 2 × NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion ( 1987 , 1988 ) No. 23 retired by Chicago Bulls No. 23 retired by Miami Heat 3 × AP Athlete of the Year ( 1991 -- 1993 ) 2 × USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year ( 1983 , 1984 ) Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year ( 1991 ) NBA 's 50th Anniversary All - Time Team NCAA champion ( 1982 ) Consensus national college player of the year ( 1984 ) 2 × Consensus first - team All - American ( 1983 , 1984 ) ACC Player of the Year ( 1984 ) 2 × First - team All - ACC ( 1983 , 1984 ) ACC Rookie of the Year ( 1982 ) No. 23 retired by the University of North Carolina Career statistics Points 32,292 ( 30.1 ppg ) Rebounds 6,672 ( 6.2 rpg ) Assists 5,633 ( 5.3 apg ) Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Basketball Hall of Fame as player FIBA Hall of Fame as player Medals ( hide ) Men 's Basketball Representing the United States Olympic Games 1984 Los Angeles Men 's basketball 1992 Barcelona Men 's basketball FIBA Americas Championship 1992 Portland Men 's basketball Pan American Games 1983 Caracas Men 's basketball Michael Jeffrey Jordan ( born February 17 , 1963 ) , also known by his initials , MJ , is an American former professional basketball player . He played 15 seasons in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) for the Chicago Bulls and Washington Wizards . His biography on the official NBA website states : `` By acclamation , Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time . '' Jordan was one of the most effectively marketed athletes of his generation and was considered instrumental in popularizing the NBA around the world in the 1980s and 1990s . He is currently the principal owner and chairman of the NBA 's Charlotte Hornets . Jordan played three seasons for coach Dean Smith at the University of North Carolina . As a freshman , he was a member of the Tar Heels ' national championship team in 1982 . Jordan joined the Bulls in 1984 as the third overall draft pick . He quickly emerged as a league star and entertained crowds with his prolific scoring . His leaping ability , demonstrated by performing slam dunks from the free throw line in Slam Dunk Contests , earned him the nicknames Air Jordan and His Airness . He also gained a reputation for being one of the best defensive players in basketball . In 1991 , he won his first NBA championship with the Bulls , and followed that achievement with titles in 1992 and 1993 , securing a `` three - peat '' . Although Jordan abruptly retired from basketball before the beginning of the 1993 -- 94 NBA season and started a new career playing minor league baseball , he returned to the Bulls in March 1995 and led them to three additional championships in 1996 , 1997 , and 1998 , as well as a then - record 72 regular - season wins in the 1995 -- 96 NBA season . Jordan retired for a second time in January 1999 , but returned for two more NBA seasons from 2001 to 2003 as a member of the Wizards . Jordan 's individual accolades and accomplishments include six NBA Finals Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Awards , ten scoring titles ( both all - time records ) , five MVP Awards , ten All - NBA First Team designations , nine All - Defensive First Team honors , fourteen NBA All - Star Game selections , three All - Star Game MVP Awards , three steals titles , and the 1988 NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award . He holds the NBA records for highest career regular season scoring average ( 30.12 points per game ) and highest career playoff scoring average ( 33.45 points per game ) . In 1999 , he was named the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century by ESPN , and was second to Babe Ruth on the Associated Press ' list of athletes of the century . Jordan is a two - time inductee into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , having been enshrined in 2009 for his individual career , and again in 2010 as part of the group induction of the 1992 United States men 's Olympic basketball team ( `` The Dream Team '' ) . He became a member of the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2015 . Jordan is also known for his product endorsements . He fueled the success of Nike 's Air Jordan sneakers , which were introduced in 1984 and remain popular today . Jordan also starred as himself in the 1996 film Space Jam . In 2006 , he became part - owner and head of basketball operations for the Charlotte Bobcats ; he bought a controlling interest in 2010 . In 2014 , Jordan became the first billionaire player in NBA history . He is the third - richest African - American , behind Robert F. Smith and Oprah Winfrey . Contents 1 Early years 2 High school career 3 College career 4 Professional career 4.1 Early NBA years ( 1984 -- 1987 ) 4.2 Pistons roadblock ( 1987 -- 1990 ) 4.3 First three - peat ( 1991 -- 1993 ) 4.3. 1 Gambling controversy 4.4 First retirement and stint in minor league baseball ( 1993 -- 1994 ) 4.5 `` I 'm back '' : Return to the NBA ( 1995 ) 4.6 Second three - peat ( 1995 -- 1998 ) 4.7 Second retirement ( 1999 -- 2001 ) 4.8 Washington Wizards comeback ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 5 Olympic career 6 Post-retirement 6.1 Charlotte Bobcats / Hornets 7 Player profile 8 NBA career statistics 8.1 Regular season 8.2 Playoffs 9 Legacy 10 Personal life 11 Media figure and business interests 11.1 Endorsements 11.2 Business ventures 12 Awards and honors 12.1 College awards and honors 12.2 NBA awards and honors 12.3 Other awards and honors 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Bibliography 17 Further reading 18 External links Early years Jordan was born in Brooklyn , New York , to Deloris ( née Peoples ) , who worked in banking , and James R. Jordan Sr. , an equipment supervisor . His family moved to Wilmington , North Carolina , when he was a toddler . Jordan is the fourth of five children . He has two older brothers , Larry Jordan and James R. Jordan , Jr. , one older sister , Deloris , and one younger sister , Roslyn . Jordan 's brother James retired in 2006 as the Command Sergeant Major of the 35th Signal Brigade of the XVIII Airborne Corps in the U.S. Army . High School career Jordan going in for a slam - dunk for the Laney High School varsity basketball team , 1979 -- 80 . Jordan attended Emsley A. Laney High School in Wilmington , where he highlighted his athletic career by playing basketball , baseball , and football . He tried out for the varsity basketball team during his sophomore year , but at 5'11 '' ( 1.80 m ) , he was deemed too short to play at that level . His taller friend , Harvest Leroy Smith , was the only sophomore to make the team . Motivated to prove his worth , Jordan became the star of Laney 's junior varsity team , and tallied several 40 - point games . The following summer , he grew four inches ( 10 cm ) and trained rigorously . Upon earning a spot on the varsity roster , Jordan averaged about 20 points per game over his final two seasons of high school play . As a senior , he was selected to the McDonald 's All - American Team after averaging a triple - double : 29.2 points , 11.6 rebounds , and 10.1 assists . Jordan was recruited by numerous college basketball programs , including Duke , North Carolina , South Carolina , Syracuse , and Virginia . In 1981 , Jordan accepted a basketball scholarship to North Carolina , where he majored in cultural geography . College career Jordan 's number 23 jersey among others in the rafters of the Dean Smith Center As a freshman in coach Dean Smith 's team - oriented system , he was named ACC Freshman of the Year after he averaged 13.4 points per game ( ppg ) on 53.4 % shooting ( field goal percentage ) . He made the game - winning jump shot in the 1982 NCAA Championship game against Georgetown , which was led by future NBA rival Patrick Ewing . Jordan later described this shot as the major turning point in his basketball career . During his three seasons at North Carolina , he averaged 17.7 ppg on 54.0 % shooting , and added 5.0 rebounds per game ( rpg ) . He was selected by consensus to the NCAA All - American First Team in both his sophomore ( 1983 ) and junior ( 1984 ) seasons . After winning the Naismith and the Wooden College Player of the Year awards in 1984 , Jordan left North Carolina one year before his scheduled graduation to enter the 1984 NBA draft . The Chicago Bulls selected Jordan with the third overall pick , after Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets ) and Sam Bowie ( Portland Trail Blazers ) . One of the primary reasons why Jordan was not drafted sooner was because the first two teams were in need of a center . However , Trail Blazers general manager Stu Inman contended that it was not a matter of drafting a center , but more a matter of taking Sam Bowie over Jordan , in part because Portland already had Clyde Drexler , who was a guard with similar skills to Jordan . ESPN , citing Bowie 's injury - laden college career , named the Blazers ' choice of Bowie as the worst draft pick in North American professional sports history . Jordan returned to North Carolina to complete his degree in 1986 . He graduated the same year with a Bachelor of Arts degree in geography . Professional career Early NBA years ( 1984 -- 1987 ) During his rookie season with the Bulls , Jordan averaged 28.2 ppg on 51.5 % shooting . He quickly became a fan favorite even in opposing arenas , and appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated with the heading `` A Star Is Born '' just over a month into his professional career . The fans also voted in Jordan as an All - Star starter during his rookie season . Controversy arose before the All - Star game when word surfaced that several veteran players -- led by Isiah Thomas -- were upset by the amount of attention Jordan was receiving . This led to a so - called `` freeze - out '' on Jordan , where players refused to pass the ball to him throughout the game . The controversy left Jordan relatively unaffected when he returned to regular season play , and he would go on to be voted Rookie of the Year . The Bulls finished the season 38 -- 44 and lost to the Milwaukee Bucks in four games in the first round of the playoffs . Jordan 's second season was cut short when he broke his foot in the third game of the year , causing him to miss 64 games . Despite Jordan 's injury and a 30 -- 52 record ( at the time it was fifth worst record of any team to qualify for the playoffs in NBA history ) , the Bulls made the playoffs . Jordan recovered in time to participate in the playoffs and performed well upon his return . Against a 1985 -- 86 Boston Celtics team that is often considered one of the greatest in NBA history , Jordan set the still - unbroken record for points in a playoff game with 63 in Game 2 . The Celtics , however , managed to sweep the series . Jordan had completely recovered in time for the 1986 -- 87 season , and he had one of the most prolific scoring seasons in NBA history . He became the only player other than Wilt Chamberlain to score 3,000 points in a season , averaging a league high 37.1 points on 48.2 % shooting . In addition , Jordan demonstrated his defensive prowess , as he became the first player in NBA history to record 200 steals and 100 blocked shots in a season . Despite Jordan 's success , Magic Johnson won the league 's Most Valuable Player Award . The Bulls reached 40 wins , and advanced to the playoffs for the third consecutive year . However , they were again swept by the Celtics . Pistons roadblock ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Jordan ( center ) in 1987 Jordan again led the league in scoring during the 1987 -- 88 season , averaging 35.0 ppg on 53.5 % shooting and won his first league MVP Award . He was also named the Defensive Player of the Year , as he had averaged 1.6 blocks and a league high 3.16 steals per game . The Bulls finished 50 -- 32 , and made it out of the first round of the playoffs for the first time in Jordan 's career , as they defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in five games . However , the Bulls then lost in five games to the more experienced Detroit Pistons , who were led by Isiah Thomas and a group of physical players known as the `` Bad Boys '' . In the 1988 -- 89 season , Jordan again led the league in scoring , averaging 32.5 ppg on 53.8 % shooting from the field , along with 8 rpg and 8 assists per game ( apg ) . The Bulls finished with a 47 -- 35 record , and advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals , defeating the Cavaliers and New York Knicks along the way . The Cavaliers series included a career highlight for Jordan when he hit The Shot over Craig Ehlo at the buzzer in the fifth and final game of the series . However , the Pistons again defeated the Bulls , this time in six games , by utilizing their `` Jordan Rules '' method of guarding Jordan , which consisted of double and triple teaming him every time he touched the ball . The Bulls entered the 1989 -- 90 season as a team on the rise , with their core group of Jordan and young improving players like Scottie Pippen and Horace Grant , and under the guidance of new coach Phil Jackson . Jordan averaged a league leading 33.6 ppg on 52.6 % shooting , to go with 6.9 rpg and 6.3 apg in leading the Bulls to a 55 -- 27 record . They again advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals after beating the Bucks and Philadelphia 76ers . However , despite pushing the series to seven games , the Bulls lost to the Pistons for the third consecutive season . First three - peat ( 1991 -- 1993 ) In the 1990 -- 91 season , Jordan won his second MVP award after averaging 31.5 ppg on 53.9 % shooting , 6.0 rpg , and 5.5 apg for the regular season . The Bulls finished in first place in their division for the first time in 16 years and set a franchise record with 61 wins in the regular season . With Scottie Pippen developing into an All - Star , the Bulls had elevated their play . The Bulls defeated the New York Knicks and the Philadelphia 76ers in the opening two rounds of the playoffs . They advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals where their rival , the Detroit Pistons , awaited them . However , this time the Bulls beat the Pistons in a four - game sweep . The Bulls advanced to the NBA Finals for the first time in franchise history to face the Los Angeles Lakers , who had Magic Johnson and James Worthy , two formidable opponents . The Bulls won the series four games to one , and compiled a 15 -- 2 playoff record along the way . Perhaps the best known moment of the series came in Game 2 when , attempting a dunk , Jordan avoided a potential Sam Perkins block by switching the ball from his right hand to his left in mid-air to lay the shot into the basket . In his first Finals appearance , Jordan posted per game averages of 31.2 points on 56 % shooting from the field , 11.4 assists , 6.6 rebounds , 2.8 steals , and 1.4 blocks . Jordan won his first NBA Finals MVP award , and he cried while holding the NBA Finals trophy . Jordan and the Bulls continued their dominance in the 1991 -- 92 season , establishing a 67 -- 15 record , topping their franchise record from 1990 -- 91 . Jordan won his second consecutive MVP award with averages of 30.1 points , 6.4 rebounds and 6.1 assists per game on 52 % shooting . After winning a physical 7 - game series over the New York Knicks in the second round of the playoffs and finishing off the Cleveland Cavaliers in the Conference Finals in 6 games , the Bulls met Clyde Drexler and the Portland Trail Blazers in the Finals . The media , hoping to recreate a Magic -- Bird rivalry , highlighted the similarities between `` Air '' Jordan and Clyde `` The Glide '' during the pre-Finals hype . In the first game , Jordan scored a Finals - record 35 points in the first half , including a record - setting six three - point field goals . After the sixth three - pointer , he jogged down the court shrugging as he looked courtside . Marv Albert , who broadcast the game , later stated that it was as if Jordan was saying , `` I ca n't believe I 'm doing this . '' The Bulls went on to win Game 1 , and defeat the Blazers in six games . Jordan was named Finals MVP for the second year in a row and finished the series averaging 35.8 ppg , 4.8 rpg , and 6.5 apg , while shooting 53 % from the floor . In the 1992 -- 93 season , despite a 32.6 ppg , 6.7 rpg , and 5.5 apg campaign and finishing second in Defensive Player of the Year voting , Jordan 's streak of consecutive MVP seasons ended as he lost the award to his friend Charles Barkley . Coincidentally , Jordan and the Bulls met Barkley and his Phoenix Suns in the 1993 NBA Finals . The Bulls won their third NBA championship on a game - winning shot by John Paxson and a last - second block by Horace Grant , but Jordan was once again Chicago 's leader . He averaged a Finals - record 41.0 ppg during the six - game series , and became the first player in NBA history to win three straight Finals MVP awards . He scored more than 30 points in every game of the series , including 40 or more points in 4 consecutive games . With his third Finals triumph , Jordan capped off a seven - year run where he attained seven scoring titles and three championships , but there were signs that Jordan was tiring of his massive celebrity and all of the non-basketball hassles in his life . Gambling controversy During the Bulls ' playoff run in 1993 , controversy arose when Jordan was seen gambling in Atlantic City , New Jersey , the night before a game against the New York Knicks . In that same year , he admitted that he had to cover $57,000 in gambling losses , and author Richard Esquinas wrote a book claiming he had won $1.25 million from Jordan on the golf course . In 2005 , Jordan talked to Ed Bradley of the CBS evening show 60 Minutes about his gambling and admitted that he made some reckless decisions . Jordan stated , `` Yeah , I 've gotten myself into situations where I would not walk away and I 've pushed the envelope . Is that compulsive ? Yeah , it depends on how you look at it . If you 're willing to jeopardize your livelihood and your family , then yeah . '' When Bradley asked him if his gambling ever got to the level where it jeopardized his livelihood or family , Jordan replied , `` No . '' First retirement and stint in minor league baseball ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Michael Jordan Birmingham Barons -- No. 45 & No. 35 Outfielder Batted : Right Threw : Right Professional debut Southern League : April 8 , 1994 , for the Birmingham Barons Arizona Fall League : 1994 , for the Scottsdale Scorpions Last Southern League appearance March 10 , 1995 , for the Birmingham Barons Southern League statistics ( through 1994 ) Batting average . 202 Home runs Runs batted in 51 Arizona Fall League statistics Batting average . 252 Teams Birmingham Barons ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Scottsdale Scorpions ( 1994 ) Jordan in training with the Scottsdale Scorpions On October 6 , 1993 , Jordan announced his retirement , citing a loss of desire to play the game . Jordan later stated that the death of his father three months earlier also shaped his decision . Jordan 's father was murdered on July 23 , 1993 , at a highway rest area in Lumberton , North Carolina , by two teenagers , Daniel Green and Larry Martin Demery , who carjacked his luxury Lexus bearing the license plate `` UNC 0023 '' . His body was dumped in a South Carolina swamp and was not discovered until August 3 . The assailants were traced from calls that they made on James Jordan 's cell phone . The two criminals were caught , convicted at trial , and sentenced to life in prison . Jordan was close to his father ; as a child he had imitated his father 's proclivity to stick out his tongue while absorbed in work . He later adopted it as his own signature , displaying it each time he drove to the basket . In 1996 , he founded a Chicago area Boys & Girls Club and dedicated it to his father . In his 1998 autobiography For the Love of the Game , Jordan wrote that he had been preparing for retirement as early as the summer of 1992 . The added exhaustion due to the Dream Team run in the 1992 Olympics solidified Jordan 's feelings about the game and his ever - growing celebrity status . Jordan 's announcement sent shock waves throughout the NBA and appeared on the front pages of newspapers around the world . Jordan then further surprised the sports world by signing a minor league baseball contract with the Chicago White Sox on February 7 , 1994 . He reported to spring training in Sarasota , Florida , and was assigned to the team 's minor league system on March 31 , 1994 . Jordan has stated this decision was made to pursue the dream of his late father , who had always envisioned his son as a Major League Baseball player . The White Sox were another team owned by Bulls owner Jerry Reinsdorf , who continued to honor Jordan 's basketball contract during the years he played baseball . In 1994 , Jordan played for the Birmingham Barons , a Double - A minor league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox , batting . 202 with three home runs , 51 runs batted in , 30 stolen bases , 114 strikeouts , 51 base on balls , and 11 errors . He also appeared for the Scottsdale Scorpions in the 1994 Arizona Fall League , batting . 252 against the top prospects in baseball . On November 1 , 1994 , his number 23 was retired by the Bulls in a ceremony that included the erection of a permanent sculpture known as The Spirit outside the new United Center . `` I 'm back '' : return to the NBA ( 1995 ) In the 1993 -- 94 season , the Bulls achieved a 55 -- 27 record without Jordan in the lineup , and lost to the New York Knicks in the second round of the playoffs . The 1994 -- 95 Bulls were a shell of the championship team of just two years earlier . Struggling at mid-season to ensure a spot in the playoffs , Chicago was 31 -- 31 at one point in mid-March . The team received help , however , when Jordan decided to return to the Bulls . In March 1995 , Jordan decided to quit baseball due to the ongoing Major League Baseball strike , as he wanted to avoid becoming a potential replacement player . On March 18 , 1995 , Jordan announced his return to the NBA through a two - word press release : `` I 'm back . '' The next day , Jordan took to the court with the Bulls to face the Indiana Pacers in Indianapolis , scoring 19 points . The game had the highest Nielsen rating of a regular season NBA game since 1975 . Although he could have opted to wear his normal number in spite of the Bulls having retired it , Jordan instead wore number 45 , as he had while playing baseball . Although he had not played an NBA game in a year and a half , Jordan played well upon his return , making a game - winning jump shot against Atlanta in his fourth game back . He then scored 55 points in the next game against the Knicks at Madison Square Garden on March 28 , 1995 . Boosted by Jordan 's comeback , the Bulls went 13 -- 4 to make the playoffs and advanced to the Eastern Conference Semifinals against the Orlando Magic . At the end of Game 1 , Orlando 's Nick Anderson stripped Jordan from behind , leading to the game - winning basket for the Magic ; he would later comment that Jordan `` did n't look like the old Michael Jordan '' and that `` No. 45 does n't explode like No. 23 used to . '' Jordan responded by scoring 38 points in the next game , which Chicago won . Before the game , Jordan decided that he would immediately resume wearing his former number , 23 . The Bulls were fined $25,000 for failing to report the impromptu number change to the NBA . Jordan was fined an additional $5,000 for opting to wear white sneakers when the rest of the Bulls wore black . He averaged 31 points per game in the series , but Orlando won the series in 6 games . Second three - peat ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Jordan was freshly motivated by the playoff defeat , and he trained aggressively for the 1995 -- 96 season . The Bulls were strengthened by the addition of rebound specialist Dennis Rodman , and the team dominated the league , starting the season at 41 -- 3 . The Bulls eventually finished with the then - best regular season record in NBA history , 72 -- 10 ; this record was later surpassed by the 2015 -- 16 Golden State Warriors . Jordan led the league in scoring with 30.4 ppg and won the league 's regular season and All - Star Game MVP awards . In the playoffs , the Bulls lost only three games in four series ( Miami Heat 3 -- 0 , New York Knicks 4 -- 1 , Orlando Magic 4 -- 0 ) . They defeated the Seattle SuperSonics 4 -- 2 in the NBA Finals to win their fourth championship . Jordan was named Finals MVP for a record fourth time , surpassing Magic Johnson 's three Finals MVP awards . He also achieved only the second sweep of the MVP Awards in the All - Star Game , regular season and NBA Finals , Willis Reed having achieved the first , during the 1969 -- 70 season . Because this was Jordan 's first championship since his father 's murder , and it was won on Father 's Day , Jordan reacted very emotionally upon winning the title , including a memorable scene of him crying on the locker room floor with the game ball . In the 1996 -- 97 season , the Bulls started out 69 -- 11 , but missed out on a second consecutive 70 - win season by losing their final two games to finish 69 -- 13 . However , this year Jordan was beaten for the NBA MVP Award by Karl Malone . The Bulls again advanced to the Finals , where they faced Malone and the Utah Jazz . The series against the Jazz featured two of the more memorable clutch moments of Jordan 's career . He won Game 1 for the Bulls with a buzzer - beating jump shot . In Game 5 , with the series tied at 2 , Jordan played despite being feverish and dehydrated from a stomach virus . In what is known as the `` Flu Game '' , Jordan scored 38 points , including the game - deciding 3 - pointer with 25 seconds remaining . The Bulls won 90 -- 88 and went on to win the series in six games . For the fifth time in as many Finals appearances , Jordan received the Finals MVP award . During the 1997 NBA All - Star Game , Jordan posted the first triple double in All - Star Game history in a victorious effort ; however , he did not receive the MVP award . Jordan with coach Phil Jackson , 1997 Jordan and the Bulls compiled a 62 -- 20 record in the 1997 -- 98 season . Jordan led the league with 28.7 points per game , securing his fifth regular - season MVP award , plus honors for All - NBA First Team , First Defensive Team and the All - Star Game MVP . The Bulls won the Eastern Conference Championship for a third straight season , including surviving a seven - game series with the Indiana Pacers in the Eastern Conference Finals ; it was the first time Jordan had played in a Game 7 since the 1992 Eastern Conference Semifinals with the Knicks . After winning , they moved on for a rematch with the Jazz in the Finals . The Bulls returned to the Delta Center for Game 6 on June 14 , 1998 , leading the series 3 -- 2 . Jordan executed a series of plays , considered to be one of the greatest clutch performances in NBA Finals history . With the Bulls trailing 86 -- 83 with 41.9 seconds remaining in the fourth quarter , Phil Jackson called a timeout . When play resumed , Jordan received the inbound pass , drove to the basket , and hit a shot over several Jazz defenders , cutting the Utah lead to 86 -- 85 . The Jazz brought the ball upcourt and passed the ball to forward Karl Malone , who was set up in the low post and was being guarded by Rodman . Malone jostled with Rodman and caught the pass , but Jordan cut behind him and took the ball out of his hands for a steal . Jordan then dribbled down the court and paused , eyeing his defender , Jazz guard Bryon Russell . With 10 seconds remaining , Jordan started to dribble right , then crossed over to his left , possibly pushing off Russell , although the officials did not call a foul . With 5.2 seconds left , Jordan gave Chicago an 87 -- 86 lead with a game - winning jumper , the climactic shot of his Bulls career . Afterwards , John Stockton missed a game - winning three - pointer . Jordan and the Bulls won their sixth NBA championship and second three - peat . Once again , Jordan was voted the Finals MVP , having led all scorers averaging 33.5 points per game , including 45 in the deciding Game 6 . Jordan 's six Finals MVPs is a record ; Shaquille O'Neal , Magic Johnson , LeBron James and Tim Duncan are tied for second place with three apiece . The 1998 Finals holds the highest television rating of any Finals series in history . Game 6 also holds the highest television rating of any game in NBA history . Second retirement ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Plaque at the United Center that chronicles Jordan 's career achievements . With Phil Jackson 's contract expiring , the pending departures of Scottie Pippen and Dennis Rodman looming , and being in the latter stages of an owner - induced lockout of NBA players , Jordan retired for the second time on January 13 , 1999 . On January 19 , 2000 , Jordan returned to the NBA not as a player , but as part owner and president of basketball operations for the Washington Wizards . Jordan 's responsibilities with the Wizards were comprehensive . He controlled all aspects of the Wizards ' basketball operations , and had the final say in all personnel matters . Opinions of Jordan as a basketball executive were mixed . He managed to purge the team of several highly paid , unpopular players ( such as forward Juwan Howard and point guard Rod Strickland ) , but used the first pick in the 2001 NBA draft to select high schooler Kwame Brown , who did not live up to expectations and was traded away after four seasons . Despite his January 1999 claim that he was `` 99.9 % certain '' that he would never play another NBA game , in the summer of 2001 Jordan expressed interest in making another comeback , this time with his new team . Inspired by the NHL comeback of his friend Mario Lemieux the previous winter , Jordan spent much of the spring and summer of 2001 in training , holding several invitation - only camps for NBA players in Chicago . In addition , Jordan hired his old Chicago Bulls head coach , Doug Collins , as Washington 's coach for the upcoming season , a decision that many saw as foreshadowing another Jordan return . Washington Wizards comeback ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Jordan as a member of the Washington Wizards , April 14 , 2003 On September 25 , 2001 , Jordan announced his return to the NBA to play for the Washington Wizards , indicating his intention to donate his salary as a player to a relief effort for the victims of the September 11 , 2001 attacks . In an injury - plagued 2001 -- 02 season , he led the team in scoring ( 22.9 ppg ) , assists ( 5.2 apg ) , and steals ( 1.42 spg ) . However , torn cartilage in his right knee ended Jordan 's season after only 60 games , the fewest he had played in a regular season since playing 17 games after returning from his first retirement during the 1994 -- 95 season . Jordan started 53 of his 60 games for the season , averaging 24.3 points , 5.4 assists , and 6.0 rebounds , and shooting 41.9 % from the field in his 53 starts . His last seven appearances were in a reserve role , in which he averaged just over 20 minutes per game . Playing in his 14th and final NBA All - Star Game in 2003 , Jordan passed Kareem Abdul - Jabbar as the all - time leading scorer in All - Star Game history ( a record since broken by Kobe Bryant ) . That year , Jordan was the only Washington player to play in all 82 games , starting in 67 of them . He averaged 20.0 points , 6.1 rebounds , 3.8 assists , and 1.5 steals per game . He also shot 45 % from the field , and 82 % from the free throw line . Even though he turned 40 during the season , he scored 20 or more points 42 times , 30 or more points nine times , and 40 or more points three times . On February 21 , 2003 , Jordan became the first 40 - year - old to tally 43 points in an NBA game . During his stint with the Wizards , all of Jordan 's home games at the MCI Center were sold out , and the Wizards were the second most - watched team in the NBA , averaging 20,172 fans a game at home and 19,311 on the road . However , neither of Jordan 's final two seasons resulted in a playoff appearance for the Wizards , and Jordan was often unsatisfied with the play of those around him . At several points he openly criticized his teammates to the media , citing their lack of focus and intensity , notably that of the number one draft pick in the 2001 NBA draft , Kwame Brown . With the recognition that 2002 -- 03 would be Jordan 's final season , tributes were paid to him throughout the NBA . In his final game at the United Center in Chicago , which was his old home court , Jordan received a four - minute standing ovation . The Miami Heat retired the number 23 jersey on April 11 , 2003 , even though Jordan never played for the team . At the 2003 All - Star Game , Jordan was offered a starting spot from Tracy McGrady and Allen Iverson , but refused both . In the end , he accepted the spot of Vince Carter , who decided to give it up under great public pressure . Jordan played in his final NBA game on April 16 , 2003 , in Philadelphia . After scoring only 13 points in the game , Jordan went to the bench with 4 minutes and 13 seconds remaining in the third quarter and his team trailing the Philadelphia 76ers , 75 -- 56 . Just after the start of the fourth quarter , the First Union Center crowd began chanting `` We want Mike ! '' After much encouragement from coach Doug Collins , Jordan finally rose from the bench and re-entered the game , replacing Larry Hughes with 2 : 35 remaining . At 1 : 45 , Jordan was intentionally fouled by the 76ers ' Eric Snow , and stepped to the line to make both free throws . After the second foul shot , the 76ers in - bounded the ball to rookie John Salmons , who in turn was intentionally fouled by Bobby Simmons one second later , stopping time so that Jordan could return to the bench . Jordan received a three - minute standing ovation from his teammates , his opponents , the officials , and the crowd of 21,257 fans . Olympic career Jordan on the `` Dream Team '' in 1992 Jordan played on two Olympic gold medal - winning American basketball teams . He won a gold medal as a college player in the 1984 Summer Olympics . The team was coached by Bob Knight and featured players such as Patrick Ewing , Sam Perkins , Chris Mullin , Steve Alford , and Wayman Tisdale . Jordan led the team in scoring , averaging 17.1 ppg for the tournament . In the 1992 Summer Olympics , he was a member of the star - studded squad that included Magic Johnson , Larry Bird , and David Robinson and was dubbed the `` Dream Team '' . Jordan was the only player to start all 8 games in the Olympics . Playing limited minutes due to the frequent blowouts , Jordan averaged 14.9 ppg , finishing second on the team in scoring . Jordan and fellow Dream Team members Patrick Ewing and Chris Mullin are the only American men 's basketball players to win Olympic gold medals as amateurs and professionals . Post-retirement Jordan on a golf course in 2007 After his third retirement , Jordan assumed that he would be able to return to his front office position as Director of Basketball Operations with the Wizards . However , his previous tenure in the Wizards ' front office had produced the aforementioned mixed results and may have also influenced the trade of Richard `` Rip '' Hamilton for Jerry Stackhouse ( although Jordan was not technically Director of Basketball Operations in 2002 ) . On May 7 , 2003 , Wizards owner Abe Pollin fired Jordan as the team 's president of basketball operations . Jordan later stated that he felt betrayed , and that if he had known he would be fired upon retiring he never would have come back to play for the Wizards . Jordan kept busy over the next few years . He stayed in shape , played golf in celebrity charity tournaments , and spent time with his family in Chicago . He also promoted his Jordan Brand clothing line and rode motorcycles . Since 2004 , Jordan has owned Michael Jordan Motorsports , a professional closed - course motorcycle road racing team that competed with two Suzukis in the premier Superbike championship sanctioned by the American Motorcyclist Association ( AMA ) until the end of the 2013 season . In 2006 , Jordan and his wife Juanita pledged $5 million to Chicago 's Hales Franciscan High School . The Jordan Brand has made donations to Habitat for Humanity and a Louisiana branch of the Boys & Girls Clubs of America . Charlotte Bobcats / Hornets On June 15 , 2006 , Jordan bought a minority stake in the Charlotte Bobcats , becoming the team 's second - largest shareholder behind majority owner Robert L. Johnson . As part of the deal , Jordan took full control over the basketball side of the operation , with the title `` Managing Member of Basketball Operations . '' Despite Jordan 's previous success as an endorser , he has made an effort not to be included in Charlotte 's marketing campaigns . A decade earlier , Jordan had made a bid to become part - owner of Charlotte 's original NBA team , the Charlotte Hornets , but talks collapsed when owner George Shinn refused to give Jordan complete control of basketball operations . In February 2010 , it was reported that Jordan was seeking majority ownership of the Bobcats . As February wore on , it became apparent that Jordan and former Houston Rockets president George Postolos were the leading contenders for ownership of the team . On February 27 , the Bobcats announced that Johnson had reached an agreement with Jordan and his group , MJ Basketball Holdings , to buy the team pending NBA approval . On March 17 , the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved Jordan 's purchase , making him the first former player to become the majority owner of an NBA team . It also made him the league 's only African - American majority owner of an NBA team . During the 2011 NBA lockout , The New York Times wrote that Jordan led a group of 10 to 14 hardline owners who wanted to cap the players ' share of basketball - related income at 50 percent and as low as 47 . Journalists observed that , during the labor dispute in 1998 , Jordan had told Washington Wizards then - owner Abe Pollin , `` If you ca n't make a profit , you should sell your team . '' Jason Whitlock of FoxSports.com called Jordan a `` sellout '' wanting `` current players to pay for his incompetence . '' He cited Jordan 's executive decisions to draft disappointing players Kwame Brown and Adam Morrison . During the 2011 -- 12 NBA season that was shortened to 66 games by the lockout , the Bobcats posted a 7 -- 59 record . Their . 106 winning percentage was the worst in NBA history . `` I 'm not real happy about the record book scenario last year . It 's very , very frustrating '' , Jordan said later that year . Player profile Jordan goes to the basket for a score in 1987 . Jordan was a shooting guard who was also capable of playing as a small forward ( the position he would primarily play during his second return to professional basketball with the Washington Wizards ) , and as a point guard . Jordan was known throughout his career for being a strong clutch performer . With the Bulls , he decided 25 games with field goals or free throws in the last 30 seconds , including two NBA Finals games and five other playoff contests . His competitiveness was visible in his prolific trash - talk and well - known work ethic . As the Bulls organization built the franchise around Jordan , management had to trade away players who were not `` tough enough '' to compete with him in practice . To help improve his defense , he spent extra hours studying film of opponents . On offense , he relied more upon instinct and improvisation at game time . Noted as a durable player , Jordan did not miss four or more games while active for a full season from 1986 -- 87 to 2001 -- 02 , when he injured his right knee . He played all 82 games nine times . Jordan has frequently cited David Thompson , Walter Davis , and Jerry West as influences . Confirmed at the start of his career , and possibly later on , Jordan had a special `` Love of the Game Clause '' written into his contract ( unusual at the time ) which allowed him to play basketball against anyone at any time , anywhere . Jordan had a versatile offensive game . He was capable of aggressively driving to the basket , as well as drawing fouls from his opponents at a high rate ; his 8,772 free throw attempts are the ninth - highest total of all time . As his career progressed , Jordan also developed the ability to post up his opponents and score with his trademark fadeaway jump shot , using his leaping ability to `` fade away '' from block attempts . According to Hubie Brown , this move alone made him nearly unstoppable . Despite media criticism as a `` selfish '' player early in his career , Jordan 's 5.3 assists per game also indicate his willingness to defer to his teammates . After shooting under 30 % from three - point range in his first five seasons in the NBA , including a career - low 13 % in the 1987 -- 88 season , Jordan improved to a career - high 50 % in the 1994 -- 95 season . The three - point shot became more of a focus of his game from 1994 -- 95 to 1996 -- 97 , when the NBA shortened its three - point line to 22 ft ( 6.7 m ) ( from 23 ft 9 in ( 7.24 m ) ) . His three - point field - goal percentages ranged from 35 % to 43 % in seasons in which he attempted at least 230 three - pointers between 1989 -- 90 and 1996 -- 97 . For a guard , Jordan was also a good rebounder ( 6.2 per game ) . In 1988 , Jordan was honored with the NBA 's Defensive Player of the Year Award and became the first NBA player to win both the Defensive Player of the Year and MVP awards in a career ( since equaled by Hakeem Olajuwon , David Robinson , and Kevin Garnett ; Olajuwon is the only player other than Jordan to win both during the same season ) . In addition , he set both seasonal and career records for blocked shots by a guard , and combined this with his ball - thieving ability to become a standout defensive player . He ranks third in NBA history in total steals with 2,514 , trailing John Stockton and Jason Kidd . Jerry West often stated that he was more impressed with Jordan 's defensive contributions than his offensive ones . He was also known to have strong eyesight ; broadcaster Al Michaels said that he was able to read baseball box scores on a 27 - inch ( 69 cm ) television clearly from about 50 feet ( 15 m ) away . NBA career statistics For a comprehensive listing of Jordan 's statistics , see List of career achievements by Michael Jordan . Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which Jordan won an NBA championship * Led the league NBA record Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1984 -- 85 Chicago 82 82 38.3 . 515 . 173 . 845 6.5 5.9 2.4 . 8 28.2 1985 -- 86 Chicago 18 7 25.1 . 457 . 167 . 840 3.6 2.9 2.1 22.7 1986 -- 87 Chicago 82 82 40.0 . 482 . 182 . 857 5.2 4.6 2.9 1.5 37.1 * 1987 -- 88 Chicago 82 82 40.4 * . 535 . 132 . 841 5.5 5.9 3.2 * 1.6 35.0 * 1988 -- 89 Chicago 81 81 40.2 * . 538 . 276 . 850 8.0 8.0 2.9 . 8 32.5 * 1989 -- 90 Chicago 82 82 39.0 . 526 . 376 . 848 6.9 6.3 2.8 * . 7 33.6 * 1990 -- 91 † Chicago 82 82 37.0 . 539 . 312 . 851 6.0 5.5 2.7 1.0 31.5 * 1991 -- 92 † Chicago 80 80 38.8 . 519 . 270 . 832 6.4 6.1 2.3 . 9 30.1 * 1992 -- 93 † Chicago 78 78 39.3 . 495 . 352 . 837 6.7 5.5 2.8 * . 8 32.6 * 1994 -- 95 Chicago 17 17 39.3 . 411 . 500 . 801 6.9 5.3 1.8 . 8 26.9 1995 -- 96 † Chicago 82 82 37.7 . 495 . 427 . 834 6.6 4.3 . 5 30.4 * 1996 -- 97 † Chicago 82 82 37.9 . 486 . 374 . 833 5.9 4.3 1.7 . 5 29.6 * 1997 -- 98 † Chicago 82 82 38.8 . 465 . 238 . 784 5.8 3.5 1.7 . 5 28.7 * 2001 -- 02 Washington 60 53 34.9 . 416 . 189 . 790 5.7 5.2 1.4 . 4 22.9 2002 -- 03 Washington 82 67 37.0 . 445 . 291 . 821 6.1 3.8 1.5 . 5 20.0 Career 1,072 1,039 38.3 . 497 . 327 . 835 6.2 5.3 2.3 . 8 30.1 All - Star 13 13 29.4 . 472 . 273 . 750 4.7 4.2 2.8 . 5 20.2 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1985 Chicago 42.8 . 436 . 125 . 828 5.8 8.5 2.8 1.0 29.3 1986 Chicago 45.0 . 505 1.000 . 872 6.3 5.7 2.3 1.3 43.7 Chicago 42.7 . 417 . 400 . 897 7.0 6.0 2.0 2.3 35.7 1988 Chicago 10 10 42.7 . 531 . 333 . 869 7.1 4.7 2.4 36.3 Chicago 17 17 42.2 . 510 . 286 . 799 7.0 7.6 2.5 . 8 34.8 1990 Chicago 16 16 42.1 . 514 . 320 . 836 7.2 6.8 2.8 . 9 36.7 1991 † Chicago 17 17 40.5 . 524 . 385 . 845 6.4 8.4 2.4 1.4 31.1 1992 † Chicago 22 22 41.8 . 499 . 386 . 857 6.2 5.8 2.0 . 7 34.5 1993 † Chicago 19 19 41.2 . 475 . 389 . 805 6.7 6.0 2.1 . 9 35.1 1995 Chicago 10 10 42.0 . 484 . 367 . 810 6.5 4.5 2.3 1.4 31.5 1996 † Chicago 18 18 40.7 . 459 . 403 . 818 4.9 4.1 1.8 . 3 30.7 1997 † Chicago 19 19 42.3 . 456 . 194 . 831 7.9 4.8 1.6 . 9 31.1 1998 † Chicago 21 21 41.5 . 462 . 302 . 812 5.1 3.5 1.5 . 6 32.4 Career 179 179 41.8 . 487 . 332 . 828 6.4 5.7 2.1 . 8 33.4 Legacy Jordan in 1997 Jordan 's talent was clear from his first NBA season . Larry Bird said that he had `` never seen anyone like him '' , that he was `` one of a kind '' , and that Jordan was the best player he had ever seen and comparable to Wayne Gretzky as an athlete . In Jordan 's first game in Madison Square Garden against the New York Knicks , he received a prolonged standing ovation , a rarity for an opposing player . After Jordan scored a playoff record 63 points against the Boston Celtics on April 20 , 1986 , Bird described him as `` God disguised as Michael Jordan '' . Jordan led the NBA in scoring in 10 seasons ( NBA record ) and tied Wilt Chamberlain 's record of seven consecutive scoring titles . He was also a fixture on the NBA All - Defensive First Team , making the roster nine times ( NBA record shared with Gary Payton , Kevin Garnett and Kobe Bryant ) . Jordan also holds the top career regular season and playoff scoring averages of 30.1 and 33.4 points per game , respectively . By 1998 , the season of his Finals - winning shot against the Jazz , he was well known throughout the league as a clutch performer . In the regular season , Jordan was the Bulls ' primary threat in the final seconds of a close game and in the playoffs ; he would always ask for the ball at crunch time . Jordan 's total of 5,987 points in the playoffs is the second - highest in NBA history . He retired with 32,292 points in regular season play , placing him fourth on the NBA 's all - time scoring list behind Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Karl Malone , and Kobe Bryant . With five regular - season MVPs ( tied for second place with Bill Russell -- only Kareem Abdul - Jabbar has won more , with six ) , six Finals MVPs ( NBA record ) , and three All - Star Game MVPs , Jordan is the most decorated player in NBA history . Jordan finished among the top three in regular - season MVP voting 10 times , and was named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996 . He is one of only seven players in history to win an NCAA championship , an NBA championship , and an Olympic gold medal ( doing so twice with the 1984 and 1992 U.S. men 's basketball teams ) . Since 1976 , the year of the NBA 's merger with the American Basketball Association , Jordan and Pippen are the only two players to win six NBA Finals playing for one team . In the All - Star Game fan ballot , Jordan received the most votes nine times , more than any other player . `` There 's Michael Jordan and then there is the rest of us . '' -- Magic Johnson Many of Jordan 's contemporaries have said that Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time . In 1999 , an ESPN survey of journalists , athletes and other sports figures ranked Jordan the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century , above such luminaries as Babe Ruth and Muhammad Ali . Jordan placed second to Babe Ruth in the Associated Press ' December 1999 list of 20th century athletes . In addition , the Associated Press voted him the greatest basketball player of the 20th century . Jordan has also appeared on the front cover of Sports Illustrated a record 50 times . In the September 1996 issue of Sport , which was the publication 's 50th - anniversary issue , Jordan was named the greatest athlete of the past 50 years . Jordan 's athletic leaping ability , highlighted in his back - to - back slam dunk contest championships in 1987 and 1988 , is credited by many people with having influenced a generation of young players . Several current NBA players -- including LeBron James and Dwyane Wade -- have stated that they considered Jordan their role model while they were growing up . In addition , commentators have dubbed a number of next - generation players `` the next Michael Jordan '' upon their entry to the NBA , including Penny Hardaway , Grant Hill , Allen Iverson , Kobe Bryant , LeBron James , Vince Carter , and Dwyane Wade . Although Jordan was a well - rounded player , his `` Air Jordan '' image is also often credited with inadvertently decreasing the jump shooting skills , defense , and fundamentals of young players , a fact Jordan himself has lamented . I think it was the exposure of Michael Jordan ; the marketing of Michael Jordan . Everything was marketed towards the things that people wanted to see , which was scoring and dunking . That Michael Jordan still played defense and an all - around game , but it was never really publicized . During his heyday , Jordan did much to increase the status of the game , but the popularity of the NBA in the U.S. appears to have declined since his last title . Television ratings in particular increased only during his time in the league , and Finals ratings have not returned to the level reached during his last championship - winning season . Jordan receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama at the White House . In August 2009 , the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield , Massachusetts , opened a Michael Jordan exhibit that contained items from his college and NBA careers , as well as from the 1992 `` Dream Team '' . The exhibit also has a batting glove to signify Jordan 's short career in minor league baseball . After Jordan received word of his acceptance into the Hall of Fame , he selected Class of 1996 member David Thompson to present him . As Jordan would later explain during his induction speech in September 2009 , when he was growing up in North Carolina , he was not a fan of the Tar Heels and greatly admired Thompson , who played at rival North Carolina State . In September , he was inducted into the Hall with several former Bulls teammates in attendance , including Scottie Pippen , Dennis Rodman , Charles Oakley , Ron Harper , Steve Kerr , and Toni Kukoč . Two of Jordan 's former coaches , Dean Smith and Doug Collins , were also among those present . His emotional reaction during his speech -- when he began to cry -- was captured by Associated Press photographer Stephan Savoia and would later go viral on social media as the Crying Jordan Internet meme . In 2016 , President Barack Obama honored Jordan with the Presidential Medal of Freedom . Personal life Jordan married Juanita Vanoy in September 1989 , and they had two sons , Jeffrey Michael and Marcus James , and a daughter , Jasmine . Jordan and Vanoy filed for divorce on January 4 , 2002 , citing irreconcilable differences , but reconciled shortly thereafter . They again filed for divorce and were granted a final decree of dissolution of marriage on December 29 , 2006 , commenting that the decision was made `` mutually and amicably '' . It is reported that Juanita received a $168 million settlement ( equivalent to $204 million in 2017 ) , making it the largest celebrity divorce settlement on public record at the time . In 1991 , Jordan purchased a lot in Highland Park , Illinois , to build a 56,000 square - foot ( 5,200 m ) mansion , which was completed four years later . Jordan listed his Highland Park mansion for sale in 2012 . His two sons attended Loyola Academy , a private Roman Catholic high school located in Wilmette , Illinois . Jeffrey graduated as a member of the 2007 graduating class and played his first collegiate basketball game on November 11 , 2007 , for the University of Illinois . After two seasons , Jeffrey left the Illinois basketball team in 2009 . He later rejoined the team for a third season , then received a release to transfer to the University of Central Florida , where Marcus was attending . Marcus transferred to Whitney Young High School after his sophomore year at Loyola Academy and graduated in 2009 . He began attending UCF in the fall of 2009 , and played three seasons of basketball for the school . On July 21 , 2006 , a judge in Cook County , Illinois , determined that Jordan did not owe his alleged former lover Karla Knafel $5 million in a breach of contract claim . Jordan had allegedly paid Knafel $250,000 to keep their relationship a secret . Knafel claimed Jordan promised her $5 million for remaining silent and agreeing not to file a paternity suit after Knafel learned she was pregnant in 1991 . A DNA test showed Jordan was not the father of the child . He proposed to his longtime girlfriend , Cuban - American model Yvette Prieto , on Christmas 2011 , and they were married on April 27 , 2013 , at Bethesda - by - the - Sea Episcopal Church . It was announced on November 30 , 2013 , that the two were expecting their first child together . On February 11 , 2014 , Prieto gave birth to identical twin daughters named Victoria and Ysabel . Media figure and Business interests Endorsements Michael Jordan in 2008 Jordan is one of the most marketed sports figures in history . He has been a major spokesman for such brands as Nike , Coca - Cola , Chevrolet , Gatorade , McDonald 's , Ball Park Franks , Rayovac , Wheaties , Hanes , and MCI . Jordan has had a long relationship with Gatorade , appearing in over 20 commercials for the company since 1991 , including the `` Be Like Mike '' commercials in which a song was sung by children wishing to be like Jordan . Nike created a signature shoe for him , called the Air Jordan . One of Jordan 's more popular commercials for the shoe involved Spike Lee playing the part of Mars Blackmon . In the commercials Lee , as Blackmon , attempted to find the source of Jordan 's abilities and became convinced that `` it 's got ta be the shoes '' . The hype and demand for the shoes even brought on a spate of `` shoe - jackings '' where people were robbed of their sneakers at gunpoint . Subsequently , Nike spun off the Jordan line into its own division named the `` Jordan Brand '' . The company features an impressive list of athletes and celebrities as endorsers . The brand has also sponsored college sports programs such as those of North Carolina , Cal , Georgetown , and Marquette . Jordan also has been associated with the Looney Tunes cartoon characters . A Nike commercial shown during 1992 's Super Bowl XXVI featured Jordan and Bugs Bunny playing basketball . The Super Bowl commercial inspired the 1996 live action / animated film Space Jam , which starred Jordan and Bugs in a fictional story set during the former 's first retirement from basketball . They have subsequently appeared together in several commercials for MCI . Jordan also made an appearance in the music video of Michael Jackson 's `` Jam '' ( 1992 ) . Jordan 's yearly income from the endorsements is estimated to be over forty million dollars . In addition , when Jordan 's power at the ticket gates was at its highest point , the Bulls regularly sold out both their home and road games . Due to this , Jordan set records in player salary by signing annual contracts worth in excess of US $30 million per season . An academic study found that Jordan 's first NBA comeback resulted in an increase in the market capitalization of his client firms of more than $1 billion . Most of Jordan 's endorsement deals , including his first deal with Nike , were engineered by his agent , David Falk . Jordan has described Falk as `` the best at what he does '' and that `` marketing-wise , he 's great . He 's the one who came up with the concept of ' Air Jordan . ' '' Business ventures In June 2010 , Jordan was ranked by Forbes magazine as the 20th-most powerful celebrity in the world with $55 million earned between June 2009 and June 2010 . According to the Forbes article , Jordan Brand generates $1 billion in sales for Nike . In June 2014 , Jordan was named the first NBA player to become a billionaire , after he increased his stake in the Charlotte Hornets from 80 % to 89.5 % . On January 20 , 2015 , Jordan was honored with the Charlotte Business Journal 's Business Person of the Year for 2014 . In 2017 , he became a part owner of the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball . Forbes designated Jordan as the athlete with the highest career earnings in 2017 . From his Jordan Brand income and endorsements , Jordan 's 2015 income was an estimated $110 million , the most of any retired athlete . As of August 2018 , his current net worth is estimated at $1.7 billion by Forbes . Jordan is the third - richest African - American as of 2018 , behind Robert F. Smith and Oprah Winfrey . Jordan co-owns an automotive group which bears his name . The company has a Nissan dealership in Durham , North Carolina , acquired in 1990 , and formerly had a Lincoln -- Mercury dealership from 1995 until its closure in June 2009 . The company also owned a Nissan franchise in Glen Burnie , Maryland . The restaurant industry is another business interest of Jordan 's . His restaurants include a steakhouse in New York City 's Grand Central Terminal , among others . Awards and honors James Worthy , Jordan , and Dean Smith in 2007 at a North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball game honoring the 1957 and 1982 men 's basketball teams . Main article : List of career achievements by Michael Jordan College awards and honors Two - time Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame class of 2009 -- individual class of 2010 -- as a member of the `` Dream Team '' NCAA national championship -- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill : 1981 -- 82 ACC Freshman of the Year -- 1981 -- 82 Two - time Consensus NCAA All - American First Team -- 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 ACC Men 's Basketball Player of the Year -- 1983 -- 84 USBWA College Player of the Year -- 1983 -- 84 Naismith College Player of the Year -- 1983 -- 84 Adolph Rupp Trophy -- 1983 -- 84 John R. Wooden Award -- 1983 -- 84 Number 23 retired by the North Carolina Tar Heels NBA awards and honors Six - time NBA champion -- 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 Six - time NBA Finals MVP -- 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 Five - time NBA MVP -- 1988 , 1991 , 1992 , 1996 , 1998 10 - time NBA scoring leader ( 1987 -- 1993 , 1996 -- 1998 ) 14 - time NBA All - Star Three - time NBA All - Star Game MVP -- 1988 , 1996 , 1998 11 - time All - NBA Team Nine - time NBA All - Defensive Team Two - time NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion -- 1987 , 1988 NBA Rookie of the Year Award -- 1984 -- 85 IBM Award winner -- 1985 NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award -- 1987 -- 88 Named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996 Number 23 retired by the Chicago Bulls Number 23 retired by the Miami Heat Other awards and honors United States Olympic Hall of Fame -- class of 2009 ( as a member of the `` Dream Team '' ) FIBA Hall of Fame -- class of 2015 Two - time Olympic Gold Medal winner -- 1984 , 1992 `` Triple Crown of Basketball '' winner Three - time Associated Press Athlete of the Year -- 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year -- 1991 Section of Madison Street in Chicago renamed Michael Jordan Drive -- 1994 Ranked No. 1 by SLAM Magazine 's Top 50 Players of All - Time Ranked No. 1 by ESPN SportsCentury 's Top North American Athletes of the 20th century North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame 1997 Marca Leyenda winner Seven - time ESPY Award winner ( in various categories ) Statue in front of the United Center 2016 Presidential Medal of Freedom Sources : See also African American portal Basketball portal National Basketball Association portal Michael Jordan 's Steakhouse Michael Jordan 's Restaurant Michael Jordan : Chaos in the Windy City Michael Jordan in Flight NBA 2K11 NBA 2K12 Notes Jump up ^ Jordan wore a nameless no . 12 jersey in a February 14 , 1990 game against the Orlando Magic because his no . 23 jersey had been stolen . Jordan scored 49 points , setting a franchise record for players wearing that jersey number . References Jump up ^ Strauss , Chris . `` The greatest No. 12 that no one is talking about '' , USA Today , December 12 , 2012 . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( February 15 , 1990 ) . `` Magic has the Bulls ' number : Catledge leads rally ; Jordan scores 49 points '' , Chicago Tribune , pg . A1 . Jump up ^ Rein , Kotler and Shields , pg. 173 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan , National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Markovits and Rensman , pg. 89 . Jump up ^ Berkow , Ira . `` Sports of The Times ; Air Jordan And Just Plain Folks '' , The New York Times , June 15 , 1991 . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Skidmore , Sarah . `` 23 years later , Air Jordans maintain mystique '' , The Seattle Times , January 10 , 2008 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan biography , 23jordan.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2007 . Sachare , pgs. 172 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Associated Press , `` Michael Jordan 's big brother ends Army career '' , charlotte.com , May 16 , 2006 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Halberstam , pgs. 20 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Poppel , Seth . `` Michael Jordan Did n't Make Varsity -- At First '' , Newsweek , October 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan : The Stats , infoplease.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Williams , Lena . PLUS : Basketball ; `` A McDonald 's Game For Girls , Too '' , The New York Times , December 7 , 2001 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ SportsCenter , ESPN , air date February 2 , 2007 . Lucas , Adam . Lucas : One Extraordinary Night , tarheelblue.cstv.com , February 10 , 2007 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Halberstam , pgs. 67 -- 68 . 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Jump up ^ Fogel , Anna . `` Michael Jordan 's College Transcript Reveals He Took Beginning Tennis , Majored in Geography '' , New England Sports Network , January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Jane . `` Jordan Makes People Wonder : Is He the New Dr. J ? '' , The New York Times , October 21 , 1984 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Goldaper , Sam . `` Jordan dazzles crowd at Garden '' , The New York Times , October 19 , 1984 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Roy S. `` Jordan - Led Bulls Romp Before 19,252 '' , The New York Times , November 9 , 1984 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ SI cover search December 10 , 1984 , Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chicago Bulls 1984 -- 85 Game Log and Scores , Archived June 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . databasebasketball.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan bio , National Basketball Association . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chicago Bulls ( 1966 -- ) , Archived October 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . databasebasketball.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Records of Playoff Teams '' , The Sporting News ( April 28 , 1986 ) , pg. 46 . Jump up ^ Top 10 Teams in NBA History at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 6 , 2007 ) , National Basketball Association . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : God Disguised as Michael Jordan , National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Porter , pg. 34 . Jump up ^ NBA & ABA Single Season Leaders and Records for Points , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Adds Most Valuable Player Award to Honors '' , The Washington Post ( May 26 , 1988 ) , pg . D8 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan statistics , National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chicago Bulls 1987 -- 88 Game Log and Scores , Archived June 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . databasebasketball.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Halberstam , pg. 235 . Jump up ^ Jordan Hits `` The Shot '' , National Basketball Association . Retrieved May 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Chicago Bulls 1990 -- 91 Game Log and Scores , Archived June 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . databasebasketball.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Clifton . Basketball ; Bulls Brush Aside Pistons for Eastern Title , The New York Times , May 28 , 1991 . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wilbon , Michael . Great Shot ! Jordan 's Best Amazingly Goes One Better , The Washington Post , pg . D01 , June 7 , 1991 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 1991 Finals stats , National Basketball Association . Retrieved March 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Finals Most Valuable Player , National Basketball Association . 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Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Monifa . `` Jordan on gambling : ' Very embarrassing ' '' ( scroll down to see article ) , Chicago Sun - Times , available at winningstreak.com , October 21 , 2005 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan Still Flying High , CBS News , August 20 , 2006 . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Berkow , Ira . `` A Humbled Jordan Learns New Truths '' , The New York Times , April 11 , 1994 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Martin , Andrew . `` ' I Believe We Killed Jordan 's Dad ' '' , Chicago Tribune , January 4 , 1996 . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Janofsky , Michael ( August 16 , 1993 ) . `` Two Men Are Charged With Murder Of Jordan '' , The New York Times . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Alison . The Nation ; `` So Many Criminals Trip Themselves Up '' , The New York Times , August 22 , 1993 . Retrieved March 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Edward . `` On the City 's West Side , Jordan 's Legacy Is Hope '' , The Washington Post , January 14 , 1998 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan , family attend groundbreaking ceremony for James Jordan Center '' . Jet . Johnson Publishing Company . 88 ( 14 ) : 51 -- 53 . August 14 , 1995 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Jordan , pg. 100 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ; Rodgers , Ted ( October 18 , 1993 ) . `` Europe loses a role model ; Even in countries where basketball is a minor pursuit , Jordan 's profile looms large -- includes related article on Jordan 's stature in Japan '' . The Sporting News . 216 ( 16 ) : 35 . ISSN 0038 - 805X . Jump up ^ The Sporting News Official NBA Register 1994 -- 95 , pg. 334 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan Chronology , Sports Illustrated , January 12 , 1999 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan : A Tribute , Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey . Basketball ; `` Jordan Keeping the Basketball World in Suspense '' , The New York Times , March 10 , 1995 . Retrieved March 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan Statue '' . United Center . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Artner , Alan G. ( November 2 , 1994 ) . `` Jordan Truly Larger Than Life : Sculpture Shows Spirit Of The Man , But Little More '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bye - bye , No. 23 : Buzz went to see Michael Jordan 's Chicago ... '' Chicago Tribune . November 8 , 1994 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Phil . `` What Goes Up ... Must Come Down , Or So It Seems '' , Sports Illustrated , March 20 , 1995 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lazenby , pgs. 513 -- 515 . Jump up ^ Lazenby , pgs. 511 -- 512 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jordan returns to Bulls in overtime loss to Indiana Pacers -- Chicago Bulls '' . Jet . Johnson Publishing Company . 87 ( 21 ) : 51 -- 53 . April 3 , 1995 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Hausman , Jerry A. and Gregory K. Leonard . `` Superstars in the National Basketball Association : Economic Value and Policy . '' Journal of Labor Economics , 15 ( 4 ) : 586 -- 624 ( 587 ) , 1997 . doi : 10.1086 / 209839 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Mitch . Memories of MJ 's first two acts , ESPN , September 10 , 2001 . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Walks , Matt ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Flashback : 20 years ago today , Anderson forces MJ back to No. 23 '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Mark . `` NBA Fines Jordan for Shoes , Bulls for No. 23 '' , Los Angeles Times , May 12 , 1995 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Steve . The greatest team in history -- day four : Chicago Bulls , BBC . Retrieved March 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chicago Bulls 1995 -- 96 Game Log and Scores , Archived January 25 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . databasebasketball.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . 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Former NBA Ref Blasts Officiating , New York Post , August 17 , 2007 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knott , Tom . `` Someone has to win Eastern Conference '' , The Washington Times , December 8 , 2006 . Retrieved November 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Deveney , Sean . Crying Foul , sportingnews.com , March 14 , 2005 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Jeff . History of the NBA Finals : Chicago Bulls vs. Utah Jazz -- 1998 , sportingnews.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Rachel . Lakers - Celtics should grab big TV ratings , charleston.net , June 5 , 2008 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Finals Game 6 nets ratings record for NBC '' . Jet . Johnson Publishing Company . 94 ( 6 ) : 47 . July 6 , 1998 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Kruger , pgs. 55 -- 56 , 59 . Jump up ^ Wise , Mike ( January 19 , 2002 ) . `` Pro Basketball ; It 's Bitter In Chicago For Jordan '' , The New York Times . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wise , Mike ( January 21 , 1999 ) . `` Pro Basketball ; The Business Of Basketball Now Begins In Earnest '' , The New York Times . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard . Jordan Sheds Uniform for Suit as a Wizards Owner , The New York Times , January 20 , 2000 . Retrieved March 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Pollin 's decision to cut ties leaves Jordan livid , ESPN , May 9 , 2003 . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brady , Erik . `` Wizards show Jordan the door '' , USA Today , May 7 , 2003 . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Making his move , Sports Illustrated , February 22 , 2001 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Marcus . Losing never looked so good for Wizards , USA Today , March 1 , 2001 . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilbon , Michael . `` So Long , Kwame , Thanks for Nothing '' , The Washington Post , July 16 , 2005 . 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Thanks , but no thanks : Jordan not interested in ceremonial starting role , Sports Illustrated , February 8 , 2003 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zeisberger , Mike . Vince 's wild ride , slam.canoe.ca , December 18 , 2004 . Retrieved April 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sixers Prevail in Jordan 's Final Game , National Basketball Association , April 16 , 2003 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad -- 1984 , USA Basketball , Inc . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Games of the XXVth Olympiad -- 1992 , USA Basketball Inc . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hareas , John . 1992 Dream Team : By the Numbers , National Basketball Association . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wise , Mike . `` Pro Basketball ; Jordan 's Strained Ties to Wizards May Be Cut '' , The New York Times , May 4 , 2003 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Grass , Ray ( June 22 , 2006 ) . `` Michael Jordan is now riding superbikes '' , Deseret News . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jordan Suzuki Previews The AMA Superbike Championship Finale At Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca , Roadracing World & Motorcycle Technology , September 11 , 2007 . Retrieved March 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Swarts , David . Michael Jordan Motorsports Suspending AMA Pro Road Racing Operations , Focusing On Move To International Competition , Roadracing World & Motorcycle Technology , October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Gregory . Jordans to pledge $5 M to Hales Franciscan H.S. , chicagobusiness.com , March 13 , 2006 . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jordan Brand Donates $500,000 to Boys and Girls Club in Louisiana , Reuters , February 14 , 2008 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan to Become Part Owner of the Charlotte Bobcats , National Basketball Association , June 15 , 2006 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Jordan writes state of Bobcats letter to fans , ESPN , June 15 , 2006 . Retrieved February 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Shinn says others interested in buying piece of Hornets , lubbockonline.com , May 10 , 1999 . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cox , Marty ( February 16 , 2010 ) . `` Michael Jordan & Charlotte Bobcats -- NBA Legend Wants to Buy Team , Report '' , National Ledger . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . MJ to buy controlling stake in Bobcats , ESPN , February 27 , 2010 . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Jordan purchase of Bobcats approved , ESPN , March 17 , 2010 . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rhoden , William C. `` Want to Make an Impact ? Join Jordan '' , The New York Times , April 27 , 2010 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 5 , 2011 ) . `` Hard - Line Factions Threaten Latest N.B.A. Negotiations '' . The New York Times . p . D7 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2011 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whitlock , Jason ( November 5 , 2011 ) . `` MJ sells out players with hard - line stance '' . FoxSports.com . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks earn No. 7 , Bobcats set dubious record '' . Fox News . April 27 , 2012 . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan committed to Bobcats '' . ESPN . November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan 's Game - Winners : How Many Has Michael Made ? . National Basketball Association . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DeCourcy , Mike . A suspension for talking trash ? Mamma mia ! , sportingnews.com , July 21 , 2006 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Phil . `` Michael and Me '' , Inside Stuff , June / July 1998 , available at nba.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Sally B. `` Great Leapin ' Lizards ! Michael Jordan Ca n't Actually Fly , But '' , Time , January 9 , 1989 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Condor , pgs . xviii -- xx . Jump up ^ Pro Basketball ; Jordan 's Knee Problems May Force Him to Sideline . The New York Times , February 26 , 2002 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jordan , pg. 155 . Jump up ^ DuPree , David ( February 9 , 2003 ) . Jordan wears ' greatest ' crown , USA Today . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jordan , pg. 5 . Jump up ^ Career Leaders for Free Throw Attempts , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brown , Hubie . Hubie Brown on Jordan , National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Ethan Sherwood ( August 13 , 2013 ) . Jordan 's forgotten advantage over LeBron , ESPN . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ladewski , Paul . What Does He Do for an Encore ? , Hoop Magazine , December 1987 , available at nba.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . 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Only 3 players in NBA history have won more trophies than LeBron James , Business Insider , June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Basketball 's Triple Crown '' . The Post Game.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Malinowski , Erik . Four decades after NBA merger , ABA 's spirit stronger than ever , Fox Sports , June 17 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Most NBA Championships Won , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moving Pictures : All - Star Ballot winners , National Basketball Association , January 21 , 2005 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Top N. American athletes of the century , ESPN . Retrieved May 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth , Didrikson Named Top Athletes '' , Los Angeles Times , December 12 , 1999 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ His Airness flies away with century 's best award , Archived June 21 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . lubbockonline.com , December 11 , 1999 . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan 's 50 SI Covers , Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final Out : 1996 '' , Sport , volume 90 , issue 7 , July 1999 , pg. 96 . ^ Jump up to : Hubbard , Jan . Michael Jordan interview , Hoop Magazine , April 1997 , via nba.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Curry . `` In An Orbit All His Own '' , Sports Illustrated , November 9 , 1987 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . James says he 'll decide his future soon , Sports Illustrated , April 16 , 2003 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ginsbrug , Steve . `` Wade scoffs at Jordan comparisons '' , Reuters , June 21 , 2006 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stein , Mark . Kobe , Hill deal with being the next Michael , ESPN , October 29 , 2001 . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Isidore , Chris . The next ' next Jordan ' , money.cnn.com , June 23 , 2006 . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey . `` Sports of The Times ; Will James Be the Next Jordan or the Next Carter ? '' , The New York Times , December 28 , 2005 . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rovell , Darren . NBA could cash in if TV ratings soar with Jordan , ESPN , September 23 , 2001 . Retrieved March 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kent , Milton ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` NBA Finals TV ratings finish highest since Michael Jordan 's last title '' , The Washington Post . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hall opens a Jordan exhibit '' , The New York Times ( August 3 , 2009 ) , pg . D5 . Jump up ^ Spears , Marc J. `` Thompson to open Hall 's doors for Jordan '' , Yahoo ! Sports , September 7 , 2009 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam . Jordan makes a Hall of Fame address , National Basketball Association , September 12 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Germano , Sara ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Jordan Surges on Web as ' Crying Jordan ' '' , The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carson , Dan ( April 5 , 2016 ) . How Crying Jordan became the most divisive image on the Internet , Fox Sports . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom '' , whitehouse.gov . The White House . November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Jordan , wife end marriage ' mutually , amicably ' , ESPN , December 30 , 2006 . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan , Wife to Divorce After 17 Years , People , December 30 , 2006 . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Forbes : Jordan Divorce Most Costly Ever , The Washington Post , April 14 , 2007 . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tadena , Nathalie and Momo Zhou . Divorce Has a Hefty Price Tag for Celebrities , Billionaires , abcnews.go.com , August 20 , 2009 . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rodkin , Dennis . `` Michael Jordan Lists Highland Park Mansion for $29 Million '' , Chicago Magazine , February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Heir Jordan out to prove he can play like Mike , nbcsports.msnbc.com , July 9 , 2005 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Jeff Jordan prepares for life after hoops , ESPN , June 24 , 2009 . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jordan Returns to Illini , Illinois Fighting Illini , October 16 , 2009 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Jordan 's Career at Illinois Ends , The New York Times , May 21 , 2010 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Jordan lands at Central Florida , ESPN , June 1 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weir , Tom . `` Second Jordan son headed to Division - I , at UCF '' , USA Today , April 7 , 2009 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Marcus Jordan leaving Central Florida 's program '' , SI.com , August 20 , 2012 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press . `` Judge says Jordan not obligated to pay ex-lover '' , USA Today , June 12 , 2003 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Judge : Alleged deal between Jordan , ex-lover invalid '' , ESPN , July 22 , 2006 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 , Jump up ^ Jordan 's former girlfriend should n't get another cent , USA Today , November 25 , 2002 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jordan 's Ex-Lover Counters With $5 Million Lawsuit , whiotv.com , November 19 , 2002 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Troop , Caleb . `` Bobcats owner Michael Jordan is engaged '' , WCNC - TV , December 29 , 2011 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Jennifer . `` Michael Jordan Marries Model Yvette Prieto '' , People , April 27 , 2013 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reuters . Michael Jordan marries longtime girlfriend , Chicago Tribune , April 27 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben . Reports : Michael Jordan , wife Yvette Prieto expecting first child , Sports Illustrated , November 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie . Michael Jordan , Wife Yvette Prieto Expecting First Child Seven Months After Tying the Knot , Us Weekly , November 30 , 2013 . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan , Yvette Prieto welcome twin girls , CBS News , February 12 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rovell , Darren . `` Jordan 's 10 greatest commercials ever '' , ESPN , February 17 , 2003 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Vancil , Mark . `` Michael Jordan : Phenomenon '' , Hoop Magazine , December 1991 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan '' , Forbes . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Team Jordan , nike.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jordan Brand Gearing Up For March Madness , nikeinc.com , March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Horovitz , Bruce . ' Hare Jordan ' May Give Animation Ads a Lift , Los Angeles Times , January 28 , 1992 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , pg. 96 . Jump up ^ `` '' Jam '' ( 1992 ) -- Michael Jackson 's 20 Greatest Videos : The Stories Behind the Vision `` , Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Redenbach , Andrew . A Multiple Product Endorser can be a Credible Source , Cyber-Journal of Sport Marketing . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ # 18 Michael Jordan , Forbes . Retrieved February 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren . `` Cashing in on the ultimate cash cow '' , ESPN , April 15 , 2003 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan signs deal with Bulls worth more than $30 million '' . Jet . Johnson Publishing Company . 82 ( 17 ) : 51 . September 15 , 1997 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Mathur , Lynette Knowles , Ike Mathur and Nanda Rangan . `` The Wealth Effects Associated with a Celebrity Endorser : The Michael Jordan Phenomenon . '' Journal of Advertising Research , May , 67 -- 73 , 1997 . Jump up ^ Powell , Shaun ( March 29 , 1999 ) . `` Executive privilege '' . The Sporting News . 223 ( 13 ) : 10 . ISSN 0038 - 805X . Jump up ^ Benes , Alejandro . `` Fame Jam '' , Archived June 7 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . cigaraficionado.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # 20 Michael Jordan '' . Forbes , 2010 . Retrieved September 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Davis , Adam ( June 20 , 2014 ) . Michael Jordan Becomes First Billionaire NBA Player , Archived June 27 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Fox Business Network . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ozanian , Mike ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Jordan Is A Billionaire After Increasing Stake In Hornets '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spanberg , Eric ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Michael Jordan in tears as he accepts Business Person of the Year honors '' , Charlotte Business Journal . Retrieved January 21 . 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Barry ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Loria agrees to sell Miami Marlins to Sherman and Jeter , source says '' , Miami Herald . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan named world 's highest - paid athlete ever , National Basketball Association , December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neuharth - Keusch , AJ ( March 31 , 2016 ) . Michael Jordan tops Forbes ' list of highest - paid retired athletes , USA Today . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forbes Profile : Michael Jordan '' . Forbes . Real Time Net Worth . Online : updated every 24 - hour market cycle . ( Forbes real time net worths ) are calculated from locked in stock prices and exchange rates from around the globe ... as well as the vetting of personal balance sheets ... Jump up ^ Jacobs , Harrison ( February 20 , 2018 ) . Meet the world 's richest black billionaires of 2018 . Business Insider . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mullaney , Timothy J. ( December 13 , 1995 ) . `` Jordan , partners hope car dealership scores big : Hoops star owns Glen Burnie outlet '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Burkitt , Janet ( February 27 , 1997 ) . `` Michael Jordan Teams With Car Dealership '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan dealership in Durham to close . WRAL - TV . June 17 , 2009 . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Potempa , Philip ( December 28 , 2011 ) . `` Scoring major points : Michael Jordan 's Steak House new location a delicious win . The Times of Northwest Indiana . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan to be inducted into FIBA Hall of Fame '' , ESPN , July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AP Athletes of the Year '' , Associated Press . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Robert ( March 1 , 1994 ) . `` Jordan to get his own street near stadium '' , Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The New Top 50 '' . SLAM Magazine . June 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jordan 's Streak Crashes and Burns at Indy , National Basketball Association , December 27 , 2001 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cover . Sports Illustrated , December 23 , 1991 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Bibliography External video Discussion with Halberstam on Playing for Keeps : Michael Jordan and the World He Made , February 22 , 1999 , C - SPAN Condor , Bob . Michael Jordan 's 50 Greatest Games . Carol Publishing Group , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2030 - 8 . Halberstam , David . Playing for Keeps : Michael Jordan and the World He Made . Broadway Books , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7679 - 0444 - 5 . Jordan , Michael . For the Love of the Game : My Story . New York City : Crown Publishers , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 609 - 60206 - 5 . Kruger , Mitchell . One Last Shot : The Story of Michael Jordan 's Comeback . New York City : St. Martin 's Paperbacks , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 99223 - 1 . Lazenby , Roland . Michael Jordan : The Life . New York City : Little , Brown and Company , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 19477 - 8 . LaFeber , Walter . Michael Jordan and the New Global Capitalism . W.W. Norton , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32369 - 6 . Markovits , Andrei S. and Lars Rensman . Gaming the World : How Sports are Reshaping Global Politics and Culture . Princeton University Press , June 3 , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13751 - 3 . Porter , David L. Michael Jordan : A Biography , Greenwood Publishing Group , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33767 - 3 . Rein , Irving J. ; Kotler , Philip ; Shields , Ben ( 2006 ) . The Elusive Fan : Reinventing Sports in a Crowded Marketplace . The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 149114 - 3 . Sachare , Alex . The Chicago Bulls Encyclopedia . Chicago : Contemporary Books , 1999 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8092 - 2515 - 6 . The Sporting News Official NBA Register 1994 -- 95 . The Sporting News , 1994 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89204 - 501 - 3 . Further reading Leahy , Michael ( 2004 ) , When Nothing Else Matters : Michael Jordan 's Last Comeback , Simon & Schuster , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7648 - 1 McGovern , Mike ( 2005 ) , Michael Jordan : basketball player , Ferguson , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5876 - 1 External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Michael Jordan '' dated January 19 , 2013 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Find more aboutMichael Jordanat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Michael Jordan at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Michael Jordan biography at the Wayback Machine ( archived July 7 , 2006 ) at NBA Encyclopedia Career statistics and player information from Basketball-Reference.com Michael Jordan at the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Career statistics and player information from The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) Michael Jordan Career Retrospective on YouTube Michael Jordan on IMDb Michael Jordan articles in the archive of the Chicago Tribune Michael Jordan Main Career achievements The Shot Game 6 of the 1998 NBA Finals 1982 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Game Air Jordan ( Jumpman ) Jordan Rules Family James R. Jordan Sr. ( father ) Jeffrey Jordan ( son ) Marcus Jordan ( son ) Films Space Jam Michael Jordan : An American Hero Michael Jordan to the Max Like Mike Video games Jordan vs. Bird : One on One Michael Jordan in Flight Michael Jordan : Chaos in the Windy City Space Jam NBA 2K11 NBA 2K12 Other Michael Jordan statue The Jordan Rules `` Jam '' Michael Jordan 's Restaurant Michael Jordan 's Steakhouse Crying Jordan Be Like Mike ProStars When Nothing Else Matters Current majority team owners in the National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Basketball Partners ( Boston Celtics ) Mikhail Prokhorov ( Brooklyn Nets ) The Madison Square Garden Company ( New York Knicks ) Joshua Harris ( Philadelphia 76ers ) Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment ( Toronto Raptors ) Central Jerry Reinsdorf ( Chicago Bulls ) Dan Gilbert ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) Tom Gores ( Detroit Pistons ) Herbert Simon ( Indiana Pacers ) Wesley Edens and Marc Lasry ( Milwaukee Bucks ) Southeast Tony Ressler ( Atlanta Hawks ) Michael Jordan ( Charlotte Hornets ) Micky Arison ( Miami Heat ) RDV Sports , Inc . ( Orlando Magic ) Ted Leonsis ( Washington Wizards ) Western Conference Southwest Mark Cuban ( Dallas Mavericks ) Tilman Fertitta ( Houston Rockets ) Robert Pera ( Memphis Grizzlies ) Gayle Benson ( New Orleans Pelicans ) Spurs Sports & Entertainment ( Julianna Holt , Chairman & CEO ) ( San Antonio Spurs ) Northwest Ann Walton Kroenke ( Denver Nuggets ) Glen Taylor ( Minnesota Timberwolves ) Professional Basketball Club ( Clayton Bennett , Chairman & CEO ) ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) Paul Allen ( Portland Trail Blazers ) Gail Miller ( Utah Jazz ) Pacific Peter Guber and Joe Lacob ( Golden State Warriors ) Steve Ballmer ( Los Angeles Clippers ) Jeanie Buss ( Los Angeles Lakers ) Robert Sarver ( Phoenix Suns ) Vivek Ranadivé ( Sacramento Kings ) Links to related articles Oscar Robertson Trophy winners 1959 : Robertson 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Hazzard 1965 : Bradley 1966 : Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Alcindor 1969 : Maravich 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Wicks 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : Dantley 1977 : M. 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Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Ferry 1990 : Simmons 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Jackson 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Allen John R. Wooden Men 's Player of the Year Award winners 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : P. Ford 1979 : Bird 1980 : Griffith 1981 : Ainge 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Mullin 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Elliott 1990 : Simmons 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : O'Bannon 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : T.J. Ford 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson Atlantic Coast Conference Men 's Basketball Player of the Year 1954 : Hemric 1955 : Hemric 1956 : Shavlik 1957 : Rosenbluth 1958 : Brennan 1959 : Pucillo 1960 : Shaffer 1961 : Chappell 1962 : Chappell 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Mullins 1965 : Cunningham 1966 : Vacendak 1967 : Miller 1968 : Miller 1969 : Roche 1970 : Roche 1971 : Davis 1972 : Parkhill 1973 : Thompson 1974 : Thompson 1975 : Thompson 1976 : Kupchak 1977 : Griffin 1978 : Ford 1979 : Gminski 1980 : King 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Bias 1986 : Bias 1987 : Grant 1988 : Ferry 1989 : Ferry 1990 : Scott 1991 : Monroe 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Rogers 1994 : Hill 1995 : J. Smith 1996 : Duncan 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Carrawell 2001 : Battier & Forte 2002 : Dixon 2003 : Howard 2004 : Hodge 2005 : Redick 2006 : Redick 2007 : Dudley 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Lawson 2010 : Vásquez 2011 : N. Smith 2012 : Zeller 2013 : Green & Larkin 2014 : Warren 2015 : Okafor 2016 : Brogdon 2017 : Jackson 2018 : Bagley ACC Athlete of the Year Athlete of the Year 1954 : Joel Shankle 1955 : Dickie Hemric 1956 : Dave Sime 1957 : Lennie Rosenbluth 1958 : Dick Christy 1959 : Lou Pucillo 1960 : Mike McGee 1961 : Roman Gabriel 1962 : Len Chappell 1963 : Art Heyman 1964 : Jeff Mullins 1965 : Brian Piccolo 1966 : Danny Talbott 1967 : Bobby Bryant 1968 : Larry Miller 1969 : Frank Quayle 1970 : Charlie Scott 1971 : Don McCauley 1972 : Barry Parkhill 1973 : David Thompson 1974 : Tony Waldrop 1975 : David Thompson 1976 : John Lucas 1977 : Phil Ford 1978 : Phil Ford 1979 : Renaldo Nehemiah 1980 : Julie Shea 1981 : Julie Shea 1982 : James Worthy 1983 : Ralph Sampson 1984 : Michael Jordan 1985 : B.J. Surhoff 1986 : Len Bias 1987 : Riccardo Ingram 1988 : Danny Ferry 1989 : Danny Ferry Male Athlete of the Year 1990 : Clarkston Hines 1991 : Christian Laettner 1992 : Christian Laettner 1993 : Charlie Ward 1994 : Charlie Ward 1995 : Randolph Childress 1996 : Kris Benson 1997 : Tim Duncan 1998 : Antawn Jamison 1999 : Elton Brand 2000 : Joe Hamilton 2001 : Shane Battier 2002 : Juan Dixon 2003 : Chris Rotelli 2004 : Philip Rivers 2005 : Sean May 2006 : J.J. Redick 2007 : Walter Dix 2008 : Tyler Hansbrough 2009 : Matt Hill 2010 : Ned Crotty 2011 : Ngoni Makusha 2012 : Luke Kuechly 2013 : Jarmere Jenkins 2014 : Jameis Winston 2015 : Laken Tomlinson 2016 : Deshaun Watson 2017 : Deshaun Watson 2018 : Lamar Jackson Female Athlete of the Year 1990 : Shannon Higgins 1991 : Dawn Staley 1992 : Dawn Staley 1993 : Mia Hamm 1994 : Beverly Smith 1995 : Tisha Venturini 1996 : Kelly Amonte Hiller 1997 : Sarah Forbes 1998 : Vanessa Webb 1999 : Cindy Parlow 2000 : Jen Adams 2001 : Jen Adams 2002 : Bea Bielik 2003 : Alana Beard 2004 : Alana Beard 2005 : Kelly Dostal 2006 : Paula Infante 2007 : Lindsey Harding 2008 : Angela Tincher 2009 : Casey Nogueira 2010 : Whitney Engen 2011 : Katie O'Donnell 2012 : Rebecca Ward 2013 : Crystal Dunn 2014 : Alyssa Thomas 2015 : Morgan Brian 2016 : Molly Seidel 2017 : Kenzie Kent 2018 : Arike Ogunbowale 1983 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Dale Ellis Patrick Ewing Michael Jordan Keith Lee Sam Perkins Ralph Sampson Wayman Tisdale Second Team Clyde Drexler Sidney Green John Paxson Steve Stipanovich Jon Sundvold Darrell Walker Randy Wittman 1984 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Patrick Ewing Michael Jordan Akeem Olajuwon Sam Perkins Wayman Tisdale Second Team Michael Cage Devin Durrant Keith Lee Chris Mullin Melvin Turpin Leon Wood North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball 1981 -- 82 NCAA champions 21 Jimmy Black 22 Buzz Peterson 23 Michael Jordan 32 John Brownlee 41 Sam Perkins 44 Matt Doherty 50 Cecil Exum 52 James Worthy ( MOP ) Head coach Dean Smith Assistant coaches Bill Guthridge Eddie Fogler Roy Williams 1984 NBA Draft First round Akeem Olajuwon Sam Bowie Michael Jordan Sam Perkins Charles Barkley Melvin Turpin Alvin Robertson Lancaster Gordon Otis Thorpe Leon Wood Kevin Willis Tim McCormick Jay Humphries Michael Cage Terence Stansbury John Stockton Jeff Turner Vern Fleming Bernard Thompson Tony Campbell Kenny Fields Tom Sewell Earl Jones Michael Young Second round Devin Durrant Victor Fleming Ron Anderson Cory Blackwell Stuart Gray Steve Burtt Jay Murphy Eric Turner Steve Colter Tony Costner Othell Wilson Charles Jones Ben Coleman Charlie Sitton Danny Young Anthony Teachey Tom Sluby Willie White Greg Wiltjer Fred Reynolds Gary Plummer Jerome Kersey Ronnie Williams NBA Rookie of the Year Award 1953 : Meineke 1954 : Felix 1955 : Pettit 1956 : Stokes 1957 : Heinsohn 1958 : Sauldsberry 1959 : Baylor 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Bellamy 1963 : Dischinger 1964 : Lucas 1965 : Reed 1966 : Barry 1967 : Bing 1968 : Monroe 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Alcindor 1971 : Cowens & Petrie 1972 : Wicks 1973 : McAdoo 1974 : DiGregorio 1975 : Wilkes 1976 : Adams 1977 : Dantley 1978 : Davis 1979 : Ford 1980 : Bird 1981 : Griffith 1982 : Williams 1983 : Cummings 1984 : Sampson 1985 : Jordan 1986 : Ewing 1987 : Person 1988 : Jackson 1989 : Richmond 1990 : Robinson 1991 : Coleman 1992 : Johnson 1993 : O'Neal 1994 : Webber 1995 : Hill & Kidd 1996 : Stoudamire 1997 : Iverson 1998 : Duncan 1999 : Carter 2000 : Brand & Francis 2001 : Miller 2002 : Gasol 2003 : Stoudemire 2004 : James 2005 : Okafor 2006 : Paul 2007 : Roy 2008 : Durant 2009 : Rose 2010 : Evans 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Irving 2013 : Lillard 2014 : Carter - Williams 2015 : Wiggins 2016 : Towns 2017 : Brogdon 2018 : Simmons IBM Award 1984 : Johnson 1985 : Jordan 1986 : Barkley 1987 : Barkley 1988 : Barkley 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Robinson 1991 : Robinson 1992 : Rodman 1993 : Olajuwon 1994 : Robinson 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Robinson 1997 : Hill 1998 : K. Malone 1999 : Mutombo 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : O'Neal 2002 : Duncan NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award 1983 : Moncrief 1984 : Moncrief 1985 : Eaton 1986 : Robertson 1987 : Cooper 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Eaton 1990 : Rodman 1991 : Rodman 1992 : Robinson 1993 : Olajuwon 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Mutombo 1996 : Payton 1997 : Mutombo 1998 : Mutombo 1999 : Mourning 2000 : Mourning 2001 : Mutombo 2002 : Wallace 2003 : Wallace 2004 : Artest 2005 : Wallace 2006 : Wallace 2007 : Camby 2008 : Garnett 2009 : Howard 2010 : Howard 2011 : Howard 2012 : Chandler 2013 : Gasol 2014 : Noah 2015 : Leonard 2016 : Leonard 2017 : Green 2018 : Gobert NBA Most Valuable Player Award 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Russell 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Russell 1962 : Russell 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Russell 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Chamberlain 1968 : Chamberlain 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Abdul - Jabbar 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : Abdul - Jabbar 1977 : Abdul - Jabbar 1978 : Walton 1979 : M. Malone 1980 : Abdul - Jabbar 1981 : Erving 1982 : M. Malone 1983 : M. Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Bird 1986 : Bird 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Barkley 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Jordan 1997 : K. Malone 1998 : Jordan 1999 : K. Malone 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Duncan 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Garnett 2005 : Nash 2006 : Nash 2007 : Nowitzki 2008 : Bryant 2009 : James 2010 : James 2011 : Rose 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award 1951 : Macauley 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Mikan 1954 : Cousy 1955 : Sharman 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Pettit 1959 : Baylor & Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Pettit 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Lucas 1966 : A. Smith 1967 : Barry 1968 : Greer 1969 : Robertson 1970 : Reed 1971 : Wilkens 1972 : West 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Lanier 1975 : Frazier 1976 : Bing 1977 : Erving 1978 : R. Smith 1979 : Thompson 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Archibald 1982 : Bird 1983 : Erving 1984 : Thomas 1985 : Sampson 1986 : Thomas 1987 : Chambers 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Malone 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Barkley 1992 : Johnson 1993 : Stockton & Malone 1994 : Pippen 1995 : Richmond 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Rice 1998 : Jordan 1999 : No game played 2000 : O'Neal & Duncan 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Bryant 2003 : Garnett 2004 : O'Neal 2005 : Iverson 2006 : James 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Bryant & O'Neal 2010 : Wade 2011 : Bryant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Paul 2014 : Irving 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Westbrook 2017 : Davis 2018 : James Slam Dunk Contest winners 1984 : Nance 1985 : Wilkins 1986 : Webb 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Walker 1990 : Wilkins 1991 : Brown 1992 : Ceballos 1993 : Miner 1994 : Rider 1995 : Miner 1996 : Barry 1997 : Bryant 2000 : Carter 2001 : Mason 2002 : Richardson 2003 : Richardson 2004 : Jones 2005 : Smith 2006 : Robinson 2007 : Green 2008 : Howard 2009 : Robinson 2010 : Robinson 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Evans 2013 : Ross 2014 : Wall 2015 : LaVine 2016 : LaVine 2017 : Robinson III 2018 : Mitchell Chicago Bulls 1990 -- 91 NBA champions 2 Hopson 5 Paxson 10 Armstrong 14 Hodges 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 24 Cartwright 32 Perdue 33 Pippen 34 King 42 Williams 53 Levingston 54 Grant Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Bach Cleamons Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1991 -- 92 NBA champions 5 Paxson 10 Armstrong 14 Hodges 20 Hansen 21 King 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 24 Cartwright 32 Perdue 33 Pippen 42 Williams 53 Levingston 54 Grant Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Bach Cleamons Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1992 -- 93 NBA champions 5 Paxson 6 Tucker 10 Armstrong 20 Walker 21 King 22 McCray 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 24 Cartwright 32 Perdue 33 Pippen 42 Williams 54 Grant Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Bach Cleamons Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1995 -- 96 NBA champions 0 Brown 7 Kukoč 9 Harper 13 Longley 22 Salley 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 25 Kerr 30 Buechler 33 Pippen 34 Wennington 53 Edwards 91 Rodman Head coach : Jackson Assistant coaches : Winter Rodgers Cleamons Paxson Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1996 -- 97 NBA champions 00 Parish 1 Brown 7 Kukoč 9 Harper 13 Longley 18 Dele 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 25 Kerr 30 Buechler 33 Pippen 34 Wennington 35 Caffey 91 Rodman Head coach : Jackson Assistant coaches : Winter Cartwright Rodgers Hamblen Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1997 -- 98 NBA champions 1 Brown 7 Kukoč 8 Simpkins 9 Harper 13 Longley 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 24 Burrell 25 Kerr 30 Buechler 33 Pippen 34 Wennington 91 Rodman Head coach : Jackson Assistant coaches : Winter Cartwright Rodgers Hamblen Regular season Playoffs Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award 1969 : West 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Chamberlain 1973 : Reed 1974 : Havlicek 1975 : Barry 1976 : White 1977 : Walton 1978 : Unseld 1979 : D. Johnson 1980 : E. Johnson 1981 : Maxwell 1982 : E. Johnson 1983 : Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Bird 1987 : E. Johnson 1988 : Worthy 1989 : Dumars 1990 : Thomas 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Olajuwon 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Duncan 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : O'Neal 2002 : O'Neal 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Billups 2005 : Duncan 2006 : Wade 2007 : Parker 2008 : Pierce 2009 : Bryant 2010 : Bryant 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Leonard 2015 : Iguodala 2016 : James 2017 : Durant 2018 : Durant NBA season scoring leaders 1947 : Fulks 1948 : Zaslofsky 1949 : Mikan 1950 : Mikan 1951 : Mikan 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Johnston 1954 : Johnston 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Arizin 1958 : Yardley 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Chamberlain 1965 : Chamberlain 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Barry 1968 : Bing 1969 : Hayes 1970 : West 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Archibald 1974 : McAdoo 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : McAdoo 1977 : Maravich 1978 : Gervin 1979 : Gervin 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Dantley 1982 : Gervin 1983 : English 1984 : Dantley 1985 : King 1986 : Wilkins 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Robinson 1995 : O'Neal 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Iverson 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : McGrady 2004 : McGrady 2005 : Iverson 2006 : Bryant 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Wade 2010 : Durant 2011 : Durant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Anthony 2014 : Durant 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden NBA season steals leaders 1974 : Steele 1975 : Barry 1976 : Watts 1977 : Buse 1978 : Lee 1979 : Carr 1980 : Richardson 1981 : Johnson 1982 : Johnson 1983 : Richardson 1984 : Green 1985 : Richardson 1986 : Robertson 1987 : Robertson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Stockton 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Robertson 1992 : Stockton 1993 : Jordan 1994 : McMillan 1995 : Pippen 1996 : Payton 1997 : Blaylock 1998 : Blaylock 1999 : Gill 2000 : Jones 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : Iverson 2004 : Davis 2005 : Hughes 2006 : Wallace 2007 : Davis 2008 : Paul 2009 : Paul 2010 : Rondo 2011 : Paul 2012 : Paul 2013 : Paul 2014 : Paul 2015 : Leonard 2016 : Curry 2017 : Green 2018 : Oladipo National Basketball Association 's 50 Greatest Players in NBA History Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Nate Archibald Paul Arizin Charles Barkley Rick Barry Elgin Baylor Dave Bing Larry Bird Wilt Chamberlain Bob Cousy Dave Cowens Billy Cunningham Dave DeBusschere Clyde Drexler Julius Erving Patrick Ewing Walt Frazier George Gervin Hal Greer John Havlicek Elvin Hayes Magic Johnson Sam Jones Michael Jordan Jerry Lucas Karl Malone Moses Malone Pete Maravich Kevin McHale George Mikan Earl Monroe Hakeem Olajuwon Shaquille O'Neal Robert Parish Bob Pettit Scottie Pippen Willis Reed Oscar Robertson David Robinson Bill Russell Dolph Schayes Bill Sharman John Stockton Isiah Thomas Nate Thurmond Wes Unseld Bill Walton Jerry West Lenny Wilkens James Worthy Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 2009 Players Michael Jordan David Robinson John Stockton Coaches Jerry Sloan C. Vivian Stringer Members of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Players Guards R. Allen Archibald Beckman Belov Bing Blazejowski Borgmann Brennan Cervi Cheeks Clayton Cooper - Dyke Cousy Dampier Davies Drexler Dumars Edwards Frazier Friedman Galis Gervin Goodrich Greer Guerin Hanson Haynes Holman Hyatt Isaacs Iverson Jeannette D. Johnson E. Johnson K. Jones S. Jones Jordan Kidd Lieberman Maravich Marcari Marčiulionis Martin McDermott McGrady D. McGuire Meyers R. Miller Monroe C. Murphy Nash Page Payton Petrović Phillip Posey Richmond Robertson Rodgers Roosma J. Russell Schommer Scott Sedran Sharman K. Smith Staley Steinmetz Stockton Swoopes Thomas Thompson Vandivier Wanzer West J. White Wilkens Woodard Wooden Forwards Arizin Barkley Barry Baylor Bird Bradley R. Brown Cunningham Curry Dalipagić Dantley DeBusschere Dehnert Endacott English Erving Foster Fulks Gale Gates Gola Hagan Havlicek Hawkins Hayes Haywood Heinsohn Hill Howell G. Johnson King Lucas Luisetti K. Malone McClain B. McCracken J. McCracken McGinnis McHale Mikkelsen C. Miller Mullin Pettit Pippen Pollard Radja Ramsey Rodman Schayes E. Schmidt O. Schmidt Stokes C. Thompson T. Thompson Twyman Walker Washington N. White Wilkes Wilkins Worthy Yardley Centers Abdul - Jabbar Barlow Beaty Bellamy Chamberlain Ćosić Cowens Crawford Daniels DeBernardi Donovan Ewing Gallatin Gilmore Gruenig Harris - Stewart Houbregs Issel W. Johnson Johnston M. Krause Kurland Lanier Leslie Lovellette Lapchick Macauley M. Malone McAdoo Meneghin Mikan Mourning S. Murphy Mutombo Olajuwon O'Neal Parish Pereira Reed Risen Robinson B. Russell Sabonis Sampson Semjonova Thurmond Unseld Wachter Walton Yao Coaches Alexeeva P. Allen Anderson Auerbach Auriemma Barmore Barry Blood Boeheim L. Brown Calhoun Calipari Cann Carlson Carnesecca Carnevale Carril Case Chancellor Chaney Conradt Crum Daly Dean Díaz - Miguel Diddle Drake Driesell Ferrándiz Gaines Gamba Gardner Gaze Gill Gomelsky Gunter Hannum Harshman Haskins Hatchell Heinsohn Hickey Hobson Holzman Hughes Hurley Iba Izzo P. Jackson Julian Keaney Keogan Knight Krzyzewski Kundla Lambert Leonard Lewis Litwack Loeffler Lonborg Magee McCutchan McGraw A. McGuire F. McGuire McLendon Meanwell Meyer Miller Moore Nelson Nikolić Novosel Olson Pitino Ramsay Richardson Riley Rubini Rupp Rush Sachs Self Sharman Shelton Sloan D. Smith Stringer Summitt Tarkanian Taylor Teague J. Thompson VanDerveer Wade Watts Wilkens G. Williams R. Williams Wooden Woolpert Wootten Yow Contributors Abbott Barksdale Bee Biasone H. Brown W. Brown Bunn Buss Clifton Colangelo Cooper Davidson Douglas Duer Embry Fagan Fisher Fleisher Gavitt Gottlieb Granik Gulick Harrison Hearn Henderson Hepp Hickox Hinkle Irish M. Jackson Jernstedt Jones Kennedy Knight J. Krause Lemon Liston Lloyd McLendon Lobo Mokray Morgan Morgenweck Naismith Newell Newton J. O'Brien L. O'Brien Olsen Podoloff Porter Raveling Reid Reinsdorf Ripley Sanders Saperstein Schabinger St. John Stagg Stanković Steitz Stern Taylor Thorn Tower Trester Vitale Wells Welts Wilke Winter Zollner Referees Bavetta Enright Garretson Hepbron Hoyt Kennedy Leith Mihalik Nichols Nucatola Quigley Rudolph Shirley Strom Tobey Walsh Teams 1960 United States Olympic Team 1992 United States Olympic Team All - American Red Heads Buffalo Germans The First Team Harlem Globetrotters Immaculata College New York Renaissance Original Celtics Texas Western FIBA Hall of Fame inductees Coaches ( 22 ) Alexeyeva Canavesi Díaz - Miguel Donohue Ferrándiz A. Gomelsky E. Gomelsky Gaze Iba Ivković Kondrashin Newell Nikolić Novosel Primo Rubini Smith Soares Stirling Summitt Yow Žeravica Contributors ( 35 ) Airaldi Rivarola Ashry Atakol Bouffard Busnel Calvo Carneiro Dos Reis Greim Hepp Jones Killian Klieger Kozlowski López Martín Naismith Otto Pitzl Popović Ramsay Samaranch Šaper Saporta Scuri Seguro de Luna Semashko Seye Moreau Stanković Steitz Stern Ueda Vitale Wahby Yoon Players ( 55 ) A. Belov S. Belov Berkovich Cameron Chazalon Ćosić Cruz Dalipagić Daneu Delibašić Divac Donovan Edwards Epi Fasoulas Furlong Galis Gaze Gonçalves González Herrera Jean - Jacques Jordan Kićanović Korać Kukoč Maciel Marcari Marčiulionis Martín Marzorati Meneghin Meyers Miller Mujanović Olajuwon O'Neal Pasos Petrović Raga Rigaudeau Robertson Robinson Rodríguez Ronchetti Russell Sabonis Schmidt Semjonova Slavnić Timms Tkachenko Valters Voynova Zasulskaya Teams ( 1 ) 1992 United States Olympic Team ( `` The Dream Team '' ) Technical officials ( 14 ) Arabadjian Bain Belošević Blanchard Dimou Hopenhaym Kassai Kostin Lazarov Pfeuti Rae Reverberi Rigas Righetto United States men 's basketball squad -- 1983 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Cage Jordan Master Mullin Perkins Pinckney Price Reynolds Sitton Stokes Tisdale Wood Coach : Hartman United States men 's basketball squad -- 1984 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Alford 5 Turner 6 Ewing 7 Fleming 8 Robertson 9 Jordan 10 Kleine 11 Koncak 12 Mullin 13 Tisdale 14 Perkins 15 Wood Coach : Knight United States squad -- 1992 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal 4 Laettner 5 Robinson 6 Ewing 7 Bird 8 Pippen 9 Jordan 10 Drexler 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 Mullin 14 Barkley 15 Johnson Coach : Daly United States men 's basketball squad -- 1992 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Laettner 5 Robinson 6 Ewing 7 Bird 8 Pippen 9 Jordan 10 Drexler 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 Mullin 14 Barkley 15 Johnson Coach : Daly Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year 1954 : Roger Bannister 1955 : Johnny Podres 1956 : Bobby Morrow 1957 : Stan Musial 1958 : Rafer Johnson 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Jerry Lucas 1962 : Terry Baker 1963 : Pete Rozelle 1964 : Ken Venturi 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Jim Ryun 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Bill Russell 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Bobby Orr 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973 : Jackie Stewart 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Chris Evert 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Jack Nicklaus 1979 : Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : Sugar Ray Leonard 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Mary Decker 1984 : Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Joe Paterno 1987 : Bob Bourne , Judi Brown King , Kipchoge Keino , Dale Murphy , Chip Rives , Patty Sheehan , Rory Sparrow , & Reggie Williams 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Greg LeMond 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Arthur Ashe 1993 : Don Shula 1994 : Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Tiger Woods 1997 : Dean Smith 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : U.S. Women 's Soccer Team 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Tom Brady 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Brett Favre 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Derek Jeter 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : Peyton Manning 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve & J.J. Watt Sporting News Sportsman / Pro Athlete of the Year 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : John Wooden 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Charlie Finley 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Lou Brock 1975 : Archie Griffin 1976 : Larry O'Brien 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : George Brett 1981 : Wayne Gretzky 1982 : Whitey Herzog 1983 : Bowie Kuhn 1984 : Peter Ueberroth 1985 : Pete Rose 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : None 1988 : Jackie Joyner - Kersee 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Nolan Ryan 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Mike Krzyzewski 1993 : Cito Gaston & Pat Gillick 1994 : Emmitt Smith 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Joe Torre 1997 : Mark McGwire 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : New York Yankees 2000 : Marshall Faulk & Kurt Warner 2001 : Curt Schilling 2002 : Tyrone Willingham 2003 : Dick Vermeil & Jack McKeon 2004 : Tom Brady 2005 : Matt Leinart 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Eli Manning 2009 : Mariano Rivera 2010 : Roy Halladay 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : LeBron James USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year 1980 : Thomas 1981 : Boyle 1982 : Rivers 1983 : Jordan 1984 : Jordan & Perkins 1985 : Person 1986 : Robinson 1987 : Manning 1988 : Majerle 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Mourning 1991 : Laettner 1992 : U.S. men 's national team 1993 : Finley 1994 : O'Neal 1995 : Allen 1996 : Pippen 1997 : Boykins 1998 : Brand 1999 : Payton 2000 : Mourning 2001 : Duhon 2002 : Miller 2003 : Duncan 2004 : May & Paul 2005 : Williams 2006 : Anthony 2007 : Kidd 2008 : U.S. men 's national team 2009 : McAdoo 2010 : Durant 2011 : Parker 2012 : James 2013 : Gordon 2014 : Irving 2015 : Brunson 2016 : Anthony & Durant 2017 : Warney Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year 1931 : Pepper Martin 1932 : Gene Sarazen 1933 : Carl Hubbell 1934 : Dizzy Dean 1935 : Joe Louis 1936 : Jesse Owens 1937 : Don Budge 1938 : Don Budge 1939 : Nile Kinnick 1940 : Tom Harmon 1941 : Joe DiMaggio 1942 : Frank Sinkwich 1943 : Gunder Hägg 1944 : Byron Nelson 1945 : Byron Nelson 1946 : Glenn Davis 1947 : Johnny Lujack 1948 : Lou Boudreau 1949 : Leon Hart 1950 : Jim Konstanty 1951 : Dick Kazmaier 1952 : Bob Mathias 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Howard Cassady 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Ted Williams 1958 : Herb Elliott 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Rafer Johnson 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Don Schollander 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : George Blanda 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Mark Spitz 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Fred Lynn 1976 : Bruce Jenner 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : John McEnroe 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Carl Lewis 1984 : Carl Lewis 1985 : Dwight Gooden 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : Ben Johnson 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Michael Jordan 1993 : Michael Jordan 1994 : George Foreman 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Michael Johnson 1997 : Tiger Woods 1998 : Mark McGwire 1999 : Tiger Woods 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Barry Bonds 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : Lance Armstrong 2004 : Lance Armstrong 2005 : Lance Armstrong 2006 : Tiger Woods 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Jimmie Johnson 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : Michael Phelps 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve Best Male Athlete ESPY Award winners 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Bonds 1995 : Young 1996 : Ripken Jr . 1997 : Johnson 1998 : Woods / Griffey Jr . 1999 : McGwire 2000 : Woods 2001 : Woods 2002 : Woods 2003 : Armstrong 2004 : Armstrong 2005 : Armstrong 2006 : Armstrong 2007 : Tomlinson 2008 : Woods 2009 : Phelps 2010 : Brees 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : James 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Ovechkin Chicago Bulls Founded in 1966 Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise Franchise Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Records Broadcasters Head coaches Current season Arenas International Amphitheatre Chicago Stadium United Center Personnel Owner : Jerry Reinsdorf Vice president of basketball operations : John Paxson General manager : Gar Forman Head coach : Fred Hoiberg Culture Air Jordan Jumpman Tommy Edwards Benny the Bull `` Sirius '' Ray Clay Jordan Rules Triangle offense Ashland Green / Pink Line Station Tex Winter The Spirit ( Michael Jordan statue ) Lore Phantom Buzzer Game The Shot Championship riots Trent Tucker Rule Disputed foul against Scottie Pippen 72 -- 10 Michael Jordan 's last shot Rivals Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Miami Heat New York Knicks Retired numbers 10 23 33 Coach General Manager G League affiliate Windy City Bulls NBA Championships ( 6 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 Eastern Conference Championships ( 6 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 Division titles ( 9 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 2011 2012 Hall of Famers George Gervin Artis Gilmore Phil Jackson Michael Jordan Robert Parish Scottie Pippen Jerry Reinsdorf Guy Rodgers Dennis Rodman Jerry Sloan Rod Thorn Nate Thurmond Chet Walker Tex Winter Media TV WGN ( through WGN Sports ) NBC Sports Chicago CN100 Radio WSCR Announcers Neil Funk Stacey King Chuck Swirsky Bill Wennington Charlotte Hornets Founded in 1988 Formerly the Charlotte Bobcats ( 2004 -- 2014 ) Based in Charlotte , North Carolina Franchise History Seasons 1988 Expansion Draft 2004 Expansion Draft Draft history All - time roster Head coaches Accomplishments Broadcasters Current season Arenas Charlotte Coliseum Spectrum Center Administration Owner Michael Jordan President of basketball operations / General manager Mitch Kupchak Head coach James Borrego General managers Scheer Bass Bickerstaff Higgins Cho Kupchak G League affiliate Greensboro Swarm Retired numbers 13 Hall of Famers Robert Parish Alonzo Mourning Dave Cowens Larry Brown Culture and lore Buzz City George Shinn Hugo Charlotte Honey Bees `` Grandmama '' `` Zo '' Patrick K. Doughty NBA Playoff appearances ( 10 ) 1993 1995 1997 1998 2000 2001 2002 2014 2016 Media TV Fox Sports Carolinas Fox Sports Southeast Radio WFNZ Announcers Eric Collins Dell Curry Stephanie Ready Steve Martin Miami Heat Founded in 1988 Based in Miami , Florida Franchise Franchise Team history Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Records Broadcasters Head coaches Current season Arenas Miami Arena American Airlines Arena G League affiliates Florida Flame Arkansas RimRockers Albuquerque Thunderbirds Sioux Falls Skyforce General managers Schaffel Wohl Pfund Riley Elisburg NBA Championships ( 3 ) 2006 2012 2013 Eastern Conference Championships ( 5 ) 2006 2011 2012 2013 2014 Culture and lore Micky Arison Pat Riley Michael Baiamonte Burnie `` The Heat Is On '' ( Glenn Frey song ) Shaq The Decision The Big Three 27 in a row The Shot Retired numbers 10 23 32 33 Rivals Chicago Bulls New York Knicks Media TV Fox Sports Sun Radio 790 The Ticket Announcers Eric Reid Tony Fiorentino Jason Jackson Mike Inglis BIBSYS : 26929 BNE : XX1017832 BNF : cb139910665 ( data ) GND : 119184486 ISNI : 0000 0001 1455 4934 LCCN : n86020198 NDL : 00514147 SNAC : w6pk1hw4 SUDOC : 032511205 VIAF : 114945073 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jordan&oldid=856961107 '' Categories : Michael Jordan 1963 births Living people African - American basketball players African - American billionaires African - American investors African - American sportsmen African - American sports executives and administrators All - American college men 's basketball players American businesspeople in retailing American investors American men 's basketball players American sports executives and administrators Baseball players from New York ( state ) Baseball players from North Carolina Basketball players at the 1982 NCAA Men 's Division I Final Four Basketball players at the 1983 Pan American Games Basketball players at the 1984 Summer Olympics Basketball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics Basketball players from New York ( state ) Basketball players from North Carolina Birmingham Barons players Businesspeople from Illinois Businesspeople from New York City Businesspeople from North Carolina Charlotte Bobcats executives Charlotte Bobcats owners Charlotte Hornets executives Chicago Bulls draft picks Chicago Bulls players FIBA Hall of Fame inductees McDonald 's High School All - Americans Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees National Basketball Association All - Stars National Basketball Association players with retired numbers North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball players Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States Pan American Games medalists in basketball Parade High School All - Americans ( boys ' basketball ) People from Highland Park , Illinois Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Scottsdale Scorpions players Shoe designers Shooting guards Sportspeople from Brooklyn Sportspeople from Wilmington , North Carolina United States men 's national basketball team players Washington Wizards executives Washington Wizards players Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from July 2016 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with Curlie links Featured articles Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oromoo ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 85 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 17 : 02 ( UTC ) . 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Post-industrial society
Post-industrial society - wikipedia Post-industrial society Jump to : navigation , search `` Post-industrial '' redirects here . For the music genre , see post-industrial music . Clark 's Sector model for US economy 1850 -- 2009 In sociology , the post-industrial society is the stage of society 's development when the service sector generates more wealth than the manufacturing sector of the economy . The term was originated by Alain Touraine and is closely related to similar sociological theoretical constructs such as post-fordism , information society , knowledge economy , post-industrial economy , liquid modernity , and network society . They all can be used in economics or social science disciplines as a general theoretical backdrop in research design . As the term has been used , a few common themes , including the ones below have begun to emerge . The economy undergoes a transition from the production of goods to the provision of services . Knowledge becomes a valued form of capital ; see Human capital . Producing ideas is the main way to grow the economy . Through processes of globalization and automation , the value and importance to the economy of blue - collar , unionized work , including manual labor ( e.g. , assembly - line work ) decline , and those of professional workers ( e.g. , scientists , creative - industry professionals , and IT professionals ) grow in value and prevalence . Behavioral and information sciences and technologies are developed and implemented . ( e.g. , behavioral economics , information architecture , cybernetics , game theory and information theory . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Valuation of knowledge 3 Creativity culture 4 Critics 4.1 Neologism 4.2 Social critique 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Origins ( edit ) Daniel Bell popularized the term through his 1974 work The Coming of Post-Industrial Society . Although some have credited Bell with coining the term , French sociologist Alain Touraine published in 1969 the first major work on the post-industrial society . The term was also used extensively by social philosopher Ivan Illich in his 1973 paper Tools for Conviviality. and appears occasionally in Leftist texts throughout the mid-to - late 1960s . The term has grown and changed as it became mainstream . The term is now used by admen such as Seth Godin , public policy PhD 's such as Keith Boeckelman , and sociologists such as Neil Fligstein and Ofer Sharone . President Bill Clinton even used the term to describe Chinese growth in a round - table discussion in Shanghai in 1998 . Valuation of knowledge ( edit ) The post-industrialized society is marked by an increased valuation of knowledge . This itself is unsurprising , having been foreshadowed in Daniel Bell 's presumption as to how economic employment patterns will evolve in such societies . He asserts employment will grow faster in the tertiary ( and quaternary ) sector relative to employment in the primary and secondary sector and that the tertiary ( and quaternary ) sectors will take precedence in the economy . This will continue to occur such that the `` impact of the expert '' will expand and power will be monopolized by knowledge . As tertiary and quaternary sector positions are essentially knowledge - oriented , this will result in a restructuring of education , at least in its nuances . The `` new power ... of the expert '' consequently gives rise to the growing role of universities and research institutes in post-industrial societies . Post-industrial societies themselves become oriented around these places of knowledge production and production of experts as their new foci . Consequently , the greatest beneficiaries in the post-industrial society are young urban professionals . As a new , educated , and politicized generation more impassioned by liberalism , social justice , and environmentalism the shift of power into their hands , as a result of their knowledge endowments , is often cited as a good thing . The increasing importance of knowledge in post-industrial societies results in a general increase in expertise through the economy and throughout society . In this manner , it eliminates what Alan Banks and Jim Foster identify as `` undesirable work as well as the grosser forms of poverty and inequality . '' This effect is supplemented by the aforementioned movement of power into the hands of young educated people concerned with social justice . Economists at Berkeley have studied the value of knowledge as a form of capital , adding value to material capital , such as factory or a truck . Speaking along the same lines of their argument , the addition or ' production ' of knowledge , could become the basis of what would undoubtably be considered ' post-industrial ' policies meant to deliver economic growth . Creativity culture ( edit ) Similarly , post-industrial society has serviced the creative culture . Many of those most well - equipped to thrive in an increasingly technological society are young adults with tertiary education . As education itself becomes more and more oriented towards producing people capable of answering the need for self - actualization , creativity , and self - expression , successive generations become more endowed with the ability to contribute to and perpetuate such industries . This nuanced change in education , as well among the emerging class of young professionals , is itself initiated by what James D Wright identifies as an `` unprecedented economic affluence and the satiation of basic material needs . '' Ellen Dunham - Jones as well observes this feature of post-industrial society where `` abundant goods ( are ) equitably distributed ( in order that ) laborless leisure and self - determination '' can be consumed . The post-industrial society is repeatedly stressed to be one where knowledge is power and technology is the instrument . Naturally , where one is creatively inclined , they are advantaged by such a society . The doctrine of `` speed , mobility and malleability '' is well suited to a dynamic creative industry and as industries of good production decrease in precedence , the way is paved for artists , musicians , and other such types , whose skills are better utilized by the tertiary and quaternary sector . Urban geographer Trevor Barnes , in his work outlining the Vancouver experience in post-war development , evokes the post-industrial condition , citing the emergence and consolidation of a significant video games industry as a constituent of the elite service sector . This increased faculty of the post-industrialist society with respects to the creative industry is itself reflected by the economic history of post-industrial societies . As economic activities shift from primarily primary and secondary sector - based to tertiary , and later quaternary , sector - based , cities in which this shift occurs become more open to exchanges of information . This is necessitated by the demands of a tertiary and quaternary sector : in order to better service an industry focused on finance , education , communication , management , training , engineering , and aesthetic design , the city must become points of exchange capable of providing the most updated information from across the globe . Conversely , as cities become a convergence of international ideas , the tertiary and quaternary sector can be expected to grow . A virtual cult of ' creatives ' have sprung up embodying and often describing and defending the post-industrial ethos . They argue that businesses that create intangibles have taken a more prominent role in the wake of manufacturing 's decline . Actor and then - artistic director of the Old Vic Theatre , Kevin Spacey , has argued the economic case for the arts in terms of providing jobs and being of greater importance in exports than manufacturing ( as well as an educational role ) in a guest column he wrote for The Times . Critics ( edit ) Post-industrialism is criticized for the amount of real fundamental change it produces in society , if any at all . A mild view held by Alan Banks and Jim Foster contends that representations of post-industrial society by advocates assume professional , educated elites were previously less relevant than they have become in the new social order , and that changes that have occurred are minor but greatly embellished . More critical views see the entire process as the highest evolution of capitalism , wherein the system produces commodities as opposed to practical goods and is determined privately instead of socially . This view is complemented by the assertion that `` the characteristic feature of a modern ( that is , post-industrial ) society is that it is a technocracy . '' Such societies then become notable for their ability to subvert social consciousness through powers of manipulation rather than powers of coercion , reflective of the `` ideology of the ruling class ( as ) ... predominantly managerial . '' In line with the view that nothing fundamental has changed in the transition from industrial societies to post-industrial societies is the insistence of lingering problems from past development periods . Neo-Malthusian in essence , this outlook focuses on post-industrial society 's continuing struggle with issues of resource scarcity , overpopulation , and environmental degradation , all of which are remnants from its industrial history . This is exacerbated by a `` corporate liberalism '' that seeks to continue economic growth through `` the creation and satisfaction of false needs , '' or as Christopher Lasch more derisively refers to it , `` subsidized waste . '' Urban development in the context of post-industrialism is also a point of contention . In opposition to the view that the new leaders of post-industrial society are increasingly environmentally aware , this critique asserts that it rather leads to environmental degradation , this being rooted in the patterns of development . Urban sprawl , characterised behaviourally by cities `` expanding at the periphery in even lower densities '' and physically by `` office parks , malls , strips , condo clusters , corporate campuses and gated communities , '' is singled out as the main issue . Resulting from a post-industrialist culture of `` mobile capital , the service economy , post-Fordist disposable consumerism and banking deregulation , '' urban sprawl has caused post-industrialism to become environmentally and socially regressive . Of the former , environmental degradation results from encroachment as cities meet demands on low - density habitation ; the wider spread of population consumes more of the environment while necessitating more energy consumption in order to facilitate travel within the ever - growing city , incurring greater pollution . This process evokes the neo-Malthusian concerns of overpopulation and resource scarcity that inevitably lead to environmental deterioration . Of the latter , `` post-industrialism's doctrine of ... mobility and malleability '' encourage a disconnect between communities where social belonging falls into the category of things considered by the `` post-Fordist disposable consumer ( ist ) '' attitude as interchangeable , expendable , and replaceable . Post-industrialism as a concept is highly Western - centric . Theoretically and effectively , it is only possible in the Global West , which its proponents assume to be solely capable of fully realizing industrialization and then post-industrialization . Herman Kahn optimistically predicted the `` economic growth , expanded production and growing efficiency '' of post-industrial societies and the resultant `` material abundance and ... high quality of life '' to extend to `` almost all people in Western societies '' and only `` some in Eastern societies . '' This prediction is treated elsewhere by contentions that the post-industrial society merely perpetuates capitalism . Recalling the critical assertion that all modern societies are technocracies , T. Roszak completes the analysis by stating that `` all societies are moving in the direction of technocracies . '' From this , the foremost `` suave technocracies '' reside in the West , whereas all others are successively graded in descending order : `` vulgar technocracies , '' `` teratoid technocracies , '' and finally `` comic opera technocracies . '' This view importantly presumes one transition and furthermore one path of transition for societies to undergo , i.e. the one that Western societies are slated to complete . Much like the demographic transition model , this prediction does not entertain the idea of an Eastern or other alternative model of transitional development . Neologism ( edit ) When historians and sociologists considered the revolution that followed the agricultural society they did not call it a `` post-agricultural society '' . `` Post-industrial society '' signifies only a departure , not a positive description . One of the word 's early users , Ivan Illich , prefigured this criticism and invented the term Conviviality , or the Convivial Society , to stand as a positive description of his version of a post-industrial society . Social critique ( edit ) A group of scholars ( including Allen Scott and Edward Soja ) argue that industry remains at the center of the whole process of capitalist accumulation , with services not only becoming increasingly industrialized and automated but also remaining highly dependent on industrial growth . Some observers , including Soja ( building on the theories of the French philosopher of urbanism Henri Lefebvre ) , suggest that although industry may be based outside of a `` post-industrial '' nation , that nation can not ignore industry 's necessary sociological importance . See also ( edit ) Deindustrialization Late modernity Late capitalism Industrial society Information society Information revolution Knowledge economy Network society Post-capitalism Post-democracy Post-Marxism Post-modernity Sleepers , Wake ! Sociocultural evolution Technological unemployment Urban decay Future Shock People Heinz von Foerster Alvin Toffler Alain Touraine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Who Makes It ? Clark 's Sector Model for US Economy 1850 - 2009 '' . Retrieved 29 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Bell , Daniel . The Coming of Post-Industrial Society . New York : Harper Colophon Books , 1974 . Jump up ^ Ahead of the curve , Schumpeter , The Economist , Feb 3rd 2011 Jump up ^ For example , James Weinstein , ' Studies on the Left : R.I.P. ' , Radical America : An SDS Magazine , vol. 1 , no. 3 ( Nov - Dec , 1967 ) , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Godin , Seth . Linchpin ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ The American States in the Postindustrial Economy . The State and Local Government Review . on the web : https://www.jstor.org/pss/4355128 Jump up ^ Work in the Postindustrial Economy of California . ( 2002 ) On the web http://www.russellsage.org/publications/workingpapers/workpostindcalif/document Jump up ^ 1999 Forward to `` The Coming of the Post-Industrial Society '' by Daniel Bell ^ Jump up to : Targ , Harry R. `` Global Dominance and Dependence , Post-Industrialism , and International Relations Theory : A Review . '' International Studies Quarterly . 20 . 3 ( 1976 ) : 461 - 482 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , James D . `` The Political Consciousness of Post-Industrialism . '' Contemporary Sociology. 7 . 3 ( 1978 ) : 270 - 273 . ^ Jump up to : Banks , Alan and Jim Foster . `` The Mystifications of Post-Industrialism . '' Appalachian Journal . 10 . 4 ( 1983 ) : 372 - 378 . Jump up ^ Czarnitzki , Dirk ; Hall Bronwyn H. ( Berkeley ) ; Oriani Raffaele ; The Market Valuation of Knowledge Assets in US and European Firms . On the web at http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~bhhall/papers/CHO05_mktval.pdf ^ Jump up to : Dunham - Jones , Ellen . `` New Urbanism as a Counter-Project to Post-Industrialism ( The Promise of New Urbanism ) . '' Places. 13 . 2 ( 2000 ) : 26 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , T et al. `` Vancouver : Restructuring narratives in the transnational metropolis . '' Canadian urban regions : trajectories of growth and change . Eds . L Bourne et al. ( 2011 ) : 291 - 327 . ^ Jump up to : Golden , Miriam & Michael Wallerstein . `` Domestic and International Causes for the Rise of Pay Inequality : Post-Industrialism , Globalization and Labor Market Institutions . '' The Institute for Research on Labor and Employment , UCLA ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article6251188.ece Kevin Spacey makes an economic case for the arts ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Gibson , Donald E. `` Post-Industrialism : Prosperity or Decline ? '' Sociological Focus. 26 . 2 ( 1993 ) : 147 - 163 . Jump up ^ Veneris , Yannis . The Informational Revolution , Cybernetics and Urban Modelling , PhD Thesis , University of Newcastle upon Tyne , UK , 1984 . This thesis explored trends and theories ( general economic and regional ) , and developed a large scale dynamic simulation model of the transition from an industrial to an informational economy . Jump up ^ Veneris , Yannis . Modeling the transition from the Industrial to the Informational Revolution , Environment and Planning A 22 ( 3 ) : 399 - 416 , 1990 . ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Post Industrial Society Essay Criticism of Bell 's analysis of the role of information and knowledge in relation to contemporary social change and the extent of these changes . Technology essays , 2005 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Post-industrial_society&oldid=799551130 '' Categories : Postindustrial society Postmodernism Social philosophy Theories of history Technology in society Information economy Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Қазақша Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 11 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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English-speaking world
English - speaking world - wikipedia English - speaking world Nations in which English is an official language ( de facto or de jure ) . Anglosphere countries are a subset of those where English is the main native language . Anglosphere Official as majority language Official as minority language Co-official as majority language Co-official as minority language Unofficial Not official as majority language Not official as minority language Approximately 330 to 360 million people speak English as their first language . The United States has the most native speakers at 258 million . Additionally , there are 60 million native English speakers in the United Kingdom , 19 million in Canada , 16.5 million in Australia , 4.8 million in Ireland , and 4.8 million in New Zealand . Other countries also use English as their primary and official languages . English is the third largest language by number of native speakers , after Mandarin and Spanish . Estimates that include second language speakers vary greatly , from 470 million to more than 1 billion . David Crystal calculates that , as of 2003 , non-native speakers outnumbered native speakers by a ratio of 3 to 1 . When combining native and non-native speakers , English is the most widely spoken language worldwide . Besides the major varieties of English , such as American English , British English , Canadian English , Australian English , Irish English , New Zealand English and their sub-varieties , countries such as South Africa , India , the Philippines , Jamaica and Nigeria also have millions of native speakers of dialect continua ranging from English - based creole languages to Standard English . Contents 1 Majority English - speaking countries 2 Countries where English is an official language 3 English as a global language 4 References 5 Bibliography Majority English - speaking countries ( edit ) Countries where English is spoken natively by the majority of the population . Main articles : List of countries by English - speaking population and Anglosphere There are six large countries with a majority of native English speakers that are sometimes grouped under the term Anglosphere . In numbers of English speakers they are : the United States ( at least 231 million ) , the United Kingdom ( 60 million ) , Canada ( at least 20 million ) , Australia ( at least 17 million ) , Ireland ( 4.8 million ) and New Zealand ( 4.8 million ) . Pie chart showing the percentage of native English speakers living in `` inner circle '' English - speaking countries . Native speakers are now substantially outnumbered worldwide by second - language speakers of English ( not counted in this chart ) . United States ( 64 % ) United Kingdom ( 16.6 % ) Canada ( 5.3 % ) Australia ( 4.7 % ) South Africa ( 1.3 % ) Ireland ( 1.3 % ) New Zealand ( 1.3 % ) Other ( 5.5 % ) English is also the primary natively spoken language in the countries and territories of Anguilla , Antigua and Barbuda , the Bahamas , Barbados , Belize , Bermuda , the British Indian Ocean Territory , the British Virgin Islands , the Cayman Islands , Dominica , the Falkland Islands , Gibraltar , Grenada , Guam , Guernsey , Guyana , the Isle of Man , Jamaica , Jersey , Montserrat , Pitcairn Islands , Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands , Trinidad and Tobago , and the Turks and Caicos Islands . Other substantial communities of native speakers are found in South Africa ( 4.8 million ) and Nigeria ( 4 million , 5 % ) . Countries where English is an official language ( edit ) Main article : List of territorial entities where English is an official language In some countries where English is not the most spoken language , it is an official language ; these countries include Botswana , Cameroon ( co-official with French ) , the Federated States of Micronesia , Fiji , Ghana , Hong Kong , India , Kenya , Kiribati , Lesotho , Liberia , Malta , the Marshall Islands , Mauritius , Namibia , Nigeria , Pakistan , Palau , Papua New Guinea , the Philippines , Rwanda , Saint Lucia , Samoa , Seychelles , Sierra Leone , Singapore , the Solomon Islands , Sri Lanka , Sudan , South Africa , South Sudan , Swaziland , Tanzania , Uganda , Zambia and Zimbabwe . There also are countries where in a part of the territory English became a co-official language , e.g. Colombia 's San Andrés y Providencia and Nicaragua 's Mosquito Coast . This was a result of the influence of British colonization in the area . India has the largest number of second - language speakers of English ( see Indian English ) ; Crystal ( 2004 ) claims that , combining native and non-native speakers , India has more people who speak or understand English than any other country in the world . However , most scholars and research that has been conducted dispute his assertions . English is one of the eleven official languages that are given equal status in South Africa ( South African English ) . It is also the official language in current dependent territories of Australia ( Norfolk Island , Christmas Island and Cocos Island ) and of the United States ( American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico ( in Puerto Rico , English is co-official with Spanish ) and the US Virgin Islands ) , and the former British colony of Hong Kong . ( See List of countries where English is an official language for more details . ) Although the United States federal government has no official languages , English has been given official status by 32 of the 50 US state governments . Although falling short of official status , English is also an important language in several former colonies and protectorates of the United Kingdom , such as Bahrain , Bangladesh , Brunei , Cyprus and the United Arab Emirates . English as a Global language ( edit ) See also : English in computing , International English , World Englishes , World language , and English as a second or foreign language States and territories in which English is the first language of the majority of the population . States and territories in which English is an official , but not the majority language . Because English is so widely spoken , it has often been referred to as a `` world language '' , the lingua franca of the modern era , and while it is not an official language in most countries , it is currently the language most often taught as a foreign language . It is , by international treaty , the official language for aeronautical and maritime communications . English is one of the official languages of the United Nations and many other international organizations , including the International Olympic Committee . It is also one of two co-official languages for astronauts ( besides the Russian language ) serving on board the International Space Station . English is studied most often in the European Union , and the perception of the usefulness of foreign languages among Europeans is 67 percent in favour of English ahead of 17 percent for German and 16 percent for French ( as of 2012 ) . Among some of the non-English - speaking EU countries , the following percentages of the adult population claimed to be able to converse in English in 2012 : 90 percent in the Netherlands , 89 percent in Malta , 86 percent in Sweden and Denmark , 73 percent in Cyprus and Austria , 70 percent in Finland , and over 50 percent in Greece , Belgium , Luxembourg , Slovenia , and Germany . In 2012 , excluding native speakers , 38 percent of Europeans consider that they can speak English . Books , magazines , and newspapers written in English are available in many countries around the world , and English is the most commonly used language in the sciences with Science Citation Index reporting as early as 1997 that 95 % of its articles were written in English , even though only half of them came from authors in English - speaking countries . In publishing , English literature predominates considerably with 28 percent of all books published in the world ( leclerc 2011 ) and 30 percent of web content in 2011 ( down from 50 percent in 2000 ) . This increasing use of the English language globally has had a large impact on many other languages , leading to language shift and even language death , and to claims of linguistic imperialism . English itself has become more open to language shift as multiple regional varieties feed back into the language as a whole . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Crystal 2006 , pp. 424 -- 426 . Jump up ^ `` Summary by language size '' . Ethnologue : Languages of the World . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Crystal , David ( 2003 ) . English as a Global Language ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 53032 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ryan 2013 , Table 1 . Jump up ^ Office for National Statistics 2013 , Key Points . Jump up ^ National Records of Scotland 2013 . Jump up ^ Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency 2012 , Table KS207NI : Main Language . Jump up ^ Statistics Canada 2014 . Jump up ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics 2013 . Jump up ^ Statistics New Zealand 2014 . Jump up ^ Data are from national censuses conducted in 2010 or 2011 in the reported countries . Jump up ^ Statistics South Africa 2012 , Table 2.5 Population by first language spoken and province ( number ) . Jump up ^ Crystal 2004b . Jump up ^ Nancy Morris ( 1995 ) . Puerto Rico : Culture , Politics , and Identity . Praeger / Greenwood . p. 62 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95228 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. English , Inc '' . U.S. English . Archived from the original on 6 January 2010 . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. English Chairman Applauds West Virginia Bill to Declare English the States Official Language '' . U.S. English . Archived from the original on 1 April 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : David Graddol ( 1997 ) . `` The Future of English ? '' ( PDF ) . The British Council . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 February 2007 . Retrieved 15 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Crystal , David ( 2003a ) . English as a Global Language ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 53032 - 3 . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Lay summary ( PDF ) -- Library of Congress ( sample ) ( 4 February 2015 ) . Northrup , David ( 20 March 2013 ) . How English Became the Global Language . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 30306 - 6 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Lay summary ( 25 March 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` ICAO Promotes Aviation Safety by Endorsing English Language Testing '' . International Civil Aviation Organization . 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases '' . International Maritime Organization . Archived from the original on 27 December 2003 . Jump up ^ European Commission ( June 2012 ) . Special Eurobarometer 386 : Europeans and Their Languages ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Eurobarometer Special Surveys . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Lay summary ( PDF ) ( 27 March 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Northrup 2013 . Jump up ^ David Crystal ( 2000 ) Language Death , Preface ; viii , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge Jump up ^ Jambor , Paul Z. ( April 2007 ) . `` English Language Imperialism : Points of View '' . Journal of English as an International Language . 2 : 103 -- 123 . Bibliography ( edit ) Australian Bureau of Statistics ( 28 March 2013 ) . `` 2011 Census QuickStats : Australia '' . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Bao , Z. ( 2006 ) . `` Variation in Nonnative Varieties of English '' . In Brown , Keith . Encyclopedia of language & linguistics . Elsevier . pp. 377 -- 380 . doi : 10.1016 / B0 - 08 - 044854 - 2 / 04257 - 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 044299 - 0 . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Lay summary ( 6 February 2015 ) . -- via ScienceDirect ( Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries . ) Crystal , David ( 19 November 2004b ) . `` Subcontinent Raises Its Voice '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Crystal , David ( 2006 ) . `` Chapter 9 : English worldwide '' . In Denison , David ; Hogg , Richard M. A History of the English language . Cambridge University Press . pp. 420 -- 439 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 511 - 16893 - 2 . National Records of Scotland ( 26 September 2013 ) . `` Census 2011 : Release 2A '' . Scotland 's Census 2011 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency ( 11 December 2012 ) . `` Census 2011 : Key Statistics for Northern Ireland December 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Statistics Bulletin . Table KS207NI : Main Language . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Office for National Statistics ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` Language in England and Wales , 2011 '' . 2011 Census Analysis . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Ryan , Camille ( August 2013 ) . `` Language Use in the United States : 2011 '' ( PDF ) . American Community Survey Reports . p. 1 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Statistics Canada ( 22 August 2014 ) . `` Population by mother tongue and age groups ( total ) , 2011 counts , for Canada , provinces and territories '' . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Statistics New Zealand ( April 2014 ) . `` 2013 QuickStats About Culture and Identity '' ( PDF ) . p. 23 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 January 2015 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Census 2011 : Census in brief ( PDF ) . Pretoria : Statistics South Africa . 2012 . Table 2.5 Population by first language spoken and province ( number ) . ISBN 9780621413885 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 May 2015 . Language speaker - phone terms Anglophone Arabophone Germanophone Francophone Hispanophone Lusophone Russophone Sinophone Ukrainophone English portal Australia portal Canada portal New Zealand portal South Africa portal United Kingdom portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English-speaking_world&oldid=851954651 '' Categories : English language Country classifications Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Pages containing links to subscription - or - libraries content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Español Esperanto فارسی Galego 한국어 Ирон ქართული Magyar 日本 語 Português Русский ไทย Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 17 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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countries in which english is a first or native language
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List of Vikings episodes
List of Vikings episodes - wikipedia List of Vikings episodes Vikings is a historical drama television series written and created by Michael Hirst for the channel History . Filmed in Ireland , it premiered on March 3 , 2013 in Canada . Vikings is inspired by the sagas of Viking Ragnar Lothbrok , one of the best - known legendary Norse heroes . The show portrays Ragnar 's and his family 's rise from serfdom to nobility and fame through successful raids into Anglo - Saxon kingdoms and Francia . The series is also inspired by , and loosely adapts , various historical events from European history during the Early Middle Ages . On March 17 , 2016 , History renewed Vikings for a fifth season of 20 episodes , premiered on November 29 , 2017 . On September 12 , 2017 , ahead of its fifth - season premiere , the series was renewed for a sixth season , which will consist of 20 episodes . As of January 24 , 2018 , 59 episodes of Vikings have aired , concluding the first half of the fifth season . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Webisodes 3.1 Athelstan 's Journal ( 2015 ) 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 9 March 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 03 ) April 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) 10 February 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 27 ) May 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 01 ) 10 February 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 19 ) April 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 23 ) 20 10 February 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) 10 November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) 5 20 10 November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) 10 November 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 28 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Vikings ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` Rites of Passage '' Johan Renck Michael Hirst March 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 03 ) `` Wrath of the Northmen '' Johan Renck Michael Hirst March 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 10 ) `` Dispossessed '' Johan Renck Michael Hirst March 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 17 ) `` Trial '' Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst March 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) 5 5 `` Raid '' Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) 6 6 `` Burial of the Dead '' Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) 7 7 `` A King 's Ransom '' Ken Girotti Michael Hirst April 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 14 ) 8 8 `` Sacrifice '' Ken Girotti Michael Hirst April 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) 9 9 `` All Change '' Ken Girotti Michael Hirst April 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Vikings ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 10 `` Brother 's War '' Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst February 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 27 ) 11 `` Invasion '' Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst March 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 06 ) 12 `` Treachery '' Ken Girotti Michael Hirst March 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 13 ) 13 `` Eye for an Eye '' Ken Girotti Michael Hirst March 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 20 ) 14 5 `` Answers in Blood '' Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst March 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 27 ) 15 6 `` Unforgiven '' Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst April 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 03 ) 16 7 `` Blood Eagle '' Kari Skogland Michael Hirst April 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 10 ) 17 8 `` Boneless '' Kari Skogland Michael Hirst April 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 17 ) 18 9 `` The Choice '' Ken Girotti Michael Hirst April 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 24 ) 19 10 `` The Lord 's Prayer '' Ken Girotti Michael Hirst May 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 01 ) Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Vikings ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 20 `` Mercenary '' Ken Girotti Michael Hirst February 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 19 ) 21 `` The Wanderer '' Ken Girotti Michael Hirst February 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 26 ) 22 `` Warrior 's Fate '' Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst March 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 05 ) 23 `` Scarred '' Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst March 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 12 ) 24 5 `` The Usurper '' Helen Shaver Michael Hirst March 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ) 25 6 `` Born Again '' Helen Shaver Michael Hirst March 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 26 ) 26 7 `` Paris '' Kelly Makin Michael Hirst April 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 02 ) 27 8 `` To the Gates ! '' Kelly Makin Michael Hirst April 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 09 ) 28 9 `` Breaking Point '' Ken Girotti Michael Hirst April 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 16 ) 29 10 `` The Dead '' Ken Girotti Michael Hirst April 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 23 ) Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Main article : Vikings ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Part 1 30 `` A Good Treason '' Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst February 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) 31 `` Kill the Queen '' Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst February 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) 32 `` Mercy '' Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst March 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 03 ) 33 `` Yol '' Helen Shaver Michael Hirst March 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 10 ) 34 5 `` Promised '' Helen Shaver Michael Hirst March 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 17 ) 35 6 `` What Might Have Been '' Ken Girotti Michael Hirst March 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 24 ) 36 7 `` The Profit and the Loss '' Ken Girotti Michael Hirst March 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) 37 8 `` Portage '' Ken Girotti Michael Hirst April 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) 38 9 `` Death All ' Round '' Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst April 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 14 ) 39 10 `` The Last Ship '' Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) Part 2 40 11 `` The Outsider '' Daniel Grou Michael Hirst November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) 41 12 `` The Vision '' Daniel Grou Michael Hirst December 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) 42 13 `` Two Journeys '' Sarah Harding Michael Hirst December 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 14 ) 43 14 `` In the Uncertain Hour Before the Morning '' Sarah Harding Michael Hirst December 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 21 ) 44 15 `` All His Angels '' Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst December 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 28 ) 45 16 `` Crossings '' Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) 46 17 `` The Great Army '' Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) 47 18 `` Revenge '' Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst January 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 18 ) 48 19 `` On the Eve '' Ben Bolt Michael Hirst January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) 49 20 `` The Reckoning '' Ben Bolt Michael Hirst February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) Season 5 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Main article : Vikings ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Part 1 50 51 `` The Departed '' David Wellington Michael Hirst November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) 52 `` Homeland '' Steve Saint Leger Michael Hirst December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 53 `` The Plan '' Steve Saint Leger Michael Hirst December 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) 54 5 `` The Prisoner '' Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst December 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 20 ) 55 6 `` The Message '' Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst December 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 27 ) 56 7 `` Full Moon '' Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst January 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) 57 8 `` The Joke '' Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst January 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) 58 9 `` A Simple Story '' Daniel Grou Michael Hirst January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) 59 10 `` Moments of Vision '' Daniel Grou Michael Hirst January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) Part 2 60 11 `` The Revelation '' TBA TBA November 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 28 ) Notes Jump up ^ The first two episodes aired together on History as a two - hour premiere , `` The Departed '' , but were released separately on streaming services and in digital stores , with the first part titled `` The Fisher King '' and the second `` The Departed '' . Webisodes ( edit ) Athelstan 's journal ( 2015 ) ( edit ) A series of thirteen webisodes known as Vikings : Athelstan 's Journal was released by the History Channel . Each webisode serves as a journal entry for the Vikings character Athelstan . The webisodes were released prior to and in conjunction with the beginning of the third season of Vikings , and are available on the History Channel 's website . The webisodes have a running time of 1 : 45 to 5 : 01 minutes . No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Athelstan 's Journal `` Chapter One : Gods '' Lucas Taylor Sam Meikle January 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 30 ) `` Chapter Two : Honor '' Lucas Taylor Sam Meikle February 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 01 ) `` Chapter Three : Loyalty '' Lucas Taylor Sam Meikle February 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 06 ) `` Chapter Four : Sin '' Lucas Taylor Sam Meikle February 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 08 ) 5 `` Chapter Five : Blood '' Lucas Taylor Sam Meikle February 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) 6 `` Chapter Six : Family '' Lucas Taylor Sam Meikle February 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 14 ) 7 `` Chapter Seven : Savagery '' Lucas Taylor Sam Meikle February 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 8 `` Chapter Eight : Gods & Men '' Lucas Taylor Sam Meikle February 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 19 ) Stones and Bones 9 `` Chapter One : Vows '' Lucas Taylor Sam Meikle February 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 20 ) 10 `` Chapter Two : Death '' Lucas Taylor Sam Meikle February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) 11 `` Chapter Three : Love '' Lucas Taylor Sam Meikle March 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 06 ) 12 `` Chapter Four : Harvest '' Lucas Taylor Sam Meikle March 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 13 ) 13 `` Chapter Five : The Choice '' Lucas Taylor Sam Meikle March 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 20 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VIKINGS Tops The Ratings With 8.3 Million Viewers '' . Irish Film Board . March 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2013 . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lesley Goldberg ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Vikings ' Renewed for Fifth Season at History '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Greg Evans ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Vikings ' Gets Trailer & Season Premiere Date -- Comic - Con '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Vikings renewed for sixth season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History ( R ) Orders 20 Episode Sixth Season of Hit Drama Series `` Vikings '' `` . The Futon Critic . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dino - Ray Ramos ( July 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Vikings ' Unveils New Battle - Heavy Trailer & Announces Date For Midseason Premiere -- Comic - Con '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vikings : Season 5 - Part 1 on Amazon '' . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vikings , Season 5 on iTunes '' . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - vikings on history '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Athelstan 's Journal : Gods '' . HISTORY.com . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Vikings episodes on IMDb Vikings Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 `` All His Angels '' Season 5 Other Characters Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vikings_episodes&oldid=864327315 '' Categories : Lists of Canadian drama television series episodes Lists of Irish drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Episode list using the default LineColor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Magyar Nederlands Português Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 14 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how many seasons of vikings have been made
[ "SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired19March 3, 2013 (2013-03-03)April 28, 2013 (2013-04-28)210February 27, 2014 (2014-02-27)May 1, 2014 (2014-05-01)310February 19, 2015 (2015-02-19)April 23, 2015 (2015-04-23)42010February 18, 2016 (2016-02-18)April 21, 2016 (2016-04-21)10November 30, 2016 (2016-11-30)February 1, 2017 (2017-02-01)520[2]10November 29, 2017 (2017-11-29)January 24, 2018 (2018-01-24)10[5]November 28, 2018 (2018-11-28)[6]TBA" ]
[ "5" ]
-7827715675033754764
WWE draft
WWE draft - wikipedia WWE draft Jump to : navigation , search The 2016 WWE draft logo The WWE draft is a process used by professional wrestling promotion WWE to provide new brand competition and to refresh its rosters . The draft was first used during the brand extension of 2002 , though it was officially incepted and used in 2004 . Since the inception of the process , it has been referred to as the WWE draft lottery ( 2004 -- 2005 ) and later simplified to the `` draft '' ( 2007 -- 2011 ) . Starting in 2005 , the draft took place during the month of June ; it was held in April between 2009 and 2011 . After that , WWE terminated the brand split and promotion of interbrand competition from 2011 to 2016 . On May 25 , 2016 , due to SmackDown moving to Tuesdays and to a live broadcast starting July 19 , necessitating a brand extension , WWE announced that the draft would be returning . It would later be announced that the 2016 WWE draft would take place on July 19 during SmackDown 's first live broadcast , which was also the first time that the draft took place on SmackDown . The 2017 draft was labeled the Superstar Shake - up as instead of a traditional draft , the general managers of Raw and SmackDown could trade and make deals between their respective talent . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Initial split 1.2 Addition of ECW 1.3 Disbanded ECW 1.4 Second split 2 Drafts 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) Initial split ( edit ) Divas Champion Maryse ( left ) , Women 's Champion Melina ( center ) , and Raw Women 's Champion Charlotte Flair ( right ) are the only female champions who were drafted in history . During the 2002 draft , Undisputed WWE Champion Triple H and Women 's Champion Jazz were ineligible to be drafted as , at the time , their respective services were deemed available to both brands . The rest of the champions , however , were eligible to be drafted to either brand 's roster . The first half of the draft was televised live on TNN for two hours , as part of the WWF 's flagship program , Raw . The second half was conducted over the Internet on WWF 's official website , WWF.com . There were thirty draft picks , with sixty superstars drafted overall by co-owners of the WWF , onto their respective brands , Raw and SmackDown . The remaining superstars were divided randomly in a draft lottery , with each brand receiving a grand total of thirty superstars . A draft did not occur in 2003 , with the second official draft occurring in 2004 . The draft took place live for two hours on WWE 's flagship television program , Raw on Spike TV . Post-draft trades were announced on WWE 's official website , WWE.com , until midnight on March 22 , 2004 . There were twelve draft picks , with nineteen superstars overall switching between the promotion 's two brands : Raw and SmackDown . During the draft lottery , the General manager of Raw , Eric Bischoff , and the General manager of SmackDown ! , Paul Heyman , stood on opposite ends of the stage on the Raw set , where they drafted six superstars randomly via two machines . At the conclusion of the draft , the two GMs would then be allowed to trade anyone on the roster until Midnight EST , which was later extended until Tuesday night after Heyman resigned . Every WWE employee was eligible to be drafted , including injured superstars , commentators , champions , and general managers . During the 2005 draft , WWE Champion John Cena was drafted to Raw and kept his championship . General Manager Theodore Long announced that a new SmackDown Championship was to be created but the idea was abandoned when World Heavyweight Champion Batista was drafted to SmackDown , bringing the title with him . There were ten draft picks and an eleven - person trade conducted between the promotion 's two brands : Raw and SmackDown , where twenty - two superstars were drafted and traded overall . The draft took place on WWE 's two - hour television programs , Raw , which aired on Spike TV , and SmackDown ! , which aired on UPN . Post-draft trades were announced on WWE 's official website , WWE.com . The draft picks were announced each Monday on Raw and each Thursday on SmackDown ! from June 6 to June 30 . Each draftee was drafted at random . Every Superstar and Diva from Raw and SmackDown ! was eligible to be drafted , including announcers , commentators , and general managers . Addition of ECW ( edit ) There was no Raw and SmackDown draft in 2006 , however , ECW became a third brand . The draft featured ECW representative Paul Heyman receiving two total draft picks from the existing SmackDown and Raw rosters for the newly created ECW brand . During the 2007 draft , ECW World Champion Bobby Lashley was stripped of the title after being drafted to Raw . The first half of the draft was televised live for three hours on World Wrestling Entertainment 's flagship program , Raw on USA Network . The second half of the draft , or the `` supplemental draft '' , was conducted over WWE 's website , WWE.com , for four hours on June 17 , 2007 as draft picks were announced at twenty - minute intervals . There were twenty - three draft picks , with twenty - seven wrestlers drafted overall , between the promotion 's three brands : Raw , SmackDown , and ECW . For the televised half of the draft , each brand 's draft pick was determined by nine matches , one being a battle royal for two draft picks , where wrestlers from their respective brands wrestled to earn a draft pick . The supplemental draft , however , was conducted randomly , with each brand receiving random draft selections . Raw and SmackDown ! received five random draft picks , while ECW received three random draft picks . The televised draft picks were randomly selected by a computer that was shown on the Raw titantron . Every WWE wrestler from Raw , SmackDown ! , and ECW was eligible to be drafted . During the 2008 draft , Matt Hardy was drafted to ECW with his United States Championship , Triple H was drafted to SmackDown with his WWE Championship , and Kane was drafted to Raw with his ECW Championship . The draft took place live for three hours on Raw . Every WWE employee , diva , announcer , commentator and general manager were eligible to be drafted . Similar to the 2007 WWE Draft , wrestlers from each brand competed in matches to win a random draft pick for their brand . Draft picks were kayfabe selected at random via a computer that was shown on the Raw titantron . Like the previous year , a supplemental draft took place on June 25 , where draft selections were randomly conducted . During the 2009 draft , Unified WWE Tag Team Champions The Colóns ( Carlito and Primo ) , Divas Champion Maryse , United States Champion MVP , and WWE Champion Triple H were drafted to Raw , while Women 's Champion Melina and Intercontinental Champion Rey Mysterio were drafted to SmackDown . The draft took place over two days : the first day was televised live for three hours on April 13 ; the second part , the `` supplemental draft '' , was held on April 13 . The first day was broadcast on WWE 's program Raw , and the supplemental draft was available on the Internet , at WWE 's official website . The televised portion was held in Atlanta , Georgia at Philips Arena . The 2009 WWE draft marked the third time that the Raw , SmackDown , and ECW brands were featured in the draft ; wrestlers , general managers and commentators were all eligible to be drafted from the company 's roster . For the televised half , matches determined which brand received a random draft selection . During the supplemental draft , brand and employee selections were made at random . Overall , 36 draft selections were made , the most since the original draft in 2002 ( which featured 57 selections ) . Twelve selections were made on television ; six were made by Raw , five by SmackDown , and one by ECW . All of the draftees were wrestlers : 28 males ( 10 drafted on television ) and 8 females ( 2 drafted on television ) . Disbanded ECW ( edit ) Before the 2010 draft , the ECW brand was disbanded , and therefore the draft was one again only Raw and SmackDown . During the draft , Unified WWE Tag Team Champions The Hart Dynasty ( Tyson Kidd and David Hart Smith ) were drafted to Raw . The draft took place over two days : the first day was televised live for three hours on April 26 , and the second part , the `` supplemental draft '' , was held on April 27 . The first day was broadcast on WWE 's Monday night program Raw , and the supplemental draft was available on WWE 's official website . The televised portion was held at Richmond Coliseum in Richmond , Virginia . During the 2011 draft , United States Champion Sheamus was drafted to SmackDown . The draft aired live on Raw , for two hours in Raleigh , North Carolina from the RBC Center . As a standard for previous drafts , most on - air personnel were eligible to be drafted . A continuation of the draft took place on WWE 's official website at 12 : 00pm Eastern time on the following afternoon . SmackDown received 16 additional members to its roster while Raw received 13 . For the first time in draft history , two of the draft picks consisted of the same wrestler ( John Cena ) being selected to SmackDown with the first pick and back to Raw with the last televised pick . With the end of the first brand extension in August 2011 , no drafts were held until the brand extension was brought back in 2016 . Second split ( edit ) During the 2016 draft , SmackDown drafted WWE Champion Dean Ambrose and Intercontinental Champion The Miz ( along with his wife Maryse ) , while Raw drafted Women 's Champion Charlotte , United States Champion Rusev ( along with his wife Lana ) , and WWE Tag Team Champions The New Day . During the 2017 WWE Superstar Shake - up , Intercontinental Champion Dean Ambrose and the championship moved to Raw , while United States Champion Kevin Owens and the championship moved to SmackDown . On the April 3 episode of Raw , WWE Chairman Vince McMahon announced that on the April 10 and April 11 episodes of Raw and SmackDown Live , respectively , `` it 's time to shake things up around here '' , effectively announcing the 2017 draft , or what was labeled the `` Superstar Shake - up '' . Instead of a traditional draft , Raw General Manager Kurt Angle and SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan had the `` opportunity to make trades , deals and other moves that they ( felt ) fit '' . Drafts ( edit ) Year Date ( s ) Brands 2002 March 25 Raw SmackDown ! March 22 Raw SmackDown ! 2005 June 6 -- 30 Raw SmackDown ! 2006 May 29 ECW 2007 June 11 Raw SmackDown ! ECW 2008 June 23 Raw SmackDown ECW 2009 April 13 Raw SmackDown ECW April 27 Raw SmackDown 2011 July 19 Raw SmackDown 2016 July 19 Raw SmackDown 2017 April 10 -- 11 Raw SmackDown References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ad Age 's 40 Under 40 in Marketing , Agencies , and Media : Stephanie McMahon '' . Advertising Age . Crain Communications . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) . `` WWE 's ' Smackdown ' Will Move To Live Broadcast On USA ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` WWE 's destiny to be determined during SmackDown 's LIVE premiere '' . WWE. 20 June 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : WWE.com Staff ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Mr. McMahon announces WWE will `` shake things up '' next week on Raw and SmackDown LIVE `` . WWE.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Christopher Robin ( March 26 , 2002 ) . `` WWE Draft 2002 Recap '' . Retrieved February 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Raw ( March 25 , 2002 ) Recap '' . WrestleView . Retrieved February 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` WWE 2002 Draft Results '' . PWWEW.net . Retrieved February 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Raw ( March 25 , 2002 ) Results '' . PWWEW.net . Retrieved February 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tylwalk , Nick . `` RAW : Draft day an unpredictable night '' . Canoe : SLAM Wrestling . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 2004 WWE Draft Lottery '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . 2004 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` WWE 2004 Draft Lottery '' . Online World of Wrestling . Archived from the original on 2 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Waldman , Jon . `` WWE announces trade to finish Draft Lottery '' . Canoe : SLAM ! Sports . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2005 WWE Draft Lottery '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . 2005 - 06 - 13 . Archived from the original on 19 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` RAW and SmackDown ! agree to a 11 - person deal '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . 2005 - 06 - 30 . Archived from the original on 19 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Williams III , Ed ( May 29 , 2006 ) . `` Heyman gets Draft picks '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved February 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams III , Ed ( May 29 , 2006 ) . `` Will Triple H join the Mr. McMahon Kiss my Ass club '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved February 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : McAvennie , Mike ( 2007 - 06 - 11 ) . `` One wild night '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 12 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Media Advisory -- WWE ( R ) to Hold Historic Draft '' . WWE Corporate . 2007 - 06 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Raw Recap : Draft night rocks the WWE '' . USA Network . 2007 - 06 - 11 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Dee , Louie ( 2007 - 06 - 17 ) . `` 2007 Supplemental draft results '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 11 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Full Draft Results '' . Online World of Wrestling. 2007 - 06 - 17 . Archived from the original on 9 January 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` OWoW 's Live Coverage of the WWE Draft '' . Online World of Wrestling. 2007 - 06 - 07 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2007 . Retrieved 26 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cena vs. Edge to kick off WWE Draft night '' . WWE. 2007 - 06 - 11 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Raw Results ( June 11 , 2007 ) '' . WWE. 2007 - 06 - 11 . Archived from the original on 15 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Martin , Todd ( 2007 - 06 - 12 ) . `` WWE Raw report : Draft results '' . Wrestling Observer . Archived from the original on 6 January 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Difino , Lennie ( 2007 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Drafting Change '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 20 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Monday June 23 , 2008 ( All times are US / Eastern ) '' . USA Network . Archived from the original on 5 May 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Burdick , Michael ( 2008 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Demolition Draftin ' '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 22 June 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Sitterson , Aubrey ( 2008 - 06 - 23 ) . `` A Draft disaster '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Supplemental Draft '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 26 June 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Supplemental Draft today at Noon ET '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . 2010 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Announcement was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` WWE Presents the 2010 Draft on Monday Night Raw TV '' . Richmond Coliseum. April 2010 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The WWE Draft 's biggest moment 's '' . WWE. 2011 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Episoderef was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` KELLER 'S WWE MONDAY NIGHT RAW 2 / 3 : The most remarkable opening ten minutes of Raw in history , perhaps , as crowd berates Reigns '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Professional wrestling portal External links ( edit ) History of the WWE draft lottery ( hide ) WWE History Capitol Wrestling Corporation 1980s boom Black Saturday WrestleMania The Streak of Undefeated Deadman 's Wrestlemania 21 - 1 The Kliq Monday Night Wars Montreal Screwjob Attitude Era The Undertaker vs. Mankind The Invasion Brand Extension Chris Benoit double - murder and suicide The New Monday Night Wars TNA Entertainment , LLC sues WWE Raw 1000 Persona and reception of Roman Reigns Programming Brands Raw SmackDown NXT Weekly 205 Live Main Event Experience Bottom Line Afterburn Vintage Wal3ooha Seasonal Total Bellas Total Divas Specials Free for All Tribute to the Troops ( results ) Animated Camp WWE Pay - per - view and WWE Network events Royal Rumble Elimination Chamber Fastlane WrestleMania Payback Backlash Extreme Rules Money in the Bank Great Balls of Fire Battleground SummerSlam No Mercy Hell in a Cell TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs Survivor Series Clash of Champions Roadblock NXT TakeOver Other Other WWE programming Former programming Personnel McMahon family Roster Hall of Fame Alumni A -- C D -- H I -- M N -- R S -- Z Action figures LJN Wrestling Superstars Mattel WWE Legends WWF Hasbro action figures Other Affiliated properties WWE Books WWE Libraries Inc . WWE Magazine WWE Music Group Discography WWE NXT WWE Studios WWE Home Video WWE Network ( Canada ) WWE Performance Center Tapout Defunct businesses World Bodybuilding Federation The World WWE Classics on Demand WWE Niagara Falls XFL Investments Marvel Experience Tout Cloud9 Drone Racing League Notable acquisitions World Championship Wrestling History Extreme Championship Wrestling WWE brand American Wrestling Association World Class Championship Wrestling Smoky Mountain Wrestling Global Wrestling Federation Georgia Championship Wrestling Partnerships Current Evolve Insane Championship Wrestling Progress Wrestling Former Deep South Wrestling Florida Championship Wrestling Heartland Wrestling Association International Wrestling Association Memphis Championship Wrestling Ohio Valley Wrestling Power Pro Wrestling Ultimate Pro Wrestling World Wrestling Alliance Accomplishments Current champions Former championships Money in the Bank André the Giant Memorial Trophy Cruiserweight Classic Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic Mae Young Classic Slammy Award Triple Crown Grand Slam WWE tournaments Brand extension Draft 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2016 2017 Miscellaneous List of WWE attendance records Women in WWE WrestleMania Axxess Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WWE_draft&oldid=809048788 '' Categories : WWE draft Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Pages with broken reference names Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 20 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
is there going to be a wwe draft in 2017
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History of Hawaii
History of Hawaii - wikipedia History of Hawaii Jump to : navigation , search Further information : Outline of Hawaii § History of Hawaii Part of a series on the History of Hawaii Timeline Ancient Kingdom of Hawaii Provisional Government Republic of Hawaii Modern - day Hawaii U.S. Territory State of Hawaii Hawaii portal The history of Hawaii describes the era of human settlements in the Hawaiian Islands . That history begins sometime between 124 and 800 CE , with some theories dating the earliest Polynesian settlements to the 10th or even 13th century . Around 1200 , Tahitian explorers found and began settling the area . This began the rise of the Hawaiian civilization . It remained isolated from the rest of the world for another 500 years . Europeans led by British explorer James Cook arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778 . Within five years , European military technology helped Kamehameha I conquer and unify the islands for the first time , establishing the Kingdom of Hawaii . The kingdom was prosperous and important for its agriculture and strategic location in the Pacific . American immigration began almost immediately after European contact , led by Protestant missionaries . American farmers began cultivating sugar . Their methods of plantation farming required substantial labor . Waves of permanent immigrants came from Japan , China and the Philippines to work in the fields . The native population succumbed to disease brought by the Europeans ( particularly smallpox ) , declining from 300,000 in the 1770s over 60,000 in the 1850s to 24,000 in 1920 . Americans within the kingdom government rewrote the constitution , severely curtailing the power of King `` David '' Kalākaua , and disenfranchising the rights of most Native Hawaiians and Asian citizens to vote , through excessively high property and income requirements . This gave a sizeable advantage to plantation owners . Queen Liliuokalani attempted to restore royal powers in 1893 , but was placed under house arrest by businessmen with help from the US military . Against the Queen 's wishes , the Republic of Hawaii was formed for a short time . This government agreed on behalf of Hawaii to join the US in 1898 as the Territory of Hawaii . In 1959 , the islands became the state of Hawaii of the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient Hawaii 1.1 Discovery and settlement 1.2 Religion 1.3 Liloa , Hākau and ʻUmi a Līloa 1.3. 1 Liloa 1.3. 2 Hākau 1.3. 3 ʻUmi - a-Līloa 1.3. 4 Aikāne 1.3. 5 Land division system 1.3. 6 Governance 1.4 Konohiki 2 Contact 3 Kingdom of Hawaii 3.1 House of Kamehameha 3.2 Kamehameha II 3.3 Kaʻahumanu 3.4 Sugar reciprocity 3.5 Rebellion of 1887 and the Bayonet Constitution 3.6 Wilcox Rebellion of 1888 3.7 Lili ʻuokalani 's attempt to re-write Constitution 3.8 Overthrow 3.9 United States military support 4 United States territory 4.1 Annexation 4.2 Plantations 4.3 World War II 4.3. 1 Attack on Pearl Harbor 4.4 Democratic Party 5 Statehood 5.1 Annexation legacy 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 Surveys 10 Specialty studies 11 External links Ancient Hawaii ( edit ) Main article : Ancient Hawaii Discovery and settlement ( edit ) Main article : Discovery and settlement of Hawaii Austronesians expansion map ( French ) The date of the first settlements of the Hawaiian Islands is a topic of continuing debate . Archaeology seems to indicate a settlement as early as 124 AD . Patrick Vinton Kirch 's books on Hawaiian archeology , standard textbooks , date the first Polynesian settlements to about 300 , with more recent suggestions by Kirch as late as 600 . Other theories suggest dates as late as 700 to 800 . More radical theories have been advanced from high - precision radiocarbon dating that drastically alter the timeline . These theories place the first settlements of Hawaii after 1120 . The history of the ancient Polynesians was passed down through genealogy chants that were recited at formal and family functions . The genealogy of the high chiefs could be traced back to the period believed to be inhabited only by gods . The pua aliʻi ( `` flower of royalty '' ) were considered to be living gods . By about 1000 , settlements founded along the perimeters of the islands were beginning to cultivate food in gardens . A Tahitian priest named Pā'ao is said to have brought a new order to the islands around 1200 . The new order included new laws and a new social structure that separated the people into classes . The aliʻi nui was the king , with his ʻaha kuhina just below them . The aliʻi were the royal nobles with the kahuna ( high priest ) below them , the makaʻāinana ( commoners ) next with the kauā below them as the lowest ranking social caste . The rulers of the Hawaiian islands ( noho aliʻi o ko Hawaiʻi Pae ʻAina ) are a line of Native Hawaiians who were independent rulers of various subdivisions of the islands of Hawaii . Their genealogy is traced to Hānalaʻanui and others . The aliʻi nui were responsible for making sure the people observed a strict kapu ( a code of conduct relating to taboos ) . The system had rules regarding many aspects of Hawaiian social order , fishing rights and even where women could eat . After the death of Kamehameha I , the system was abolished , and the Hawaiian religion soon fell as the gods were abandoned . By 1500 Hawaiians began to spread to the interiors of the islands and religion was more emphasised . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Hawaiian religion Kailua - Kona , Island of Hawaii Religion in Hawaii is much the same as most other Polynesian cultures , with a theology , ritual and a code of conduct . There are many gods and heroes . Wākea , the Sky Father , wed Papahānaumoku , the Earth Mother . From their union came all others , including the other gods . Hawaiian religion was polytheistic , with four deities most prominent : Kāne , Kū , Lono and Kanaloa . Other notable deities include Laka , Kihawahine , Haumea , Papahānaumoku , and , most famously , Pele . In addition , each family is considered to have one or more guardian spirits or family gods known as ʻaumakua to protect them . One such god is Iolani , the god of ali ʻi families . One breakdown of the Hawaiian pantheon consists of the following groups : four major gods ( ka hā ) -- Kū , Kāne , Lono , Kanaloa forty male gods or aspects of Kāne ( ke kanahā ) four hundred gods and goddesses ( ka lau ) a multitude of gods and goddesses ( ke kini akua ) spirits ( na ʻunihipili ) guardians ( na ʻaumākua ) Another breakdown consists of three major groups : four gods , or akua : Kū , Kāne , Lono , Kanaloa many lesser gods , or kupua , each associated with certain professions guardian spirits , ʻaumakua , associated with particular families Liloa , Hākau and Umi a Liloa ( edit ) Liloa ( edit ) Līloa was a legendary ruler of the island of Hawaii in the late 15th century . His royal compound was in Waipiʻo Valley . His line is traced to Hawaiian `` creation '' . Līloa had two sons ; his firstborn Hākau from his wife Pinea , ( his mother 's sister ) , and his second son , ʻUmi a Līloa from his lesser ranking wife , Akahi a Kuleana . Upon his death , elevated Hākau as ruler and delegated religious authority to ʻUmi . Akahi a Kuleana was of a lesser line of chiefs who Liloa had fallen in love with when he discovered her bathing in a river . The couple met when Liloa was visiting Hamakua . He claimed his right to her as King and she accepted . Liloa 's Kāʻei is his sacred feathered sash , now kept at the Bishop Museum . Līloa was the first born son of Kiha nui lulu moku , one of the noho aliʻi ( ruling elite ) . He descended from Hāna laʻa nui . Līloa 's mother , Waioloa , his grandmother , Neʻula and great grandmother , Laʻa kapu were of the ʻEwa aliʻi lines of Oahu . Liloa 's father ruled Hawaii as aliʻi nui and upon his death elevated Līloa . Kiha had had four other sons , Kaunuamoa , Makaoku , Kepailiula and Hoolana , whose descendants are the Kaiakea family of Molokai , distant relatives of Abraham Fornander 's daughter . In his book , David Malo described how Liloa originated the practice of moe āikane , the sexual relationship between males . The relationships had no social stigma and were accepted practice beginning with the ali ʻi and then copied by the other classes . Warriors engaged in the practice . The relationships can not be defined as bisexuality. in many cases the men involved felt it an honor and responsibility to honor their hana lawelawe . Hākau ( edit ) Just before his death , Liloa bestowed on Hākau the succession as Chief stating telling Umi that he was to serve as his `` man '' ( Prime Minister ) and that both were to respect the other and should either have issue with the other it would be for them to decide . At first a decent king , Hākau soon became brutal . To avoid his brother 's anger , ' Umi exiled himself to another district . Hākau refused to help Nunu and Ka - hohe , his father 's two favorite , ailing Kahuna who had requested food . This was considered highly insulting . The two were of the priestly class of the god Lono . They resented their treatment and plotted to see the kingdom in someone else 's hand . Hākau did not believe the priests to have any power and disrespected them as ' Umi was the spiritual authority This was a period in when no King could defy a Kahuna . Many had a royal bloodline , land and could leave their temples as warriors when needed , but could never relinquish their spiritual responsibilities . Through a messenger of Kaoleioku , of Waipunalei , the high - priest of the temple of Manini , at Koholalele the two priests contacted Umi 's court . The two priests traveled to Waipunalei where they supported Umi 's revolt . When Hākau received news that his brother was preparing to war against him , he sent his main forces out to immediately prepare by seeking feathers to adorn their war regalia . After the men had left and Hākau was undefended , Umi 's men came forward with a deception that they were there with bundles of offerings for the king . When the bundles were dropped to the ground they were filled with rocks they used to stone Hākau to death . Umi was given a number of royal tokens to prove he was the son of Liloa , including a Niho Palaoa . The lei ( necklace ) was made of braided human hair and whale bone . Umi - a-Līloa ( edit ) ʻUmi - a-Līloa was a ruling aliʻi ai moku ( district high chief of Hawai'i ) . He became chief after the death of his half brother Hākau and was considered a just ruler , religious and the first to unite almost all of the Big Island . The legend of ʻUmi - a-Līloa is one of the most popular hero sagas in Hawaiian history . ʻUmi 's wife was Princess Piʻikea , daughter of Piʻilani . They had one son , Kumalae and one daughter , Aihākōkō . Liloa told Akahi that , if she were to have a male child , she should present the boy to him along with royal tokens he gave her as gifts , to prove her boy was the son of the king . Akahi hid the tokens from her husband and later gave birth to a son . At the age of 15 or 16 , his stepfather was punishing the boy when his mother intervened and told the man not to touch him because the boy was his lord and chief . She uncovered the tokens to present to her husband to prove the high treason he would have committed . Akahi gave her son the royal malo and lei niho palaoa given to her by ' Umi 's biological father . Only high chiefs wore these items . She sent ' Umi to Waipiʻo Valley to present himself to the king as his son . Liloa 's palace was guarded and attended by several Kahuna . The entire enclosure was sacred . Entering without permission carried the death penalty . Umi entered the enclosure with attendants afraid to stop someone wearing the royal insignia and walked straight to Liloa 's sleeping quarters , waking him there . When Liloa asked who he was , he said `` It is I , ' Umi your son '' . He then placed the tokens at his father 's feet and Liloa proclaimed him to be his son . After learning of ' Umi , Hākau became upset . Liloa assured his first born that he would be king after his death and his brother would serve him . ' Umi was brought to court on an equal footing with Hākau . Living within Liloa 's court alongside his brother , Umi found great favor from his father , increasing Hākau 's dislike . In exile , ' Umi took wives and began building forces and followers . Chiefs began to believe him to be of the highest chiefly nature from signs they observed . He gave food to people and became known for caring for all . After Hākau 's death the other aliʻi of the island claimed their districts for themselves . ' Umi took the advice of the two priests by marrying many woman of high noble rank , including his half sister Kapukini and the daughter of the ruler of Hilo , where he had been given sanctuary during Hākau 's reign . Eventually Umi conquered the entire island . After unifying the island of Hawaii , ' Umi was faithful to those who had supported him , and allowed his three most faithful companions , and the two Kahuna who had aided him , to help him govern . Aikāne ( edit ) Aikāne relationships or ( mostly male ) homosexual or bisexual activity in the pre-colonial era was an accepted tradition . These relationships were accepted as part of ancient Hawaiian culture . Such sexual relationships may begin in the teens and continue thereafter , even though they have heterosexual partners . The Hawaiian aikāne relationship was a part of Hawaiian noble life , including that of Kamehameha I. Some myths refer to women 's desires and therefore some women may have been involved in aikāne relationships as well . Lieutenant James King stated that `` all the chiefs had them '' and recounts a tale that James Cook was actually asked by one chief to leave Lt. King behind , considering such offer a great honor . Members of Cook 's crew related tales of the tradition with great disdain . American adventurer and sailor John Ledyard commented in detail about the tradition . Land division system ( edit ) Main article : Ahupuaa Land was divided up in strict adherence to the wishes of the Ali'i Nui . The traditional system of land has four hierarchical levels : mokupuni ( island ) moku ( subdivisions of an island ) ahupuaʻa ( subdivision of moku ) ʻili ( two or three per ahupuaʻa , but Kahoolawe for example had eight ) Some oral history relates that ʻUmi a Līloa created the ahupuaʻa system . The system exploited the fact that communities were already organized along stream systems . The community governance system of Kānāwai is attributed specifically to shared water usage . The Hawaiian agricultural system contained two major classes ; irrigated and rain - fed ( dryland ) systems . Irrigated systems mainly supported taro ( kalo ) cultivation . Rain - fed systems was known as the mala . There they cultivated uala ( sweet potatoes ) , yams , and dryland taro along with coconuts ( niu ) , breadfruit ( ʻulu ) , bananas ( maiʻa ) and sugarcane ( ko ) . The kukui tree ( Aleurites moluccanus ) was sometimes used as a shade to protect the mala from the sun . Each crop was carefully placed in an area most suitable to its needs . Hawaiians domesticated dogs , chickens and pigs . They also grew personal gardens at home . Water was a very important part of Hawaiian life ; it was used for fishing , bathing , drinking , and gardening , and for aquaculture systems in the rivers and at the shore 's edge . Ahupuaʻa most frequently consisted of a section of an island that went from the top of the local mountain to the shore , often following the boundary of a stream . Each ahupuaʻa included a lowland mala and upland forested region . Ahupuaʻa varied in size depending on the economic means of the location and political divisions of the area . `` As the native Hawaiians used the resources within their ahupuaʻa , they practiced aloha ( respect ) , laulima ( cooperation ) and malama ( stewardship ) which resulted in a desirable pono ( balance ) '' . The Hawaiians believed that the land , the sea , the clouds and all of nature had a certain interconnectedness which is why they used all of the resources around them to reach the desired balance in life . Sustainability was maintained by the konohiki and kahuna : priests , who restricted the fishing of certain species during specific seasons . They also regulated the gathering of plants . The term `` ahupuaʻa '' is derived from the Hawaiian words ahu `` heap , cairn '' and puaʻa `` pig '' . The boundary markers for ahupuaʻa were traditionally heaps of stones used to hold offers to the island chief , which was often a pig . Each ahupuaʻa was divided into smaller sections called ʻili and the ʻili were divided into kuleana . These were individual plots of land that were cultivated by commoners who paid labor taxes to the land overseer each week . These taxes went to support the chief . Two possible reasons for this subdivision have been offered : travel : in many areas of Hawaiʻi , it is easier to travel up - and downstream than from stream valley to stream valley . economy : having all climate and economic exploitation zones in each land division ensured that each could be self - sufficient for a large portion of its needs . Governance ( edit ) The Kingdom was administered by an ali'i chief . Divisions were under the control of other smaller chiefs and managed by a steward . The headman of a land division or ahupua ` a is a konohiki . Mokus were ruled by an aliʻi ʻaimoku . Ahupua'as were run by a headman or chief called a Konohiki . Konohiki ( edit ) Main article : Konohiki In Keelikolani vs Robinson , kononiki is defined as a Land Agent . In Territory vs Bishop Trust Co . LTD. , when the agent was appointed by a chief , they were referred to as konohiki . The term could also be a designated area of land owned privately as compared to being owned by the government . A chief of lands retained life tenure on the land even after being discharged from the position , but a head man overseeing the same land had no such protection . Often ali'i and konohiki are treated synonymously . However , while most konohiki were ali'i nobility , not all ali'i were konohiki . The Hawaiian dictionary defines konohiki as a headman of a land division , but also to describe fishing rights . Kono means to entice or prompt . Hiki refers to something that can be done . The konohiki was a relative of the ali'i and oversaw the property , managing water rights , land distribution , agricultural use and any maintenance . The konohiki also ensured that the right amounts of gifts and tribute were properly made at the right times . As capitalism was incorporated into the kingdom the konohiki became tax collectors , landlords and fishery wardens . Contact ( edit ) Main article : Kidnapping of Kalaniʻōpuʻu by Captain James Cook HMS Resolution and HMS Discovery Captain James Cook led three separate voyages to chart unknown areas of the globe for the British Empire . On his third voyage he encountered Hawaii . He first sighted the islands on 18 January 1778 . He anchored off the coast of Kauai and met with the local inhabitants to trade and obtain water and food for their continued voyage . On 2 February 1778 , Cook continued on to the coast of North America and Alaska searching for a Northwest Passage for approximately nine months . He returned to Hawaii chain to resupply , initially exploring the coasts of Maui and Hawaii Island to trade . He anchored in Kealakekua Bay in January 1779 . After departing Kealakekua , he returned in February 1779 after a ship 's mast broke in bad weather . On the night of 13 February , while anchored in the bay , one of his only two longboats ( lifeboats used to ferry to / from ship / shore ) was stolen by the Hawaiians . In retaliation , Cook tried to kidnap the aliʻi nui of Hawaii Island , Kalaniʻōpuʻu . On 14 February 1779 Cook confronted an angry crowd . Kanaʻina approached Cook , who reacted by striking the royal attendant with the broad side of his sword . Kanaʻina picked up the navigator and dropped him while another attendant , Nuaa killed Cook with a knife . Kingdom of Hawaii ( edit ) The Kingdom of Hawaii lasted from 1795 until its overthrow in 1893 with the fall of the House of Kalakaua . House of Kamehameha ( edit ) Main article : House of Kamehameha Kamehameha I , founder of the Kingdom of Hawaii The House of Kamehameha ( Hale O Kamehameha ) , or the Kamehameha dynasty , was the reigning Royal Family of the Kingdom of Hawai ʻi , beginning with its founding by Kamehameha I in 1795 and ending with the deaths of Kamehameha V in 1872 and William Charles Lunalilo in 1874 . The origins of the House of Kamehameha can be traced to half brothers , Kalaniʻōpuʻu and Keōua . Kalaniʻōpuʻu 's father was Kalaninuiʻīamamao while Keōua 's father was Kalanikeʻeaumoku , both sons of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku . They shared a common mother , Kamakaʻīmoku . Both brothers served Alapaʻinui , the ruling King of Hawaii Island . Hawaiian genealogy notes that Keōua may not have been Kamehameha 's biological father , and that Kahekili II might have been his biological father . Regardless , Kamehameha I 's descent from Keawe remains intact through his mother , Kekuʻiapoiwa II , a granddaughter of Keawe . Keōua acknowledged him as his son and this relationship is recognized by official genealogies . The traditional mele chant of Keaka , wife of Alapainui , indicates that Kamehameha I was born in the month of ikuwā ( winter ) around November . Alapai gave the young Kamehameha to his wife Keaka and her sister Hākau to care for after the ruler discovered the boy had lived . Samuel Kamakau , wrote , `` It was during the time of the warfare among the chiefs of ( the island of ) Hawaii which followed the death of Keawe , chief over the whole island ( Ke - awe - i - kekahi - aliʻi - o - ka - moku ) that Kamehameha I was born '' . However , his general dating was challenged . Abraham Fornander wrote , `` when Kamehameha died in 1819 he was past eighty years old . His birth would thus fall between 1736 and 1740 , probably nearer the former than the latter '' . William De Witt Alexander lists the birth date as 1736 . He was first named Paiea but took the name Kamehameha , meaning `` The very lonely one '' or `` The one set alone '' . Kamehameha 's uncle Kalaniʻōpuʻu raised him after Keōua 's death . Kalaniʻōpuʻu ruled Hawaii as did his grandfather Keawe . He had advisors and priests . When word reached the ruler that chiefs were planning to murder the boy , he told Kamehameha : The god Kū - ka - ili - moku was left to Kamehameha I by his uncle Kalaniʻōpuʻu `` My child , I have heard the secret complaints of the chiefs and their mutterings that they will take you and kill you , perhaps soon . While I am alive they are afraid , but when I die they will take you and kill you . I advise you to go back to Kohala . '' `` I have left you the god ; there is your wealth . '' After Kalaniʻōpuʻu 's death , Kīwalaʻō took his father 's place as first born and ruled the island while Kamehameha became the religious authority . Some chiefs supported Kamehameha and war soon broke out to overthrow Kīwalaʻō . After multiple battles the king was killed and envoys sent for the last two brothers to meet with Kamehameha . Keōua and Kaōleiokū arrived in separate canoes . Keōua came to shore first where a fight broke out and he and all aboard were killed . Before the same could happen to the second canoe , Kamehameha intervened . In 1793 Captain George Vancouver sailed from the United Kingdom and presented the Union Flag to Kamehameha , who was still in the process of uniting the islands into a single state ; the Union Jack flew unofficially as the flag of Hawaii until 1816 , including during a brief spell of British rule after Kamehameha ceded Hawaii to Vancouver in 1794 . By 1795 , Kamehameha had conquered all but one of the main islands . For his first royal residence , the new King built the first western - style structure in the Hawaiian Islands , known as the `` Brick Palace '' . The location became the seat of government for the Hawaiian Kingdom until 1845 . The king commissioned the structure to be built at Keawa'iki point in Lahaina , Maui . Two ex-convicts from Australia 's Botany Bay penal colony built the home . It was begun in 1798 and was completed after 4 years in 1802 . The house was intended for Kaʻahumanu , but she refused to live in the structure and resided instead in an adjacent , traditional Hawaiian - styled home . Kamehameha I had many wives but held two in the highest regard . Keōpūolani was the highest ranking aliʻi of her time and mother to his sons , Liholiho and Kauikeaouli . Kaʻahumanu was his favorite . Kamehameha I died in 1819 , succeeded by Liholiho . Kamehameha II ( edit ) Kamehameha II in England with Queen and entourage After Kamehameha I 's death , Liholiho left Kailua for a week and returned to be crowned king . At the lavish ceremony attended by commoners and nobles he approached the circle of chiefs , as Kaʻahumanu , the central figure in the group and Dowager Queen , said , `` Hear me O Divine one , for I make known to you the will of your father . Behold these chiefs and the men of your father , and these your guns , and this your land , but you and I shall share the realm together '' . Liholiho agreed officially , which began a unique system of dual - government consisting of a King and co-ruler similar to a regent . Kamehameha II shared his rule with his stepmother , Kaʻahumanu . She defied Hawaiian kapu by dining with the young king , separating the sexes during meals , leading to the end of the Hawaiian religion . Kamehameha II died , along with his wife , Queen Kamāmalu in 1824 on a state visit to England , succumbing to measles . He was King for 5 years . The couple 's remains were returned to Hawaii by Boki . Aboard the ship The Blond his wife Liliha and Kekūanāoʻa were baptized as Christians . Kaʻahumanu also converted and became a powerful Christian influence on Hawaiian society until her death in 1832 . Since the new king was only 12 years old , Kaʻahumanu was now senior ruler and named Boki as her Kuhina Nui . Boki left Hawaii on a trip to find sandalwood to cover a debt and was lost at sea . His wife , Liliha took the governorship of Maui and unsuccessfully attempted to whip up a revolt against Kaʻahumanu , who upon Boki 's departure , had installed Kīnaʻu as a co-governor . Kaʻahumanu ( edit ) Kaʻahumanu with Charles Kanaʻina Kaʻahumanu was born on Maui around 1777 . Her parents were aliʻi of a lower - ranking line . She became Kamehameha 's consort when she was fourteen . George Vancouver states : `` ( O ) ne of the finest woman we had yet seen on any of the islands '' . To wed the young woman , Kamehameha had to consent to make her children his heirs to the Kingdom , although she had no issue . Before his death , Kamehameha selected Kaʻahumanu to rule along with his son . Kaʻahumanu had also adopted the boy . She had the highest political clout in the islands . A portrait artist remarked of her : `` This Old Dame is the most proud , unbending Lady in the whole island . As the widow of ( Kamehameha ) , she possesses unbound authority and respect , not any of which she is inclined to lay aside on any occasion whatsoever '' . She was one of Hawaii 's most influential leaders . Sugar reciprocity ( edit ) Main articles : Ford Island , Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 , and Great Mahele Charles Reed Bishop , Minister of Foreign Affairs ( Hawaii ) Sugar became a major export from Hawaii soon after Cook 's arrival . The first permanent plantation began in Kauai in 1835 . William Hooper leased 980 acres of land from Kamehameha III and began growing sugarcane . Within thirty years plantations operated on the four main islands . Sugar completely altered Hawaii 's economy . American influence in Hawaiian government began with U.S. plantation owners demanding a say in Kingdom politics . This was driven by missionary religion and sugar economics . Pressure from these plantation owners was felt by the King and chiefs as demands for land tenure . After the brief 1843 takeover by the British , Kamehameha III responded to the demands with the Great Mahele , distributing the lands to all Hawaiians as advocated by missionaries including Gerrit P. Judd . During the 1850s , the U.S. import tariff on sugar from Hawaii was much higher than the import tariffs Hawaiians were charging the U.S. , and Kamehameha III sought reciprocity . The monarch wished to lower U.S. tariffs and make Hawaiian sugar competitive with other foreign suppliers . In 1854 Kamehameha III proposed a policy of reciprocity between the countries , but the proposal died in the U.S. Senate . U.S. control of Hawaii was considered vital for the defense of its west coast . The military was especially interested in Pu'uloa , Pearl Harbor . The sale of one harbor was proposed by Charles Reed Bishop , a foreigner who had married into the Kamehameha family , had risen to be Hawaiian Minister of Foreign Affairs and owned a country home near Pu'uloa . He showed two U.S. officers around the lochs , although his wife , Bernice Pauahi Bishop , privately disapproved of selling Hawaiian lands . As monarch , William Charles Lunalilo , was content to let Bishop run most business affairs , but the ceding of lands became unpopular with Hawaiians . Many islanders thought that all the islands , rather than just Pearl Harbor , might be lost and opposed any cession . By November 1873 , Lunalilo canceled negotiations and returned to drinking , against his doctor 's advice ; his health declined swiftly , and he died on February 3 , 1874 . King David Kalākaua Lunalilo left no heirs . The legislature was empowered by the constitution to elect the monarch in these instances and chose David Kalākaua as Lunalilo 's successor . The new ruler was pressured by the U.S. government to surrender Pearl Harbor to the Navy . Kalākaua was concerned that this would lead to annexation by the U.S. and to violating the traditions of the Hawaiian people , who believed that the land ( ' Āina ) was fertile , sacred and not for sale . From 1874 through 1875 , Kalākaua made a state visit to Washington DC to gather support for a new treaty . Congress agreed to the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 for seven years in exchange for Ford Island . After the treaty , sugar production expanded from 12,000 acres to 125,000 acres in 1891 . At the end of the seven - year term , the United States showed little interest in renewal . Rebellion of 1887 and the Bayonet constitution ( edit ) Main articles : Hawaiian Rebellions ( 1887 -- 95 ) and 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii On January 20 , 1887 , the United States began leasing Pearl Harbor . Shortly afterwards , a group of mostly non-Hawaiians calling themselves the Hawaiian Patriotic League began the Rebellion of 1887 . They drafted their own constitution on July 6 , 1887 . The new constitution was written by Lorrin Thurston , the Hawaiian Minister of the Interior who used the Hawaiian militia to threaten Kalākaua . Kalākaua was forced to dismiss his cabinet ministers and sign a new constitution that greatly lessened his power . It would become known as the `` Bayonet Constitution '' due to the force used . Lorrin Thurston , Minister of the Interior ( Hawaii ) Although Kalākaua 's signature alone had no legal power , The Bayonet Constitution allowed the monarch to appoint cabinet ministers , but stripped him of the power to dismiss them without approval from the Legislature . Eligibility to vote for the House of Nobles was altered , requiring that both candidates and voters own property valued three thousand dollars or more , or have an annual income of six hundred dollars or more . This disenfranchised two thirds of native Hawaiians and other ethnic groups who had previously been eligible to vote . This constitution benefited the foreign plantation owners . With the legislature now responsible for naturalizing aliens , Americans and Europeans could retain their home country citizenship and vote as citizens of the kingdom . Along with voting privileges , Americans could hold office and still retain their American citizenship , something not afforded in any other nation and even allowed Americans to vote without becoming naturalized . Asian immigrants were no longer able to acquire citizenship or vote . Wilcox Rebellion of 1888 ( edit ) ʻIolani Barracks , 2007 The Wilcox Rebellion of 1888 was a plot to overthrow King David Kalākaua and replace him with his sister in a coup d'état . This was in response to increased political tension between the legislature and the king under the 1887 constitution . Kalākaua 's sister , Princess Lili ʻuokalani and wife , Queen Kapiolani returned from Queen Victoria 's Golden Jubilee immediately after news reached them in Great Britain . Kalākaua 's distant cousin , a native Hawaiian officer and veteran of the Italian military , Robert William Wilcox returned to Hawaii at about the same time as Lili ʻuokalani in October 1887 when the funding for his study program stopped . Wilcox , Charles B. Wilson , Princess Lili ʻuokalani , and Sam Nowlein plotted to overthrow King Kalākaua and replace him with Lili ʻuokalani. 300 Hawaiian conspirators hid in Iolani Barracks and an alliance was formed with the Royal Guard , but the plot was accidentally discovered in January 1888 , less than 48 hours before the revolt . No one was prosecuted , but Wilcox was exiled . On February 11 , 1888 Wilcox left Hawaii for San Francisco , intending to return to Italy with his wife . Princess Lili ʻuokalani was offered the throne several times by the Missionary Party who had forced the Bayonet Constitution on her brother , but she believed she would become a powerless figurehead like her brother and rejected the offers . In January 1891 , Kalākaua traveled to San Francisco for his health , staying at the Palace Hotel . He died there on January 20 . She then ascended the throne . Queen Lili ʻuokalani called her brother 's reign `` a golden age materially for Hawaii '' . Queen Lili ʻuokalani Lili ʻuokalani 's attempt to re-write constitution ( edit ) Main article : Proposed 1893 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii Lili ʻuokalani assumed the throne in the middle of an economic crisis . The McKinley Act had crippled the Hawaiian sugar industry by removing the duties on sugar imports from other countries into the US , eliminating the previous Hawaiian advantage due to the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 . Many Hawaii businesses and citizens lost revenue ; in response Lili ʻuokalani proposed a lottery system to raise money for her government . Controversially , opium licensing was proposed . Her ministers and closest friends were all opposed to this plan ; they unsuccessfully tried to dissuade her from pursuing these initiatives , both of which came to be used against her in the brewing constitutional crisis . Lili ʻuokalani 's chief desire was to restore power to the monarch by abrogating the 1887 Bayonet Constitution and promulgating a new one . The 1893 Constitution would have extended suffrage by reducing some property requirements . It would have disenfranchised many non-citizen Europeans and Americans . The Queen toured several islands on horseback , talking to the people about her ideas and receiving overwhelming support , including a lengthy petition in support of a new constitution . However , when the Queen informed her cabinet of her plans , they withheld their support , uncomfortable with what they expected her opponent 's likely response to be . Threats to Hawaii 's sovereignty emerged throughout the Kingdom 's history . However , only with the Bayonet Constitution was its sovereignty ultimately compromised . The precipitating event leading to the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii on January 17 , 1893 was Lili ʻuokalani 's attempt to promulgate a new constitution . The conspirators ' stated goals were to depose the queen , overthrow the monarchy , and seek Hawaii 's annexation to the U.S. The conspirators were five American , one English and one German national . Overthrow ( edit ) Main article : Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii The overthrow was led by Thurston , who was the grandson of American missionaries and derived his support primarily from the American and European business class and other supporters of the Reform Party of the Hawaiian Kingdom . Most of the leaders of the Committee of Safety that deposed the queen were American and European citizens who were Kingdom subjects . They included legislators , government officers and a Supreme Court Justice of the Hawaiian Kingdom . On January 16 , the Marshal of the Kingdom , Charles B. Wilson was tipped off by detectives of the planned coup . Wilson requested warrants to arrest the 13 Council members and put the Kingdom under martial law . Because the members had strong political ties with U.S. Government Minister John L. Stevens , the requests were repeatedly denied by Attorney General Arthur P. Peterson and the Queen 's cabinet , fearing if approved , the arrests would escalate the situation . After a failed negotiation with Thurston , Wilson began to collect his men for the confrontation . Wilson and Captain of the Royal Household Guard Samuel Nowlein rallied a force of 496 men who were kept at hand to protect the Queen . The overthrow began on January 17 , 1893 . A policeman was shot and wounded while trying to stop a wagon carrying weapons to the Honolulu Rifles , the paramilitary wing of the Committee of Safety . The Committee feared the shooting would bring government forces to rout the conspirators and stop the coup before it could begin . The Committee of Safety initiated the overthrow by organizing the Honolulu Rifles made of about 1,500 armed local ( non-native ) men . The Rifles garrisoned Ali'iolani Hale across the street from ʻIolani Palace and waited for the Queen 's response . USS Boston John L. Stevens , an American diplomat , conspired to overthrow the Kingdom of Hawaii As these events were unfolding , the Committee of Safety expressed concern for the safety and property of American residents in Honolulu . United States military support ( edit ) The coup efforts were supported by U.S. Government Minister John L. Stevens . The coup left the queen under house arrest at Iolani Palace . The Kingdom briefly became the Republic of Hawaii , before annexation by the United States in 1898 . Advised about supposed threats to non-combatant American lives and property by the Committee of Safety , Stevens summoned a company of uniformed U.S. Marines from the USS Boston and two companies of U.S. sailors to take up positions at the U.S. Legation , Consulate and Arion Hall on the afternoon of January 16 , 1893 . 162 armed sailors and Marines aboard the USS Boston in Honolulu Harbor came ashore under orders of neutrality . The sailors and Marines did not enter the Palace grounds or take over any buildings , and never fired a shot , but their presence intimidated royalist defenders . Historian William Russ states , `` the injunction to prevent fighting of any kind made it impossible for the monarchy to protect itself . '' United States Territory ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2016 ) Annexation ( edit ) Political cartoon of 1898 In March 1897 , William McKinley , a Republican expansionist , succeeded Democrat Grover Cleveland as U.S. President . He prepared a treaty of annexation but it lacked the needed 2 / 3 majority in the Senate given Democratic opposition . A joint resolution , which does not have the power to annex , written by Republican Congressman Francis G. Newlands to annex Hawaii passed both the House and Senate ; it needed only majority support . The Spanish -- American War had broken out and many leaders wanted control of Pearl Harbor to help the United States to become a Pacific power and protect the West Coast . In 1897 Japan sent warships to Hawaii to oppose annexation . The possibility of invasion and annexation by Japan made the decision even more urgent . McKinley signed the Newlands Resolution annexing Hawaii on July 7 , 1898 , creating the Territory of Hawaii . On 22 February 1900 the Hawaiian Organic Act established a territorial government . Annexation opponents held that this was illegal , claiming the Queen was the only legitimate ruler . McKinley appointed Sanford B. Dole as territorial governor . The territorial legislature convened for the first time on February 20 , 1901 . Hawaiians formed the Hawaiian Independent Party , under the leadership of Robert Wilcox , Hawaii 's first congressional delegate . Plantations ( edit ) Hawaii 's Big Five C. Brewer & Co . Theo H. Davies & Co . Amfac Castle & Cooke Alexander & Baldwin Sugarcane plantations in Hawaii expanded during the territorial period . Some companies diversified and came to dominate related industries including transportation , banking and real estate . Economic and political power was concentrated in what were known as the `` Big Five '' . World war II ( edit ) USS Arizona during the attack on Pearl Harbor Attack on Pearl Harbor ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor was attacked on 7 December 1941 by the Imperial Japanese Navy , sinking the main American battleship fleet . The four Pacific aircraft carriers were not in port and escaped damage . Hawaii was put under martial law until 1945 . The large Japanese American population was not interned , but hundreds of pro-Japan leaders were arrested . Pearl Harbor was the U.S. ' main forward base for the Pacific War . The Japanese tried to invade in 1942 but were defeated at the Battle of Midway . Hundreds of thousands of American soldiers , sailors , Marines and airmen passed through on their way to the fighting . Many Hawaiians served in the 442nd Regimental Combat Team , a U.S. Army infantry regiment . The regiment was composed almost entirely of American soldiers of Japanese ancestry . The regiment fought primarily in Italy , southern France and Germany . The 442nd Regiment was the most decorated unit for its size and length of service in American history . Its 4,000 members had to be replaced nearly 2.5 times due to casualties . In total , about 14,000 men served , earning 9,486 Purple Hearts . The unit was awarded eight Presidential Unit Citations ( five in one month ) . Twenty - one of its members , including Hawaii U.S. Senator Daniel Inouye were awarded Medals of Honor . Its motto was `` Go for Broke '' . Democratic Party ( edit ) Main article : Democratic Revolution of 1954 ( Hawaii ) In 1954 a series of non-violent industry - wide strikes , protests and other civil disobedience transpired . In the territorial elections of 1954 the reign of the Hawaii Republican Party in the legislature came to an abrupt end , replaced by the Democratic Party of Hawaii . Democrats lobbied for statehood and held the governorship from 1962 to 2002 . The events also unionized the labor force , hastening the plantations ' decline . Statehood ( edit ) All islands voted at least 93 % in favor of statehood in 1959 President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Hawaii Admission Act on March 18 , 1959 which allowed for Hawaiian statehood . After a popular referendum in which over 93 % voted in favor of statehood , Hawaii was admitted as the 50th state on August 21 , 1959 . Annexation Legacy ( edit ) For many Native Hawaiians , the manner in which Hawaii became a U.S. territory was illegal . Hawaii Territory governors and judges were direct political appointees of the U.S. President . Native Hawaiians created the Home Rule Party to seek greater self - government . Hawaii was subject to cultural and societal repression during the territorial period and the first decade of statehood . The 1960s Hawaiian Renaissance led to renewed interest in the Hawaiian language , culture and identity . With the support of Hawaii Senators Daniel Inouye and Daniel Akaka , Congress passed a joint resolution called the `` Apology Resolution '' ( US Public Law 103 - 150 ) . It was signed by President Bill Clinton on November 23 , 1993 . This resolution apologized `` to Native Hawaiians on behalf of the people of the United States for the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii on January 17 , 1893 ... and the deprivation of the rights of Native Hawaiians to self - determination . '' The implications of this resolution have been extensively debated . In 2000 , Akaka proposed what was called the Akaka Bill to extend federal recognition to those of Native Hawaiian ancestry as a sovereign group similar to Native American tribes . The bill did not pass before his retirement . See also ( edit ) History portal North America portal United States portal Hawaii portal Legal status of Hawaii List of conflicts in Hawaii List of Missionaries to Hawaii National Register of Historic Places listings in Hawaii Timeline of Honolulu References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cumings , Bruce ( 2009 ) . Dominion from Sea to Sea : Pacific Ascendancy and American Power . Yale University Press . p. 201 . ^ Jump up to : Pearce , Charles E.M. ; Pearce , F.M. ( 17 June 2010 ) . Oceanic Migration : Paths , Sequence , Timing and Range of Prehistoric Migration in the Pacific and Indian Oceans . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 3826 - 5 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , Elvi W. ( January 1986 ) . The Mainland Haole : The White Experience in Hawaii . Columbia University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 05316 - 7 . Jump up ^ Smith , Philippa Mein ( 2012 ) . A Concise History of New Zealand . Cambridge University Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 40217 - 1 . 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 7591 - 2219 - 2 . Jump up ^ Vanessa Collingridge , Captain Cook : The Life , Death and Legacy of History 's Greatest Explorer ( 2003 ) p. 413 Jump up ^ Siler , Julia Flynn ( January 2012 ) . Lost Kingdom : Hawaii 's Last Queen , the Sugar Kings and America 's First Imperial Adventure . Atlantic Monthly Press . pp. 220 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 2001 - 4 . Jump up ^ Homans , Margaret ; Munich , Adrienne ( 2 October 1997 ) . Remaking Queen Victoria . Cambridge University Press . pp. 147 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 57485 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Kanahele , George H. ; Kanahele , George S. ( 1986 ) . Pauahi : The Kamehameha Legacy . Kamehameha Schools Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87336 - 005 - 0 . Jump up ^ Dibble , Sheldon ( 1843 ) . History of the Sandwich Islands . ( With a map . ) . Press of the Mission Seminary . pp. 54 -- . Jump up ^ Hawaiian Historical Society ( 1936 ) . Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society . The Hawaiian Historical Society . p. 15 . Jump up ^ I - H3 , Halawa Interchange to Halekou Interchange , Honolulu : Environmental Impact Statement. 1973 . p. 483 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Albert Pierce ( 1922 ) . under hawaiian skies . p. 79 . Jump up ^ Kamakau 1992 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Fornander , Abraham ( 1880 ) . Stokes , John F.G. , ed . An Account of the Polynesian Race : Its Origins and Migrations , and the Ancient History of the Hawaiian People to the Times of Kamehameha I. 2 . London : Trübner & Company . p. 136 . Jump up ^ Alexander , William De Witt ( 1891 ) . A brief history of the Hawaiian people . American Book Co. p. 324 . Jump up ^ Noles , Jim ( 2009 ) . Pocketful of History : Four Hundred Years of America - One State Quarter at a Time . Perseus Books Group . pp. 296 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7867 - 3197 - 8 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Jake ; Hart , Joyce ( 2007 ) . Hawai'i . Marshall Cavendish . pp. 128 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 2349 - 2 . Jump up ^ https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Hawaii Jump up ^ Planet , Lonely ; Benson , Sara ; Balfour , Amy C. ; Karlin , Adam ; Skolnick , Adam ; Stiles , Paul ; Ver Berkmoes , Ryan ( 1 August 2013 ) . Lonely Planet Hawaii . Lonely Planet Publications . pp. 732 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74321 - 788 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bendure , Glenda ; Friary , Ned ( 2008 ) . Lonely Planet Maui . Lonely Planet . pp. 244 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74104 - 714 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ring , Trudy ; Watson , Noelle ; Schellinger , Paul ( 5 November 2013 ) . The Americas : International Dictionary of Historic Places . Routledge . pp. 315 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 25930 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Lahaina Watershed Flood Control Project : Environmental Impact Statement. 2004 . p. 214 . Jump up ^ Budnick , Rich ( 1 January 2005 ) . Hawaii 's Forgotten History : 1900 -- 1999 : The Good ... The Bad ... The Embarrassing . Aloha Press . p. 154 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 944081 - 04 - 4 . Jump up ^ Foster , Jeanette ( 17 July 2012 ) . 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To Live Among the Stars : Christian Origins in Oceania . editorips@usp.ac.fj . pp. 52 -- . ISBN 978 - 2 - 8254 - 0692 - 2 . Jump up ^ Joesting , Edward ( 1 February 1988 ) . Kauai : The Separate Kingdom . University of Hawaii Press . pp. 97 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1162 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ortner , Sherry B. ( 1997 ) . Making Gender : The Politics and Erotics of Culture . Beacon Press . pp. 163 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 4633 - 3 . Jump up ^ Vowell 2011 , p. 32 -- . Jump up ^ Akana , Alan Robert ( 18 March 2014 ) . The Volcano Is Our Home . Balboa Press . pp. 68 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4525 - 8753 - 0 . Jump up ^ Deerr , Noel ( 1949 ) . The History of Sugar , Volume 1 . London : Chapman and Hall Ltd . OCLC 833266489 . Jump up ^ Doak , Robin Santos ( 1 January 2003 ) . Hawaii : The Aloha State . World Almanac Library . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8368 - 5149 - 6 . Jump up ^ Trask , Haunani - Kay ( 1 January 1999 ) . From a Native Daughter : Colonialism and Sovereignty in Hawaiʻi . University of Hawaii Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2059 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pratt 1939 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ The Psychologists of Prejudice and Discrimination . ABC - CLIO . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98234 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Dye , Bob ( January 1 , 1997 ) . Merchant Prince of the Sandalwood Mountains : Afong and the Chinese in Hawai'i . Hawaii : University of Hawaii Press . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1772 - 5 . Jump up ^ Murphree , Daniel S. ( March 9 , 2012 ) . Native America : A State - by - State Historical Encyclopedia ( 3 volumes ) . California : ABC - CLIO . p. 268 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38127 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : MacLeod , Roy M. ; Rehbock , Philip F. ( January 1994 ) . Darwin 's Laboratory : Evolutionary Theory and Natural History in the Pacific . Hawaii : University of Hawaii Press . p. 494 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1613 - 1 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Donald Dalton ( 1 January 1995 ) . The United States in the Pacific : Private Interests and Public Policies , 1784 -- 1899 . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 95055 - 2 . Jump up ^ Van Dyke 2008 , p. ( https://books.google.com/books?id=IjZPcGb2R08C&pg=PA118 118 . Jump up ^ Pratt 1939 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Catherine ( 1966 ) . Builders of Hawaii . Hawaii : The Kamehameha Schools Press . p. 218 . ASIN B00285NRCI . Jump up ^ Calhoun , Charles W. ( 11 September 2006 ) . The Gilded Age : Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . pp. 316 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 8168 - 5 . Jump up ^ Pratt 1939 , p. 260 . ^ Jump up to : Mirza Ph. D , Rocky M. ( September 2 , 2010 ) . American Invasions : Canada to Afghanistan , 1775 to 2010 : Canada to Afghanistan , 1775 to 2010 . Trafford Publishing . p. 80 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4669 - 5688 - 9 . Jump up ^ Lee , Anne ( March 18 , 2011 ) . The Hawaii State Constitution . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 987796 - 6 . Jump up ^ Van Dyke 2008 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Van Dyke 2008 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Vowell 2011 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Chambers , John H. ( 2009 ) . Hawaii . Interlink Books . pp. 184 -- 85 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56656 - 615 - 5 . Jump up ^ Liu , William Ming ; Iwamoto , Derek Kenji ; Chae , Mark H. ( 19 January 2011 ) . Culturally Responsive Counseling with Asian American Men . Routledge . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 96833 - 5 . Jump up ^ Morgan 2011 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Bradley , James ( 24 November 2009 ) . The Imperial Cruise : A Secret History of Empire and War . Little , Brown . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 03966 - 6 . Jump up ^ Silva , Noenoe K. ( 7 September 2004 ) . Aloha Betrayed : Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism . Duke University Press . p. 126 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3349 - X . Jump up ^ Mallon , Florencia ( 30 December 2011 ) . Decolonizing Native Histories : Collaboration , Knowledge , and Language in the Americas . Duke University Press . p. 31 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 5152 - 8 . Jump up ^ Liliuokalani ( 1898 ) . Hawaii 's Story . Tothrop , Lee & Shepard Co. p. 174 . Jump up ^ Liliuokalani ( 1898 ) . Hawaii 's Story . Tothrop , Lee & Shepard Co. p. 195 . Jump up ^ Foreign Relations of the United States 1894 : Affairs in Hawaii . Government Printing Office . 1895 . p. 670 . Jump up ^ Liliuokalani ( 1898 ) . Hawaii 's Story . Tothrop , Lee & Shepard Co. p. 186 . Jump up ^ Harned , Richard ( 11 February 2009 ) . The Palace Hotel . Arcadia Publishing . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4396 - 3655 - 8 . Jump up ^ Liliʻuokalani ( Queen of Hawaii ) ( July 25 , 2007 ) ( 1898 ) . Hawaii 's story by Hawaii 's queen , Liliuokalani. Lee and Shepard , reprinted by Kessinger Publishing , LLC . p. 233 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 548 - 22265 - 2 . Jump up ^ Spickard , Paul R. ; Rondilla , Joanne L. ; Wright , Debbie Hippolite ( 1 January 2002 ) . Pacific Diaspora : Island Peoples in the United States and Across the Pacific . University of Hawaii Press . p. 316 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2619 - 2 . Jump up ^ Love , Eric Tyrone Lowery ( 2004 ) . Race Over Empire : Racism and U.S. Imperialism , 1865 -- 1900 . Univ of North Carolina Press . pp. 107 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 5565 - 2 . Jump up ^ United States . Department of State ( 1895 ) . Foreign Relations of the United States . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 496 . Jump up ^ Russ , The Hawaiian Revolution , p. 67 : `` She ... defended her act ( ions ) by showing that , out of a possible 9,500 native voters in 1892 , 6,500 asked for a new Constitution . '' Jump up ^ Daws , Shoal of Time , p271 : The Queen 's new cabinet `` had been in office less than a week , and whatever they thought about the need for a new constitution ... they knew enough about the temper of the queen 's opponents to realize that they would endure the chance to challenge her , and no minister of the crown could look forward ... to that confrontation . '' Jump up ^ Kuykendall , Ralph ( 1967 ) . The Hawaiian Kingdom , Volume 3 . University of Hawaii Press . p. 582 . ISBN 0 - 87022 - 433 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kuykendall , Ralph ( 1967 ) . The Hawaiian Kingdom , Volume 3 . University of Hawaii Press . pp. 533 and 587 -- 88 . ISBN 0 - 87022 - 433 - 6 . From Kuykendall , p. 587 - 588 : `` W.D. Alexander ( History of Later Years of the Hawaiian Monarchy and the Revolution of 1893 , p. 37 ) gives the following as the wording of Thurston 's motion ( to launch the coup ) : ' That preliminary steps be taken at once to form and declare a Provisional Government with a view to annexation to the United States . ' Thurston later wrote that his motion was ' substantially as follows : `` I move that it is the sense of this meeting that the solution of the present situation is annexation to the United States . '' ' ( Memoirs , p. 250 ) Lt. Lucien Young ( The Boston at Hawaii , p. 175 ) gives the following version of the motion : ' Resolved , That it is the sense of this committee that in view of the present unsatisfactory state of affairs , the proper course to pursue is to abolish the monarchy and apply for annexation to the United States . ' '' Jump up ^ Russ , William Adam ( 1992 ) . The Hawaiian Revolution ( 1893 -- 94 ) . Associated University Presses . p. 90 . ISBN 0 - 945636 - 53 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Blount Report - Page 588 '' . Jump up ^ Roark , James L. ; Johnson , Michael P. ; Cohen , Patricia Cline ; Stage , Sarah ; Hartmann , Susan M. ( 9 January 2012 ) . The American Promise , Combined Volume : A History of the United States . Bedford / St. Martin 's . p. 660 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 66312 - 4 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Vernon M. ( 1 January 2003 ) . Mass Immigration and the National Interest : Policy Directions for the New Century . M.E. Sharpe . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 0934 - 2 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Vernon M. ( 2001 ) . Immigration and American Unionism . Cornell University Press . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8710 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ginsburg , Tom ; Dixon , Rosalind ( 1 January 2011 ) . Comparative Constitutional Law . Edward Elgar Publishing . p. 181 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85793 - 121 - 4 . Jump up ^ Andrade , Jr. , Ernest ( 1996 ) . Unconquerable Rebel : Robert W. Wilcox and Hawaiian Politics , 1880 -- 1903 . University Press of Colorado . p. 130 . ISBN 0 - 87081 - 417 - 6 . Jump up ^ Twombly , Alexander ( 1900 ) . Hawaii and its people . Silver , Burdett and company . p. 333 . Jump up ^ Young , Lucien ( 1899 ) . The Real Hawaii . Doubleday & McClure company . p. 252 . Jump up ^ The Morgan Report , p808 - 809 , `` At the request of many citizens , whose wives and families were helpless and in terror of an expected uprising of the mob , which would burn and destroy , a request was made and signed by all of the committee , addressed to Minister Stevens , that troops might be landed to protect houses and private property . Jump up ^ Utter , Jack ( 2001 ) . American Indians : Answers to Today 's Questions . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 414 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3309 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kinzer , S. ( 2006 ) America 's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq . p. 30 . ( Minister Stevens ) `` certainly overstepped his authority when he brought troops ashore , especially since he knew that the ' general alarm and terror ' of which the Committee of Safety had complained was a fiction . '' Jump up ^ Russ , William Adam ( 1992 ) . The Hawaiian Revolution ( 1893 -- 94 ) . Associated University Presses . p. 350 . ISBN 0 - 945636 - 43 - 1 . Jump up ^ Morgan 2011 , p. 213 -- 16 . Jump up ^ William Adam Russ , The Hawaiian Republic ( 1894 -- 98 ) : and its struggle to win annexation ( Susquehanna U Press , 1992 ) . Jump up ^ DeSoto Brown , and Anne Ellett , Hawaii goes to war : life in Hawaii from Pearl Harbor to peace ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ `` CMH '' . 23 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Carolyn Lucas ( December 30 , 2004 ) . `` Law expert Francis Boyle urges natives to take back Hawaii '' . West Hawaii Today . Archived from the original on 2005 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Fein , Bruce ( June 6 , 2005 ) . `` Hawaii Divided Against Itself Cannot Stand '' ( PDF ) . Angelfire on Lycos . Waltham , MA , USA : Lycos . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2007 . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aloha , Apartheid : A court strikes down a race - based policy in Hawaii , while Congress considers enshrining one '' . Wall Street Journal . August 8 , 2005 . Further reading ( edit ) Van Dyke , Jon M. ( 2008 ) . Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawai_i ? . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 3211 - 7 . Vowell , Sarah ( 22 March 2011 ) . Unfamiliar Fishes . Penguin Group US . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 48645 - 0 . Morgan , William Michael ( 2011 ) . Pacific Gibraltar : U.S. - Japanese Rivalry Over the Annexation of Hawai'i , 1885 - 1898 . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 529 - 5 . Pratt , Helen G. ( 1939 ) . In Hawaii : A Hundred Years . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . OCLC 12372595 . Surveys ( edit ) Craig , Robert D. Historical dictionary of Honolulu and Hawaiʻi ( Scarecrow Press , 1998 ) . Daws , Gavan ( 1968 ) . Shoal of Time : A History of the Hawaiian Islands . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 0324 - 8 . Fuchs , Lawrence H. Hawaii Pono : ' Hawaii the Excellent ' : An Ethnic and Political History . ( 1961 ) . Haley , James L. Captive Paradise : A History of Hawaii ( St. Martin 's Press , 2014 ) . Kuykendall , Ralph Simpson , and Arthur Grove Day . Hawaii : a history , from Polynesian kingdom to American state ( Prentice Hall , 1961 ) . Wyndette , Olive . Islands of Destiny : A History of Hawaii ( 1968 ) . Specialty Studies ( edit ) Aquino , Belinda . `` The Filipino Century in Hawaii : Out of the Crucible . '' ( 2006 ) . Beechert , Edward D. Working in Hawaii : A Labor History ( U of Hawaii Press , 1985 ) 401pp Brown , DeSoto and Anne Ellett . Hawaii goes to war : life in Hawaii from Pearl Harbor to peace ( 1989 ) . Chapin , Helen . Shaping history : The role of newspapers in Hawai'i ( University of Hawaii Press , 1996 ) . Cochran , Thomas C. and Ray Ginger . `` The American - Hawaiian Steamship Company , 1899 -- 1919 , '' Business History Review ( 1954 ) . 28 # 4 , pp. 342 -- 365 . Forbes , David W. Encounters with paradise : views of Hawaii and its people , 1778 -- 1941 ( Honolulu Academy of Arts , 1992 ) . MacLennan , Carol A. Sovereign Sugar , Industry and Environment in Hawaii ( 2014 ) . Mak , James . `` Creating ' Paradise of the Pacific ' : How Tourism Began in Hawaii . '' ( No. 2015 - 1 . 2015 ) online . 82pp Melendy , Howard Brett , and Rhoda E.A. Hackler . Hawaii , America 's Sugar Territory , 1898 -- 1959 ( Edwin Mellen Press , 1999 ) . Melendy , Howard Brett . Walter Francis Dillingham , 1875 -- 1963 : Hawaiian Entrepreneur and Statesman ( Edwin Mellen Pr , 1996 ) . Rohrer , Judy . Haoles in Hawai'i ( 2010 ) , 124ff. ; scholarly survey Russ , William Adam . The Hawaiian Republic ( 1894 -- 98 ) and its struggle to win annexation ( Susquehanna U Press , 1992 ) . Schmitt , Robert C. Historical Statistics of Hawaii ( University Press of Hawaii , 1977 ) . Siler , Julia Flynn . Lost Kingdom : Hawaii 's Last Queen , the Sugar Kings and America 's First Imperial Adventure ( 2012 ) . Sumida , Stephen H. And the View from the Shore : Literary Traditions of Hawai'i ( University of Washington Press , 2015 ) . Tregaskis , Richard . The warrior king : Hawaii 's Kamehameha the Great ( 1973 ) . Wilson , Rob . `` Exporting Christian Transcendentalism , Importing Hawaiian Sugar : The Trans - Americanization of Hawai'i . '' American Literature 72 #. 3 ( 2000 ) : 521 -- 552 . online External links ( edit ) Audio of Dwight D. Eisenhower Hawaii Statehood Proclamation Speech Public Law 103 - 150 Scots in Hawai ` i How Spain Cast Its Spell On Hawai'i , by Chris Cook in The Islander Magazine History of Hawaii : The Pokiki : Portuguese Traditions in The Islander Magazine Today in Hawai ` i History `` Russians in Hawai ` i '' . Hawaii History Community Learning Center . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . `` The French in Hawai ` i '' . Hawaii History Community Learning Center . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . `` Significant Dates in the History of Hawaiʻi '' . Hawaiian Historical Society . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2010 . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . State of Hawaii Honolulu ( capital ) Topics Constitution Delegations Discovery and settlement Earthquakes Geography Government Hawaiianize History Islands ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi ( Hawaiian Language ) Kūʻē Petitions Music People State symbols Tourism Transportation Unification Seal of Hawaii Society Hawaiian architecture Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Energy Folklore Media Politics Sports Main islands Hawai ʻi Kaho ʻolawe Kaua ʻi Lāna ʻi Maui Moloka ʻi Ni ʻihau Oʻahu Northwestern Islands French Frigate Shoals Gardner Kure Laysan Lisianski Maro Reef Necker Nihoa Pearl and Hermes Communities Hilo Honolulu Kahului Kāneʻohe Līhu ʻe Pearl City Waipahu Counties Hawai ʻi Honolulu Kalawao Kaua ʻi Maui Sovereignty Movement Hawaiian Renaissance 2008 occupation of Iolani Palace Years in Hawaii ( 1959 -- present ) Pre-1959 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 History of the United States by polity States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. 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Old Firm
Old Firm - wikipedia Old Firm Jump to : navigation , search Old Firm derby Fans kept apart at a match between the clubs Other names Glasgow derby Locale Glasgow , Scotland Teams Celtic Rangers First meeting 28 May 1888 Celtic 5 -- 2 Rangers Friendly Latest meeting 30 December 2017 Celtic 0 -- 0 Rangers Scottish Premiership Next meeting 10 March 2018 Rangers v. Celtic Scottish Premiership Statistics Meetings total 410 Most wins Rangers ( 159 ) Largest victory Celtic 7 -- 1 Rangers ( 19 October 1957 ) Celtic Park Ibrox Stadium ( Rangers ) Location of the two teams ' stadia in Glasgow Celtic Rangers The Old Firm is the collective name for the Scottish football clubs Celtic and Rangers , who are both based in Glasgow . The rivalry between the two clubs has become deeply embedded in Scottish culture and has contributed to the political , social and religious division and sectarianism in Scotland and also beyond , especially in neighbouring Northern Ireland . As a result , the fixture was recognised as having enduring appeal . The two clubs are the most successful in Scotland , between them having won 102 Scottish League championships ( Rangers with 54 and Celtic with 48 ) , 70 Scottish Cups and 44 Scottish League Cups . Interruptions to their ascendancy have occurred infrequently , most recently with the challenge of the New Firm of Aberdeen and Dundee United in the first half of the 1980s . Since the 1985 -- 86 season one half of the Old Firm has won the Scottish League consistently and from the 2006 -- 07 season to the 2011 -- 12 season , both clubs finished in the top two places . Rangers and Celtic have played each other 410 times in major competitions : Rangers have won 159 matches , Celtic 152 matches and 99 ended in a draw . The clubs have large fan bases around Glasgow but also supporters clubs in most towns throughout Scotland and Northern Ireland and in many cities around the world . The presence of Rangers and Celtic had been estimated to be worth £ 120 million to the Scottish economy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of ' Old Firm ' 2 Rivalry and sectarianism 2.1 Disorder within stadia 2.2 Legislation 2.3 Joint sponsorship 3 Events post-2012 3.1 Results on the field 4 All - time head - to - head record 4.1 Defunct minor / wartime competitions 4.1. 1 Wartime competitions ( all WWII ) 5 Biggest wins 5.1 Celtic 5.1. 1 6 - goal margin 5.1. 2 5 - goal margin 5.1. 3 4 - goal margin 5.2 Rangers 5.2. 1 5 - goal margin 5.2. 2 4 - goal margin 6 Players who played for both teams 6.1 Pre-war 6.2 Post-war 6.3 Played for opposite clubs during youth and senior careers 7 Individual records 7.1 Most appearances 7.2 Highest goalscorers 8 Managerial statistics 9 Attendances 10 Dominance of Scottish football 10.1 League 10.2 Scottish Cup 10.2. 1 Old Firm Scottish Cup finals 10.3 League Cup 10.3. 1 Old Firm League Cup finals 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Origin of ' Old Firm ' ( edit ) The origin of the term is unclear but may derive from the two clubs ' initial match in which the commentators referred to the teams as `` like two old , firm friends '' , or alternatively may stem from a satirical cartoon published in a magazine prior to the 1904 Scottish Cup Final between the sides , depicting an elderly man with a sandwich board reading `` Patronise The Old Firm : Rangers , Celtic Ltd '' , highlighting the mutual commercial benefits of their meetings . The name may also be a reference to these two teams being among the original 11 members of the Scottish Football League formed in 1890 . Rivalry and sectarianism ( edit ) Main article : Sectarianism in Glasgow The competition between the two clubs had roots in more than just a simple sporting rivalry . It has as much to do with Northern Ireland as Scotland and this can be seen in the flags , cultural symbols and emblems of both clubs . It was infused with a series of complex disputes , sometimes centred on religion ( Catholic and Protestant ) , Northern Ireland - related politics ( Loyalist and Republican ) , national identity ( British or Irish Scots ) , and social ideology ( Conservatism and Socialism ) . Another primary contributor to the intensity of the rivalry in the west of Scotland was that Rangers supporters are historically native Scots and Ulster Scots , and Celtic supporters are historically Irish - Scots . While the confrontation between the two sets of supporters was often labelled as ' Sectarianism ' , ' Native - Immigrant tension ' was an equally accurate catalyst for hostility between the two teams ' supports in Scotland . Rangers ' traditional support was largely from the Protestant community , and for decades the club had an unwritten rule whereby they would not knowingly sign a player of the Catholic faith . The policy was decried by Graeme Souness when he became manager , and he brought ex-Celtic forward Mo Johnston to the club in a very public move away from the practice , which no longer continues . Celtic 's support was largely from those of Irish Roman Catholic backgrounds and while the club practiced no exclusion of Protestants and signed many of them to play for the team , there was a pro-Catholic mindset among some of the employees . One effect is that Scottish flags are rarer than might be expected amongst both sets of supporters ; Celtic fans are more likely to wave the Irish tricolour while Rangers fans tend to wave the Union Flag . `` When I was growing up , I went to a Catholic school , and there was n't one Rangers fan in the entire school , '' said Neil McGarvey , 43 , who is involved in the operation of Kerrydale Street , a popular Celtic fan Web site . `` It 's much more mixed now -- my boy goes to a Catholic school , and there are maybe 5 percent Rangers fans now . '' -- The New York Times , 2012 Traditionally , Rangers , founded in 1872 , attracted the Protestant , Scottish establishment : Celtic , founded later in 1887 , represented the Catholic Irish people in Scotland , as Celtic were founded on the promise that the club would deliver much - needed money and resources to a poverty - stricken Catholic population in East Glasgow . Nevertheless , this dividing line seems to be blurred today in Glasgow : `` mixed marriages '' between Protestants and Catholics have never been higher and the old certainties -- the Rangers supporter voting Conservative and the Celtic supporter voting Labour -- are lost . In 2005 both Celtic and Rangers joined a project to tackle bigotry and sectarianism in sport , but there was little change in the behaviour and subsequent prosecution of the fans . The majority of Rangers and Celtic supporters do not get involved in sectarianism , but serious incidents do occur with a tendency for the actions of a minority to dominate the headlines . The Old Firm rivalry fuelled many assaults on Derby days , and some deaths in the past have been directly related to the aftermath of Old Firm matches . An activist group that monitors sectarian activity in Glasgow has reported that on Old Firm weekends , violent attacks increase ninefold over normal levels . An increase in domestic abuse can also be attributed to Old Firm fixtures . A freedom of information request found that Strathclyde Police incurred costs of £ 2.4 million for the seven derbies played during the 2010 -- 11 season , with the clubs only contributing £ 0.3 million towards that . Other high - profile games involving Rangers and Celtic incurred much lower costs . The reason for the disparity in costs and the contribution made is that Strathclyde Police had to increase its activity elsewhere in Glasgow and beyond , while the clubs were only responsible for costs incurred in the vicinity of their stadium . In 2015 , former Rangers player Brian Laudrup said that the Old Firm topped all of the rivalries he had played in , which included the Milan derby and the Fiorentina -- Juventus meetings in Italy . Jim Bett , who had already played in Iceland prior to joining Rangers in the 1980s and thereafter moved to Belgium , stated that he declined an opportunity to return to the Ibrox club due to the sectarianism associated with life as a footballer in the west of Scotland , in contrast to his positive experiences living abroad . Disorder within stadia ( edit ) Opposing fans fought an on - pitch battle in the aftermath of Celtic 's 1 -- 0 victory in the 1980 Scottish Cup Final at Hampden . This remains one of the worst invasions onto a football pitch ever reported , and was instrumental in alcohol being banned from football grounds in Scotland . There was serious fan disorder during an Old Firm match played on a Sunday evening in May 1999 at Celtic Park , with the usual tensions heightened by the fact that Rangers could clinch the league title with victory ( and it became clear that they would do so from the early stages of the match ) . Several objects were thrown by Celtic fans , one of which struck referee Hugh Dallas forcing the game to be stopped while he received medical treatment . With many of those in attendance having spent a full weekend drinking alcohol prior to the event , at least four Celtic fans invaded the field of play to confront Dallas during the game , and more missiles were thrown at players on the pitch after the game . Since the events of that day , Old Firm league matches have normally been played in the early afternoon and the possibility of an Old Firm title decider has been deliberately avoided . Legislation ( edit ) From 1 March 2012 , the police were given more powers to act against Sectarian acts at football matches through the new Offensive Behaviour at Football and Threatening Communications Act . The law was designed specifically to target the Old Firm rivalry by reducing the religious hatred between the two opposing sides . The Act created two new offences , one covering behaviour in and around football matches and the other related to posts sent by either electronic or postal methods . People convicted under the act could face up to five years imprisonment . This is a much higher sentence than was previously in place . It will now make it much easier to prosecute this misbehaviour , which has proved difficult in the past . In March 2013 a protest by a number of Celtic fans took place to protest against the new laws and the subsequent match bans that a number of fans had received for breaking the Act . The protesters , known as the `` Green Brigade , '' had marched without police authority and the event was therefore cracked down on by local authorities resulting in thirteen arrests . The protestors claim that the police instigated the trouble that occurred at this march . Following the march , media coverage reported that the fans were growing further apart from the police than ever before . They claimed that the trust the fans hold with the police to work in cooperation with them is falling dramatically . The march that took place resulted in a number of complaints from both the Celtic and the Rangers fans that they were harassed by the police . Investigations are still underway to discover the legitimacy of these claims . Joint sponsorship ( edit ) Glasgow - based brewers Tennent 's were the primary commercial sponsor of both teams for several years ; any local business that only sponsored one would likely lose half its customers . Previously , glazing company CR Smith ( who later had a deal with Celtic alone ) , communications firm NTL and English brewers Carling had also sponsored both clubs . Events post-2012 ( edit ) Main article : Administration and liquidation of The Rangers Football Club plc In 2012 , Rangers suffered a financial collapse leading to the liquidation of the commercial entity , however the sporting assets were acquired by a new company which allowed its playing membership to continue unbroken ( albeit in the lowest division of the Scottish football league system ) . It is regarded as a continuation of the same club by the relevant authorities . As a result this would mean that for the first time in 120 years , no fixtures would be played between Rangers and Celtic . The status of the Old Firm was also challenged , following the logic that since Rangers ' died ' during the events of 2012 , the rivalry also expired and any matches played since that point would be between Celtic and a ' new Rangers ' , albeit playing at the same stadium , in the same colours , with the same supporters and some of the same players as before . Adherents to this point of view refer to the club disparagingly as Sevco ( the original name of the post-2012 holding company ) , and Rangers supporters as ' zombies ' or ' the undead ' . This difference of opinion became a new factor in the rivalry . Some Celtic supporters have been particularly vociferous in their assertions , to the extent of a group paying for a full - page newspaper advertisement in January 2015 announcing that their club would soon play its first fixture against the new Rangers . By that point UEFA , the European Club Association and the Scottish Professional Football League had made clear their position that Rangers remained the same club , and FIFA also made statements to this effect shortly afterwards . Conversely , in 2013 numerous complaints had been made to the Advertising Standards Authority ( ASA ) over official marketing communications from Rangers which stated they were `` Scotland 's most successful club '' , with this claim being disputed as the complainants declared the club had only been in existence for one year . Having considered the evidence , the ASA did not uphold the complaints . In July 2012 , a large banner was displayed at Celtic Park during a game showing a cartoon zombie representing Rangers rising from the grave before being shot by a sniper , drawing criticism due to the gunman resembling a paramilitary from the Northern Ireland conflict , although Celtic escaped formal punishment over the matter . Celtic fan groups have continued to display banners claiming Rangers are ' dead ' as well as mocking other aspects of their economic problems . Celtic and their followers also became involved in other legal proceedings relating to Rangers , including the outcome of the long - running EBT investigation . Results on the field ( edit ) It took Rangers four years to climb through the lower divisions and re-take their place in the Scottish Premiership for the 2016 -- 17 season ; in the interim only two cup semi-finals were played between the clubs and Celtic won all four league titles by significant margins ( never less than 15 points ) . The rivalry resumed in earnest by way of six matches during 2016 -- 17 , with Celtic eliminating Rangers from both cups at the semi-final stage on the way to lifting the trophies and emerging victorious in three of the matches in the league championship , which they also won without losing a game to secure their sixth successive title and a domestic treble . All - time Head - to - Head Record ( edit ) An Old Firm clash in 2008 1888 -- 1999 statistics obtained from RSSSF ; Remaining stats obtained from Soccerbase Competition First match Played Rangers Celtic Draw Scottish League 1891 311 119 105 87 Scottish Cup 1890 50 16 24 10 League Cup 1947 49 24 23 Totals 410 159 152 99 Jump up ^ League championship statistics include a play - off match for the 1904 -- 05 title which Celtic won 2 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Some sources count the 2016 Scottish Cup match -- won by Rangers on penalties -- as a victory for that club , causing minor discrepancies in the tallies . Defunct minor / wartime competitions ( edit ) There are a number of matches between the two clubs that are not recognised in the official records , such as their first competitive meeting in the 1888 -- 89 Glasgow Cup , in which Celtic defeated Rangers 6 -- 1 . Competition Years Played Rangers Celtic Draw Glasgow Cup 1887 -- 1988 79 36 23 20 Glasgow Merchants Charity Cup 1892 -- 1919 19 8 10 Glasgow League / Inter City League 1895 -- 1906 19 6 9 Glasgow International Exhibition Cup 1901 0 0 British League Cup 1902 0 0 Drybrough Cup 1971 -- 1980 0 Jump up ^ Records incomplete : cup was played for between 1877 -- 1966 Wartime competitions ( all wwii ) ( edit ) During the Second World War , the Scottish Football League and Scottish Cup were suspended and in their place unofficial regional league competitions were set up ( these were dominated by Rangers ) . One of these games was a New Year 's Day derby in 1943 which Rangers won 8 -- 1 . In 2017 , some Rangers supporters called for the wartime tournaments to be regarded as official via a petition . Competition Years Played Rangers Celtic Draw Emergency Western League 1939 -- 1940 0 Southern League 1940 -- 1946 12 7 Southern League Cup 1940 -- 1946 0 0 Summer Cup 1940 -- 1946 0 0 Victory Cup 1946 0 Biggest wins ( edit ) * Four or more goals difference between the teams . Celtic ( edit ) 6 - goal margin ( edit ) Celtic 7 -- 1 Rangers on 19 October 1957 . Scottish League Cup 5 - goal margin ( edit ) Celtic 5 -- 0 Rangers on 21 March 1925 . Scottish Cup 4 - goal margin ( edit ) Celtic 6 -- 2 Rangers on 1 January 1896 . Scottish Division One Rangers 0 -- 4 Celtic on 1 January 1898 Scottish Division One Celtic 4 -- 0 Rangers on 10 March 1900 . Scottish Cup Celtic 4 -- 0 Rangers on 1 January 1914 . Scottish Division One Celtic 6 -- 2 Rangers on 1 January 1939 . Scottish Division One Celtic 5 -- 1 Rangers on 1 January 1966 . Scottish Division One Celtic 4 -- 0 Rangers on 26 April 1969 . Scottish Cup Celtic 5 -- 1 Rangers on 21 November 1998 . Scottish Premier League Celtic 6 -- 2 Rangers on 27 August 2000 . Scottish Premier League Celtic 5 -- 1 Rangers on 10 September 2016 . Scottish Premiership Rangers 1 -- 5 Celtic on 29 April 2017 . Scottish Premiership Rangers ( edit ) 5 - goal margin ( edit ) Rangers 5 -- 0 Celtic on 1 January 1894 . Scottish Division One 4 - goal margin ( edit ) Celtic 0 -- 4 Rangers on 1 January 1899 . Scottish Division One Rangers 4 -- 0 Celtic on 14 April 1928 . Scottish Cup Celtic 1 -- 5 Rangers on 10 September 1960 . Scottish Division One Rangers 5 -- 1 Celtic on 27 August 1988 . Scottish Premier Division Rangers 4 -- 0 Celtic on 26 March 2000 . Scottish Premier League Rangers 5 -- 1 Celtic on 26 November 2000 . Scottish Premier League Players who played for both teams ( edit ) The ferocity of the rivalry has made it rare for a player to represent both teams during his career . Players who played for both sides of the Old Firm included Alec Bennett , Scott Duncan , Robert Campbell , and George Livingstone , who all played before the intensity of the rivalry had started prior to 1912 , as well as later players : Alfie Conn , Maurice Johnston , Kenny Miller , Steven Pressley and Mark Brown ( none of whom moved directly between the two clubs ) . Pre-war ( edit ) Tom Dunbar ( Celtic 1888 -- 1891 , Rangers 1891 -- 1892 , Celtic 1892 -- 1898 ) John Cunningham ( Celtic 1889 -- 1892 , Rangers ? -- ? ) Allan Martin ( Rangers 1891 -- 1892 , Celtic 1895 -- 1896 ) George Livingstone ( Celtic 1901 -- 1902 , Rangers 1906 -- 1909 ) Alec Bennett ( Celtic 1903 -- 1908 , Rangers 1908 -- 1918 ) Tom Sinclair ( Rangers 1904 -- 1906 , Celtic 1906 -- 1907 ) Robert Campbell ( Celtic 1905 -- 1906 , Rangers 1906 -- 1914 ) Hugh Shaw ( Rangers 1905 -- 1906 , Celtic 1906 -- 1907 ) Willie Kivlichan ( Rangers 1905 -- 1907 , Celtic 1907 -- 1911 ) David Taylor ( Rangers 1906 -- 1911 , Celtic 1918 -- 1919 wartime guest ) Davie McLean ( Celtic 1907 -- 1909 , Rangers 1918 -- 1919 ) Scott Duncan ( Rangers 1913 -- 1918 , Celtic 1918 -- 1919 wartime guest ) James Young ( Celtic 1917 -- 1918 , Rangers 1917 -- 1918 ) Tully Craig ( Celtic 1919 -- 1922 , Rangers 1923 -- 1935 ) Post-war ( edit ) Alfie Conn ( Rangers 1968 -- 1974 , Celtic 1977 -- 1979 ) Mo Johnston ( Celtic 1984 -- 1987 , Rangers 1989 -- 1991 ) Kenny Miller ( Rangers 2000 -- 2001 , Celtic 2006 -- 2007 , Rangers 2008 -- 2011 , Rangers 2014 -- present ) Steven Pressley ( Rangers 1990 -- 1994 , Celtic 2006 -- 2008 ) Mark Brown ( Rangers 1997 -- 2001 , Celtic 2007 -- 2010 ) Played for opposite clubs during youth and senior careers ( edit ) John Dowie ( youth career Rangers , senior career Celtic ) Gordon Marshall ( youth career Rangers , senior career Celtic ) Craig Beattie ( youth career with both Rangers and Celtic , senior career Celtic ) Sean Fitzharris ( youth career with both Rangers and Celtic , senior career Celtic ) Greig Spence ( youth career Rangers , senior career Celtic ) Joe Thomson ( youth career with both Rangers and Celtic , senior career Celtic ) Dylan McGeouch ( youth career with both Celtic and Rangers , senior career Celtic ) Gregg Wylde ( youth career with both Celtic and Rangers , senior career Rangers ) Barry Robson ( youth career Rangers , senior career Celtic ) Michael O'Halloran ( youth career Celtic , senior career Rangers ) Liam Burt ( youth career with both Celtic and Rangers , senior career Rangers ) Individual Records ( edit ) Most appearances ( edit ) As of end of season 2016 -- 17 . Any current players in bold . All competitions Rank Name Club Games Years Alec Smith Rangers 87 1894 -- 1913 John Greig Rangers 74 1962 -- 1978 Paul McStay Celtic 70 1982 -- 1997 Billy McNeill Celtic 65 1958 -- 1975 Dougie Gray Rangers 65 1925 -- 1945 6 Sandy Jardine Rangers 64 1967 -- 1982 7 Roy Aitken Celtic 62 1976 -- 1990 8 Pat Bonner Celtic 60 1979 -- 1995 John McPherson Rangers 60 1890 -- 1902 10 Danny McGrain Celtic 58 1970 -- 1987 11 Alec McNair Celtic 56 1905 -- 1924 League games only Rank Name Club Games Years Paul McStay Celtic 54 1982 -- 1997 Roy Aitken Celtic 51 1976 -- 1990 Pat Bonner Celtic 50 1980 -- 1995 Sandy Jardine Rangers 44 1967 -- 1982 Danny McGrain Celtic 44 1970 -- 1987 6 Ally McCoist Rangers 43 1983 -- 1998 7 Davie Cooper Rangers 40 1977 -- 1989 8 Tommy Burns Celtic 39 1976 -- 1989 Peter Grant Celtic 39 1984 -- 1997 10 John Greig Rangers 38 1962 -- 1978 11 Derek Johnstone Rangers 37 1971 -- 1985 Highest goalscorers ( edit ) As of end of season 2016 -- 17 . Any current players in bold . All competitions Rank Name Club Goals Games Ratio Ally McCoist Rangers 27 55 0.49 R.C. Hamilton Rangers 24 46 0.52 Jimmy McGrory Celtic 22 35 0.63 Sandy McMahon Celtic 22 43 0.51 5 Jimmy Quinn Celtic 18 37 0.49 6 John McPherson Rangers 17 60 0.29 7 Alex Venters Rangers 16 26 0.61 8 Jimmy Duncanson Rangers 16 30 0.53 9 Henrik Larsson Celtic 15 30 0.50 10 Bobby Lennox Celtic 15 51 0.29 11 Willie Reid Rangers 14 21 0.67 12 Alec Smith Rangers 14 87 0.16 League games only Rank Name Club Goals Games Ratio Ally McCoist Rangers 17 43 0.39 Sandy McMahon Celtic 15 22 0.68 Henrik Larsson Celtic 11 23 0.48 Jimmy McGrory Celtic 10 19 0.53 5 Kenny Miller Both 10 19 0.53 6 John Campbell Celtic 9 19 0.47 7 Jimmy Quinn Celtic 9 21 0.43 8 Derek Johnstone Rangers 9 37 0.24 9 Derek Parlane Rangers 8 17 0.47 10 Charlie Nicholas Celtic 8 18 0.44 11 Mark Hateley Rangers 8 19 0.42 12 Tom McAdam Celtic 8 30 0.27 Jump up ^ Miller has 9 league goals for Rangers , 1 for Celtic Managerial statistics ( edit ) As of end of season 2016 -- 17 . Minimum 10 Old Firm games as manager ( Brendan Rodgers not yet eligible ) . ( hide ) Name Team Years Overall Record League Record Games Wins Win % Games Wins Win % Martin O'Neill Celtic 2000 -- 2005 27 16 59 % 20 13 65 % Bill Struth Rangers 1920 -- 1954 116 66 57 % 54 29 54 % David White Rangers 1968 -- 1969 10 40 % 75 % Graeme Souness Rangers 1986 -- 1991 27 14 52 % 20 10 50 % Walter Smith Rangers 1991 -- 1998 , 2006 -- 2011 56 28 50 % 46 22 48 % Jock Stein Celtic 1965 -- 1978 58 29 50 % 28 12 43 % Neil Lennon Celtic 2010 -- 2014 12 6 50 % 9 5 55 % Scot Symon Rangers 1954 -- 1967 61 29 48 % 27 17 63 % Billy McNeill Celtic 1978 -- 1983 , 1987 -- 1991 46 22 48 % 36 16 44 % Gordon Strachan Celtic 2005 -- 2009 18 8 44 % 16 6 37 % Jock Wallace Rangers 1972 -- 1978 , 1984 -- 1986 38 15 39 % 28 9 32 % Dick Advocaat Rangers 1998 -- 2001 16 6 37 % 14 5 36 % Alex McLeish Rangers 2002 -- 2006 25 8 32 % 18 22 % William Wilton Rangers 1899 -- 1920 96 30 31 % 42 11 26 % Davie Hay Celtic 1983 -- 1987 21 6 29 % 16 6 37 % Willie Maley Celtic 1897 -- 1940 146 43 29 % 84 22 26 % John Greig Rangers 1978 -- 1983 27 7 26 % 21 19 % Jimmy McGrory Celtic 1945 -- 1965 80 18 22 % 38 6 16 % Tommy Burns Celtic 1994 - 1997 15 20 % 12 17 % Jimmy McStay Celtic 1940 -- 1945 21 19 % 0 0 0 % Liam Brady Celtic 1991 -- 1993 11 18 % 9 22 % Willie Waddell Rangers 1970 -- 1972 12 8 % 5 0 0 % Jump up ^ 116 includes 27 unofficial wartime games Jump up ^ 66 includes 19 unofficial wartime games Jump up ^ 146 includes one unofficial wartime game Jump up ^ All 21 are unofficial wartime games Jump up ^ All 4 are unofficial wartime games Attendances ( edit ) The stadium attendance records for Rangers ' Ibrox ( 118,567 , January 1939 ) and Celtic 's Celtic Park ( at least 83,500 , January 1938 ) were both set at Old Firm matches ; however while the Ibrox figure is the Rangers club record ( and the record for any domestic league match in the United Kingdom ) , Celtic 's biggest ' home ' attendance was the 1969 -- 70 European Cup semi-final with Leeds United , moved to the larger Hampden Park due to the anticipated interest : the crowd of 136,505 is a record for any match in European international club competitions . Hampden , Scotland 's national stadium and home of Queen 's Park , is situated roughly an equal distance from Ibrox and Celtic Park in Glasgow . Due to the frequency of the two teams appearing in semi-finals and finals held there ( often facing one another ) , its West and East stands are always allocated to the same club and are informally known as the Rangers end and Celtic end respectively . That stadium , once the largest in the world , attracted the largest Old Firm attendance of all time with 132,870 at the 1969 Scottish Cup Final ( it is not the record for the competition , with 147,365 having attended the 1937 final which also featured Celtic , versus Aberdeen ) . The record Scottish League Cup final attendance ( 107,609 ; October 1965 ) was an Old Firm affair , although the tournament record was set in 1947 when Rangers overcame Hibernian in a semi-final before 123,830 . Since redevelopments completed in the 1990s , all three venues are all - seater with much smaller capacities of between 50,000 and 60,000 , meaning the above records may never be beaten . The 1971 Ibrox disaster -- in which 66 Rangers supporters died in a crush on an exterior stairway -- occurred at the end of an Old Firm match , although the identity of the opposition was not a factor in the incident other than having drawn a large crowd of at least 75,000 to the event . Dominance of Scottish football ( edit ) See also : History of Scottish football § Old Firm Domination The intensity of the rivalry is fuelled by the clubs ' historical duopoly in Scottish football , with most meetings between them being pivotal in deciding the destiny of a championship or cup and anything but a title - winning season seen as a major disappointment , particularly as it would usually mean ' the enemy ' has won the trophy . League ( edit ) See also : List of Scottish football champions Side - by - side comparison of Celtic 's and Rangers ' final league positions from 1891 -- 2017 Statistics show that Rangers and Celtic have been by far the most successful clubs involved in the Scottish Football League since its formation in 1890 . The pair were the only participants in every edition of the competition until 2012 , when Rangers were removed from the top tier for economic reasons ; they returned for the 2016 -- 17 season . Of the 120 championships played , 102 ( 85 % ) have been won by one of the Old Firm with Rangers ahead on 54 titles to Celtic 's 48 , and 19 between ten other clubs ( including a shared title between Rangers and Dumbarton ) . Although there have been brief periods when silverware went elsewhere , there have also been long spells of domination by each Old Firm club , the longest run of 9 - in - a-row being first set by Celtic between 1966 and 1974 , matched by Rangers between 1989 and 1997 . On just five occasions since 1891 have neither of the Glasgow giants been the league winner nor the runner - up . This includes 1964 -- 65 , the only season in which both Rangers and Celtic failed to finish in the top three places . The Old Firm have finished 1st and 2nd 48 times overall . Between the resurgence of Celtic in the mid-1990s and the liquidation of Rangers in 2012 , ' 1 -- 2 ' finishes were recorded in all but one of 17 SPL - era seasons . The longest sequence without an Old Firm title is three years between 1983 and 1985 , while the longest unbroken run of championships between the two clubs began immediately afterwards and is ongoing : 32 seasons and counting since 1986 ( overtaking a previous sequence of 27 years between 1905 and 1931 ) . As of end of season 2016 -- 17 . Runners - up in ( parentheses ) Outcome Celtic Rangers Combined % One club 1st , other 2nd 24 ( 24 ) 24 ( 24 ) 48 40 % One club 1st , other not top 2 24 30 54 45 % Title wins by Old Firm club 48 54 102 85 % One club 2nd , other not top 2 N / A ( 7 ) N / A ( 6 ) 13 11 % Neither club in top 2 N / A N / A 5 4 % Title wins by another club N / A N / A 18 * 15 % Totals 48 ( 31 ) 54 ( 30 ) 120 100 % For the purpose of the calculation , the shared 1891 title is attributed to Rangers only here to prevent it being counted twice . Scottish Cup ( edit ) See also : List of Scottish Cup finals Although the initial Scottish Cup was played in 1874 , 15 years before Celtic were formed , they have still won the competition more than any other club - 37 times , plus 18 runners - up - with Rangers not far behind on 33 ( also 18 runners - up ) . There have been 14 Old Firm finals , while there have been just 39 finals involving neither Rangers or Celtic , 17 of which were in the 1800s . The longest run of Old Firm wins is 11 between 1971 and 1981 . As of end of season 2016 -- 17 . Runners - up in ( parentheses ) Outcome Celtic Rangers Combined % Old Firm final 7 ( 7 ) 7 ( 7 ) 14 11 % One winner , other not involved 30 26 56 43 % Cup wins by an Old Firm club 37 33 70 54 % One runner - up , other not involved N / A ( 11 ) N / A ( 11 ) 22 17 % neither club involved N / A N / A 39 29 % Cup wins by another club N / A N / A 61 46 % Totals 37 ( 18 ) 33 ( 18 ) 131 100 % Old Firm Scottish Cup finals ( edit ) Rangers wins : 1893 -- 94 , 1927 -- 28 , 1962 -- 63 , 1965 -- 66 , 1972 -- 73 , 1998 -- 99 , 2001 -- 02 Celtic wins : 1898 -- 99 , 1903 -- 04 , 1968 -- 69 , 1970 -- 71 , 1976 -- 77 , 1979 -- 80 , 1988 -- 89 Cup withheld : 1908 -- 09 League Cup ( edit ) See also : List of Scottish League Cup finals The Scottish League Cup has been contested 72 times since 1946 -- 47 . Rangers are dominant in terms of wins with 27 from 34 finals , with Celtic some way behind on 17 wins from 32 finals. 13 other clubs share 28 wins between them . 14 of its finals have been Old Firm occasions , while 20 featured neither of them . The longest run of Old Firm wins is 8 between 1964 and 1971 . As of end of the 2017 -- 18 competition which concluded in November 2017 . Runners - up in ( parentheses ) Outcome Celtic Rangers Combined % Old Firm final 5 ( 9 ) 9 ( 5 ) 14 19 % One winner , other not involved 12 18 30 42 % Cup wins by an Old Firm club 17 27 44 61 % One runner - up , other not involved N / A ( 6 ) N / A ( 2 ) 8 11 % neither club involved N / A N / A 20 28 % Cup wins by another club N / A N / A 28 39 % Totals 17 ( 15 ) 27 ( 7 ) 72 100 % Old Firm League Cup finals ( edit ) Rangers wins : 1964 -- 65 , 1970 -- 71 , 1975 -- 76 , 1977 -- 78 , 1983 -- 84 , 1986 -- 87 , 1990 -- 91 , 2002 -- 03 , 2010 -- 11 Celtic wins : 1957 -- 58 , 1965 -- 66 , 1966 -- 67 , 1982 -- 83 , 2008 -- 09 See also ( edit ) Sport in Glasgow Culture in Glasgow Ethnicity and football Association football culture List of sports rivalries List of association football rivalries Sectarianism in Glasgow Sport in Scotland Timeline of Glasgow history Politics and sports References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Celtic 0 -- 0 Rangers '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 30 December 2017 . 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Daily Record . 26 January 2015 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Old Firm ? Once Hampden is rocking it will be back to Celtic and Rangers as we all know it , says Neil Lennon '' . Daily Record . 26 January 2015 . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ASA Adjudication on The Rangers Football Club Ltd '' . ASA. 18 December 2013 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtic cleared over zombie banner but issue still rankles '' . The Herald . 11 October 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtic cleared by SFA over ' zombie ' banner at Norwich match '' . The Scotsman. 12 October 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtic fans unveil RIP banner aimed at Rangers '' . The Scotsman. 23 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CHOOSE STRIFE : Celtic fans blasted after Trainspotting - themed banner mocks Rangers over cash woes and child abuse '' . The Sun . 13 March 2017 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtic board to meet with shareholders over ' Resolution 12 ' '' . The Scotsman. 16 November 2016 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA wo n't investigate ' Resolution 12 ' Rangers Euro licence claims '' . STV. 20 June 2016 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SFA admit Rangers UEFA license could be probed as tax row continues '' . Daily Record . 8 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtic call for review into Rangers ' EBT - era titles '' . STV. 5 July 2017 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtic reveal letters sent to the SFA over Rangers EBT use as Peter Lawwell labels lack of review ' disturbing ' '' . Daily Record . 9 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Jack : Last Thursday should be the final date on the Rangers EBT timeline after SPFL review U-turn '' . Evening Times . 25 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . 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The Daily Telegraph . 29 April 2017 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Alex ( 19 May 2005 ) . `` Another championship nailbiter thanks to mighty Quinn '' . The Times ( hosted at The Celtic Wiki ) . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Hannan , Martin ( 27 November 2010 ) . `` 1905 : The last time Scotland drafted in a foreign referee '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers Head - To - Head Records ( Filter : Vs Celtic ) '' . FitbaStats.com . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers 1 -- 6 Celtic , Glasgow Cup '' . Glasgow Herald ( match report hosted at The Celtic Wiki ) . 29 October 1888 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celtic Head - To - Head Records ( Filter : Vs Rangers ) '' . FitbaStats.com . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Armed Forces Day : Rangers ' World War Heroes '' . The Rangers Standard . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Culley , Jon ( 31 December 2013 ) . `` Flashback : Rangers trounce Celtic in New Year 's Day Old Firm in wartime fixture that time forgot '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Football League 1940 - 1946 '' . Scottish-football-historical-archive.com . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers supporters campaign for World War Two titles to be recognised by SFA and SPFL '' . Daily Record . 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Clive ( 19 January 2006 ) . `` Crossing the divide '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Parting of the ways '' . Alec Bennett ( footballer ) by David Carmichael. 30 September 2010 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bhoy in the Picture - Alfie Conn '' . The Celtic Underground . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celtic sign ex-Rangers man Miller '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 19 January 2006 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miller delight at Rangers return '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 13 June 2008 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celtic win race to sign Pressley '' . BBC Sport website . 29 December 2006 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Players who played for both Celtic and Rangers in their career '' . Scottishleague.net . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` John Cunningham - Profile '' . MUFC Info . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celtic player John Cunningham profile '' . Fitbastats.com . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Quirky injuries '' . Goalkeepers are Different . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kenny Miller '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Pressley '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Brown '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Dowie : 1955 - 2016 '' . Fulham FC. 22 January 2016 . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gordon Marshall joins Aberdeen as goalkeeping coach '' . The Scotsman. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Kujawa , Krys ( 2012 ) . From Seville To Sevilla : The Story of Celtic 's 2003 / 04 Season . Lulu . ISBN 9781471729874 . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hearts sign ex-Celtic striker Craig Beattie following his release from Swansea '' . Daily Record . 23 February 2012 . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spirit of starlet Dylan McGeough could inspire first teamers at Celtic says former star Frank McAvennie '' . Daily Record . 8 December 2010 . Retrieved 12 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Brannan , Laura . `` Debut goal for new Bhoy Murphy '' . Celtic F.C . Archived from the original on 26 September 2010 . Retrieved 12 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alloa hitkid Greig Spence on verge of dream move to Celtic '' . Daily Record . 12 August 2009 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Celtic sign Alloa striker Spence '' . BBC Sport. 15 August 2009 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ McConnell , Martin ( 7 January 2016 ) . `` SPFL Wonderkid # 14 - Joe Thomson '' . SPFL . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Dalziel , Martin ( 29 June 2016 ) . `` Joe Thomson commits future to Celtic '' . Celtic FC . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtic lure too big for youngster Dylan McGeouch '' . BBC Sport. 2 December 2011 . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Celtic 5 St Mirren 0 : A new kid in town '' . The Herald . 27 November 2011 . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . Jump up ^ English , Tom ( 19 March 2011 ) . `` Rangers may run Wylde -- Sport '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Barry Robson could have had 10 years at the top if he 'd screwed nut as a kid , says ex-Rangers youth coach John Brown '' . The Daily Record . 15 February 2009 . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Keown , Gary ( 16 May 2014 ) . `` Celtic youth player Michael O'Halloran in Parkhead return with St Johnstone '' . Herald Scotland . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Nick ( 1 February 2016 ) . `` Rangers Sign Michael O'Halloran '' . Rangers FC . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers to fend off Celtic swoop for youngster Liam Burt '' . The Sun . 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers 2 -- 0 Heart of Midlothian '' . BBC Sport. 10 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celtic Player Records ( Filter : Vs Rangers ) '' . FitbaStats.com . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers Player Records ( Filter : Vs Celtic ) '' . FitbaStats.com . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers Player Records ( Filter : Vs Celtic , Scottish League ) '' . FitbaStats.com . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celtic Player Records ( Filter : Vs Rangers , Scottish League ) '' . FitbaStats.com . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Managers Timeline '' . FitbaStats.com . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Manager Records ( Filter : Vs Celtic ) '' . FitbaStats.com . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtic Managers Timeline '' . FitbaStats.com . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtic Manager Records ( Filter : Vs Rangers ) '' . FitbaStats.com . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Manager Records ( Filter : Vs Celtic , Scottish League ) '' . FitbaStats.com . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtic Manager Records ( Filter : Vs Rangers , Scottish League ) '' . FitbaStats.com . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McLean , David ( 18 May 2017 ) . `` Scotland 's all - time record football attendances '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Stadium To Be Proud Of '' . Rangers.co.uk . Rangers F.C. Archived from the original on 31 December 2011 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Happy New Year for Celtic and Queens Park '' . The Glasgow Herald . 3 January 1938 . p. 16 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Hannan , Martin ( 2012 ) . Hail ! Hail ! : Classic Celtic Old Firm Clashes . Mainstream Publishing . ISBN 9781780577128 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scotland : History Archives : Hampden Park '' . Scottish Football Association . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Lamont , Alasdair ( 15 May 2002 ) . `` Hampden enjoys the party '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Once inside , the disparity in terms of support was even more evident , with the Spanish followers occupying the whole of what is traditionally regarded as the Rangers end of the ground . Fans of Bayer filled less than half of the Celtic end , but they did not let that stop themselves being heard Jump up ^ Spence , Jim ( 16 April 2016 ) . `` Spence on Saturday : Hampden Park is a relic from bygone age '' . The Courier . DC Thomson . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hampden 's 100,000 + Crowd Records '' . ScottishLeague. 6 October 2013 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Forsyth , Roddy ( 30 December 2010 ) . `` The Ibrox Disaster of January 2 , 1971 which claimed 66 lives was a tragedy waiting to happen '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why no one won the Scottish Cup in 1909 '' . The Guardian . 21 March 2007 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC Sport looks at previous Old Firm finals '' . BBC Sport. 14 March 2009 . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Bradley , Joseph M. ( 20 November 2006 ) . `` The Patriot Game : Football 's Famous ' Tartan Army ' '' . International Review for the Sociology of Sport . International Sociology of Sport Association and SAGE Publications . 37 ( 2 ) : 177 -- 197 . doi : 10.1177 / 1012690202037002004 . Burdsey , Daniel ; Chappell , Robert ( 20 November 2006 ) . `` ' And If You Know Your History ' . An Examination of the Formation of Football Clubs in Scotland and their Role in the Construction of Social Identity '' ( PDF ) . The Sports Historian. 21 ( 1 ) : 94 -- 106 . Foer , Franklin ( 2004 ) . `` How Soccer Explains the Pornography of Sects '' . How Soccer Explains the World : an Unlikely Theory of Globalization . New York : HarperCollins . pp. 35 -- 64 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 621234 - 0 . McMenemy , David ; Poulter , Alan ( 20 November 2006 ) . `` An Identity of Two Halves ? Celtic Supporters , Identity , and Scottish Society '' . Irish Studies Review . Routledge. 13 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 150 . doi : 10.1080 / 09670880500060749 . Murray , William J. ( 1984 ) . The Old Firm : sectarianism , sport , and society in Scotland . Edinburgh : J. Donald Publishers , Atlantic Highlands . ISBN 0 - 85976 - 121 - 5 . Murray , William J. ( 1988 ) . Glasgow 's giants : 100 years of the Old Firm . Edinburgh : Mainstream . ISBN 1 - 85158 - 111 - 1 . Murray , William J. ( 1998 ) . The Old Firm in the new age : Celtic and Rangers since the Souness revolution . Edinburgh : Mainstream . ISBN 1 - 85158 - 984 - 8 . Murray , William J. ( 2003 ) . Bhoys , bears and bigotry : the Old Firm in the new age . Edinburgh : Mainstream . ISBN 1 - 84018 - 810 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Old Firm rivalry . Head - to - head results Soccerbase Into the Fire , documentary from 1986 by STV A tale of one city : Glasgow -- These Football Times ( 2014 ) Celtic F.C. 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Red Queen (Through the Looking-Glass)
Red Queen ( Through the Looking - Glass ) - wikipedia Red Queen ( Through the Looking - Glass ) This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Magic links bot ( talk contribs ) at 02 : 38 , 27 June 2017 ( Replace magic links with templates per local RfC and MediaWiki RfC ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 02 : 38 , 27 June 2017 by Magic links bot ( talk contribs ) ( Replace magic links with templates per local RfC and MediaWiki RfC ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Red Queen Alice character The Red Queen lecturing Alice , by John Tenniel First appearance Through the Looking - Glass Created by Lewis Carroll Portrayed by Helena Bonham Carter ( Alice in Wonderland , Alice Through the Looking Glass ) Emma Rigby ( Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ) Information Gender Female Occupation Queen Spouse ( s ) Red King Will Scarlet ( Once Upon a Time only ) Nationality Looking - Glass Land The Red Queen is a fictional character in Lewis Carroll 's fantasy novel Through the Looking - Glass . She is often confused with the Queen of Hearts from the previous book Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , although the two are very different . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Confusion with the Queen of Hearts 3 Popular culture 3.1 Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) 3.2 Once Upon a Time in Wonderland 3.3 Pandora Hearts 3.4 American McGee 's Alice and Alice : Madness Returns 4 Adaptive uses outside the arts 4.1 In science 4.2 In business 5 References 6 Further reading Overview ( edit ) With a motif of Through the Looking - Glass being a representation of the game of chess , the Red Queen could be viewed as an antagonist in the story as she is the queen for the side opposing Alice . Despite this , their initial encounter is a cordial one , with the Red Queen explaining the rules of chess concerning promotion -- specifically that Alice is able to become a queen by starting out as a pawn and reaching the eighth square at the opposite end of the board . As a queen in the game of chess , the Red Queen is able to move swiftly and effortlessly . Later , in Chapter 9 , the Red Queen appears with the White Queen , posing a series of typical Wonderland / Looking - Glass questions ( `` Divide a loaf by a knife : what 's the answer to that ? '' ) , and then celebrating Alice 's promotion from pawn to queen . When that celebration goes awry , Alice turns against the Red Queen , whom she `` considers as the cause of all the mischief '' , and shakes her until the queen morphs into Alice 's pet kitten . In doing this , Alice presents an end game , awakening from the dream world of the looking glass , by both realizing her hallucination and symbolically `` taking '' the Red Queen in order to checkmate the Red King . Confusion with the Queen of Hearts ( edit ) The Red Queen is commonly mistaken for the Queen of Hearts in the story 's predecessor , Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland . The two share the characteristics of being strict queens associated with the color red . However , their personalities are very different . Indeed , Carroll , in his lifetime , made the distinction between the two Queens by saying : `` I pictured to myself the Queen of Hearts as a sort of embodiment of ungovernable passion - a blind and aimless Fury . The Red Queen I pictured as a Fury , but of another type ; her passion must be cold and calm - she must be formal and strict , yet not unkindly ; pedantic to the 10th degree , the concentrated essence of all governesses ! '' -- Lewis Carroll , in `` Alice on the Stage '' The 1951 Walt Disney animated film Alice in Wonderland perpetuates the long - standing confusion between the Red Queen and the Queen of Hearts . In the film , the Queen of Hearts delivers several of the Red Queen 's statements , the most notable being based on her `` all the ways about here belong to me '' . Both characters say this to suggest importance and possible arrogance , but in the Red Queen 's case it has a double meaning since her status as a chess - queen means that she can move in any direction she desires . In both American McGee 's Alice and Tim Burton 's film adaptation of the books , the characters are also combined , leading to further popular misconception . Also , Jefferson Airplane 's song `` White Rabbit '' contains the lyric `` and the Red Queen 's off with her head '' , another instance of the two characters combined or mistaken for one another . However , American McGee 's game implies that after Alice was put into the asylum the Queen of Hearts and Red Queen fused together . Popular culture ( edit ) Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) ( edit ) The 2010 live - action film Alice in Wonderland , fashioned as a sequel to the novel , features Helena Bonham Carter as the Red Queen . Bonham Carter 's head was digitally increased three times its original size on screen . Bonham Carter 's character is a combination of the Red Queen , the Duchess and the Queen of Hearts . From the original Red Queen , this character gets only a relationship to the White Queen . Here the Red Queen is the older sister of the White Queen , and is jealous of her sister , whom her subjects genuinely love . From the original John Tenniel illustrations of the Duchess , she gets a massive head in proportion to her body and a retinue of frog footmen . The White Queen theorizes that the movie 's Red Queen has a tumor pressing against her brain , explaining both her large head and her deranged behaviour . Most of her characteristics are taken from the Queen of Hearts , including : A quickness to anger , including the famous phrase `` Off with his / her / their / your head ! '' Her first name , Iracebeth , is a play on the word `` irascible '' . In the movie , the queen 's moat is full of heads from her many decapitations . Carter has said that she based her performance on her toddler - aged daughter . The use of animals as inanimate objects . Beside the flamingo mallets & hedgehog croquet balls from the original , this queen also uses them as furniture . Having tarts stolen , although in this adaptation it was a starving frog footman who stole the tarts rather than the Knave of Hearts . Here , the queen is madly in love with the Knave of Hearts , who leads her army , and has executed her husband the King for fear that he would leave her . Employment of a fish footman and the White Rabbit . Heart motifs throughout her palace & a 16th - century - style costume associated with the queen of hearts playing card & the original John Tenniel illustrations for the Queen of Hearts . The irritable , snobbish mother of Alice 's potential husband , cast as a corresponding villain in the `` real world '' also resembles the Queen of Hearts when she fumes about her gardeners planting white instead of red roses . After the Jabberwocky is slain by Alice , the Red Queen 's army stops fighting and following her orders . The White Queen banishes the Red Queen to Outland where nobody is to say a word to her or show her any kindness . The Knave of Hearts is also banished and tries to kill the Red Queen only to be thwarted by the Mad Hatter . As the Red Queen and the Knave of Hearts are carried off to their exile , the Red Queen repeatedly shouts `` He tried to kill me '' while the Knave of Hearts begged for the White Queen to have him killed . In the video game adaptation of the film , she plays a minor role , first appearing as a mere illustration . She is not seen in person until near the end of the game , first playing croquet and beheading the hedgehogs she uses as balls whenever they miss their target at her castle , and then again both before and after the battle with the Jabberwocky . Her clothes and persona is similar to the Tudor sisters Queen Mary I ( persona ) and Queen Elizabeth I ( clothes ) . Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ( edit ) The Red Queen appears in Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ( a spin - off to Once Upon a Time ) portrayed by Emma Rigby . She is a character distinct from the Queen of Hearts ( Barbara Hershey ) , who was her tutor in magic . Like the Queen of Hearts and the Mad Hatter , the Red Queen is an émigré to Wonderland from the Enchanted Forest , having originally been a young woman named Anastasia , with whom Will Scarlet ( the Knave of Hearts ) was in love . The Red Queen featured as one of the show 's main antagonists , alongside Jafar . Pandora Hearts ( edit ) Two characters from the manga / anime Pandora Hearts are based on the Red Queen , Alice and Lacie , though Lacie has more in common with the Red Queen than Alice , who also has connections with The Queen of Hearts . American McGee 's Alice and Alice : madness returns ( edit ) The Red Queen is combined into the Queen of Hearts in the first game , American McGee 's Alice . The names are used interchangeably . However , in the second game they are separated once more and the player meets the Queen of Hearts in her original form , the Red Queen is never seen . Adaptive uses outside the arts ( edit ) In science ( edit ) The Red Queen 's Hypothesis is an evolutionary hypothesis taken from the Red Queen 's race in Through the Looking - Glass . Science writer Matt Ridley popularized the term `` the red queen '' in connection with sexual selection . ( See Evolution of sex for more details . ) In business ( edit ) `` Red Queen marketing '' is defined as the business practice of launching new products in order to replace past failed launches while the overall sales of a brand may remain static or growth is less than fully incremental ( Donald Kay Riker , 2009 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gardner , Martin ; Lewis Carroll ( 1998 ) . The Annotated Alice . Random House . p. 206 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 18920 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 24 , 2008 ) . `` Crispin Glover joins Alice in Wonderland '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2008 . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( December 19 , 2008 ) . `` Alan Rickman talks about Alice in Wonderland '' . Crushable.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The inhabitants of ' Alice in Wonderland ' '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Laws , Roz ( March 5 , 2010 ) . `` Film : Johnny Depp on magic , madness and The Wiggles '' . Birmingham Mail . Trinity Mirror Midlands Limited . Retrieved March 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Salisbury , Mark ( March 2010 ) . `` Alice in Wonderland : The curious one that will get the kids screaming ... Her real name is Raisie . '' . Total Film . Future Publishing . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ The Red Queen Principle Jump up ^ OTC Product News , April 24 , 2009 Further reading ( edit ) Bell , G. ( 1982 ) . The Masterpiece Of Nature : The Evolution and Genetics of Sexuality . University of California Press , Berkeley , 378 pp . Lewis Carroll . 1960 ( reprinted ) . The Annotated Alice : Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass , illustrated by J. Tenniel , with an Introduction and Notes by M. Gardner . The New American Library , New York , 345 pp. Through the Looking - Glass and What Alice Found There ( 1 ) Dawkins , R. & Krebs , J.R. ( 1979 ) . Arms races between and within species . Proceedings of the Royal society of London , B 205 , 489 -- 511 . Francis Heylighen ( 2000 ) : `` The Red Queen Principle '' , in : F. Heylighen , C. Joslyn and V. Turchin ( editors ) : Principia Cybernetica Web ( Principia Cybernetica , Brussels ) , URL : http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/REDQUEEN.html . Pearson , Paul N. ( 2001 ) Red Queen hypothesis Encyclopedia of Life Sciences http://www.els.net Ridley , M. ( 1995 ) The Red Queen : Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature , Penguin Books , ISBN 0 - 14 - 024548 - 0 Leigh Van Valen. ( 1973 ) . `` A new evolutionary law '' . Evolutionary Theory 1 : 1 -- 30 . Vermeij , G.J. ( 1987 ) . Evolution and escalation : An ecological history of life . Princeton University Press , Princeton , NJ . ( show ) Lewis Carroll 's Alice Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Through the Looking - Glass The Nursery `` Alice '' The Hunting of the Snark Characters Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Alice The White Rabbit The Mouse The Dodo The Duck The Lory Eaglet Pat Bill the Lizard Puppy The Caterpillar The Duchess The Cheshire Cat The March Hare The Hatter Tarrant Hightopp The Dormouse The Queen of Hearts The King of Hearts The Knave of Hearts The Gryphon The Mock Turtle Through the Looking - Glass The Red Queen The White Queen The Red King The White King The White Knight Tweedledum and Tweedledee The Sheep Humpty Dumpty The Lion and the Unicorn Bandersnatch Jubjub Bird Related topics Alice Liddell Alice 's Shop John Tenniel Theophilus Carter The Annotated Alice Wonderland Looking - Glass Land Mischmasch Works based on Alice in Wonderland Films and television Disney franchise Translations of Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Translations of Through the Looking - Glass Adaptations Poems `` All in the golden afternoon ... '' `` How Doth the Little Crocodile '' `` The Mouse 's Tale '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Bat '' `` You Are Old , Father William '' `` ' Tis the Voice of the Lobster '' `` Jabberwocky '' `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' `` Haddocks ' Eyes '' `` They told me you had been to her ... '' `` The Mock Turtle 's Song '' `` The Hunting of the Snark '' Sequels A New Alice in the Old Wonderland ( 1895 ) New Adventures of Alice ( 1917 ) Alice of Wonderland in Paris ( 1966 ) Alice Through the Needle 's Eye ( 1984 ) Automated Alice ( 1996 ) Wonderland Revisited and the Games Alice Played There ( 2009 ) Retellings Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland retold in words of one syllable ( 1905 ) Alice in Verse : The Lost Rhymes of Wonderland ( 2010 ) Parodies The Westminster Alice ( 1902 ) Clara in Blunderland ( 1902 ) Lost in Blunderland ( 1903 ) John Bull 's Adventures in the Fiscal Wonderland ( 1904 ) Alice in Blunderland : An Iridescent Dream ( 1904 ) Imitations Mopsa the Fairy ( 1869 ) Davy and the Goblin ( 1884 ) The Admiral 's Caravan ( 1891 ) Gladys in Grammarland ( 1896 ) A New Wonderland ( 1898 ) Rollo in Emblemland ( 1902 ) Justnowland ( 1912 ) Alice in Orchestralia ( 1925 ) Reimagining Alice in Wonderland or What 's a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This ? ( 1966 ) Alice or the Last Escapade ( 1977 ) Adventures in Wonderland ( 1991 ) The Looking Glass Wars ( 2006 ) Alice ( 2009 ) Malice in Wonderland ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Film 1903 1910 1915 1931 1933 1949 1951 1966 1972 1976 1982 1985 1987 1988 ( Czechoslovak ) 1988 ( Australian ) 1995 1999 Stage Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( ballet ) Alice in Wonderland ( musical ) Alice in Wonderland ( opera ) Peter and Alice ( 2013 play ) Wonder. land ( musical ) Television Fushigi no Kuni no Alice Once Upon a Time Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Literary Alice in Murderland Alice in the Country of Hearts Miyuki - chan in Wonderland Video games Alice no Paint Adventure ( 1995 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2000 ) American McGee 's Alice ( 2000 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Alice : Madness Returns ( 2011 ) Kingdom Hearts Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Queen_(Through_the_Looking-Glass)&oldid=787711883 '' Categories : Lewis Carroll characters Fictional queens Fictional characters introduced in 1871 Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Female characters in literature Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with attributed pull quotes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español Português Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 27 June 2017 , at 02 : 38 . 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who played the red queen in alice in wonderland
[ "The 2010 live-action film Alice in Wonderland, fashioned as a sequel to the novel, features Helena Bonham Carter as the Red Queen.[2] Bonham Carter's head was digitally increased three times its original size on screen.[3] Bonham Carter's character is a combination of the Red Queen, the Duchess and the Queen of Hearts.[4] From the original Red Queen, this character gets only a relationship to the White Queen. Here the Red Queen is the older sister of the White Queen, and is jealous of her sister, whom her subjects genuinely love. From the original John Tenniel illustrations of the Duchess, she gets a massive head in proportion to her body and a retinue of frog footmen. The White Queen theorizes that the movie's Red Queen has a tumor pressing against her brain, explaining both her large head and her deranged behaviour. Most of her characteristics are taken from the Queen of Hearts, including:" ]
[ "Helena Bonham Carter" ]
-9066208551581684425
Species diversity
Species diversity - wikipedia Species diversity Jump to : navigation , search Species diversity is the number of different species that are represented in a given community ( a dataset ) . The effective number of species refers to the number of equally abundant species needed to obtain the same mean proportional species abundance as that observed in the dataset of interest ( where all species may not be equally abundant ) . Species diversity consists of three components : species richness , taxonomic or phylogenetic diversity and species evenness . Species richness is a simple count of species , taxonomic or phylogenetic diversity is the genetic relationship between different groups of species , whereas species evenness quantifies how equal the abundances of the species are . Contents ( hide ) 1 Calculation of diversity 2 Diversity indices 3 Sampling considerations 4 Trends 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links Calculation of diversity ( edit ) Species diversity in a dataset can be calculated by first taking the weighted average of species proportional abundances in the dataset , and then taking the inverse of this . The equation is : q D = 1 ∑ i = 1 S p i p i q − 1 q − 1 ( \ displaystyle ( ) ^ ( q ) \ ! D = ( 1 \ over ( \ sqrt ( ( q - 1 ) ) ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( S ) p_ ( i ) p_ ( i ) ^ ( q - 1 ) ) ) ) ) The denominator equals mean proportional species abundance in the dataset as calculated with the weighted generalized mean with exponent q - 1 . In the equation , S is the total number of species ( species richness ) in the dataset , and the proportional abundance of the ith species is p i ( \ displaystyle p_ ( i ) ) . The proportional abundances themselves are used as weights . The equation is often written in the equivalent form : q D = ( ∑ i = 1 S p i q ) 1 / ( 1 − q ) ( \ displaystyle ( ) ^ ( q ) \ ! D = \ left ( ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( S ) p_ ( i ) ^ ( q ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 1 / ( 1 - q ) ) ) The value of q defines which kind of mean is used . q = 0 corresponds to the weighted harmonic mean , which is 1 / S because the p i ( \ displaystyle p_ ( i ) ) values cancel out . q = 1 is undefined , except that the limit as q approaches 1 is well defined : lim q → 1 q D = exp ⁡ ( − ∑ i = 1 S p i ln ⁡ p i ) ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( q \ rightarrow 1 ) ( ) ^ ( q ) \ ! D = \ exp \ left ( - \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( S ) p_ ( i ) \ ln p_ ( i ) \ right ) ) q = 2 corresponds to the arithmetic mean . As q approaches infinity , the generalized mean approaches the maximum p i ( \ displaystyle p_ ( i ) ) value . In practice , q modifies species weighting , such that increasing q increases the weight given to the most abundant species , and fewer equally abundant species are hence needed to reach mean proportional abundance . Consequently , large values of q lead to smaller species diversity than small values of q for the same dataset . If all species are equally abundant in the dataset , changing the value of q has no effect , but species diversity at any value of q equals species richness . Negative values of q are not used , because then the effective number of species ( diversity ) would exceed the actual number of species ( richness ) . As q approaches negative infinity , the generalized mean approaches the minimum p i ( \ displaystyle p_ ( i ) ) value . In many real datasets , the least abundant species is represented by a single individual , and then the effective number of species would equal the number of individuals in the dataset . The same equation can be used to calculate the diversity in relation to any classification , not only species . If the individuals are classified into genera or functional types , p i ( \ displaystyle p_ ( i ) ) represents the proportional abundance of the ith genus or functional type , and D equals genus diversity or functional type diversity , respectively . Diversity indices ( edit ) Often researchers have used the values given by one or more diversity indices to quantify species diversity . Such indices include species richness , the Shannon index , the Simpson index , and the complement of the Simpson index ( also known as the Gini - Simpson index ) . When interpreted in ecological terms , each one of these indices corresponds to a different thing , and their values are therefore not directly comparable . Species richness quantifies the actual rather than effective number of species . The Shannon index equals log ( D ) , and in practice quantifies the uncertainty in the species identity of an individual that is taken at random from the dataset . The Simpson index equals 1 / D and quantifies the probability that two individuals taken at random from the dataset ( with replacement of the first individual before taking the second ) represent the same species . The Gini - Simpson index equals 1 - 1 / D and quantifies the probability that the two randomly taken individuals represent different species . Sampling considerations ( edit ) Depending on the purposes of quantifying species diversity , the dataset used for the calculations can be obtained in different ways . Although species diversity can be calculated for any dataset where individuals have been identified to species , meaningful ecological interpretations require that the dataset is appropriate for the questions at hand . In practice , the interest is usually in the species diversity of areas so large that not all individuals in them can be observed and identified to species , but a sample of the relevant individuals has to be obtained . Extrapolation from the sample to the underlying population of interest is not straightforward , because the species diversity of the available sample generally gives an underestimation of the species diversity in the entire population . Applying different sampling methods will lead to different sets of individuals being observed for the same area of interest , and the species diversity of each set may be different . When a new individual is added to a dataset , it may introduce a species that was not yet represented . How much this increases species diversity depends on the value of q : when q = 0 , each new actual species causes species diversity to increase by one effective species , but when q is large , adding a rare species to a dataset has little effect on its species diversity . In general , sets with many individuals can be expected to have higher species diversity than sets with fewer individuals . When species diversity values are compared among sets , sampling efforts need to be standardised in an appropriate way for the comparisons to yield ecologically meaningful results . Resampling methods can be used to bring samples of different sizes to a common footing . Species discovery curves and the number of species only represented by one or a few individuals can be used to help in estimating how representative the available sample is of the population from which it was drawn . Trends ( edit ) The observed species diversity is affected not only by the number of individuals but also by the heterogeneity of the sample . If individuals are drawn from different environmental conditions ( or different habitats ) , the species diversity of the resulting set can be expected to be higher than if all individuals are drawn from a similar environment . Increasing the area sampled increases observed species diversity both because more individuals get included in the sample and because large areas are environmentally more heterogeneous than small areas . See also ( edit ) Environment portal Ecology portal Earth sciences portal Sustainable development portal Alpha diversity Beta diversity Biodiversity Diversity index Measurement of biodiversity Dark diversity Gamma diversity Genetic diversity Latitudinal gradients in species diversity Relative species abundance Species -- area relationship Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hill , M.O. ( 1973 ) Diversity and evenness : a unifying notation and its consequences . Ecology , 54 , 427 -- 432 ^ Jump up to : Tuomisto , H. ( 2010 ) A diversity of beta diversities : straightening up a concept gone awry . Part 1 . Defining beta diversity as a function of alpha and gamma diversity . Ecography , 33 , 2 - 22 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0587.2009. 05880. x ^ Jump up to : Tuomisto , H. 2010 . A consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity ? Yes , it does exist . Oecologia 4 : 853 -- 860 . doi : 10.1007 / s00442 - 010 - 1812 - 0 Jump up ^ Krebs , C.J. ( 1999 ) Ecological Methodology . Second edition . Addison - Wesley , California . Jump up ^ Magurran , A.E. ( 2004 ) Measuring biological diversity . Blackwell Publishing , Oxford . ^ Jump up to : Jost , L. ( 2006 ) Entropy and diversity . Oikos , 113 , 363 -- 375 Jump up ^ Jost , L. ( 2007 ) Partitioning diversity into independent alpha and beta components . Ecology , 88 , 2427 -- 2439 . Jump up ^ Tuomisto , H. ( 2010 ) A diversity of beta diversities : straightening up a concept gone awry . Part 2 . Quantifying beta diversity and related phenomena . Ecography , 33 , 23 - 45 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0587.2009. 06148. x Jump up ^ Colwell , R.K. and Coddington , J.A. ( 1994 ) Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation . Philosophical Transactions : Biological Sciences , 345 , 101 - 118 . Jump up ^ Good , I.J. and Toulmin , G.H. ( 1956 ) The number of new species , and the increase in population coverage , when a sample is increased . Biometrika , 43 , 45 - 63 . Jump up ^ Chao , A. ( 2005 ) Species richness estimation . Pages 7909 - 7916 in N. Balakrishnan , C.B. Read , and B. Vidakovic , eds . Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences . New York , Wiley . External links ( edit ) Harrison , Ian ; Laverty , Melina ; Sterling , Eleanor . `` Species Diversity '' . Connexions ( cnx.org ) . William and Flora Hewlett Foundation , the Maxfield Foundation , and the Connexions Consortium . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ( Licensed under Creative Commons 1.0 Attribution Generic ) . 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It's Your Love
It 's Your Love - wikipedia It 's Your Love Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` It 's Your Love '' Single by Tim McGraw and Faith Hill from the album Everywhere B - side `` She Never Lets It Go to Her Heart '' Released May 12 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 12 ) Format CD single Genre Country , Adult contemporary Length 3 : 47 Label Curb Songwriter ( s ) Stephony Smith Producer ( s ) Byron Gallimore James Stroud Tim McGraw singles chronology `` Maybe We Should Just Sleep on It '' ( 1996 ) `` It 's Your Love '' ( 1997 ) `` Everywhere '' ( 1997 ) `` Maybe We Should Just Sleep on It '' ( 1996 ) `` It 's Your Love '' ( 1997 ) `` Everywhere '' ( 1997 ) Faith Hill singles chronology `` I Ca n't Do That Anymore '' ( 1996 ) I Ca n't Do That Anymore 1996 `` It 's Your Love '' ( 1997 ) It 's Your Love1997 `` This Kiss '' ( 1998 ) This Kiss 1998 `` It 's Your Love '' Single by She Moves from the album Breaking All the Rules Released 1997 Format CD single Recorded 1997 Genre Rock , pop Length 3 : 00 Label Geffen Records EMI Songwriter ( s ) Stephony Smith Producer ( s ) The Berman Brothers She Moves singles chronology `` Breaking All the Rules '' ( 1997 ) `` It 's Your Love '' ( 1997 ) `` Just for Tonight '' ( 1998 ) `` Breaking All the Rules '' ( 1997 ) `` It 's Your Love '' ( 1997 ) `` Just for Tonight '' ( 1998 ) `` It 's Your Love '' is a song written by Stephony Smith , and performed by American country music artist Tim McGraw . It was released in May 1997 as the first single from his album Everywhere . The song , featuring wife Faith Hill , reached number one on Billboard 's Hot Country Songs chart in its fifth week on the chart . The song stayed there for six weeks , and became McGraw 's and Hill 's first top - ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100 . The accompanying music video , directed and produced by Sherman Halsey is notable in that it showcases Hill , who was very noticeably pregnant with the couple 's first daughter , Gracie . The music video won Video of the Year at the 1997 Academy of Country Music Awards . The song was later recorded by pop trio She Moves , whose version peaked at number 67 on the Hot 100 . The song appears on the game Karaoke Revolution Country . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Awards 2.1 Academy of Country Music Awards 2.2 Country Music Association 2.3 Grammy Awards 3 Charts 3.1 Tim McGraw and Faith Hill version 3.1. 1 Year - end charts 3.2 She Moves version 4 Other versions 5 References 6 External links Track listing ( edit ) Promo CD It 's Your Love ( Hot A / C Mix ) Single It 's Your Love 3 : 40 She Never Lets It Go To Her Heart 3 : 02 Awards ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Academy of Country Music Awards ( edit ) Award Result Single of the Year Won Song of the Year Won Video of the Year Won Vocal Event of the Year Won Country Music Association ( edit ) Award Result Vocal Event of the Year Won Grammy Awards ( edit ) Award Result Best Country Collaboration Nominated Best Country Song ( songwriter ) Nominated Charts ( edit ) Tim McGraw and Faith Hill version ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 40 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) Preceded by `` Sittin ' on Go '' by Bryan White Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks number - one single June 7 - July 12 , 1997 Succeeded by `` Carrying Your Love with Me '' by George Strait RPM Country Tracks number - one single June 23 - July 14 , 1997 Succeeded by `` Little Ol ' Kisses '' by Julian Austin Preceded by `` My Maria '' by Brooks & Dunn Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks number - one single of the year 1997 Succeeded by `` Just to See You Smile '' by Tim McGraw She Moves version ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 67 Other versions ( edit ) German singer Gil Ofarim recorded a cover of this song . American boy bands Natural and LMNT each recorded a cover of the song for their albums Keep It Natural and All Sides , respectively . American pop trio She Moves recorded a cover of this song for the album Breaking All the Rules ( Geffen Records ) in November 1997 that released it as a single in 1998 . S Club singer Jo O'Meara recorded a cover of this song for her solo album Relentless in 2005 . French pop singer Cherie covered the song for her debut album in 2004 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ AOL Music profile for `` It 's Your Love '' Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 3242 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . June 23 , 1997 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM ' 97 Year End Top 100 Country Tracks '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1997 '' . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1997 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1997 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` She Moves Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Tim McGraw singles Discography Not a Moment Too Soon `` Indian Outlaw '' `` Do n't Take the Girl '' `` Down on the Farm '' `` Not a Moment Too Soon '' `` Refried Dreams '' All I Want `` I Like It , I Love It '' `` Ca n't Be Really Gone '' `` All I Want Is a Life '' `` She Never Lets It Go to Her Heart '' `` Maybe We Should Just Sleep on It '' Everywhere `` It 's Your Love '' ( with Faith Hill ) `` Everywhere '' `` Just to See You Smile '' `` One of These Days '' `` Where the Green Grass Grows '' `` For a Little While '' A Place in the Sun `` Please Remember Me '' `` Something Like That '' `` My Best Friend '' `` Some Things Never Change '' `` My Next Thirty Years '' Set This Circus Down `` Grown Men Do n't Cry '' `` Angry All the Time '' `` The Cowboy in Me '' `` Unbroken '' Tim McGraw and the Dancehall Doctors `` Red Rag Top '' `` Tiny Dancer '' `` She 's My Kind of Rain '' `` Real Good Man '' `` Watch the Wind Blow By '' Live Like You Were Dying `` Live Like You Were Dying '' `` Back When '' `` Drugs or Jesus '' `` Do You Want Fries with That '' `` My Old Friend '' Reflected : Greatest Hits Vol. 2 `` When the Stars Go Blue '' `` My Little Girl '' Let It Go `` Last Dollar ( Fly Away ) '' `` I Need You '' ( with Faith Hill ) `` If You 're Reading This '' `` Suspicions '' `` Kristofferson '' `` Let It Go '' `` Nothin ' to Die For '' Southern Voice `` It 's a Business Doing Pleasure with You '' `` Southern Voice '' `` Still '' Number One Hits `` Felt Good on My Lips '' Country Strong `` Me and Tennessee '' ( with Gwyneth Paltrow ) Emotional Traffic `` Better Than I Used to Be '' Two Lanes of Freedom `` Truck Yeah '' `` One of Those Nights '' `` Highway Do n't Care '' ( with Taylor Swift and Keith Urban ) `` Southern Girl '' Sundown Heaven Town `` Lookin ' for That Girl '' `` Meanwhile Back at Mama 's '' ( with Faith Hill ) `` Shotgun Rider '' `` Diamond Rings and Old Barstools '' ( with Catherine Dunn ) Damn Country Music `` Top of the World '' `` Humble and Kind '' `` How I 'll Always Be '' The Rest of Our Life `` Speak to a Girl '' ( with Faith Hill ) `` The Rest of Our Life '' ( with Faith Hill ) Guest singles `` Just to Hear You Say That You Love Me '' ( with Faith Hill ) `` Let 's Make Love '' ( with Faith Hill ) `` Bring On the Rain '' ( with Jo Dee Messina ) `` Over and Over '' ( with Nelly ) `` Like We Never Loved at All '' ( with Faith Hill ) `` Find Out Who Your Friends Are '' ( with Tracy Lawrence and Kenny Chesney ) `` Nine Lives '' ( with Def Leppard ) `` Feel Like a Rock Star '' ( with Kenny Chesney ) `` Lovin ' Lately '' ( with Big & Rich ) `` May We All '' ( with Florida Georgia Line ) Other songs `` City Lights '' `` The Ride '' `` California '' Faith Hill singles Discography Take Me as I Am `` Wild One '' `` Piece of My Heart '' `` But I Will '' `` Take Me as I Am '' It Matters to Me `` Let 's Go to Vegas '' `` It Matters to Me '' `` Someone Else 's Dream '' `` You Ca n't Lose Me '' `` I Ca n't Do That Anymore '' Faith `` This Kiss '' `` Just to Hear You Say That You Love Me '' ( with Tim McGraw ) `` Let Me Let Go '' `` Love Ai n't Like That '' `` The Secret of Life '' Breathe `` Breathe '' `` The Way You Love Me '' `` Let 's Make Love '' ( with Tim McGraw ) `` If My Heart Had Wings '' Cry `` Cry '' `` When the Lights Go Down '' `` You 're Still Here '' Fireflies `` Mississippi Girl '' `` Like We Never Loved at All '' ( with Tim McGraw ) `` The Lucky One '' `` Sunshine and Summertime '' `` Stealing Kisses '' The Hits `` Lost '' `` Red Umbrella '' Joy to the World `` A Baby Changes Everything '' The Rest of Our Life `` Speak to a Girl '' ( with Tim McGraw ) `` The Rest of Our Life '' ( with Tim McGraw ) Collaborations `` It 's Your Love '' ( with Tim McGraw ) `` I Need You '' ( with Tim McGraw ) `` Sing '' ( with Annie Lennox ) `` Meanwhile Back at Mama 's '' ( with Tim McGraw ) Other singles `` There You 'll Be '' `` Where Are You , Christmas ? '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Come Home '' `` American Heart '' Billboard Year - End Hot Country Songs number one single of the year 1980 -- 1989 1980 : `` My Heart '' -- Ronnie Milsap 1981 : `` Fire and Smoke '' -- Earl Thomas Conley 1982 : `` Always on My Mind '' -- Willie Nelson 1983 : `` José Cuervo '' -- Shelly West 1984 : `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' -- Julio Iglesias and Willie Nelson 1985 : `` Lost in the Fifties Tonight ( In the Still of the Night ) '' -- Ronnie Milsap 1986 : `` Never Be You '' -- Rosanne Cash 1987 : `` Give Me Wings '' -- Michael Johnson 1988 : `` Do n't Close Your Eyes '' -- Keith Whitley 1989 : `` A Better Man '' -- Clint Black 1990 -- 1999 1990 : `` Nobody 's Home '' -- Clint Black 1991 : `` Do n't Rock the Jukebox '' -- Alan Jackson 1992 : `` I Saw the Light '' -- Wynonna Judd 1993 : `` Chattahoochee '' -- Alan Jackson 1994 : `` I Swear '' -- John Michael Montgomery 1995 : `` Sold ( The Grundy County Auction Incident ) '' -- John Michael Montgomery 1996 : `` My Maria '' -- Brooks & Dunn 1997 : `` It 's Your Love '' -- Tim McGraw and Faith Hill 1998 : `` Just to See You Smile '' -- Tim McGraw 1999 : `` Amazed '' -- Lonestar 2000 -- 2009 2000 : `` How Do You Like Me Now ? ! '' -- Toby Keith 2001 : `` Ai n't Nothing ' bout You '' -- Brooks & Dunn 2002 : `` The Good Stuff '' -- Kenny Chesney 2003 : `` My Front Porch Looking In '' -- Lonestar 2004 : `` Live Like You Were Dying '' -- Tim McGraw 2005 : `` That 's What I Love About Sunday '' -- Craig Morgan 2006 : `` If You 're Going Through Hell ( Before The Devil Even Knows ) '' -- Rodney Atkins 2007 : `` Watching You '' -- Rodney Atkins 2008 : `` Just Got Started Lovin ' You '' -- James Otto 2009 : `` I Run to You '' -- Lady Antebellum 2010 -- 2019 2010 : `` Love Like Crazy '' -- Lee Brice 2011 : `` Crazy Girl '' -- Eli Young Band 2012 : `` Time Is Love '' -- Josh Turner 2013 : `` Cruise '' -- Florida Georgia Line 2014 : `` This Is How We Roll '' -- Florida Georgia Line featuring Luke Bryan 2015 : `` Take Your Time '' -- Sam Hunt 2016 : `` H.O.L.Y. '' - Florida Georgia Line Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_Your_Love&oldid=822196724 '' Categories : 1997 singles 1997 songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles of the year Country ballads Curb Records singles EMI Records singles Faith Hill songs Geffen Records singles Music videos directed by Sherman Halsey Pop ballads RPM Country Tracks number - one singles She Moves songs Song recordings produced by Byron Gallimore Song recordings produced by James Stroud Songs written by Stephony Smith Tim McGraw songs Vocal duets Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2011 All articles needing additional references Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 23 : 36 . 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it’s your love – tim mcgraw and faith hill
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Five-Year Plans of India
Five - Year plans of India - Wikipedia Five - Year plans of India From 1947 to 2017 , the Indian economy was premised on the concept of planning . This was carried through the Five - Year Plans , developed , executed , and monitored by the Planning Commission ( 1951 - 2014 ) and the NITI Aayog ( 2015 - 2017 ) . With the prime minister as the ex-officio chairman , the commission has a nominated deputy chairman , who holds the rank of a cabinet Minister . Montek Singh Ahluwalia is the last deputy chairman of the commission ( resigned on 26 May 2014 ) . The Twelfth Plan completed its term in March 2017 . Prior to the Fourth Plan , the allocation of state resources was based on schematic patterns rather than a transparent and objective mechanism , which led to the adoption of the Gadgil formula in 1969 . Revised versions of the formula have been used since then to determine the allocation of central assistance for state plans . The new government led by Narendra Modi , elected in 2014 , has announced the dissolution of the Planning Commission , and its replacement by a think tank called the NITI Aayog ( an acronym for National Institution for Transforming India ) . Contents 1 History 2 First Plan ( 1951 -- 1956 ) 3 Second Plan ( 1956 -- 1961 ) 4 Third Plan ( 1961 -- 1966 ) 5 Fourth Plan ( 1969 -- 1974 ) 6 Fifth Plan ( 1974 -- 1978 ) 7 Rolling Plan ( 1978 -- 1980 ) 8 Sixth Plan ( 1980 -- 1985 ) 9 Seventh Plan ( 1985 -- 1990 ) 10 Annual Plans ( 1990 -- 1992 ) 11 Eighth Plan ( 1992 -- 1997 ) 12 Ninth Plan ( 1997 -- 2002 ) 13 Tenth Plan ( 2002 -- 2007 ) 14 Eleventh Plan ( 2007 -- 2012 ) 15 Twelfth Plan ( 2012 -- 2017 ) 16 See also 17 References 18 External links History ( edit ) Five - Year Plans ( FYPs ) are centralized and integrated national economic programs . Joseph Stalin implemented the first Five Year Plan in the Soviet Union in 1928 . Most communist states and several capitalist countries subsequently have adopted them . China and India both continue to use FYPs , although China renamed its Eleventh FYP , from 2006 to 2010 , a guideline ( guihua ) , rather than a plan ( jihua ) , to signify the central government 's more hands - off approach to development . India launched its First FYP in 1951 , immediately after independence under socialist influence of first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru . The First Five - Year Plan was one of the most important because it had a great role in the launching of Indian development after Independence . Thus , it strongly supported agriculture production and it also launched the industrialization of the country ( but less than the Second Plan , which focused on heavy industries ) . It built a particular system of mixed economy , with a great role for the public sector ( with an emerging welfare state ) , as well as a growing private sector ( represented by some personalities as those who published the Bombay Plan ) . First Plan ( 1951 -- 1956 ) ( edit ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first Indian Prime Minister , Jawaharlal Nehru presented the First Five - Year Plan to the Parliament of India and needed urgent attention . The First Five - year Plan was launched in 1951 which mainly focused in development of the primary sector . The First Five - Year Plan was based on the Harrod -- Domar model with few modifications . The total planned budget of Rs. 2069 crore ( 2378 crore later ) was allocated to seven broad areas : irrigation and energy ( 27.2 % ) , agriculture and community development ( 17.4 % ) , transport and communications ( 24 % ) , industry ( 8.4 % ) , social services ( 16.6 % ) , rehabilitation of landless farmers ( 4.1 % ) , and for other sectors and services ( 2.5 % ) . The most important feature of this phase was active role of state in all economic sectors . Such a role was justified at that time because immediately after independence , India was facing basic problems -- deficiency of capital and low capacity to save . The target growth rate was 2.1 % annual gross domestic product ( GDP ) growth ; the achieved growth rate was 3.6 % the net domestic product went up by 15 % . The monsoon was good and there were relatively high crop yields , boosting exchange reserves and the per capita income , which increased by 8 % . National income increased more than the per capita income due to rapid population growth . Many irrigation projects were initiated during this period , including the Bhakra , Hirakud , Mettur Dam and Damodar Valley dams . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) , with the Indian government , addressed children 's health and reduced infant mortality , indirectly contributing to population growth . At the end of the plan period in 1956 , five Indian Institutes of Technology ( IITs ) were started as major technical institutions . The University Grants Commission ( UGC ) was set up to take care of funding and take measures to strengthen the higher education in the country . Contracts were signed to start five steel plants , which came into existence in the middle of the Second Five - Year Plan . The plan was quasi successful for the government . Second Plan ( 1956 -- 1961 ) ( edit ) The Second Plan was particularly in the development of the public sector and `` rapid Industrialisation '' . The plan followed the Mahalanobis model , an economic development model developed by the Indian statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis in 1953 . The plan attempted to determine the optimal allocation of investment between productive sectors in order to maximise long - run economic growth . It used the prevalent state of art techniques of operations research and optimization as well as the novel applications of statistical models developed at the Indian Statistical Institute . The plan assumed a closed economy in which the main trading activity would be centred on importing capital goods . Hydroelectric power projects and five steel plants at Bhilai , Durgapur , and Rourkela were established with the help of Russia , Britain ( the U.K ) and West Germany respectively . Coal production was increased . More railway lines were added in the north east . The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Atomic Energy Commission of India was established as research institutes . In 1957 a talent search and scholarship program was begun to find talented young students to train for work in nuclear power . The total amount allocated under the Second Five - Year Plan in India was Rs. 48 billion . This amount was allocated among various sectors : power and irrigation , social services , communications and transport , and miscellaneous . `` The target growth rate was 4.5 % and the actual growth rate was 4.27 % . '' Third Plan ( 1961 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) The Third Five - year Plan , stressed agriculture and improvement in the production of wheat , but the brief Sino - Indian War of 1962 exposed weaknesses in the economy and shifted the focus towards the defence industry and the Indian Army . In 1965 -- 1966 , India fought a War with Pakistan . There was also a severe drought in 1965 . The war led to inflation and the priority was shifted to price stabilisation . The construction of dams continued . Many cement and fertilizer plants were also built . Punjab began producing an abundance of wheat . Many primary schools were started in rural areas . In an effort to bring democracy to the grass - root level , Panchayat elections were started and the states were given more development responsibilities . State electricity boards and state secondary education boards were formed . States were made responsible for secondary and higher education . State road transportation corporations were formed and local road building became a state responsibility . The target growth rate was 5.6 % , but the actual growth rate was 2.4 % . Due to miserable failure of the Third Plan the government was forced to declare `` plan holidays '' ( from 1966 -- 67 , 1967 -- 68 , and 1968 -- 69 ) . Three annual plans were drawn during this intervening period . During 1966 -- 67 there was again the problem of drought . Equal priority was given to agriculture , its allied activities , and industrial sector . The government of India declared `` Devaluation of Rupee '' to increase the exports of the country . The main reasons for plan holidays were the war , lack of resources , and increase in inflation . Fourth Plan ( 1969 -- 1974 ) ( edit ) At this time Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister . The Indira Gandhi government nationalised 14 major Indian banks and the Green Revolution in India advanced agriculture . In addition , the situation in East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) was becoming dire as the Indo - Pakistan War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War took funds earmarked for industrial development . India also performed the Smiling Buddha underground nuclear test ( Pokhran - 1 ) in Rajasthan on May 18 , 1974 , partially in response to the United States deployment of the Seventh Fleet in the Bay of Bengal . The fleet had been deployed to warn India against attacking West Pakistan and extending the war . The target growth rate was 5.6 % , but the actual growth rate was 3.3 % . Fifth Plan ( 1974 -- 1978 ) ( edit ) The Fifth Five - Year Plan laid stress on employment , poverty alleviation ( Garibi Hatao ) , and justice . The plan also focused on self - reliance in agricultural production and defence . In 1978 the newly elected Morarji Desai government rejected the plan . The Electricity Supply Act was amended in 1975 , which enabled the central government to enter into power generation and transmission . The Indian national highway system was introduced and many roads were widened to accommodate the increasing traffic . Tourism also expanded . The twenty - point programme was launched in 1975 . It was followed from 1974 to 1979 . The Minimum Needs Programme ( MNP ) was introduced in the first year of the Fifth Five Year Plan ( 1974 -- 78 ) . The objective of the programme is to provide certain basic minimum needs and thereby improve the living standards of the people . The target growth rate was 4.4 % and the actual growth rate was 4.8 % . Rolling Plan ( 1978 -- 1980 ) ( edit ) The Janata Party government rejected the Fifth Five - Year Plan and introduced a new Sixth Five - Year Plan ( 1978 -- 1980 ) . This plan was again rejected by the Indian National Congress government in 1980 and a new Sixth Plan was made. The Rolling Plan consists of three kind of plans that were proposed . The First Plan is for the present year which comprises the annual budget and Second is a plan for a fixed number of years , which may be 3 , 4 or 5 years . Plan number two is kept changing as per the requirements of the Indian economy . The Third Plan is a perspective plan which is for long terms i.e. for 10 , 15 or 20 years . Hence there is no fixation of dates in for the commencement and termination of the plan in the rolling plans . The main advantage of the rolling plans is that they are flexible and are able to overcome the rigidity of fixed five year plans by mending targets , the object of the exercise , projections and allocations as per the changing conditions in the country 's economy . The main disadvantage of this plan is that if the targets are revised each year , it becomes very difficult to achieve them which are laid down in the five - year period and it turned out to be a complex plan . Frequent revisions resulted in lack of stability in the economy which is essential for its balanced development and progress . Sixth Plan ( 1980 -- 1985 ) ( edit ) The Sixth Five - Year Plan marked the beginning of economic liberalisation . Price controls were eliminated and ration shops were closed . This led to an increase in food prices and an increase in the cost of living . This was the end of Nehruvian socialism . The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development was established for development of rural areas on 12 July 1982 by recommendation of the Shivaraman Committee . Family planning was also expanded in order to prevent overpopulation . In contrast to China 's strict and binding one - child policy , Indian policy did not rely on the threat of force . More prosperous areas of India adopted family planning more rapidly than less prosperous areas , which continued to have a high birth rate . The Sixth Five - Year Plan was a great success to the Indian economy . The target growth rate was 5.2 % and the actual growth rate was 5.4 % . The only Five - Year Plan which was done twice . Seventh Plan ( 1985 -- 1990 ) ( edit ) The Seventh Five - Year Plan was led by the Congress Party with Rajiv Gandhi as the prime minister . The plan laid stress on improving the productivity level of industries by upgrading of technology . The main objectives of the Seventh Five - Year Plan were to establish growth in areas of increasing economic productivity , production of food grains , and generating employment through `` Social Justice '' . As an outcome of the Sixth Five - Year Plan , there had been steady growth in agriculture , controls on the rate of inflation , and favourable balance of payments which had provided a strong base for the Seventh Five - Year Plan to build on the need for further economic growth . The Seventh Plan had strived towards socialism and energy production at large . The thrust areas of the Seventh Five - Year Plan were : social justice , removal of oppression of the weak , using modern technology , agricultural development , anti-poverty programmes , full supply of food , clothing , and shelter , increasing productivity of small - and large - scale farmers , and making India an independent economy . Based on a 15 - year period of striving towards steady growth , the Seventh Plan was focused on achieving the prerequisites of self - sustaining growth by the year 2000 . The plan expected the labour force to grow by 39 million people and employment was expected to grow at the rate of 4 % per year . Some of the expected outcomes of the Seventh Five - Year Plan India are given below : Balance of payments ( estimates ) : Export -- ₹ 330 billion ( US $4.8 billion ) , Imports -- ( - ) ₹ 540 billion ( US $7.9 billion ) , Trade Balance -- ( - ) ₹ 210 billion ( US $3.1 billion ) Merchandise exports ( estimates ) : ₹ 606.53 billion ( US $8.8 billion ) Merchandise imports ( estimates ) : ₹ 954.37 billion ( US $13.9 billion ) Projections for balance of payments : Export -- ₹ 607 billion ( US $8.8 billion ) , Imports -- ( - ) ₹ 954 billion ( US $13.9 billion ) , Trade Balance - ( - ) ₹ 347 billion ( US $5.0 billion ) Under the Seventh Five - Year Plan , India strove to bring about a self - sustained economy in the country with valuable contributions from voluntary agencies and the general populace . The target growth rate was 5.0 % and the actual growth rate was 6.01 % . and the growth rate of per capita income was 3.7 % . Annual plans ( 1990 -- 1992 ) ( edit ) The Eighth Plan could not take off in 1990 due to the fast changing political situation at the centre and the years 1990 -- 91 and 1991 -- 92 were treated as Annual Plans . The Eighth Plan was finally formulated for the period 1992 -- 1997 . Eighth Plan ( 1992 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) 1989 -- 91 was a period of economic instability in India and hence no five - year plan was implemented . Between 1990 and 1992 , there were only Annual Plans . In 1991 , India faced a crisis in foreign exchange ( forex ) reserves , left with reserves of only about US $ 1 billion . Thus , under pressure , the country took the risk of reforming the socialist economy . P.V. Narasimha Rao was the tenth Prime Minister of the Republic of India and head of Congress Party , and led one of the most important administrations in India 's modern history , overseeing a major economic transformation and several incidents affecting national security . At that time Dr. Manmohan Singh ( later Prime Minister of India ) launched India 's free market reforms that brought the nearly bankrupt nation back from the edge . It was the beginning of liberalization , privatisation and globalization ( LPG ) in India . Modernization of industries was a major highlight of the Eighth Plan . Under this plan , the gradual opening of the Indian economy was undertaken to correct the burgeoning deficit and foreign debt . Meanwhile , India became a member of the World Trade Organization on 1 January 1995 . The major objectives included , controlling population growth , poverty reduction , employment generation , strengthening the infrastructure , institutional building , tourism management , human resource development , involvement of Panchayati rajs , Nagar Palikas , NGOs , decentralisation and people 's participation . Energy was given priority with 26.6 % of the outlay . The target growth rate was 5.6 % and the actual growth rate was 6.8 % . To achieve the target of an average of 5.6 % per annum , investment of 23.2 % of the gross domestic product was required . The incremental capital ratio is 4.1 . The saving for investment was to come from domestic sources and foreign sources , with the rate of domestic saving at 21.6 % of gross domestic production and of foreign saving at 1.6 % of gross domestic production . Ninth Plan ( 1997 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) The Ninth Five - Year Plan came after 50 years of Indian Independence . Atal Bihari Vajpayee was the Prime Minister of India during the Ninth Five - Year Plan . The Ninth Five - Year Plan tried primarily to use the latent and unexplored economic potential of the country to promote economic and social growth . It offered strong support to the social spheres of the country in an effort to achieve the complete elimination of poverty . The satisfactory implementation of the Eighth Five - Year Plan also ensured the states ' ability to proceed on the path of faster development . The Ninth Five - Year Plan also saw joint efforts from the public and the private sectors in ensuring economic development of the country . In addition , the Ninth Five - Year Plan saw contributions towards development from the general public as well as governmental agencies in both the rural and urban areas of the country . New implementation measures in the form of Special Action Plans ( SAPs ) were evolved during the Ninth Five - Year Plan to fulfill targets within the stipulated time with adequate resources . The SAPs covered the areas of social infrastructure , agriculture , information technology and Water policy . Budget The Ninth Five - Year Plan had a total public sector plan outlay of ₹ 859,200 crore ( US $130 billion ) . The Ninth Five - Year Plan also saw a hike of 48 % in terms of plan expenditure and 33 % in terms of the plan outlay in comparison to that of the Eighth Five - Year Plan . In the total outlay , the share of the center was approximately 57 % while it was 43 % for the states and the union territories . The Ninth Five - Year Plan focused on the relationship between the rapid economic growth and the quality of life for the people of the country . The prime focus of this plan was to increase growth in the country with an emphasis on social justice and equity . The Ninth Five - Year Plan placed considerable importance on combining growth oriented policies with the mission of achieving the desired objective of improving policies which would work towards the improvement of the poor in the country . The Ninth Five - Year Plan also aimed at correcting the historical inequalities which were still prevalent in the society . Objectives The main objective of the Ninth Five - Year Plan was to correct historical inequalities and increase the economic growth in the country . Other aspects which constituted the Ninth Five - Year Plan were : Population control . Generating employment by giving priority to agriculture and rural development . Reduction of poverty . Ensuring proper availability of food and water for the poor . Availability of primary health care facilities and other basic necessities . Primary education to all children in the country . Empowering the socially disadvantaged classes like Scheduled castes , Scheduled tribes and other backward classes . Developing self - reliance in terms of agriculture . Acceleration in the growth rate of the economy with the help of stable prices . Strategies Structural transformations and developments in the Indian economy . New initiatives and initiation of corrective steps to meet the challenges in the economy of the country . Efficient use of scarce resources to ensure rapid growth . Combination of public and private support to increase employment . Enhancing high rates of export to achieve self - reliance . Providing services like electricity , telecommunication , railways etc . Special plans to empower the socially disadvantaged classes of the country . Involvement and participation of Panchayati Raj institutions / bodies and Nagar Palikas in the development process . Performance The Ninth Five - Year Plan achieved a GDP growth rate of 5.4 % against a target of 6.5 % The agriculture industry grew at a rate of 2.1 % against the target of 4.2 % The industrial growth in the country was 4.5 % which was higher than that of the target of 3 % The service industry had a growth rate of 7.8 % . An average annual growth rate of 6.7 % was reached . The Ninth Five - Year Plan looks through the past weaknesses in order to frame the new measures for the overall socio - economic development of the country . However , for a well - planned economy of any country , there should be a combined participation of the governmental agencies along with the general population of that nation . A combined effort of public , private , and all levels of government is essential for ensuring the growth of India 's economy . The target growth was 7.1 % and the actual growth was 6.8 % . Tenth Plan ( 2002 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) The main objectives of the Tenth Five - Year Plan : Attain 8 % GDP growth per year . Reduction of poverty rate by 5 % by 2007 . Providing gainful and high - quality employment at least to the addition to the labour force . Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by at least 50 % by 2007 . 20 - point program was introduced . Target growth : 8.1 % -- growth achieved : 7.7 % . The Tenth Plan was expected to follow a regional approach rather than sectoral approach to bring down regional inequalities . Expenditure of ₹ 43,825 crore ( US $6.4 billion ) for tenth five years . Out of total plan outlay , ₹ 921,291 crore ( US $130 billion ) ( 57.9 % ) was for central government and ₹ 691,009 crore ( US $100 billion ) ( 42.1 % ) was for states and union territories . Eleventh Plan ( 2007 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) it was in the period of Manmohan Singh as a prime minister . It aimed to increase the enrolment in higher education of 18 - 23 years of age group by 2011 - 12 . It focused on distant education , convergence of formal , non-formal , distant and IT education institutions . Rapid and inclusive growth ( poverty reduction ) . Emphasis on social sector and delivery of service therein . Empowerment through education and skill development . Reduction of gender inequality . Environmental sustainability . To increase the growth rate in agriculture , industry and services to 4 % , 10 % and 9 % respectively . Reduce total fertility rate to 2.1 . Provide clean drinking water for all by 2009 . Increase agriculture growth to 4 % . Twelfth Plan ( 2012 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : 12th Five - Year Plan ( India ) The Twelfth Five - Year Plan of the Government of India has been decided to achieve a growth rate of 8.2 % but the National Development Council ( NDC ) on 27 December 2012 approved a growth rate of 8 % for the Twelfth Five - Year Plan . With the deteriorating global situation , the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission Montek Singh Ahluwalia has said that achieving an average growth rate of 9 percent in the next five years is not possible . The Final growth target has been set at 8 % by the endorsement of the plan at the National Development Council meeting held in New Delhi . `` It is not possible to think of an average of 9 % ( in the 12th plan ) . I think somewhere between 8 and 8.5 percent is feasible , '' Ahluwalia said on the sidelines of a conference of State Planning Boards and departments . The approached paper for the 12th Plan , approved last year , talked about an annual average growth rate of 9 % . `` When I say feasible ... that will require major effort . If you do n't do that , there is no God given right to grow at 8 percent . I think given that the world economy deteriorated very sharply over the last year ... the growth rate in the first year of the 12th Plan ( 2012 -- 13 ) is 6.5 to 7 percent . '' He also indicated that soon he should share his views with other members of the Commission to choose a final number ( economic growth target ) to put before the country 's NDC for its approval . The government intends to reduce poverty by 10 % during the 12th Five - Year Plan . Ahluwalia said , `` We aim to reduce poverty estimates by 9 % annually on a sustainable basis during the Plan period '' . Earlier , addressing a conference of State Planning Boards and Planning departments , he said the rate of decline in poverty doubled during the 11th Plan . The commission had said , while using the Tendulkar poverty line , the rate of reduction in the five years between 2004 -- 05 and 2009 -- 10 , was about 1.5 % points each year , which was twice that when compared to the period between 1993 -- 95 to 2004 -- 05 . The plan aims towards the betterment of the infrastructural projects of the nation avoiding all types of bottlenecks . The document presented by the planning commission is aimed to attract private investments of up to US $1 trillion in the infrastructural growth in the 12th five - year plan , which will also ensure a reduction in the subsidy burden of the government to 1.5 percent from 2 percent of the GDP ( gross domestic product ) . The UID ( Unique Identification Number ) will act as a platform for cash transfer of the subsidies in the plan . The objectives of the Twelfth Five - Year Plan were : To create 50 million new work opportunities in the non farm sector . To remove gender and social gap in school enrolment . To enhance access to higher education . To reduce malnutrition among children aged 0 - 3 years . To provide electricity to all villages . To ensure that 50 % of the rural population have accesses to proper drinking water . To increase green cover by 1 million hectare every year . To provide access to banking services to 90 % of households . See also ( edit ) Five - year plans of China Five - Year Plans of Romania Five - Year Plans for the National Economy of the Soviet Union Common minimum programme References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Planning Commission , Government of India : Five Year Plans . Planningcommission.nic.in . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Planning Commission ( 24 February 1997 ) . `` A Background Note on Gadgil Formula for distribution of Central Assistance for State Plans '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Sony Pellissery and Sam Geall `` Five Year Plans '' in Encyclopedia of Sustainability , Volume 7 pp. 156 -- 160 Jump up ^ Jalal Alamgir , India 's Open - Economy Policy : Globalism , Rivalry , Continuity ( London and New York : Routledge 2008 ) , Chapter 2 . Jump up ^ Baldev Raj Nayar , Globalization And Nationalism : The Changing Balance Of India 's Economic Policy , 1950 -- 2000 ( New Delhi : Sage , 2001 ) . ^ Jump up to : L.N. Dash ( 2000 ) . World bank and economic development of India . APH Publishing . p. 375 . ISBN 81 - 7648 - 121 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 September 2013 . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/9th/vol1/v1c2-1.htm Jump up ^ Agrawal , AN ( 1995 ) . Indian Economy : Problems of development and planning . pune : Wishwa Prakashan . p. 676 . Jump up ^ `` National Development Council approves 12th Five Year Plan '' . Indian Express . 2012 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . 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Blade Runner 2049
Blade Runner 2049 - wikipedia Blade Runner 2049 Jump to : navigation , search Blade Runner 2049 Theatrical release poster Directed by Denis Villeneuve Produced by Andrew A. Kosove Broderick Johnson Bud Yorkin Cynthia Yorkin Screenplay by Hampton Fancher Michael Green Story by Hampton Fancher Based on Characters from Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? by Philip K. Dick Starring Ryan Gosling Harrison Ford Ana de Armas Sylvia Hoeks Robin Wright Mackenzie Davis Carla Juri Lennie James Dave Bautista Jared Leto Music by Hans Zimmer Benjamin Wallfisch Cinematography Roger Deakins Edited by Joe Walker Production company Alcon Entertainment Columbia Pictures Scott Free Productions Torridon Films 16 : 14 Entertainment Thunderbird Entertainment Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Sony Pictures Release date October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) ( Dolby Theatre ) October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) ( United States ) Running time 163 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $150 -- 185 million Box office $90 million Blade Runner 2049 is a 2017 American neo-noir science fiction film directed by Denis Villeneuve and written by Hampton Fancher and Michael Green . A sequel to Blade Runner ( 1982 ) , the film stars Ryan Gosling and Harrison Ford , with Ana de Armas , Sylvia Hoeks , Robin Wright , Mackenzie Davis , Carla Juri , Lennie James , Dave Bautista and Jared Leto in supporting roles . Set thirty years after the original film , the story depicts a replicant blade runner named K , who discovers the remains of a once - pregnant replicant . To prevent a possible war between replicants and humans , K is secretly tasked with finding the child and destroying all evidence related to it , leading him to discover that the child bears a connection to missing blade runner Rick Deckard . Principal photography took place in Budapest , Hungary between July and November 2016 . Blade Runner 2049 premiered in Los Angeles on October 3 , 2017 and was released in the United States on October 6 , 2017 , in 2D , 3D and IMAX . The film received acclaim from critics , with some regarding it as one of the best sequels ever made . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.5 Soundtrack 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Possible sequel 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot In 2049 , bioengineered humans called replicants have been integrated into society . K , a newer replicant model created to obey , works as a `` blade runner '' for the LAPD , hunting down and `` retiring '' rogue older model replicants . His home - life is spent with his holographic girlfriend Joi , an artificial intelligence product of Wallace Corporation . K 's investigation into a growing replicant freedom movement leads him to a farm , where he retires rogue replicant Sapper Morton and finds a buried box with what appears to be human remains inside . Forensic analysis reveals they are of a female replicant who died as the result of complications from an emergency caesarian section . K finds this unsettling as pregnancy in replicants was originally thought to be impossible . K is ordered to destroy all evidence related to the case and to retire the child by his superior , Lieutenant Joshi , who believes the knowledge that replicants are able to reproduce to be dangerous and could lead to war . K , disturbed by his orders to kill what he sees as someone with a soul , visits the headquarters of replicant business magnate Niander Wallace who identifies the body as Rachael , an experimental replicant . In the process , he learns of her romantic ties with former veteran blade runner Rick Deckard . Believing that reproduction in replicants can bolster his production , but unable to give them this ability himself , Wallace sends his replicant enforcer Luv to steal Rachael 's remains from LAPD headquarters and follow K to find Rachael 's child . Wallace hopes to use the child to engineer replicant reproduction and expand his off - world operations . Returning to Morton 's farm , K finds a hidden date that matches a childhood memory about hiding a toy horse . K later finds the toy horse at an orphanage , suggesting that his memories -- which he thought were implants -- are real . Joi insists this is evidence that K is in fact a real person , giving him the nickname `` Joe . '' While searching birth records for that year , he discovers an anomaly : `` twins '' were born on that day with identical DNA except for the sex chromosome ; only the boy is listed as alive . K seeks out Dr. Ana Stelline , a memory designer who informs him that it is illegal to program replicants with humans ' real memories , leading K to believe he might be Rachael 's son . After failing a test of his replicant behavior , K is suspended by Joshi , but he explains that he failed the test because he completed his mission in killing the child . Joshi , knowing K will be chased for deviating from his base line , gives him 48 hours to disappear . K transfers Joi to a mobile emitter despite knowing if it is damaged she will be erased . Undeterred , K has the toy horse analyzed and finds traces of radiation that lead him to the ruins of Las Vegas , where he finds Deckard . Deckard reveals that he scrambled the birth records to cover his tracks and was forced to leave a pregnant Rachael with the replicant freedom movement to protect her . Luv and her men arrive to kidnap Deckard , having murdered Joshi and tracked K 's location . They leave a badly injured K for dead , in the process destroying Joi 's emitter . He is later rescued by the replicant freedom movement who were tracking him . He is told by their leader , Freysa , that he is wrong to think that he has a unique role to fulfill in the movement , and that Rachael 's child is actually a girl . K deduces that Stelline is Deckard 's daughter , as she is the only one capable of creating the memory and implanting it into him . Freysa urges K to prevent Wallace from uncovering the secrets of replicant reproduction by any means necessary , including killing Deckard . In Los Angeles , Deckard is brought before Wallace , who suggests Rachael 's feelings for him were engineered by Tyrell to test the possibility of a replicant becoming pregnant . Deckard refuses to cooperate with Wallace , even when promised a replicant recreation of Rachael . Luv starts escorting Deckard to one of Wallace 's off - world outposts to be tortured for information . K intercepts them before fighting and killing Luv . He stages Deckard 's death to protect him from both Wallace and the replicants , and leads Deckard to Stelline 's office . K encourages Deckard to meet his daughter and laments that all the best memories are hers . Deckard cautiously enters the office and approaches Stelline , while K lies down on the steps amidst the falling snow , and dies from his wounds . Cast Ryan Gosling as K / Joe Harrison Ford as Rick Deckard Ana de Armas as Joi Sylvia Hoeks as Luv Robin Wright as Lt. Joshi Mackenzie Davis as Mariette Carla Juri as Dr. Ana Stelline Lennie James as Mister Cotton Dave Bautista as Sapper Morton Jared Leto as Niander Wallace David Dastmalchian as Coco Barkhad Abdi as Doc Badger Hiam Abbass as Freysa Wood Harris as Nandez Edward James Olmos as Gaff To reprise her role as Rachael , Sean Young 's likeness was digitally superimposed on a stand - in actress , who was coached by Young on how to replicate her performance . Rachael 's voice was also created with a sound - alike actress . Production Development Director Denis Villeneuve ( at left ) with the cast at San Diego Comic - Con 2017 Development of a sequel to Blade Runner began in 1999 when British filmmaker Stuart Hazeldine had written a rejected sequel based on K.W. Jeter 's novel The Edge of Human , titled Blade Runner Down ; however this early rewrite was shelved due to concerns around the rights to the novel . In 2007 , Ridley Scott , who had directed the original film , considered developing a sequel , tentatively titled Metropolis , and stated his interest while attending San Diego Comic Con in that year . Co-writer Travis Adam Wright worked with producer Bud Yorkin for several years on the project . His colleague John Glenn , who had left the project by 2008 , stated the script would explore the nature of the off - world colonies as well as what happens to the Tyrell Corporation in the wake of its founder 's death . In June 2009 , The New York Times reported that Scott and his brother , director Tony Scott , were working on a Blade Runner prequel , Purefold , set in 2019 . The prequel was planned as a series of 5 -- 10 minute shorts , aimed first at the web and then perhaps television . Due to rights problems , the series was not to be linked too closely to the characters or events of the 1982 film . On February 7 , 2010 , it was announced that production on Purefold had ceased , due to funding problems . On March 4 , 2011 , the website io9 reported that Yorkin was developing a new Blade Runner film . It was also reported that month that Christopher Nolan was desired as director . On August 18 , 2011 , it was announced that Ridley Scott would lead the production of a new Blade Runner film , although work would not begin until at least 2013 . Producer Andrew A. Kosove suggested that Harrison Ford , who had starred in the original film , was unlikely to be involved . Scott said that the film was `` liable to be a sequel '' but without the previous cast , and that he was close to finding a writer that `` might be able to help ( him ) deliver '' . On February 6 , 2012 , Kosove stated : `` It is absolutely , patently false that there has been any discussion about Harrison Ford being in Blade Runner . To be clear , what we are trying to do with Ridley now is go through the painstaking process of trying to break the back of the story ... The casting of the movie could not be further from our minds at this moment . '' When Scott was asked about the possibility of a sequel in October 2012 , he said , `` It 's not a rumor -- it 's happening . With Harrison Ford ? I do n't know yet . Is he too old ? Well , he was a Nexus - 6 so we do n't know how long he can live . And that 's all I 'm going to say at this stage . '' Scott said in November 2014 that he would not direct the film and would instead produce ; that filming would begin in late 2014 or 2015 , and that Ford 's character would only appear in `` the third act '' of the sequel . On February 26 , 2015 , the sequel was confirmed , with Denis Villeneuve as its director . Ford was confirmed to be returning as Deckard ; so too original writer Hampton Fancher . The film was expected to enter production in mid-2016 . Pre-production On April 16 , 2015 , Ryan Gosling entered negotiations for a role . Gosling confirmed in November 2015 that he had been cast , citing the involvement of Villeneuve and the cinematographer Roger Deakins as factors for his decision ; Deakins was hired as director of photography on May 20 , 2016 . Principal photography was set to begin in July , with Warner Bros. distributing the film domestically , and Sony Pictures Releasing distributing internationally . On February 18 , 2016 , an official release date of January 12 , 2018 was announced . On March 31 , 2016 , Robin Wright entered final negotiations for a role in the film , and on April 2 , Dave Bautista posted a picture of himself with an origami unicorn , hinting at a role in the film . Bautista and Wright were confirmed to be joining the cast on April 4 , and a filming start date of July was established . In late April 2016 , the film 's release date was moved up to October 6 , 2017 , as well as Ana de Armas and Sylvia Hoeks being added to the cast . Carla Juri was cast in May 2016 . In June , Mackenzie Davis and Barkhad Abdi were cast , with David Dastmalchian , Hiam Abbass and Lennie James joining in July . Jared Leto was cast in the film in August ; Villeneuve had hoped to cast David Bowie , but Bowie died before production began . In March 2017 , Edward James Olmos confirmed he was in the film in a sequence playing his original character , Gaff . When interviewed at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival , Villeneuve had noted that the plot would be ambiguous as to the question of Deckard being a human or a replicant . In an interview , Villeneuve mentioned that the film is set a few decades after the original . It will again take place in Los Angeles , and the Earth 's atmosphere will be different , he said : `` The climate has gone berserk -- the ocean , the rain , the snow is all toxic . '' It was announced that Scott would be executive producer . Filming Principal photography took place between July and November 2016 in Budapest , Hungary . On August 25 , 2016 , a construction worker was killed while dismantling one of the film 's sets at Origo Studios . Post-production Warner Bros. announced in early October 2016 that the film would be titled Blade Runner 2049 . Editing commenced in December in Los Angeles , with the intention of having the film being rated R. At the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con , Villeneuve said that the film would run for approximately two - and - a-half hours . Soundtrack Rapper - producer El - P was asked to compose music for the first Blade Runner 2049 trailer , but his score was `` rejected or ignored '' . Jóhann Jóhannsson , who had worked with Villeneuve on Prisoners , Sicario and Arrival , was announced as composer for the film . Hans Zimmer and Benjamin Wallfisch joined in July 2017 . In September , Jóhannsson 's agent confirmed that he was no longer involved , and that he was contractually forbidden from commenting on the situation . The soundtrack album was released on October 5 , 2017 . A physical two disc CD version of the soundtrack by Epic Records will be released in the United States on October 27 , 2017 . There are two editions of the CD release and each edition is limited to 2049 copies . Both editions are hand numbered to 2049 but each contains different cover artwork to differentiate the two . All tracks written by Hans Zimmer and Benjamin Wallfisch . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` 2049 '' 3 : 37 2 . `` Sapper 's Tree '' 1 : 36 3 . `` Flight to LAPD '' 1 : 47 4 . `` Summer Wind - ( Frank Sinatra ) '' 2 : 54 5 . `` Rain '' 2 : 26 6 . `` Wallace '' 5 : 23 7 . `` Memory '' 2 : 32 8 . `` Mesa '' 3 : 10 9 . `` Orphanage '' 1 : 13 10 . `` Furnace '' 3 : 41 11 . `` Someone Lived This '' 3 : 13 12 . `` Joi '' 3 : 51 13 . `` Pilot '' 2 : 17 14 . `` Suspicious Minds - ( Elvis Presley ) '' 4 : 22 15 . `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love - ( Elvis Presley & The Jordanaires ) '' 3 : 02 16 . `` One For My Baby ( And One More For the Road ) - ( Frank Sinatra ) '' 4 : 24 17 . `` Hijack '' 5 : 32 18 . `` That 's Why We Believe '' 3 : 36 19 . `` Her Eyes Were Green '' 6 : 17 20 . `` Sea Wall '' 9 : 52 21 . `` All the Best Memories Are Hers '' 3 : 22 22 . `` Tears In the Rain '' 2 : 10 23 . `` Blade Runner '' 10 : 05 24 . `` Almost Human ( From the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Blade Runner 2049 '' ) - ( Lauren Daigle ) '' 3 : 22 Release Blade Runner 2049 premiered on October 3 , 2017 at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles , although following the 2017 Las Vegas Strip shooting , the red carpet events were cancelled prior to the screening . It was the opening feature at the Festival du nouveau cinéma in Montreal the following day . It also was premiered in Switzerland at the Zurich Film Festival on October 4 , 2017 . Sony Pictures Releasing , who had obtained rights to release the film in overseas territories , was the first to release Blade Runner 2049 in theaters , first in France and Belgium on October 4 , 2017 , then in other countries on the two following days . The film was released by Warner Bros. domestically in the United States on October 6 , 2017 . In addition to standard 2D and 3D formats , Blade Runner 2049 was released in IMAX theaters . Also , Alcon Entertainment partnered with Oculus VR to create and distribute content for the film exclusively for its virtual reality format and launched it alongside the theatrical release of October 6 , 2017 . Due to the popularity and preference of IMAX in 2D ( as opposed to 3D ) among moviegoers in North America , the film was shown in IMAX theaters in only 2D domestically , but was screened in 3D formats internationally . The film is rated R by the Motion Picture Association of America for `` violence , some sexuality , nudity , and language '' . Leading into the film 's release , Villeneuve told Europa Plus the theatrical version would be his only version , unlike the original , and any potential alternate versions would be made by someone else . Marketing Warner Bros. and Columbia Pictures jointly released an announcement teaser on December 19 , 2016 . A selection of excerpts ( lasting 15 seconds ) were released as a trailer tease on May 5 , 2017 in the lead up to the full trailer , which was released on May 8 , 2017 . A second trailer was released on July 17 , 2017 . Three short films have been made to explore events that occur in the 30 - year period between Blade Runner and Blade Runner 2049 : 2036 : Nexus Dawn is directed by Luke Scott , and follows Niander Wallace as he presents a new Nexus - 9 replicant to lawmakers in an attempt to have a prohibition on replicants lifted . The short film also stars Benedict Wong as one of the lawmakers . 2048 : Nowhere to Run , also directed by Scott , follows Sapper Morton as he protects a mother and daughter from thugs . Blade Runner Black Out 2022 , is an anime directed by Shinichirō Watanabe wherein a rogue replicant named Iggy carries out an operation to detonate a nuclear warhead over Los Angeles , triggering an electromagnetic pulse that erases the Tyrell Corporation 's database of registered replicants . Edward James Olmos reprises his role as Gaff in this film . Flying Lotus composed the soundtrack ; Watanabe had used his music as a temp score in making a rough cut of the short . Reception Box office As of October 10 , 2017 , Blade Runner 2049 has grossed $40.8 million in the United States and Canada , and $49.2 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $90 million , against a production budget of $150 -- 185 million . In the United States and Canada , the film was initially projected to gross $43 -- 50 million from 4,058 theaters in its opening weekend . In September 2017 , a survey from Fandango indicated that the film was one of the most anticipated releases of the season . It made $4 million from Thursday night previews , including $800,000 from IMAX , but just $12.6 million on its first day , lowering weekend estimates to $32 -- 35 million . It made $11.4 million on Saturday and went on to debut to $32.8 million , well below initial projections but still finishing first at the box office and marking the biggest openings of Villeneuve and Gosling 's careers . Deadline.com attributed the film 's performance to the 163 minute runtime limiting the number of showtimes theaters could have , as well as being unappealing to audiences , and the marketing being vague and relying on nostalgia and established fanbase to carry it . Overseas , it was expected to debut to an additional $60 million from 62 countries , for a worldwide opening of around $100 million . It ended up making $50.2 million internationally , finishing number one in 42 markets , for a global opening of $81.7 million . It made $8 million in the United Kingdom , $4.9 million in Russia and $3.6 million in Australia . Critical response On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 88 % based on 264 reviews , with an average rating of 8.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Visually stunning and narratively satisfying , Blade Runner 2049 deepens and expands its predecessor 's story while standing as an impressive filmmaking achievement in its own right . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned the film a weighted average score of 81 out of 100 , based on 51 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Critics who saw the film before its release were asked by Villeneuve not to reveal certain characters and plot points . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three - and - a-half stars out of four , calling it an instant classic and writing : `` For Blade Runner junkies like myself , who 've mainlined five different versions of Ridley Scott 's now iconic sci - fi film noir , ( ... ) every minute of this mesmerizing mindbender is a visual feast to gorge on . '' Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film five out of five stars , praising the production design , cinematography and score , and calling the CGI some of the best he had ever seen , writing : `` It just has to be experienced on the biggest screen possible . Blade Runner 2049 is a narcotic spectacle of eerie and pitiless vastness , by turns satirical , tragic and romantic . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times called the film as a `` a carefully engineered narrative puzzle '' that `` tries both to honor the original and to slip free of its considerable shadow '' , and mostly succeeds . He found it , though , ultimately unequal to the original , describing Blade Runner 2049 as `` a more docile , less rebellious `` improvement '' `` . He also lauded Villeneuve 's direction which he referred as a `` unnerving calm , as if he were exploring and trying to synthesize the human and mechanical sides of his own sensibility '' , as well the cinematography and visual effects as `` zones of strangeness that occasionally rise to the level of sublimity '' . Eric Kohn of IndieWire gave the film an A - rating , saying : `` Blade Runner 2049 may not reinvent the rules for blockbuster storytelling , but it manages to inject the form with the ambitions of high art , maintaining a thrilling intensity along the way . '' Scott Collura of IGN awarded the film a score of 9.7 out of 10 and called it one of the best sequels ever , saying : `` 2049 plays off of the themes , plot , and characters of the 1982 movie without cannibalizing it or negating or retroactively ruining any of those elements . Rather , it organically expands and grows what came before . It 's a deep , rich , smart film that 's visually awesome and full of great sci - fi concepts , and one that was well worth the 35 - year wait . '' Mick LaSalle of San Francisco Chronicle rated the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , labeling the film as a `` quiet , thoughtful science fiction '' while drawing a similarity on its tone to Villeneuve 's recent film , Arrival and praising the performances , particularly Gosling and Ford . Christopher Orr writing for Atlantic magazine found the sequel to be a faithful and worthwhile continuation of the original film stating : `` This is in part because , like its predecessor , Blade Runner 2049 is a decidedly cool artifact , and not primarily an actors ' film . Villeneuve 's most important collaborators are the cinematographer Roger Deakins and the production designer Dennis Gassner , who between them conjure a future world breathtaking in its decrepitude , a gorgeous ruin . From the grayed - out countrysides over which the sky has closed like a lid ; to the drizzly neon decadence of Los Angeles ; to a San Diego refashioned as a waste dump worthy of Wall - E ; to the Ozymandian wreckage of Las Vegas -- the film is a splendor of the first order . '' John Serba in his review for Mlive also saw the film as a worthy successor and continuation of the original film and capable of standing next to other strong films in this genre such as the 1927 Metropolis stating : `` Blade Runner 2049 is a feast for the eyes and intellect , and for more patient audiences . It broods so intently and for so long , its occasional bursts of violent action break the film 's exquisitely meditative constitution . A key atmospheric component is the thrumming synthesizer score , by Hans Zimmer and Benjamin Wallfisch , emulating Vangelis ' masterful original . '' The Economist was more critical of the movie , calling it a `` bombastic sequel '' and noting its `` thin and threadbare '' storyline , which was `` riddled with holes '' , and the `` little more than a cameo '' appearance of Ford , despite his being used heavily in the film 's promotion . Accolades List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . IndieWire Critic 's Poll December 19 , 2016 Most Anticipated of 2017 Blade Runner 2049 Won Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Teaser Blade Runner 2049 Won Possible sequel In September 2015 , Scott expressed interest in making additional films . In October 2017 , Villeneuve said that he expected a third film would be made if 2049 was successful . Writer of both films Hampton Fancher also revealed that he was considering reviving an old story idea involving Deckard travelling to another country , and Ford said that he would be open to returning if he liked the script . See also Artificial intelligence Cyberpunk List of films featuring drones References ^ Jump up to : `` Johnnie Walker Releases Whisky of the Future , Inspired By Blade Runner 2049 '' . Markets Insider . PR Newswire . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BLADE RUNNER 2049 '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Kicks Off October Box Office as Clear Favorite '' . TheWrap . October 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Poised To Fly Around The World With Estimated $100 M Bow '' . Deadline.com . October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Tracking for $40 M - Plus U.S. Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Vilkomerson , Sara . `` Blade Runner 2049 screenwriter Michael Green answers our burning questions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Rougeau , Michael ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` How Blade Runner 2049 Resurrected That Character From The Original '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Blade Runner FAQ : Are there any sequels ? I heard rumours ... , My Blade Runner , archived from the original on October 28 , 2012 , retrieved July 27 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` My Two Cents - Archived Posts ( 8 / 7 / 07 - 7 / 26 / 07 ) '' . The Digital Bits . July 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Ridley answered a number of questions from the audience , and even said that he 's open to doing a sequel to the film ... 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Variety . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead 's Lennie James Cast In ' Blade Runner 's Sequel '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` Jared Leto Joins ' Blade Runner ' Sequel '' . Variety . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sharf , Zack ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' : David Bowie Was Denis Villeneuve 's First Choice to Play the Villain '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Edward James Olmos Returning For ' Blade Runner 2049 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( September 2015 ) , `` Blade Runner 2 Will Take Care of the Original 's Biggest Mystery '' , Cinemablend , retrieved April 28 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Blade Runner 2 concept art first look '' by SARA VILKOMERSON , JULY 15 , 2016 , from Entertainment Weekly . ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Blade Runner 2 concept art first look '' by SARA VILKOMERSON , JULY 15 , 2016 , from Entertainment Weekly . ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Vilkomerson , Sara ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Blade Runner sequel concept art : See a first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Blade Runner 2 ' Officially Starts Filming This July '' . Collider.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Ryan Gosling Explains How to Win a Trip to the Blade Runner 2 Set '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Grater , Tom ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' will be R - rated , confirms Denis Villeneuve '' . Screendaily.com . Jump up ^ Buncombe , Andrew ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Blade Runner 2 ' : Construction worker killed after set collapses in Hungary '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Mark ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` The ' Blade Runner ' sequel finally has a title -- ' Blade Runner 2049 ' -- but what does it mean ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Runtime Revealed by Denis Villeneuve '' . July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listen to El - P 's ' rejected ' Blade Runner 2049 score '' . The Independent . 2017 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Icelandic Film Composer No Longer Attached To Blade Runner Sequel '' . icelandreview.com . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blade Runner 2049 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Apple Music . October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shop the Blade Runner 2049 Official Store '' . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blade Runner 2049 world premiere scaled back after Las Vegas shooting '' . The Independent . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Denis Villeneuve 's Blade Runner 2049 opens Festival du nouveau cinéma '' . Montreal Gazette . October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : IMDB list of international releases Jump up ^ Mia Galuppo ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Blade Runner ' Sequel Gets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ready Player One , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' to Get Imax Releases as Part of Warner Bros. Deal '' . Variety . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Blade Runner ' Sequel Finally Has A Title , Will Offer VR Experiences For Film Through Oculus -- Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Etan Vlessing ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` Imax to Screen More Hollywood Tentpoles in 2D , Citing `` Clear Preference '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Officially Rated R '' . Collider . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MacRae , Dan ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Director Denis Villeneuve Says The Movie We 're Getting Is The Director 's Cut '' . Uproxx . Jump up ^ Newitz , Annalee ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Blade Runner 2049 teaser trailer looks promising '' . Ars Technica . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chrus . `` Blade Runner 2049 Trailer '' . newsarama.com . Jump up ^ Nordine , Michael ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Teaser : New Footage Offers a Glimpse of a Future in Which We Have Teasers for Teasers for Teasers '' . Indiewire . Jump up ^ `` Blade Runner : new trailer released '' . The Telegraph . July 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Watch a ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Prequel Short Film Starring Jared Leto '' . Collider . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Short Film Reveals Jared Leto 's Contribution to Replicant Technology in 2036 '' . / Film . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Short Film Introduces the Backstory of Dave Bautista 's Sapper '' . September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shinichiro Watanabe to direct a Blade Runner short film ! '' . September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Josephs , Brian ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Flying Lotus Will Soundtrack a New Blade Runner Animated Short '' . Spin . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Tickets Go on Sale Friday ; Opening in The $43 M - $47 M Range '' . Deadline.com . September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flying Car Fizzles : Why ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Is Hitting Turbulence With $32 M+ Opening '' . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Dulls - 11 % On Saturday ; Weekend Opening Now At $31 M+ : Sunday Postmortem '' . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Launches With $50 M Overseas ; ' It ' Tops $600 M WW ; ' Despicable 3 ' Hops Past ' Zootopia ' -- Intl Box Office '' . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blade Runner 2049 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Klimek , Chris - ' Blade Runner 2049 ' : Even Sharper Than The Original . NPS , September 29 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Review : Sequel to Sci - Fi Landmark Is Instant Classic '' . Rolling Stone . September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Blade Runner 2049 review -- a gigantic spectacle of pure hallucinatory craziness '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : In ' Blade Runner 2049 , ' Hunting Replicants Amid Strangeness '' . The New York Times . A.O. Scott . 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Blade Runner 2049 review -- Denis Villeneuve 's Neo-Noir Sequel Is Mind - Blowing Sci - Fi Storytelling '' . Indiewire . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Collura ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Blade Runner 2049 review '' . IGN . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blade Runner 2049 's ' smart , somber sci - fi feels a bit too real now '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Christopher Orr . `` Blade Runner 2049 Is a Worthy Heir to a Classic '' . Atlantic magazine . October 5 , 2017 . ( 3 ) Jump up ^ John Serba . `` Blade Runner 2049 review : A masterful progression from the original film '' . Mlive on - line journal . October 7 , 2017 . ( 4 ) Jump up ^ N.B. ( 6 October 2017 ) . `` `` Blade Runner 2049 '' is a flawed replicant `` . The Economist . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Critics Poll : The Best Films and Performances of the Year According to Over 200 Critics '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greene , Steve ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 IndieWire Critics Poll : Full List of Results '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Wins Top Prize at Golden Trailer Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ridley Scott on Bringing The Martian to Life and How He 's Reviving Blade Runner '' . Yahoo ! Movies . September 15 , 2015 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Gregory ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Will there be a ' Blade Runner 3 ' ? The cast and crew give us the inside scoop '' . Metro . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blade Runner 2049 . Official website Blade Runner 2049 on IMDb Blade Runner 2049 at Rotten Tomatoes Blade Runner Adaptation of a work by Philip K. Dick Novels Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? The Edge of Human Replicant Night Eye and Talon Feature films Blade Runner themes versions soundtrack tears in rain monologue Blade Runner 2049 Short films 2036 : Nexus Dawn 2048 : Nowhere to Run Blade Runner Black Out 2022 Video games Blade Runner ( 1985 ) Blade Runner ( 1997 ) Comics A Marvel Comics Super Special : Blade Runner Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? ( comic book ) Dust To Dust Characters Rick Deckard Replicants Category Films directed by Denis Villeneuve Cosmos ( 1996 ) August 32nd on Earth ( 1998 ) Maelström ( 2000 ) Next Floor ( 2008 ) Polytechnique ( 2009 ) Incendies ( 2010 ) Prisoners ( 2013 ) Enemy ( 2013 ) Sicario ( 2015 ) Arrival ( 2016 ) Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) Works by Philip K. Dick Novels Gather Yourselves Together ( 1950 ) Voices from the Street ( 1952 ) Solar Lottery ( 1954 ) Mary and the Giant ( 1954 ) The World Jones Made ( 1954 ) Eye in the Sky ( 1955 ) The Man Who Japed ( 1955 ) A Time for George Stavros ( 1956 ) Pilgrim on the Hill ( 1956 ) The Broken Bubble ( 1956 ) The Cosmic Puppets ( 1957 ) Puttering About in a Small Land ( 1957 ) Nicholas and the Higs ( 1958 ) Time Out of Joint ( 1958 ) In Milton Lumky Territory ( 1958 ) Confessions of a Crap Artist ( 1959 ) The Man Whose Teeth Were All Exactly Alike ( 1960 ) Humpty Dumpty in Oakland ( 1960 ) Vulcan 's Hammer ( 1960 ) Dr. Futurity ( 1960 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 1961 ) We Can Build You ( 1962 ) Martian Time - Slip ( 1962 ) Dr. Bloodmoney , or How We Got Along After the Bomb ( 1963 ) The Game - Players of Titan ( 1963 ) The Simulacra ( 1963 ) The Crack in Space ( 1963 ) Clans of the Alphane Moon ( 1964 ) The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch ( 1964 ) The Zap Gun ( 1964 ) The Penultimate Truth ( 1964 ) The Unteleported Man ( 1964 ) The Ganymede Takeover ( 1965 ) Counter-Clock World ( 1965 ) Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? ( 1966 ) Nick and the Glimmung ( 1966 ) Now Wait for Last Year ( 1966 ) Ubik ( 1966 ) Galactic Pot - Healer ( 1968 ) A Maze of Death ( 1968 ) Our Friends from Frolix 8 ( 1969 ) Flow My Tears , the Policeman Said ( 1974 ) Deus Irae ( 1976 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 1976 ; published 1985 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 1977 ) VALIS ( 1981 ) The Divine Invasion ( 1981 ) The Transmigration of Timothy Archer ( 1982 ) The Owl in Daylight ( unfinished ) Collections A Handful of Darkness ( 1955 ) The Variable Man ( 1956 ) The Preserving Machine ( 1969 ) The Book of Philip K. Dick ( 1973 ) The Best of Philip K. Dick ( 1977 ) The Golden Man ( 1980 ) Robots , Androids , and Mechanical Oddities ( 1984 ) I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon ( 1985 ) The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 1987 ) Beyond Lies the Wub ( 1988 ) The Dark Haired Girl ( 1989 ) The Father - Thing ( 1989 ) Second Variety ( 1989 ) The Days of Perky Pat ( 1990 ) The Little Black Box ( 1990 ) The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford ( 1990 ) We Can Remember It for You Wholesale ( 1990 ) The Minority Report ( 1991 ) Second Variety ( 1991 ) The Eye of the Sibyl ( 1992 ) The Philip K. Dick Reader ( 1997 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Selected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2004 ) Vintage PKD ( 2006 ) Short stories `` Beyond Lies the Wub '' ( 1952 ) `` The Gun '' ( 1952 ) `` The Skull '' ( 1952 ) `` The Little Movement '' ( 1952 ) `` The Defenders '' ( 1953 ) `` Mr. Spaceship '' ( 1953 ) `` Piper in the Woods '' ( 1953 ) `` Roog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Infinites '' ( 1953 ) `` Second Variety '' ( 1953 ) `` Colony '' ( 1953 ) `` The Cookie Lady '' ( 1953 ) `` Impostor '' ( 1953 ) `` Paycheck '' ( 1953 ) `` The Preserving Machine '' ( 1953 ) `` Expendable '' ( 1953 ) `` The Indefatigable Frog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Commuter '' ( 1953 ) `` Out in the Garden '' ( 1953 ) `` The Great C '' ( 1953 ) `` The King of the Elves '' ( 1953 ) `` The Trouble with Bubbles '' ( 1953 ) `` The Variable Man '' ( 1953 ) `` Planet for Transients '' ( 1953 ) `` The Builder '' ( 1953 ) `` Tony and the Beetles '' ( 1953 ) `` Prize Ship '' ( 1954 ) `` Beyond the Door '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crystal Crypt '' ( 1954 ) `` The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford '' ( 1954 ) `` The Golden Man '' ( 1954 ) `` Sales Pitch '' ( 1954 ) `` Breakfast at Twilight '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crawlers '' ( 1954 ) `` Exhibit Piece '' ( 1954 ) `` Adjustment Team '' ( 1954 ) `` Shell Game '' ( 1954 ) `` Meddler '' ( 1954 ) `` A World of Talent '' ( 1954 ) `` The Last of the Masters '' ( 1954 ) `` Upon the Dull Earth '' ( 1954 ) `` The Father - thing '' ( 1954 ) `` Strange Eden '' ( 1954 ) `` The Turning Wheel '' ( 1954 ) `` Foster , You 're Dead ! '' ( 1955 ) `` Human Is '' ( 1955 ) `` War Veteran '' ( 1955 ) `` Captive Market '' ( 1955 ) `` Nanny '' ( 1955 ) `` The Chromium Fence '' ( 1955 ) `` Service Call '' ( 1955 ) `` The Mold of Yancy '' ( 1955 ) `` Autofac '' ( 1955 ) `` Psi - man Heal My Child ! '' ( 1955 ) `` The Minority Report '' ( 1956 ) `` Pay for the Printer '' ( 1956 ) `` A Glass of Darkness '' ( 1956 ) `` The Unreconstructed M '' ( 1957 ) `` Null - O '' ( 1958 ) `` Explorers We '' ( 1959 ) `` Recall Mechanism '' ( 1959 ) `` Fair Game '' ( 1959 ) `` War Game '' ( 1959 ) `` All We Marsmen '' ( 1963 ) `` What 'll We Do with Ragland Park ? '' ( 1963 ) `` The Days of Perky Pat '' ( 1963 ) `` If There Were No Benny Cemoli '' ( 1963 ) `` Waterspider '' ( 1964 ) `` Novelty Act '' ( 1964 ) `` Oh , to Be a Blobel ! '' ( 1964 ) `` The War with the Fnools '' ( 1964 ) `` What the Dead Men Say '' ( 1964 ) `` Orpheus with Clay Feet '' ( 1964 ) `` Cantata 140 '' ( 1964 ) `` The Unteleported Man '' ( 1964 ) `` Retreat Syndrome '' ( 1965 ) `` Project Plowshare '' ( 1965 ) `` We Can Remember It for You Wholesale '' ( 1966 ) `` Faith of Our Fathers '' ( 1967 ) `` Not by Its Cover '' ( 1968 ) `` The Electric Ant '' ( 1969 ) `` A. Lincoln , Simulacrum '' ( 1969 ) `` The Pre-persons '' ( 1974 ) `` A Little Something for Us Tempunauts '' ( 1974 ) `` The Exit Door Leads In '' ( 1979 ) `` Rautavaara 's Case '' ( 1980 ) `` I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon '' ( 1980 ) `` The Eye of the Sibyl '' ( 1987 ) `` Stability '' ( 1987 ) Adaptations Films Blade Runner ( 1982 ) Total Recall ( 1990 ) Confessions d'un Barjo ( 1992 ) Screamers ( 1995 ) Impostor ( 2002 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2003 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 2006 ) Next ( 2007 ) Screamers : The Hunting ( 2009 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 2010 ) The Adjustment Bureau ( 2011 ) Total Recall ( 2012 ) 2036 : Nexus Dawn ( 2017 ) 2048 : Nowhere to Run ( 2017 ) Blade Runner Black Out 2022 ( 2017 ) Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) TV series Total Recall 2070 ( 1999 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 2015 -- present ) Minority Report ( 2015 ) Philip K. 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when is the next blade runner movie coming out
[ "Principal photography took place in Budapest, Hungary between July and November 2016. Blade Runner 2049 premiered in Los Angeles on October 3, 2017 and was released in the United States on October 6, 2017, in 2D, 3D and IMAX. The film received acclaim from critics, with some regarding it as one of the best sequels ever made.[8][9][10][11]" ]
[ "October 6, 2017" ]
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Where the Wild Things Are (film)
Where the Wild Things Are ( film ) - wikipedia Where the Wild Things Are ( film ) Where the Wild Things Are Theatrical release poster Directed by Spike Jonze Produced by Tom Hanks Gary Goetzman Maurice Sendak John Carls Vincent Landay Screenplay by Spike Jonze Dave Eggers Based on Where the Wild Things Are by Maurice Sendak Starring Max Records Catherine Keener Mark Ruffalo Lauren Ambrose Chris Cooper James Gandolfini Catherine O'Hara Forest Whitaker Music by Karen O Carter Burwell Cinematography Lance Acord Edited by Eric Zumbrunnen James Haygood Production company Legendary Pictures Village Roadshow Pictures Wild Things Productions Playtone Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date October 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 13 ) ( New York City ) October 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 16 ) ( United States ) December 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 03 ) ( Australia ) December 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 17 ) ( Germany ) Running time 101 minutes Country Australia Germany United States Language English Budget $100 million Box office $100.1 million Where the Wild Things Are is a 2009 fantasy drama film directed by Spike Jonze . Written by Jonze and Dave Eggers , it is adapted from Maurice Sendak 's 1963 children 's book of the same name . It combines live - action , performers in costumes , animatronics , and computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) . The film stars Max Records and features the voices of James Gandolfini , Paul Dano , Lauren Ambrose , Forest Whitaker , Catherine O'Hara , and Chris Cooper . The film centers on a lonely eight - year - old boy named Max who sails away to an island inhabited by creatures known as the `` Wild Things , '' who declare Max their king . In the early 1980s , Disney considered adapting the film as a blend of traditionally animated characters and computer - generated environments , but development did not go past a test film to see how the animation hybridizing would result . In 2001 , Universal Studios acquired rights to the book 's adaptation and initially attempted to develop a computer - animated adaptation with Disney animator Eric Goldberg , but the CGI concept was replaced with a live - action one in 2003 , and Goldberg was dropped for Spike Jonze . The film was co-produced by actor Tom Hanks through his production company Playtone and made with an estimated budget of $100 million . Where the Wild Things Are was a joint production between Australia , Germany , and the United States , and was filmed principally in Melbourne . The film was released on October 16 , 2009 , in the United States , on December 3 in Australia , and on December 17 in Germany . The film was met with mostly positive reviews and appeared on many year - end top ten lists . However the film flopped commercially at the box office , making $100.1 million from a budget of $100 million . The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray on March 2 , 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voices 2.2 Suit performers 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Music 4 Release and reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Awards and recognition 4.4 Suitability for children 4.5 Home media 5 Merchandise 5.1 Video game 5.2 Skateboards and limited edition shoes 5.3 Toys 5.4 Novelization 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Max , a lonely eight - year - old boy with an active imagination whose parents are divorced , is wearing a wolf costume and chasing his dog . His older sister , Claire , does nothing when her friends crush Max 's snow fort with him inside during a snowball fight . Out of frustration , Max messes up her bedroom and destroys a frame he made for her . At school , Max 's teacher teaches him and his classmates about the eventual death of the sun . Later his mother , Connie , invites her boyfriend Adrian to dinner . Max becomes upset with his mother for not coming to the fort he made in his room . He wears his wolf costume , acts like an animal , and demands to be fed . When his mother gets upset , he throws a tantrum and bites her on the shoulder . She yells at him and he runs away , scared by what transpired . At the edge of a pond , Max finds a small boat that he boards . The pond soon becomes an ocean . Max , still in his wolf suit , reaches an island . He stumbles upon a group of seven large , monstrous creatures . One of them , Carol , is in the middle of a destructive tantrum caused by the departure of a female Wild Thing named K.W. As Carol wreaks havoc Max tries joining in on the mayhem , but finds himself facing the suspicious anger of the Wild Things . When they contemplate eating him , Max convinces them that he is a king with magical powers capable of bringing harmony to the group . They crown him as their new king . Shortly after , K.W. returns and Max declares a wild rumpus , in which the Wild Things smash trees and tackle each other . The Wild Things introduce themselves as Carol , Ira , Judith , Alexander , Douglas , the Bull , and K.W. Soon , they pile on one another before going to sleep , with Max at the center . Carol takes Max on a tour of the island , showing him a model he built depicting what he wishes the island looked like . Inspired by this , Max orders the construction of an enormous fort , with Carol in charge of construction . When K.W. brings her two owl friends Bob and Terry to the fort , a disagreement ensues , as Carol feels they are outsiders . To release their frustrations , Max divides the tribe into `` good guys '' and `` bad guys '' for a dirt clod fight , but Alexander is hurt during the game . After an argument between K.W. and Carol , K.W. leaves once again . Max finds Alexander alone in the fort . Alexander reveals that he suspected that Max is not a king with magical powers , but warns him to never let Carol know . At pre-dawn , Carol throws another tantrum -- this time , about the fort , K.W. 's absence , and the eventual death of the sun , which Max talked with Carol about earlier . When Carol gets angry with Max for not doing a good job as king , Douglas tries explaining that he is `` just a boy , pretending to be a wolf , pretending to be a king '' , exposing the truth to the rest of the Wild Things . Carol becomes enraged and rips off Douglas 's right arm , though only sand pours from the wound . Carol chases Max into the forest and attempts to eat him . Max is saved by K.W. , who hides him in her stomach . Max listens as Carol and K.W. argue over Carol 's behavior . Max finds the crushed remains of Carol 's model island and leaves a token of affection for him to find . Max finds Carol and tells him he is going home because he is not a king . The other Wild Things escort Max to his boat . Carol runs to join them after finding Max 's token and arrives in time to see him off . He starts to howl and Max howls back , then all the other Wild Things join in . Carol looks at K.W. and she smiles kindly at him . Returning home , Max is embraced by his mother , who gives him a bowl of soup , a piece of cake and a glass of milk and sits with him as he eats . He watches as she falls asleep . Cast ( edit ) Max Records as Max , a lonely eight - year - old boy with a wild imagination . Catherine Keener as Connie , Max 's mother . Mark Ruffalo as Adrian , Connie 's boyfriend . Pepita Emmerichs as Claire , Max 's sister . Steve Mouzakis as Max 's teacher . Max Pfeifer , Madeleine Greaves , Joshua Jay , and Ryan Corr as Claire 's friends . Voices ( edit ) James Gandolfini as Carol , an impulsive Wild Thing . Lauren Ambrose as K.W. , the loner of the group . Chris Cooper as Douglas , a cockatoo - like peace - keeper who is Carol 's best friend . Forest Whitaker as Ira , a gentle , soft - spoken Wild Thing . Catherine O'Hara as Judith , a Triceratops - like horned Wild Thing , who is Ira 's loud , aggressive girlfriend . Paul Dano as Alexander , a goat - like Wild Thing who is constantly ignored , belittled and mistreated . Michael Berry Jr. as Bernard the Bull , a quiet , intimidating bull - headed Wild Thing who keeps to himself and rarely speaks . Spike Jonze as Bob and Terry , two owls , and K.W 's friends . Suit performers ( edit ) Vincent Crowley as Carol Alice Parkinson as K.W. John Leary as Douglas Sam Longley as Ira Nick Farnell as Judith Sonny Gerasimowicz as Alexander Angus Sampson as Bernard the Bull Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Where the Wild Things Are started its development life in the early 1980s , originally to be an animated feature by Disney that would have blended traditionally animated characters with computer - generated settings . Animators Glen Keane and John Lasseter ( who later moved on to Pixar ) had completed a test film to see how the animation hybridizing would work out , but the project proceeded no further . Universal Studios acquired rights to the book 's adaptation in 2001 and initially attempted to develop a computer - animated adaptation with Disney animator Eric Goldberg , but in 2003 the CGI concept was replaced with a live - action one , and Goldberg was replaced with Spike Jonze . After years of interest from various producers , Sendak favored Spike Jonze as director , noting he was `` young , interesting and had a spark that none of the others had '' . The film was originally set for release from Universal , and a teaser of the film was attached to the studio 's 2000 adaptation of How the Grinch Stole Christmas . Disagreements between Universal and Sendak over Jonze 's approach to the story led to a turnaround arrangement where the film 's production was transferred to Warner Bros . `` Spike Jonze : Check . Dave Eggers : Check . Yeah Yeah Yeahs : Check . Where the Wild Things Are has all the ingredients to become the hipster equivalent of Star Wars . '' -- NPR , All Things Considered In 2005 , Jonze and Dave Eggers completed a 111 - page screenplay , expanding the original ten - sentence story . On July 8 , 2006 , production began open auditions for the role of Max . The process took months , but , eventually , Max Records was cast . Academy Award - winning make - up effects supervisor Howard Berger ( The Chronicles of Narnia ) turned down offers to work on the film four times . Although the book inspired him as a child to work in special effects , he felt filming it was a `` horrible idea . '' Jim Henson 's Creature Shop provided the animatronic suits for the Wild Things . Filming began in April 2006 at Docklands Studios Melbourne in Melbourne , Australia . Jonze kept in close consultation with Sendak throughout the process , and the author approved creature designs created by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop . To make the set a more comfortable environment for Max Records , Jonze encouraged the crew members to bring their children to the set . Some of them can be seen in the film 's classroom scene . Michelle Williams was originally cast as the female Wild Thing K.W. only to leave the project after her voice `` did n't match the original vision of how the Wild Thing should sound '' . She was replaced by Lauren Ambrose , and filming continued . Filming ( edit ) In 2008 , test footage was leaked onto the internet leading to mixed reactions . Jonze responded , `` That was a very early test with the sole purpose of just getting some footage to Ben , our VFX supervisor , to see if our VFX plan for the faces would work . '' Following early fan outcry over the leaked video and rumored `` scared children '' in test audiences , Warner Bros. announced a year - long delay . On February 20 , 2008 , speculation emerged that Warner Bros. was considering reshooting the entire film . then - WB president Alan F. Horn responded , `` We 've given him more money and , even more importantly , more time for him to work on the film . We 'd like to find a common ground that represents Spike 's vision but still offers a film that really delivers for a broad - based audience . No one wants to turn this into a bland , sanitized studio movie . This is a very special piece of material and we 're just trying to get it right . '' Producer Gary Goetzman followed , `` We support Spike 's vision . We 're helping him make the vision he wants to make . '' At the end of 2008 , Spike got together with Framestore in London to complete his movie and work with them to bring to life the performances through their animation and visual effects team . Over the course of the next six months , Spike spent time with the animators on the floor of the studio as they worked together to realise his intention for the performances that had started many years before with the voices , continued with the suit performances in Australia , and were completed in London 's Soho . Music ( edit ) Main article : Where the Wild Things Are : Motion Picture Soundtrack For the film 's trailer , Arcade Fire provided a re-recorded version of the track `` Wake Up '' from their album Funeral . The new version is not featured in the actual film or the soundtrack and has never been made available to the public . During the film , various songs can be heard such as `` Hideaway '' , `` Rumpus '' , `` Worried Shoes '' and `` All is Love '' by Karen O , Zahida K , Anisa RK and the Kids . Release and reception ( edit ) `` Jonze unleashes his considerable creativity . The beasts are recognizable from Sendak 's pages , but Jonze gives them names and distinct personalities that connect to aspects of Max 's psyche and to the people he loves . Freud would adore this movie . They are vast , feathered , horned , clawed , beaked and definitely wild -- irrational and dangerous , even when showing affection -- and Jonze uses their threatening bulk as well as their capacity for cruelty to remind us that Max 's taming of them is only temporary . For any child , it is near impossible to stay king of anything , even in fantasy . '' -- Mary Pols , Time magazine Box Office ( edit ) The studio decided not to position the film as a children 's movie and spent 70 % of the advertising on broad - based and adult - driven promotion . The film was released in North America in both conventional and IMAX theaters on October 16 , 2009 . Early Friday box office estimates show the film earned about $32.7 million on its opening weekend in theaters . It grossed $77.2 million during its theatrical run in the U.S. and Canada , plus $22.8 million internationally . Overall , the studio took a loss as the final budget of the movie was estimated to be around $100 million . Internationally , the film was released in Australia on December 4 , 2009 ; in Ireland and the UK on December 11 , 2009 ; and in Germany on December 17 , 2009 . It was released in Russia on February 4 , 2010 . Critical response ( edit ) Reception to the film has been generally positive . The film holds a 73 % `` Fresh '' rating on review website Rotten Tomatoes from 253 reviews with an average score of 6.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Some may find its dark tone and slender narrative off - putting , but Spike Jonze 's heartfelt adaptation of the classic children 's book is as beautiful as it is uncompromising . '' Review aggregation website Metacritic gave the film an average score of 71 out of 100 based on 37 reviews . Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an A declaring `` This is one of the year 's best . '' Manohla Dargis of the New York Times wrote that Spike Jonze 's `` filmmaking exceeds anything he 's done '' before , while also noting the imaginative visuals and otherworldly feel , along with the fantastic creature effects on the `` Wild Things '' . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film four stars saying , `` For all the money spent , the film 's success is best measured by its simplicity and the purity of its innovation . '' Roger Ebert awarded the film three stars out of four . Some critics have noted the movie 's dark adaptation for children , such as David Denby from The New Yorker saying , `` I have a vision of eight - year - olds leaving the movie in bewilderment . Why are the creatures so unhappy ? '' Stephanie Zacharek of Salon.com criticized the film 's visual aspect , `` Even the look of the picture becomes tiresome after a while -- it starts to seem depressive and shaggy and tired . '' She also stated that `` The movie is so loaded with adult ideas about childhood -- as opposed to things that might delight or engage an actual child . '' The Globe and Mail 's Liam Lacey branded the production a `` self - consciously sad film . '' Critic A.O. Scott named the film the best of 2009 and placed it at number five on his list of top ten movies of the decade . Awards and recognition ( edit ) Warner Bros. submitted the film for consideration for the 2009 award season . Suitability for children ( edit ) There were fears , expressed by production company Warner Bros. , that the film was not family friendly and may frighten children ; however these fears were not shared by either Jonze or Sendak , and Jonze refused to compromise . Maurice Sendak said after having seen a completed cut of the film , `` I 've never seen a movie that looked or felt like this . And it 's ( Spike Jonze 's ) personal ' this . ' And he 's not afraid of himself . He 's a real artist that lets it come through in the work . So he 's touched me . He 's touched me very much . '' After seeing the finished product , a Warner Bros. executive stated of Jonze , `` He 's a perfectionist and just kept working on it , but now we know that at the end of the day he nailed it . '' Film classification agencies have tended to assign `` parental guidance '' ratings rather than general or family ratings . MPAA in the United States assessed a PG rating `` for mild thematic elements , some adventure action , and brief language '' . A PG rating was also declared in the United Kingdom by BBFC , citing `` mild threat and brief violence '' . In Canada , the film also received a PG rating in Ontario with an alert for frightening scenes while Quebec awarded a General rating . British Columbia also assessed the film with a G rating with a proviso that it `` may frighten young children '' . In Ireland the film has been classified PG because of what is claimed as having `` mild '' violence Similarly in South Africa , the film received a PG rating with a consumer content Violence indicator , noting there were `` moments of mildish menace and poignant themes . '' Australia also applied a PG rating to the film and noted `` mild violence and scary scenes '' . The movie 's release generated conflicting views over whether it is harmful to expose children to frightening scenes . Jonze indicated that his goal was `` to make a movie about childhood '' rather than to create a children 's movie . Dan Fellman , Warner Brothers ' head of movie distribution , noted that the film 's promotion was not directed towards children , advising parents to exercise their own discretion . In an interview with Newsweek , Sendak stated that parents who deemed the film 's content to be too disturbing for children should `` go to hell . That 's a question I will not tolerate '' and he further noted `` I saw the most horrendous movies that were unfit for child 's eyes . So what ? I managed to survive . '' Home media ( edit ) The film was released as a Blu - ray / DVD / Digital copy combo pack and on DVD on March 2 , 2010 . The home media release was accompanied by a Canadian - produced live - action / animated short film adaptation of another Sendak work , Higglety Pigglety Pop ! or There Must Be More to Life , produced especially for the Blu - ray edition . Merchandise ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Video game ( edit ) Main article : Where the Wild Things Are ( video game ) A video game based on the film was released on October 13 , 2009 , for the PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Wii , and Nintendo DS . The former three were developed by Griptonite Games , and the latter by WayForward . All were published by Warner Bros. Games . Skateboards and Limited edition shoes ( edit ) To coincide with the film 's release , Girl Skateboards ( which Jonze co-owns ) came out with seven pro-model skateboards with the Wild Things as the board graphics . Lakai shoes also re-designed most of their pro-model and stock shoes and added in different colors , adding in pictures of the Wild Things on the side and on others with Where the Wild Things Are printed on the side . UGG Australia also designed limited edition Where The Wild Things Are boots . Toys ( edit ) A series of collectible vinyl dolls of the Wild Things and Max was released from the Japanese company MediCom Toys . Other releases include an eight - inch articulated figure of Max in wolf costume and smaller scale sets of the characters released under their Kubrick figure banner . Novelization ( edit ) McSweeney 's published The Wild Things by Dave Eggers , a full - length novel based on the film adaptation . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ There is contradictory info in various sources . Some , including https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v341780 give the time as 104 minutes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Where the Wild Things Are '' . Jump up ^ `` Where the Wild Things Are '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Where the Wild Things Are '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Price , David A. ( 2009 ) . The Pixar Touch . Random House . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27829 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Spike Jonze goes ' Where the Wild Things Are ' - CNN.com '' . CNN . 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Film Victoria - Where The Wild Things Are '' . Filmed in Melbourne . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ WBshop.com - The Official Online Store of Warner Bros. Studios Archived December 29 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Etherington , Daniel . `` Where The Wild Things Are Preview '' . Channel 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bowles , Scott ; Minzesheimer , Bob ( 2009 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Spike Jonze bravely sails into ' Where the Wild Things Are ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mark Hooper ( 2008 - 02 - 25 ) . `` Catch of the day : Where the Wild Things Are '' . Guardian Film Blog . London . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Gabriel ( 2006 - 01 - 08 ) . `` ' Wild ' ride for Warner '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ How A Kid 's Movie Became A Hipster Happening NPR audio report , October 17 , 2009 Jump up ^ Henriksen , Erik ( 2006 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Re : Roaring Terrible Roars , Gnashing Terrible Teeth , Rolling Terrible Eyes , Showing Terrible Claws '' . The Portland Mercury . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Mike Szymanski ( 2008 - 11 - 25 ) . `` Berger On Why He Said No To Wild Things '' . SCI FI Wire . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Credits '' . Melbourne Central City Studios . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Where the Wild Things Are documentary `` The Kids Take Over the Picture '' ( DVD documentary ) . 2010 . Jump up ^ Jankiewicz , Pat ( 2009 - 10 - 16 ) . `` Where the Wild Things Are ( Monster Times review ) '' . Fangoria . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , Hunter ( 2008 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Spike Jonze 's Where the Wild Things Are to Be Entirely Reshot ? ! '' . Slashfilm.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Barna , Daniel ( 2008 - 07 - 24 ) . `` Spike gets final cut '' . JoBlo.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( 2009 - 03 - 26 ) . `` Arcade Fire Re-Record ' Wake Up ' For ' Where The Wild Things Are ' Trailer '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Pols , Mary ( 2009 - 10 - 14 ) . `` Where the Wild Things Are : Sendak with Sensitivity '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Where The Wild Things Are Runs Up $33 M by Nikki Finke , Deadline Hollywood , October 17 , 2009 Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( 2008 - 09 - 11 ) . `` ' Where the Wild Things Are ' gets long - awaited release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( 2008 - 09 - 11 ) . `` ' Friday Estimates : Where The Wild Things Are On Top ; Law Abiding Citizen Actually Does Well ! '' . The Box Office Junkie . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Smith , Grady . `` ' Friday Estimates : Where The Wild Things Are On Top ; Law Abiding Citizen Actually Does Well ! '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ AAP ( 2009 - 10 - 19 ) . `` Monster hit : Where the Wild Things Are tops US box office '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Reviews of Where the Wild Things Are 6 October 2009 from Irish Film Classification Office . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Wo die wilden Kerle wohnen -- movieworlds.com . Jump up ^ Where the Wild Things Are Russian release date February 4 , 2010 . Page in Russian . Jump up ^ `` Where the Wild Things Are Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Where the Wild Things Are ( 2009 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Where the Wild Things Are '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2009 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( 2009 - 10 - 16 ) . `` Movie review : Where the Wild Things Are '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( 2009 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Where the Wild Things Are '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Where the Wild Things Are '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Denby , David ( 2009 - 10 - 19 ) . `` Naughty Boys : Where the Wild Things Are '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Zacharek ( 2009 - 10 - 16 ) . `` Where the Wild Things are n't '' . Salon.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lacey , Liam ( 2009 - 10 - 16 ) . `` In a magical world , monsters teach a kid a lesson '' . Toronto : The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 28 , 2009 ) . `` '' At The Movies '' Best of the Decade Picks `` . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Warner Bros. Awards Archived December 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 12 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 2009 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Maurice Sendak tells parents worried by Wild Things to ' go to hell ' '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Rose , Steve ( 2009 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Spike Jonze : ' I 'm never going to compromise ' '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Lee , Chris ( 2009 - 09 - 22 ) . `` When Spike met Maurice : Bringing ' Where the Wild Things Are ' to the screen '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings Search : Where the Wild Things Are ( 2009 ) '' . Motion Picture Association of America . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Where the Wild Things Are '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2009 - 10 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Where the Wild Things Are ( 2000083670 ) '' . Ontario Film Review Board . 2009 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Where the Wild Things Are ( 325783 ) '' . Régie du cinéma ( Quebec ) . 2009 - 10 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Where the Wild Things Are '' . British Columbia Film Classification Office . 2009 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Where the Wild Things Are '' . Film and Publication Board . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Where the Wild Things Are ( Film , 35 mm ) '' . 2009 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Vanessa ; Asthana , Anushka ( 2009 - 10 - 18 ) . `` New film Where the Wild Things Are sends parents into a ' rumpus ' '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Bowles , Scott ( 2009 - 10 - 20 ) . `` ' Things ' too wild and dangerous for a child to see ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Bob ( 2009 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Not a ' children 's ' movie '' . The StarPhoenix . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Setoodeh , Ramin ; Romano , Andrew ( 2009 - 10 - 19 ) . `` Where the Wild Things Are '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Where the Wild Things Are '' . DVD Active. 2010 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Madame Tutli - Putli animators revisit Sendak tale '' . CBC News . 16 February 2010 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( 12 March 2010 ) . `` Making Higglety Pigglety Pop ! '' ( Interview ) . Animation World Network . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ theworldsbestever.com . `` Girl Skateboards : Where the Wild Things Are Board Series '' . www.theworldsbestever.com . Jump up ^ Lakai Limited Footwear Archived August 27 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Where The Wild Things Are Limited Edition Boots Archived October 15 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . -- UGG Australia . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 31 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Where the Wild Things Are Official website Where the Wild Things Are on IMDb Where the Wild Things Are at AllMovie Where the Wild Things Are at Box Office Mojo Where the Wild Things Are at Rotten Tomatoes Where the Wild Things Are at Metacritic Murphy / , Mekado ( 2009 - 09 - 13 ) . `` Magical Mystery Tour '' . New York Times interactive feature . `` Jonze 's Wild Things , A Splendidly Different Animal '' ( mp3 ) . NPR audio report . National Public Radio . `` We Love You So : The blog of Spike Jonze and the film Where the Wild Things Are '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 14 . hide Films directed by Spike Jonze Feature films Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Adaptation ( 2002 ) Where the Wild Things Are ( 2009 ) Her ( 2013 ) Documentaries Amarillo by Morning ( 1998 ) Tell Them Anything You Want : A Portrait of Maurice Sendak ( 2009 ) Short films How They Get There ( 1997 ) Torrance Rises ( 1999 ) We Were Once a Fairytale ( 2009 ) I 'm Here ( 2010 ) Skateboarding films Video Days ( 1991 ) Yeah Right ! ( 2003 ) Fully Flared ( 2007 ) hide Maurice Sendak Written works Kenny 's Window ( 1956 ) Very Far Away ( 1957 ) The Sign On Rosie 's Door ( 1960 ) The Nutshell Library ( Chicken Soup with Rice ( A Book of Months ) Alligators All Around ( An Alphabet ) One Was Johnny ( A Counting Book ) Pierre ( A Cautionary Tale ) ( 1962 ) Where the Wild Things Are ( 1963 ) Hector Protector and As I Went Over the Water : Two Nursery Rhymes ( 1965 ) Higglety Pigglety Pop ! , Or : There Must be More to Life ( 1967 ) In the Night Kitchen ( 1970 ) Ten Little Rabbits : A Counting Book With Mino The Magician ( 1970 ) Some Swell Pup or Are You Sure You Want a Dog ? ( with Matthew Margolis ) ( 1976 ) Seven Little Monsters ( 1977 ) Fantasy Sketches ( 1981 ) Outside Over There ( 1981 ) Caldecott and Co : Notes on Books and Pictures ( 1990 ) The Big Book for Peace ( 1990 ) We Are All in the Dumps with Jack and Guy : Two Nursery Rhymes with Pictures ( 1993 ) Maurice Sendak 's Christmas Mystery ( 1995 ) Notable illustrated works Atomics for the Millions ( by Dr. Maxwell Leigh Eidinoff ) ( 1947 ) Singing Family of the Cumberlands ( written by Jean Ritchie ) ( 1955 ) Mrs. Piggle - Wiggle 's Farm ( written by Betty MacDonald ) ( 1954 ) The Wheel on the School ( written by Meindert DeJong ) ( 1954 ) Little Bear ( written by Else Holmelund Minarik ) ( 1957 ) Zlateh the Goat and Other Stories ( written by Isaac Bashevis Singer ) ( 1966 ) See also Really Rosie ( musical ) Seven Little Monsters ( TV series ) Where the Wild Things Are ( film adaption ) ( 2009 ) Tell Them Anything You Want : A Portrait of Maurice Sendak Family Philip Sendak ( father ) Jack Sendak ( brother ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_the_Wild_Things_Are_(film)&oldid=846378505 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films 2000s adventure films 2000s drama films 2000s fantasy films Adaptations of works by Maurice Sendak American adventure drama films American children 's adventure films American children 's drama films American children 's fantasy films American fantasy adventure films American films Australian children 's films Australian drama films Australian fantasy films Australian films Fantasy drama films Films based on children 's books Films directed by Spike Jonze Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by Gary Goetzman Films produced by Thomas Tull Films produced by Tom Hanks Films scored by Carter Burwell Films shot in Melbourne German adventure films German children 's films German drama films German fantasy films German films IMAX films Legendary Pictures films Playtone films Screenplays by Dave Eggers Screenplays by Spike Jonze Village Roadshow Pictures films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Articles needing additional references from September 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 11 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
pictures of where the wild things are characters
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List of Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series champions
List of Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series champions - wikipedia List of Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series champions The Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Drivers ' Championship is awarded by the chairman of NASCAR to the most successful Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series racing car driver over a season , as determined by a points system based on race results . The Drivers ' Championship was first awarded in 1949 to Red Byron . The first driver to win multiple Championships was Herb Thomas in 1951 and 1953 . The current Drivers ' Champion is Martin Truex Jr. , who won his first Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series championship in 2017 . The NASCAR points system has undergone several incarnations since its initial implementation . Originally , races awarded points by a complicated system based upon final positioning and weighted by prize money purses , such that higher - paying events gave more points . Soon after the advent of the modern era in 1972 , the championship was decided by a more basic cumulative point total based solely upon a driver 's finishing position in each race . In order to reduce the possibility of a driver clinching before the final event , NASCAR implemented the `` Chase for the Cup '' in 2004 which , with minor modification from 2004 to 2013 and more radical changes in 2014 , stands as the current format . Before the final ten races , 16 drivers , chosen primarily on race wins , are reset to an equal number of points , with bonus points awarded to a driver for each win prior to the reset . With these changes , the last Drivers ' Champion to clinch before the final race was Matt Kenseth in 2003 . Overall , thirty - two different drivers have won the Championship , with Richard Petty , Dale Earnhardt , and Jimmie Johnson hold the record for most titles at seven . Johnson has the record for most consecutive Drivers ' Championships , winning five from 2006 to 2010 . Thus far , every champion has originated from the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 By season 2 By drivers 3 Records 3.1 Consecutive Drivers ' Championships 4 See also 5 References By season ( edit ) Season Driver Owner ( s ) No. ( s ) Man. ( s ) St Ws TT Pts Gap Ref ( s ) 1949 Red Byron Raymond Parks 22 Oldsmobile 6 842.5 117.5 1950 Bill Rexford Julian Buesink 8 20 59 60 62 80 Oldsmobile 17 0 11 1,959 110.5 1951 Herb Thomas Herb Thomas 92 Plymouth Hudson Oldsmobile 34 7 18 4,208.45 146.2 Marshall Teague 6 Leonard Tippett 99 Hubert Westmoreland 1952 Tim Flock Ted Chester 91 Hudson 33 8 25 6,858.5 106 1953 Herb Thomas Herb Thomas 92 Hudson 37 12 12 31 8,460 646 1954 Lee Petty Petty Enterprises 42 Chrysler Dodge 34 7 32 8,649 283 Gary Drake 100 Oldsmobile 1955 Tim Flock Carl Kiekhaefer 300 301 Chrysler 39 18 18 33 9,596 1,508 Hubert Westmoreland Chevrolet 1956 Buck Baker Carl Kiekhaefer 00 87 300 300C 301 500B 502 Chrysler Dodge 48 12 14 39 9,272 704 James Satcher 87 Ford John Whitford 31 1957 Buck Baker Buck Baker 87 Chevrolet 40 6 10 38 10,716 760 Hugh Babb 1958 Lee Petty Petty Enterprises 42 Oldsmobile 50 7 43 12,232 644 1959 Lee Petty Petty Enterprises 42 43 Oldsmobile Plymouth 42 11 35 11,792 1,830 1960 Rex White Rex White Chevrolet 40 6 35 21,164 3,936 L.D. Austin 74 Beau Morgan 15 Ford Scotty Cain 41 1961 Ned Jarrett Ned Jarrett 11 Ford Chevrolet 46 34 27,272 830 B.G. Holloway 1962 Joe Weatherly Bud Moore 8 Pontiac 52 7 9 45 30,836 2,396 Fred Harb 17 Ford 1963 Joe Weatherly Bud Moore 8 Mercury Pontiac 53 6 35 33,398 2,228 Floyd Powell 17 Pontiac Pete Stewart 57 Cliff Stewart Possum Jones 05 Worth McMillion 83 Major Melton 88 Chrysler Petty Enterprises 41 Plymouth Wade Younts 36 361 Dodge 1964 Richard Petty Petty Enterprises 41 42 43 Plymouth 61 8 9 43 40,252 5,302 1965 Ned Jarrett Bondy Long 11 Ford 54 9 13 45 38,824 3,034 Jabe Thomas 25 1966 David Pearson Cotton Owens 6 Dodge 42 7 15 33 35,638 1,950 1967 Richard Petty Petty Enterprises 43 Plymouth 48 18 27 40 42,472 6,028 1968 David Pearson Holman Moody 17 Ford 48 12 16 38 3,499 126 Roy Trantham 84 1969 David Pearson Holman Moody 17 Ford 51 13 11 44 4,170 357 1970 Bobby Isaac Nord Krauskopf 71 Dodge 47 13 11 38 3,911 51 1971 Richard Petty Petty Enterprises 43 Plymouth 46 9 21 41 4,435 364 1972 Richard Petty Petty Enterprises 43 Dodge Plymouth 31 8 28 8,701.4 127.9 1973 Benny Parsons L.G. DeWitt 72 Chevrolet Mercury 28 0 21 7,173.8 67.15 Richard Petty Petty Enterprises 43 Dodge 30 7 10 23 5,037.75 567.45 Richard Petty Petty Enterprises 43 Dodge 30 13 24 4,783 722 1976 Cale Yarborough Junior Johnson 11 Chevrolet 30 9 23 4,644 195 1977 Cale Yarborough Junior Johnson 11 Chevrolet 30 9 27 5,000 386 1978 Cale Yarborough Junior Johnson 11 Oldsmobile 30 8 10 24 4,841 474 1979 Richard Petty Petty Enterprises 43 Chevrolet Oldsmobile 31 5 27 4,830 11 1980 Dale Earnhardt Rod Osterlund Chevrolet Oldsmobile 31 0 5 24 4,661 19 1981 Darrell Waltrip Junior Johnson 11 Chevrolet Buick 31 11 12 25 4,880 53 1982 Darrell Waltrip Junior Johnson 11 Buick 30 7 12 20 4,489 72 Bobby Allison Bill Gardner 22 Chevrolet Buick 30 0 6 25 4,667 47 1984 Terry Labonte Billy Hagan 44 Chevrolet 30 24 4,508 65 1985 Darrell Waltrip Junior Johnson 11 Chevrolet 28 21 4,292 101 1986 Dale Earnhardt Richard Childress Chevrolet 29 5 23 4,468 288 Dale Earnhardt Richard Childress Chevrolet 29 11 24 4,696 489 1988 Bill Elliott Harry Melling 9 Ford 29 6 6 22 4,488 24 1989 Rusty Wallace Raymond Beadle 27 Pontiac 29 6 20 4,176 12 1990 Dale Earnhardt Richard Childress Chevrolet 29 9 23 4,430 26 1991 Dale Earnhardt Richard Childress Chevrolet 29 0 21 4,287 195 1992 Alan Kulwicki Alan Kulwicki 7 Ford 29 6 17 4,078 10 1993 Dale Earnhardt Richard Childress Chevrolet 30 6 21 4,526 80 1994 Dale Earnhardt Richard Childress Chevrolet 31 25 4,694 444 1995 Jeff Gordon Rick Hendrick 24 Chevrolet 31 8 7 23 4,614 34 Terry Labonte Rick Hendrick 5 Chevrolet 31 24 4,657 37 1997 Jeff Gordon Rick Hendrick 24 Chevrolet 32 10 23 4,710 14 1998 Jeff Gordon Rick Hendrick 24 Chevrolet 33 7 13 28 5,328 364 1999 Dale Jarrett Robert Yates 88 Ford 34 0 29 5,262 201 2000 Bobby Labonte Joe Gibbs 18 Pontiac 34 24 5,130 265 2001 Jeff Gordon Rick Hendrick 24 Chevrolet 36 6 6 24 5,112 349 2002 Tony Stewart Joe Gibbs 20 Pontiac 36 21 4,800 38 2003 Matt Kenseth Jack Roush 17 Ford 36 0 25 5,022 90 Kurt Busch Jack Roush 97 Ford 36 21 6,506 8 2005 Tony Stewart Joe Gibbs 20 Chevrolet 36 5 25 6,533 35 2006 Jimmie Johnson Rick Hendrick Jeff Gordon 48 Chevrolet 36 5 24 6,475 56 2007 Jimmie Johnson Rick Hendrick Jeff Gordon 48 Chevrolet 36 10 24 6,723 77 2008 Jimmie Johnson Rick Hendrick Jeff Gordon 48 Chevrolet 36 6 7 22 6,684 69 2009 Jimmie Johnson Rick Hendrick Jeff Gordon 48 Chevrolet 36 7 24 6,652 141 Jimmie Johnson Rick Hendrick Jeff Gordon 48 Chevrolet 36 6 23 6,622 39 2011 Tony Stewart Tony Stewart Gene Haas 14 Chevrolet 36 5 19 2,403 0 2012 Brad Keselowski Roger Penske Dodge 36 0 5 23 2,400 39 2013 Jimmie Johnson Rick Hendrick Jeff Gordon 48 Chevrolet 36 6 24 2,419 19 2014 Kevin Harvick Tony Stewart Gene Haas Chevrolet 36 8 5 20 5,043 2015 Kyle Busch Joe Gibbs 18 Toyota 25 5 16 5,043 2016 Jimmie Johnson Rick Hendrick Jeff Gordon 48 Chevrolet 36 5 16 5,040 2017 Martin Truex Jr . Barney Visser 78 Toyota 36 8 26 5,040 5 By Drivers ( edit ) Richard Petty ( 1983 car shown ) was the first to reach seven Drivers ' Championships . Dale Earnhardt ( 1994 car shown ) was the second driver to reach seven Drivers ' Championships . Driver Total Seasons Richard Petty 7 1964 , 1967 , 1971 , 1972 , 1974 , 1975 , 1979 Dale Earnhardt 1980 , 1986 , 1987 , 1990 , 1991 , 1993 , 1994 Jimmie Johnson 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2016 Jeff Gordon 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 2001 Lee Petty 1954 , 1958 , 1959 David Pearson 1966 , 1968 , 1969 Cale Yarborough 1976 , 1977 , 1978 Darrell Waltrip 1981 , 1982 , 1985 Tony Stewart 2002 , 2005 , 2011 Herb Thomas 1951 , 1953 Tim Flock 1952 , 1955 Buck Baker 1956 , 1957 Joe Weatherly 1962 , 1963 Ned Jarrett 1961 , 1965 Terry Labonte 1984 , 1996 Red Byron 1949 Bill Rexford 1950 Rex White 1960 Bobby Isaac 1970 Benny Parsons 1973 Bobby Allison Bill Elliott 1988 Rusty Wallace 1989 Alan Kulwicki 1992 Dale Jarrett 1999 Bobby Labonte 2000 Matt Kenseth 2003 Kurt Busch Brad Keselowski 2012 Kevin Harvick 2014 Kyle Busch 2015 Martin Truex Jr . 2017 Records ( edit ) Consecutive Drivers ' Championships ( edit ) Jimmie Johnson ( 2008 car shown ) won the Drivers ' Championship a record five consecutive times from 2006 to 2010 . Ten drivers have achieved consecutive wins in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Drivers ' Championship . Championships Driver Seasons 5 Jimmie Johnson 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 Cale Yarborough 1976 , 1977 , 1978 Buck Baker 1956 , 1957 Lee Petty 1958 , 1959 Joe Weatherly 1962 , 1963 Richard Petty 1971 , 1972 , 1974 , 1975 Darrell Waltrip 1981 , 1982 David Pearson 1968 , 1969 Dale Earnhardt 1986 , 1987 , 1990 , 1991 , 1993 , 1994 Jeff Gordon 1997 , 1998 See also ( edit ) NASCAR portal Book : NASCAR NASCAR Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series List of Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series records List of NASCAR Manufacturers ' champions List of NASCAR Xfinity Series champions List of NASCAR Camping World Truck Series champions List of all - time NASCAR Cup Series winners List of NASCAR teams List of NASCAR drivers List of NASCAR race tracks References ( edit ) General `` Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Driver 's and Manufacturer Champions '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . `` Manufacturer Championships 1949 - 2009 '' . Jayski.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . `` List of NASCAR All - Time Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Winners '' . Jayski.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . Specific Jump up ^ `` NHOF : New Class Unveiled Tonight '' . Speed . Fox Sports . Archived from the original on 25 May 2012 . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Perez , A.J. ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` Martin Truex Jr. had plenty of motivation to win first championship '' . USA Today . Gannett Satellite Information Network , LLC . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Graves , Gary ( 21 January 2004 ) . `` David Pearson endorses new point system '' . USA Today . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASCAR Announces Chase for the Sprint Cup Format Change '' ( Press release ) . NASCAR . January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Kenseth Claims NASCAR Winston Cup Championship '' . Motor Trend . 10 November 2003 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Petty Information '' . NASCAR . Turner Sports . Archived from the original on 25 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Earnhardt Information '' . Sports Illustrated . CNN Sports . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Biebrich , Richard ( 21 November 2010 ) . `` Jimmie Johnson wins fifth straight NASCAR Sprint Cup championship '' . Homestead , Florida : New York Daily News . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Strictly Stock standings for 1949 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Angela ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` NASCAR Champions Featuring ' Red ' Byron '' . Speedwaymedia.com . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Grand National standings for 1950 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Rexford : 1950 NASCAR Grand National Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Grand National standings for 1951 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Herb Thomas : 1951 NASCAR Grand National Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Grand National standings for 1952 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Flock : 1952 NASCAR Grand National Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Grand National standings for 1953 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Herb Thomas : 1953 NASCAR Grand National Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Grand National standings for 1954 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lee Petty : 1954 NASCAR Grand National Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Grand National standings for 1955 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Flock : 1955 NASCAR Grand National Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Grand National standings for 1956 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Buck Baker : 1956 NASCAR Grand National Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Grand National standings for 1957 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Buck Baker : 1957 NASCAR Grand National Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Grand National standings for 1958 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lee Petty : 1958 NASCAR Grand National Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Grand National standings for 1959 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lee Petty : 1959 NASCAR Grand National Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Grand National standings for 1960 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rex White : 1960 NASCAR Grand National Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Grand National standings for 1961 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ned Jarrett : 1961 NASCAR Grand National Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Grand National standings for 1962 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Weatherly : 1962 NASCAR Grand National Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Grand National standings for 1963 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Weatherly : 1963 NASCAR Grand National Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Grand National standings for 1964 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Petty : 1964 NASCAR Grand National Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Grand National standings for 1965 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ned Jarrett : 1965 NASCAR Grand National Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Grand National standings for 1966 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Pearson : 1966 NASCAR Grand National Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Grand National standings for 1967 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Petty : 1967 NASCAR Grand National Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Grand National standings for 1968 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Pearson : 1968 NASCAR Grand National Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Grand National standings for 1969 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Pearson : 1969 NASCAR Grand National Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Grand National standings for 1970 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Isaac : 1970 NASCAR Grand National Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 NASCAR Grand National Standings '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Petty : 1971 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Winston Cup standings for 1972 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Petty : 1972 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Winston Cup standings for 1973 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Benny Parsons : 1973 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Winston Cup standings for 1974 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Petty : 1974 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Petty : 1975 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cale Yarborough : 1976 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cale Yarborough : 1977 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cale Yarborough : 1978 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Petty : 1979 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dale Earnhardt : 1980 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Darrell Waltrip : 1981 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Darrell Waltrip : 1982 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Allison : 1983 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Labonte : 1984 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Darrell Waltrip : 1985 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dale Earnhardt : 1986 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dale Earnhardt : 1987 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Elliott : 1988 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rusty Wallace : 1989 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dale Earnhardt : 1990 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dale Earnhardt : 1991 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Kulwicki : 1992 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dale Earnhardt : 1993 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dale Earnhardt : 1994 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Gordon : 1995 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Labonte : 1996 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Gordon : 1997 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Gordon : 1998 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dale Jarrett : 1999 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Winston Cup standings for 2000 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Labonte : 2001 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Winston Cup standings for 2001 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Gordon : 2001 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Winston Cup standings for 2002 '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Stewart : 2002 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 NASCAR Winston Cup Standings '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Kenseth : 2003 NASCAR Winston Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 NASCAR NEXTEL Cup Standings '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Busch : 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 NASCAR NEXTEL Cup Standings '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Stewart : 2005 NASCAR Nextel Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 NASCAR NEXTEL Cup Standings '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmie Johnson : 2006 NASCAR Nextel Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 NASCAR NEXTEL Cup Standings '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmie Johnson : 2007 NASCAR Nextel Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmie Johnson : 2008 NASCAR Sprint Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmie Johnson : 2009 NASCAR Sprint Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmie Johnson : 2010 NASCAR Sprint Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Stewart : 2011 NASCAR Sprint Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Keselowski : 2012 NASCAR Sprint Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmie Johnson : 2013 NASCAR Sprint Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Harvick : 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Busch : 2015 NASCAR Sprint Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Busch wins first Sprint Cup Series championship '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR Media Group . 22 November 2015 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 NASCAR Sprint Cup Standings '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmie Johnson : 2016 NASCAR Sprint Cup Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmie Johnson wins record - tying seventh Sprint Cup championship '' . USA Today . Gannett Satellite Information Network , LLC. 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Standings '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Truex Jr. : 2017 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Results '' . Racing-reference.info . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Links to related articles Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Drivers ' Champions 1949 R. Byron 1950 B. Rexford 1951 H. Thomas 1952 T. Flock 1953 H. Thomas 1954 L. Petty 1955 T. Flock 1956 B. Baker 1957 B. Baker 1958 L. Petty 1959 L. Petty 1960 R. White 1961 N. Jarrett 1962 J. Weatherly 1963 J. Weatherly 1964 R. Petty 1965 N. Jarrett 1966 D. Pearson 1967 R. Petty 1968 D. Pearson 1969 D. Pearson 1970 B. Isaac 1971 R. Petty 1972 R. Petty 1973 B. Parsons 1974 R. Petty 1975 R. Petty 1976 C. Yarborough 1977 C. Yarborough 1978 C. Yarborough 1979 R. Petty 1980 D. Earnhardt 1981 D. Waltrip 1982 D. Waltrip 1983 B. Allison 1984 T. Labonte 1985 D. Waltrip 1986 D. Earnhardt 1987 D. Earnhardt 1988 B. Elliott 1989 R. Wallace 1990 D. Earnhardt 1991 D. Earnhardt 1992 A. Kulwicki 1993 D. Earnhardt 1994 D. Earnhardt 1995 J. Gordon 1996 T. Labonte 1997 J. Gordon 1998 J. Gordon 1999 D. Jarrett 2000 B. Labonte 2001 J. Gordon 2002 T. Stewart 2003 M. Kenseth 2004 Ku . Busch 2005 T. Stewart 2006 J. Johnson 2007 J. Johnson 2008 J. Johnson 2009 J. Johnson 2010 J. Johnson 2011 T. Stewart 2012 B. Keselowski 2013 J. Johnson 2014 K. Harvick 2015 Ky . Busch 2016 J. Johnson 2017 M. Truex Jr . NASCAR Chairmen and presidents Bill France Sr . Bill France Jr . 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who has won the most championships in nascar
[ "Overall, thirty-two different drivers have won the Championship, with Richard Petty,[6] Dale Earnhardt,[7] and Jimmie Johnson hold the record for most titles at seven. Johnson has the record for most consecutive Drivers' Championships, winning five from 2006 to 2010.[8] Thus far, every champion has originated from the United States.", "Overall, thirty-two different drivers have won the Championship, with Richard Petty,[6] Dale Earnhardt,[7] and Jimmie Johnson hold the record for most titles at seven. Johnson has the record for most consecutive Drivers' Championships, winning five from 2006 to 2010.[8] Thus far, every champion has originated from the United States.", "Overall, thirty-two different drivers have won the Championship, with Richard Petty,[6] Dale Earnhardt,[7] and Jimmie Johnson hold the record for most titles at seven. Johnson has the record for most consecutive Drivers' Championships, winning five from 2006 to 2010.[8] Thus far, every champion has originated from the United States." ]
[ "Richard Petty", "Dale Earnhardt", "Jimmie Johnson" ]
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Mother's Day
Mother 's Day - wikipedia Mother 's Day Jump to : navigation , search celebration honoring mothers For other uses , see Mother 's Day ( disambiguation ) . Mother 's Day Observed by 40 + countries Type Worldwide Significance Honors mothers and motherhood Date Varies per country Frequency Annual Related to Children 's Day , Siblings Day , Father 's Day , Parents ' Day , Grandparent 's Day Mother 's Day is a celebration honoring the mother of the family , as well as motherhood , maternal bonds , and the influence of mothers in society . It is celebrated on various days in many parts of the world , most commonly in the months of March or May . It complements similar celebrations honoring family members , such as Father 's Day , Siblings Day , and Grandparents Day . The modern Mother 's day began in the United States , at the initiative of Ann Reeves Jarvis in the early 20th century . This is not ( directly ) related to the many traditional celebrations of mothers and motherhood that have existed throughout the world over thousands of years , such as the Greek cult to Cybele , the Roman festival of Hilaria , or the Christian Mothering Sunday celebration ( originally a commemoration of Mother Church , not motherhood ) . However , in some countries , Mother 's Day is still synonymous with these older traditions . The U.S. - derived modern version of Mother 's Day has been criticized for having become too commercialized . Founder Jarvis herself regretted this commercialism and expressed views on how that was never her intention . Contents ( hide ) 1 Establishment of holiday 2 Spelling 3 Dates around the world 4 International history and tradition 4.1 Religion 4.2 By country ( A -- G ) 4.2. 1 Albania 4.2. 2 Arab world 4.2. 3 Argentina 4.2. 4 Armenia 4.2. 5 Australia 4.2. 6 Belarus 4.2. 7 Bhutan 4.2. 8 Belgium 4.2. 9 Bolivia 4.2. 10 Brazil 4.2. 11 Canada 4.2. 12 China 4.2. 13 Czech Republic 4.2. 14 Egypt 4.2. 15 Ethiopia 4.2. 16 Estonia 4.2. 17 Finland 4.2. 18 France 4.2. 19 Georgia 4.2. 20 Germany 4.3 By country ( H -- M ) 4.3. 1 Hungary 4.3. 2 India 4.3. 3 Indonesia 4.3. 4 Iran 4.3. 5 Israel 4.3. 6 Italy 4.3. 7 Japan 4.3. 8 Kyrgyzstan 4.3. 9 Latvia 4.3. 10 Lithuania 4.3. 11 Malawi 4.3. 12 Maldives 4.3. 13 Malta 4.3. 14 Mexico 4.4 By country ( N -- S ) 4.4. 1 Nepal 4.4. 2 Netherlands 4.4. 3 New Zealand 4.4. 4 Nicaragua 4.4. 5 North Korea 4.4. 6 Norway 4.4. 7 Pakistan 4.4. 8 Panama 4.4. 9 Paraguay 4.4. 10 Philippines 4.4. 11 Portugal 4.4. 12 Romania 4.4. 13 Russia 4.4. 14 Samoa 4.4. 15 Singapore 4.4. 16 Slovakia 4.4. 17 South Africa 4.4. 18 South Sudan 4.4. 19 Spain 4.4. 20 Sri Lanka 4.4. 21 Sweden 4.4. 22 Switzerland 4.5 By country ( T -- Z ) 4.5. 1 Taiwan 4.5. 2 Thailand 4.5. 3 Ukraine 4.5. 4 United Kingdom 4.5. 5 United States 5 See also 6 Notes 6.1 Footnotes 6.2 Citations 7 References 8 External links Establishment of holiday Main article : Mother 's Day ( United States ) § History The modern holiday of Mother 's Day was first celebrated in 1908 , when Anna Jarvis held a memorial for her mother at St Andrew 's Methodist Church in Grafton , West Virginia . St Andrew 's Methodist Church now holds the International Mother 's Day Shrine . Her campaign to make Mother 's Day a recognized holiday in the United States began in 1905 , the year her mother , Ann Reeves Jarvis , died . Ann Jarvis had been a peace activist who cared for wounded soldiers on both sides of the American Civil War , and created Mother 's Day Work Clubs to address public health issues . Anna Jarvis wanted to honor her mother by continuing the work she started and to set aside a day to honor all mothers because she believed a mother is `` the person who has done more for you than anyone in the world '' . In 1908 , the U.S. Congress rejected a proposal to make Mother 's Day an official holiday , joking that they would also have to proclaim a `` Mother - in - law 's Day '' . However , owing to the efforts of Anna Jarvis , by 1911 all U.S. states observed the holiday , with some of them officially recognizing Mother 's Day as a local holiday ( the first being West Virginia , Jarvis ' home state , in 1910 ) . In 1914 , Woodrow Wilson signed a proclamation designating Mother 's Day , held on the second Sunday in May , as a national holiday to honor mothers . Although Jarvis was successful in founding Mother 's Day , she became resentful of the commercialization of the holiday . By the early 1920s , Hallmark Cards and other companies had started selling Mother 's Day cards . Jarvis believed that the companies had misinterpreted and exploited the idea of Mother 's Day , and that the emphasis of the holiday was on sentiment , not profit . As a result , she organized boycotts of Mother 's Day , and threatened to issue lawsuits against the companies involved . Jarvis argued that people should appreciate and honor their mothers through handwritten letters expressing their love and gratitude , instead of buying gifts and pre-made cards . Jarvis protested at a candy makers ' convention in Philadelphia in 1923 , and at a meeting of American War Mothers in 1925 . By this time , carnations had become associated with Mother 's Day , and the selling of carnations by the American War Mothers to raise money angered Jarvis , who was arrested for disturbing the peace . Spelling In 1912 Anna Jarvis trademarked the phrases `` Second Sunday in May '' and `` Mother 's Day '' , and created the Mother 's Day International Association . She specifically noted that `` Mother 's '' should `` be a singular possessive , for each family to honor its own mother , not a plural possessive commemorating all mothers in the world . '' This is also the spelling used by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in his 1914 presidential proclamation , by the U.S. Congress in relevant bills , and by various U.S. presidents in their proclamations concerning Mother 's Day . Dates around the world While the United States holiday was adopted by some other countries , existing celebrations , held on different dates , honouring motherhood have become described as `` Mother 's Day '' , such as Mothering Sunday in the United Kingdom or , in Greece , the Eastern Orthodox celebration of the presentation of Jesus Christ to the temple ( 2 February of Julian Calendar ) . Both the secular and religious Mother Day are present in Greece . Mothering Sunday is often referred to as `` Mother 's Day '' even though it is an unrelated celebration . In some countries , the date adopted is one significant to the majority religion , such as Virgin Mary Day in Catholic countries . Other countries selected a date with historical significance . For example , Bolivia 's Mother 's Day is the date of a battle in which women participated . See the `` International history and tradition '' section for the complete list . Some ex-communist countries , such as Russia , celebrated International Women 's Day instead of Mother 's Day or simply celebrate both holidays , which is the custom in Ukraine . Kyrgyzstan has recently introduced Mother 's Day , but `` year on year ( International Women 's Day ) is certainly increasing in status '' . This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gregorian calendar Occurrence Dates Country Second Sunday of February Feb 12 , 2017 Feb 11 , 2018 Feb 10 , 2019 Norway 3 March Georgia 8 March ( with International Women 's Day ) Afghanistan Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Burundi Burkina Faso Kazakhstan Kosovo Laos Macedonia Moldova Montenegro Romania Russia Serbia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Vietnam Fourth Sunday in Lent ( Mothering Sunday ) 26 Mar 2017 11 Mar 2018 31 Mar 2019 Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey Nigeria United Kingdom 21 March ( Spring equinox ) Bahrain Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Libya Lebanon Mauritania Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen 25 March Slovenia 7 April ( Annunciation day ) Armenia ( Motherhood and Beauty Day ) First Sunday of May May 7 , 2017 May 6 , 2018 May 5 , 2019 Angola Cape Verde Hungary Lithuania Mozambique Portugal Spain 8 May South Korea ( Parents ' Day ) 10 May El Salvador Guatemala Mexico Second Sunday of May May 14 , 2017 May 13 , 2018 May 12 , 2019 May 10 , 2020 Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Australia Austria Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belgium Belize Bermuda Bhutan Bonaire Botswana Brazil Brunei Canada Cambodia Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Congo , Dem . Rep . Congo , Rep . Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Curaçao Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominica Ecuador Equatorial Guinea Estonia Ethiopia Faroe Islands Fiji Finland Germany Gabon Gambia Greenland Ghana Greece Grenada Guyana Honduras Hong Kong Iceland India Italy Jamaica Japan Kenya Latvia Liberia Liechtenstein Macau Malaysia Malta Myanmar Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Singapore Sint Maarten Slovakia South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Switzerland Taiwan Tanzania Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Uganda Ukraine United States Uruguay Vietnam Venezuela Zambia Zimbabwe 14 May Benin 15 May Paraguay ( same day as Día de la Patria ) 19 May Kyrgyzstan ( Russian : День матери , Kyrgyz : Энэ күнү ) 22 May Israel ( new ) 26 May Poland ( Polish : Dzień Matki ) 27 May Bolivia Last Sunday of May ( sometimes First Sunday of June if the last Sunday of May is Pentecost ) May 28 , 2017 May 27 , 2018 May 26 , 2019 Algeria Cameroon Dominican Republic France ( First Sunday of June if Pentecost occurs on this day ) French Antilles ( First Sunday of June if Pentecost occurs on this day ) Madagascar Mali Morocco Niger Haiti Mauritius Senegal Sweden Tunisia 30 May Nicaragua 1 June Mongolia ( together with Children 's Day ) Second Sunday of June Jun 11 , 2017 Jun 10 , 2018 Jun 9 , 2019 Luxembourg First Monday of July Jul 3 , 2017 Jul 2 , 2018 Jul 1 , 2019 South Sudan 12 August Thailand ( birthday of Queen Sirikit ) 15 August ( Assumption of Mary ) Costa Rica Antwerp ( Belgium ) 14 October Belarus ( since 1996 ) 15 October Malawi ( Observed on 15 October or following work day ) Third Sunday of October Oct 15 , 2017 Oct 21 , 2018 Oct 20 , 2019 Argentina ( Día de la Madre ) 3 November Timor Leste 16 November North Korea Last Sunday of November Russia 8 December ( Feast of the Immaculate Conception ) Panama 22 December Indonesia Hebrew calendars Occurrence Equivalent Gregorian dates Country Shevat 30 Between 30 January and 1 March - Family Day Israel Hindu calendars Occurrence Equivalent Gregorian dates Country Baisakh Amavasya ( Mata Tirtha Aunsi ) Between 19 April and 19 May 6 May 2016 26 April 2017 Nepal Persian calendars Occurrence Equivalent Gregorian dates Country 21 Ordibehesht 20 April 2014 10 April 2015 30 March 2016 Iran International History and tradition This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Play media Mother 's Day in the Netherlands in 1925 Northern Pacific Railway postcard for Mother 's Day 1916 . Mother 's Day gift in 2007 Mother and daughter and Mother 's Day card In most countries , Mother 's Day is an observance derived from the holiday as it has evolved in the United States , promoted by companies who saw benefit in making it popular . As adopted by other countries and cultures , the holiday has different meanings , is associated with different events ( religious , historical or legendary ) , and is celebrated on different dates . In some cases , countries already had existing celebrations honoring motherhood , and their celebrations then adopted several external characteristics from the US holiday , such as giving carnations and other presents to one 's mother . The extent of the celebrations varies greatly . In some countries , it is potentially offensive to one 's mother not to mark Mother 's Day . In others , it is a little - known festival celebrated mainly by immigrants , or covered by the media as a taste of foreign culture . Religion In the Roman Catholic Church , the holiday is strongly associated with revering the Virgin Mary . In some Catholic homes , families have a special shrine devoted to the Blessed Virgin Mary . In many Eastern Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches , a special prayer service is held in honor of the Theotokos Virgin Mary . In Islam there is no concept of Mother 's Day , but the Quran teaches that children should give priority to loving their mother over their father . In Hindu tradition , Mother 's Day is called `` Mata Tirtha Aunshi '' or `` Mother Pilgrimage fortnight '' , and is celebrated in countries with a Hindu population , especially in Nepal . The holiday is observed on the new moon day in the month of Baisakh , i.e. , April / May . This celebration is based on Hindu religion and it pre-dates the creation of the US - inspired celebration by at least a few centuries . In Buddhism , the festival of Ullambana is derived from the story of Maudgalyayana and his mother . By country ( a -- g ) Albania Mother 's day is celebrated in 8 March . The origin of the 8th of March holiday dates back to 1908 and is associated with a tragic event . A group of workers at a textile factory in New York strikes against extreme working conditions . On 8 March , the factory was shut down and the workers remained trapped inside . Suddenly a fire broke out , where 129 mothers died . Arab world Mother 's Day in most Arab countries is celebrated on 21 March . It was introduced in Egypt by journalist Mustafa Amin and was first celebrated in 1956 . The practice has since been copied by other Arab countries . Argentina In Argentina , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of October . The holiday was originally celebrated on 11 October , the old liturgical date for the celebration of the Maternity of the Blessed Virgin Mary but after the Second Vatican Council , which moved the Virgin Mary festivity to 1 January , the Mother 's Day started to be celebrated the third Sunday of October because of popular tradition . Argentina is the only country in the world that celebrates Mother 's Day on this date . Armenia In Armenia , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 8 March , and on 7 April as Maternity and Beauty Day . Australia In Australia , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May . The tradition of giving gifts to mothers on Mother 's Day in Australia was started by Janet Heyden , a resident of Leichhardt , Sydney , in 1924 . She began the tradition during a visit to a patient at the Newington State Home for Women , where she met many lonely and forgotten mothers . To cheer them up , she rounded up support from local school children and businesses to donate and bring gifts to the women . Every year thereafter , Mrs Heyden raised increasing support for the project from local businesses and even the local Mayor . The day has since become commercialised . Belarus Belarus celebrates Mother 's Day on 14 October . Like other ex-Communist republics , Belarus used to celebrate only International Women 's Day on 8 March . Mother 's Day in Belarus was officially established by the Belarusian government , and it was celebrated for the first time in 1996 . The celebration of the Virgin Mary ( the holiday of Protection of the Holy Mother of God ) is celebrated in the same day . Bhutan Mother 's Day in Bhutan is celebrated on 8 May . It was introduced in Bhutan by the Tourism Council of Bhutan . Belgium In Belgium , Mother 's Day ( Moederdag or Moederkesdag in Dutch and Fête des Mères in French ) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . In the week before this holiday children make little presents at primary school , which they give to their mothers in the early morning of Mother 's Day . Typically , the father will buy croissants and other sweet breads and pastries and bring these to the mother while she is still in bed -- the beginning of a day of pampering for the mother . There are also many people who celebrate Mother 's Day on 15 August instead ; these are mostly people around Antwerp , who consider that day ( Assumption ) the classical Mother 's Day and the observance in May an invention for commercial reasons . It was originally established on that day as the result of a campaign by Frans Van Kuyck , a painter and Alderman from Antwerp . Bolivia In Bolivia , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 27 May . El Día de la Madre Boliviana was passed into law on 8 November 1927 , during the presidency of Hernando Siles Reyes . The date commemorates the Battle of La Coronilla , which took place on 27 May 1812 , during the Bolivian War of Independence , in what is now the city of Cochabamba . In this battle , women fighting for the country 's independence were slaughtered by the Spanish army . It is not a public holiday , but all schools hold activities and festivities throughout the day . Brazil In Brazil , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . The first Mother 's Day in Brazil was promoted by Associação Cristã de Moços de Porto Alegre ( Young Men 's Christian Association of Porto Alegre ) on 12 May 1918 . In 1932 , then President Getúlio Vargas made the second Sunday of May the official date for Mother 's Day . In 1947 , Archbishop Jaime de Barros Câmara , Cardinal - Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro , decided that this holiday would also be included in the official calendar of the Catholic Church . Mother 's Day is not an official holiday ( see Public holidays in Brazil ) , but it is widely observed and typically involves spending time with and giving gifts to one 's mother . Because of this , it is considered one of the celebrations most related to consumerism in the country , second only to Christmas Day as the most commercially lucrative holiday . Canada See also Other observances in Canada Mother 's Day cookie cake Mother 's Day in Canada is celebrated on the second Sunday in May ( it is not a public holiday or bank holiday ) , and typically involves small celebrations and gift - giving to one 's mother , grandmother , or other important female figures in one 's family . Celebratory practices are very similar to those of other western nations . A Québécois tradition is for Québécois men to offer roses or other flowers to the women . China Mother 's Day is becoming more popular in China . Carnations are a very popular Mother 's Day gift and the most sold flowers in relation to the day . In 1997 Mother 's Day was set as the day to help poor mothers and to remind people of the poor mothers in rural areas such as China 's western region . In the People 's Daily , the Chinese government 's official newspaper , an article explained that `` despite originating in the United States , people in China accept the holiday without hesitation because it is in line with the country 's traditional ethics -- respect for the elderly and filial piety towards parents . '' In recent years , the Communist Party member Li Hanqiu began to advocate for the official adoption of Mother 's Day in memory of Meng Mu , the mother of Mèng Zǐ . He formed a non-governmental organization called Chinese Mothers ' Festival Promotion Society , with the support of 100 Confucian scholars and lecturers of ethics . Li and the Society want to replace the Western - style gift of carnations with lilies , which , in ancient times , were planted by Chinese mothers when children left home . Mother 's Day remains an unofficial festival , except in a small number of cities . Czech Republic In the Czech Republic , Mother 's Day is celebrated every second Sunday in May . It started in former Czechoslovakia in 1923 . The promoter of this celebration was Alice Masaryková . After World War II communists replaced Mother 's Day with International Woman 's Day , celebrated on 8 March . The former Czechoslovakia celebrated Women 's Day until the Velvet Revolution in 1989 . After the split of the country in 1993 , the Czech Republic started celebrating Mother 's Day again . Egypt Mother 's Day in Egypt is celebrated on 21 March , the first day of spring in the northern hemisphere . It was introduced in Egypt by journalist Mustafa Amin in his book Smiling America ( 1943 ) . The idea was overlooked at the time . Later Amin heard the story of a widowed mother who devoted her whole life to raising her son until he became a doctor . The son then married and left without showing any gratitude to his mother . Hearing this , Amin became motivated to promote `` Mother 's Day '' . The idea was first ridiculed by president Gamal Abdel Nasser but he eventually accepted it and Mother 's Day was first celebrated on 21 March 1956 . The practice has since been copied by other Arab countries . When Mustafa Amin was arrested and imprisoned , there were attempts to change the name of the holiday from `` Mother 's Day '' to `` Family Day '' as the government wished to prevent the occasion from reminding people of its founder . These attempts were unsuccessful and celebrations continued to be held on that day ; classic songs celebrating mothers remain famous to this day . Ethiopia Mother 's Day is celebrated for three days in Ethiopia , after the end of rainy season . It comes in mid-fall where people enjoy a three - day feast called `` Antrosht '' . For the feast , ingredients will be brought by the children for a traditional hash recipe . The ingredients are divided along genders , with girls bringing spices , vegetables , cheese and butter , while the boys bring a lamb or bull . The mother hands out to the family the hash . A celebration takes place after the meal . The mothers and daughters anoint themselves using butter on their faces and chests . While honoring their family and heroes , men sing songs . Estonia In Estonia , Mother 's Day ( emadepäev in Estonian ) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . It is recognized nationally , but is not a public holiday . Finland In Finland , Mother 's Day ( äitienpäivä in Finnish ) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . It is recognized nationally , and is a public holiday . It is usually celebrated at homes where children or grandchildren bring Mother _́ s day cards that they have drawn to their mothers and grandmothers . Usually some food , coffee and cakes are served for guests . Grown up children visit their parents homes and bring traditionally Mother _́ s day roses or other flowers accompanied with a Mother _́ s day card . The president of Finland honors with medals every year some mothers who have done something exceptional and positive during the year . France In France , amidst alarm at the low birth rate , there were attempts in 1896 and 1904 to create a national celebration honoring the mothers of large families . In 1906 ten mothers who had nine children each were given an award recognising `` High Maternal Merit '' ( `` Haut mérite maternel '' ) . American World War I soldiers fighting in France popularized the US Mother 's Day holiday created by Anna Jarvis . They sent so much mail back to their country for Mother 's Day that the Union Franco - Américaine created a postal card for that purpose . In 1918 , also inspired by Jarvis , the town of Lyon wanted to celebrate a `` journée des Mères '' , but instead decided to celebrate a `` Journée Nationale des Mères de familles nombreuses . '' The holiday was more inspired by anti-depopulation efforts than by the US holiday , with medals awarded to the mothers of large families . The French government made the day official in 1920 as a day for mothers of large families . Since then the French government awards the Médaille de la Famille française to mothers of large families . In 1941 , by initiative of Philippe Pétain , the wartime Vichy government used the celebration in support of their policy to encourage larger families , but all mothers were now honored , even mothers with smaller families . In 1950 , after the war , the celebration was reinstated . The law of 24 May 1950 required ( in Article 1 ) that the Republic pay official homage to French Mothers . Article 2 stated it should be celebrated on the last Sunday in May as the `` Fête des Mères '' ( except when Pentecost fell on that day , in which case it was moved to the first Sunday in June ) . Article 3 stated that all expenditure shall be covered from the budget of the Ministry of Public Health and Population . During the 1950s , the celebration lost all its patriotic and natalist ideologies , and became heavily commercialized . In 1956 , the celebration was given a budget and integrated into the new Code de l'action Sociale et des familles . In 2004 responsibility for the holiday was transferred to the Minister responsible for families . Georgia Georgia celebrates Mother 's Day on 3 March . It was declared by the first President of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia in order to replace the International Women Day , and it was officially approved by the Supreme Council in 1991 . Nowadays Georgia celebrates both Mother 's Day on 3 March and International Women 's Day on 8 March . Germany Mother 's Day cake in Germany In the 1920s , Germany had the lowest birthrate in Europe , and the declining trend was continuing . This was attributed to women 's participation in the labor market . At the same time , influential groups in society ( politicians of left and right , churchwomen , and feminists ) believed that mothers should be honored but could not agree on how to do so . However , all groups strongly agreed on the promotion of the values of motherhood . In 1923 , this resulted in the unanimous adoption of Muttertag , the Mother 's Day holiday as imported from America and Norway . The head of the Association of German Florists cited `` the inner conflict of our Volk and the loosening of the family '' as his reason for introducing the holiday . He expected that the holiday would unite the divided country . In 1925 , the Mother 's Day Committee joined the task force for the recovery of the volk , and the holiday stopped depending on commercial interests and began emphasizing the need to increase the population in Germany by promoting motherhood . The holiday was then seen as a means to encourage women to bear more children , which nationalists saw as a way to rejuvenate the nation . The holiday did not celebrate individual women , but an idealized standard of motherhood . The progressive forces resisted the implementation of the holiday because it was backed by so many conservatives , and because they saw it as a way to eliminate the rights of working women . Die Frau , the newspaper of the Federation of German Women 's Associations , refused to recognize the holiday . Many local authorities adopted their own interpretation of the holiday : it would be a day to support economically larger families or single - mother families . The guidelines for the subsidies had eugenics criteria , but there is no indication that social workers ever implemented them in practice , and subsidies were given preferentially to families in economic need rather than to families with more children or `` healthier '' children . With the Nazi party in power during 1933 -- 1945 , the situation changed radically . The promotion of Mother 's Day increased in many European countries , including the UK and France . From the position of the German Nazi government , the role of mothers was to give healthy children to the German nation . The Nazi party 's intention was to create a pure `` Aryan race '' according to nazi eugenics . Among other Mother 's Day ideas , the government promoted the death of a mother 's sons in battle as the highest embodiment of patriotic motherhood . The Nazis quickly declared Mother 's Day an official holiday and put it under the control of the NSV ( National Socialist People 's Welfare Association ) and the NSF ( National Socialist Women Organization ) . This created conflicts with other organizations that resented Nazi control of the holiday , including Catholic and Protestant churches and local women 's organizations . Local authorities resisted the guidelines from the Nazi government and continued assigning resources to families who were in economic need , much to the dismay of the Nazi officials . Mother 's Day in UNRRA camp Germany in 1946 In 1938 , the government began issuing an award called Mother 's Cross ( Mutterkreuz ) , according to categories that depended on the number of children a mother had . The medal was awarded on Mother 's Day and also on other holidays due to the large number of recipients . The Cross was an effort to encourage women to have more children , and recipients were required to have at least four . By country ( H. -- M. ) Hungary In Hungary , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of May . It was first celebrated in 1925 by the Hungarian Red Cross Youth . India The modern Mother 's Day has been assimilated into Indian culture , and it is celebrated every year on the second Sunday of May . Indians do not celebrate the occasion as a religious event , and it is celebrated primarily in urban centers . Indonesia Indonesian Mother 's Day ( Indonesian : Hari Ibu ) is celebrated nationally on 22 December . The date was made an official holiday by President Soekarno under Presidential Decree ( Indonesian : Dekrit Presiden ) no . 316 in 1953 , on the 25th anniversary of the 1928 Indonesian Women Congress . The day originally sought to celebrate the spirit of Indonesian women and to improve the condition of the nation . Today , the meaning of Mother 's Day has changed , and it is celebrated by expressing love and gratitude to mothers . People present gifts to mothers ( such as flowers ) and hold surprise parties and competitions , which include cooking and kebaya wearing . People also allow mothers a day off from domestic chores . The holiday is celebrated on the anniversary of the opening day of the first Indonesian Women Congress ( Indonesian : Kongres Perempuan Indonesia ) , which was held from 22 to 25 December 1928 . The Congress took place in a building called Dalem Jayadipuran , which now serves as the office of the Center of History and Traditional Values Preservation ( Indonesian : Balai Pelestarian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional ) in Brigjen Katamso Street , Yogyakarta . The Congress was attended by 30 feminist organizations from 12 cities in Java and Sumatra . In Indonesia , feminist organizations have existed since 1912 , inspired by Indonesian heroines of the 19th century , e.g. , Kartini , Martha Christina Tiahahu , Cut Nyak Meutia , Maria Walanda Maramis , Dewi Sartika , Nyai Ahmad Dahlan , Rasuna Said , etc . The Congress intended to improve women 's rights in education and marriage . Indonesia also celebrates the Kartini Day ( Indonesian : Hari Kartini ) on 21 April , in memory of activist Raden Ajeng Kartini . This is a celebration of the emancipation of women . The observance was instituted at the 1938 Indonesian Women Congress . During President Suharto 's New Order ( 1965 -- 1998 ) , government propaganda used Mother 's Day and Kartini Day to inculcate into women the idea that they should be docile and stay at home . Iran A woman writes the name of Fatimah during a ceremony for Mother 's Day in Milad Tower In Iran , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 20 Jumada al - thani . This is the sixth month in the Islamic calendar ( a lunar calendar ) and every year the holiday falls on a different day of the Gregorian calendar . This is the birthday anniversary of Fatimah , Prophet Muhammad 's only daughter according to Shia Islam . On this day , banners reading `` Ya Fatemeah ( O ! Fatemeh ) '' are displayed on `` government buildings , private buildings , public streets and car windows . '' Mother 's Day was originally observed on 16 December but the date was changed after the Iranian Revolution in 1979 . The celebration is both Women 's Day ( replacing International Women 's Day ) and Mother 's Day . In 1960 , the Institute for Women Protection adopted the Western holiday and established it on 25 Azar ( 16 December ) , the date the Institute was founded . The Institute 's action had the support of Queen Farah Pahlavi , the wife of the last Shah of Persia , who promoted the construction of maternity clinics in remote parts of the country to commemorate the day . Pahlavi regime used the holiday to promote `` gender ideologies '' of the regime . The Shah 's government honored and gave awards to women who represented the idealized view of the regime , including mothers who had many healthy children . According to Shahla Haeri , the Islamic Republic government has used the holiday to `` control and channel women 's movements '' and to promote role models for the traditional concept of family . Fatimah is seen by these critics as the chosen model of a woman completely dedicated to certain traditionally sanctioned feminine roles . However , supporters of the choice contend that there is much more to her life story than simply such `` traditional '' roles . Israel The Jewish population of Israel used to celebrate Mother 's Day on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar , which falls between 30 January and 1 March . The celebration was set as the same date that Henrietta Szold died ( 13 February 1945 ) . Henrietta had no biological children , but her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them . She also championed children 's rights . Szold is considered the `` mother '' of all those children , and that is why her annual remembrance day ( יום השנה ) was set as Mother 's Day ( יוֹם הָאֵם , yom ha'em ) . The holiday has evolved over time , becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family , called Family Day ( יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה , yom hamishpacha ) . This holiday is mainly celebrated in preschools with an activity to which parents are invited . Mother 's Day is mainly celebrated by children at kindergartens . There are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family , and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration . It is not an official holiday . Italy Mother 's Day in Italy was celebrated for the first time on 24 December 1933 as the `` Day of the mother and the child '' ( Giornata della madre e del fanciullo ) . It was instituted by the Opera nazionale maternità e infanzia in order to publicly reward the most prolific Italian women every year . After World War II , Mother 's Day was first celebrated on 12 May 1957 in Assisi , at the initiative of Reverend Otello Migliosi , the parish priest of the Tordibetto church . This celebration was so popular that in the following year Mother 's Day was adopted throughout Italy . On 18 December 1958 , a proposal was presented to the Italian Senate to make the holiday official . Japan In Japan , Mother 's Day ( 母 の 日 , Haha no Hi ) was initially commemorated during the Shōwa period as the birthday of Empress Kōjun ( mother of Emperor Akihito ) on 6 March . This was established in 1931 when the Imperial Women 's Union was organized . In 1937 , the first meeting of `` Praise Mothers '' was held on 8 May , and in 1949 Japanese society adopted the second Sunday of May as the official date for Mother 's Day in Japan . Today , people typically give their mothers gifts of flowers such as red carnations and roses . Japan is most known for giving carnations on Mother 's Day . Kyrgyzstan In Kyrgyzstan , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 19 May every year . The holiday was first celebrated in 2012 . Mothers are also honored on International Women 's Day This article is about a holiday celebrating mothers and motherhood . For other uses , see Mother 's Day ( disambiguation ) . Latvia Mother 's Day in Latvia was celebrated for the first time in 1922 . Since 1934 , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . After the end of the soviet occupation of Baltic states celebration was resumed in 1992 . Mothers are also honored on International Women 's Day . Lithuania Mother 's Day in Lithuania was celebrated for the first time in 1928 . In Lithuania , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of May . Malawi In Malawi . Mother 's Day is a public holiday . The day is observed on 15 October or the following workday . It is celebrated on the UN 's World Rural Women 's Day . Maldives In the Maldives , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 13 May . The day is celebrated in different ways . Children give gifts and spend time with their mothers . Daughters give their mothers cards and handmade gifts and sons give their mothers gifts and flowers . Maldivians love to celebrate Mother 's day , and they have it specially written on their calendar . Malta The first mention of Mother 's Day in Malta occurred during the Radio Children 's Programmes run by Frans H. Said in May 1961 . Within a few years , Mother 's Day became one of the most popular dates in the Maltese calendar . In Malta , this day is commemorated on the second Sunday in May . Mothers are invariably given gifts and invited for lunch , usually at a good quality restaurant . Mexico See also : Public holidays in Mexico § Festivities In Mexico , the government of Álvaro Obregón imported the Mother 's Day holiday from the US in 1922 , and the newspaper Excélsior held a massive promotional campaign for the holiday that year . The conservative government tried to use the holiday to promote a more conservative role for mothers in families , but that perspective was criticized by the socialists as promoting an unrealistic image of a woman who was not good for much more than breeding . In the mid-1930s , the leftist government of Lázaro Cárdenas promoted the holiday as a `` patriotic festival '' . The Cárdenas government tried to use the holiday as a vehicle for various efforts : to stress the importance of families as the basis for national development ; to benefit from the loyalty that Mexicans felt towards their mothers ; to introduce new morals to Mexican women ; and to reduce the influence that the church and the Catholic right exerted over women . The government sponsored the holiday in the schools . However , ignoring the strict guidelines from the government , theatre plays were filled with religious icons and themes . Consequently , the `` national celebrations '' became `` religious fiestas '' despite the efforts of the government . Soledad Orozco García , the wife of President Manuel Ávila Camacho , promoted the holiday during the 1940s , resulting in an important state - sponsored celebration . The 1942 celebration lasted a full week and included an announcement that all women could reclaim their pawned sewing machines from the Monte de Piedad at no cost . Due to Orozco 's promotion , the Catholic National Synarchist Union ( UNS ) took heed of the holiday around 1941 . Shop - owner members of the Party of the Mexican Revolution ( now the Institutional Revolutionary Party ) observed a custom allowing women from humble classes to pick a free Mother 's Day gift from a shop to bring home to their families . The Synarchists worried that this promoted both materialism and the idleness of lower classes , and in turn , reinforced the systemic social problems of the country . Currently this holiday practice is viewed as very conservative , but the 1940s ' UNS saw Mother 's Day as part of the larger debate on the modernization that was happening at the time . This economic modernization was inspired by US models and was sponsored by the state . The fact that the holiday was originally imported from the US was seen as evidence of an attempt at imposing capitalism and materialism in Mexican society . The UNS and the clergy of the city of León interpreted the government 's actions as an effort to secularize the holiday and to promote a more active role for women in society . They concluded that the government 's long - term goal was to cause women to abandon their traditional roles at home in order to spiritually weaken men . They also saw the holiday as an attempt to secularize the cult to the Virgin Mary , inside a larger effort to dechristianize several holidays . The government sought to counter these claims by organizing widespread masses and asking religious women to assist with the state - sponsored events in order to `` depaganize '' them . The clergy preferred to promote 2 July celebration of the Santísima Virgen de la Luz , the patron of León , Guanajuato , in replacement of Mother 's Day . In 1942 , at the same time as Soledad 's greatest celebration of Mother 's Day , the clergy organized the 210th celebration of the Virgin Mary with a large parade in León . There is a consensus among scholars that the Mexican government abandoned its revolutionary initiatives during the 1940s , including its efforts to influence Mother 's Day . Today the `` Día de las Madres '' is an unofficial holiday in Mexico held each year on 10 May , the day on which it was first celebrated in Mexico . In Mexico , to show affection and appreciation to the mother , it is traditional to start the celebration with the famous song `` Las Mañanitas '' , either a cappella , with the help of a mariachi or a contracted trio . Many families usually gather to celebrate this special day trying to spend as much time as possible with mothers to honor them on their day . They are organized to bring some dishes and eat all together or maybe to visit any restaurant . By country ( n -- s ) Nepal In Nepal , there is a festival equivalent to Mother 's Day , called Mata Tirtha Aunsi ( `` Mother Pilgrimage New Moon '' ) , or Mata Tirtha Puja ( `` Mother Pilgrimage Worship '' ) . It is celebrated according to the lunar calendar . It falls on the last day of the dark fortnight in the month of Baishakh which falls in April -- May ( in 2015 , it will occur on 18 April ) . The dark fortnight lasts for 15 days from the full moon to the new moon . This festival is observed to commemorate and honor mothers , and it is celebrated by giving gifts to mothers and remembering mothers who are no more . To honor mothers who have died , it is the tradition to go on a pilgrimage to the Mata Tirtha ponds , located 6 km to the southwest of downtown Kathmandu . The nearby Mata Tirtha village is named after these ponds . Previously , the tradition was observed primarily by the Newar community and other people living in the Kathmandu Valley . Now this festival is widely celebrated across the country . Many tragic folklore legends have been created , suggesting different reasons why this pond became a pilgrimage site . The most popular version says that , in ancient times , the mother of a shepherd died , and he made offerings to a nearby pond . There he saw the face of his mother in the water , with her hand taking the offerings . Since then , many people visited the pond , hoping to see their deceased mother 's face . Pilgrims believe that they will bring peace to their mothers ' souls by visiting the sacred place . There are two ponds . The larger one is for ritual bathing . The smaller one is used to `` look upon mother 's face '' , and is fenced by iron bars to prevent people from bathing in it . Traditionally , in the Kathmandu valley the South - Western corner is reserved for women and women - related rituals , and the North - Eastern is for men and men - related rituals . The worship place for Mata Tirtha Aunsi is located in Mata Tirtha in the South - Western half of the valley , while the worship place for Gokarna Aunsi , the equivalent celebration for deceased fathers , is located in Gokarna , Nepal , in the North - Eastern half . This division is reflected in many aspects of the life in Kathmandu valley . Mother 's Day is known as Aama ko Mukh Herne Din in Nepali , which literally means `` day to see mother 's face '' . In Nepal Bhasa , the festival is known as Mām yā Khwā Swayegu , which can be translated as `` to look upon mother 's face '' . Netherlands In the Netherlands , Mother 's Day was introduced as early as 1910 by the Dutch branch of the Salvation Army . The Royal Dutch Society for Horticulture and Botany , a group protecting the interest of Dutch florists , worked to promote the holiday ; they hoped to emulate the commercial success achieved by American florists . They were imitating the campaign already underway by florists in Germany and Austria , but they were aware that the traditions had originated in the US . Florists launched a major promotional effort in 1925 . This included the publication of a book of articles written by famous intellectuals , radio broadcasts , newspapers ads , and the collaboration of priests and teachers who wanted to promote the celebration for their own reasons . In 1931 the second Sunday of May was adopted as the official celebration date . In the mid-1930s the slogan Moederdag -- Bloemendag ( Mother 's Day -- Flowers ' Day ) was coined , and the phrase was popular for many years . In the 1930s and 1940 's `` Mother 's Day cakes '' were given as gifts in hospitals and to the Dutch Queen , who is known as the `` mother of the country '' . Other trade groups tried to cash in on the holiday and to give new meaning to the holiday in order to promote their own wares as gifts . Roman Catholic priests complained that the holiday interfered with the honoring of the Virgin Mary , the divine mother , which took place during the whole month of May . In 1926 Mother 's Day was celebrated on 7 July in order to address these complaints . Catholic organizations and priests tried to Christianize the holiday , but those attempts were rendered futile around the 1960s when the church lost influence and the holiday was completely secularized . In later years , the initial resistance disappeared , and even leftist newspapers stopped their criticism and endorsed Mother 's Day . In the 1980s , the American origin of the holiday was still not widely known , so feminist groups who opposed the perpetuation of gender roles sometimes claimed that Mother 's Day was invented by Nazis and celebrated on the birthday of Klara Hitler , Hitler 's mother . New Zealand In New Zealand , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May . Mother 's Day is not a public holiday . The New Zealand tradition is to give cards and gifts and to serve mothers breakfast in bed . Nicaragua In Nicaragua , the Día de la Madre has been celebrated on 30 May since the early 1940s . The date was chosen by President Anastasio Somoza García because it was the birthday of Casimira Sacasa , his wife 's mother . North Korea Mother 's Day is celebrated on 16 November as a public holiday in North Korea . The date takes its significance from the First National Meeting of Mothers held in 1961 , for which Kim Il - sung , the leader of the country , published a work called The Duty of Mothers in the Education of Children . The date was designated as Mother 's Day in May 2012 by the Presidium of the Supreme People 's Assembly but only became a public holiday and appeared on the North Korean calendar starting in 2015 . Norway Mother 's Day was first celebrated on 9 February 1919 and was initially organized by religious institutions . Later it has become a family day , and the mother is often treated to breakfast in bed , flowers and cake . It has gradually become a major commercial event , with special pastries , flowers and other presents offered by retailers . Day - cares and primary schools often encourage children to make cards and other gifts . Pakistan In Pakistan , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . Media channels celebrate with special shows . Individuals honor their mothers by giving gifts and commemorative articles . Individuals who have lost their mothers pray and pay their respects to their loved ones lost . Schools hold special programs in order to acknowledge the efforts of their mothers . Panama In Panama , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 8 December , the same day as the Feast of the Immaculate Conception . This date was suggested in 1930 by the wife of Panama 's President Florencio Harmodio Arosemena. 8 December was adopted as Mother 's Day under Law 69 , which was passed the same year . According to another account , in 1924 the Rotary Club of Panama asked that Mother 's Day be celebrated on 11 May . Politician Aníbal D. Ríos changed the proposal so that the celebration would be held on 8 December . He then established Mother 's Day as a national holiday on that date . Paraguay In Paraguay , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 15 May , the same day as the Dia de la Patria , which celebrates the independence of Paraguay . This date was chosen to honor the role played by Juana María de Lara in the events of 14 May 1811 that led to Paraguay 's independence . In 2008 , the Paraguayan Minister of Culture , Bruno Barrios , lamented this coincidence because , in Paraguay , Mother 's Day is much more popular than independence day and the independence celebration goes unnoticed . As a result , Barrios asked that the celebration be moved to the end of the month . A group of young people attempted to gather 20,000 signatures to ask the Parliament to move Mother 's Day . In 2008 , the Comisión de festejos ( Celebration Committee ) of the city of Asunción asked that Mother 's Day be moved to the second Sunday of May . Philippines In the Philippines , Mother 's Day is officially celebrated on the second Sunday of May , but it is not a public holiday . Although not a traditional Filipino holiday , the occasion owes its popularity to American Colonial Period influence . According to a 2008 article by the Philippine News Agency , in 1921 the Ilocos Norte Federation of Women 's Clubs asked to declare the first Monday of December as Mother 's Day `` to honor these fabulous women who brought forth God 's children into this world . '' In response , Governor - General Charles Yeater issued Circular No. 33 declaring the celebration . In 1937 President Manuel L. Quezon issued Presidential Proclamation No. 213 , changing the name of the occasion from `` Mother 's Day '' to `` Parent 's Day '' to address the complaints that there was n't a `` Father 's Day '' . In 1980 President Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Proclamation No. 2037 proclaiming the date as both Mother 's Day and Father 's Day . In 1988 President Corazon Aquino issued Presidential Proclamation No. 266 , changing Mother 's Day to the second Sunday of May , and Father 's Day to the third Sunday of June , discontinuing the traditional date . In 1998 President Joseph Estrada returned both celebrations to the first Monday of December . Portugal In Portugal , the `` Dia da Mãe '' ( `` Mother 's Day '' ) is an unofficial holiday held each year on the first Sunday of May ( sometimes coinciding with Labour Day ) . The weeks leading up to this Sunday , school children spend a few hours a day to prepare a gift for their mothers , aided by their school teachers . In general , mothers receive gifts by their family members and this day is meant to be celebrated with the whole family . It used to be celebrated on the 8th December , the same date of the Conception of the Virgin celebration . Romania In Romania , Mother 's Day has been celebrated on the first Sunday of May since 2010 . Law 319 / 2009 made both Mother 's Day and Father 's Day official holidays in Romania . The measure was passed thanks to campaign efforts from the Alliance Fighting Discrimination Against Fathers ( TATA ) . Previously , Mother 's Day was celebrated on 8 March , as part of International Women 's Day ( a tradition dating back to when Romania was part of the Eastern bloc ) . Today , Mother 's Day and International Women 's Day are two separate holidays , with International Women 's Day being held on its original date of 8 March . Russia Main article : International Women 's Day Traditionally Russia had celebrated International Women 's Day and Mother 's Day on 8 March , an inheritance from the Soviet Union , and a public holiday . Women 's Day was first celebrated on the last Sunday in February in 1913 in Russia . In 1917 , demonstrations marking International Women 's Day in Saint Petersburg on the last Sunday in February ( which fell on 8 March on the Gregorian calendar ) initiated the February Revolution . Following the October Revolution later that year , the Bolshevik Alexandra Kollontai persuaded Vladimir Lenin to make it an official holiday in the Soviet Union , and it was established , but was a working day until 1965 . On 8 May 1965 , by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet , International Women 's Day was declared a non-working day in the Soviet Union `` in commemoration of the outstanding merits of Soviet women in communistic construction , in the defense of their Fatherland during the Great Patriotic War , in their heroism and selflessness at the front and in the rear , and also marking the great contribution of women to strengthening friendship between peoples , and the struggle for peace . But still , women 's day must be celebrated as are other holidays . '' Samoa In Samoa , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May , and as a recognised national holiday on the Monday following . Singapore In Singapore , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . It is not recognized as a holiday by the government . Slovakia Czechoslovakia celebrated only Women 's Day until the Velvet Revolution in 1989 . After the country split in 1993 , Slovakia started celebrating both Women 's Day and Mother 's Day . The politicization of Women 's Day has affected the official status of Mother 's Day . Center - right parties want Mother 's Day to replace Women 's Day , and social - democrats want to make Women 's Day an official holiday . Currently , both days are festive , but they are not `` state holidays '' . In the Slovak Republic , Mother 's Day is celebrated every second Sunday in May . South Africa In South Africa , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . It is not recognized as a holiday by the government . The tradition is to give cards and gifts and to serve mothers breakfast in bed or to go out to lunch together as a family . South Sudan In South Sudan , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the first Monday in July . The president Salva Kiir Mayardit proclaimed Mother 's Day as the first Monday in July after handing over from Sudan . Children in South Sudan are presenting mothers with gifts and flowers . The first Mother 's Day was held in that country on 2 July 2012 . Spain In Spain , Mother 's Day or Día de la Madre is celebrated on the first Sunday of May . The weeks leading up to this Sunday , school children spend a few hours a day to prepare a gift for their mothers , aided by their school teachers . In general , mothers receive gifts by their family members & this day is meant to be celebrated with the whole family . It is also said to be celebrated in May , as May is the month dedicated to the Virgin Mary ( mother of Jesus ) according to Catholicism. The idea of a month dedicated specifically to Mary can be traced back to baroque times . Although it was n't always held during May , Mary Month included thirty daily spiritual exercises honoring Mary . Sri Lanka In Sri Lanka , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . Sweden In Sweden , Mother 's Day was first celebrated in 1919 , by initiative of the author Cecilia Bååth - Holmberg . It took several decades for the day to be widely recognized . Swedes born in the early nineteen hundreds typically did not celebrate the day because of the common belief that the holiday was invented strictly for commercial purposes . This was in contrast to Father 's Day , which has been widely celebrated in Sweden since the late 1970s . Mother 's Day in Sweden is celebrated on the last Sunday in May . A later date was chosen to allow everyone to go outside and pick flowers . Switzerland In Switzerland , the `` règle de Pentecôte '' law allows Mother 's Day to be celebrated a week late if the holiday falls on the same day as Pentecost . In 2008 , merchants declined to move the date . By country ( t -- z ) Taiwan In Taiwan , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of the month of May , coinciding with Buddha 's birthday and the traditional ceremony of `` washing the Buddha '' . In 1999 the Taiwanese government established the second Sunday of May as Buddha 's birthday , so they would be celebrated in the same day . Since 2006 , the Tzu Chi , the largest charity organization in Taiwan , celebrates the Tzu Chi Day , Mother 's Day and Buddha 's birthday all together , as part of a unified celebration and religious observance . Thailand Mother 's day in Thailand is celebrated on the birthday of the Queen of Thailand , Queen Sirikit ( 12 August ) . The holiday was first celebrated around the 1980s as part of the campaign by the Prime Minister of Thailand Prem Tinsulanonda to promote Thailand 's Royal family . Father 's Day is celebrated on the late King Bhumibol Adulyadej 's birthday . Ukraine Ukraine celebrates Mother 's Day ( Ukrainian : День Матері ) on the second Sunday of May . In Ukraine , Mother 's Day officially became a holiday only in 1999 and is celebrated since 2000 . Since then Ukrainian society struggles to transition the main holiday that recognizes woman from the International Women 's Day , a holiday adopted under the Soviet Union that remained as a legacy in Ukraine after its collapse , to Mother 's Day . United Kingdom Main article : Mothering Sunday Balloons outside , in the week before Mothering Sunday 2008 The United Kingdom celebrates Mothering Sunday , which falls on the fourth Sunday of Lent ( 26 March in 2017 ) . This holiday has its roots in the church and was originally unrelated to the American holiday . Most historians believe that Mothering Sunday evolved from the 16th - century Christian practice of visiting one 's mother church annually on Laetare Sunday . As a result of this tradition , most mothers were reunited with their children on this day when young apprentices and young women in service were released by their masters for that weekend . As a result of the influence of the American Mother 's Day , Mothering Sunday transformed into the tradition of showing appreciation to one 's mother . The holiday is still recognized in the original historical sense by many churches , with attention paid to Mary the mother of Jesus Christ and the concept of the Mother Church . The custom was still popular by the start of the 19th century , but with the Industrial Revolution , traditions changed and the Mothering Day customs declined . By 1935 , Mothering Sunday was less celebrated in Europe . Constance Penswick - Smith worked unsuccessfully to revive the festival in the 1910s -- 1920s . However , US World War II soldiers brought the US Mother 's Day celebration to the UK , and the holiday was merged with the Mothering Sunday traditions still celebrated in the Church of England . By the 1950s , the celebration became popular again in the whole of the UK , thanks to the efforts of UK merchants , who saw in the festival a great commercial opportunity . People from UK started celebrating Mother 's Day on the fourth Sunday of Lent , the same day on which Mothering Sunday had been celebrated for centuries . Some Mothering Sunday traditions were revived , such as the tradition of eating cake on that day , although celebrants now eat simnel cake instead of the cakes that were traditionally prepared at that time . The traditions of the two holidays are now mixed together and celebrated on the same day , although many people are not aware that the festivities have quite separate origins . Mothering Sunday occurs 3 weeks prior to Easter Sunday or the fourth Sunday of Lent , meaning it can fall at the earliest on 1 March ( in years when Easter Day falls on 22 March ) and at the latest on 4 April ( when Easter Day falls on 25 April ) . United States Main article : Mother 's Day ( United States ) Prince Harry , Michelle Obama and Jill Biden helping children create Mother 's Day cards at the White House , 9 May 2013 Handmade Mother 's Day gifts The United States celebrates Mother 's Day on the second Sunday in May . In 1872 Julia Ward Howe called for women to join in support of disarmament and asked for 2 June 1872 , to be established as a `` Mother 's Day for Peace '' . Her 1870 `` Appeal to womanhood throughout the world '' is sometimes referred to as Mother 's Day Proclamation . But Howe 's day was not for honouring mothers but for organizing pacifist mothers against war . In the 1880s and 1890s there were several further attempts to establish an American `` Mother 's Day '' , but these did not succeed beyond the local level . In the United States , Mother 's Day remains one of the biggest days for sales of flowers , greeting cards , and the like ; Mother 's Day is also the biggest holiday for long - distance telephone calls . Moreover , churchgoing is also popular on Mother 's Day , yielding the highest church attendance after Christmas Eve and Easter . Many worshippers celebrate the day with carnations , coloured if the mother is living and white if she is dead . Mother 's Day continues to be one of the most commercially successful U.S. occasions . It is possible that the holiday would have withered over time without the support and continuous promotion of the florist industries and other commercial industries . Other Protestant holidays from the same time , such as Children 's Day and Temperance Sunday , do not have the same level of popularity . See also Holidays portal International Mother 's Day Shrine International Women 's Day May crowning Father 's Day Notes Footnotes Jump up ^ Since the Solar Hijri uses the lunar year , which is shorter than the solar year , the day migrates through the seasons . Each year it falls a different day in the Gregorian Calendar , so it is listed separately . Citations Enstam , Elizabeth York . `` The Dallas equal suffrage association , political style , and popular culture : grassroots strategies of the Woman Suffrage Movement , 1913 -- 1919 . '' Journal of Southern History 68.4 ( 2002 ) : 817 +. Student Resources in Context . Web . 14 November 2014 . References Jump up ^ L. James Grold ( April 1968 ) , `` Mother 's Day '' , American Journal of Psychiatry , 124 : 1456 -- 1458 , Mother 's Day , conceived by Anna Jarvis to honor unselfish mothers ( ... ) Although there is no direct lineal descent to our modern Mother 's Day custom , secular and religious motherhood have existed for thousands of years before 10 May 1908 : the first church -- St. Andrew 's in Grafton , West Virginia -- responded to her request for a Sunday service honoring mothers . Cybele ( ... ) Jump up ^ Tuleja , Tad ( 1999 ) , Curious Customs : The Stories Behind 296 Popular American Rituals , Galahad Books , p. 167 , ISBN 9781578660704 , Although attempts have been made to link Mother 's Day to ancient cults of the mother goddess , especially the worship of Cybele , the association is more conceptual than historic . Mother 's Day is a modern , American invention . Jump up ^ Robert J. Myers , Hallmark Cards ( 1972 ) , Celebrations ; the complete book of American holidays , Doubleday , p. 143 , Our observance of Mother 's Day is little more than half a century old ( this was written in 1972 ) , yet the nature of the holiday makes it seem as if it had its roots in prehistoric times . Many antiquarians , holiday enthusiasts , and students of folklore have claimed to find the source Mother 's Day in the ancient spring festivals dedicated to the mother goddess , particularly the worship of Cybele . Jump up ^ Helsloot 2007 , p. 208 `` The American origin of the Day , however , was duly acknowledged . ' The idea is imported , . America led the way . ' '' ^ Jump up to : Mothering Sunday , BBC , retrieved 4 March 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Mother 's Day 2016 : Which countries celebrate it on 8 May -- and why ? '' . The Independent . 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mother 's Day 2017 , The Daily Telegraph Jump up ^ CNN , Kendall Trammell , . `` Mother 's Day founder later came to regret it '' . CNN . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Kaag , John ; Cleary , Skye C. ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Nietzsche Wishes You an Ambivalent Mother 's Day '' . The Paris Review . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Andrea ( 6 April 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of Motherhood . Sage Publications ( CA ) . p. 602 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 6629 - 9 . She organized the first official Mother 's Day service at Andrews Methodist Church in Grafton , West Virginia , on the morning of May 10 , 1908 . That same afternoon , 15,000 people attended a Mother 's Day service at the Wanamaker Store Auditorium in Philadelphia , which she also organized . Jarvis chose the second Sunday in May for Mother 's Day to mark the anniversary of her mother 's death and selected her mother 's favorite flower , the white carnation , as the day 's official emblem . Jump up ^ `` Engaging Families - U.S. Department of Education '' . www2.ed.gov. 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Panati , Charles ( 2016 ) . Panati 's Extraordinary Origins of Everyday Things . Book Sales . p. 59 . ISBN 9780785834373 . Jump up ^ Antolini , Katharine Lane ( 2010 ) . `` Jarvis , Anna '' . Encyclopedia of Motherhood . SAGE . p. 602 . ISBN 9781412968461 . Jump up ^ Connie Park Rice ; Marie Tedesco ( 15 March 2015 ) . Women of the Mountain South : Identity , Work , and Activism . Ohio University Press . pp. 29 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8214 - 4522 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Lois M. Collins ( 6 May 2014 ) . `` Mother 's Day 100 - year history a colorful tale of love , anger and civic unrest '' . Deseret News . ^ Jump up to : `` Hallmark celebrates 100th year of Mother 's Day , started by a woman who grew to despise it '' . kansas.com . Jump up ^ Compare footnote 51 in LaRossa , Ralph ( 1997 ) . The Modernization of Fatherhood : A Social and Political History . University of Chicago Press . p. 272 . ISBN 9780226469041 . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Technically , at least , Mother 's Day was ' owned ' by Jarvis . She managed not only to incorporate the Mother 's Day International Association , but also to register ' Second Sunday in May , Anna Jarvis , Founder , ' as the organization 's trademark . Jump up ^ Louisa Taylor , Canwest News Service ( 11 May 2008 ) . `` Mother 's Day creator likely ' spinning in her grave ' '' . The Vancouver Sun . Canada . Archived from the original on 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 7 July 2008 . Jump up ^ House Vote No. 274 ( 7 May 2008 ) H. Res. 1113 : Celebrating the role of mothers in the United States and supporting the goals and ideals of Mother 's Day ( Vote On Passage ) Jump up ^ House Vote No. 275 ( 7 May 2008 ) Table Motion to Reconsider : H RES 1113 Celebrating the role of mothers in the United States and supporting the goals and ideals of Mother 's Day Jump up ^ Presidential proclamations from The American Presidency Project : 71 -- Proclamation 2083 -- Mother 's Day Proclamation , Franklin D. Roosevelt , 3 May 1934 . Proclamation 3535 Mother 's Day , 1963 John F. Kennedy , 26 April 1963 . Proclamation 3583 -- Mother 's Day , 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson , 23 April 1964 Proclamation 4437 -- Mother 's Day , 1976 , Gerald Ford , 5 May 1976 . Proclamation 5801 -- Mother 's Day , 1988 , Ronald Reagan , 26 April 1988 . Proclamation 6133 -- Mother 's Day , 1990 , George Bush , 10 May 1990 Proclamation 6559 -- Mother 's Day , 1993 , Bill Clinton , 7 May 1993 . Proclamation 8253 -- Mother 's Day , 2008 , George W. Bush , 8 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Sources for Bolivia : `` 27 de mayo : madres que inspiran valentía '' . Los Tiempos ( in Spanish ) . 27 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 11 June 2009 . `` El Día de la Madre se nutre con la Virgen '' , La Razón ( La Paz ) ( in Spanish ) , 27 May 2006 , archived from the original on 5 November 2008 Jump up ^ Robert A. Saunders ; Vlad Strukov ( 2010 ) , Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation , Historical Dictionaries of Europe , Historical dictionaries of French history , 78 ( illustrated ed . ) , Scarecrow Press , p. 246 , ISBN 9780810854758 Jump up ^ `` About International Women 's Day '' . International Women 's Day . ^ Jump up to : `` Bidzina Ivanishvili Congratulates Mothers on Mother 's Day '' . News Agency InterPressNews ( IPN ) . 3 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ngo , Dong ( 25 June 2009 ) . `` Latest U.S. export to Vietnam : Mother 's Day '' . CNET . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Emily ; Macphail , Cameron ( 6 March 2016 ) . `` Mother 's Day 2016 : Everything you need to know about Mothering Sunday 2016 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sawwan , Ameenah A. ( 23 March 2016 ) . `` A Special Note to Syrian Mothers on Mother 's Day '' . News Deeply . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ John MacIntyre ( 2005 ) , The amazing mom book : real facts , tender tales , and thoughts from the heart about the most important person on Earth , Sourcebooks , p. 7 , ISBN 9781402203558 , Lebanon in the first day of Spring . ^ Jump up to : `` Lamis ' Story -- International Women 's Day 2015 '' . Medical Aid for Palestinians. 21 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 17 September 2016 . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Días Nacionales en Chile '' . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Xinhua from China Daily ( 16 May 2006 ) . `` It 's Mother 's Day '' . SCUEC online . Archived from the original on 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Principales efemérides . Mes Mayo '' . Unión de Periodistas de Cuba . Archived from the original on 9 June 2008 . Retrieved 7 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Mixed emotions on Women 's Day in Eastern Europe , euractiv.com , 9 March 2010 , archived from the original on 11 March 2010 Jump up ^ `` Calendario Cívico Escolar '' . Dirección Regional de Educación de Lima Metropolitana . Retrieved 7 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Kabita Maharana ( 9 May 2014 ) . `` Mother 's Day 2014 to be Celebrated in US and other Countries : Best Quotes to Say ' Thank You ' to Mum '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ministerio de Educación y Cultura de Paraguay , Día de la Madre ( in Spanish ) ^ Jump up to : Sources for Israel : http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4801172,00.html https://www.facebook.com/events/1528903660772737/ Jump up ^ Sources : * `` Haiti : Main Holidays '' . discoverhaiti.com . Archived from the original on 14 October 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . * `` 6310. - Fêtes et Jours Fériés en Haiti '' ( in French ) . Archived from the original on 1 April 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lic . Pedro Rafael Díaz Figueroa ( 27 May 1999 ) , `` El origen del Día de la Madre '' , El Nuevo Diario , archived from the original on 14 May 2010 ^ Jump up to : The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus ( 14 October 2009 ) , Support for mothers remains the key priority of Belarus ' social policy ^ Jump up to : Padre Fabián Castro ( 3 October 2010 ) . `` El día de la madre en el mundo y en la Argentina '' ( in Spanish ) . padrefabian.com.ar . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . La cuestión tiene que ver con el calendario litúrgico que la Iglesia Católica utilizaba antes de la reforma producto del Concilio Vaticano II . Allí el 11 de octubre era la festividad de la Maternidad de la Virgen María . ( Actualmente se celebra el 1 de enero ) . Con este motivo era costumbre argentina pasar la celebración litúrgica al domingo anterior o siguiente al 11 . Con el lento correr de los años la tradición popular fue fijando como el tercer domingo de octubre la celebración de la Madre y las madres . ^ Jump up to : Lee Sang Yong ( 16 December 2014 ) . `` North Korea 's Official 2015 Calendar Revealed '' . Daily NK . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : editorial ( 8 December 2001 ) , `` Bendita Madre '' , Crítica ( in Spanish ) , archived from the original on 27 September 2011 ^ Jump up to : seenthing ( 21 December 2010 ) , Sejarah Perayaan Nasional Hari Ibu 22 Desembe ^ Jump up to : Zhai , Yun Tan ( 7 May 2016 ) . `` Celebrating Mother 's Day ? Make Sure You Have The Date Right '' . NPR . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mata Tirtha Aunsi today '' . República . Kathmandu : Nepal Republic Media . 6 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 7 May 2016 . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wendy S. DeBano ( 2009 ) , `` Singing against Silence : Celebrating Women and Music and the Fourth Jasmine Festival '' , in Laudan Nooshin , Music and the Play of Power in the Middle East , North Africa and Central Asia , Soas Musicology Series ( illustrated ed . ) , Ashgate Publishing , p. 234 ( footnote 18 ) , ISBN 9780754634577 , In 2002 , Fatemeh 's birthday celebration ( observed according to the hejri calendar ) fell on Thursday 29 August ( 20 Jamādi 1423 ) ( ... ) Fatemeh 's birth date is also currently used to mark Mother 's Day in Iran , ritually recollecting , emphasising and reinscribing her role as a loyal mother , wife and daughter . Prior to the revolution , Mother 's Day was used to promote the gender ideologies of the Pahlavi regime . Jump up ^ Cordelia Candelaria ; Peter J. García ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Latino popular culture ( illustrated ed . ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 375 . ISBN 9780313332104 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Jon ; Schroedel , Jenny ; Schroedel , John ( 2011 ) . Jesus and Mary . East Bridgewater , MA : Adams Media . p. 397 . ISBN 9781572157491 . Jump up ^ `` Islams Women -- Status of Mothers in Islam '' . islamswomen.com . Jump up ^ Teiser , Stephen F. ( 1988 ) . The Ghost Festival in Medieval China . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . p. 114 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02677 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Jehl , Douglas ( 16 April 1997 ) . `` Mustafa Amin , Liberal Editor Jailed by Nasser , Dies at 83 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mother 's Day in the Arab World '' . Jump up ^ Sources for Janet Heyden : `` Near and Far '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 2 May 1927 . `` A Gift for Mother '' . The Sun - Herald . 9 May 1954 . Jump up ^ `` Belarus celebrates Mother 's Day for 15th time . The President congratulated the Belarusian mothers . '' , Belteleradio , 14 October 2010 , archived from the original on 29 September 2014 Jump up ^ `` Bhutan celebrates Mother 's Day for 5th time . '' , Bhutanbroadcastingserviceradio , 8 May 2010 Jump up ^ `` Dia das Mães : shoppings têm promoções especiais '' . 11 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 6 June 2012 . Retrieved 13 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mother 's Day Popular in China '' . People 's Daily . 14 May 2001 . Jump up ^ people.com.cn , sina.com.cn ( 17 June 2008 ) . `` Researchers and Experts Propose a Chinese Mother 's Day '' . All - China Women 's Federation . Archived from the original on 5 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Do we need our own Mother 's Day ? '' . China Daily . 16 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mother 's Day - Holidays '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Mother 's Day Birtukan ! '' . HuffPost . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mothers Day History ~ The Complete History of Mother 's Day '' . Mothers Day Central . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pühade ja tähtpäevade seadus '' . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www. juhlapyhät.fi/aitienpaiva ^ Jump up to : Histoire de la fête des mères et celle de `` l'Union fraternelle des pères de familles méritants d'Artas '' , Union des Familles en Europe Jump up ^ Artas , berceau de la Fête des mères , mairie d'Artas ^ Jump up to : Luc Capdevila ( CRHISCO -- University of Rennes 2 ) , Fabrice Virgili ( IHTP -- CNRS ) , `` Guerre , femmes et nation en France ( 1939 -- 1945 ) Archived 28 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . '' , in IRICE . Jump up ^ `` Loi no 50 - 577 du 24 mai 1950 relative à la Fête des mères '' ( Law No. 50 - 577 of 24 May 1950 relating to Mother 's Day ) ( in French ) . JORF . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Michelle Mouton ( 2007 ) , `` From Mother 's Day to Forced Sterilization '' , From nurturing the Nation to Purifying the Volk : Weimar and Nazi family policy , 1918 -- 1945 , Publications of the German Historical Institute ( illustrated ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , pp. 107 -- 152 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 86184 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Ann Taylor Allen ( February 1995 ) , `` Reviewed work ( s ) : Muttertag und Mutterkreuz : Der Kult um die `` Deutsche Mutter '' im Nationalsozialismus , by Irmgard Weyrather `` , American Historical Review , Frankfurt A.m , 100 ( 1 ) : 186 -- 187 , doi : 10.2307 / 2168063 Jump up ^ TTN ( 13 March 2004 ) . `` Social change in India discussed '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ Charu Amar ( 1 May 2009 ) , `` Kyunki saas bhi toh maa hai ! '' , The Times of India , Mention Mother 's Day and everyone goes on a thinking spree to find the most innovative way to pamper their mommy dearest . Jump up ^ Wardhani , Lynda K. ( 22 December 2010 ) . `` In observance of Mother 's Day '' . The Jakarta Post . ^ Jump up to : Bulbeck , Chilla ( 2009 ) . Sex , love and feminism in the Asia Pacific : a cross-cultural study of young people 's attitudes . ASAA women in Asia . London New York : Routledge . ISBN 9780415470063 . Preview . ^ Jump up to : Kathryn Robinson ( 2009 ) , Gender , Islam and Democracy in Indonesia , ASAA women in Asia , Routledge , pp. 3 , 36 , 44 , 72 , ISBN 9781134118830 Jump up ^ `` Ahmadinejad highlights women 's significant role in society '' . Presidency of The Islamic Republic of Iran News Service . 24 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2009 . Retrieved 19 July 2008 . ( ... ) the occasion of the Mother 's Day marking the birthday anniversary of Hazrat Fatemeh Zahra ( SA ) , the beloved daughter of Prophet Mohammad . The day fell on 23 June ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Shahla Haeri ( 1993 ) . `` Obedience versus Autonomy : Women and Fundamentalism in Iran and Pakistan '' . In Martin E. Marty ; R. Scott Appleby ; Helen Hardacre ; Everett Mendelsohn . Fundamentalisms and Society : Reclaiming the Sciences , the Family , and Education . The Fundamentalism Project . 2 ( 2 ed . ) . University of Chicago Press . p. 197 . ISBN 9780226508801 . The more women try to engage the fundamentalists in their own discourse , negotiating and bargaining over their rights ( Islamic or otherwise ) , the more frequently has the Islamic regime emphasized the ideal , the Fatimah model , the quintessential obedient woman . The fundamentalist regime in iran has yet to resolve its central dilemma regarding the role of women and male - female relationships : should women emulate a Zainab - autonomous and assertive - or a Fatimah - obedient and submissive ? Given the logic of an Islamic marriage and the worldview it implies , the fundamentalist regime has shown a marked preference for the latter . Thus Woman 's Day and Mother 's Day in Iran are celebrated on the occasion of Fatimah 's birth . ^ Jump up to : Firoozeh Kashani - Sabet ( 2011 ) , Conceiving Citizens : Women and the Politics of Motherhood in Iran ( illustrated ed . ) , Oxford University Press , pp. 201 -- 206 , ISBN 9780195308860 Jump up ^ Shahla Haeri ( 2009 ) , `` Women , Religion , and Political Agency in Iran '' , in Ali Gheissari , Contemporary Iran : Economy , Society ( illustrated ed . ) , Oxford University Press , p. 137 , ISBN 9780195378481 , Such ( feminist ) gatherings would not have been so remarkable had they not happened against the backdrop of the regime 's ceaseless effort to discourage , even harass , women activists and their supporters . Within the narrative of Islamization , the state 's argument has been , all along , that such gatherings are representative of the culture of imperialism , and hence are subversive and against the public good and the moral order . Above all , the Islamic state has tried hard to co-opt women by appropriating the terminology and language : `` protecting women , '' `` respect for women , '' `` gender complementarity . '' Accordingly , in order to accommodate , and yet control and channel women 's movements and activitites , the state commemorates the birthday of Fatemeh , the Prophet Muhammad 's daughter , as a national woman 's / mother 's day . Jump up ^ Mahdi , Ali Akbar ( 2003 ) . `` Iranian Women : Between Islamization and Globalization '' . Iran Encountering Globalization : Problems and Prospects . Ali Mohammadi . London and New York : Routledge / Curzon . ISBN 0 - 415 - 30827 - 5 . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on 15 September 2006 . This Shia vision of family is based on a nostalgic and idealistic notion of Imam Ali 's family in which Fatima Zahra ( the Prophet Mohammad 's daughter ) dedicated herself to both her husband and Islamic cause . Other role models for women often cited by the officials and ideologues of the IRI are Khadijah , the prophet Mohammad 's wife , and Zaynab , daughter of the first Shi'i ( sic ) Imam Ali . In fact , the IRI ( Islamic Republic of Iran ) replaced the universal Mother 's Day with Fatima Zahar 's ( sic ) birthday . Jump up ^ `` The Shiite Interpretation of the Status of Women '' . Institute for Advanced Study . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ de Ceglia , F.P. ; Dibattista , L. ( 2013 ) . Il bello della scienza . Intersezioni tra storia , scienza e arte ( in Italian ) . Milan : Angeli . p. 102 . ISBN 9788856849530 . Jump up ^ Anonymous ( 1 April 2010 ) , `` La Festa DeLLa Mamma '' , Italian America ( in Italian ) ( registration required ) Jump up ^ Raul Zaccari -- together with Senators Bellisario , Baldini , Restagno , Piasenti , Benedetti and Zannini . Senato della Repubblica , 78a Seduta Pubblica , 18 dicembre 1958 . `` Istituzione de la festa della Mamma . '' ( Annunzio di presentazione di disegni di legge ) Jump up ^ Светлана Моисеева ( 17 May 2013 ) . `` Президент поздравил кыргызстанцев с Днем матери '' . Вечерный Бишкек. 19 мая народ Кыргызстана отмечает День матери . Эта памятная дата установлена только в прошлом году , но сразу стала для кыргызстанцев одной из любимых . Jump up ^ `` About International Women 's Day '' . International Women 's Day . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Apollo.lv ( 13 May 2012 ) . `` Šodien sveicam Māmiņas ! '' . Apollo.lv India . Mātes dienu Latvijā sāka svinēt 1922 . gadā , bet ar 1934 . gadu tika noteikts , ka šī diena svinama katra maija otrajā svētdienā līdzīgi kā citās Eiropas valstīs. 1938 . gadā pēc prezidenta Kārļa Ulmaņa ierosinājuma Mātes dienu sāka dēvēt par Ģimenes dienu , uzsverot mātes lielo lomu ģimenes pavarda veidošanā un uzturēšanā . Jump up ^ Latvijā atzīmē Mātes dienu Archived 30 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . TVNET ^ Jump up to : Newcomer , page 133 ^ Jump up to : Sherman , page 44 ^ Jump up to : Newcomer , pages 133 -- 134 ^ Jump up to : Newcomer , page 134 Jump up ^ Newcomer , 134 -- 135 ^ Jump up to : Newcomer , 135 -- 136 ^ Jump up to : Newcomer , 136 -- 139 Jump up ^ The History of Mother 's Day from The Legacy Project , a Legacy Center ( Canada ) website Jump up ^ `` When Is Mother 's Day Celebrated In Mexico ? '' . 7 May 2016 . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ J.C. Heesterman ; Albert W. Van den Hoek ; Dirk H.A. Kolff ; Marianne S. Oort ( 1992 ) . Ritual , State , and History in South Asia : Essays in Honour of J.C. Heesterman . BRILL . p. 786 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 09467 - 3 . Jump up ^ Helsloot 2007 , p. 206 ^ Jump up to : Helsloot 2007 , p. 208 ^ Jump up to : Helsloot 2007 , p. 209 ^ Jump up to : Helsloot 2007 , p. 210 Jump up ^ Helsloot 2007 , p. 213 Jump up ^ Helsloot 2007 , p. 211 Jump up ^ `` Mother 's Day in Norway '' . 11 May 2010 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World marks Mother 's Day with Utmost Love , Respect '' . ARY News . 17 May 2016 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Penny de Henríquez ( 9 December 2005 ) , `` Origins . La celebración del Día de la Madre '' , La Prensa ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Session of the Honorable Cámara de Senadores . Señor Senador Diego Abente Brun ( in Spanish ) , p. 25 ^ Jump up to : `` Buscan que se cambie fecha del día de la madre '' , Radio Viva 90.1 FM Paraguay , 14 May 2008 Jump up ^ Municipality of Asuncion ( 27 July 2008 ) , Hoy miércoles 27 de agosto se inician las acciones de la Comisión de Festejos por el Bicentenario , con una retreta en la Plaza de los Héroes , archived from the original on 10 May 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Proclamation No. 58 , s . 1998 '' . Official Gazette. 11 December 1998 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Content Manager 03 ( 1 December 2014 ) . `` The First Monday of December is Mother 's Day and Father 's Day '' . Malacañan Palace ( official residence of the President of the Philippines ) . Jump up ^ `` Romania Celebrates Fathers ' Day On Second Sunday Of May '' . Mediafax . Bucharest. 4 May 2010 . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Постановление ЦК ВКП ( б ) . ( 8 March 1966 ) . К советским женщинам , обращение ЦК КПСС в связи с Международным днём 8 Марта . ( DjVu ) . Советское искусство ( in Russian ) . p. 4 . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About International Women 's Day '' . International Women 's Day . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Балаховская , Л . Г. ( 1969 -- 1978 ) . Международный женский день 8 марта ... In Введенский , Борис . `` Большая советская энциклопедия '' ( БСЭ ) ( in Russian ) . Москва : `` Советская энциклопедия '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Why is May the Month of Mary ? '' . National Catholic Register . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleurop - Interflora ( Suisse ) ( 22 April 2008 ) , La Fête des Mères 2008 ne sera pas reportée ( in French ) Jump up ^ Camaron Kao ( 14 May 2012 ) , `` Thousands of believers mark Buddha 's birthday '' , China Post , archived from the original on 16 June 2013 Jump up ^ Ko Shu - Ling ( 9 May 2011 ) . `` Sakyamuni Buddha birthday celebrated '' . Taipei Times . The legislature approved a proposal in 1999 to designate the birthday of Sakyamuni Buddha -- which falls on the eighth day of the fourth month of the lunar calendar -- a national holiday and to celebrate the special occasion concurrently with International Mother 's Day , which is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . Jump up ^ `` 300,000 Attend Buddha Day Ceremonies in 34 Countries '' . Tzu Chi. 15 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tzu Chi Foundation to stage Mother 's Day event '' , Taipei Times , 4 May 2008 Jump up ^ Caroline Hong ( 23 May 2004 ) , `` Cultural center performs ` bathing Buddha ' ceremony '' , Taipei Times Jump up ^ unsigned ( 15 May 2006 ) , `` Taiwan Quick Take : Tzu Chi celebrates birthday '' , Taipei Times , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` Police chief returns earlier for Mother 's Day '' . MCOT news . Thai News Agency . 10 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . ( ... ) an audience with Her Majesty Queen Sirikit on Tuesday on the occasion of her birthday , which is also observed as National Mother 's Day . ^ Jump up to : Paul M. Handley ( 2006 ) . The King Never Smiles : a biography of Thailand 's Bhumibol Adulyadej . Yale University Press . p. 288 . ISBN 9780300106824 . ( online version ) Jump up ^ `` Украз Президента України . Про День Матері '' ( in Ukrainian ) . zakon2.rada.gov.ua . ^ Jump up to : Robert J. Myers , Hallmark Cards ( 1972 ) , Celebrations ; the complete book of American holidays , Doubleday , pp. 144 -- 146 Jump up ^ `` Interfaith holy days by faith '' . Religion & Ethics . BBC . Archived from the original on 21 May 2012 . Retrieved 20 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How Mothering Sunday became Mother 's Day '' . Owenspencer-thomas.com . Archived from the original on 15 July 2011 . Retrieved 16 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ronald Hutton ( 2001 ) , The stations of the sun : a history of the ritual year in Britain ( illustrated , reprinted ed . ) , Oxford University Press , pp. 174 -- 177 , ISBN 9780192854483 Jump up ^ David Self ( 1993 ) , One hundred readings for assembly , Heinemann Assembly Resources , Heinemann , pp. 27 -- 29 , ISBN 9780435800413 Jump up ^ `` Mother 's Day 2017 : When is Mothering Sunday and why does the date change ? '' . Metro. 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Bernhard , Virginia ( 2002 ) . `` Mother 's Day '' . In Joseph M. Hawes ; Elizabeth F. Shores . The family in America : an encyclopedia ( 3 , illustrated ed . ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 714 . ISBN 9781576072325 . Jump up ^ Barbara Mikkelson , `` We love you -- call collect '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 2010.03. 08 . Jump up ^ J. Ellsworth Kalas ( 19 October 2009 ) . Preaching the Calendar : Celebrating Holidays and Holy Days . Westminster John Knox Press . Church attendance on this day is likely to be third only to Christmas Eve and Easter . Some worshipers still celebrate with carnations , colored if the mother is living and white if she is deceased . Jump up ^ `` Mother 's Day Dining Fact Sheet '' . National Restaurant Association . 28 April 2006 . Mother 's Day is the most popular day of the year to dine out , with 38 percent of consumers reporting doing so Jump up ^ Leigh , page 256 General Schmidt , Leigh Eric ( 1997 ) . Princeton University Press , ed . Consumer Rites : The Buying and Selling of American Holidays ( reprint , illustrated ed . ) . pp. 256 -- 275 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01721 - 2 . Larossa , Ralph ( 1997 ) . University of Chicago Press , ed . The Modernization of Fatherhood : A Social and Political History ( illustrated ed . ) . pp. 90 , 170 -- 192 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 46904 - 2 . Helsloot , John ( 2007 ) , `` 10 . Vernacular Authenticity : Negotiating Mother 's Day and Father 's Day in the Netherlands '' , in Margry , Peter Jan ; Roodenburg , Herman , Reframing Dutch Culture : Between Otherness and Authenticity , Progress in European Ethnology ( illustrated ed . ) , Ashgate Publishing , pp. 6 -- 7 , 203 -- 224 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 4705 - 8 Newcomer , Daniel ( 2004 ) . Reconciling Modernity : Urban State Formation in 1940s León , Mexico ( illustrated ed . ) . University of Nebraska Press . pp. 132 -- 139 . ISBN 9780803233492 . Sherman , John W. ( 1997 ) . The Mexican Right : The End of Revolutionary Reform , 1929 -- 1940 ( illustrated ed . ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 44 . ISBN 9780275957360 . External links Media related to Mother 's Day at Wikimedia Commons Holidays , observances , and celebrations in Algeria January New Year 's Day ( 1 ) Yennayer ( 12 ) February Valentine 's Day ( 14 ) Tafsut ( 28 ) March International Women 's Day ( 8 ) Victory Day ( 19 ) World Water Day ( 22 ) Maghrebi Blood Donation Day ( 30 ) Spring vacation ( 2 last weeks ) April April Fools ' Day ( 1 ) Knowledge Day ( 16 ) Berber Spring ( 20 ) Earth Day ( 22 ) Election Day ( Thursday ) May International Workers ' Day ( 1 ) World Press Freedom Day ( 3 ) Mother 's Day ( last Sunday ) June -- July -- August Summer vacation ( varies ) June Children 's Day ( 1 ) Father 's Day ( 21 ) July Independence Day ( 5 ) September International Day of Peace ( 21 ) October International Day of Non-Violence ( 2 ) Halloween ( 31 ) November Revolution Day ( 1 ) December Christmas Eve ( 24 ) Christmas ( 25 ) New Year 's Eve ( 31 ) Winter vacation ( 2 last weeks ) Varies ( year round ) Hijri New Year 's Day ( Muharram 1 ) Ashura ( Muharram 10 ) Mawlid ( Rabi ' al - Awwal 12 ) Ramadan ( Ramadan 1 ) Laylat al - Qadr ( Ramadan 27 ) Eid al - Fitr ( Shawwal 1 ) Day of Arafah ( Dhu al - Hijjah 9 ) Eid al - Adha ( Dhu al - Hijjah 10 ) Holi ( varies ) Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in Algeria , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . See also : Lists of holidays . Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. Lee Day ( FL ) Stephen Foster Memorial Day ( 36 ) The Eighth ( LA , former federal ) January -- February Super Bowl Sunday February American Heart Month Black History Month Washington 's Birthday / Presidents ' Day ( federal ) Valentine 's Day Georgia Day ( GA ) Groundhog Day Lincoln 's Birthday ( CA , CT , IL , IN , MO , NJ , NY , WV ) National Girls and Women in Sports Day National Freedom Day ( 36 ) Primary Election Day ( WI ) Ronald Reagan Day ( CA ) Rosa Parks Day ( CA , MO ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( CA , FL , NY , WI , WV , proposed federal ) February -- March Mardi Gras Ash Wednesday ( religious ) Courir de Mardi Gras ( religious ) Super Tuesday March Irish - American Heritage Month National Colon Cancer Awareness Month Women 's History Month St. Patrick 's Day ( religious ) Spring break ( week ) Casimir Pulaski Day ( IL ) Cesar Chavez Day ( CA , CO , TX , proposed federal ) Evacuation Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Harriet Tubman Day ( NY ) Holi ( NY , religious ) Mardi Gras ( AL ( in two counties ) , LA ) Maryland Day ( MD ) National Poison Prevention Week ( week ) Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day ( HI ) Saint Joseph 's Day ( religious ) Seward 's Day ( AK ) Texas Independence Day ( TX ) Town Meeting Day ( VT ) March -- April Easter ( religious ) Palm Sunday ( religious ) Passover ( religious ) Good Friday ( CT , NC , PR , religious ) Easter Monday ( religious ) April Confederate History Month 420 Day April Fools ' Day Arbor Day Confederate Memorial Day ( AL , MS ) Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust ( week ) Earth Day Emancipation Day ( DC ) Thomas Jefferson 's Birthday ( AL ) Pascua Florida ( FL ) Patriots ' Day ( MA , ME ) San Jacinto Day ( TX ) Siblings Day Walpurgis Night ( religious ) May Asian Pacific American Heritage Month Jewish American Heritage Month Memorial Day ( federal ) Mother 's Day ( 36 ) Cinco de Mayo Harvey Milk Day ( CA ) Law Day ( 36 ) Loyalty Day ( 36 ) Malcolm X Day ( CA , IL , proposed federal ) May Day Military Spouse Day National Day of Prayer ( 36 ) National Defense Transportation Day ( 36 ) National Maritime Day ( 36 ) Peace Officers Memorial Day ( 36 ) Truman Day ( MO ) June Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month Father 's Day ( 36 ) Bunker Hill Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Carolina Day ( SC ) Emancipation Day In Texas / Juneteenth ( TX ) Flag Day ( 36 , proposed federal ) Helen Keller Day ( PA ) Honor America Days ( 3 weeks ) Jefferson Davis Day ( AL , FL ) Kamehameha Day ( HI ) Odunde Festival ( Philadelphia , PA ) Senior Week ( week ) West Virginia Day ( WV ) July Independence Day ( federal ) Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea ( HI , unofficial ) Parents ' Day ( 36 ) Pioneer Day ( UT ) July -- August Summer vacation August American Family Day ( AZ ) Barack Obama Day ( IL ) Bennington Battle Day ( VT ) Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day ( HI ) Lyndon Baines Johnson Day ( TX ) National Aviation Day ( 36 ) Service Reduction Day ( MD ) Victory over Japan Day ( RI , former federal ) Women 's Equality Day ( 36 ) September Prostate Cancer Awareness Month Labor Day ( federal ) California Admission Day ( CA ) Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day ( 36 ) Constitution Day ( 36 ) Constitution Week ( week ) Defenders Day ( MD ) Gold Star Mother 's Day ( 36 ) National Grandparents Day ( 36 ) National Payroll Week ( week ) Native American Day ( CA , TN , proposed federal ) Patriot Day ( 36 ) September -- October Hispanic Heritage Month Oktoberfest Rosh Hashanah ( religious ) Yom Kippur ( religious ) October Breast Cancer Awareness Month Disability Employment Awareness Month Filipino American History Month LGBT History Month Columbus Day ( federal ) Halloween Alaska Day ( AK ) Child Health Day ( 36 ) General Pulaski Memorial Day German - American Day Indigenous Peoples ' Day ( VT ) International Day of Non-Violence Leif Erikson Day ( 36 ) Missouri Day ( MO ) National School Lunch Week Native American Day ( SD ) Nevada Day ( NV ) Sweetest Day White Cane Safety Day ( 36 ) October -- November Diwali ( religious ) November Native American Indian Heritage Month Veterans Day ( federal ) Thanksgiving ( federal ) Day after Thanksgiving ( 24 ) Election Day ( CA , DE , HI , KY , MT , NJ , NY , OH , PR , WV , proposed federal ) Family Day ( NV ) Hanukkah ( religious ) Lā Kūʻokoʻa ( HI , unofficial ) Native American Heritage Day ( MD , WA ) Obama Day ( Perry County , AL ) December Christmas ( religious , federal ) Alabama Day ( AL ) Christmas Eve ( KY , NC , SC ) Day after Christmas ( KY , NC , SC , TX ) Festivus Hanukkah ( religious , week ) Indiana Day ( IN ) Kwanzaa ( religious , week ) National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day ( 36 ) New Year 's Eve Pan American Aviation Day ( 36 ) Rosa Parks Day ( OH , OR ) Wright Brothers Day ( 36 ) Varies ( year round ) Eid al - Adha ( religious ) Eid al - Fitr ( religious ) Ramadan ( religious , month ) Legend : ( federal ) = federal holidays , ( state ) = state holidays , ( religious ) = religious holidays , ( week ) = weeklong holidays , ( month ) = monthlong holidays , ( 36 ) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Public holidays in Mexico Statutory holidays Año Nuevo Día de la Constitución Natalicio de Benito Juárez Día del Trabajo Día de Independencia Día de la Revolución Transmisión del Poder Ejecutivo Federal Navidad Civic holidays Día del Ejército Día de la Bandera Aniversario de la Expropiación petrolera Heroica Defensa de Veracruz Cinco de Mayo Natalicio de Miguel Hidalgo Día de la Marina Grito de Dolores Día de los Niños Héroes Consumación de la Independencia Natalicio de José Ma . Morelos y Pavón Descubrimiento de América Festivities Día de los Santos Reyes Día de San Valentín Día del Niño Día de las Madres Día del Maestro Día del estudiante Día del Padre Día de Todos los Santos Día de los Fieles Difuntos Día de la Virgen de Guadalupe Las Posadas Nochebuena Dia de los Santos Inocentes Family History Household Nuclear family Extended family Conjugal family Immediate family Matrifocal family Blended family Dysfunctional family Polyfidelitous families First - degree relatives Parent father mother Child son daughter Sibling brother sister Second - degree relatives Grandparent Grandchild Aunt Uncle Nephew and niece Third - degree relatives Great - grandparent Great - grandchild Grandnephew and grandniece Cousin Family - in - law Spouse wife husband Parents - in - law Siblings - in - law Son - in - law Daughter - in - law Stepfamily Stepfather Stepmother Stepchild Stepsibling Kinship Australian Aboriginal kinship Adoption Affinity Consanguinity Disownment Divorce Estrangement Fictive kinship Marriage Nurture kinship Lineage Bilateral descent Common ancestor Family name Family tree Genealogy Heirloom Heredity Inheritance Lineal descendant Matrilineality Patrilineality Pedigree chart Progenitor Relationships Agape ( parental love ) Eros ( marital love ) Filial piety Storge ( familial love ) Holidays Mother 's Day U.S. Father 's Day Father -- Daughter Day Siblings Day National Grandparents Day Parents ' Day Children 's Day Family Day Canada American Family Day National Family Week UK Related Wedding anniversary Sociology of the family Museum of Motherhood GND : 4371191 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mother%27s_Day&oldid=841285623 '' Categories : August observances December observances Family member holidays February observances June observances March observances May observances Monday observances Motherhood July observances Non-Gregorian April observances Non-Gregorian February observances Non-Gregorian January observances Non-Gregorian March observances Non-Gregorian May observances November observances Observances in the United States by presidential proclamation Observances set by the Hebrew calendar Observances set by the Islamic calendar Observances set by the Vikram Samvat calendar October observances Public holidays in the Soviet Union Sunday observances Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with dead external links from January 2018 CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Ukrainian - language sources ( uk ) Articles with short description Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from March 2018 Infobox holiday ( other ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Kyrgyz - language text Articles containing Polish - language text Articles needing additional references from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles containing Indonesian - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2015 Articles containing Ukrainian - language text Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Holidays and observances by scheduling ( nth weekday of the month ) Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Walon 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 74 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 23 : 06 . 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One Tree Hill (season 8)
One Tree Hill ( season 8 ) - wikipedia One Tree Hill ( season 8 ) One Tree Hill ( season 8 ) One Tree Hill Season 8 DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network The CW Original release September 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 14 ) -- May 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 17 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 Next → Season 9 List of One Tree Hill episodes The eighth season of One Tree Hill , an American television series , premiered on September 14 , 2010 . After successful ratings for the early episodes of the season on The CW , the network ordered a back - order of nine episodes , bringing the total episode count to twenty - two . Season eight features the return of the original opening credits and the original opening theme song `` I Do n't Want to Be '' covered by various artists each week , while the original version is featured sporadically . Schwahn wrote 13 out of the 22 episodes , including the final six episodes of the season . The season opened to a 1.1 Adults 18 -- 49 rating and 2.14 million viewers . The thirteenth episode of the season , `` The Other Half of Me '' which saw Brooke getting married achieved season highs in all categories with a 1.2 Adults 18 -- 49 rating , a 2.4 in Women 18 -- 34 and 2.42 million viewers making it the most watched episode since December 2009 . The season averaged 1.8 million viewers . It was released on DVD in the UK on October 29 , 2011 . Contents 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Regular 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Cast 4.2 Story 5 Reception 6 DVD release 7 References Overview ( edit ) Brooke and Julian are engaged but she has to deal with financial problems at Clothes Over Bros , thanks to Victoria . Nathan makes a huge decision regarding his career . Haley finds out she is pregnant again , this time with a girl . Clay and Quinn 's lives hang in the balance when they are left for dead after Katie shoots the both of them . A new love triangle starts between Chase , Alex , and Mia . Mouth tries to get close to Millicent once more . Meanwhile , Dan talks Quinn out of a terrible mistake when she visits him at his diner on the outskirts of Tree Hill . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of One Tree Hill characters Regular ( edit ) James Lafferty as Nathan Scott ( 22 episodes ) Bethany Joy Galeotti as Haley James Scott ( 22 episodes ) Sophia Bush as Brooke Davis ( 22 episodes ) Austin Nichols as Julian Baker ( 22 episodes ) Robert Buckley as Clay Evans ( 20 episodes ) Shantel VanSanten as Quinn James ( 20 episodes ) Jackson Brundage as Jamie Scott ( 18 episodes ) Lee Norris as Mouth McFadden ( 14 episodes ) Jana Kramer as Alex Dupre ( 16 episodes ) Lisa Goldstein as Millicent Huxtable ( 16 episodes ) Stephen Colletti as Chase Adams ( 18 episodes ) Recurring ( edit ) Kate Voegele as Mia Catalano ( 11 episodes ) Michael May as Chuck Scolnik ( 10 episodes ) Daphne Zuniga as Victoria Davis ( 9 episodes ) Katherine Landry as Madison ( 8 episodes ) Antwon Tanner as Skills Taylor ( 6 episodes ) Laura Izibor as Erin Macree ( 6 episodes ) Peter Riegert as Dr. August Kellerman ( 6 episodes ) Sharon Lawrence as Sylvia Baker ( 6 episodes ) Eric McIntire as Ian Kellerman ( 5 episodes ) Leven Rambin as Chloe Hall ( 5 episodes ) Allison Munn as Lauren ( 3 episodes ) Amanda Schull as Katie Ryan ( 3 episodes ) Cullen Moss as Junk Moretti ( 3 episodes ) Kelley Davis as Mrs. Scolnik ( 2 episodes ) Paul Johansson as Dan Scott ( 2 episodes ) Gregory Harrison as Paul Norris ( 1 episode ) Vaughn Wilson as Fergie Thompson ( 1 episode ) Bradley Evans as Jerry ( 1 episode ) Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of One Tree Hill episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 153 `` Asleep at Heaven 's Gate '' Mark Schwahn Mark Schwahn September 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 14 ) 3X6351 2.14 After being shot and left for dead by Katie Ryan , both Clay and Quinn fight for their lives while they have an out of body experience of being at the beach . Meanwhile , Haley and Nathan prepare to tell Jamie about the pregnancy . Brooke is arrested after it 's discovered that Victoria and Millicent falsified profits and lied to investors to fund the men 's line `` Clothes 4 Bros '' . Also , Chase and Alex work together at the bar . This episode is named after an album by Rogue Wave . Opening theme song performed by Gavin DeGraw . 154 `` I Ca n't See You , But I Know You 're There '' Joe Davola Mark Schwahn September 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 21 ) 3X6352 1.86 Alex becomes a success as a bartender , Mia opens up to Chase . Julian and Jamie bond while Clay and Quinn lie in a coma in the hospital . Haley struggles with what has happened while Nathan decides to stay in Tree Hill a little bit longer to help her through the tragedy . Meanwhile , Brooke deals with publicity and finding a way to keep her from going to jail for Victoria 's actions . This episode is named after a song by Tom Gabel . Opening theme song performed by Kate Voegele . 155 `` The Space in Between '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn September 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 28 ) 3X6353 1.83 Clay lives due to a successful kidney transplant from Will ( guest star Edwin Hodge ) , a man in a similar position in the in - between . Meanwhile , Brooke deals with the press and the unfortunate news that she might go to jail because of the actions of Victoria and Millicent . This episode title is inspired by the Dave Matthews Band 's song `` The Space Between '' . Opening theme song performed by Patrick Stump of Fall Out Boy . 156 `` We All Fall Down '' Peter B. Kowalski William H. Brown October 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 05 ) 3X6354 1.97 Brooke and Nathan make big decisions regarding their careers . Brooke sells her entire company to pay back investors while Nathan decides to stay in Tree Hill for good because of his back problems . Meanwhile , Quinn deals with recovering from the shooting while wanting to be by Clay 's side . This episode is named after a song by All Time Low . Opening theme song performed by Susie Suh . 157 5 `` Nobody Taught Us to Quit '' James Lafferty Mark Schwahn October 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 12 ) 3X6355 1.91 Victoria disowns Brooke after learning she is selling the company . Meanwhile , Clay leaves the hospital and returns to living at the beach house with Quinn . Nathan offers to help Clay with his business until he can get better and continue to help his clients . Julian begins a new movie project , a documentary inspired by Nathan and his career decisions . This episode is named after a song by The Henry Clay People . Opening theme song performed by Matthew Ryan . 158 6 `` Not Afraid '' Sophia Bush John Norris October 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 19 ) 3X6356 1.90 It 's Halloween in Tree Hill , and Julian 's mother , Sylvia , arrives in town to help plan Brooke and Julian 's wedding . She later tries to take over . Quinn deals with living in the beach house still in fear of Katie who is still on the loose . With trick - or - treaters coming to their doorstep , Clay has special rules for the candy . Chase takes out his frustrations on Mia . Mouth sets some boundaries with his relationship with Millie . Meanwhile , Haley continues to provide help for an Irish woman on the hotline she works for . Haley later recognizes the woman 's voice as Erin , a singer who enters an open mic night at TRIC . This episode is named after a song by Eminem . Opening theme song performed by Laura Izibor . 159 7 `` Luck Be a Lady '' Les Butler David Strauss & Mike Herro November 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 02 ) 3X6357 1.82 As the wedding approaches , Brooke tries to connect with Sylvia , while Julian looks for his best man at a guys ' poker night . Meanwhile , Nathan struggles in his new job , while Haley stumbles on finding Erin , and Skills returns to town with a new friend as Lucas ' Mannequin . This episode is named after a song by Frank Sinatra . Opening theme song performed by Lucas Field . 160 8 `` Mouthful of Diamonds '' Michael J. Leone Mark Schwahn November 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 09 ) 3X6358 1.70 Nathan 's career as an agent takes a big step forward when he visits Atlanta , while Haley consoles Jamie regarding his new braces . The drama between Brooke and Sylvia finally comes to a head , and Chase makes a decision regarding Mia and Alex . This episode is named after a song by Phantogram . Opening theme song performed by Grace Potter . 161 9 `` Between Raising Hell and Amazing Grace '' Bethany Joy Lenz Nikki Schiefelbein November 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 16 ) 3X6359 1.90 It 's Thanksgiving in Tree Hill . Brooke decides it 's time to try her hand at a home - cooked Thanksgiving dinner but things do n't really go as planned . All of the gang end up at Haley 's for dinner where Mia and Alex have a cat fight over Chase . This episode is named after a song by Big & Rich . Opening theme song performed by Wakey ! Wakey ! 162 10 `` Lists , Plans '' Joe Davola Johnny Richardson November 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 30 ) 3X6360 1.81 Julian tries to get Brooke to complete a list of dreams that Millicent made for her back when she had her company , including skydiving and a James Bond marathon . Haley sets up a concert at TRIC featuring musical guest star , Kid Cudi , whom Erin is the opening act for , while Mia & Alex do friendly `` celebrity bar - tending '' competition to see who has more fans in Tree Hill . Nathan takes a business class at a university to complete his left out credits to become a full - time agent with Clay . Jamie helps his father by tutoring him and helping him remember parts of the book he 's studying . Meanwhile , Quinn sneaks out of town to visit Dan to get his help in finding and killing Katie , but decides against it while driving back home and throws the gun in the river . Elsewhere , Katie makes her way back to Tree Hill after learning that Quinn and Clay are still alive . This episode is named after a song by the band A Sunny Day in Glasgow . Opening theme song performed by Aimee Mann . 163 11 `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' Mark Schwahn Mark Schwahn December 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 07 ) 3X6361 2.20 A major hurricane hits Tree Hill and Katie comes back to finish what she started with Quinn and Clay , but she is eventually shot and stopped for good . Meanwhile , Brooke and Julian fight over moving to L.A. which angers Brooke and leaves , driving into the storm . As Brooke reaches the bridge she finds Lauren 's car crashed on the bridge with Jamie , Chuck and Madison trapped inside . Brooke helps Chuck , Madison and Lauren and sends them to get help while Brooke rushes in to save Jamie who is stuck in the car . A passing vehicle knocks the car into the lake and Julian dives in after them . Julian manages to save Jamie and Brooke . This episode is named after a song by Bruce Springsteen . Opening theme song performed by Gavin DeGraw . 164 12 `` The Drinks We Drank Last Night '' Chad Graves Shaina Fewell January 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 25 ) 3X6362 1.90 After a wild night out on the town for her bachelorette party , Brooke and the girls try to piece together the night before amidst the wreckage of the day after . This episode is a tribute to The Hangover . This episode is named after a song by Azure Ray . Opening theme song performed by Tegan and Sara . 165 13 `` The Other Half of Me '' Greg Prange John A. Norris February 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 01 ) 3X6363 2.42 Brooke and Julian 's wedding day has finally arrived . Alex and Quinn start to spend a lot more time together , as they continue to share their past experiences with almost dying . Haley tells Jamie that he 's going to have a little sister . Millie grows closer to Mouth , due to the wedding . This episode is named after a song by Within Temptation . Opening theme song performed by Augustana . 166 14 `` Holding Out for a Hero '' Peter B. Kowalski Mike Herro & David Strauss February 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 08 ) 3X6364 1.60 Haley , Brooke , and Quinn become super-heroes for the day to use their talents for the greater good . Julian takes on a directing job and helps Mouth , Chase mentors Chuck and Alex reveals her unheard talent as a musician . This episode is a tribute to Kick - Ass . This episode is named after a song from Footloose , interpreted by Bonnie Tyler . Opening theme song performed by SO&SO . 167 15 `` Valentine 's Day Is Over '' Paul Johansson Mark Schwahn February 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 15 ) 3X6365 1.65 Sex games , secrets and shoelaces all come into play as the couples of Tree Hill celebrate Valentine 's Day . This episode is named after a song by Billy Bragg . Opening theme song performed by The New Amsterdams . 168 16 `` I Think I 'm Gonna Like It Here '' Steven Goldfried Rachel Specter & Audrey Wauchope February 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 22 ) 3X6366 2.01 As the girls plan a surprise baby shower for Haley , the guys participate in try - outs for Jamie 's baseball team . Meanwhile , Brooke and Julian pursue adoption ... while Mouth gets Millicent ready for her first day of work . This episode is named after a song from the musical Annie . Opening theme song performed by Olin and the Moon . 169 17 `` The Smoker You Drink , the Player You Get '' Les Butler Mark Schwahn March 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 01 ) 3X6367 1.60 As Haley 's due date approaches , she starts preparing her friends and family to make sure that they are ready when the baby arrives . Julian and Brooke prepare for their adoption , and Chuck looks to Chase to help him with a problem . This episode is named after an album by Joe Walsh . Opening theme song performed by Spinnerette . 170 18 `` Quiet Little Voices '' Austin Nichols Mark Schwahn April 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 19 ) 3X6368 1.41 The big day has finally arrived and the gang gathers at the hospital to await the birth of Haley and Nathan 's baby . While they wait , they reminisce about the memories they have shared over the years . Haley gives birth to a baby girl called Lydia Bob Scott , Whereas Julian and Brooke do n't get a baby as the girl decides she wants to keep the baby . This episode is named after a song by We Were Promised Jetpacks . Opening theme song performed by Laura Veirs . 171 19 `` Where Not to Look for Freedom '' Joe Davola Mark Schwahn April 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 26 ) 3X6369 1.45 Whilst Haley cares for their new daughter , Lydia , Nathan confronts Professor Kellerman ( guest star Peter Riegert ) about the accident . Meanwhile Quinn organizes a concert at Tric and Brooke gets an offer to return to Clothes Over Bro 's as vice president . Skills and Mouth help Millie think of a story for her to cover and focus on the river court which is about to be destroyed . This episode is named after a song by The Belle Brigade . Opening theme song performed by Lucero . 172 20 `` The Man Who Sailed Around His Soul '' Mark Schwahn Mark Schwahn May 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 03 ) 3X6370 1.25 Nathan , Julian and Clay confront Ian Kellerman about the accident . Chase asks Alex to take a drug test for him , Quinn gets an offer to shoot in Puerto Rico and Brooke finds out she is pregnant . Nathan discusses with Haley about visiting Dan . This episode is named after a song by XTC . Opening theme song performed by Against Me ! 173 21 `` Flightless Bird , American Mouth '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn May 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 10 ) 3X6371 1.30 Nathan , Jamie , Clay , Julian , Chase and Chuck camp at the River Court . The Girls head to Puerto Rico and Haley turns Clothes over Bros back to Karen 's Cafe . This episode is named after a song by Iron and Wine . Opening theme song performed by Joshua Radin . 174 22 `` This Is My House , This Is My Home '' Mark Schwahn Mark Schwahn May 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 17 ) 3X6372 1.48 Haley and Brooke prepare to re-open Karen 's Café , and Nathan and Clay travel in search of new clients . Alex and Chuck are disappointed after Chase leaves for the Air Force , and Mouth and Millie start their new morning show together . Brooke gives birth to twin boys , Davis and Jude . Nathan also visits Dan . This episode is named after a song by We Were Promised Jetpacks . Opening theme song performed by Gavin DeGraw . Production ( edit ) I could never say no given what this has been . Every year it 's , ' Do we think it can get picked up again ? Do we think it can go ? ' And every year ... we pick it up . You never count Mark out . Every year he comes back , and he 's made the show better . -- Dawn Ostroff on the possibility on continuing the series past season eight . The series was officially renewed for en eighth season on May 20 , 2010 . It was also announced the show would move to Tuesday 's at 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern / 7 : 00 p.m. Central , as a lead - in to Life Unexpected . The season premiered on September 14 , 2010 . Entertainment Weekly first reported that there would be a crossover event with Life Unexpected . In the crossover , Haley and Mia traveled to Portland ( where Life Unexpected is set ) to sing in a music festival hosted by Cate 's radio station . Haley and Cate met and were `` surprised to learn that they share a similar back story ( as ) mothers . '' The CW was hoping that the crossover event would make One Tree Hill 's viewers want to check out Life Unexpected . The episode aired October 12 . The original theme song of the show , `` I Do n't Want to Be '' by Gavin DeGraw and original credit format will return for this season . Mark Schwahn has decided to introduce a new style of the theme song every week by selecting different artists to perform it such as Kate Voegele and members of Fall Out Boy . This will be the first season in 3 years to feature the opening credits . On September 23 , The CW ordered an additional 6 scripts for One Tree Hill , with its production order still at 13 . On October 22 , 2010 , the show was picked up for a full - season , which will total at 22 episodes . Cast ( edit ) Everybody had the best intentions . But at the end of the day , it just did n't work out . -- Mark Schwahn on Murray and Burton not returning . At the beginning of the season , Mark Schwahn said `` there are a lot of people we 'd like to bring back , '' specifically Paul Johansson and Danneel Harris . Sophia Bush also revealed that she would like to see Harris return . Sharon Lawrence signed on for a multi-episode arc to play Julian 's mother who comes to Tree Hill to help plan Brooke and Julian 's wedding . She has been described as a `` monster - in - law '' . Laura Izibor also joined the cast as a musician in the same capacity as Kate Voegele . Kid Cudi will guest star in one episode for a concert Haley hosts at TRIC . Dave Navarro will also guest star as himself . E ! Online confirmed that there are plans for Chad Michael Murray and Hilarie Burton to return to the series in Season 8 . Schwahn has said that the actors busy schedules may prevent a return in time for Brooke 's wedding , but hopes they can return later in the season . On December 7 , 2010 , Kristin Dos Santos reported that Murray and Burton would definitely not be back for Brooke 's wedding , but they are still expected to return . However , in a January 2011 interview , Hilarie Burton stated that she will not be returning to the show due to her busy schedule . Despite rumors to the contrary , Bethany Joy Galeotti has said she will be with the series until the end . Paul Johansson reprised his role as Dan Scott for one episode . Stephen Colletti was upgraded to series regular status from episode 14 , after appearing in a recurring capacity since season four . Movieline reported that The Blind Side actor Quinton Aaron would appear in the 14th episode of the season . He played Tommy , a student in Nathan 's business class , whom he formed a bond with . Leven Rambin of Grey 's Anatomy began a recurring role in episode 16 . She played a young woman that Brooke crossed paths with as she explored adoption options . Mark Schwahn confirmed that Chad Michael Murray and Hilarie Burton would definitely not be in the final few episodes of season 8 . He said on the matter , `` Quite frankly , we just could n't make a deal . '' Story ( edit ) I think that 's what the fans want . They want to see Lucas and Peyton come back one more time and they want to see everybody together again . I think that 's a healthy reward for the fans , after watching for so long . At this point , eight seasons in , what I want is to see the fans get what they want . -- James Lafferty on a possible Murray and Burton return . Before season eight began , Mark Schwahn said there would be fewer crazy storylines and the show would return to its roots focusing on the core group of regulars and some guest stars , rather than the 30 or so from season 7 . He was also hopeful for a Lucas and Peyton return for Brooke 's wedding and the birth of Haley 's baby . He has also mentioned the new love triangle he was developing , `` Alex ( Jana Kramer ) has moved on to a new guy and a new triangle . She took a liking to Chase ( Stephen Colletti ) after he and Mia ( Kate Voegele ) broke up , but in the final episode , Mia made it clear via text that she regretted the decision to end it with him . This season , viewers will see who Chase really wants to be with . The Chase - Alex - Mia situation is front and center at the beginning of the season . '' Brooke Davis is happier than ever ; preparing to marry Julian Baker . Nathan prepares for his second season in the NBA ; The Scott family are expecting their second child and Haley feels the baby will be a girl . Also , Quinn and Clay 's lives hang in the balance . Robert Buckley has said Clay will be suffering from a chest wound . Both Clay and Quinn were later released and struggle with life back at the beach house . Entertainment Weekly reported that Victoria and Millicent will jeopardize the future of Brooke 's company . They began lying to investors about Clothes Over Bro 's finances to fund the men 's line , causing Brooke to be arrested . She later made the decision to give up the company and her personal fortune in order to pay back investors in full , causing a new rift between her and Victoria as Victoria only went to prison so Brooke could keep her company . Nathan abandoned basketball after finding out his back was getting worse . Quinn goes after Katie Ryan when she returns to Tree Hill from a photography trip to Africa , where she had detoured to track Katie down . A major hurricane struck Tree Hill , leaving Brooke and Jamie 's life in danger . Reception ( edit ) The season opened to a 1.1 adults 18 -- 49 rating and 2.14 million viewers . The thirteenth episode of the season , `` The Other Half of Me '' which saw Brooke get married achieved season highs in all categories with a 1.2 adults 18 -- 49 rating , a 2.4 in women 18 -- 34 and 2.42 million viewers making it the most watched episode since December , 2009 . The twentieth episode of the season hit series lows in viewers ( 1.24 m ) and in Adults 18 -- 49 ( 0.6 ) . The season averaged 1.76 million live viewers and a 0.9 rating in adults 18 -- 49 . With live + 7 day DVR viewing factored in , the season averaged 2.13 million viewers and a 1.1 rating . DVD release ( edit ) The DVD release of season eight was released nearly 5 months after the season had completed broadcast on television . It has been released in Region 1 and Region 2 and Region 4 . As well as every episode from the season , the DVD release features bonus material such as audio commentaries on some episodes from the creator and cast , deleted scenes , gag reels and behind - the - scenes featurettes . The Complete Eighth Season Set details Special features 22 episodes 924 minutes ( Region 1 ) ; 928 minutes ( Region 2 ) ; 881 minutes ( Region 4 ) 5 - disc set ( R1 , R4 ) , 6 - disc set ( R2 ) 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Languages : English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 ) Subtitles : English , Spanish French ( Region 1 ) Audio commentaries `` I Ca n't See You , But i Know You 're There '' - with creator / executive producer / writer Mark Schwahn , and actor ( s ) Shantel VanSanten , Robert Buckley and Jackson Brundage `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' - with creator / executive producer / writer Mark Schwahn , and actor ( s ) Sophia Bush , Austin Nichols and Jackson Brundage Deleted scenes Episodes : 13 , 14 , 22 Gag reel `` Welcome to One Tree Hell '' : A Ghoulishly Fun Look at the Halloween Episode `` It Is a Big Deal '' : The Making of One Tree Hill 's Midseason Finale `` Season GrEight ! '' : Memories of the Eighth Season Release dates United States United Kingdom Australia December 20 , 2011 November 7 , 2011 February 1 , 2012 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CW News - Finale dates '' . The CW ( official website ) . February 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2011 . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Calabria , Rosario ( September 22 , 2010 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Tuesday , September 21 , 2010 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( September 29 , 2010 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Tuesday , September 28 , 2010 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 29 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : Glee , No Ordinary Family , NCIS , Dancing Up ; Raising Hope , Detroit 1 - 8 - 7 , Running Wilde Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : No Ordinary Family , NCIS , Dancing , Parenthood UP , Raising Hope , Detroit 187 , Running Wilde DOWN '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 13 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : Glee , Dancing Adjusted Up ; Detroit 187 , Good Wife , Raising Hope , Running Wilde , Life Unexpected Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : NCIS , DWTS Results Adjusted Up ; Detroit 1 - 8 - 7 , Running Wilde Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ; TV by the Numbers ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : Dancing with the Stars Adjusted Up ; Life Unexpected Adjusted Down '' . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : NCIS , Glee , Life Unexpected Adjusted Up ; Detroit 187 , Raising Hope Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : Glee Sings Louder , Adjusted Up ; Detroit 187 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 1 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : Glee , Rudolph , The Grinch Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 8 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : ' One Tree Hill ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 26 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Biggest Loser , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' Repeat Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 2 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' One Tree Hill ' Adjusted Up For Women 18 - 34 , No 18 - 49 Adjustments '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 9 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Glee ' Adjusted Up , ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 16 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Traffic Light ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Glee ' Adjusted Up , Ties ' NCIS ' ; ' The Good Wife ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope , ' ' Traffic Light ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope , ' ' One Tree Hill ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Glee , ' DWTS Results , NCIS : LA 10p Repeat Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope , ' ' Traffic Light ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 27 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Body Of Proof , ' ' Raising Hope , ' ' Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Dancing With The Stars , ' ' Glee , ' ' The Biggest Loser , ' ' Hellcats ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope , ' ' Traffic Light ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' Glee , ' ' Dancing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope , ' ' Traffic Light ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Breaking In , ' ' The Good Wife , ' ' Body of Proof ' Adjusted Down ; ' NCIS , ' ' NCIS : LA , ' ' Glee , ' ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hidek , Jeff ( January 15 , 2011 ) . `` CW president : Ninth season of `` One Tree Hill '' still `` possible '' `` . Stars News Online . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` The CW Announces 2010 - 11 Schedule '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The CW network announces fall premiere dates '' ( Press release ) . The CW Television Network . June 30 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 9 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : The CW plotting ' One Tree Hill ' / ' Life Unexpected ' crossover event ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Robyn ( September 13 , 2010 ) . `` One Tree Hill 's Mark Schwahn : Season 8 Will Be A Return to Form '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` Thank You , CW ! More One Tree Hill & Hellcats On the Way '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 22 , 2010 ) . `` Breaking : The CW orders full seasons of ' One Tree Hill , ' ' Nikita , ' and ' Hellcats ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 22 , 2010 ) . `` CW Gives Full Season Pick Ups To ' Nikita . ' ' Hellcats ' & ' One Tree Hill ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Megan ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` One Tree Hill Exclusive : Chad Murray , Hilarie Burton Not Returning '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : MacKensie , Carina Aldy ( September 3 , 2010 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' : Will Chad Michael Murray and Hilarie Burton return for Brooke 's wedding ? '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 31 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Sharon Lawrence moves to ' One Tree Hill ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Laura Izibor joins ' One Tree Hill ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` Kid Cudi signs up for ' One Tree Hill ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Dave Navarro to guest in ' One Tree Hill ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` One Tree Hill Boss : Chad Michael Murray & Hilarie Burton Return in the Works ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Spoiler Chat : Hope for Finnchel ? Doom for Dexter ? Another Walker Bio-Twist ? '' . E ! Online . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tharp , Sharon . `` Hilarie Burton Not Returning to ' One Tree Hill ' '' . Ology . Retrieved January 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacKensie , Carina Aldy ( October 9 , 2010 ) . `` One Tree Hill 's Bethany Joy Galotti is absolutely staying with the show '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( November 22 , 2010 ) . `` Spoiler Chat : Gossip Girl , Grey 's Anatomy , House and More ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mike Herro & David Strauss ( writer ) & Peter B. Kowalski ( director ) ( 2011 - 08 - 02 ) . `` Holding Out for a Hero '' . One Tree Hill . Season 8 . Episode 14 . The CW . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( December 13 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : One Tree Hill Recruits Blind Side Star '' . Movieline . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( January 12 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Grey 's Beauty To Recur On Tree Hill '' . TV Line . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` ' Tree Hill ' star wants Peyton , Lucas back '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The CW Announces 2010 - 2011 Schedule '' ( Press release ) . The CW Television Network . May 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2010 . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ One Tree Hill season 8 spoilers Clay lives with a chest wound more Retrieved : 2010 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Chuck , ' ' Smallville , ' Castle , ' ' NCIS , ' ' 90210 , ' and more ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Mark Schwahn ( writer ) & Mark Schwahn ( director ) ( 2011 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Asleep at Heaven 's Gate '' . One Tree Hill . Season 8 . Episode 01 . The CW . ^ Jump up to : William H. Brown ( writer ) & Peter B. Kowalski ( director ) ( 2010 - 10 - 05 ) . `` We All Fall Down '' . One Tree Hill . Season 8 . Episode 04 . The CW . Jump up ^ Johnny Richardson ( writer ) & Joe Davola ( director ) ( 2010 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Lists , Plans '' . One Tree Hill . Season 8 . Episode 10 . The CW . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 20 , 2010 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on ' Glee , ' ' Fringe , ' ' One Tree Hill , ' ' Desperate Housewives , ' ' 30 Rock , and more ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Tops DVR Ratings Gain For The 2010 -- 11 Season ; ' Fringe ' Has Biggest % Increase By DVR '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . One Tree Hill Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Lucas Scott Nathan Scott Peyton Sawyer Episodes `` Pilot '' `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' `` 4 Years , 6 Months , 2 Days '' Related Official soundtracks `` I Do n't Want to Be '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Tree_Hill_(season_8)&oldid=856658415 '' Categories : One Tree Hill ( TV series ) episodes 2010 American television seasons 2011 American television seasons Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 19 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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List of most expensive cars sold at auction
List of most expensive cars sold at auction - wikipedia List of most expensive cars sold at auction Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of the most expensive cars sold in auto auctions through the traditional bidding process , that of those that attracted headline grabbing publicity , mainly for the high price their new owners have paid . A 1962 Ferrari 250 GTO serial number 3851GT sold at Bonham 's Quail Auction on August 14 , 2014 for US $38,115,000.00 ( including buyers premium ) , breaking the record previously held by a 1954 Mercedes - Benz W196 R race car , sold for a record $31 million at an auction in England on July 12 , 2013 . While collectible cars have been sold privately for more , this is the highest price ever paid for a car at a public auction . The 1904 Rolls - Royce 10 hp Two - Seater is currently listed on the Guinness World Records as the most expensive veteran car to be sold , at the price of US $7,254,290 ( equivalent to $8,379,000 in 2016 ) , on a Bonhams auction held at Olympia in London on December 3 , 2007 . This list only consists of those that have been sold for at least $4 million in auction sales during a traditional bidding process , inclusive of the mandatory buyers premium and does not include private , unsuccessful ( failing to reach its reserve price , incomplete ) and out of auction sales . Contents ( hide ) 1 Common contributing factors 1.1 World economy affecting car values 2 Interactive graph 3 Absolute record 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Common contributing factors ( edit ) Common contributing factors affecting the value of auctioned automobiles include : Low production volumes Rarity Desirability Demand Aesthetic design , even of its time . Nostalgia , known as the generation effect ; collectors in their prime earning years , being able to afford a seven figure car , are likely to buy cars that they are born to identify themselves with . Typically sport cars are generally more expensive than comparable engined saloons , therefore desirable , the same applies to roadsters over saloons but luxury cars , as for their higher price tag , are on a higher end of the scale . Condition , also complete documentation ( such as evidence of its restoration ) of the car is vital for its value . It is not unusual for these cars to have undergone restoration work in the past costing hundreds of thousands , if not millions , of dollars . Winning a prestigious auto show helps the car 's value , this was the case for some of the cars listed below have been cited to had taken overall or class wins at the Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance . Originality , typically a car that had its original mechanical components , as it was when it left the factory , is more desirable to the one that does n't . Original bodyshell retains the value better to one fitted with a new body but the chassis of the car is more considered by collectors . Cars equipped with automatic transmission are considered to be less desirable than its manual counterpart . Cars that have been freshly restored or hidden away for a number of years or decades makes the car desirable to a show winner or a famous car . Eligibility to vintage events is a factor to prices as collectors typically buy vintage race cars to enter historic events as are cars that can be designed to be driven on the street but are competitive on the track . The originality of the car is considered important in historic racing due to the Historic Technical Passports and FIA Heritage Certificates in force , meaning cars must retain mechanical systems that belonged to the car of the period to prevent unfair advantages . Cars with a strong motorsport history improve on the car 's desirability , better if the car have won a prestigious race such as the 24 Hours of Le Mans , the Formula One World Championship and the Indianapolis 500 . An example would be the Ferrari 330 TRI / LM Spider that was sold for $9.2 million in 2007 , which was the 1962 winner of the 24 hours classic . Note that sportcar racers makes up the majority of competition cars on the main list . A car associated with a famous person adds value to its price . Examples are : Elton John in 2001 auctioned his large collection , as a result of his fame , a majority of those sold twice its estimates . In 2008 , TV presenter and radio personality Chris Evans broke a twenty - one - year - old record , when he successfully placed a bid for a Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider that once belonged to James Coburn . In 1973 a Mercedes - Benz 770 F - Cabriolet that stated to be the parade limousine of Adolf Hitler was sold for a then record of US $153,000 ( equivalent to $825,000 in 2016 ) , surpassing the previous record held by a Duesenberg Model J Victoria that belonged to Greta Garbo at US $90,000 ( equivalent to $515,000 in 2016 ) . Despite revealed to be the limousine of the President of Finland Carl Mannerheim , not Hitler , a week after the auction , the same Mercedes went on to surpass its own record months later despite this error . On the other hand , a car belonging to a celebrity who is implicated in a credibility damaging scandal is likely to be worth less . An example of this is the Rolls - Royce Corniche belonging to British TV and radio personality , Jimmy Savile ; in light of his sexual abuse scandal following his death , the car is speculated by the motoring trade to be worthless . However , the white 1993 Ford Bronco , that was involved in the chase between O.J. Simpson and LAPD , was sold for $75,000 in 2004 , almost twice its original value , ten years after the incident . On the other hand , as above , a car that is associated with a famous otherwise factory - backed racing team , such as Scuderia Ferrari , which was the case on August 2011 when one of their factory Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa broke the new record , surpassing the record held by the same car two years before , which was a customer car . Auctions taking place during the annual Monterey Historics events every mid-August is expected to bring in record sales as it is considered to be the hotpoint for collectors and investors who prefer to make attendance there to awaiting the outcome . Auctions are not likely to command higher sale price in comparison to private sales . World economy affecting car values ( edit ) Aside those mentioned above , the world economy is the other main factor to its values as classic cars are being regarded as an alternative investment . The market began in the 1970s when used Ferraris was exported to any Italian exotic car dealer in the United States who were willing to buy anything that came to them , then the 1973 oil crisis when prices of exotic cars plummeted rapidly , almost new and higher in the range models frequented in used car lots , a Lamborghini Miura could be bought for $15,000 at that time . A 1960 Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider that went on to sell for $4,950,000 in 2009 was offered for sale in the June 1964 issue of Road & Track for US $10,500 ( equivalent to $81,000 in 2016 ) , in the April 1976 issue of Hemmings Motor News , the same car was offered at US $16,750 ( equivalent to $70,000 in 2016 ) . After a period of ups and downs in the 1970s and early 1980s , interest rates eased , meaning exotics once frequent on bedroom walls became suddenly affordable . During the 1980s boom , investors frequented auctions , causing prices to skyrocket . When cars were sold , they were frequently shifted to storage for investors intending to profit later . The high prices drove enthusiasts away from the market , and cars passed from investor to investor . The 1980s boom was followed by 1990s bust , and the values of classic cars plummeted According to the November 1997 issue of Car Magazine , the Ferrari F40 was credited for sparking the price speculation craze . During the height of the Japanese asset price bubble in the late 1980s , when the yen had strengthened from about 300 to the U.S. dollar in 1985 to about 150 by 1989 , wealthy Japanese buyers began to buy classic cars for effectively half the previous cost in yen . One example of this in 1989 , a Ferrari 250 GTO ( 3909GT ) was privately sold to Takeo Kato for $13,837,500 . When the bubble burst , it was sold to Talacrest , an Egham ( in Surrey ) based Ferrari dealer for $2.7 m in 1994 , eventually selling onto David Morrison , a London - based American for an estimated $3.5 million . It passed on in 2001 to John Mozart , via private sale in exchange of a Ferrari 250 TR , for an estimated $7,000,000 . Although prices have slightly dipped for general classic cars due to the recent recession , prices for high end collector cars have held their value or continued to rise . Since the 1990s recession , values of the most desirable cars have risen in value by 200 % or more . The reason for this is unlike the late 1980s , buyers are enthusiasts with knowledge on the products they are interested in . Between 2005 and 2010 , the value of vintage cars have said to increased by 21 per cent , according to Dietrich Hatlapa of the HAGI Index ( Historic Automobile Group International ) , vintage cars have offered annual returns of about 21 per cent over the past five years . One challenge to owners of expensive cars is the risk of having them damaged in crashes . The most expensive car crash in motoring history appears to have been by Christopher Cox , who crashed while driving his Ferrari 250 GTO and destroyed its front end . The car itself was valued at around $30 million . Interactive graph ( edit ) Most Expensive Cars Sold at Auction Info : Click and drag to zoom . Click to zoom out . Select legend elements to filter . Click legend 's empty space to clear filters . Absolute record ( edit ) Indicates overall record Indicates year record Sortable table Date MY Car s / n Auctioneer Locale Original price Adjusted Notes Source August 14 , 2014 1962 Ferrari 250 GTO 3851GT Bonhams Carmel , California , United States US $ 38,115,000 $38,560,000 February 5 , 2016 1957 Ferrari 335S 0674 Artcurial Paris , France US $ 35,711,359 $35,711,000 July 12 , 2013 1954 Mercedes - Benz W196 196 010 00006 / 54 Bonhams Goodwood , West Sussex , United Kingdom US $ 29,600,000 $30,433,000 December 10 , 2015 1956 Ferrari 290 MM 0626 RM Sotheby 's New York City , New York , United States US $ 28,050,000 $28,341,000 August 17 , 2013 1967 Ferrari 275 GTB / 4 * S NART Spider 10709 RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 27,500,000 $28,274,000 August 16 , 2014 1964 Ferrari 275 GTB / C Speciale 06701 RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 26,400,000 $26,708,000 August 19 , 2017 1956 Aston Martin DBR1 DBR1 / 1 RM Sotheby 's Monterey , California , United States US $ 22,550,000 $22,550,000 August 19 , 2016 1955 Jaguar D - Type XKD 501 RM Sotheby 's Monterey , California , United States US $ 21,780,000 $21,780,000 August 20 , 2016 1939 Alfa Romeo 8C 2900B Lungo Spider 412041 RM Sotheby 's Monterey , California , United States US $ 19,800,000 $19,800,000 February 6 , 2015 1961 Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider 2935GT Artcurial Paris , France US $ 18,500,000 $18,692,000 June 27 , 2014 1954 Ferrari 375 - Plus Spider Competizione 0384 Bonhams Goodwood , West Sussex , United Kingdom US $ 18,400,177 $18,615,000 August 20 , 2016 1959 Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider Competizione 1603 GT Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 18,150,000 $18,150,000 August 13 , 2015 1964 Ferrari 250 LM 6105 RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 17,600,000 $17,783,000 March 11 , 2016 1961 Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider 2871 GT Gooding & Company Amelia Island , Florida , United States US $ 17,160,000 $17,160,000 August 17 , 2015 1961 Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider 3095GT Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 16,830,000 $17,005,000 August 17 , 2015 1962 Ferrari 250 GT SWB Berlinetta Speciale 3269GT Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 16,500,000 $16,671,000 August 21 , 2011 1957 Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa 0666TR Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 16,390,000 $17,450,000 August 18 , 2017 1995 McLaren F1 044 Bonhams Carmel , California , United States US $ 15,620,000 $15,620,000 August 16 , 2014 1961 Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider 2903 GT Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 15,180,000 $15,357,000 August 19 , 2017 1966 Ferrari 275 GTB / C 9051 Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 14,520,000 $14,520,000 November 21 , 2013 1964 Ferrari 250 LM 6107 RM Auctions New York City , New York , United States US $ 14,300,000 $14,702,000 December 10 , 2015 1962 Aston Martin DB4 GT Zagato DB4GT / 0186 / R RM Auctions New York City , New York , United States US $ 14,300,000 $14,449,000 August 19 , 2017 1970 Porsche 917K 917 - 024 Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 14,080,000 $14,080,000 August 13 , 2015 1998 McLaren F1 ' LM - Specification ' 073 RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 13,750,000 $13,893,000 August 19 , 2016 1962 Shelby 260 Cobra CSX 2000 RM Sotheby 's Monterey , California , United States US $ 13,750,000 $13,750,000 August 20 , 2016 1960 Ferrari 250 GT SWB Competizione 1759 GT Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 13,500,000 $13,500,000 August 13 , 2015 1956 Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta ' Tour de France ' 0557GT RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 13,200,000 $13,337,000 August 14 , 2015 1953 Jaguar C - Type Works Lightweight XKC 052 RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 13,200,000 $13,337,000 May 25 , 2013 1953 Ferrari 340 / 375 MM Berlinetta ' Competizione ' 0320AM RM Auctions Tivoli , Lazio , Italy US $ 12,812,800 $13,173,000 May 17 , 2009 1957 Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa 0714TR RM Auctions Maranello , Emilia - Romagna , Italy US $ 12,402,500 $13,845,000 August 21 , 2016 1933 Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 Monza 2311218 Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 11,990,000 $11,990,000 August 19 , 2012 1936 Mercedes - Benz 540K Special Roadster 130949 Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 11,770,000 $12,278,000 August 15 , 2014 1964 Ferrari 250 LM 6045 RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 11,550,000 $11,685,000 October 14 , 2015 1960 Ferrari 250 GT SWB 1995GT H&H Classics Duxford , Cambridgeshire , United Kingdom US $ 11,440,968 $11,560,000 August 19 , 2012 1960 Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider Competizione 1639 GT Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 11,275,000 $11,762,000 August 17 , 2012 1968 Ford GT40 P / 1074 RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 11,000,000 $11,475,000 May 18 , 2008 1961 Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider 2377GT RM Auctions Sotheby 's Maranello , Emilia - Romagna , Italy US $ 10,894,900 $12,119,000 August 21 , 2016 1932 Bugatti Type 55 55213 Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 10,400,000 $10,400,000 August 21 , 2011 1931 Duesenberg Model J Long - Wheelbase Coupe 2478 Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 10,340,000 $11,008,000 August 17 , 2015 1982 Porsche 956 956 - 003 Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 10,120,000 $10,225,000 August 16 , 2014 1967 Ferrari 275 GTB / 4 10621 RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 10,175,000 $10,294,000 September 9 , 2017 2017 Ferrari LaFerrari Aperta LaFerrari Aperta RM Sotheby 's Maranello , Emilia - Romagna , Italy US $ 9,982,000 $9,982,000 January 29 , 2016 1937 Mercedes - Benz 540K Special Roadster 130894 RM Sotheby 's Scottsdale , Arizona , United States US $ 9,900,000 $9,900,000 November 17 , 1987 1931 Bugatti Royale Kellner Coupe 41.141 Christie 's London , United Kingdom US $ 9,800,000 $20,659,000 March 10 , 2016 1937 Bugatti Type 57 SC Sports Tourer 57541 Bonhams Amelia Island , Florida , United States US $ 9,735,000 $9,735,000 August 20 , 2011 1937 Mercedes - Benz 540K Spezial Roadster 154140 RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 9,680,000 $10,306,000 January 16 , 2015 1964 Ferrari 250 LM 5899 RM Auctions Scottsdale , Arizona , United States US $ 9,625,000 $9,725,000 January 17 , 2014 1957 Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta ' Tour de France ' 0703 GT Gooding & Company Scottsdale , Arizona , United States US $ 9,460,000 $9,570,000 September 9 , 2017 1959 Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider 1503 GT RM Sotheby 's Maranello , Emilia - Romagna , Italy US $ 9,447,000 $9,447,000 January 15 , 2015 1966 Ferrari 275 GTB Competizione 09079 Bonhams Scottsdale , Arizona , United States US $ 9,405,000 $9,503,000 May 20 , 2007 1962 Ferrari 330 TRI / LM Spider 0808 RM Auctions Sotheby 's Maranello , Emilia - Romagna , Italy US $ 9,281,250 $10,720,000 August 16 , 2013 1953 Ferrari 375 MM Spider 0364AM RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 9,075,000 $9,330,000 January 17 , 2014 1958 Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider 1055 GT RM Auctions Scottsdale , Arizona , United States US $ 8,800,000 $8,903,000 August 17 , 2013 1937 Bugatti Type 57SC Atalante 57523 Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 8,745,000 $8,991,000 August 18 , 2012 1962 Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider 3119GT RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 8,580,000 $8,951,000 August 14 , 2015 1959 Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta ' Interim ' Competizione 1519GT Bonhams Carmel , California , United States US $ 8,525,000 $8,614,000 August 17 , 2013 1997 McLaren F1 066 Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 8,470,000 $8,708,000 August 19 , 2017 1961 Ferrari 250 GT SWB Berlinetta 2985 RM Sotheby 's Monterey , California , United States US $ 8,305,000 $8,305,000 October 31 , 2007 1937 Mercedes - Benz 540K Special Roadster 4086 RM Auctions Sotheby 's London , United Kingdom US $ 8,252,201 $9,532,000 January 18 , 2013 1958 Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider 1073 GT Gooding & Company Scottsdale , Arizona , United States US $ 8,250,000 $8,482,000 August 17 , 2012 1955 Ferrari 410S 0594CM RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 8,250,000 $8,606,000 May 14 , 2016 1951 Ferrari 340 America Barchetta 0116 / A RM Sotheby 's Monte Carlo , Monaco US $ 8,250,000 $8,482,000 August 17 , 2013 1928 Mercedes - Benz 680S Torpedo Roadster 35949 RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 8,226,400 $8,458,000 January 18 , 2013 1960 Ferrari 250 GT SWB Berlinetta Competizione 1905GT RM Auctions Scottsdale , Arizona , United States US $ 8,140,000 $8,369,000 August 13 , 2015 1959 Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider 1307GT RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 8,050,000 $8,134,000 August 18 , 2017 1963 Jaguar E-Type Lightweight S850664 Bonhams Carmel , California , United States US $ 8,000,000 $8,000,000 August 14 , 2015 1950 Ferrari 275S / 340 America Barchetta 0030MT RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 7,975,000 $8,058,000 August 17 , 2008 1937 Bugatti Type 57SC Atalante Coupe 57374 Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 7,920,000 $8,810,000 June 29 , 2012 1929 Bentley 41⁄2 - Litre Supercharged ' Blower'41⁄2 - Litre Supercharged ' Blower ' Bentley HB 3402 Bonhams Goodwood , Sussex , United Kingdom US $ 7,906,745 $8,248,000 May 10 , 2014 1966 Ferrari 275 GTB / C 09067 RM Auctions Monte Carlo , Monaco US $ 7,860,283 $7,952,000 January 16 , 2015 1959 Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider 1425GT Gooding & Company Scottsdale , Arizona , United States US $ 7,700,000 $7,780,000 March 11 , 2017 1959 Bugatti Type 57S Cabriolet by Vanvooren 57513 RM Sotheby 's Amelia Island , United States US $ 7,700,000 $7,700,000 August 15 , 2009 1965 Shelby Daytona Cobra Coupe CSX2601 Mecum Monterey , California , United States US $ 7,685,000 $8,579,000 May 2 , 2015 1962 Ferrari 400 Superamerica SWB Cabriolet 3309SA RM Auctions Fort Worth , Texas , United States US $ 7,645,000 $7,724,000 August 16 , 2013 1939 Mercedes - Benz 540K Special Roadster 408383 RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 7,480,000 $7,691,000 September 3 , 2004 1929 Mercedes - Benz 38 / 250 SSK 36045 Bonhams Goodwood , Sussex , United Kingdom US $ 7,443,070 $9,438,000 May 23 , 2015 1952 Ferrari 212 Export Touring Barchetta 0158ED RM Auctions Cernobbio , Lombardy , Italy US $ 7,398,640 $7,476,000 September 7 , 2015 1958 Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta ' Tour de France ' 0897GT RM Auctions Battersea , London , United Kingdom US $ 7,273,054 $7,349,000 August 14 , 2014 1953 Ferrari 250 MM Berlinetta 0312 MM Bonhams Carmel , California , United States US $ 7,260,000 $7,345,000 August 14 , 2010 1959 Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider Competizione 1603 GT Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 7,260,000 $7,973,000 December 3 , 2007 1904 Rolls - Royce 10 hp Two - Seater 20154 Bonhams London , United Kingdom US $ 7,254,290 $8,379,000 August 17 , 2013 1955 Ferrari 250 Europa GT Berlinetta Competizione 0415GT Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 7,150,000 $7,351,000 November 21 , 2013 1938 Talbot - Lago T150 - C SS 90111 RM Auctions Sotheby 's New York City , New York , United States US $ 7,150,000 $7,351,000 November 21 , 2013 1959 Ferrari 250 GT SWB Berlinetta Speciale Bertone 1739GT RM Auctions Sotheby 's New York City , New York , United States US $ 7,040,000 $7,238,000 April 12 , 2014 1964 Ford GT40 Prototype GT / 104 Mecum Houston , Texas , United States US $ 7,560,000 $7,648,000 December 4 , 2016 2016 Ferrari LaFerrari LaFerrari RM Sotheby 's Daytona Beach , Florida , United States US $ 7,000,000 $7,000,000 May 18 , 2008 1962 Ferrari 250 LM 5845 RM Auctions Sotheby 's Maranello , Emilia - Romagna , Italy US $ 6,979,225 $7,763,000 August 15 , 2014 1965 Ford GT40 Roadster GT / 108 RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 6,930,000 $7,011,000 August 14 , 2014 1962 Ferrari 250 GT SWB Speciale Aerodinamica 3615 GT Bonhams Carmel , California , United States US $ 6,875,000 $6,955,000 August 14 , 2014 1958 Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina Series I 0759GT Bonhams Carmel , California , United States US $ 6,820,000 $6,900,000 August 19 , 2017 1959 Aston Martin DB4 GT Prototype DP199 / 1 RM Sotheby 's Monterey , California , United States US $ 6,765,000 $6,765,000 August 15 , 2010 1933 Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 Monza 2311218 Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 6,710,000 $7,369,000 August 18 , 2012 1956 Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta ' Tour de France ' 0585GT RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 6,710,000 $7,000,000 January 20 , 2017 1939 Mercedes - Benz 540K Special Roadster by Sindelfingen 408383 RM Sotheby 's Phoenix , Arizona , United States US $ 6,600,000 $6,600,000 March 8 , 2014 1939 Delahaye 135 Competition Court Torpedo Roadster 48667 RM Auctions Amelia Island , Florida , United States US $ 6,600,000 $6,677,000 August 19 , 2012 1957 Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider Prototype 0769 GT Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 6,600,000 $6,885,000 May 12 , 2012 1957 Ferrari 625 TRC Spider 0680 MDTR RM Auctions Monte Carlo , Monaco US $ 6,526,800 $6,809,000 June 15 , 1986 1931 Bugatti Royale Berline de Voyager 41.150 Kruse International Reno , Nevada , United States US $ 6,500,000 $14,202,000 August 17 , 2002 1962 Ferrari 330 TRI / LM Spider 0808 RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 6,490,000 $8,642,000 January 29 , 2016 1950 Ferrari 166 MM / 195 S Berlinetta Le Mans 0060 M Gooding & Company Scottsdale , Arizona , United States US $ 6,490,000 $6,490,000 May 10 , 2014 1959 Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina Series I 1181 GT RM Auctions Monte Carlo , Monaco US $ 6,473,174 $6,549,000 March 14 , 2015 1960 Ferrari 400 Superamerica SWB Cabriolet 1945SA RM Auctions Amelia Island , Florida , United States US $ 6,380,000 $6,446,000 August 19 , 2012 1955 Ferrari 857 Sport 0588 M Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 6,270,000 $6,541,000 January 18 , 2014 1958 Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina Series I 0791 GT Gooding & Company Scottsdale , Arizona , United States US $ 6,160,000 $6,232,000 August 15 , 2010 1961 Ferrari 250 GT SWB Competizione `` SEFAC Hot Rod '' 2845 GT Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 6,105,000 $6,705,000 August 19 , 2012 1928 Bentley 41⁄2 Litre Le Mans Sports ' Bobtail ' KM3088 Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 6,050,000 $6,311,000 August 13 , 2015 2005 Ferrari , Enzo Enzo Ferrari 141920 RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 6,050,000 $6,113,000 August 18 , 2012 1972 Porsche 917 / 10 917 / 10 003 Mecum Monterey , California , United States US $ 5,830,000 $6,082,000 February 3 , 2012 1959 Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider 1283GT Artcurial Paris , France US $ 5,740,000 $5,988,000 August 20 , 2016 1956 Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Competizione ' Tour de France ' 0507 GT RM Sotheby 's Monterey , California , United States US $ 5,720,000 $5,720,000 August 19 , 2017 1955 Ferrari 121 LM 0546 LM RM Sotheby 's Monterey , California , United States US $ 5,720,000 $5,720,000 May 20 , 2007 1953 Ferrari 340 / 375 MM Berlinetta Competizione 0396 AM RM Auctions Sotheby 's Maranello , Emilia - Romagna , Italy US $ 5,692,000 $6,574,000 September 9 , 2017 1958 Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina Series I 0791 GT RM Sotheby 's Maranello , Emilia - Romagna , Italy US $ 5,675,000 $5,675,000 March 10 , 2017 1998 Porsche 911 GT1 Strassenversion 96005 Gooding & Company Amelia Island , Florida , United States US $ 5,665,000 $5,665,000 August 20 , 2000 1966 Ferrari 330 P3 0844 Christie 's Monterey , California , United States US $ 5,616,000 $7,810,000 August 17 , 2014 1959 Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina Series I 1475 GT Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 5,610,000 $5,675,000 August 19 , 2006 1958 Ferrari 412S 0744 RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 5,610,000 $6,665,000 August 16 , 2014 1956 Aston Martin DB3S DB3S / 111 Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 5,500,000 $5,564,000 January 21 , 2007 1966 Shelby Cobra 427 Super Snake CSX 3015 Barrett - Jackson Scottsdale , Arizona , United States US $ 5,500,000 $6,353,000 August 20 , 2016 1950 Ferrari 166 MM Berlinetta 0046 M Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 5,445,000 $5,445,000 August 21 , 2015 1960 Porsche RS60 718 - 044 Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 5,400,000 $5,456,000 August 19 , 2017 1959 Ferrari 410 Superamerica Series III Coupe 1305 SA RM Sotheby 's Monterey , California , United States US $ 5,335,000 $5,335,000 March 11 , 2016 1955 Porsche 550 550 - 0060 Gooding & Company Amelia Island , Florida , United States US $ 5,335,000 $5,335,000 January 18 , 2014 1997 McLaren F1 GTR Longtail 21R Gooding & Company Scottsdale , Arizona , United States US $ 5,280,000 $5,342,000 August 20 , 2011 1960 Ferrari 250 GT SWB Berlinetta Competizione 2209GT RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 5,280,000 $5,621,000 August 19 , 2016 1955 Ferrari 750 Monza 0510M RM Sotheby 's Monterey , California , United States US $ 5,225,000 $5,225,000 August 17 , 2012 1939 Horch 853A Special Roadster 854275 RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 5,170,000 $5,393,000 August 20 , 2016 2014 Ferrari LaFerrari LaFerrari 207195 Mecum Monterey , California , United States US $ 5,170,000 $5,170,000 August 16 , 2009 1962 Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider 3163 GT Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 5,115,000 $5,710,000 July 23 , 2004 1930 Bentley Speed Six Tourer HM2868 Christie 's Le Mans , Sarthe , France US $ 5,109,665 $6,479,000 August 16 , 2015 1957 Ferrari 410 Superamerica Series II Coupe 0717SA Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 5,087,500 $5,140,000 August 15 , 2008 1960 Jaguar E2A E2A Bonhams Carmel , California , United States US $ 4,957,000 $5,514,000 January 17 , 2009 1960 Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider 1963 GT Gooding & Company Scottsdale , Arizona , United States US $ 4,950,000 $5,526,000 August 18 , 2007 1959 Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider Competizione 1451GT RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 4,950,000 $5,717,000 February 5 , 2014 1955 Jaguar D - Type XKD 520 RM Auctions Paris , France US $ 4,947,835 $5,006,000 August 14 , 2008 1939 Talbot - Lago T150C SS Teardrop coupe 90120 Bonhams Carmel , California , United States US $ 4,847,000 $5,392,000 August 17 , 2013 1948 Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 Competizione 920.002 Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 4,840,000 $4,976,000 August 20 , 2016 1966 Ford GT40 Mk 1 P / 1028 Mecum Monterey , California , United States US $ 4,840,000 $4,840,000 August 20 , 2016 1979 Porsche 935 009 0030 Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 4,840,000 $4,840,000 May 10 , 2014 1956 Maserati 450S Prototype 3501 4501 350SI - 10 RM Auctions Monte Carlo , Monaco US $ 4,816,350 $4,873,000 December 1 , 2013 1952 Jaguar C - Type XKC 042 Bonhams London , United Kingdom US $ 4,794,407 $4,929,000 May 21 , 2011 1955 Ferrari 375 MM Berlinetta 0490AM RM Auctions Tivoli , Lazio , Italy US $ 4,794,720 $5,105,000 August 18 , 2012 1953 Ferrari 340 MM Spider 0350 AM Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 4,730,000 $4,934,000 August 16 , 2013 1931 Bentley 41⁄2 Litre Supercharged Le Mans MS 3944 Bonhams Carmel , California , United States US $ 4,647,500 $4,778,000 August 17 , 2014 1965 Ferrari 275 GTB Long Nose Alloy 07993 Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 4,620,000 $4,674,000 August 14 , 2010 1962 Ferrari 375 MM Berlinetta 0416AM RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 4,620,000 $5,074,000 January 20 , 2012 1955 Mercedes - Benz 300SL 5500208 Gooding & Company Scottsdale , Arizona , United States US $ 4,620,000 $4,820,000 January 19 , 2013 1966 Batmobile Barrett - Jackson Scottsdale , Arizona , United States US $ 4,620,000 $4,750,000 August 20 , 2011 1939 Mercedes - Benz 540K Spezial Roadster 408383 RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 4,620,000 $4,919,000 October 7 , 2011 1884 De Dion , Bouton et Trépardoux Dos - à - Dos Steam Runabout `` La Marquise '' 6 RM Auctions Hershey , Pennsylvania , United States US $ 4,620,000 $4,919,000 October 27 , 2010 1964 Aston Martin DB5 DB5 / 1486 / R RM Auctions London , United Kingdom US $ 4,620,000 $5,074,000 August 14 , 2010 1938 Talbot - Lago T150C Lago Speciale Teardrop Coupe 90034 RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 4,608,500 $5,061,000 August 19 , 2007 1931 Bentley 4 Litre `` The Green Hornet '' SM3916 Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 4,510,000 $5,209,000 August 14 , 2008 1961 Ferrari 250 GT SWB Berlinetta 3087 GT RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 4,510,000 $5,017,000 August 18 , 2012 1957 Ferrari 500 TRC 0662 MDTR Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 4,510,000 $4,705,000 March 9 , 2013 1935 Duesenberg Model SJ Convertible Coupe 2405 RM Auctions Sotheby 's Amelia Island , Florida , United States US $ 4,510,000 $4,637,000 May 21 , 2011 1938 Talbot - Lago T150C SS Teardrop Coupé 90112 RM Auctions Tivoli , Lazio , Italy US $ 4,475,072 $4,764,000 November 21 , 2013 1955 Maserati A6G / 2000 Spyder 2101 RM Auctions Sotheby 's New York City , New York , United States US $ 4,455,000 $4,580,000 June 26 , 2015 1935 Aston Martin Ulster LM19 Bonhams Goodwood , West Sussex , United Kingdom US $ 4,406,693 $4,452,000 March 9 , 2012 1973 Porsche 917 / 30 917 / 30 004 Gooding & Co . Amelia Island , Florida , United States US $ 4,400,000 $4,590,000 March 12 , 2016 1962 Ferrari 400 Superamerica LWB Coupe Aerodinamico 3949 SA RM Sotheby 's Amelia Island , Florida , United States US $ 4,400,000 $4,400,000 August 19 , 2007 1959 Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider 1431GT Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 4,455,000 $5,146,000 January 21 , 2006 1950 GM Futurliner 011 Barrett - Jackson Scottsdale , Arizona , United States US $ 4,320,000 $5,132,000 March 12 , 2011 1952 Ferrari 340 Mexico Coupe 0224AT RM Auctions Amelia Island , Florida , United States US $ 4,290,000 $4,567,000 December 1 , 2013 1956 Jaguar D - Type ' Shortnose ' XKD 561 Bonhams London , United Kingdom US $ 4,241,491 $4,361,000 May 15 , 2004 1935 Duesenberg SJ Speedster `` Mormon Meteor '' N / A Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 4,455,000 $5,649,000 February 7 , 2009 1937 Bugatti Type 57S Atalante 57502 Bonhams Paris , France US $ 4,408,575 $4,921,000 February 8 , 2017 1934 Alfa Romeo P3 50006 RM Sotheby 's Paris , France US $ 4,180,680 $4,180,680 August 16 , 2009 1933 Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 Castagna Drop Head Coupe 2311214 Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 4,180,000 $4,666,000 May 2 , 2015 1934 Packard Twelve Individual Custom Stationary Coupe 901968 RM Auctions Fort Worth , Texas , United States US $ 4,180,000 $4,223,000 August 28 , 1999 1937 Alfa Romeo 8C 2900B Pinin Farina Cabriolet 412012 Christie 's Monterey , California , United States US $ 4,072,500 $5,855,000 August 16 , 2013 1955 Ferrari 750 Monza 0530M RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 4,070,000 $4,185,000 January 17 , 2015 1962 Ferrari 400 Superamerica Series I Coupe Aerodinamico 3221SA Gooding & Company Scottsdale , Arizona , United States US $ 4,070,000 $4,112,000 September 9 , 2017 1955 Ferrari 750 Monza 0534M RM Sotheby 's Maranello , Emilia - Romagna , Italy US $ 4,059,000 $4,059,000 October 29 , 2008 1997 McLaren F1 065 RM Auctions London , United Kingdom US $ 4,058,120 $4,514,000 August 15 , 2015 1931 Bentley 41⁄2 - Litre Supercharged Torpedo MS3929 RM Auctions Monterey , California , United States US $ 4,015,000 $4,057,000 August 17 , 2014 1939 Alfa Romeo Tipo 256 Cabriolet Sportivo 915026 Gooding & Company Pebble Beach , California , United States US $ 4,000,000 $4,047,000 August 19 , 2016 1931 Bugatti Type 51 51121 Bonhams Carmel , California , United States US $ 4,000,000 $4,000,000 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A record for a Ferrari . Jump up ^ A record for an Italian car . Jump up ^ Record for an auction taking place in the United States . Jump up ^ A record for an auction held in France , other than those held in the fiscally separate principality of Monaco . Jump up ^ A record for a Mercedes - Benz . Jump up ^ A record for a German car . Jump up ^ A record for an auction held in the United Kingdom . Jump up ^ A record for an Formula One car . Jump up ^ A record for a road car . ^ Jump up to : A record for an Aston Martin . Jump up ^ A record for a British car . Jump up ^ A record for a Jaguar . Jump up ^ A record for an Alfa Romeo . Jump up ^ A record for a vehicle owned by a celebrity . Jump up ^ A record for a barn find . Jump up ^ A record for a McLaren . Jump up ^ A record for a Porsche . Jump up ^ A record for an American car . Jump up ^ A record for a AC / Shelby American . Jump up ^ A record for an auction held in Italy . Jump up ^ A record for a Ford . Jump up ^ A record for a Duesenberg . Jump up ^ A record for a Bugatti . Jump up ^ A record for a French car . Jump up ^ Broken the then world record at Sotheby 's in 1971 , selling for $59,000 . ^ Jump up to : A record for a Bentley . Jump up ^ A record for a Rolls - Royce . Jump up ^ A record for a pre-1905 car . Jump up ^ A record for a Talbot - Lago . Jump up ^ A record for a Delahaye . Jump up ^ Record for an auction taking place in the Principality of Monaco . Jump up ^ A record for a Horch . Jump up ^ Oldest car to appear on the list . Jump up ^ A record for a vehicle used as a theatrical property . Jump up ^ A record for a Maserati . Jump up ^ A record for a General Motors vehicle . Jump up ^ A record for a Packard . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records '' . Guinness World Records . 2007 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Berthon , David ( 2008 - 07 - 18 ) . `` Drive Life -- Life & Style Home '' . The Age . Australia . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1935 Mormon Meteor Duesenberg SJ Speedster Reviews and Buyer 's Guides '' . Sports Car Market . Sports Car Market . November 2004 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ferrari Testa Rossa That Won Le Mans May Fetch $10.1 Million '' . Bloomberg. 2007 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ on Classic Cars '' . Oldclassiccar.co.uk. 1973 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Car Market Magazine '' . Sportscarmarket.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Car Market Magazine '' . Sportscarmarket.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ World 's most expensive car goes on public display . USA Today ( August 4 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ferrari racecar sells for world record $16.4 million -- Aug. 21 , 2011 . Money.cnn.com . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Death of a Dynasty . Ferraris-online.com ( June 15 , 1963 ) . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Jerry ( 2012 - 07 - 16 ) . `` Crash of Ferrari 250 GTO Exerts a Heavy , if Imprecise , Toll '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Classic car buying guides and encyclopedia Classic & Sports Car . Classicandsportscar.com ( August 11 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Cars -- Questions and Answers '' . Fia.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Car Market Magazine '' . Sportscarmarket.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Investing in Classic Cars '' . Investments.co.uk. 2010 - 05 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Julian Knight ( 2003 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Business Making money from classic cars '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` King of the road : Chris Evans splashes out £ 5.5 m on James Coburn 's 1961 Ferrari '' . Daily Mail . UK . 2008 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mannerheim 's Mercedes Benz 770 F - Cabriolet '' . Mannerheim.fi . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Would you buy a used car from this man ? '' . Motoring.ninemsn.com.au. 2010 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Schuon , Marshall ( 1990 - 01 - 21 ) . `` About Cars ; Collectors Are in High Gear -- New York Times '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Chassis 2503 , engine J - 481.1933 Duesenberg Model J chassis information '' . Conceptcarz.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` News Article '' . Antique Week . 2010 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Garbo Duesenberg Auction -- Sep 04 , 1972 -- NBC -- TV news : Vanderbilt Television News Archive '' . Tvnews.vanderbilt.edu. 1972 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Most Expensive Cars in the World - 2017 '' . www.beautifullife.info . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Used Fiat Cars for sale - Driving.co.uk '' . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Julie Miller . `` O.J. Simpson 's White Bronco Can Apparently Be Rented for Parties '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1957 Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa '' . RM Sotheby 's . RM Auctions . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Selby , Dave ( October 2011 ) . `` The HAGI Top index '' . Octane . Dennis Publishing ( 100 ) : 204 . Despite the fact that the Monterey auctions of mid-August will offer unprecedented volume and a potential record gross , the lively activity within the market may suggest a judgment call , whereby collectors and investors position themselves in advance of the California sales rather than awaiting the outcome ... Jump up ^ `` Collectors Corner ... Important high end collectable classics sold during the last weeks : Anamera '' . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sheehan , Michael ( 2005 - 04 - 21 ) . `` When Japan Ruled the World '' . Ferraris-online.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spyder -- Classic Cars for Sale . Sportscardigest.com ( January 26 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jill Papworth and Patrick Collinson ( 2009 - 11 - 21 ) . `` How alternative investments have performed since 2000 Money '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Car . November 1997 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sheehan , Michael . `` The Ups and Downs and Ups of the 250 GTO '' . Ferraris-online.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Classic cars performed well in economic crisis '' . Classiccarsforsale.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Wealthy classic car fans fuelling push to record prices '' . Classiccarsforsale.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Ferrari 250 GTO and Other Expensive Car Crashes '' . Discovery News . Jump up ^ `` 1962 - 63 Ferrari 250 GTO Berlinetta Chassis no. 3851GT '' . Bonhams . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World record price for a car sold at auction , in euro and sterlings '' ( PDF ) . Artcurial . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . Jump up ^ George , Patrick ( 12 July 2013 ) . `` This $30 Million Mercedes Is The Most Expensive Car Publicly Auctioned '' . Jalopnik . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fangio 's rare F1 Mercedes sells for £ 17.5 m '' . BBC . 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The ex-Juan Manuel Fangio , Hans Herrmann , Karl Kling , German and Swiss Grand Prix winning , 1954 Mercedes - Benz W196R '' . Bonhams . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrated 1956 Ferrari sold for $28 m at New York auction '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . 11 December 2015 . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 Ferrari 290 MM by Scaglietti '' . RM Sotheby 's . RM Auctions . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monterey 2013 : Ferrari 275 GTB / 4 NART Spider Sells for $25 Million '' . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 Ferrari 275 GTB / 4 * S N.A.R.T. Spider by Scaglietti '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ GTspirit . `` Page not found '' . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 Ferrari 275 GTB / C Speciale by Scaglietti '' . RM Auctions . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RM Sotheby 's - 1956 Aston Martin DBR1 '' . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RM Sotheby 's - 1955 Jaguar D - Type '' . 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RM Sotheby 's - 1939 Alfa Romeo 8C 2900B Lungo Spider by Touring '' . 21 August 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barn find Ferrari sells for $16 million '' . Fox News . 2015 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Auction world record price for the 1961 Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Bonhams '' . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider Competizione '' . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 Ferrari 250 LM by Scaglietti '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider '' . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider '' . Gooding & Company . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 Ferrari 250 GT SWB Berlinetta Speciale '' . Gooding & Company . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa '' . Gooding & Company . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Bissonette , Zac ( 23 August 2011 ) . `` $16.4 Million Ferrari Sets New Record For Most Expensive Car '' . business.time.com . Time Inc . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 McLaren F1 '' . Bonhams . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ C. KISS MMXIII. `` 1961 Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider '' . Gooding & Company . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 Ferrari 275 GTB / C '' . Gooding & Company Inc . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 Ferrari 250 LM by Carrozzeria Scaglietti '' . RM Auctions . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 Aston Martin DB4GT Zagato '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 Porsche 917K '' . Gooding & Company Inc . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 McLaren F1 ' LM - Specification ' '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RM Sotheby 's - 1962 Shelby 260 Cobra '' . 21 August 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Times , Los Angeles . `` Pebble Beach 2016 : Multimillion - dollar race cars zoom into auction record books '' . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 Ferrari 250 GT SWB Berlinetta Competizione '' . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Competizione ' Tour de France ' by Scaglietti '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 Jaguar C - Type Works Lightweight '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 Ferrari 340 / 375 MM Berlinetta ' Competizione ' by Pinin Farina '' . RM Auctions . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 250 TR s / n 0714TR '' . Barchetta.cc . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.goodingco.com/vehicle/1933-alfa-romeo-8c-2300-monza-2/ ^ Jump up to : Classic and Performance Car . `` Classic Car News - Classic and Performance Car '' . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1936 Mercedes - Benz 540 K Special Roadster '' . Gooding & Company . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 Ferrari 250 LM by Scaglietti '' . RM Auctions . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.classic-auctions.com/Auctions/14-10-2015-ImperialWarMuseumDuxford-1392/1960Ferrari250GTSWB-39917.aspx Jump up ^ `` 1960 Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider Competizione '' . Gooding & Company . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1968 Ford GT40 Gulf / Mirage Lightweight Racing Car '' . RM Sotheby 's . Archived from the original on 23 April 2015 . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RM Auctions '' . RM Auctions . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Pollard , Tim ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Chris Evans buys Ferrari 250 GT California for £ 5m '' . Car Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ English , Andrew ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Chris Evans pays £ 5m for vintage Ferrari '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 Ferrari California Spyder sells for record $10,894,900 '' retrieved : 19 August 2008 . Autoblog.com . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.goodingco.com/vehicle/1932-bugatti-type-55-roadster-2/ Jump up ^ `` 1931 Duesenberg Model J The Whittell Coupe SOLD $10,340,000 ! '' . YouTube . 2011 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Image Gallery for 1930 Duesenberg Model J '' . Supercars.Net. 2004 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 Porsche 956 '' . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 Ferrari 275 GTB / 4 by Scaglietti '' . RM Auctions . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Ferrari LaFerrari Aperta '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1937 Mercedes - Benz 540 K Special Roadster by Sindelfingen '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The most expensive car in the world '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . 2002 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Business profile -- Robert Brooks . Classic Driver ( May 14 , 2002 ) . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bonhams '' . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` RM Auctions Monterey 2011 -- Auction Results '' . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Rm Auctions . Rm Auctions ( January 05 , 1937 ) . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 Ferrari 250 LM by Scaglietti '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ C. KISS MMXIII. `` 1957 Ferrari 250 GT 14 - Louver Berlinetta '' . Gooding & Company . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider by Scaglietti '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bonhams '' . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` RM Auctions '' . RM Auctions . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 Ferrari 375 MM Spider by Pinin Farina '' . RM Auctions . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider by Scaglietti '' . RM Auctions . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ C. KISS MMXIII. `` 1937 Bugatti Type 57SC Atalante '' . Gooding & Company . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` RM Sotheby 's '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spyder '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bonhams '' . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ C. KISS MMXIII. `` 1997 McLaren F1 '' . Gooding & Company . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 Ferrari 250 GT SWB Berlinetta by Scaglietti '' . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RM Auctions '' . RM Auctions. 2007 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Top 10 Prices Paid for Cars Sold at Auction . Sportscardigest.com ( September 05 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Garrett , Jerry ( 2013 - 01 - 18 ) . `` 2 Ferrari 250 GTs Auctioned for More Than $8 Million Each '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` 1958 Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider '' . Gooding & Company . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 Ferrari 410 S Berlinetta by Carrozzeria Scaglietti '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1951 Ferrari 340 America Barchetta by Touring Monaco 2016 '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1928 Mercedes - Benz 680S Torpedo Roadster by Carrosserie J. Saoutchik '' . RM Auctions . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 Ferrari 250 GT SWB Berlinetta ' Competizione ' by Carrozzeria Scaglietti '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider by Scaglietti '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 Jaguar E-Type Lightweight '' . Bonhams . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 Ferrari 275S / 340 America Barchetta by Scaglietti '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ 1936 -- 1938 Bugatti Type 57 SC Atlantic Coupe -- Images , Specifications and Information . Ultimatecarpage.com ( December 23 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bugatti Type 57SC Atlantic . Supercars.net ( March 1 , 2004 ) . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bugatti Atlantic Available for Public Viewing General News News octane . Classicandperformancecar.com ( August 04 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gooding & Company posts Record - Breaking Results Of $64.2 Million at 2008 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance Auctions : Anamera '' . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Busy Month in the Markets '' . Kidston. 1971 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Pebble Beach Auction Results ñ Gooding & Company '' . Sportscardigest.com. 2008 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bonhams Auctioneers . `` Lot Details '' . Bonhams.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 Ferrari 275 GTB / C by Scaglietti '' . RM Auctions . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider '' . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1937 Bugatti Type 57S Cabriolet by Vanvooren '' . RM Auctions . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 Shelby Daytona Cobra Coupe CSX2601 , FIA Championship Winner for sale by Mecum Auction '' . Mecum.com. 1965 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 Shelby Daytona Cobra Coupe Sells for $7.25 million - A Mecum Auction News Release '' . Mecum.com. 2009 - 08 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 Ferrari 400 Superamerica SWB Cabriolet by Pininfarina '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1939 Mercedes - Benz 540K Special Roadster by Sindelfingen '' . RM Auctions . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Lot Details . Bonhams.com . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Chichester Guide '' . Chichester Web . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 Ferrari 212 Export Barchetta by Touring '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Competizione ' Tour de France ' by Scaglietti '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bonhams : The Ex-Phil Hill , Bill Devin , Count Vittorio Zanon1953 FERRARI 250 MILLE MIGLIA BERLINETTAChassis no . 0312 MMEngine no . 0312 MM '' . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gooding & Company Pebble Beach 2010 -- Auction Report . Sports Car Digest . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 Ferrari 250 LWB California Spider Competizione - Gooding & Company '' . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Bonhams Auctioneers . `` Lot Details '' . Bonhams.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ C. KISS MMXIII. `` 1955 Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Competizione '' . Gooding & Company . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 Talbot - Lago T150 - C SS Teardrop Cabriolet by Figoni et Falaschi '' . RM Auctions . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 Ferrari 250 GT SWB '' . RM Auctions . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 Ford GT40 Prototype GT / 104 , Factory Team Car , Lightweight Chassis - Lot S147. 1 - Houston 2014 - Mecum Auctions '' . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ $7 Million 1964 Ford GT40 Prototype - Mecum Auctions. 12 April 2014 . Retrieved 10 December 2015 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` One - of - a-kind LaFerrari sells for record $7 million at charity auction in Florida '' . 4 December 2016 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RM Auctions '' . RM Auctions. 2008 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 Ford GT40 Roadster Prototype '' . RM Auctions . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bonhams : The Ex-Frederico Gatta , Robert Solomon1962 FERRARI 250 GT SHORT - WHEELBASE SPECIALE AERODINAMICAChassis no . 3615 '' . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bonhams : The 1957 Turin Show , Ex-Carlos Kauffman1958 FERRARI 250 GT SERIES 1 CABRIOLETChassis no . 0759 GTEngine no . 0759 GT '' . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RM Sotheby 's - 1959 Aston Martin DB4GT Prototype '' . 19 August 2017 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 Ferrari 250 GT LWB Berlinetta ' Tour de France ' by Carrozzeria Scaglietti '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RM Sotheby 's - 1939 Mercedes - Benz 540 K Special Roadster by Sindelfingen '' . 20 January 2016 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rm Auctions . Rm Auctions . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RM Auctions '' . RM Auctions . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Sports Car Digest . `` RM Auctions Amelia Island Concours 2014 - Auction Results '' . Sports Car Digest - The Sports , Racing and Vintage Car Journal . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 Ferrari 250 GT California LWB Prototype Spyder - Gooding & Company '' . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ferraris top $41.8 m Monaco auction -- The Economic Times '' . Economictimes.indiatimes.com. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Reyburn , Scott . `` Ferraris Top $41.8 Million Monaco Sale Led by TRC Spider '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 Ferrari 625 TRC Spider '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ 1931 Bugatti Royale Berline de Voyage , $6.5 Million World 's Luxury Guide . Worlds-luxury-guide.com . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rm Auctions '' . Rm Auctions . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 Ferrari 166 MM / 195 S Berlinetta Le Mans '' . Gooding & Company . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Series I by Pinin Farina '' . RM Auctions . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 Ferrari 400 Superamerica SWB Cabriolet by Pinin Farina '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 Ferrari 857 Sport - Gooding and Company '' . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ C. KISS MMXIII. `` 1958 Ferrari 250 GT Series 1 Cabriolet '' . Gooding & Company . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ferrari 250 GT SWB ' SEFAC Hot Rod ' . Supercars.net ( March 01 , 2004 ) . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 250 GT SWB s / n 2845GT . Barchetta.cc . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 Ferrari 250 GT SWB Berlinetta SEFAC Hot Rod - Gooding & Company '' . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1928 Bentley 4 1 / 2 Litre Le Mans Sports `` Bobtail '' `` . Gooding & Company . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Ferrari Enzo '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mecum Auctions 2012 Monterey Results '' . The Hagerty Group . 29 August 2012 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 Porsche L&M 917 / 10 Spyder ' 72 Can - Am Champion Driven by George Follmer - Mecum Auctions '' . Mecum Auctions . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Artcurial Retromobile 2012 -- Auction Results '' . Sports Car Digest . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Image Gallery for 1958 Ferrari 250 California LWB Spyder '' . Supercars.Net. 2004 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` System Error - Artcurial '' . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RM Sotheby 's - 1956 Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Competizione ' Tour de France ' by Scaglietti '' . 21 August 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RM Sotheby 's - 1955 Ferrari 121 LM Spider by Scaglietti '' . 19 August 2017 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RM Auctions '' . RM Auctions . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Series I by Pinin Farina '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Porsche 911 GT1 Strassenversion '' . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 Ferrari 330 P3 , $5.61 Million World 's Luxury Guide '' . Worlds-luxury-guide.com. 2010 - 05 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 Ferrari 330 P3 Reviews and Buyer 's Guides '' . Sports Car Market . Sports Car Market . November 2000 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ C. KISS MMXIII. `` 1959 Ferrari 250 GT Series I Cabriolet '' . Gooding & Company . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 Ferrari 412 S Scaglietti Spyder -- Images , Specifications and Information '' . Ultimatecarpage.com. 2007 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ ( 2010 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Antiques and the Arts Online -- 1958 Ferrari 412 S Roars Over $5.6 Million At RM Auctions '' . Antiquesandthearts.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 Ferrari 500 TRC Images , Information and History ( 500TRC ) '' . Conceptcarz.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 Ferrari 412 S Sports Racing Car '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ C. KISS MMXIII. `` 1955 Aston Martin DB3S '' . Gooding & Company . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shelby Cobra 427 ëSuper Snakeí '' . Supercars.net. 1965 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 SHELBY COBRA 427 `` SUPER SNAKE '' - Barrett - Jackson Auction Company - World 's Greatest Collector Car Auctions `` . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 Ferrari 166 MM Berlinetta '' . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 Porsche RS60 '' . Gooding & Company . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RM Sotheby 's - 1959 Ferrari 410 Superamerica Series III Coupe by Pinin Farina '' . 19 August 2017 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 Porsche 550 Spyder '' . Gooding & Company . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ C. KISS MMXIII. `` 1997 McLaren F1 GTR Longtail '' . Gooding & Company . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Rm Auctions . Rm Auctions . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RM Sotheby 's - 1955 Ferrari 750 Monza Spider by Scaglietti '' . 21 August 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Car and Driver '' . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1939 Horch 853A Special Roadster by Erdmann & Rossi '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Another major auction record falls at RM Sotheby 's - Classic Car News '' . 21 August 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Ferrari LaFerrari 1 of 3 in Nero DS Opaco , 211 Original Miles - Lot S110 - Monterey 2016 - Mecum Auctions '' . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Collectors Corner -- Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spyder : Anamera '' . Finecars.cc . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Condon , Josh . `` Top 10 Cars from Gooding & Company -- MSN Autos '' . Editorial.autos.msn.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Portfolio -- 1962 Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spyder '' . Paulrussell.com. 2009 - 11 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : 2009 Pebble Beach Auction Results -- Gooding & Company . Sportscardigest.com ( August 18 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider - Gooding & Company '' . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Bentley Speed 6 Works Racing Car . Supercars.net ( October 12 , 1929 ) . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ News & Star News Ivan Carr 's Bentley sells for £ 2.8 million . Newsandstar.co.uk ( July 26 , 2004 ) . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 Ferrari 410 Superamerica Series II Coupe '' . Gooding & Company . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Lot Details . Bonhams.com . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preview - Gooding & Company Pebble Beach Auction : Anamera '' . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider - Gooding & Company '' . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ RM Auctions . RM Auctions . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 1959 Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spyder Competizione . Sportscarmarket.com . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 Jaguar D - Type '' . RM Auctions . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Lot Details . Bonhams.com . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bonhams Auction Catalogue . Bonhams.com . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ C. KISS MMXIII. `` 1948 Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 Competizione '' . Gooding & Company . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 Ford GT40 MkI First Road Car Delivered to North America - Lot S103 - Monterey 2016 - Mecum Auctions '' . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 Porsche 935 '' . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 Maserati 450S Prototype by Fantuzzi '' . RM Auctions . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bonhams : 1952 Jaguar C - Type Two - Seat Sports Racing RoadsterRegistration no . KSF 182 '' . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ RM Auctions . RM Auctions . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` In the first of two nights , Gooding & Company 's Saturday Pebble Beach Auction realizes more than $60 million : Anamera '' . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . C1 control character in title = at position 46 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 1953 Ferrari 340 MM Spider - Gooding & Company '' . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bonhams : From The Collection of Charles R.J. Noble , 1931 Bentley 41⁄2 Liter Supercharged Le Mans Chassis no . MS 3944 Engine no . MS 3941 '' . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ C. KISS MMXIII. `` 1965 Ferrari 275 GTB Long Nose Alloy '' . Gooding & Company . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Rm Auctions . Rm Auctions . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 Mercedes - Benz 300SL Sells for $4.62 million '' . Motorward. 2012 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Chassis 198.043. 5500208 , engine 198.980. 5500218.1955 Mercedes - Benz 300 SL Gullwing chassis information '' . Conceptcarz.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Sold ! Barrett - Jackson 's 5000 Series Generates More Than $29.2 Million In Scottsdale '' Barrett - Jackson News - Barrett - Jackson News and Press Releases `` . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron . `` JAN 19 21 MINS First Batmobile Fetches $4.6 Million at Auction '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Original Batmobile from TV series sells for $4.2 M '' . USA Today . 2013 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 0 # 1 BATMOBILE '' . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Rm Auctions . Rm Auctions . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RM Auctions '' . RM Auctions . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 1884 De Dion Runabout sells for $4.62 million at RM auction '' . Autoweek. 2001 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` World 's ' Oldest Running Motor Car ' Sells For $4.62 Million '' . Fox News . 2010 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Valdes , Peter ( 2011 - 10 - 10 ) . `` World 's oldest car sells for $4.6 million -- Oct. 10 , 2011 '' . Money.cnn.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Rm Auctions . Rm Auctions ( October 27 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ RM Auctions . RM Auctions ( October 27 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The World 's Coolest Spy Car -- Classic Feature -- Motor Trend Classic . Motortrend.com ( December 13 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bond 's Aston Martin sells for 2.6 m : Most famous car in the world . Daily Mail ( October 28 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1931 Bentley 41⁄2 Liter Supercharged Boattail '' . Sportscarmarket.com. 2007 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Monterey Vintage Week : Barnato , Benjafield , Birkin -- and Simanaitis ? ? ? -- Car News '' . RoadandTrack.com. 2007 - 10 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gooding & Company Announces $60 Million Record - Breaking Results From 2007 Pebble ... -- re > PEBBLE BEACH , Calif. , Aug. 20 / PRNewswire - FirstCall / '' . California : Prnewswire.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ RM Auctions . RM Auctions . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 Ferrari 500 TRC - Gooding and Company '' . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ RM Auctions . RM Auctions ( May 21 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 Maserati A6G / 2000 Spyder by Carrozzeria Zagato '' . RM Auctions . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bonhams '' . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony DeFeo . `` Porsches lead the way at Amelia '' . jacksonville.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Several Porsches set records at Amelia Island auctions '' . Content.usatoday.com. 2011 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 Ferrari 400 Superamerica LWB Coupe Aerodinamico by Pininfarina '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Image Gallery for 1958 Ferrari 250 California LWB Spyder '' . Supercars.Net. 2004 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ 1950 GENERAL MOTORS FUTURLINER Lot 1307 Barrett - Jackson Auction Company . ( November 27 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Paukert , Chris ( 2006 - 01 - 22 ) . `` GM Futurliner rewrites Barrett - Jackson record books , hammers to $4.1 million ó Autoblog '' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 4 million dollar bus '' . Azcentral.com. 2006 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ RM Auctions . RM Auctions . Retrieved on October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bonhams : 1956 Jaguar D - Type Sports - Racing Two - Seater Registration no . MWS 303 '' . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1935 Duesenberg SJ Special , Ab Jenkins Mormon Meteor '' . Rickcarey.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Sale 17043 -- Automobiles d'Exception ‡ Retromobile , Paris , 7 Feb 2009 : Lot 142 : 1937 Bugatti Type 57S Atalante CoupÈ '' . Bonhams . Jump up ^ `` Classic Bugatti makes 3.4 m euros '' . BBC News . 4 November 2008 . Retrieved 1 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Jewett , Dale . `` ' Barn find ' 1937 Bugatti Type 57S sells for $4.4 million at Paris auction '' . Autoweek.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` RM Sotheby 's - 1934 Alfa Romeo Tipo B P3 '' . 8 February 2016 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1934 Packard Twelve Individual Custom Stationary Coupe by Dietrich '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1937 Alfa Romeo 8C 2900B Review and Buyer 's Guide '' . old.sportscarmarket.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 Ferrari 750 Monza Spider by Scaglietti '' . RM Auctions . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 Ferrari 400 Superamerica Series I Coupe Aerodinamico '' . Gooding & Company . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 Ferrari 750 Monza by Scaglietti '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RM Auctions '' . RM Auctions. 2008 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1931 Bentley 41⁄2 - Litre Supercharged Two - Seater Sports in the style of Vanden Plas '' . RM Sotheby 's . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ C. KISS MMXIII. `` 1939 Alfa Romeo Tipo 256 Cabriolet Sportivo '' . Gooding & Company . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bonhams : The Ex-Earl Howe , Hon . Brian Lewis , Piero Taruffi , Tazio Nuvolari , Arthur Dobson , and Bill Serri Jr. 1931 BUGATTI TYPE 51 GRAND PRIX RACING TWO SEATER '' . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . 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What Do You Mean?
What Do You Mean ? - Wikipedia What Do You Mean ? `` What Do You Mean ? '' Single by Justin Bieber from the album Purpose Released August 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 28 ) Format CD digital download Recorded 2015 Genre Pop tropical house Length 3 : 26 Label Def Jam Songwriter ( s ) Justin Bieber Jason `` Poo Bear '' Boyd Mason Levy Producer ( s ) MdL Bieber Justin Bieber singles chronology `` Where Are Ü Now '' ( 2015 ) `` What Do You Mean ? '' ( 2015 ) `` Sorry '' ( 2015 ) `` Where Are Ü Now '' ( 2015 ) `` What Do You Mean ? '' ( 2015 ) `` Sorry '' ( 2015 ) Music video `` What Do You Mean ? '' on YouTube `` What Do You Mean ? '' is a song recorded by Canadian singer Justin Bieber for his fourth studio album Purpose ( 2015 ) . The song was released on August 28 , 2015 , as the album 's lead single by Def Jam . Written by Bieber , Jason `` Poo Bear '' Boyd and Mason Levy , the song was produced by MdL and co-produced by Bieber . `` What Do You Mean ? '' is a pop and tropical house song , with its instrumentation consisting in light flourishes of panpipes , looped vocal samples , piano chords , fervent synths , bass and `` slick beat '' elements with the sound of a clock ticking , while Bieber uses a smooth , soulful vocal . Lyrically , `` What Do You Mean ? '' describes not being able to figure out the opposite sex with Bieber asking a girl why her body language is conflicting with her words . It was featured in several year - end lists of best songs of 2015 . Commercially , the song topped the charts in several countries , including Canada , Ireland , New Zealand , and Norway . In Australia , the United States and the United Kingdom , `` What Do You Mean ? '' was Bieber 's first number - one single . The song 's music video features Bieber in bed with a young woman and getting kidnapped by masked men , as well as an appearance from actor John Leguizamo . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Release 3 Composition 4 Critical reception 4.1 Year - end lists 5 Commercial performance 5.1 North America 5.2 Europe and Oceania 6 Music video 6.1 Synopsis 6.2 Purpose : The Movement version 7 Live performances 8 Track listing 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Background ( edit ) After releasing `` Where Are Ü Now '' with Skrillex and Diplo for their project Jack Ü and achieving worldwide success and acclaim with it , Bieber announced `` What Do You Mean ? '' as the first single from his then - upcoming album on July 28 , 2015 on On Air With Ryan Seacrest . While he was there , his manager , Scooter Braun , made Seacrest a promotional sign for the single to hold and suggested he should put the photo on his Instagram account . To further promote the song 's release , Braun contacted several celebrities who started counting down the days until the release , among them Mariah Carey , Ed Sheeran , Ariana Grande , Big Sean , Alanis Morissette , Meghan Trainor , Britney Spears , Hilary Duff , Little Mix , Chris Martin , Carly Rae Jepsen , and many others . During an interview with Ryan Seacrest , he described it as `` fun '' , `` summery '' , and `` amazing . '' Regarding its lyrics he commented : `` Well , girls are often just flip - floppy . They say something and they mean something else . So ... what do you mean ? I do n't really know , that 's why I 'm asking . '' Later , on August 19 , 2015 , Bieber direct - messaged different lyrics from the song to 49 randomly selected Twitter followers . As explained by Billboard 's Jason Lipshutz , `` Each message included a clock animation with a different time that corresponded to the lyric 's placement in the song , and Beliebers spent Wednesday collectively piecing together the upcoming single 's lyrics in order . '' On August 5 , 2015 , Bieber presented the song to radio professionals at an iHeartMedia event . Release ( edit ) The song was released on August 28 , 2015 , and was serviced to contemporary hit radio on September 1 , 2015 . On October 16 , 2015 , it was revealed that a remix of the song featuring Ariana Grande would be made available if fans pre-ordered the album on iTunes . Composition ( edit ) `` What Do You Mean ? '' was written by Justin Bieber , Jason `` Poo Bear '' Boyd and Mason Levy . It was produced by MdL and co-produced by Bieber . It was initially speculated by the media that Skrillex produced `` What Do You Mean ? '' . However , a spokesperson for Bieber confirmed in an interview for Rolling Stone that the song was produced by Bieber , and MdL who had previously collaborated with the singer on his single `` Boyfriend '' ( 2012 ) . Written in the key of A ♭ major , it has an upbeat tempo of 125 beats per minute . Bieber 's vocal range spans from the low - note of F3 to the high note of G5 . It is a pop and tropical house song . During the song , Bieber uses a breathy vocal , which was considered `` smooth and soulful . '' The production contains flute instrumentation , looped vocal samples , piano chords , tropical synths , bass and `` slick beat '' elements with the sound of a clock ticking . Gil Kaufman of MTV News wrote that the track contains `` a slippery flute - like trill over a spare tick - tock island groove and a super chill vibe '' , and is `` a kind of sequel '' to Skrillex and Diplo 's `` Where Are Ü Now '' , which featured Bieber . Lyrically , `` What Do You Mean ? '' talks about looking for romantic clarity and not being able to figure out the opposite sex , with Bieber singing in the chorus : `` What do you mean / When you nod your head yes , but you wan na say no ? / What do you mean / When you do n't want me to move , but you tell me to go ? . '' Critical reception ( edit ) USA Today 's Carly Mallenbaum , who heard the song in early August , described it as a `` catchy dance track for the club '' . Similarly , a writer for The Daily Beast said , `` ( ' What Do You Mean ? ' is ) pretty damn catchy ; a slow - burner that , like that collab , swells into a Bieber banger '' . Gil Kaufman of MTV News also called it a `` banger '' , explaining , `` the track is classic JB : seductive , earnest , pleading and just the right amount of sexy '' . Idolator 's Mike Wass praised the song 's `` instantly memorable chorus '' , and added , `` Vocally , ( Bieber ) has never sounded better '' . Digital Spy 's Amy Davidson named it `` the perfect pop track as well as a skewed love song for millennials . '' Andrew Unterberger of Spin opined the song was `` really quite delightful '' . Sean Fitz - Gerald of New York magazine was also positive , noting that it `` sounds like what would happen if you took Steve Aoki 's alarm clock to a tropical beach resort . ( In other words , electro - catchy as hell . ) '' Jason Lipshutz of Billboard gave the song a four - out - of - five - stars rating and commented that it was `` positioned as ( Bieber 's ) huge comeback bid '' , adding : `` ( The song ) synthesizes the positive components of ' Where Are U Now ' and presents something warmer and friendlier , but no less nuanced or impressive '' . NME 's reviewer named it `` the perfect pop confection : light as air and catchy as hell , allowing us to glimpse the vulnerability behind the megastar façade as Biebs grappled endearingly with the mysteries of womankind . '' Andy Kellman of AllMusic selected the song as one of the album 's highlights , citing the song and `` Sorry '' as tracks that `` showed him making a deeper connection with his material and that , yes , he was progressing from performer to artist . '' In a similar mode , Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly cited both songs and `` Where Are Ü Now '' for being `` stripped down for maximum aerodynamics , the vocals mentholated and sweetened with a brushstroke of bass here , a snake - charmer synth line there . '' Brad Nelson of Pitchfork praised the song and `` Sorry '' for being `` vivid tropical house tracks that sound like sunlight drifting down through palm fronds . Bieber 's voice often resembles a breath contorted inexpressively through notes ; here , he lets it weightlessly fall through textures . They are his best performances to date , allowing him to flex a rhythmic playfulness without communicating an iota of legible emotion . '' Sheldon Pearce of Complex called it `` the album 's spiritual centerpiece , '' while Janine Schaults of Consequence of Sound selected it as one of the album 's essential tracks . Josh Duboff of Vanity Fair considered it `` breezy and low - key , like `` Where Are Ü Now ? '' with 35 percent less propulsion . '' He also found it to be `` vaguely reminiscent of OMI 's omnipresent ' Cheerleader ' , '' and that `` Bieber sounds more relaxed and confident than perhaps ever before on the track . '' Nick Messitte of Forbes agreed with the `` Cheerleader '' comparison , noting that it has `` the intersection of the mellow and the danceable , the four - on - the - floor with the smooth . '' Consequence of Sound wrote in a positive review `` Skrillex serves as producer of this slow burner , providing loops of tropical - flavored house beats to complement Bieber 's delicate croons . '' Year - end lists ( edit ) Critic / publication List Rank Ref . Entertainment Weekly The 40 Best Songs of 2015 MTV Best Songs of 2015 9 NME NME 's Tracks of the Year 2015 Spin The 101 Best Songs of 2015 Time Out The 100 Best Songs of 2015 41 Village Voice Pazz & Jop 29 Commercial performance ( edit ) North america ( edit ) With `` What Do You Mean ? '' , Bieber surpassed Baauer to become the youngest male artist to debut at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 . In the United States , `` What Do You Mean ? '' debuted at number 28 on the Mainstream Top 40 chart dated September 12 , after three days of release , with a radio audience of 20 million . On the chart dated October 24 , after earning `` Greatest Gainer '' honors for two consecutive weeks , it rose from 3 to 1 on the Mainstream Top 40 chart , becoming Bieber 's first number - one song on the Pop Songs chart . The song debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 issued for September 17 , 2015 , replacing The Weeknd 's `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' at the top of the chart for one week . It marked Bieber 's first number - one single and seventh top 10 hit in the United States , and was also the 23rd song to begin at number one in the Hot 100 's 57 - year history . Additionally , the single 's debut made Bieber the youngest male artist to enter atop of the chart , and the youngest artist since Fantasia 's `` I Believe '' ( 2004 ) . The track also debuted at number one the Billboard Hot Digital Songs chart , selling 337,000 copies in the week ending September 3 , 2015 -- marking Bieber 's second number one single on the chart , following `` Boyfriend '' which sold 521,000 in its debut week . In its second week , `` What Do You Mean ? '' stayed at the top of the Hot Digital Songs chart with sales of 159,000 copies , however , it descended to number three on the Hot 100 , with a decrease of 30 % in overall activity , but rebounded to the runner - up spot the following week and stayed as the best - selling song with 128,000 downloads . On the chart dated December 5 , 2015 , after the release of Purpose , the song ascended from 6 to 5 on the Hot 100 . That week , Bieber 's `` Sorry '' and `` Love Yourself '' ( a track from Purpose , which debuted on the chart , after selling 140,000 downloads ) were at number two and four , respectively , which made the singer be only the third artist to have three singles inside the chart 's top five ( the others being The Beatles in 1964 and 50 Cent in 2005 ) . Additionally , the same week , Bieber had 17 songs on the Hot 100 simultaneously , breaking the record previously held by The Beatles and Drake . On the chart dated 6 February 2016 , the song spent a 21st consecutive week inside the Hot 100 's top ten , tying with Nicki Minaj 's `` Starships '' and Maroon 5 's `` Sugar '' for the most weeks a song has logged in the Hot 100 's top 10 from its debut . The record was surpassed later by Bieber 's `` Love Yourself '' , which spent 23 consecutive weeks in the top ten since its debut . As of February 2016 , `` What Do You Mean ? '' has sold over 1,600,000 copies in the United States . In Bieber 's native Canada , `` What Do You Mean ? '' debuted at number one on the Canadian Hot 100 , with sales of 48,000 copies , becoming the biggest first - week sales total of 2015 at the time and the highest since Eminem released `` The Monster '' ( 2013 ) . It also broke the streaming record in Canada , with 3.1 million streams in its first week . Both records were later surpassed by Adele 's `` Hello '' , which sold 140,000 copies and was streamed 4.79 million times in its first week . `` What Do You Mean ? '' marked Bieber 's second number - one single in the country , following 2012 's `` Boyfriend '' . After six consecutive weeks at number one in Canada , it was briefly knocked off the top spot by another Canadian singer , The Weeknd , with his single `` The Hills '' , but returned for a seventh week at number one , being replaced by Adele 's `` Hello '' the following week . Europe and oceania ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , `` What Do You Mean ? '' debuted at the top of the UK Singles Chart for the week ending September 10 , 2015 , with a combined sales total of 84,000 units . It surpassed his previous best sales week of 55,000 , which `` Boyfriend '' had sold in April 2012 , and marked Bieber 's first chart - topping song in Britain . The track broke the highest first - week streams record in the country with 3.2 million streams , surpassing the stream tally of 2.03 million set by One Direction 's `` Drag Me Down '' . In its second week , the song descended to number two , however , it broke the country 's all - time streaming record , with 3.87 million streams in seven days , later surpassed by Adele 's `` Hello '' ( which streamed 7.32 million times in November 2015 , almost doubling the record ) . After three weeks since its release , the song remained as the most streamed track in the country and returned to the number one spot for another two weeks . On October 2 , the song was knocked off the top spot by Sam Smith 's `` Writing 's on the Wall '' , but a week later , it returned to the number one spot for another two weeks . This means that it has spent five non-consecutive weeks at number one in the UK Singles Chart . Bieber became only the fourth person to have the same single reach number one on the UK Singles Chart on three separate occasions . The other songs to top the chart three separate times are Frankie Laine 's `` I Believe '' , Guy Mitchell 's `` Singing the Blues '' and Pharrell Williams ' `` Happy '' . ' What Do You Mean ? ' was the ninth best - selling single of 2015 in the UK with combined sales of 988,000 copies . In Australia , `` What Do You Mean '' debuted atop the ARIA Singles Chart on September 5 , becoming Bieber 's first number - one single on the chart . The song spent four consecutive weeks on top of the chart , becoming the second - longest running chart - topping track for 2015 and gaining a platinum certification from the Australian Recording Industry Association . On October 3 , Bieber was knocked off the top by Macklemore & Ryan Lewis 's `` Downtown '' . `` What Do You Mean '' also debuted at the top of the charts in both New Zealand and Ireland , becoming his first number - one single in both countries . It spent seven consecutive weeks at number one in Ireland , and eight consecutive weeks at number one in New Zealand . Music video ( edit ) A lyric video for `` What Do You Mean ? '' , directed by Laban and featuring skateboarders Ryan Sheckler and Chelsea Castro , was released on August 28 , 2015 . The music video , directed by Brad Furman and starring John Leguizamo and Xenia Deli , premiered on August 30 , 2015 following the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards . As of July 2018 , the video has amassed over 1.9 billion views on YouTube , making it the 26th most viewed video on the site . Synopsis ( edit ) The video starts off with a man ( played by Leguizamo ) waiting at a stop sign in front of a motel in the rain . A dark hooded figure ( revealed to be Bieber ) walks to the man . It is realized that Bieber is in debt to him , and then gives him money and is promised to do one job : protect a girl , who is his love interest , as Bieber then walks away . As the song begins , it cuts to a neon - lighted hotel room , where the girl that was mentioned earlier is . Bieber knocks on the door , is let in , and they end up making love . As Bieber sings the second verse of the song , a group of masked men burst in . They tie , then kidnap the two . It then cuts to the pair tied up in an abandoned warehouse . They eventually use a lighter to burn the rope and escape . When the masked men discover they 've escaped they chase after them . They open a door , only to find themselves peering at the road below . With the men nearing , Bieber jumps out , then the girl . They land safely on an inflatable mat . We then see Leguizamo , who reveals himself as the leader of the masked men , as he 's greeted by Bieber . They 're now in an underground skating party , as Bieber sings the rest of the song . The video ends with Bieber standing alone in the dark , in the skatepark . Purpose : the Movement version ( edit ) A second music video was released on November 14 , 2015 , part of a series of short films commemorating the release of the album , entitled `` Purpose : The Movement '' . The short music video , like the video for `` Sorry '' , features the dancers from ReQuest Dance Crew and The Royal Family dance crew , and was also directed and choreographed by Parris Goebel . Live performances ( edit ) Bieber performed `` What Do You Mean ? '' live for the first time at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards on August 30 , 2015 . He performed the track on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , accompanied by The Roots and featuring a guest verse from Black Thought . Bieber also performed `` What Do You Mean ? '' on The Today Show along with 5 other songs from his album Purpose : `` Sorry '' , `` Love Yourself '' , `` The Feeling '' , `` No Pressure '' and `` Company '' ( which was performed for the first time ) . The song was performed on the telecast Think It Up ! which was broadcast on September 11 . On September 29 , Bieber performed the song on season 7 of X Factor Australia . `` What Do You Mean ? '' was performed at the 2015 MTV Europe Music Awards on October 25 . Moreover , the song was also included on the set list for the Purpose World Tour . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` What Do You Mean ? '' 3 : 26 show CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` What Do You Mean ? '' 3 : 26 2 . `` What Do You Mean ? '' ( Instrumental ) 3 : 26 Total length : 6 : 52 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 86 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 28 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Iceland ( RÚV ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 13 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Mexico ( AMPROFON Top 20 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Video Chart ) Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 40 South Africa ( EMA ) South Korea International ( Gaon Digital Chart ) 7 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 14 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 8 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 46 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 42 Israel ( Media Forest ) 42 Italy ( FIMI ) 17 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 87 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 19 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 33 Chart ( 2016 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 68 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 97 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) 62 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 19 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 42 Italy ( FIMI ) 36 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 46 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 33 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 29 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 60 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 35 US Billboard Hot 100 31 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 31 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 5 × Platinum 350,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 6 × Platinum 480,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 3 × Platinum 180,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 135,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 6 × Platinum 300,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) 4 × Platinum + Gold 270,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 4 × Platinum 60,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 2 × Platinum 20,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Diamond 100,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 7 × Platinum 280,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 1,800,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 6,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . Various August 28 , 2015 Digital download Def Jam United States September 1 , 2015 Contemporary hit radio Italy September 4 , 2015 RBMG Def Jam Germany October 9 , 2015 CD single Def Jam Universal See also ( edit ) List of best - selling singles in Australia List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2015 List of number - one dance singles of 2015 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles of 2015 ( Australia ) List of number - one singles of 2015 ( South Africa ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Perricone , Kathleen ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Announces August 28 Single , ' What Do You Mean , ' Talks ' Uplifting ' New Album '' . Ryan Seacrest.com . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lipshutz , Jason ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' What Do You Mean ' : Inside The Star - Studded Social Media Campaign '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The stars who 've been promoting Justin Bieber 's new track What Do You Mean '' . BBC News . August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mallenbaum , Carly ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Justin Bieber presented unreleased ' What Do You Mean , ' and now we want go to clubbing '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daw , Robbie ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's `` What Do You Mean ? '' Single Tops iTunes Chart Within Hours Of Release `` . Idolator . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber ' Purpose ' Preorder Features Ariana Grande Duet '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Corner , Lewis ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber has returned with a very good brand new single called ' What Do You Mean ? ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Reed , Ryan ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Hear Justin Bieber 's Soul - Searching New Single , ' What Do You Mean ? ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber `` What Do You Mean '' Sheet Music `` . MusicNotes.com . Alfred Publishing Co. , Inc . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' What Do You Mean ' Lyric Video Has Leaked '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Brad ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber : Purpose Album Reviews Pitchfork '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Purpose - Justin Bieber Songs , Reviews , Credits AllMusic '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Drops Tropical House - Inspired Single `` What Do You Mean ? '' `` . EDM.com . August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Finally Drops ' What Do You Mean ? ' -- And It 's A Banger '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson , Amy ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Purpose review : Track - by - track with his best album yet '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber 's ' What Do You Mean ' : Watch the Leaked Music Video '' . The Daily Beast . August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's `` What Do You Mean ? '' Arrives Early Via Lyric Video : Watch / Listen `` . Idolator . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` The Biebs Is Back : Hear the Skrillex - Produced Comeback Single ' What Do You Mean ? ' '' . Spin . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitz - Gerald , Sean ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Here 's Justin Bieber 's Very Skateboard - y , Tropical - Sounding ' What Do You Mean ' '' . New York . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Finds The Answer on ' What Do You Mean ? ' : Track Review '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NME 's Tracks of the Year 2015 '' . NME . December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Greenblatt , Leah ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` From Boys to Men : EW reviews Justin Bieber and One Direction 's new albums '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pearce , Sheldon ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Justin Bieber 's New Album Will Almost Make You Forgive Him for His Troubled Past '' . Complex . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schaults , Janine ( November 28 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber -- Purpose '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duboff , Josh ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Means Business on New Single `` What Do You Mean ? '' `` . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Messitte , Nick ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' What Do You Mean ' Picks Up Where OMI 's ' Cheerleader ' Left Off '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber 's new song `` What Do You Mean '' is n't terrible `` . Consequence of Sound . August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vain , Madison ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` The 40 best songs of 2015 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hosken , Patrick ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Best Songs of 2015 '' . MTV . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harley Brown ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` The 101 Best Songs of 2015 '' . Spin . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Time Out Staff ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` The 100 Best Songs of 2015 '' . Time Out . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pazz & Jop Statistics '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Scores First No. 1 Hot 100 With Debut of ' What Do You Mean ? ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Will Justin Bieber 's ' What Do You Mean ? ' Be His First Hot 100 No. 1 ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Scores First Pop Songs No. 1 With ' What Do You Mean ? ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 13 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Canada Heats Up the US Charts '' . Billboard . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` The Weeknd Nos. 1 & 2 on Hot 100 With ' Ca n't Feel My Face ' & ' The Hills ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` The Weeknd Replaces Himself Atop Hot 100 as ' The Hills ' Hits No. 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Adele Tops Hot 100 for Fourth Week ; Justin Bieber , Alessia Cara Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Nos. 1 & 2 on Hot 100 , The Chainsmokers Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Desiigner 's ' Panda ' Claws to No. 1 on Hot 100 , Bringing Americans Back to the Top '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's `` Love Yourself '' Crosses The 1.5 Million U.S Sales Mark `` . Headline Planet . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cross , Alan ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Weekly Music Sales Report and Analysis : 09 September 2015 '' . Alan Cross . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cross , Alan ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Adele 's `` Hello '' ANNIHILATES the Competition in Its First Week . It 's Not Even Close `` . A Journal of Musical Things . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard. April 14 , 2012 . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Paul Tuch ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` JANET JACKSON SCORES FIRST NO . 1 ALBUM IN 14 YEARS '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . November 7 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( September 5 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber breaks Official Charts record with his first UK Number 1 What Do You Mean '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moss , Liv ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Sigala scores debut Number 1 with Easy Love : ' I wrote this song in my bedroom ' '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Adele smashes Official Chart records with comeback single Hello '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Time ! Bieber 's back at Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber lands a third week at the top of the Official Singles Chart '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's What Do You Mean ? wins fifth week at Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bieber back on top for rare third time - BBC News '' . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber dethrones Adele with Sorry and breaks all - time Official Chart record '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 4 January 2016 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2015 revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Lars , Brandle ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Grabs First No. 1 in Australia With ' What Do You Mean ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lars , Brandle ( September 27 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Retains No. 1 Single In Australia , Lana Del Rey Tops Album Chart '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Ryan ( September 27 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber makes four weeks at # 1 with ' What Do You Mean ? ' '' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( October 3 , 2015 ) . `` ARIA Singles : Macklemore & Ryan Lewis ' Downtown ' Takes Top Spot '' . Noise11 . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What Do You Mean ? - Justin Bieber - Top 40 Singles '' . Muzic.Net.Nz . September 28 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IRISH Top 100 Single Chart '' . IRMA Charts . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Shares Preview of ' What Do You Mean ? ' Music Video , Announces It Will Premiere After VMAs '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Viewed Videos of All Time ( Over 375 million views ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , Brenna ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Watch Justin Bieber Get Shirtless And Badass In His ' What Do You Mean ? ' Vid Teaser '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Real , Evan ( November 14 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Releases a Music Video for Each Song on His New Album ' Purpose ' '' . Elle . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who Are Justin Bieber 's ' What Do You Mean ' Dancers ? Their Faces Are Familiar For A Reason '' . Bustle . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber will perform his new single ' What Do You Mean ? ' at the VMAs '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leight , Elias ( September 3 , 2015 ) . `` Watch Justin Bieber And The Roots Perform `` What Do You Mean '' `` . The Fader . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vain , Madison ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` See Justin Bieber 's rocking Today performance , featuring Halsey and Big Sean '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Patrick ( September 3 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber , Jennifer Garner and Halle Berry Among Stars Taking the Stage for ' Think It Up ' Education Campaign '' . People . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nakamura , Reid ( September 3 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber to Perform on ' Think It Up ' Telecast '' . The Wrap . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gracie , Bianca ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Performs `` What Do You Mean ? '' On ' The X Factor Australia ' : Watch `` . Idolator . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lindner , Emilee ( October 25 , 2015 ) . `` Watch Justin Bieber Smash His EMA Performance -- Broken Ear Drum And All '' . MTV . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ PopCrush Staff ( 11 March 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Kicks Off ' Purpose World Tour ' : Watch the Opening , See the Set List + Photos '' . popcrush.com . PopCrush Network . Retrieved 11 March 2016 ... 17 . `` What Do You Mean ? '' ... Jump up ^ `` What Do You Mean ? ( single ) -- Justin Bieber '' . US : iTunes Store . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What Do You Mean ? '' ( in German ) . Amazon.com ( DE ) . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Justin Bieber -- What Do You Mean ? '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Justin Bieber -- What Do You Mean ? '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Bieber -- What Do You Mean ? '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Bieber -- What Do You Mean ? '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert ( ( ( year ) ) ) ( ( ( week ) ) ) into search . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201536 into search . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- What Do You Mean ? '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Justin Bieber . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber : What Do You Mean ? '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- What Do You Mean ? '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Justin Bieber Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Singles Charts -- Greece '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 36 , 2015 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber -- What Do You Mean ? Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Digital - Classifica settimanale WK 38 ( dal 2015 - 09 - 18 al 2015 - 09 - 24 ) '' . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 - Justin Bieber '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . October 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Justin Bieber '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Justin Bieber -- What Do You Mean ? '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 - Semanal ( del 11 de Septiembre al 17 de Septiembre ) '' . AMPROFON . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2013 . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Justin Bieber -- What Do You Mean ? '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- What Do You Mean ? '' . VG - lista . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 5 Airplay TV '' . Polish Video Chart . ZPAV . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber -- Chart history '' Billboard Portugal Digital Songs for Justin Bieber . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201536 into search . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2015 - 09 - 29 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon International Digital Chart -- Week 37 , 2015 '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- What Do You Mean ? '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- What Do You Mean ? '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- What Do You Mean ? '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2015 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Airplay Year End 2015 '' . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche `` Top of the Music '' 2015 FIMI - GfK : La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Hot 100 : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Songs Year End 2015 '' . top40.nl . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2015 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2015 revealed '' . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As 100 Mais Tocadas nas Rádios Jovens em 2016 '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche `` Top of the Music '' 2016 FIMI - GfK : La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali '' ( Click on Scarica allegato to download the zipped file containing the year - end chart PDF documents ) ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Hot 100 : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2016 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2016 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( December 30 , 2016 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs - Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- What Do You Mean ? '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- What Do You Mean ? '' . IFPI Denmark . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- What Do You Mean '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Justin Bieber ; ' What Do You Mean ? ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- What Do You Mean ? '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` Japanese single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- What Do You Mean ? '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- What Do You Mean ? '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- What Do You Mean ? '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- What Do You Mean ? '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- What Do You Mean ? '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2016 in the field `` Year '' . Select ' ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Type Justin Bieber in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select What Do You Mean ? and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- What Do You mean '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter What Do You mean in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 8 January 2016 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Justin Bieber makes Singles Chart history '' . Music Week . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- What Do You Mean ? '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` What Do You Mean ? - Justin Bieber '' . JustinBieberMusic.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber `` What Do You Mean ? '' ( Radio Date : 04 / 09 / 2015 ) `` . Radio Date . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What Do You Mean ? ( 2 - Track ) - Justin Bieber : Amazon.de : Musik '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to What Do You Mean ? . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` Purpose : The Movement '' version on YouTube Justin Bieber songs Discography My World `` One Time '' `` One Less Lonely Girl '' My World 2.0 `` Baby '' `` Eenie Meenie '' `` Somebody to Love '' `` U Smile '' My Worlds : The Collection `` Pray '' Never Say Never : The Remixes `` Never Say Never '' Under the Mistletoe `` Mistletoe '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' Believe `` Boyfriend '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beauty and a Beat '' `` Right Here '' `` All Around the World '' Journals `` Heartbreaker '' `` All That Matters '' `` Hold Tight '' `` Recovery '' `` Bad Day '' `` All Bad '' `` PYD '' `` Roller Coaster '' `` Change Me '' `` Confident '' Purpose `` Where Are Ü Now '' `` What Do You Mean ? '' `` Sorry '' `` Love Yourself '' `` Company '' Other singles `` Turn to You ( Mother 's Day Dedication ) '' `` Home to Mama '' `` Friends '' Featured singles `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Next to You '' `` Live My Life '' `` # thatPOWER '' `` Lolly '' `` Wait for a Minute '' `` Gas Pedal '' `` Cold Water '' `` Let Me Love You '' `` Deja Vu '' `` Despacito '' ( remix ) `` I 'm the One '' `` 2U '' `` Hard 2 Face Reality '' Promotional singles `` Love Me '' `` Favorite Girl '' `` Never Let You Go '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' `` Die in Your Arms '' `` I 'll Show You '' Other songs `` Down to Earth '' `` Bigger '' `` First Dance '' `` That Should Be Me '' `` Why You Mad ? ( Infinity Remix ) '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_Do_You_Mean%3F&oldid=849995639 '' Categories : 2015 singles 2015 songs Justin Bieber songs Def Jam Recordings singles Songs written by Justin Bieber Songs written by Poo Bear Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Finland Number - one singles in Greece Number - one singles in Hungary Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Scotland Number - one singles in Sweden UK Singles Chart number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles South African Airplay Chart number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Torch songs Tropical house songs Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from September 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Portugaldigitalsongs Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Suomi Tagalog ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 21 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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who was the girl in what do you mean
[ "A lyric video for \"What Do You Mean?\", directed by Laban and featuring skateboarders Ryan Sheckler and Chelsea Castro, was released on August 28, 2015.[15] The music video, directed by Brad Furman and starring John Leguizamo and Xenia Deli, premiered on August 30, 2015 following the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards.[66] As of July 2018, the video has amassed over 1.9 billion views on YouTube, making it the 26th most viewed video on the site.[67]\n" ]
[ "Xenia Deli" ]
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Member states of the United Nations
Member states of the United Nations - wikipedia Member states of the United Nations Jump to : navigation , search Map of the United Nations ( UN ) member states as of August 2017 , with their territories ( including dependent territories ) recognized by the UN in green Flags of the member states of the United Nations , in front of the Palace of Nations ( Geneva , Switzerland ) . Since 2015 , the flags of the two non-member observer states are raised alongside those of the 193 member states . The United Nations member states are the 193 sovereign states that are members of the United Nations ( UN ) and have equal representation in the UN General Assembly . The UN is the world 's largest intergovernmental organization , ahead of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation . The criteria for admission of new members to the UN are set out in Chapter II , Article 4 of the UN Charter : Membership in the United Nations is open to all peace - loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and , in the judgement of the Organization , are able and willing to carry out these obligations . The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council . A recommendation for admission from the Security Council requires affirmative votes from at least nine of the council 's fifteen members , with none of the five permanent members using their veto power . The Security Council 's recommendation must then be approved in the General Assembly by a two - thirds majority vote . In principle , only sovereign states can become UN members , and currently all UN members are sovereign states . Although five members were not sovereign when they joined the UN , all subsequently became fully independent between 1946 and 1991 . Because a state can only be admitted to membership in the UN by the approval of the Security Council and the General Assembly , a number of states that are considered sovereign according to the Montevideo Convention are not members of the UN . This is because the UN does not consider them to possess sovereignty , mainly due to the lack of international recognition or due to opposition from one of the permanent members . In addition to the member states , the UN also invites non-member states to become observers at the UN General Assembly ( currently two : the Holy See and Palestine ) , allowing them to participate and speak in General Assembly meetings , but not vote . Observers are generally intergovernmental organizations and international organizations and entities whose statehood or sovereignty is not precisely defined . Contents ( hide ) 1 Original members 2 Current members 3 Former members 3.1 Republic of China 3.1. 1 Bids for readmission as the representative of Taiwan 3.2 Czechoslovakia 3.3 German Democratic Republic 3.4 Federation of Malaya 3.5 Tanganyika and Zanzibar 3.6 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 3.7 United Arab Republic 3.8 Yemen and Democratic Yemen 3.9 Yugoslavia 4 Suspension , expulsion , and withdrawal of members 4.1 Withdrawal of Indonesia ( 1965 -- 1966 ) 5 Observers and non-members 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Original members ( edit ) The United Nations in 1945 , after World War II . In light blue , the founding members . In dark blue , protectorates and territories of the founding members . Map of the current UN member states by their dates of admission . 1945 ( original members ) 1946 -- 1959 1960 -- 1989 1990 -- present non-member observer states Further information : History of the United Nations The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 , after ratification of the United Nations Charter by the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council ( the Republic of China , France , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States ) and a majority of the other signatories . A total of 51 original members ( or founding members ) joined that year ; 50 of them signed the Charter at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco on 26 June 1945 , while Poland , which was not represented at the conference , signed it on 15 October 1945 . The original members of the United Nations were : France , the Republic of China , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , the United States , Argentina , Australia , Belgium , Bolivia , Brazil , Byelorussia , Canada , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Czechoslovakia , Denmark , the Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Ethiopia , Greece , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , India , Iran , Iraq , Lebanon , Liberia , Luxembourg , Mexico , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Nicaragua , Norway , Panama , Paraguay , Peru , the Philippines , Poland , Saudi Arabia , South Africa , Syria , Turkey , Ukraine , Uruguay , Venezuela and Yugoslavia . Among the original members , 49 are either still UN members or had their memberships in the UN continued by a successor state ( see table below ) ; for example , the membership of the Soviet Union was continued by the Russian Federation after its dissolution ( see the section Former members : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ) . The other two original members , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia ( i.e. , the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ) , had been dissolved and their memberships in the UN not continued from 1992 by any one successor state ( see the sections Former members : Czechoslovakia and Former members : Yugoslavia ) . At the time of UN 's founding , the seat of China in the UN was held by the Republic of China , but as a result of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 in 1971 , it is now held by the People 's Republic of China ( see the section Former members : Republic of China ( Taiwan ) ) . A number of the original members were not sovereign when they joined the UN , and only gained full independence later : Belarus ( then the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ) and Ukraine ( then the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ) were both constituent republics of the Soviet Union , until gaining full independence in 1991 . India ( whose territory at that time , before the Partition of India , also included the present - day territories of Pakistan and Bangladesh ) was under British colonial rule , until gaining full independence in 1947 . The Philippines ( then the Philippine Commonwealth ) was a commonwealth with the United States , until gaining full independence in 1946 . New Zealand , while de facto sovereign at that time , `` only gained full capacity to enter into relations with other states in 1947 when it passed the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act . This occurred 16 years after the British Parliament passed the Statute of Westminster Act in 1931 that recognised New Zealand 's autonomy . If judged by the Montevideo Convention criteria , New Zealand did not achieve full de jure statehood until 1947 . '' Current members ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : United Nations Member States Further information : List of sovereign states The current members and their dates of admission are listed below with their official designations used by the United Nations . The alphabetical order by the member states ' official designations is used to determine the seating arrangement of the General Assembly sessions , where a draw is held each year to select a member state as the starting point . Several members use their full official names in their official designations and thus are sorted out of order from their common names : the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of Korea , the Republic of Moldova , The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ( a provisional reference used for all purposes within the UN , and listed under T ) , and the United Republic of Tanzania . The member states can be sorted by their official designations and dates of admission by clicking on the buttons in the header of the columns . See related sections on former members by clicking on the links in the column See also . Original members are listed with blue background . Flag Member state Date of admission See also Afghanistan 000000001946 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 1946 United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan Albania 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Algeria 000000001962 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 October 1962 ~ ! Andorra 000000001993 - 07 - 28 - 0000 28 July 1993 ~ ! Angola 000000001976 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1976 ~ ! Antigua and Barbuda 000000001981 - 11 - 11 - 0000 11 November 1981 ~ ! Argentina 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Armenia 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Australia 000000001945 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 1945 Australia and the United Nations Austria 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Azerbaijan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Bahamas 000000001973 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1973 ~ ! Bahrain 000000001971 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1971 ~ ! Bangladesh 000000001974 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1974 ~ ! Barbados 000000001966 - 12 - 09 - 0000 9 December 1966 ~ ! Belarus 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic Belgium 000000001945 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 December 1945 ~ ! Belize 000000001981 - 09 - 25 - 0000 25 September 1981 ~ ! Benin 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Bhutan 000000001971 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1971 ~ ! Bolivia ( Plurinational State of ) 000000001945 - 11 - 14 - 0000 14 November 1945 ~ ! Bosnia and Herzegovina 000000001992 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 1992 Former member : Yugoslavia Botswana 000000001966 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 October 1966 ~ ! Brazil 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Brazil and the United Nations Brunei Darussalam 000000001984 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1984 ~ ! Bulgaria 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Burkina Faso 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Burundi 000000001962 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1962 ~ ! Cabo Verde 000000001975 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1975 ~ ! Cambodia 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Cameroon 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Canada 000000001945 - 11 - 09 - 0000 9 November 1945 Canada and the United Nations Central African Republic 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Chad 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Chile 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! China 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : Republic of China and China and the United Nations Colombia 000000001945 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 November 1945 ~ ! Comoros 000000001975 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1975 ~ ! Congo 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Costa Rica 000000001945 - 11 - 02 - 0000 2 November 1945 ~ ! Côte d'Ivoire 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Croatia 000000001992 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 1992 Former member : Yugoslavia Cuba 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Cyprus 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Czech Republic 000000001993 - 01 - 19 - 0000 19 January 1993 Former member : Czechoslovakia Democratic People 's Republic of Korea 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Korea and the United Nations Democratic Republic of the Congo 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Denmark 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Djibouti 000000001977 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1977 ~ ! Dominica 000000001978 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 1978 ~ ! Dominican Republic 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Ecuador 000000001945 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 1945 ~ ! Egypt 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : United Arab Republic El Salvador 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Equatorial Guinea 000000001968 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1968 ~ ! Eritrea 000000001993 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 1993 ~ ! Estonia 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Ethiopia 000000001945 - 11 - 13 - 0000 13 November 1945 ~ ! Fiji 000000001970 - 10 - 13 - 0000 13 October 1970 Fiji and the United Nations Finland 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! France 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 France and the United Nations Gabon 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Gambia 000000001965 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1965 ~ ! Georgia 000000001992 - 07 - 31 - 0000 31 July 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Germany 000000001973 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1973 Former member : German Democratic Republic and Germany and the United Nations Ghana 000000001957 - 03 - 08 - 0000 8 March 1957 ~ ! Greece 000000001945 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 1945 ~ ! Grenada 000000001974 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1974 ~ ! Guatemala 000000001945 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 1945 ~ ! Guinea 000000001958 - 12 - 12 - 0000 12 December 1958 ~ ! Guinea - Bissau 000000001974 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1974 ~ ! Guyana 000000001966 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1966 ~ ! Haiti 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Honduras 000000001945 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 1945 ~ ! Hungary 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Iceland 000000001946 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 1946 ~ ! India 000000001945 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 1945 India and the United Nations Indonesia 000000001950 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 1950 Withdrawal of Indonesia ( 1965 -- 1966 ) and Indonesia and the United Nations Iran ( Islamic Republic of ) 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Iraq 000000001945 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 1945 ~ ! Ireland 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Israel 000000001949 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 1949 Israel , Palestine , and the United Nations Italy 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Jamaica 000000001962 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1962 ~ ! Japan 000000001956 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 1956 Japan and the United Nations Jordan 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Kazakhstan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Kenya 000000001963 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 1963 ~ ! Kiribati 000000001999 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 1999 ~ ! Kuwait 000000001963 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 1963 ~ ! Kyrgyzstan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Lao People 's Democratic Republic 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Latvia 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Lebanon 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Lesotho 000000001966 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 October 1966 ~ ! Liberia 000000001945 - 11 - 02 - 0000 2 November 1945 ~ ! Libya 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Liechtenstein 000000001990 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1990 ~ ! Lithuania 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Luxembourg 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Luxembourg and the United Nations Madagascar 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Malawi 000000001964 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1964 ~ ! Malaysia 000000001957 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1957 Former member : Federation of Malaya and Malaysia and the United Nations Maldives 000000001965 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1965 ~ ! Mali 000000001960 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 1960 ~ ! Malta 000000001964 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1964 ~ ! Marshall Islands 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Marshall Islands and the United Nations Mauritania 000000001961 - 10 - 27 - 0000 27 October 1961 ~ ! Mauritius 000000001968 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 April 1968 ~ ! Mexico 000000001945 - 11 - 07 - 0000 7 November 1945 Mexico and the United Nations Micronesia ( Federated States of ) 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Federated States of Micronesia and the United Nations Monaco 000000001993 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 1993 ~ ! Mongolia 000000001961 - 10 - 27 - 0000 27 October 1961 ~ ! Montenegro 000000002006 - 06 - 28 - 0000 28 June 2006 Former member : Yugoslavia Morocco 000000001956 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1956 ~ ! Mozambique 000000001975 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1975 ~ ! Myanmar 000000001948 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 April 1948 ~ ! Namibia 000000001990 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 1990 ~ ! Nauru 000000001999 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 1999 ~ ! Nepal 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Netherlands 000000001945 - 12 - 10 - 0000 10 December 1945 ~ ! New Zealand 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 New Zealand and the United Nations Nicaragua 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Niger 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Nigeria 000000001960 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 1960 ~ ! Norway 000000001945 - 11 - 27 - 0000 27 November 1945 ~ ! Oman 000000001971 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 1971 ~ ! Pakistan 000000001947 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 1947 Pakistan and the United Nations Palau 000000001994 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 1994 ~ ! Panama 000000001945 - 11 - 13 - 0000 13 November 1945 ~ ! Papua New Guinea 000000001975 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 October 1975 ~ ! Paraguay 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Peru 000000001945 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 October 1945 ~ ! Philippines 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Philippines and the United Nations Poland 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Portugal 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Qatar 000000001971 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1971 ~ ! Republic of Korea 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Korea and the United Nations Republic of Moldova 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Romania 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Russian Federation 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Soviet Union and the United Nations and Russia and the United Nations Rwanda 000000001962 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1962 ~ ! Saint Kitts and Nevis 000000001983 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 1983 ~ ! Saint Lucia 000000001979 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1979 ~ ! Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 000000001980 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1980 ~ ! Samoa 000000001976 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 1976 ~ ! San Marino 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 ~ ! Sao Tome and Principe 000000001975 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1975 ~ ! Saudi Arabia 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Senegal 000000001960 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 1960 ~ ! Serbia 000000002000 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2000 Former member : Yugoslavia and Serbia and the United Nations Seychelles 000000001976 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1976 ~ ! Sierra Leone 000000001961 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 September 1961 ~ ! Singapore 000000001965 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1965 Former member : Malaysia and Singapore and the United Nations Slovakia 000000001993 - 01 - 19 - 0000 19 January 1993 Former member : Czechoslovakia Slovenia 000000001992 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 1992 Former member : Yugoslavia Solomon Islands 000000001978 - 09 - 19 - 0000 19 September 1978 ~ ! Somalia 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! South Africa 000000001945 - 11 - 07 - 0000 7 November 1945 ~ ! South Sudan 000000002011 - 07 - 14 - 0000 14 July 2011 ~ ! Spain 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Sri Lanka 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Sudan 000000001956 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1956 ~ ! Suriname 000000001975 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 1975 ~ ! Swaziland 000000001968 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 September 1968 ~ ! Sweden 000000001946 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 1946 ~ ! Switzerland 000000002002 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 2002 ~ ! Syrian Arab Republic 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : United Arab Republic Tajikistan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Thailand 000000001946 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 1946 ~ ! The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 000000001993 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 1993 Former member : Yugoslavia Timor - Leste 000000002002 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 September 2002 ~ ! Togo 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Tonga 000000001999 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 1999 ~ ! Trinidad and Tobago 000000001962 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1962 Trinidad and Tobago and the United Nations Tunisia 000000001956 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1956 ~ ! Turkey 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Turkmenistan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Tuvalu 000000002000 - 09 - 05 - 0000 5 September 2000 Tuvalu and the United Nations Uganda 000000001962 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 1962 ~ ! Ukraine 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic United Arab Emirates 000000001971 - 12 - 09 - 0000 9 December 1971 ~ ! United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 United Kingdom and the United Nations United Republic of Tanzania 000000001961 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1961 Former member : Tanganyika and Zanzibar United States of America 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 United States and the United Nations Uruguay 000000001945 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 1945 ~ ! Uzbekistan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Vanuatu 000000001981 - 09 - 15 - 0000 15 September 1981 Vanuatu and the United Nations Venezuela ( Bolivarian Republic of ) 000000001945 - 11 - 15 - 0000 15 November 1945 ~ ! Viet Nam 000000001977 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1977 ~ ! Yemen 000000001947 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 1947 Former member : Yemen and Democratic Yemen Zambia 000000001964 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1964 ~ ! Zimbabwe 000000001980 - 08 - 25 - 0000 25 August 1980 ~ ! Former members ( edit ) Republic of China ( edit ) Further information : China and the United Nations Areas controlled by the People 's Republic of China and the Republic of China The Republic of China ( ROC ) joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945 , and as set out by the United Nations Charter , Chapter V , Article 23 , became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . In 1949 , as a result of the Chinese Civil War , the Kuomintang - led ROC government lost effective control of mainland China and relocated to the island of Taiwan , and the Communist Party - led government of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , declared on 1 October 1949 , took control of mainland China . The UN was notified on 18 November 1949 of the formation of the Central People 's Government of the People 's Republic of China ; however , the Government of the Republic of China continued to represent China at the UN , despite the small size of the ROC 's jurisdiction of Taiwan and a number of smaller islands compared to the PRC 's jurisdiction of mainland China . As both governments claimed to be the sole legitimate representative of China , proposals to effect a change in the representation of China in the UN were discussed but rejected for the next two decades , as the ROC was still recognized as the sole legitimate representative of China by a majority of UN members . Both sides rejected compromise proposals to allow both states to participate in the UN , based on the One - China policy . By the 1970s , a shift had occurred in international diplomatic circles and the PRC had gained the upper hand in international diplomatic relations and recognition count . On 25 October 1971 , the 21st time the United Nations General Assembly debated on the PRC 's admission into the UN , United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 was adopted , by which it recognized that `` the representatives of the Government of the People 's Republic of China are the only lawful representatives of China to the United Nations and that the People 's Republic of China is one of the five permanent members of the Security Council , '' and decided `` to restore all its rights to the People 's Republic of China and to recognize the representatives of its Government as the only legitimate representatives of China to the United Nations , and to expel forthwith the representatives of Chiang Kai - shek from the place which they unlawfully occupy at the United Nations and in all the organizations related to it . '' This effectively transferred the seat of China in the UN , including its permanent seat on the Security Council , from the ROC to the PRC , and expelled the ROC from the UN . From the United Nations ' perspective the `` Republic of China '' is not a former member . No UN member was expelled in 1971 . Rather , the credentials of one Chinese delegation ( from Taipei ) were rejected and the credentials of another Chinese delegation ( from Beijing ) were accepted . In addition to losing its seat in the UN , the UN Secretary - General concluded from the resolution that the General Assembly considered Taiwan to be a province of China . Consequently , the Secretary - General decided that it was not permitted for the ROC to become a party to treaties deposited with it . Bids for readmission as the representative of Taiwan ( edit ) Further information : Political status of Taiwan ; Four - Stage Theory of the Republic of China ; and Taiwanese United Nations membership referendums , 2008 The presidency of Ma Ying - jeou saw the first participation of the Republic of China on a United Nations body in almost 40 years . In 1993 the ROC began campaigning to rejoin the UN separately from the People 's Republic of China . A number of options were considered , including seeking membership in the specialized agencies , applying for observer status , applying for full membership , or having resolution 2758 revoked to reclaim the seat of China in the UN . Every year from 1993 -- 2006 , UN member states submitted a memorandum to the UN Secretary - General requesting that the UN General Assembly consider allowing the ROC to resume participating in the United Nations . This approach was chosen , rather than a formal application for membership , because it could be enacted by the General Assembly , while a membership application would need Security Council approval , where the PRC held a veto . Early proposals recommended admitting the ROC with parallel representation over China , along with the People 's Republic of China , pending eventual reunification , citing examples of other divided countries which had become separate UN member states , such as East and West Germany and North and South Korea . Later proposals emphasized that the ROC was a separate state , over which the PRC had no effective sovereignty . These proposed resolutions referred to the ROC under a variety of names : `` Republic of China in Taiwan '' ( 1993 -- 94 ) , `` Republic of China on Taiwan '' ( 1995 -- 97 , 1999 -- 2002 ) , `` Republic of China '' ( 1998 ) , `` Republic of China ( Taiwan ) '' ( 2003 ) and `` Taiwan '' ( 2004 -- 06 ) . However , all fourteen attempts were unsuccessful as the General Assembly 's General Committee declined to put the issue on the Assembly 's agenda for debate , under strong opposition from the PRC . While all these proposals were vague , requesting the ROC be allowed to participate in UN activities without specifying any legal mechanism , in 2007 the ROC submitted a formal application under the name `` Taiwan '' for full membership in the UN . However , the application was rejected by the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs citing General Assembly Resolution 2758 , without being forwarded to the Security Council . Secretary - General of the United Nations Ban Ki - moon stated that : The position of the United Nations is that the People 's Republic of China is representing the whole of China as the sole and legitimate representative Government of China . The decision until now about the wish of the people in Taiwan to join the United Nations has been decided on that basis . The resolution ( General Assembly Resolution 2758 ) that you just mentioned is clearly mentioning that the Government of China is the sole and legitimate Government and the position of the United Nations is that Taiwan is part of China . Responding to the UN 's rejection of its application , the ROC government has stated that Taiwan is not now nor has it ever been under the jurisdiction of the PRC , and that since General Assembly Resolution 2758 did not clarify the issue of Taiwan 's representation in the UN , it does not prevent Taiwan 's participation in the UN as an independent sovereign nation . The ROC government also criticized Ban for asserting that Taiwan is part of China and returning the application without passing it to the Security Council or the General Assembly , contrary to UN 's standard procedure ( Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Security Council , Chapter X , Rule 59 ) . On the other hand , the PRC government , which has stated that Taiwan is part of China and firmly opposes the application of any Taiwan authorities to join the UN either as a member or an observer , praised that UN 's decision `` was made in accordance with the UN Charter and Resolution 2758 of the UN General Assembly , and showed the UN and its member states ' universal adherence to the one - China principle '' . A group of UN member states put forward a draft resolution for that fall 's UN General Assembly calling on the Security Council to consider the application . The following year two referendums in Taiwan on the government 's attempts to regain participation at the UN did not pass due to low turnout . That fall the ROC took a new approach , with its allies submitting a resolution requesting that the `` Republic of China ( Taiwan ) '' be allowed to have `` meaningful participation '' in the UN specialized agencies . Again the issue was not put on the Assembly 's agenda . In 2009 , the ROC chose not to bring the issue of its participation in the UN up for debate at the General Assembly for the first time since it began the campaign in 1993 . In May 2009 , the Department of Health of the Republic of China was invited by the World Health Organization to attend the 62nd World Health Assembly as an observer under the name `` Chinese Taipei '' . This was the ROC 's first participation in an event organized by a UN-affiliated agency since 1971 , as a result of the improved cross-strait relations since Ma Ying - jeou became the President of the Republic of China a year before . The Republic of China is officially recognized by 19 UN member states and the Holy See . It maintains unofficial diplomatic relations with around 100 nations , including the United States and Japan . Czechoslovakia ( edit ) Czechoslovakia joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945 , with its name changed to the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic on 20 April 1990 . Upon the imminent dissolution of Czechoslovakia , in a letter dated 10 December 1992 , its Permanent Representative informed the United Nations Secretary - General that the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic would cease to exist on 31 December 1992 and that the Czech Republic and Slovakia , as successor states , would apply for membership in the UN . Neither state sought sole successor state status . Both states were admitted to the UN on 19 January 1993 . German Democratic Republic ( edit ) Both the Federal Republic of Germany ( West Germany ) and the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) were admitted to the UN on 18 September 1973 . Through the accession of the East German federal states to the Federal Republic of Germany , effective from 3 October 1990 , the territory of the German Democratic Republic became part of the Federal Republic of Germany , today simply known as Germany . Consequently , the Federal Republic of Germany continued being a member of the UN while the German Democratic Republic ceased to exist . Federation of Malaya ( edit ) The Federation of Malaya joined the United Nations on 17 September 1957 . On 16 September 1963 , its name was changed to Malaysia , following the formation of Malaysia from Singapore , North Borneo ( now Sabah ) , Sarawak and the Federation of Malaya . Singapore became an independent State on 9 August 1965 and a Member of the United Nations on 21 September 1965 . Tanganyika and Zanzibar ( edit ) Tanganyika was admitted to the UN on 14 December 1961 , and Zanzibar was admitted to the UN on 16 December 1963 . Following the ratification on 26 April 1964 of the Articles of Union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar , the two states merged to form the single member `` United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar '' , with its name changed to the United Republic of Tanzania on 1 November 1964 . Union of Soviet Socialist republics ( edit ) Further information : Soviet Union and the United Nations The USSR as its borders and republics were configured upon entry to the UN . Border changes and the dissolution of various republics happened over the course of its membership . The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ) joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945 , and as set out by the United Nations Charter , Chapter V , Article 23 , became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . Upon the imminent dissolution of the USSR , in a letter dated 24 December 1991 , Boris Yeltsin , the President of the Russian Federation , informed the United Nations Secretary - General that the membership of the USSR in the Security Council and all other UN organs was being continued by the Russian Federation with the support of the 11 member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States . The other fourteen independent states established from the former Soviet Republics were all admitted to the UN : The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic joined the UN on 24 October 1945 together with the USSR . After declaring independence , the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic changed its name to Ukraine on 24 August 1991 , and on 19 September 1991 , the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic informed the UN that it had changed its name to Belarus . Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania were admitted to the UN on 17 September 1991 , after regaining independence before the dissolution of the USSR . Armenia , Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , the Republic of Moldova , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan were admitted to the UN on 2 March 1992 . Georgia was admitted to the UN on 31 July 1992 . United Arab Republic ( edit ) Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser ( seated right ) and Syrian president Shukri al - Quwatli sign the accord to form the United Arab Republic in 1958 . The short - lived political union briefly represented both states and was used as the name of Egypt following Syria 's withdrawal in 1961 . Both Egypt and Syria joined the UN as original members on 24 October 1945 . Following a plebiscite on 21 February 1958 , the United Arab Republic was established by a union of Egypt and Syria and continued as a single member . On 13 October 1961 , Syria , having resumed its status as an independent state , resumed its separate membership in the UN . Egypt continued as a UN member under the name of the United Arab Republic , until it reverted to its original name on 2 September 1971 . Syria changed its name to the Syrian Arab Republic on 14 September 1971 . Yemen and Democratic Yemen ( edit ) Yemen ( i.e. , North Yemen ) was admitted to the UN on 30 September 1947 ; Southern Yemen ( i.e. , South Yemen ) was admitted to the UN on 14 December 1967 , with its name changed to the People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen on 30 November 1970 , and was later referred to as Democratic Yemen . On 22 May 1990 , the two states merged to form the Republic of Yemen , which continued as a single member under the name Yemen . Yugoslavia ( edit ) Main article : Yugoslavia and the United Nations The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia disintegrated into several states starting in the early 1990s . By 2006 , six UN member states existed in its former territory . Kosovo declared independence in 2008 . The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , referred to as Yugoslavia , joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945 . By 1992 , it had been effectively dissolved into five independent states , which were all subsequently admitted to the UN : Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , and Slovenia were admitted to the UN on 22 May 1992 . Macedonia was admitted to the UN on 8 April 1993 , being provisionally referred to for all purposes within the UN as `` The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' pending settlement of the difference that had arisen over its name . The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( name later changed to Serbia and Montenegro ) was admitted to the UN on 1 November 2000 . Due to the dispute over its legal successor states , the member state `` Yugoslavia '' , referring to the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , remained on the official roster of UN members for many years after its effective dissolution . Following the admission of all five states as new UN members , `` Yugoslavia '' was removed from the official roster of UN members . The government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , established on 28 April 1992 by the remaining Yugoslav republics of Montenegro and Serbia , claimed itself as the legal successor state of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ; however , on 30 May 1992 , United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 was adopted , by which it imposed international sanctions on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia due to its role in the Yugoslav Wars , and noted that `` the claim by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) to continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations has not been generally accepted , '' and on 22 September 1992 , United Nations General Assembly Resolution A / RES / 47 / 1 was adopted , by which it considered that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) can not continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations , '' and therefore decided that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) should apply for membership in the United Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the General Assembly '' . The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia refused to comply with the resolution for many years , but following the ousting of President Slobodan Milošević from office , it applied for membership , and was admitted to the UN on 1 November 2000 . On 4 February 2003 , the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had its official name changed to Serbia and Montenegro , following the adoption and promulgation of the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro by the Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . On the basis of a referendum held on 21 May 2006 , Montenegro declared independence from Serbia and Montenegro on 3 June 2006 . In a letter dated on the same day , the President of Serbia informed the United Nations Secretary - General that the membership of Serbia and Montenegro in the UN was being continued by Serbia , following Montenegro 's declaration of independence , in accordance with the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro . Montenegro was admitted to the UN on 28 June 2006 . In the aftermath of the Kosovo War , the territory of Kosovo , then an autonomous province of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , was put under the interim administration of the United Nations Mission in Kosovo on 10 June 1999 . On 17 February 2008 it declared independence , but this has not been recognised by Serbia . The Republic of Kosovo is not a member of the UN , but is a member of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group , both specialized agencies in the United Nations System . The Republic of Kosovo is recognised by 111 UN member states , including three of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council ( France , the United Kingdom , and the United States ) , while the other two -- China and Russia -- do not recognise Kosovo . On 22 July 2010 , the International Court of Justice , the primary judicial organ of the UN , issued an advisory opinion , ruling that Kosovo 's declaration of independence was not in violation of international law . Suspension , expulsion , and withdrawal of members ( edit ) See also : Withdrawal from the United Nations A member state may be suspended or expelled from the UN , according to the United Nations Charter . From Chapter II , Article 5 : A Member of the United Nations against which preventive or enforcement action has been taken by the Security Council may be suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council . The exercise of these rights and privileges may be restored by the Security Council . From Article 6 : A Member of the United Nations which has persistently violated the Principles contained in the present Charter may be expelled from the Organization by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council . Since its inception , no member state has been suspended or expelled from the UN under Articles 5 and 6 . However , in a few cases , states were suspended or expelled from participating in UN activities by means other than Articles 5 and 6 : On 25 October 1971 , United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 was adopted , which recognized the People 's Republic of China instead of the Republic of China ( since 1949 controlling only Taiwan ) as the legitimate representative of China in the UN and effectively expelled the Republic of China from the UN in 1971 ( see the section Former members : Republic of China ) . This act did not constitute as the expulsion of a member state under Article 6 , as this would have required Security Council approval and been subjected to vetoes by its permanent members , which included the Republic of China itself and the United States , which at that time still recognized the Republic of China . In October 1974 , the Security Council considered a draft resolution that would have recommended that the General Assembly immediately expel South Africa from the UN , in compliance with Article 6 of the United Nations Charter , due to its apartheid policies . However , the resolution was not adopted because of vetoes by three permanent members of the Security Council : France , the United Kingdom , and the United States . In response , the General Assembly decided to suspend South Africa from participation in the work of the Assembly 's 29th session on 12 November 1974 ; however , South Africa was not formally suspended under Article 5 . The suspension lasted until the General Assembly welcomed South Africa back to full participation in the UN on 23 June 1994 , following its successful democratic elections earlier that year . On 28 April 1992 , the new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was established , by the remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . On 22 September 1992 , United Nations General Assembly Resolution A / RES / 47 / 1 was adopted , by which it considered that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) can not continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations , '' and therefore decided that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) should apply for membership in the United Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the General Assembly '' . It did not apply for membership until Slobodan Milošević was ousted from the presidency and was admitted on 1 November 2000 ( see the section Former members : Yugoslavia ) . Withdrawal of Indonesia ( 1965 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) Main article : CONEFO Indonesian president Sukarno 's decision to withdraw from the United Nations in 1965 is the only instance of a withdrawal of membership in UN history . Indonesia rejoined the UN a year later . Since the inception of the UN , only one member state ( excluding those that dissolved or merged with other member states ) has unilaterally withdrawn from the UN . During the Indonesia -- Malaysia confrontation , and in response to the election of Malaysia as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , in a letter dated 20 January 1965 , Indonesia informed the United Nations Secretary - General that it had decided `` at this stage and under the present circumstances '' to withdraw from the UN . However , following the overthrow of President Sukarno , in a telegram dated 19 September 1966 , Indonesia notified the Secretary - General of its decision `` to resume full cooperation with the United Nations and to resume participation in its activities starting with the twenty - first session of the General Assembly '' . On 28 September 1966 , the United Nations General Assembly took note of the decision of the Government of Indonesia and the President invited the representatives of that country to take their seats in the Assembly . Unlike suspension and expulsion , no express provision is made in the United Nations Charter of whether or how a member can legally withdraw from the UN ( largely to prevent the threat of withdrawal from being used as a form of political blackmail , or to evade obligations under the Charter , similar to withdrawals that weakened the UN 's predecessor , the League of Nations ) , or on whether a request for readmission by a withdrawn member should be treated the same as an application for membership , i.e. , requiring Security Council as well as General Assembly approval . Indonesia 's return to the UN would suggest that this is not required ; however , scholars have argued that the course of action taken by the General Assembly was not in accordance with the Charter from a legal point of view . Observers and non-members ( edit ) Main article : United Nations General Assembly observers See also : Holy See and the United Nations , Palestine 194 , and European Union and the United Nations Switzerland has been neutral in international conflicts since the early 19th century and joined the UN as a full member only in 2002 . Despite this , the Palace of Nations in Geneva has hosted the United Nations Office at Geneva since 1946 and also previously served as the headquarters of the League of Nations . In addition to the member states , there are two non-member permanent observer states : the Holy See and the State of Palestine . The Holy See holds sovereignty over the state of Vatican City and maintains diplomatic relations with 180 other states . It has been an observer state since 6 April 1964 , and gained all the rights of full membership except voting on 1 July 2004 . The Palestine Liberation Organization was granted observer status as a `` non-member entity '' on 22 November 1974 . Acknowledging the proclamation of the State of Palestine by the Palestine National Council on 15 November 1988 , the United Nations General Assembly decided that , effective as of 15 December 1988 , the designation `` Palestine '' should be used in place of the designation `` Palestine Liberation Organization '' in the United Nations System . On 23 September 2011 , Palestinian National Authority President Mahmoud Abbas submitted the application for UN membership for the State of Palestine to United Nations Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon ; the application has not been voted on by the UN Security Council . On 31 October 2011 , the General Assembly of UNESCO voted to admit Palestine as a member , becoming the first UN agency to admit Palestine as a full member . The State of Palestine was recognized as a `` non-member state '' on 29 November 2012 , when the UN General Assembly passed United Nations General Assembly resolution 67 / 19 by a vote of 138 to 9 , with 41 abstentions . The change in status was described by The Independent as `` de facto recognition of the sovereign state of Palestine '' . On 17 December 2012 , UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon decided that `` the designation of ' State of Palestine ' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents '' . A number of states were also granted observer status before being admitted to the UN as full members ( see United Nations General Assembly observers for the full list ) . The most recent case of an observer state becoming a member state was Switzerland , which was admitted in 2002 . A European Union institution , the European Commission , was granted observer status at the UNGA through Resolution 3208 in 1974 . The Treaty of Lisbon in 2009 resulted in the delegates being accredited directly to the EU . It was accorded full rights in the General Assembly , bar the right to vote and put forward candidates , via UNGA Resolution A / RES / 65 / 276 on 10 May 2011 . It is the only non-state party to over 50 multilateral conventions , and has participated as a full member in every way except for having a vote in a number of UN conferences . The sovereignty status of Western Sahara is in dispute between Morocco and the Polisario Front . Most of the territory is controlled by Morocco , the remainder ( the Free Zone ) by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic , proclaimed by the Polisario Front . Western Sahara is listed by the UN as a `` non-self - governing territory '' . The Cook Islands and Niue , which are both associated states of New Zealand , are not members of the UN , but are members of specialized agencies of the UN such as WHO and UNESCO , and have had their `` full treaty - making capacity '' recognized by United Nations Secretariat in 1992 and 1994 respectively . They have since become parties to a number of international treaties which the UN Secretariat acts as a depositary for , such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , and are treated as non-member states . Both the Cook Islands and Niue has expressed a desire to become a UN member state , but New Zealand has said that they would not support the application without a change in their constitutional relationship , in particular their right to New Zealand citizenship . See also ( edit ) Book : Member states of the United Nations United Nations portal Enlargement of the United Nations Member states of the League of Nations List of Permanent Representatives to the United Nations United Nations list of Non-Self - Governing Territories Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Benin : Name was changed from Dahomey on 1 December 1975 . Jump up ^ Bolivia ( Plurinational State of ) : Previously referred to as Bolivia . Jump up ^ Burkina Faso : Name was changed from Upper Volta on 6 August 1984 . Jump up ^ Cabo Verde : Previously referred to as Cape Verde . On 24 October 2013 , Cabo Verde requested that its name no longer be translated into different languages . Jump up ^ Cambodia : Name was changed to the Khmer Republic on 7 October 1970 , and back to Cambodia on 30 April 1975 . Name was changed again to Democratic Kampuchea on 6 April 1976 , and back to Cambodia on 3 February 1990 . Jump up ^ Cameroon : Previously referred to as Cameroun ( before merging with Southern Cameroons in 1961 ) . By a letter of 4 January 1974 , the Secretary - General was informed that Cameroon had changed its name to the United Republic of Cameroon . Name was changed back to Cameroon on 4 February 1984 . Jump up ^ Central African Republic : By a letter of 20 December 1976 , the Central African Republic advised that it had changed its name to the Central African Empire . Name was changed back to the Central African Republic on 20 September 1979 . Jump up ^ Congo : Previously referred to as Congo ( Brazzaville ) ( to differentiate it from Congo ( Leopoldville ) ) and the People 's Republic of the Congo . Name was changed to Congo on 15 November 1971 ( after the Democratic Republic of the Congo changed its name to Zaire ) . Also referred to as Congo ( Republic of the ) . Jump up ^ Côte d'Ivoire : Previously referred to as Ivory Coast . On 6 November 1985 , Côte d'Ivoire requested that its name no longer be translated into different languages ; this became fully effective on 1 January 1986 . Jump up ^ Democratic Republic of the Congo : Previously referred to as Congo ( Leopoldville ) ( to differentiate it from Congo ( Brazzaville ) ) . Name was changed from the Democratic Republic of the Congo to Zaire on 27 October 1971 , and back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 17 May 1997 . Jump up ^ Gambia : Previously referred to as The Gambia . Jump up ^ Withdrew from the UN on 20 January 1965 . It rejoined on 28 September 1966 . Jump up ^ Iran ( Islamic Republic of ) : Previously referred to as Iran . By a communication of 5 March 1981 , Iran informed the Secretary - General that it should be referred to by its complete name of the Islamic Republic of Iran . Jump up ^ Kazakhstan : Spelling was changed from Kazakstan on 20 June 1997 . Jump up ^ Lao People 's Democratic Republic : Name was changed from Laos on 2 December 1975 . Jump up ^ Libya : Formerly recognised as the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 after originally being admitted as Libya . By notes verbales of 1 and 21 April 1977 , the Libyan Arab Republic advised that it had changed its name to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya . On 16 September 2011 , the UN General Assembly awarded the UN seat to the National Transitional Council , thereby restoring the original name of Libya . Jump up ^ Madagascar : Previously referred to as the Malagasy Republic . Jump up ^ Maldives : Previously referred to as the Maldive Islands . Jump up ^ Myanmar : Name was changed from Burma on 18 June 1989 . Jump up ^ Philippines : Previously referred to as the Philippine Commonwealth ( before becoming a republic in 1946 ) and as the Philippine Republic . Jump up ^ Republic of Moldova : Previously referred to as Moldova . Jump up ^ Saint Kitts and Nevis : Name was changed officially from Saint Christopher and Nevis on 26 November 1986 ; the UN , however , continued to use the former name throughout the year . Jump up ^ Sao Tome and Principe : The official UN designation lacks diacritics ; however , the name is constitutionally defined as São Tomé and Príncipe , with diacritics . Jump up ^ South Africa : Previously referred to as the Union of South Africa ( before becoming a republic in 1961 ) . Jump up ^ Sri Lanka : Name was changed from Ceylon on 22 May 1972 . Jump up ^ Suriname : Name was changed from Surinam on 23 January 1978 . Jump up ^ Thailand : Previously referred to as Siam . Jump up ^ Venezuela ( Bolivarian Republic of ) : Previously referred to as Venezuela . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The World '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . The following territories are excluded as the UN does not consider them as part of any member state : Vatican City ( the Holy See is a UN non-member observer state ) , the Palestinian territories ( Palestine is a UN non-member observer state ) , Western Sahara ( status in dispute between Morocco and the Polisario Front ) , and Antarctica ( regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System ) . Territories of states not recognized by the UN are not excluded due to the UN 's position that they are part of some UN member state , including , for example , the territories governed by the Republic of China ( Taiwan and other smaller islands ) , as the UN members voted to consider the People 's Republic of China as the only lawful representative of China at the UN and the UN chooses not to question its claim that Taiwan is part of China . Jump up ^ `` What are Member States ? '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ Toeplar , Stefan ( 2009 ) . 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Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 48 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF A SUPPLEMENTARY ITEM IN THE AGENDA OF THE FORTY - EIGHTH SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN TAIWAN IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT , BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF PARALLEL REPRESENTATION OF DIVIDED COUNTRIES AT THE UNITED NATIONS A / 48 / 191 1993 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . United Nations General Assembly Session 49 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FORTY - NINTH SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN TAIWAN IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT , BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF PARALLEL REPRESENTATION OF DIVIDED COUNTRIES AT THE UNITED NATIONS A / 49 / 144 1994 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . United Nations General Assembly Session 50 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FIFTIETH SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON TAIWAN IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT , BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF PARALLEL REPRESENTATION OF DIVIDED COUNTRIES AT THE UNITED NATIONS A / 50 / 145 1995 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . United Nations General Assembly Session 51 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FIFTY - FIRST SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE INABILITY , RESULTING FROM GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 2758 ( XXVI ) , OF THE 21.3 MILLION PEOPLE ON TAIWAN , REPUBLIC OF CHINA , TO PARTICIPATE IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS A / 51 / 142 1996 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . United Nations General Assembly Session 52 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FIFTY - SECOND SESSION NEED TO REVIEW GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 2758 ( XXVI ) OF 25 OCTOBER 1971 OWING TO THE FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE IN THE INTERNATIONAL SITUATION AND TO THE COEXISTENCE OF TWO GOVERNMENTS ACROSS THE TAIWAN STRAIT A / 52 / 143 1997 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . United Nations General Assembly Session 53 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of an item in the provisional agenda of the fifty - third session Need to review General Assembly resolution 2758 ( XXVI ) of 25 October 1971 owing to the fundamental change in the international situation and to the coexistence of two Governments across the Taiwan Strait A / 53 / 145 1998 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . United Nations General Assembly Session 54 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - fourth session Need to examine the exceptional international situation pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan , to ensure that the fundamental right of its twenty - two million people to participate in the work and activities of the United Nations is fully respected A / 54 / 194 1999 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 20 . United Nations General Assembly Session 55 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - fifth session Need to examine the exceptional international situation pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan , to ensure that the fundamental right of its twenty - three million people to participate in the work and activities of the United Nations is fully respected A / 55 / 227 2000 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . United Nations General Assembly Session 56 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - sixth session Need to examine the exceptional international situation pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan , to ensure that the fundamental right of its twenty - three million people to participate in the work and activities of the United Nations is fully respected A / 56 / 193 2001 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . United Nations General Assembly Session 57 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - seventh session Question of the representation of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) in the United Nations A / 57 / 191 2002 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . United Nations General Assembly Session 58 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - eighth session Question of the representation of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) in the United Nations A / 58 / 197 2003 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . United Nations General Assembly Session 59 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - ninth session Question of the representation of the twenty - three million people of Taiwan in the United Nations A / 59 / 194 2004 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . United Nations General Assembly Session 60 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixtieth session Question of the representation of the twenty - three million people of Taiwan in the United Nations A / 60 / 192 2005 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . United Nations General Assembly Session 61 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty - first session Question of the representation and participation of the 23 million people of Taiwan in the United Nations A / 61 / 194 2006 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Damm , Jens ; Lim , Paul ( 2012 ) . European Perspectives on Taiwan . Springer Science + Business Media . pp. 160 -- 63 . By mid 2009 , 16 applications for membership on behalf of Taiwan had been sent to the UN , but , in each of these cases , the General Assembly 's General Committee , which sets the Assembly 's agenda , decided against even raising the question during the Assembly 's session . ^ Jump up to : United Nations General Assembly Session 62 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty - second session Urging the Security Council to process Taiwan 's membership application pursuant to rules 59 and 60 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council and Article 4 of the Charter of the United Nations A / 62 / 193 2007 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript : Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary - General '' . United Nations . 23 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ban Ki - moon Convenes Largest - Ever Meeting of Global Leaders on Climate Change '' . United Nations . 24 September 2007 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Talking points for Taiwan 's UN Membership Application '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China . Jump up ^ `` President Chen Shui - bian 's Letters to UN Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon and UN Security Council President Wang Guangya on July 31 ( Office of the President ) '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China . Jump up ^ `` Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Security Council '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` China praises UN 's rejection of Taiwan 's application for membership '' . Xinhua News Agency . 24 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2009 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 63 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty - third session Need to examine the fundamental rights of the 23 million people of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) to participate meaningfully in the activities of the United Nations specialized agencies A / 63 / 194 2008 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Not even asking '' . The Economist. 2009 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Taiwan attends WHA as observer '' . United Press International . 18 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yearbook of the United Nations '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ Paul L. Montgomery ( 23 May 1992 ) . `` 3 Ex-Yugoslav Republics Are Accepted into U.N. '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 29 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Paul ( 8 April 1993 ) . `` U.N. Compromise Lets Macedonia Be a Member '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` A Different Yugoslavia , 8 Years Later , Takes Its Seat at the U.N. '' . The New York Times . 2 November 2000 . Jump up ^ Burns , John F. ( 28 April 1992 ) . `` Confirming Split , Last 2 Republics Proclaim a Small New Yugoslavia '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` History of Serbia : The Break - up of SFR Yugoslavia ( 1991 -- 1995 ) '' . Serbia Info . Archived from the original on 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations General Assembly Resolution A / RES / 47 / 1 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Sudetic , Chuck ( 24 September 1992 ) . `` U.N. Expulsion of Yugoslavia Breeds Defiance and Finger - Pointing '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Yugoslavia consigned to history '' . BBC News . 4 February 2003 . 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Jump up ^ `` What is a Permanent Observer ? '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ Osmańczyk , Jan ( 2003 ) . Mango , Anthony , ed . Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements ( 3rd ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93920 - 8 . Jump up ^ McNeely , Connie L. ( 1995 ) . Constructing the Nation - State : International Organization and Prescriptive Action . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 44 -- 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29398 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Security Council Recommends Admission of Switzerland as Member of United Nations '' . United Nations . 24 July 2002 . Jump up ^ `` About the EU at the UN -- European Union Delegations '' . Europa . Archived from the original on 4 September 2006 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution adopted by the General Assembly : Participation of the European Union in the work of the United Nations '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the EU at the UN '' . Europa . Archived from the original on 12 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Non-Self - Governing Territories '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` Countries '' . World Health Organization . Jump up ^ `` Member States '' . United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Organs Supplement '' , Repertory of Practice ( PDF ) ( 8 ) , UN , p. 10 Jump up ^ The World today ( PDF ) , UN Jump up ^ `` Parties to the Convention and Observer States '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` Chronological lists of ratifications of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` The World Today '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` NZ PM rules out discussion on Cooks UN membership '' . Radio New Zealand . 2015 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Niue to seek UN membership '' . 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Knock on Wood (song)
Knock on Wood ( song ) - wikipedia Knock on Wood ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Eddie Floyd song . For other songs with the same title , see Knock on Wood . `` Knock On Wood '' Single by Eddie Floyd from the album Knock On Wood B - side `` Got to Make a Comeback '' Released September 1966 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1966 Genre Soul Length 3 : 05 Label Stax Records S - 194 Songwriter ( s ) Eddie Floyd , Steve Cropper Producer ( s ) Jim Stewart Eddie Floyd singles chronology `` Things Get Better '' ( 1966 ) `` Knock On Wood '' ( 1966 ) `` Raise Your Hand '' ( 1967 ) `` Things Get Better '' ( 1966 ) `` Knock On Wood '' ( 1966 ) `` Raise Your Hand '' ( 1967 ) `` Knock On Wood '' is a 1966 hit song written by Eddie Floyd and Steve Cropper and originally performed by Floyd . His recording peaked at number 28 on the Billboard Hot 100 and spent one week at number 1 on the Soul Singles chart . The song was written in the Lorraine Motel in Memphis , Tennessee ( now The National Civil Rights Museum ) . Steve Cropper has stated in interviews that there was a lightning storm the night that he and Eddie wrote the song , hence the lyrics ' It 's like thunder and lightning , The way you love me is frightening ' . The song has been frequently covered , first by Otis Redding and Carla Thomas in 1967 . The American Breed covered it on their 1967 debut album , The American Breed . There have also been charting singles by David Bowie ( 1974 ) , Amii Stewart ( 1979 ) , Razzy Bailey ( 1984 ) , Eric Clapton ( 1985 ) , Michael Bolton ( 1992 ) and Safri Duo featuring Clark Anderson ( 2004 ) . The German techno band Scoote r made a half - cover of the song , entitled `` The Avenger 's Back '' , on their 2004 album Mind the Gap . The song is also featured in the movie `` Satisfaction '' , as performed by Justine Bateman and the Mystery . James Cotton covered it at the Texas International Pop Festival in 1969 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Covers 1.1 David Bowie 1.1. 1 Personnel 1.2 Amii Stewart 1.3 Chart performance 1.3. 1 Weekly charts 1.3. 2 Year - end charts 2 References 3 External links Covers ( edit ) David Bowie ( edit ) `` Knock on Wood '' Single by David Bowie from the album David Live Released Genre Blues rock Length 3 : 08 Songwriter ( s ) Eddie Floyd , Steve Cropper David Bowie singles chronology `` 1984 '' ( 1974 ) `` Knock on Wood '' ( 1974 ) `` Rock ' n ' Roll with Me '' ( 1974 ) `` 1984 '' ( 1974 ) `` Knock on Wood '' ( 1974 - UK ) `` Rock ' n ' Roll with Me '' ( 1974 ) - US David Bowie released a live performance of the song as a single in the UK in 1974 ; the recording was taken from Bowie 's live album David Live . ( The B - side , `` Panic in Detroit '' , was not on that album but was from the same concert . It was added to the 2005 release of the album . ) `` Knock on Wood '' ( Floyd , Cropper ) -- 3 : 03 `` Panic in Detroit '' ( Bowie ) -- 5 : 52 Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Irish Singles Chart Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 UK ( Official Charts Company ) 10 Personnel ( edit ) David Bowie -- vocal Earl Slick -- guitar Herbie Flowers -- bass Michael Kamen -- keyboards Tony Newman -- drums David Sanborn , Richard Grando -- saxophone Pablo Rosario , Gui Andrisano , Warren Peace -- backing vocals Tony Visconti -- producer Amii Stewart ( edit ) `` Knock on Wood '' Single by Amii Stewart from the album Knock on Wood B - side `` When You Are Beautiful '' Released January 1979 Recorded 1978 Genre Disco , Hi - NRG Length 6 : 11 Label Ariola America / Hansa Songwriter ( s ) Eddie Floyd , Steve Cropper Producer ( s ) Barry Leng Amii Stewart singles chronology `` You Really Touched My Heart '' ( 1977 ) `` Knock on Wood '' ( 1979 ) `` Light My Fire '' ( 1979 ) `` You Really Touched My Heart '' ( 1977 ) `` Knock on Wood '' ( 1979 ) `` Light My Fire '' ( 1979 ) Amii Stewart recorded a disco version of the song in 1979 . It was Stewart 's debut single and reached number one in the U.S. charts in April 1979 ; it also made it to the soul singles and disco charts , becoming the best - known version of the song . This recording was co-produced by Simon May . It reached the Top 10 twice in the UK , first in 1979 ( peaking at number 6 ) and again in a remixed version in 1985 ( peaking at number 7 ) . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 20 Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Canadian RPM Disco Singles Canadian RPM Top Singles France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 13 Irish Singles Chart 15 Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) South African Chart 9 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Soul Singles 6 US Billboard Hot Disco Singles 5 US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 1985 ) Knock on Wood / Light my Fire ( Remix ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop ) 32 UK ( Official Charts Company ) 7 Irish Singles Chart 6 Chart ( 1999 ) Knock on Wood ' 99 Peak position France ( SNEP ) 73 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Rank Australia 9 Canada 5 New Zealand 12 UK 38 US Billboard Hot 100 22 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stax singles Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 208 . ^ Jump up to : `` Knock on wood and Knock on Wood / Light my Fire ( Remix ) in Irish Chart '' . IRMA . Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Only results when searching `` Knock on wood '' Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- David Bowie -- Knock On Wood '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` 1974 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 12th October 1974 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Hot Dance / Disco : 1974 - 2003 . Record Research . p. 246 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 169 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Amii Stewart -- Knock On Wood '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Amii Stewart -- Knock On Wood '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Knock on wood in Canadian Adult Contemporary Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Knock on wood in Canadian Disco Singles Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Knock on wood in Canadian Singles Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Knock on wood and Knock on wood ' 99 in French Chart '' ( in French ) . Dominic DURAND / InfoDisc. 5 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 5 July 2013 . You have to use the index at the top of the page and search `` Ammi Stewart '' Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Amii Stewart -- Knock On Wood '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` The best - selling singles of 1979 in Italy '' . HitParadeItalia ( it ) . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . 11 . Knock on wood - Amii Stewart ( # 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Amii Stewart search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Amii Stewart -- Knock On Wood '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Amii Stewart -- Knock On Wood '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ John Samson . `` Knock on wood in South African Chart '' . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Amii Stewart -- Knock On Wood '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Amii Stewart -- Knock On Wood '' . Swiss Singles Chart . ^ Jump up to : `` Amii Stewart '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Knock on Wood awards on Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Knock on Wood / Light my Fire ( Remix ) in Belgian Chart '' . Ultratop and Hung Medien . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 32 , No. 13 , December 22 , 1979 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1979 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1979 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Archive -- 1970s Singles '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1979 / Top 100 Songs of 1979 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Otis Redding Studio albums Pain in My Heart The Great Otis Redding Sings Soul Ballads Otis Blue The Soul Album Complete & Unbelievable : The Otis Redding Dictionary of Soul King & Queen ( duet album w / Carla Thomas ) Posthumous albums The Immortal Otis Redding Love Man Tell the Truth Live albums Live in Europe In Person at the Whisky a Go Go Monterey International Pop Festival Good to Me : Live at the Whisky a Go Go , Vol. 2 Compilation albums The History of Otis Redding The Dock of the Bay The Best of Otis Redding Remember Me The Very Best of Otis Redding , Vol. 1 Otis ! The Definitive Otis Redding The Very Best of Otis Redding , Vol. 2 Dreams to Remember : The Otis Redding Anthology Singles ( US / UK Top Ten singles ) `` These Arms of Mine '' `` Mr. Pitiful '' `` I 've Been Loving You Too Long '' `` Respect '' `` Satisfaction '' `` My Lover 's Prayer '' `` Try a Little Tenderness '' `` Tramp '' `` Knock on Wood '' `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' `` The Happy Song ( Dum - Dum ) '' `` I 've Got Dreams to Remember '' `` Papa 's Got a Brand New Bag '' ( Live ) . `` You Left the Water Running '' Related topics Discography Songs Albums Shake ! Otis at Monterey Steve Cropper Booker T. & the M.G. 's Carla Thomas Stax Deep Soul Soul `` Otis '' ( song ) Andrew Love Carla Thomas Albums King & Queen Singles `` Night Time Is the Right Time '' `` Tramp '' `` Knock on Wood '' `` Lovey Dovey '' Songs `` Tell It Like It Is '' `` When Something Is Wrong with My Baby '' `` It Takes Two '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' Related articles Rufus and Carla Rufus Thomas Marvell Thomas Otis Redding Stax Records Book : Carla Thomas David Bowie singles 1960s `` Liza Jane '' `` I Pity the Fool '' `` You 've Got a Habit of Leaving '' `` Ca n't Help Thinking About Me '' `` Do Anything You Say '' `` I Dig Everything '' `` Rubber Band '' `` The Laughing Gnome '' `` Love You till Tuesday '' `` Space Oddity '' `` Ragazzo solo , ragazza sola '' 1970s `` The Prettiest Star '' `` Memory of a Free Festival '' `` Holy Holy '' `` Moonage Daydream '' `` Hang On to Yourself '' `` Changes '' `` Starman '' `` John , I 'm Only Dancing '' `` The Jean Genie '' `` Drive - In Saturday '' `` Time '' `` Life on Mars '' `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' `` Sorrow '' `` Rebel Rebel '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll Suicide '' `` Diamond Dogs '' `` 1984 '' `` Knock on Wood '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll with Me '' `` Young Americans '' `` Fame '' `` Golden Years '' `` TVC 15 '' `` Suffragette City '' `` Stay '' `` Sound and Vision '' `` Be My Wife '' `` ' Heroes ' '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Breaking Glass '' `` Boys Keep Swinging '' `` DJ '' `` Yassassin '' `` Look Back in Anger '' `` John , I 'm Only Dancing ( Again ) '' 1980s `` Alabama Song '' `` Crystal Japan '' `` Ashes to Ashes '' `` Fashion '' `` Scary Monsters ( And Super Creeps ) '' `` Up the Hill Backwards '' `` Under Pressure '' `` Wild Is the Wind '' `` The Drowned Girl '' `` Cat People ( Putting Out Fire ) '' `` Peace on Earth / Little Drummer Boy '' `` Let 's Dance '' `` China Girl '' `` Modern Love '' `` Without You '' `` White Light / White Heat '' `` Blue Jean '' `` Tonight '' `` This Is Not America '' `` Loving the Alien '' `` Dancing in the Street '' `` Absolute Beginners '' `` Underground '' `` As the World Falls Down '' `` Magic Dance '' `` When the Wind Blows '' `` Day - In Day - Out '' `` Time Will Crawl '' `` Never Let Me Down '' `` Under the God '' `` Heaven 's in Here '' `` Tin Machine '' / `` Maggie 's Farm ( live ) '' `` Prisoner of Love '' 1990s `` Fame ' 90 '' `` You Belong in Rock n ' Roll '' `` Baby Universal '' `` One Shot '' `` Real Cool World '' `` Jump They Say '' `` Black Tie White Noise '' `` Miracle Goodnight '' `` The Buddha of Suburbia '' `` Ziggy Stardust '' `` The Hearts Filthy Lesson '' `` Strangers When We Meet '' / `` The Man Who Sold the World ( live ) '' `` Hallo Spaceboy '' `` Telling Lies '' `` Little Wonder '' `` Dead Man Walking '' `` Seven Years in Tibet '' `` Pallas Athena '' `` I 'm Afraid of Americans '' `` I Ca n't Read '' `` Without You I 'm Nothing '' `` Thursday 's Child '' `` The Pretty Things Are Going to Hell '' 2000s `` Survive '' `` Seven '' `` Slow Burn '' `` Everyone Says ' Hi ' '' `` I 've Been Waiting for You '' `` Shadow Man '' `` New Killer Star '' `` Just for One Day ( Heroes ) '' `` Never Get Old '' `` Rebel Never Gets Old '' 2010s `` Where Are We Now ? '' `` The Stars ( Are Out Tonight ) '' `` The Next Day '' `` Valentine 's Day '' `` Love Is Lost '' `` ' Tis a Pity She Was a Whore '' `` Sue ( Or in a Season of Crime ) '' `` Blackstar '' `` Lazarus '' `` I Ca n't Give Everything Away '' `` Life on Mars ? ( 2016 Mix ) '' Discography Book : David Bowie Book : Bowie singles and songs Category : David Bowie Razzy Bailey Notable singles `` Loving Up a Storm '' `` I Keep Coming Back '' `` Friends '' `` Midnight Hauler '' `` She Left Love All Over Me '' `` Love 's Gonna Fall Here Tonight '' `` In the Midnight Hour '' `` Knock on Wood '' Related articles MGM Records MCA Records RCA Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knock_on_Wood_(song)&oldid=807189486 '' Categories : 1966 songs 1966 singles 1967 singles 1974 singles 1979 singles Amii Stewart songs James & Bobby Purify songs Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band songs David Bowie songs Eddie Floyd songs Otis Redding songs Rachel Stevens songs Razzy Bailey songs Guy Sebastian songs Songs written by Steve Cropper Songs written by Eddie Floyd Stax Records singles Ariola Records singles Hansa Records singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Number - one dance singles in Canada Disco songs Vocal duets Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Português Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 13 : 40 . 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who sang knock on wood in the 60s
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British Columbia
British Columbia - Wikipedia British Columbia Jump to : navigation , search British Columbia Colombie - Britannique ( French ) Flag Coat of arms Motto ( s ) : Latin : Splendor sine occasu ( English : Splendour without diminishment ) BC AB SK MB ON QC NB PE NS NL YT NT NU Confederation July 20 , 1871 ( 7th ) Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Largest metro Metro Vancouver Government Type Constitutional monarchy Lieutenant Governor Judith Guichon Premier John Horgan ( NDP ) Legislature Legislative Assembly of British Columbia Federal representation ( in Canadian Parliament ) House seats 42 of 338 ( 12.4 % ) Senate seats 6 of 105 ( 5.7 % ) Area Total 944,735 km ( 364,764 sq mi ) Land 925,186 km ( 357,216 sq mi ) Water 19,548.9 km ( 7,547.9 sq mi ) 2.1 % Area rank Ranked 5th 9.5 % of Canada Population ( 2016 ) Total 4,648,055 Estimate ( 2017 Q3 ) 4,817,160 Rank Ranked 3rd Density 5.02 / km ( 13.0 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) British Columbian Official languages English GDP Rank 4th Total ( 2015 ) C $249.981 billion Per capita C $53,267 ( 8th ) Time zone Pacific ( most of province ) Mountain ( far eastern ) UTC − 8 & − 7 Postal abbr . BC Postal code prefix V ISO 3166 code CA - BC Flower Pacific dogwood Tree Western red cedar Bird Steller 's jay Website www2.gov.bc.ca Rankings include all provinces and territories British Columbia ( BC or B.C. ; French : Colombie - Britannique ) is the westernmost province of Canada , located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains . With an estimated population of 4.8 million as of 2017 , it is Canada 's third-most populous province . The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria , established in 1843 , which gave rise to the city of Victoria , at first the capital of the separate Colony of Vancouver Island . Subsequently , on the mainland , the Colony of British Columbia ( 1858 -- 66 ) was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers , Columbia Detachment , in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush . Moody was Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for the Colony and the first Lieutenant - Governor of British Columbia : he was hand - picked by the Colonial Office in London to transform British Columbia into the British Empire 's `` bulwark in the farthest west '' , and `` to found a second England on the shores of the Pacific '' . Moody selected the site for and founded the original capital of British Columbia , New Westminster , established the Cariboo Road and Stanley Park , and designed the first version of the Coat of arms of British Columbia . Port Moody is named after him . In 1866 , Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia , and Victoria became the united colony 's capital . In 1871 , British Columbia became the sixth province of Canada . Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu ( `` Splendour without Diminishment '' ) . The capital of British Columbia remains Victoria , the fifteenth - largest metropolitan region in Canada , named for the Queen who created the original European colonies . The largest city is Vancouver , the third - largest metropolitan area in Canada , the largest in Western Canada , and the third - largest in the Pacific Northwest . In October 2013 , British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,606,371 ( about 2.5 million of whom were in Greater Vancouver ) . The province is currently governed by the British Columbia New Democratic Party in a minority government supported by the British Columbia Green Party , led by John Horgan , who became premier as a result of a no - confidence motion on June 29 , 2017 . British Columbia evolved from British possessions that were established in what is now British Columbia by 1871 . First Nations , the original inhabitants of the land , have a history of at least 10,000 years in the area . Today there are few treaties and the question of Aboriginal Title , long ignored , has become a legal and political question of frequent debate as a result of recent court actions . Notably , the Tsilhqot'in Nation has established Aboriginal title to a portion of their territory , as a result of the recent Supreme Court of Canada decision ( William ( Tsilhqot'in Nation ) v. British Columbia ) . BC 's economy is diverse , with service producing industries accounting for the largest portion of the province 's GDP . It is the terminus of two transcontinental railways , and the site of 27 major marine cargo and passenger terminals . Though less than 5 % of its vast 944,735 km ( 364,764 sq mi ) land is arable , the province is agriculturally rich ( particularly in the Fraser and Okanagan valleys ) , because of milder weather near the coast and in certain sheltered southern valleys . Its climate encourages outdoor recreation and tourism , though its economic mainstay has long been resource extraction , principally logging , farming , and mining . Vancouver , the province 's largest city , serves as the headquarters of many western - based natural resource companies . It also benefits from a strong housing market and a per capita income well above the national average . While the coast of British Columbia and some valleys in the south - central part of the province have mild weather , the majority of its land mass experiences a cold - winter - temperate climate similar to the rest of Canada . The Northern Interior region has a subarctic climate with very cold winters . The climate of Vancouver is by far the mildest winter climate of the major Canadian cities , with nighttime January temperatures averaging above the freezing point . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Parks and protected areas 2.3 Fauna 2.4 Forests 2.5 Traditional plant foods 2.6 Ecozones 3 History 3.1 First Nations ( Aboriginal ) history 3.2 Fur trade and colonial era 3.3 Colony of British Columbia ( 1858 -- 66 ) 3.4 Later gold rushes 3.5 Rapid growth and development 3.6 1920s to 1940s 3.7 Coalition and the post-war boom 3.8 1952 -- 1960s 3.9 1970s and 1980s 3.10 1990s to present 4 Demographics 4.1 Ethnic groups and languages 4.2 Cities 5 Economy 6 Government and politics 6.1 Official symbols 6.2 Civil rights 7 Social issues 7.1 Housing affordability 7.2 Fentanyl crisis 8 Transportation 8.1 Roads and highways 8.2 Public transit 8.3 Rail 8.4 Water 8.5 Air 9 Culture 9.1 Outdoor life 10 Education 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Etymology ( edit ) The province 's name was chosen by Queen Victoria , when the Colony of British Columbia ( 1858 -- 66 ) , i.e. , `` the Mainland '' , became a British colony in 1858 . It refers to the Columbia District , the British name for the territory drained by the Columbia River , in southeastern British Columbia , which was the namesake of the pre-Oregon Treaty Columbia Department of the Hudson 's Bay Company . Queen Victoria chose British Columbia to distinguish what was the British sector of the Columbia District from the United States ( `` American Columbia '' or `` Southern Columbia '' ) , which became the Oregon Territory on August 8 , 1848 , as a result of the treaty . Ultimately , the Columbia in the name British Columbia is derived from the name of the Columbia Rediviva , an American ship which lent its name to the Columbia River and later the wider region ; the Columbia in the name Columbia Rediviva came from the name Columbia for the New World or parts thereof , a reference to Christopher Columbus . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of British Columbia British Columbia 's geography is epitomized by the variety and intensity of its physical relief , which has defined patterns of settlement and industry since colonization . British Columbia is bordered to the west by the Pacific Ocean and the American state of Alaska , to the north by Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories , to the east by the province of Alberta , and to the south by the American states of Washington , Idaho , and Montana . The southern border of British Columbia was established by the 1846 Oregon Treaty , although its history is tied with lands as far south as California . British Columbia 's land area is 944,735 square kilometres ( 364,800 sq mi ) . British Columbia 's rugged coastline stretches for more than 27,000 kilometres ( 17,000 mi ) , and includes deep , mountainous fjords and about 6,000 islands , most of which are uninhabited . It is the only province in Canada that borders the Pacific Ocean . British Columbia 's capital is Victoria , located at the southeastern tip of Vancouver Island . Only a narrow strip of Vancouver Island , from Campbell River to Victoria , is significantly populated . Much of the western part of Vancouver Island and the rest of the coast is covered by temperate rainforest . The province 's most populous city is Vancouver , which is at the confluence of the Fraser River and Georgia Strait , in the mainland 's southwest corner ( an area often called the Lower Mainland ) . By land area , Abbotsford is the largest city . Vanderhoof is near the geographic centre of the province . Outline map of British Columbia with significant cities and towns The Coast Mountains and the Inside Passage 's many inlets provide some of British Columbia 's renowned and spectacular scenery , which forms the backdrop and context for a growing outdoor adventure and ecotourism industry . 75 % of the province is mountainous ( more than 1,000 metres ( 3,300 ft ) above sea level ) ; 60 % is forested ; and only about 5 % is arable . The province 's mainland away from the coastal regions is somewhat moderated by the Pacific Ocean . Terrain ranges from dry inland forests and semi-arid valleys , to the range and canyon districts of the Central and Southern Interior , to boreal forest and subarctic prairie in the Northern Interior . The Okanagan area , extending from Vernon to Osoyoos at the United States border , is one of several wine and cider - producing regions in Canada . Other wine regions in British Columbia include the Cowichan Valley on Vancouver Island and the Fraser Valley . The Southern Interior cities of Kamloops and Penticton have some of the warmest and longest summer climates in Canada , although their temperatures are often exceeded north of the Fraser Canyon , close to the confluence of the Fraser and Thompson rivers , where the terrain is rugged and covered with desert - type flora . Semi-desert grassland is found in large areas of the Interior Plateau , with land uses ranging from ranching at lower altitudes to forestry at higher ones . The northern , mostly mountainous , two - thirds of the province is largely unpopulated and undeveloped , except for the area east of the Rockies , where the Peace River Country contains BC 's portion of the Canadian Prairies , centred at the city of Dawson Creek . British Columbia is considered part of the Pacific Northwest and the Cascadia bioregion , along with the American states of Alaska , Idaho , Montana ( western portion ) , Oregon and Washington . Climate ( edit ) Köppen climate types in British Columbia Strait of Georgia , near Vancouver Coastal southern British Columbia has a mild , rainy oceanic climate , some far southern parts of which are warm - summer Mediterranean , influenced by the North Pacific Current , which has its origins in the Kuroshio Current . Due to the blocking presence of successive mountain ranges , the climate of the interior of the province is semi-arid with certain locations receiving less than 250 mm ( 10 `` ) in annual precipitation . The annual mean temperature in the most populated areas of the province is up to 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) , the mildest anywhere in Canada . The valleys of the Southern Interior have short winters with only brief bouts of cold or infrequent heavy snow , while those in the Cariboo , in the Central Interior , are colder because of increased altitude and latitude , but without the intensity or duration experienced at similar latitudes elsewhere in Canada . For example , the average daily low in Prince George ( roughly in the middle of the province ) in January is − 12 ° C ( 10 ° F ) . Heavy snowfall occurs in all elevated mountainous terrain providing bases for skiers in both south and central British Columbia . Winters are generally severe in the Northern Interior , but even there milder air can penetrate far inland . The coldest temperature in British Columbia was recorded in Smith River , where it dropped to − 58.9 ° C ( − 74 ° F ) on January 31 , 1947 , one of the coldest readings recorded anywhere in North America . Atlin in the province 's far northwest , along with the adjoining Southern Lakes region of Yukon , get midwinter thaws caused by the Chinook effect , which is also common ( and much warmer ) in more southerly parts of the Interior . During winter , on the coast , rainfall , sometimes relentless heavy rain , dominates because of consistent barrages of cyclonic low - pressure systems from the North Pacific . Average snowfall on the coast during an average winter is between 25 and 50 cm ( 9.8 and 19.7 in ) , but on occasion ( and not every winter ) heavy snowfalls with more than 20 cm ( 7.9 in ) and well below freezing temperatures arrive when modified arctic air reaches coastal areas , typically for short periods , and can take temperatures below − 10 ° C ( 14 ° F ) , even at sea level , and arctic outflow winds can make wind chill temperatures at or even below − 17.8 ° C ( 0.0 ° F ) for a couple of mornings . While winters are very wet , coastal areas are generally milder and dry during summer under the influence of stable anti-cyclonic high pressure . Southern Interior valleys are hot in summer ; for example in Osoyoos the July maximum temperature averages 31.7 ° C ( 89 ° F ) the hottest month of any place in Canada , this hot weather sometimes spreads towards the coast or to the far north of the province . Temperatures often exceed 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) in the lower elevations of valleys in the Interior during mid-summer , with the record high of 44.4 ° C ( 111.9 ° F ) being held in Lytton on July 16 , 1941 . The Okanagan region has a climate suitable to vineyards . The extended summer dryness often creates conditions that spark forest fires , from dry - lightning or man - made causes . Many areas of the province are often covered by a blanket of heavy cloud and low fog during the winter months , in contrast to abundant summer sunshine . Annual sunshine hours vary from 2200 near Cranbrook and Victoria to less than 1300 in Prince Rupert , on the North Coast just south of Southeast Alaska . The exception to British Columbia 's wet and cloudy winters is El Niño . During this phase , the jet stream is much further south across North America , therefore winters are milder and drier than normal . Winters are much wetter and cooler under the opposite phase , La Niña . Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in British Columbia Municipality January April July October Prince Rupert 5.6 ° C ( 42.1 ° F ) / − 0.8 ° C ( 30.6 ° F ) 10.2 ° C ( 50.4 ° F ) / 2.5 ° C ( 36.5 ° F ) 16.2 ° C ( 61.2 ° F ) / 10.5 ° C ( 50.9 ° F ) 11.1 ° C ( 52.0 ° F ) / 4.9 ° C ( 40.8 ° F ) Tofino 8.3 ° C ( 46.9 ° F ) / 2.3 ° C ( 36.1 ° F ) 11.9 ° C ( 53.4 ° F ) / 4.0 ° C ( 39.2 ° F ) 18.9 ° C ( 66.0 ° F ) / 10.5 ° C ( 50.9 ° F ) 13.6 ° C ( 56.5 ° F ) / 6.3 ° C ( 43.3 ° F ) Nanaimo 6.9 ° C ( 44.4 ° F ) / 0.1 ° C ( 32.2 ° F ) 14.1 ° C ( 57.4 ° F ) / 3.9 ° C ( 39.0 ° F ) 23.9 ° C ( 75.0 ° F ) / 12.3 ° C ( 54.1 ° F ) 14.6 ° C ( 58.3 ° F ) / 5.2 ° C ( 41.4 ° F ) Victoria 7.6 ° C ( 45.7 ° F ) / 1.5 ° C ( 34.7 ° F ) 13.6 ° C ( 56.5 ° F ) / 4.3 ° C ( 39.7 ° F ) 22.4 ° C ( 72.3 ° F ) / 11.3 ° C ( 52.3 ° F ) 14.2 ° C ( 57.6 ° F ) / 5.7 ° C ( 42.3 ° F ) Vancouver 6.9 ° C ( 44.4 ° F ) / 1.4 ° C ( 34.5 ° F ) 13.2 ° C ( 55.8 ° F ) / 5.6 ° C ( 42.1 ° F ) 22.2 ° C ( 72.0 ° F ) / 13.7 ° C ( 56.7 ° F ) 13.5 ° C ( 56.3 ° F ) / 7.0 ° C ( 44.6 ° F ) Chilliwack 6.1 ° C ( 43.0 ° F ) / 0.4 ° C ( 32.7 ° F ) 15.8 ° C ( 60.4 ° F ) / 5.2 ° C ( 41.4 ° F ) 25.0 ° C ( 77.0 ° F ) / 12.5 ° C ( 54.5 ° F ) 15.3 ° C ( 59.5 ° F ) / 6.4 ° C ( 43.5 ° F ) Penticton 1.8 ° C ( 35.2 ° F ) / − 3.0 ° C ( 26.6 ° F ) 15.7 ° C ( 60.3 ° F ) / 2.5 ° C ( 36.5 ° F ) 28.7 ° C ( 83.7 ° F ) / 13.3 ° C ( 55.9 ° F ) 14.3 ° C ( 57.7 ° F ) / 3.2 ° C ( 37.8 ° F ) Kamloops 0.4 ° C ( 32.7 ° F ) / − 5.9 ° C ( 21.4 ° F ) 16.6 ° C ( 61.9 ° F ) / 3.2 ° C ( 37.8 ° F ) 28.9 ° C ( 84.0 ° F ) / 14.2 ° C ( 57.6 ° F ) 13.7 ° C ( 56.7 ° F ) / 3.3 ° C ( 37.9 ° F ) Osoyoos 2.0 ° C ( 35.6 ° F ) / − 3.8 ° C ( 25.2 ° F ) 18.1 ° C ( 64.6 ° F ) / 3.6 ° C ( 38.5 ° F ) 31.5 ° C ( 88.7 ° F ) / 14.3 ° C ( 57.7 ° F ) 16.4 ° C ( 61.5 ° F ) / 3.5 ° C ( 38.3 ° F ) Cranbrook − 1.9 ° C ( 28.6 ° F ) / − 10.2 ° C ( 13.6 ° F ) 12.9 ° C ( 55.2 ° F ) / 0.3 ° C ( 32.5 ° F ) 26.2 ° C ( 79.2 ° F ) / 11.2 ° C ( 52.2 ° F ) 11.7 ° C ( 53.1 ° F ) / − 0.3 ° C ( 31.5 ° F ) Prince George − 4.0 ° C ( 24.8 ° F ) / − 11.7 ° C ( 10.9 ° F ) 11.2 ° C ( 52.2 ° F ) / − 1.1 ° C ( 30.0 ° F ) 22.4 ° C ( 72.3 ° F ) / 9.1 ° C ( 48.4 ° F ) 9.4 ° C ( 48.9 ° F ) / − 0.5 ° C ( 31.1 ° F ) Fort Nelson − 16.1 ° C ( 3.0 ° F ) / − 24.6 ° C ( − 12.3 ° F ) 9.6 ° C ( 49.3 ° F ) / − 3.6 ° C ( 25.5 ° F ) 23.2 ° C ( 73.8 ° F ) / 10.9 ° C ( 51.6 ° F ) 5.2 ° C ( 41.4 ° F ) / − 4.2 ° C ( 24.4 ° F ) Parks and protected areas ( edit ) Main articles : List of protected areas of British Columbia and List of British Columbia Provincial Parks Mount Robson , Canadian Rockies , BC There are 14 designations of parks and protected areas in the province that reflect the different administration and creation of these areas in a modern context . There are 141 ecological Reserves , 35 provincial marine parks , 7 Provincial Heritage Sites , 6 National Historic Sites of Canada , 4 National Parks and 3 National Park Reserves . 12.5 % ( 114,000 km ( 44,000 sq mi ) ) of British Columbia is considered protected under one of the 14 different designations that includes over 800 distinct areas . British Columbia contains seven of Canada 's national parks and National Park Reserves : Glacier National Park Gulf Islands National Park Reserve Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site Kootenay National Park Mount Revelstoke National Park Pacific Rim National Park Reserve Yoho National Park British Columbia contains a large number of provincial parks , run by BC Parks under the aegis of the Ministry of Environment . British Columbia 's provincial parks system is the second largest parks system in Canada , the largest being Canada 's National Parks system ) . Another tier of parks in British Columbia are regional parks , which are maintained and run by regional districts . Forest Recreation Sites are operated by the Ministry of Forests . In addition to these areas , over 47,000 km ( 18,000 sq mi ) of arable land are protected by the Agricultural Land Reserve . Fauna ( edit ) Yoho National Park Much of the province is undeveloped , so populations of many mammalian species that have become rare in much of the United States still flourish in British Columbia . Watching animals of various sorts , including a very wide range of birds , has long been popular . Bears ( grizzly , black -- including the Kermode bear or spirit bear ) live here , as do deer , elk , moose , caribou , big - horn sheep , mountain goats , marmots , beavers , muskrats , coyotes , wolves , mustelids ( such as wolverines , badgers and fishers ) , cougars , eagles , ospreys , herons , Canada geese , swans , loons , hawks , owls , ravens , harlequin ducks , and many other sorts of ducks . Smaller birds ( robins , jays , grosbeaks , chickadees , and so on ) also abound . Murrelets are known from Frederick Island , a small islands off the coast of Queen Charlotte 's Islands . This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : clutter Please help improve this article if you can . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many healthy populations of fish are present , including salmonids such as several species of salmon , trout , char . Besides salmon and trout , sport - fishers in BC also catch halibut , steelhead , bass , and sturgeon . On the coast , harbour seals and river otters are common . Cetacean species native to the coast include the orca , humpback whale , grey whale , harbour porpoise , Dall 's Porpoise , Pacific white - sided dolphin and minke whale . Cheakamus Lake at dawn , in Garibaldi Provincial Park , BC British Columbian introduced species include : common dandelion , ring - necked pheasant , Pacific oyster , brown trout , black slug , European starling , cowbird , knapweed , bullfrog , purple loosestrife , Scotch broom , Himalayan blackberry , European earwig , tent caterpillar , sowbug , grey squirrel , Asian longhorn beetle , English ivy , fallow deer , thistle , gorse , Norway rat , crested mynah , and Asian or European gypsy moth . Some endangered species in British Columbia are : Vancouver Island marmot , spotted owl , American white pelican , and badgers . Type of organism Red - listed species in BC Total number of species in BC Freshwater fish 24 80 Amphibians 5 19 Reptiles 6 16 Birds 34 465 Terrestrial mammals Requires new data Requires new data Marine mammals 29 Plants 257 2333 Butterflies 19 187 Dragonflies 9 87 As of 2001 Forests ( edit ) White spruce or Engelmann spruce and their hybrids occur in 12 of the 14 biogeoclimatic zones of British Columbia ( Coates et al. 1994 ) . Common types of trees present in BC 's forests include Western Redcedar , Yellow - cedar , Rocky Mountain juniper , Lodgepole pine , Ponderosa or yellow pine , Whitebark pine , Limber pine , Western white pine , Western larch , Tamarack , Alpine larch , White spruce , Engelmann spruce , Sitka spruce , Black spruce , Grand fir , Amabilis fir , Subalpine fir , Western hemlock , Mountain hemlock , Douglas - fir , Western yew , Pacific dogwood , Bigleaf maple , Douglas maple , Vine maple , Arbutus , Black hawthorn , Cascara , Garry oak , Pacific crab apple , Choke cherry , Pin cherry , Bitter cherry , Red alder , Mountain alder , Paper birch , Water birch , Black cottonwood , Balsam poplar , Trembling aspen . Traditional plant foods ( edit ) Main article : Wild and medicinal plants of British Columbia Plant foods traditionally contributed only a part of the total food intake of coastal First Nations peoples of British Columbia , though they contributed to most of the material good produced . Among the plant foods used , berries , some roots ( for example the Camas Lily -- part of the Camassia family ) , cambium noodles ( inner bark of hemlock ) , and seaweeds were ( and to an extent still are ) important . Animal products were traditionally far more important than plant foods in terms of quantity consumed ; however , the huge nutritional diversity provided by native plants of BC largely contributes to the health of First Nations peoples of British Columbia . ( Before colonization , British Columbia had the densest aboriginal population of any region in what is now called Canada . ) Ecozones ( edit ) Environment Canada subdivides British Columbia into six ecozones : Pacific Marine Pacific Maritime Boreal Cordillera Montane Cordillera Taiga Plains Boreal Plains Ecozones . History ( edit ) Main article : History of British Columbia First Nations ( Aboriginal ) history ( edit ) Main articles : Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast , Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau , and The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples The area now known as British Columbia is home to First Nations groups that have a deep history with a significant number of indigenous languages . There are more than 200 First Nations in BC . Prior to contact ( with non-Aboriginal people ) , human history is known from oral histories of First Nations groups , archaeological investigations , and from early records from explorers encountering societies early in the period . The arrival of Paleoindians from Beringia took place between 20,000 and 12,000 years ago . Hunter - gatherer families were the main social structure from 10,000 to 5,000 years ago . The nomadic population lived in non-permanent structures foraging for nuts , berries and edible roots while hunting and trapping larger and small game for food and furs . Around 5,000 years ago individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally . Thus with the passage of time there is a pattern of increasing regional generalization with a more sedentary lifestyle . These indigenous populations evolved over the next 5,000 years across a large area into many groups with shared traditions and customs . To the northwest of the province are the peoples of the Na - Dene languages , which include the Athapaskan - speaking peoples and the Tlingit , who lived on the islands of southern Alaska and northern British Columbia . The Na - Dene language group is believed to be linked to the Yeniseian languages of Siberia . The Dene of the western Arctic may represent a distinct wave of migration from Asia to North America . The Interior of British Columbia was home to the Salishan language groups such as the Shuswap ( Secwepemc ) , Okanagan and Athabaskan language groups , primarily the Dakelh ( Carrier ) and the Tsilhqot'in . The inlets and valleys of the British Columbia Coast sheltered large , distinctive populations , such as the Haida , Kwakwaka'wakw and Nuu - chah - nulth , sustained by the region 's abundant salmon and shellfish . These peoples developed complex cultures dependent on the western red cedar that included wooden houses , seagoing whaling and war canoes and elaborately carved potlatch items and totem poles . Contact with Europeans brought a series of devastating epidemics of diseases from Europe the people had no immunity to . The result was a dramatic population collapse , culminating in the 1862 Smallpox outbreak in Victoria that spread throughout the coast . European settlement did not bode well for the remaining native population of British Columbia . Colonial officials deemed colonists could make better use of the land than the First Nations people , and thus the land territory be owned by the colonists . To ensure colonists would be able to settle properly and make use of the land , natives were relocated onto reserves , which were often too small to support their way of life . By the 1930s , British Columbia had over 1500 reserves . Fur trade and colonial era ( edit ) The British , during the colonial period , spread across the world claiming territories and building the British Empire . Lands now known as British Columbia were added to the empire during the 19th century . Originally established under the auspices of the Hudson 's Bay Company , colonies were established ( Vancouver Island , the mainland ) that were amalgamated , then entered Confederation as British Columbia in 1871 as part of the Dominion of Canada . During the 1770s , smallpox killed at least 30 % of the Pacific Northwest First Nations . This devastating epidemic was the first in a series ; the Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1862 killed 50 % of the native population . Spanish fort San Miguel at Nootka in 1793 Kwakwaka'wakw house pole , second half of the 19th century The arrival of Europeans began around the mid-18th century , as fur traders entered the area to harvest sea otters . While it is thought Sir Francis Drake may have explored the British Columbian coast in 1579 , it was Juan Pérez who completed the first documented voyage , which took place in 1774 . Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra explored the coast in 1775 . In doing so , Pérez and Quadra reasserted the Spanish claim for the Pacific coast , first made by Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1513 . The explorations of James Cook in 1778 and George Vancouver in 1792 -- 93 established British jurisdiction over the coastal area north and west of the Columbia River . In 1793 , Sir Alexander Mackenzie was the first European to journey across North America overland to the Pacific Ocean , inscribing a stone marking his accomplishment on the shoreline of Dean Channel near Bella Coola . His expedition theoretically established British sovereignty inland , and a succession of other fur company explorers charted the maze of rivers and mountain ranges between the Canadian Prairies and the Pacific . Mackenzie and other explorers -- notably John Finlay , Simon Fraser , Samuel Black , and David Thompson -- were primarily concerned with extending the fur trade , rather than political considerations . In 1794 , by the third of a series of agreements known as the Nootka Conventions , Spain conceded its claims of exclusivity in the Pacific . This opened the way for formal claims and colonization by other powers , including Britain , but because of the Napoleonic Wars , there was little British action on its claims in the region until later . The establishment of trading posts under the auspices of the North West Company and the Hudson 's Bay Company ( HBC ) , effectively established a permanent British presence in the region . The Columbia District was broadly defined as being south of 54 ° 40 north latitude , ( the southern limit of Russian America ) , north of Mexican - controlled California , and west of the Rocky Mountains . It was , by the Anglo - American Convention of 1818 , under the `` joint occupancy and use '' of citizens of the United States and subjects of Britain ( which is to say , the fur companies ) . This co-occupancy was ended with the Oregon Treaty of 1846 . The major supply route was the York Factory Express between Hudson Bay and Fort Vancouver . Some of the early outposts grew into settlements , communities , and cities . Among the places in British Columbia that began as fur trading posts are Fort St. John ( established 1794 ) ; Hudson 's Hope ( 1805 ) ; Fort Nelson ( 1805 ) ; Fort St. James ( 1806 ) ; Prince George ( 1807 ) ; Kamloops ( 1812 ) ; Fort Langley ( 1827 ) ; Fort Victoria ( 1843 ) ; Yale ( 1848 ) ; and Nanaimo ( 1853 ) . Fur company posts that became cities in what is now the United States include Vancouver , Washington ( Fort Vancouver ) , formerly the `` capital '' of Hudson 's Bay operations in the Columbia District , Colville , Washington and Walla Walla , Washington ( old Fort Nez Percés ) . With the amalgamation of the two fur trading companies in 1821 , the region now comprising British Columbia existed in three fur trading departments . The bulk of the central and northern interior was organized into the New Caledonia district , administered from Fort St. James . The interior south of the Thompson River watershed and north of the Columbia was organized into the Columbia District , administered from Fort Vancouver on the lower Columbia River . The northeast corner of the province east of the Rockies , known as the Peace River Block , was attached to the much larger Athabasca District , headquartered in Fort Chipewyan , in present - day Alberta . Until 1849 , these districts were a wholly unorganized area of British North America under the de facto jurisdiction of HBC administrators . Unlike Rupert 's Land to the north and east , however , the territory was not a concession to the company . Rather , it was simply granted a monopoly to trade with the First Nations inhabitants . All that was changed with the westward extension of American exploration and the concomitant overlapping claims of territorial sovereignty , especially in the southern Columbia Basin ( within present day Washington and Oregon ) . In 1846 , the Oregon Treaty divided the territory along the 49th parallel to the Strait of Georgia , with the area south of this boundary ( excluding Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands ) transferred to sole American sovereignty . The Colony of Vancouver Island was created in 1849 , with Victoria designated as the capital . New Caledonia , as the whole of the mainland rather than just its north - central Interior came to be called , continued to be an unorganized territory of British North America , `` administered '' by individual HBC trading post managers . Colony of British Columbia ( 1858 -- 66 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Colony of British Columbia ( 1858 -- 66 ) and Richard Clement Moody With the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush in 1858 , an influx of Americans into New Caledonia prompted the colonial office to designate the mainland as the Colony of British Columbia . When news of the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush reached London , Richard Clement Moody was hand - picked by the Colonial Office , under Sir Edward Bulwer - Lytton , to establish British order and to transform the newly established Colony of British Columbia into the British Empire 's `` bulwark in the farthest west '' and `` found a second England on the shores of the Pacific '' . Lytton desired to send to the colony `` representatives of the best of British culture , not just a police force '' : he sought men who possessed `` courtesy , high breeding and urbane knowledge of the world '' and he decided to send Moody , whom the Government considered to be the `` English gentleman and British Officer '' at the head of the Royal Engineers , Columbia Detachment . Moody and his family arrived in British Columbia in December 1858 , commanding the Royal Engineers , Columbia Detachment . He was sworn in as the first Lieutenant - Governor of British Columbia and appointed Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for British Columbia . On the advice of Lytton , Moody hired Robert Burnaby as his personal secretary . In British Columbia , Moody `` wanted to build a city of beauty in the wilderness '' and planned his city as an iconic visual metaphor for British dominance , `` styled and located with the objective of reinforcing the authority of the crown and of the robe '' . Subsequent to the enactment of the Pre-emption Act of 1860 , Moody settled the Lower Mainland . He selected the site and founded the new capital , New Westminster . He selected the site due to the strategic excellence of its position and the quality of its port . He was also struck by the majestic beauty of the site , writing in his letter to Blackwood , `` The entrance to the Frazer is very striking -- Extending miles to the right & left are low marsh lands ( apparently of very rich qualities ) & yet fr the Background of Superb Mountains -- Swiss in outline , dark in woods , grandly towering into the clouds there is a sublimity that deeply impresses you . Everything is large and magnificent , worthy of the entrance to the Queen of England 's dominions on the Pacific mainland . ( ... ) My imagination converted the silent marshes into Cuyp - like pictures of horses and cattle lazily fattening in rich meadows in a glowing sunset . ( ... ) The water of the deep clear Frazer was of a glassy stillness , not a ripple before us , except when a fish rose to the surface or broods of wild ducks fluttered away '' . Moody designed the first Coat of arms of British Columbia . However , Lord Lytton `` forgot the practicalities of paying for clearing and developing the site and the town '' and the efforts of Moody 's Engineers were continuously hampered by insufficient funds , which , together with the continuous opposition of Douglas , `` made it impossible for Moody 's design to be fulfilled '' . Moody and the Royal Engineers also built an extensive road network , including what would become Kingsway , connecting New Westminster to False Creek , the North Road between Port Moody and New Westminster , and the Cariboo Road and Stanley Park . He named Burnaby Lake after his private secretary Robert Burnaby and named Port Coquitlam 's 400 - foot `` Mary Hill '' after his wife . As part of the surveying effort , several tracts were designated `` government reserves '' , which included Stanley Park as a military reserve ( a strategic location in case of an American invasion ) . The Pre-emption act did not specify conditions for distributing the land , so large parcels were snapped up by speculators , including 3,750 acres ( 1,517 hectares ) by Moody himself . For this he was criticized by local newspapermen for land grabbing. Port Moody is named after him . It was established at the end of a trail that connected New Westminster with Burrard Inlet to defend New Westminster from potential attack from the US . By 1862 , the Cariboo Gold Rush , attracting an additional 5000 miners , was underway , and Douglas hastened construction of the Great North Road ( commonly known now as the Cariboo Wagon Road ) up the Fraser Canyon to the prospecting region around Barkerville . By the time of this gold rush , the character of the colony was changing , as a more stable population of British colonists settled in the region , establishing businesses , opening sawmills , and engaging in fishing and agriculture . With this increased stability , objections to the colony 's absentee governor and the lack of responsible government began to be vocalised , led by the influential editor of the New Westminster British Columbian and future Premier , John Robson . A series of petitions requesting an assembly were ignored by Douglas and the colonial office until Douglas was eased out of office in 1864 . Finally , the colony would have both an assembly and a resident governor . Later Gold rushes ( edit ) A series of gold rushes in various parts of the province followed , the largest being the Cariboo Gold Rush in 1862 , forcing the colonial administration into deeper debt as it struggled to meet the extensive infrastructure needs of far - flung boom communities like Barkerville and Lillooet , which sprang up overnight . The Vancouver Island colony was facing financial crises of its own , and pressure to merge the two eventually succeeded in 1866 , when the colony of British Columbia was amalgamated with the Colony of Vancouver Island to form the Colony of British Columbia ( 1866 -- 71 ) , which was , in turn , succeeded by the present day province of British Columbia following the Canadian Confederation of 1871 . Rapid growth and development ( edit ) Lord Strathcona drives the Last Spike of the Canadian Pacific Railway , at Craigellachie , November 7 , 1885 . Completion of the transcontinental railroad was a condition of entry into Confederation . The Confederation League , including such figures as Amor De Cosmos , John Robson , and Robert Beaven , led the chorus pressing for the colony to join Canada , which had been created out of three British North American colonies in 1867 ( the Province of Canada , Nova Scotia and New Brunswick ) . Several factors motivated this agitation , including the fear of annexation to the United States , the overwhelming debt created by rapid population growth , the need for government - funded services to support this population , and the economic depression caused by the end of the gold rush . Memorial `` Last spike '' in Craigellachie With the agreement by the Canadian government to extend the Canadian Pacific Railway to British Columbia and to assume the colony 's debt , British Columbia became the sixth province to join Confederation on July 20 , 1871 . The borders of the province were not completely settled . The Treaty of Washington sent the Pig War San Juan Islands Border dispute to arbitration in 1871 and in 1903 , the province 's territory shrank again after the Alaska boundary dispute settled the vague boundary of the Alaska Panhandle . Population in British Columbia continued to expand as the province 's mining , forestry , agriculture , and fishing sectors were developed . Mining activity was particularly notable throughout the Mainland , particularly in the Boundary Country , in the Slocan , in the West Kootenay around Trail , the East Kootenay ( the southeast corner of the province ) , the Fraser Canyon , the Cariboo , the Omineca and the Cassiar , so much so a common epithet for the Mainland , even after provincehood , was `` the Gold Colony '' . Agriculture attracted settlers to the fertile Fraser Valley , and cattle ranchers and later fruit growers came to the drier grasslands of the Thompson River area , the Cariboo , the Chilcotin , and the Okanagan . Forestry drew workers to the lush temperate rainforests of the coast , which was also the locus of a growing fishery . The completion of the railway in 1885 was a huge boost to the province 's economy , facilitating the transportation of the region 's considerable resources to the east . The milltown of Granville , known as Gastown , near the mouth of the Burrard Inlet was selected as the terminus of the railway , prompting the incorporation of the City as Vancouver in 1886 . The completion of the Port of Vancouver spurred rapid growth , and in less than fifty years the city surpassed Winnipeg , Manitoba , as the largest in Western Canada . The early decades of the province were ones in which issues of land use -- specifically , its settlement and development -- were paramount . This included expropriation from First Nations people of their land , control over its resources , as well as the ability to trade in some resources ( such as the fishery ) . Establishing a labour force to develop the province was problematic from the start , and British Columbia was the locus of immigration from Europe , China , and Japan . The influx of a non-Caucasian population stimulated resentment from the dominant ethnic groups , resulting in agitation ( much of it successful ) to restrict the ability of Asian people to immigrate to British Columbia through the imposition of a head tax . This resentment culminated in mob attacks against Chinese and Japanese immigrants in Vancouver in 1887 and 1907 . By 1923 , almost all Chinese immigration had been blocked except for merchants , professionals , students and investors . Meanwhile , the province continued to grow . In 1914 , the last spike of a second transcontinental rail line , the Grand Trunk Pacific , linking north - central British Columbia from the Yellowhead Pass through Prince George to Prince Rupert was driven at Fort Fraser . This opened up the North Coast and the Bulkley Valley region to new economic opportunities . What had previously been an almost exclusively fur trade and subsistence economy soon became a locus for forestry , farming , and mining . In World War I , the province responded strongly to the call to assist the British Empire against its German foes in French and Belgian battlefields . About 55,570 of the 400,000 British Columbian residents , the highest per - capita rate in Canada , responded to the military needs . Horseriders from the province 's Interior region and First Nations soldiers made contributions to Vimy Ridge and other battles . About 6,225 men from the province died in combat . 1920s to 1940s ( edit ) When the men returned from the First World War , they discovered the recently enfranchised women of the province had helped vote in the prohibition of liquor in an effort to end the social problems associated with the hard - core drinking Vancouver and the rest of the province was famous for until the war . Because of pressure from veterans , prohibition was quickly relaxed so the `` soldier and the working man '' could enjoy a drink , but widespread unemployment among veterans was hardened by many of the available jobs being taken by European immigrants and disgruntled veterans organized a range of `` soldier parties '' to represent their interests , variously named Soldier - Farmer , Soldier - Labour , and Farmer - Labour Parties . These formed the basis of the fractured labour - political spectrum that would generate a host of fringe leftist and rightist parties , including those who would eventually form the Co-operative Commonwealth and the early Social Credit splinter groups . Internment camp for the Japanese Canadians during World War II The advent of prohibition in the United States created new opportunities , and many found employment or at least profit in cross-border liquor smuggling . Much of Vancouver 's prosperity and opulence in the 1920s results from this `` pirate economy '' , although growth in forestry , fishing and mining continued . The end of US prohibition , combined with the onset of the Great Depression , plunged the province into economic destitution . Compounding the already dire local economic situation , tens of thousands of men from colder parts of Canada swarmed into Vancouver , creating huge hobo jungles around False Creek and the Burrard Inlet rail yards , including the old Canadian Pacific Railway mainline right - of - way through the heart of the city 's downtown ( at Hastings and Carrall ) . Increasingly desperate times led to intense political organizing efforts , an occupation of the main Post Office at Granville and Hastings which was violently put down by the police and an effective imposition of martial law on the docks for almost three years . A Vancouver contingent for the On - to - Ottawa Trek was organized and seized a train , which was loaded with thousands of men bound for the capital but was met by a Gatling gun straddling the tracks at Mission ; the men were arrested and sent to work camps for the duration of the Depression . There were some signs of economic life beginning to return to normal towards the end of the 1930s , but it was the onset of World War II which transformed the national economy and ended the hard times of the Depression . Because of the war effort , women entered the workforce as never before . British Columbia has long taken advantage of its location on the Pacific Ocean to have close relations with East Asia . However , this has often caused friction between cultures which have caused occasional displays of animosity toward Asian immigrants . This was most manifest during the Second World War when many people of Japanese descent were relocated or interned in the Interior of the province . Coalition and the post-war boom ( edit ) The BC Regiment ( DCOR ) , marching in New Westminster , 1940 During the Second World War the mainstream BC Liberal and BC Conservative Parties of British Columbia united in a formal coalition government under new Liberal leader John Hart , who replaced Duff Pattullo when the latter failed to win a majority in the 1941 election . While the Liberals won the most number of seats , they actually received fewer votes than the socialist Co-operative Commonwealth Federation ( CCF ) . Pattullo was unwilling to form a coalition with the rival Conservatives led by Royal Maitland and was replaced by Hart , who formed a coalition cabinet made up of five Liberal and three Conservative ministers . The CCF was invited to join the coalition but refused . The pretext for continuing the coalition after the end of the Second World War was to prevent the CCF , which had won a surprise victory in Saskatchewan in 1944 , from ever coming to power in British Columbia . The CCF 's popular vote was high enough in the 1945 election that they were likely to have won three - way contests and could have formed government . However , the coalition prevented that by uniting the anti-socialist vote . In the post-war environment the government initiated a series of infrastructure projects , notably the completion of Highway 97 north of Prince George to the Peace River Block , a section called the John Hart Highway and also public hospital insurance . In 1947 the reins of the Coalition were taken over by Byron Ingemar Johnson . The Conservatives had wanted their new leader Herbert Anscomb to be premier , but the Liberals in the Coalition refused . Johnson led the coalition to the highest percentage of the popular vote in British Columbia history ( 61 % ) in the 1949 election . This victory was attributable to the popularity of his government 's spending programmes , despite rising criticism of corruption and abuse of power . During his tenure , major infrastructures continued to expand , such as the agreement with Alcan Aluminum to build the town of Kitimat with an aluminum smelter and the large Kemano Hydro Project . Johnson achieved popularity for flood relief efforts during the 1948 flooding of the Fraser Valley , which was a major blow to that region and to the province 's economy . Increasing tension between the Liberal and Conservative coalition partners led the Liberal Party executive to vote to instruct Johnson to terminate the arrangement . Johnson ended the coalition and dropped his Conservative cabinet ministers , including Deputy Premier and Finance minister Herbert Anscomb , precipitating the general election of 1952 . A referendum on electoral reform prior to this election had instigated an elimination ballot ( similar to a preferential ballot ) , where voters could select second and third choices . The intent of the ballot , as campaigned for by Liberals and Conservatives , was that their supporters would list the rival party in lieu of the CCF , but this plan backfired when a large group of voters from all major parties , including the CCF , voted for the fringe British Columbia Social Credit Party ( Socreds ) , who wound up with the largest number of seats in the House ( 19 ) , only one seat ahead of the CCF , despite the CCF having 34.3 % of the vote to Social Credit 's 30.18 % . The Social Credit Party , led by rebel former Conservative MLA W.A.C. Bennett , formed a minority government backed by the Liberals and Conservatives ( with 6 and 4 seats respectively ) . Bennett began a series of fiscal reforms , preaching a new variety of populism as well as waxing eloquent on progress and development , laying the ground for a second election in 1953 in which the new Bennett regime secured a majority of seats , with 38 % of the vote . Secure with that majority , Bennett returned the province to the first - past - the - post system thereafter , which is still in use . 1952 -- 1960s ( edit ) With the election of the Social Credit Party , British Columbia embarked on a phase of rapid economic development . Bennett and his party governed the province for the next twenty years , during which time the government initiated an ambitious programme of infrastructure development , fuelled by a sustained economic boom in the forestry , mining , and energy sectors . During these two decades , the government nationalized British Columbia Electric and the British Columbia Power Company , as well as smaller electric companies , renaming the entity BC Hydro . West Kootenay Power and Light remained independent of BC Hydro , being owned and operated by Cominco , though tied into the regional power grid . By the end of the 1960s , several major dams had been begun or completed in -- among others -- the Peace , Columbia , and Nechako River watersheds ( the Nechako Diversion to Kemano , was to supply power to the Alcan Inc. aluminum smelter at Kitimat , and was not part of the provincial power grid but privately owned ) . Major transmission deals were concluded , most notably the Columbia River Treaty between Canada and the United States . The province 's economy was also boosted by unprecedented growth in the forest sector , as well as oil and gas development in the province 's northeast . The 1950s and 1960s were also marked by development in the province 's transportation infrastructure . In 1960 , the government established BC Ferries as a crown corporation , to provide a marine extension of the provincial highway system , also supported by federal grants as being part of the Trans - Canada Highway system . That system was improved and expanded through the construction of new highways and bridges , and paving of existing highways and provincial roads . Vancouver and Victoria became cultural centres as poets , authors , artists , musicians , as well as dancers , actors , and haute cuisine chefs flocked to the beautiful scenery and warmer temperatures , with the cultural and entrepreneurial community notably bolstered by many Draft dodgers from the United States . Similarly , these cities have either attracted or given rise to their own noteworthy academics , commentators , and creative thinkers . Tourism also began to play an important role in the economy . The rise of Japan and other Pacific economies was a great boost to British Columbia 's economy , primarily because of massive exports of lumber products and unprocessed coal and trees . Politically and socially , the 1960s brought a period of significant social ferment . The divide between the political left and right , which had prevailed in the province since the Depression and the rise of the labour movement , sharpened as so - called free enterprise parties coalesced into the de facto coalition represented by Social Credit -- in opposition to the social democratic New Democratic Party , the successor to the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation . As the province 's economy blossomed , so did labour - management tensions . Tensions emerged , also , from the counterculture movement of the late 1960s , of which Vancouver and Nanaimo were centres . The conflict between hippies and Vancouver mayor Tom Campbell was particularly legendary , culminating in the so - called Gastown Riots of 1971 . By the end of the decade , with social tensions and dissatisfaction with the status quo rising , the Bennett government 's achievements could not stave off its growing unpopularity . 1970s and 1980s ( edit ) On August 27 , 1969 , the Social Credit Party was re-elected in a general election for what would be Bennett 's final term in power . At the start of the 1970s , the economy was quite strong because of rising coal prices and an increase in annual allowable cuts in the forestry sector . However , BC Hydro reported its first loss , which was the beginning of the end for Bennett and the Social Credit Party . The Socreds were forced from power in the August 1972 election , paving the way for a provincial New Democratic Party ( NDP ) government under Dave Barrett . Under Barrett , the large provincial surplus soon became a deficit , although changes to the accounting system makes it likely some of the deficit was carried over from the previous Social Credit regime and its `` two sets of books '' , as WAC Bennett had once referred to his system of fiscal management . The brief three - year ( `` Thousand Days '' ) period of NDP governance brought several lasting changes to the province , most notably the creation of the Agricultural Land Reserve , intended to protect farmland from redevelopment , and the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia , a crown corporation charged with a monopoly on providing single - payer basic automobile insurance . Perceptions the government had instituted reforms either too swiftly or that were too far - reaching , coupled with growing labour disruptions led to the ouster of the NDP in the 1975 general election . Social Credit , under W.A.C. Bennett 's son , Bill Bennett , was returned to office . Under the younger Bennett 's government , 85 % of the province 's land base was transferred from Government Reserve to management by the Ministry of Forests , reporting of deputy ministers was centralized to the Premier 's Office , and NDP - instigated social programs were rolled back , with then - Human Resources Minister infamously demonstrating a golden shovel to highlight his welfare policy , although the new - era Socreds also reinforced and backed certain others instigated by the NDP -- notably the creation of the Resort Municipality of Whistler , whose special status including Sunday drinking , then an anomaly in BC . Also during the `` MiniWac '' regime ( a reference to his father 's acronym , WAC ) certain money - losing Crown - owned assets were `` privatized '' in a mass giveaway of shares in the British Columbia Resources Investment Corporation , `` BCRIC '' , with the `` Brick shares '' soon becoming near - worthless . Towards the end of his tenure in power , Bennett oversaw the completion of several megaprojects meant to stimulate the economy and win votes -- unlike most right - wing parties , British Columbia 's Social Credit actively practised government stimulation of the economy . Most notable of these was the winning of a world 's fair for Vancouver , which came in the form of Expo 86 , to which was tied the construction of the Coquihalla Highway and Vancouver 's SkyTrain system . The Coquihalla Highway project became the subject of a scandal after revelations the premier 's brother bought large tracts of land needed for the project before it was announced to the public , and also because of graft investigations of the huge cost overruns on the project . Both investigations were derailed in the media by a still further scandal , the Doman Scandal , in which the Premier and millionaire backer Herb Doman were investigated for insider - trading and securities fraud . Nonetheless , the Socreds were re-elected in 1979 under Bennett , who led the party until 1986 . The Coquihalla Highway . The road was one of the legacies of the Expo 86 World 's fair . The creation of the toll highway sparked controversy . As the province entered a sustained recession , Bennett 's popularity and media image were in decline . On April 1 , 1983 , Premier Bennett overstayed his constitutional limits of power by exceeding the legal tenure of a government , and the Lieutenant - Governor , Henry Pybus Bell - Irving , was forced to call Bennett to Government House to resolve the impasse , and an election was called for April 30 , while in the meantime government cheques were covered by special emergency warrants as the Executive Council no longer had signing authority because of the constitutional crisis . Campaigning on a platform of moderation , Bennett won an unexpected majority . After several weeks of silence in the aftermath , a sitting of the House was finally called and in the speech from the throne the Socreds instituted a programme of fiscal cutbacks dubbed `` restraint '' , which had been a buzzword for moderation during the campaign . The programme included cuts to `` motherhood '' issues of the left , including the human rights branch , the offices of the Ombudsman and Rentalsman , women 's programs , environmental and cultural programs , while still supplying mass capital infusions to corporate British Columbia . This sparked a backlash , with tens of thousands of people in the streets the next day after the budget speech , and through the course of a summer repeated large demonstrations of up to 100,000 people . This became known as the 1983 Solidarity Crisis , from the name of the Solidarity Coalition , a huge grassroots opposition movement mobilized , consisting of organized labour and community groups , with the British Columbia Federation of Labour forming a separate organization of unions , Operation Solidarity , under the direction of Jack Munro , then - President of the International Woodworkers of America ( IWA ) , the most powerful of the province 's resource unions . Tens of thousands participated in protests and many felt a general strike would be the inevitable result unless the government backed down from its policies they had claimed were only about restraint and not about recrimination against the NDP and the left . Just as a strike at Pacific Press ended , which had crippled the political management of the public agenda by the publishers of the province 's major papers , the movement collapsed after an apparent deal was struck by union leader and IWA president , Jack Munro and Premier Bennett . A tense winter of blockades at various job sites around the province ensued , as among the new laws were those enabling non-union labour to work on large projects and other sensitive labour issues , with companies from Alberta and other provinces brought in to compete with union - scale British Columbia companies . Despite the tension , Bennett 's last few years in power were relatively peaceful as economic and political momentum grew on the megaprojects associated with Expo , and Bennett was to end his career by hosting Prince Charles and Lady Diana on their visit to open Expo 86 . His retirement being announced , a Social Credit convention was scheduled for the Whistler Resort , which came down to a three - way shooting match between Bud Smith , the Premier 's right - hand man but an unelected official , Social Credit party grande dame Grace McCarthy , and the charismatic but eccentric Bill Vander Zalm . Bill Vander Zalm became the new Socred leader when Smith threw his support to him rather than see McCarthy win , and led the party to victory in the election later that year . Vander Zalm was later involved in a conflict of interest scandal following the sale of Fantasy Gardens , a Christian and Dutch culture theme park built by the Premier , to Tan Yu , a Filipino Chinese gambling kingpin . There were also concerns over Yu 's application to the government for a bank licence , and lurid stories from flamboyant realtor Faye Leung of a party in the `` Howard Hughes Suite '' on the top two floors of the Bayshore Inn , where Tan Yu had been staying , with reports of a bag of money in a brown paper bag passed from Yu to Vander Zalm during the goings - on . These scandals forced Vander Zalm 's resignation , and Rita Johnston became premier of the province . Johnston presided over the end of Social Credit power , calling an election which led to the reducing of the party 's caucus to only two seats , and the revival of the long - defunct British Columbia Liberal Party as Opposition to the victorious NDP under former Vancouver mayor Mike Harcourt . In 1988 , David Lam was appointed as British Columbia 's twenty - fifth Lieutenant - Governor , and was the Province 's first Lieutenant - Governor of Chinese origin . 1990s to present ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2012 ) Johnston lost the 1991 general election to the NDP , under the leadership of Mike Harcourt , a former mayor of Vancouver . The NDP 's unprecedented creation of new parkland and protected areas was popular and helped boost the province 's growing tourism sector . However , the economy continued to struggle against the backdrop of a weak resource economy . Housing starts and an expanded service sector saw growth overall through the decade , despite political turmoil . Harcourt ended up resigning over `` Bingogate '' -- a political scandal involving the funnelling of charity bingo receipts into party coffers in certain ridings . Harcourt was not implicated , but he resigned nonetheless in respect of constitutional conventions calling for leaders under suspicion to step aside . Glen Clark , a former president of the BC Federation of Labour , was chosen the new leader of the NDP , which won a second term in 1996 . More scandals dogged the party , most notably the Fast Ferry Scandal involving the province trying to develop the shipbuilding industry in British Columbia . An allegation ( never substantiated ) that the Premier had received a favour in return for granting a gaming licence led to Clark 's resignation as Premier . He was succeeded on an interim basis by Dan Miller who was in turn followed by Ujjal Dosanjh following a leadership convention . In the 2001 general election Gordon Campbell 's BC Liberals defeated the NDP , gaining 77 out of 79 total seats in the provincial legislature . Campbell instituted various reforms and removed some of the NDP 's policies including scrapping the `` fast ferries '' project , lowering income taxes , and the controversial sale of BC Rail to CN Rail. Campbell was also the subject of criticism after he was arrested for driving under the influence during a vacation in Hawaii . However , Campbell still managed to lead his party to victory in the 2005 general election , against a substantially strengthened NDP opposition . Campbell won a third term in the British Columbia general election , 2009 , marking the first time in 23 years a premier has been elected to a third term . The province won a bid to host the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and Whistler . As promised in his 2002 re-election campaign , Vancouver Mayor Larry Campbell staged a non-binding civic referendum regarding the hosting of the Olympics . In February 2003 , Vancouver 's residents voted in a referendum accepting the responsibilities of the host city should it win its bid . Sixty - four percent of residents voted in favour of hosting the games . After the Olympic joy had faded , Campbell 's popularity started to fall . His management style , the implementation of the Harmonized Sales Tax ( HST ) against election promises and the cancelling of the BC Rail corruption trial lead to low approval ratings and loss of caucus support . He would resign in November 2010 and call on the party to elect a new leader . Christy Clark was Premier of British Columbia from 2011 until 2017 In early 2011 , Christy Clark , former Deputy Premier , would become leader of the Liberal Party . Though she was not a sitting MLA , she would go on to win the seat left vacant by Campbell and form a government . For the next two years she would attempt to distance herself from the unpopularity of Campbell and forge an image for the upcoming election . Among her early accomplishments she raised the minimum wage , created the new holiday of Family Day and pushed the development of BC 's liquified natural gas . In the 2013 election , the Liberals lagged behind the NDP with a double - digit gap in the polls , but were able to come to a surprise victory on election night with a majority , making Clark the first elected female premier in BC history . While Clark lost her seat to NDP candidate David Eby , she later won a by - election in the riding of Westside - Kelowna . Her government would go on to balance the budget , implement changes to liquor laws and continue with the question of the proposed Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines . Then , in the 2017 election , the NDP would form a minority government with the support from the Green Party , with just a slight edge over the Liberal Party , 44 - 43 in the legislature . Then , on July 18 , the leader of the BC NDP , John Horgan , would officially be sworn in as premier of British Columbia , with BC Green Party leader Andrew Weaver by his side . John Horgan has been Premier of British Columbia since 2017 British Columbia has also been significantly affected by demographic changes within Canada and around the world . Vancouver ( and to a lesser extent some other parts of British Columbia ) was a major destination for many of the immigrants from Hong Kong who left the former UK colony ( either temporarily or permanently ) in the years immediately prior to its handover to the People 's Republic of China . British Columbia has also been a significant destination for internal Canadian migrants . This has been the case throughout recent decades , because of its image of natural beauty , mild climate and relaxed lifestyle , but is particularly true during periods of economic growth . As a result , British Columbia has moved from approximately 10 % of Canada 's population in 1971 to approximately 13 % in 2006 . Trends of urbanization mean the Greater Vancouver area now includes 51 % of the Province 's population , followed in second place by Greater Victoria with 8 % . These two metropolitan regions have traditionally dominated the demographics of BC . The net number of people coming to BC from other provinces has grown almost four times larger since 2012 . BC was the largest net recipient of interprovincial migrants in Canada in the first quarter of 2016 with half of the 5,000 people coming from Alberta . Demographics ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . In particular : Missing 2016 census data . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2017 ) Main article : Demographics of British Columbia See also : List of cities in Canada § British Columbia , List of communities in British Columbia , and List of municipalities in British Columbia Year Population Five year % change Ten year % change Rank among provinces 1851 55,000 n / a n / a 6 1861 51,524 n / a − 6.3 6 1871 36,247 n / a − 35.3 7 1881 49,459 n / a 36.4 8 1891 98,173 n / a 98.5 8 1901 178,657 n / a 82.0 0 1911 392,480 n / a 119.7 6 1921 524,582 n / a 33.7 6 1931 694,263 n / a 32.3 6 1941 817,861 26.8 17.8 1951 1,165,210 21.7 42.5 1956 1,398,464 20.0 n / a 1961 1,629,082 16.5 39.8 1966 1,873,674 15.0 34.0 1971 2,184,620 16.6 34.1 1976 2,466,610 12.9 31.6 1981 2,744,467 11.3 25.6 1986 2,883,370 5.1 16.9 1991 3,282,061 13.8 19.6 3,724,500 13.5 29.2 3,907,738 4.9 19.1 2006 4,113,487 5.3 10.4 2011 4,400,057 6.9 12.6 2016 4,648,055 4.5 9.6 Religious groups in BC ( 1991 & 2001 ) & Canada ( 2001 ) 1991 BC % 2001 BC % 2001 Canada % BC 2001 number Total population 100 % 100 % 100 % 3,868,875 No religious affiliation 30.0 % 35.1 % 16.5 % 1,388,300 includes agnostic , atheist , humanist , and no religion , and other responses , such as Darwinism , and so on Protestant 41.9 % 31.4 % 29.2 % 1,213,295 Catholic 18.3 % 17.2 % 43.6 % 675,320 includes Roman Catholic , Eastern Catholic Eastern Orthodox 0.7 % 0.9 % 1.6 % 35,655 includes Greek Orthodox , Russian Orthodox Christian n.i.e. 2.7 % 5.2 % 2.6 % 200,345 Includes mostly answers of `` Christian '' , not identified elsewhere Sikh 2.3 % 3.5 % 0.9 % 135,310 Buddhist 1.1 % 2.2 % 1 % 85,540 Muslim 0.8 % 1.5 % 2 % 56,220 Hindu 0.6 % 0.8 % 1 % 31,500 Jewish 0.5 % 0.5 % 1.1 % 21,230 Eastern religions 0.3 % 0.1 % 9,970 includes Baha'i , Eckankar , Jains , Shinto , Taoist , Zoroastrian and Eastern religions , not identified elsewhere Other religions 0.4 % 0.2 % 16,205 includes Aboriginal spirituality , pagan , wicca , unity -- new thought -- pantheist , Scientology , Rastafarian , new age , gnostic , and so on The largest denominations by number of adherents according to the 2001 census were none ( atheist , agnostic , and so on . ) with 1,388,300 ( 35.9 % ) ; Protestant with 1,213,295 ( 31.4 % ) ; the Roman Catholic Church with 675,320 ( 17 % ) ; the United Church of Canada with 361,840 ( 9 % ) ; and the Anglican Church of Canada with 298,375 ( 8 % ) . Ethnic groups and languages ( edit ) The following statistics represent both single ( for example , `` German '' ) and multiple ( for example , `` Chinese - Canadian '' ) responses to the 2006 Census , and thus do not add up to 100 % . All items are self - identified . Ethnic origin Population Percent English 1,207,245 29.6 % Scottish 828,145 20.3 % Canadian 720,200 17.7 % Irish 618,120 15.2 % German 561,570 13.8 % Chinese 432,435 10.6 % French 361,215 8.9 % East Indian 232,370 5.7 % Ukrainian 197,265 4.8 % Dutch ( Netherlands ) 196,420 4.8 % North American Indian 193,060 4.7 % Italian 143,155 3.5 % Norwegian 129,420 3.2 % Polish 128,360 3.2 % Russian 114,105 2.8 % Welsh 104,275 2.6 % Swedish 104,025 2.6 % Filipino 94,255 2.3 % British 74,145 1.8 % American ( US ) 66,765 1.6 % Ethnic origin Population Percent Métis 62,570 1.5 % Danish 56,125 1.4 % Spanish 52,640 1.3 % Korean 51,860 1.3 % Hungarian 49,870 1.2 % Austrian 46,620 1.1 % Japanese 41,585 1.0 % Portuguese 34,660 0.9 % Vietnamese 30,835 0.8 % Jewish 30,830 0.8 % Finnish 29,875 0.7 % Iranian 29,265 0.7 % Swiss 28,240 0.7 % Romanian 25,670 0.6 % Icelandic 22,110 0.5 % Greek 21,770 0.5 % Czech 21,150 0.5 % Croatian 18,815 0.5 % Punjabi 18,525 0.5 % Belgian 17,510 0.4 % Though just 1.8 % refer to their origins as being `` British '' , a majority ( 57.3 % ) of the population of British Columbia claim their ethnic origin as being from one of the three main British nations ( England , Scotland or Wales ) . Migration was primarily from Scotland , Wales and Northern England , especially North East England -- out of the 54 of Metro Vancouver 's 100 most common names that are British in origin , 29 are of Scottish or Northern English origin , 9 are Welsh , and only four are native to England 's south . Another 15.2 % refer to their ethnicity as `` Irish '' , though not distinguishing between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland . Of the provinces , British Columbia had the highest proportion of visible minorities , representing 24.8 % of its population . Asians at 20.2 % of the total population , are by far the largest visible minority demographic , with many of the Lower Mainland 's large cities having sizeable Chinese , South Asian , Japanese , Filipino , and Korean communities . Also present in large numbers relative to other regions of Canada ( except Toronto ) , and ever since the province was first settled ( unlike Toronto ) , are many European ethnicities of the first and second generation , notably Germans , Scandinavians , Yugoslavs , Italians and Spaniards . Third - generation Europeans are generally of mixed lineage , and traditionally intermarried with other European - derived ethnic groups more than in any other Canadian province . First - generation Britons remain a strong component of local society despite limitations on immigration from Britain since the ending of special status for British subjects in the 1960s . Of the 4,113,847 population counted by the 2006 census , 4,074,385 people completed the section about language . Of these 4,022,045 gave singular responses to the question regarding mother tongue . The languages most commonly reported were the following : Language Number of native speakers Percentage of singular responses English 2,875,770 71.5 % Chinese 342,920 8.5 % Punjabi 158,750 4.0 % German 86,690 2.2 % French 54,745 1.4 % Tagalog ( Filipino ) 50,425 1.3 % Korean 46,500 1.2 % Spanish 34,075 0.9 % Persian 28,150 0.7 % Italian 27,020 0.7 % Dutch 26,355 0.7 % Vietnamese 24,560 0.7 % Hindi 23,240 0.6 % Japanese 20,040 0.5 % Russian 19,320 0.5 % Polish 17,565 0.4 % Portuguese 14,385 0.4 % Ukrainian 12,285 0.3 % Hungarian 10,670 0.3 % Croatian 8,505 0.2 % Language Number of native speakers Percentage of singular responses Arabic 8,440 0.2 % Urdu 7,025 0.2 % Danish 6,720 0.2 % Greek 6,620 0.2 % Gujarati 6,565 0.2 % Romanian 6,335 0.2 % Serbian 6,180 0.2 % Czech 6,000 0.1 % Finnish 4,770 0.1 % Athabaskan languages 3,500 0.1 % Slovak 3,490 0.1 % Norwegian 3,275 0.1 % Tamil 3,200 0.1 % Salish languages 3,190 0.1 % Ilocano 3,100 0.1 % Malay 3,100 0.1 % Bisayan languages 3,035 0.1 % Swedish 2,875 0.1 % Turkish 2,255 0.1 % Tsimshianic languages 2,125 0.1 % Numerous other languages were also counted , but only languages with more than 2,000 native speakers are shown . Figures shown are for the number of single language responses and the percentage of total single - language responses . Cities ( edit ) Vancouver Skyline See also : List of cities in British Columbia , List of metropolitan areas in British Columbia , List of municipalities in British Columbia , and List of regional districts of British Columbia Half of all British Columbians live in the Metro Vancouver area , which includes Vancouver , Surrey , New Westminster , West Vancouver , North Vancouver ( city ) , North Vancouver ( district municipality ) , Burnaby , Coquitlam , Port Coquitlam , Maple Ridge , Langley ( city ) , Langley ( district municipality ) , Delta , Pitt Meadows , White Rock , Richmond , Port Moody , Anmore , Belcarra , Lions Bay and Bowen Island , with adjacent unincorporated areas ( including the University Endowment Lands ) represented in the regional district as the electoral area known as Greater Vancouver Electoral Area A . The metropolitan area has seventeen Indian reserves , but they are outside of the regional district 's jurisdiction and are not represented in its government . The second largest concentration of British Columbia population is at the southern tip of Vancouver Island , which is made up of the 13 municipalities of Greater Victoria , Victoria , Saanich , Esquimalt , Oak Bay , View Royal , Highlands , Colwood , Langford , Central Saanich / Saanichton , North Saanich , Sidney , Metchosin , Sooke , which are part of the Capital Regional District . The metropolitan area also includes several Indian reserves ( the governments of which are not part of the regional district ) . Almost half of the Vancouver Island population is in Greater Victoria . Ten largest metropolitan areas by population Community ( includes metro areas ) 2011 2006 Vancouver 2,313,328 2,116,581 Victoria 344,615 330,088 Kelowna 179,839 162,276 Abbotsford 170,191 159,020 Kamloops 98,754 92,882 Nanaimo 98,021 92,361 Chilliwack 92,308 82,465 Prince George 84,232 83,225 Vernon 58,584 55,418 Courtenay 55,213 49,214 Ten largest municipalities by population Municipality 2011 2006 Vancouver 603,502 578,041 Surrey ( Metro Vancouver ) 468,251 394,976 Burnaby ( Metro Vancouver ) 223,218 202,799 Richmond ( Metro Vancouver ) 190,473 174,461 Abbotsford 133,497 124,258 Coquitlam ( Metro Vancouver ) 126,456 114,565 Kelowna 117,312 107,035 Saanich ( Greater Victoria ) 109,752 108,265 Langley Township ( Metro Vancouver ) 104,177 93,726 Delta ( Metro Vancouver ) 99,863 96,635 Canada 2006 Census Population % of total population European 2,869,455 7001704000000000000 ♠ 70.4 % Visible minority group Source : Chinese 407,225 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 % South Asian 262,290 7000640000000000000 ♠ 6.4 % Black 28,315 6999700000000000000 ♠ 0.7 % Filipino 88,075 7000220000000000000 ♠ 2.2 % Latin American 28,965 6999700000000000000 ♠ 0.7 % Southeast Asian 40,685 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 % Arab 8,635 6999200000000000000 ♠ 0.2 % West Asian 29,810 6999700000000000000 ♠ 0.7 % Korean 50,490 7000120000000000000 ♠ 1.2 % Japanese 35,060 6999900000000000000 ♠ 0.9 % Other visible minority 3,880 6999100000000000000 ♠ 0.1 % Mixed visible minority 25,420 6999600000000000000 ♠ 0.6 % Total visible minority population 1,008,855 7001248000000000000 ♠ 24.8 % Aboriginal group Source : First Nations 129,575 7000320000000000000 ♠ 3.2 % Métis 59,445 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % Inuit 795 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 % Total Aboriginal population 196,070 7000480000000000000 ♠ 4.8 % Total population 4,074,380 100 % Economy ( edit ) A view of Vancouver 's downtown core . Vancouver is the business capital of British Columbia . British Columbia has a history of being a resource dominated economy , centred on the forestry industry but also with fluctuating importance in mining . Employment in the resource sector has fallen steadily as a percentage of employment , and new jobs are mostly in the construction and retail / service sectors . It now has the highest percentage of service industry jobs in the west , comprising 72 % of industry ( compared to 60 % Western Canadian average ) . The largest section of this employment is in finance , insurance , real estate and corporate management . Many areas outside of metropolitan areas , however , are still heavily reliant on resource extraction . With its film industry known as Hollywood North , the Vancouver region is the third - largest feature film production location in North America , after Los Angeles and New York City . The economic history of British Columbia is replete with tales of dramatic upswings and downswings , and this boom and bust pattern has influenced the politics , culture and business climate of the province . Economic activity related to mining in particular has widely fluctuated with changes in commodity prices over time , with documented costs to community health . British Columbia 's GDP is the fourth largest in Canada at C $219.99 billion in 2012 . GDP per capita was $45,430 . British Columbia 's debt - to - GDP ratio is projected to reach 15.8 % in fiscal year 2019 -- 2020 . Government and politics ( edit ) Main articles : Politics of British Columbia and Monarchy in British Columbia The British Columbia Legislature Buildings in Victoria The Lieutenant - Governor of British Columbia , Judith Guichon , is the Queen of Canada 's representative in the Province of British Columbia . During the absence of the Lieutenant - Governor , the Governor General in Council may appoint an administrator to execute the duties of the office . In practice , this is usually the Chief Justice of British Columbia . British Columbia has an 87 - member elected Legislative Assembly , elected by the plurality voting system , though in recent years there has been significant debate about switching to a single transferable vote system . The government of the day appoints ministers for various portfolios , what are officially part of the Executive Council of British Columbia ( cabinet ) , of whom the premier is chair . The province is governed by the British Columbia New Democratic Party ( BC NDP ) under Premier - designate John Horgan . The 2017 provincial election saw the Liberal Party take 43 seats , the NDP take 41 , and the British Columbia Green Party take 3 . No party met the minimum of 44 seats for a majority , therefore leading to the first minority government since 1953 . Following the election , the Greens entered into negotiations with both the Liberals and NDP , eventually announcing they would support the current NDP minority . Previously , the right - of - centre British Columbia Liberal Party governed the province for sixteen years between 2001 and 2017 , and won the largest landslide election in British Columbia history in 2001 , with 77 of 79 seats . The legislature became more evenly divided , however , between the Liberals and NDP following the 2005 ( 46 Liberal seats of 79 ) and 2009 ( 49 Liberal seats of 85 ) provincial elections . The NDP and its predecessor the CCF have been the main opposition force to right - wing parties since the 1930s and have ruled with majority governments in 1972 -- 1975 and 1991 -- 2001 . The Green Party plays a larger role in the politics of British Columbia than Green parties do in most other jurisdictions in Canada . After a breakthrough election in 2001 ( 12.39 % ) , the party 's vote share declined ( 2005 -- 9.17 % , 2009 -- 8.09 % , 2013 - 8.13 % ) before increasing again to a record high of 16.84 % at the 2017 election . The British Columbia Liberal Party is not related to the federal Liberal Party and does not share the same ideology . Instead , the BC Liberal party is a rather diverse coalition , made up of the remnants of the Social Credit Party , many federal Liberals , federal Conservatives , and those who would otherwise support right - of - centre or free enterprise parties . Historically , there have commonly been third parties present in the legislature ( including the Liberals themselves from 1952 to 1975 ) ; the BC Green Party are the current third party in British Columbia , with three seats in the legislature . Prior to the rise of the Liberal Party , British Columbia 's main political party was the British Columbia Social Credit Party which ruled British Columbia for 20 continuous years . While sharing some ideology with the current Liberal government , they were more right - wing although undertook nationalization of various important monopolies , notably BC Hydro and BC Ferries . The meeting chamber of the provincial legislative assembly British Columbia is known for having politically active labour unions who have traditionally supported the NDP or its predecessor , the CCF . British Columbia 's political history is typified by scandal and a cast of colourful characters , beginning with various colonial - era land scandals and abuses of power by early officials ( such as those that led to McGowan 's War in 1858 -- 59 ) . Notable scandals in Social Credit years included the Robert Bonner Affair and the Fantasy Gardens scandal which forced Premier Bill Vander Zalm to resign and ended the Social Credit era . NDP scandals included Bingogate , which brought down NDP Premier Mike Harcourt , and the alleged scandal named Casinogate which drove NDP Premier Glen Clark to resign . A variety of scandals plagued the 2001 - 2017 Liberal government , including Premier Gordon Campbell 's arrest for drunk driving in Maui and the resignation of various cabinet ministers because of conflict - of - interest allegations . A Christmas Eve raid on the Parliament Buildings in Victoria , including the Premier 's Office , has resulted in charges only for ministerial aides , although key cabinet members from the time have since resigned . The case , currently in preliminary hearings in the courts and relating to the sale of BC Rail to CN Rail , may not reach trial because of the mass of evidence and various procedural problems . Campbell eventually resigned in late 2010 due to opposition to his government 's plan to introduce a Harmonized Sales Tax ( HST ) and was replaced by Christy Clark as Premier in a 2011 BC Liberal leadership election . British Columbia is underrepresented in the Senate of Canada , leading Premier Christy Clark to refuse to cooperate with the federal government 's new reforms for senate appointments to be made based on the recommendations of a new advisory board that would use non-partisan criteria . Hours after that plan was unveiled in Ottawa on December 3 , 2015 , Clark issued a statement that it did `` not address what 's been wrong with the Senate since the beginning '' . The imbalance in representation in that House is apparent when considering population size . The six senators from BC constitute only one for every 775,000 people vs. one for every 75,000 in P.E.I. which has four senators . Nova Scotia and New Brunswick have much smaller populations than BC , yet each has ten Senators according to a Global News summary . Correcting this imbalance would require a constitutional amendment , but that is unlikely to be supported by the Atlantic Provinces . The flower of the Pacific dogwood is often associated with British Columbia . Official Symbols ( edit ) The government of British Columbia has designated several official symbols : Flag : Flag of British Columbia Coat of arms : Coat of arms of British Columbia Floral emblem : Pacific dogwood Mineral emblem : Jade Tree emblem : Western red cedar Bird emblem : Steller 's jay Mammal emblem : `` Spirit '' or Kermode bear Fish emblem : Pacific salmon Tartan emblem : British Columbia Tartan The flag of British Columbia is not protected and is in the public domain . However , the coat of arms of British Columbia is protected by law ; no one may `` without the permission of the minister , assume , display or use the Coat of Arms of British Columbia or a design so closely resembling it as to be likely to deceive . '' Civil rights ( edit ) British Columbia was the second Canadian jurisdiction ( after Ontario ) to legalize same - sex marriage . Social issues ( edit ) Housing affordability ( edit ) Housing affordability is of concern to British Columbians . Fentanyl crisis ( edit ) In April 2016 the government of British Columbia declared a public health emergency due to overdoses on the illicit opioid Fentanyl . As of November 2016 , there had been 755 cases of Fentanyl overdose . Transportation ( edit ) Transportation played a huge role in British Columbia 's history . The Rocky Mountains and the ranges west of them constituted a significant obstacle to overland travel until the completion of the transcontinental railway in 1885 . The Peace River Canyon through the Rocky Mountains was the route the earliest explorers and fur traders used . Fur trade routes were only marginally used for access to British Columbia through the mountains . Travel from the rest of Canada before 1885 meant the difficulty of overland travel via the United States , around Cape Horn or overseas from Asia . Nearly all travel and freight to and from the region occurred via the Pacific Ocean , primarily through the ports of Victoria and New Westminster . Until the 1930s , rail was the only means of overland travel to and from the rest of Canada ; travellers using motor vehicles needed to journey through the United States . With the construction of the Inter-Provincial Highway in 1932 ( now known as the Crowsnest Pass Highway ) , and later the Trans - Canada Highway , road transportation evolved into the preferred mode of overland travel to and from the rest of the country . Roads and highways ( edit ) Main article : List of British Columbia provincial highways Alex Fraser Bridge on Highway 91 between Richmond and Delta Because of its size and rugged , varying topography , British Columbia requires thousands of kilometres of provincial highways to connect its communities . British Columbia 's roads systems were notoriously poorly maintained and dangerous until a concentrated programme of improvement was initiated in the 1950s and 1960s . There are now freeways in Greater Victoria , the Lower Mainland , and Central Interior of the province . Much of the rest of the province , where traffic volumes are generally low , is accessible by well - maintained generally high - mobility two - lane arterial highways with additional passing lanes in mountainous areas and usually only a few stop - controlled intersections outside the main urban areas . A British Columbia welcome sign on the Klondike Highway A couple of busy intercity corridors outside Greater Vancouver feature more heavily signalized limited - mobility arterial highways that are mostly four - lane and often divided by portable median traffic barriers . Highway 1 on Vancouver Island and Highway 97 through the Okanagan Valley are medium - to high - volume roadways with variable posted speeds that range from 50 km / h to maximums just slightly lower than the principal grade - separated highways . Numerous traffic lights operate in place of interchanges on both arterials as long - term cost - cutting measures . Signalization along both these highways is heaviest through urban areas and along inter-urban sections where traffic volumes are similar to and sometimes higher than the freeways , but where funding is not available for upgrades to interchanges or construction of high - mobility alternative routes or bypasses . The building and maintenance of provincial highways is the responsibility of the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure . There are only five major routes to the rest of Canada . From south to north they are : BC Highway 3 through the Crowsnest Pass , the Vermilion Pass ( Highway 93 in both British Columbia and Alberta ) , the Kicking Horse Pass , the latter being used by the Trans - Canada Highway entering Alberta through Banff National Park , the Yellowhead Highway ( 16 ) through Jasper National Park , and Highway 2 through Dawson Creek . There are also several highway crossings to the adjoining American states of Washington , Idaho , and Montana . The longest highway is Highway 97 , running 2,081 km ( 1,293 mi ) from the British Columbia - Washington border at Osoyoos north to Watson Lake , Yukon and which includes the British Columbia portion of the Alaska Highway . Public transit ( edit ) Prior to 1979 , surface public transit was administered by BC Hydro , the provincially owned electricity utility . Subsequently , the province established BC Transit to oversee and operate all municipal transportation systems . In 1998 , the Greater Vancouver Transportation Authority ( TransLink ) ( now South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority ) , a separate authority for routes within the Greater Vancouver Regional District was established . Public transit in British Columbia consists mainly of diesel buses , although Vancouver is also serviced by a fleet of trolleybuses . Several experimental buses are being tested such as hybrid buses that have both gasoline and electric engines . Additionally , there are CNG - fueled buses being tested and used in Nanaimo and Kamloops systems . British Columbia also tested a fleet of Hydrogen - fueled buses for the Vancouver - Whistler Winter Olympics in 2010 . TransLink operates SkyTrain , an automated metro system serving the cities of Vancouver , Burnaby , New Westminster , North Surrey and Richmond . In 2009 , the Canada Line SkyTrain was completed , linking Vancouver International Airport and the city of Richmond to downtown Vancouver bringing the total to three operating metro lines . A new line to Coquitlam and Port Moody ( the Evergreen Line ) was completed in December 2016 . There is planning for an extension of the Millennium Line through Vancouver City to the University of British Columbia . Turnstiles have been added to all existing stations in the system . In the past , SkyTrain used a proof of payment honour system . In the capital city of Victoria BC Transit and the provincial government 's infrastructure ministry are working together to create a bus rapid transit from the Westshore communities to downtown Victoria . In Kamloops there is a rapid transit / bus GPS trail underway to see how bus rapid transit effects smaller cities , rather than larger ( Victoria and Vancouver ) . Rail ( edit ) CPR train traversing the Stoney Creek Bridge Rail development expanded greatly in the decades after the Canadian Pacific Railway was completed , in 1885 , and was the chief mode of long - distance surface transportation until the expansion and improvement of the provincial highways system began in the 1950s . Two major routes through the Yellowhead Pass competed with the Canadian Pacific Railway -- the Grand Trunk Pacific , terminating at Prince Rupert , and the Canadian Northern Railway , terminating at Vancouver . The Pacific Great Eastern line supplemented this service , providing a north -- south route between interior resource communities and the coast . The Pacific Great Eastern ( later known as British Columbia Railway and now owned by Canadian National Railway ) connects Fort St James , Fort Nelson , and Tumbler Ridge with North Vancouver . The E&N Railway , rebranded as Southern Railway of Vancouver Island , serves the commercial and passenger train markets of Vancouver Island by owning the physical rail lines . Amtrak runs international passenger service between Vancouver and Seattle . The White Pass and Yukon Route runs between Alaska and the Yukon , via British Columbia . Water ( edit ) BC Ferries was established as a provincial crown corporation in 1960 to provide passenger and vehicle ferry service between Vancouver Island and the Lower Mainland as a cheaper and more reliable alternative to the service operated by the Canadian Pacific Railway . It now operates 25 routes among the islands of British Columbia , as well as between the islands and the mainland . Ferry service to Washington is offered by the Washington State Ferries ( between Sidney and Anacortes ) and Black Ball Transport ( between Victoria and Port Angeles , Washington ) . Ferry service over inland lakes and rivers is provided by the provincial government . Commercial ocean transport is of vital importance . Major ports are at Vancouver , Roberts Bank ( near Tsawwassen ) , Prince Rupert , and Victoria . Of these , the Port of Vancouver is the most important , being the largest in Canada and the most diversified in North America . Vancouver , Victoria , and Prince Rupert are also major ports of call for cruise ships . In 2007 , a large maritime container port was opened in Prince Rupert with an inland sorting port in Prince George . Air ( edit ) Main article : List of airports in British Columbia There are over 200 airports throughout British Columbia , the major ones being the Vancouver International Airport , the Victoria International Airport , the Kelowna International Airport , and the Abbotsford International Airport , the first three of which each served over 1,000,000 passengers in 2005 . As of 2017 , Vancouver International Airport is the 2nd busiest airport in the country and the second biggest International Gateway on the west coast ( after Los Angeles ) with an estimated 17.9 million travellers passing through in 2008 . Culture ( edit ) Outdoor life ( edit ) Ice sailing in Whistler Given its varied mountainous terrain and its coasts , lakes , rivers , and forests , British Columbia has long been enjoyed for pursuits like hiking and camping , rock climbing and mountaineering , hunting and fishing . Water sports , both motorized and non-motorized , are enjoyed in many places . Sea kayaking opportunities abound on the British Columbia coast with its fjords . Whitewater rafting and kayaking are popular on many inland rivers . Sailing and sailboarding are widely enjoyed . In winter , cross-country and telemark skiing are much enjoyed , and in recent decades high - quality downhill skiing has been developed in the Coast Mountain range and the Rockies , as well as in the southern areas of the Shuswap Highlands and the Columbia Mountains . Snowboarding has mushroomed in popularity since the early 1990s . The 2010 Winter Olympics downhill events were held in Whistler Blackcomb area of the province , while the indoor events were conducted in the Vancouver area . In Vancouver and Victoria ( as well as some other cities ) , opportunities for joggers and bicyclists have been developed . Cross-country bike touring has been popular since the ten - speed bike became available many years ago . Since the advent of the more robust mountain bike , trails in more rugged and wild places have been developed for them . A 2016 poll on global biking website Pinkbike rated BC as the top destination mountain bikers would like to ride . Some of the province 's retired rail beds have been converted and maintained for hiking , biking , and cross-country skiing . Longboarding is also a popular activity because of the hilly geography of the region . Horseback riding is enjoyed by many British Columbians . Opportunities for trail riding , often into especially scenic areas , have been established for tourists in numerous areas of the province . British Columbia also has strong participation levels in many other sports , including golf , tennis , soccer , hockey , Canadian football , rugby union , lacrosse , baseball , softball , basketball , curling and figure skating . British Columbia has produced many outstanding athletes , especially in aquatic and winter sports . Consistent with both increased tourism and increased participation in diverse recreations by British Columbians has been the proliferation of lodges , chalets , bed and breakfasts , motels , hotels , fishing camps , and park - camping facilities in recent decades . In certain areas , there are businesses , non-profit societies , or municipal governments dedicated to promoting ecotourism in their region . A number of British Columbia farmers offer visitors to combine tourism with farm work , for example , through the WWOOF Canada program . Education ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 ) Aerial view of Simon Fraser University in Burnaby , British Columbia See also : Higher education in British Columbia Public universities include : University of British Columbia Simon Fraser University University of Victoria University of Northern British Columbia Vancouver Island University Kwantlen Polytechnic University Thompson Rivers University Emily Carr University of Art and Design Capilano University University of the Fraser Valley In September 2014 there were 11,000 international students in BC public K - 12 schools and about 3,000 international students in other BC K - 12 schools . As of 2006 there were 59 school districts . As of the same year , 44 of them offered French immersion programs . Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie - Britannique , established in 1995 , operates French - language public schools throughout the entire province . See also ( edit ) British Columbia portal Canada portal North America portal Bibliography of British Columbia Index of British Columbia - related articles List of designated places in British Columbia List of historic places in British Columbia List of people from British Columbia List of regions of Canada Outline of British Columbia Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , 2016 and 2011censuses '' . Statistics Canada . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Population by year of Canada of Canada and territories '' . Statistics Canada . September 26 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ According to the Oxford Guide to Canadian English Usage ( ISBN 0 - 19 - 541619 - 8 ; p. 335 ) , BCer ( s ) is an informal demonym that is sometimes used for residents of BC Jump up ^ Statistics Canada . Gross domestic product , expenditure - based , by province and territory ( 2015 ) ; November 9 , 2016 ( Retrieved January 26 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers , Volume 90 , Issue 1887 , 1887 , pp. 453 - 455 , Obituary . Major - General Richard Clement Moody , R.E. , 1813 -- 1887 . ^ Jump up to : Donald J. Hauka , McGowan 's War , Vancouver : 2003 , New Star Books , p. 146 ^ Jump up to : Jean Barman , The West Beyond the West : A History of British Columbia , ( Toronto : University of Toronto ) , p. 71 Jump up ^ `` Col. Richard Clement Moody -- Postscript '' . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Margaret Ormsby , Richard Clement Moody , in Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online ^ Jump up to : `` Heraldic Science Héraldique , Arms and Devices of Provinces and Territories , British Columbia '' . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Population Estimates , British Columbia and Sub-Provincial '' . BC Stats . December 2012 . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 British Columbia Financial and Economic Review , 74th Edition April 2013 -- March 2014 '' ( PDF ) . BC Ministry of Finance . July 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian climate normals 1981 -- 2010 Vancouver International Airport '' . Environment Canada . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , Ged ( 1978 ) . `` The Naming of British Columbia '' . Albion : A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies . 10 ( 3 ) : 257 -- 263 . JSTOR 4048132 . Jump up ^ Akrigg , Helen B. and G.P.V. ( 1977 ) . British Columbia Chronicle , 1847 -- 1871 : Gold & Colonists ( illustrated ed . ) . Discovery Press . Jump up ^ `` Why is the Western Region of Canada Called British Columbia ? '' . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vanderhoof '' . Tourism BC . Retrieved April 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Northwest Washington Oregon British Columbia '' . Celebratebig.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . 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The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862 . Simon Fraser University . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Scott , Laura Elaine ( 1983 ) . The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862 . Simon Fraser University . p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , Laura Elaine ( 1983 ) . The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862 . Simon Fraser University . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Moody , Richard Clement . Letter of Colonel Richard Clement Moody , R.E. , to Arthur Blackwood , February 1 , 1859 , preserved in the British Columbia Historical Quarterly ( January -- April 1951 ) , ed . Willard E. Ireland , Archives of British Columbia . British Columbia Historical Association . pp. 85 -- 107 . Jump up ^ Jean Barman , The West Beyond the West : A History of British Columbia , ( Toronto : University of Toronto ) p. 7 Jump up ^ Scott , Laura Elaine ( 1983 ) . 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Jump up ^ `` Population and Dwelling Counts , for Canada , Provinces and Territories , Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations '' . Statistics Canada . 2002 . Retrieved April 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Indian reserve populations are not included in these figures Jump up ^ `` Community Profiles from the 2006 Census , Statistics Canada -- Census Subdivision '' . Statistics Canada . December 6 , 2010 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aboriginal Peoples -- Data table '' . Statistics Canada . October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Economic output in the West '' ( PDF ) . State of the West 2010 . Canada West Foundation . pp. 103 -- 109 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Film and TV '' . Vancouver Economic Development . 2005 . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2007 . Retrieved April 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hard on Health of Mining Communities '' . University of British Columbia . September 2006 . Retrieved April 26 , 2007 . 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Her Majesty the Queen in Right of British Columbia . 1996 . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Symbols of British Columbia '' . Government of British Columbia . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Same - Sex rights : Canada timeline '' . CBC News . March 1 , 2007 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ashifa Kassam in Toronto . `` Vancouver slaps 15 % tax on foreign house buyers in effort to cool market '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 in Review : Vancouver and B.C. 's fentanyl crisis Metro Vancouver '' . Metronews.ca . December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BC ministry of transportation and infrastructure ( 2013 ) . `` BC highways '' . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Our Fleet '' . BC Transit . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Case Study - BC Transit Fuel Cell Bus Fleet '' . Chfca.ca . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BC Transit - 404 - Page Not Found '' . bctransit.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Shipping in British Columbia '' . Chamber of Shipping of BC . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2013 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BC Ports handbook '' ( PDF ) . Chamber of Shipping of BC . Jump up ^ `` Where would you go , if you could road trip anywhere ? - Pinkbike Poll '' . Pinkbike . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WWOOF -- Willing Workers on Organic Farms , Canada '' . Jump up ^ Sherlock , Tracy . `` BC school shutdown has China ' concerned ' . '' Vancouver Sun . September 12 , 2014 . Retrieved December 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jacquet , Marianne . `` The Discourse on Diversity in British Columbia Public Schools : From Difference to In / Difference '' ( Chapter 3 ) . In : Gérin - Lajoie , Diane . Educators ' Discourses on Student Diversity in Canada : Context , Policy , and Practice . Canadian Scholars ' Press , 2008 . ISBN 1551303469 , 9781551303468 . Start : p. 51 . CITED : p. 54 . References ( edit ) `` British Columbia '' . BC Geographical Names . Further reading ( edit ) Akrigg , G.P. V ; Akrigg , Helen B ( 1997 ) . British Columbia place names . Univ. of British Columbia Press . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0636 - 2 . Barman , Jean ( 2007 ) . The West beyond the West : a history of British Columbia . Univ. of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 9309 - 4 . Dawson , Michael ( 2005 ) . Selling British Columbia : Tourism and Consumer Culture , 1890 -- 1970 . Univ. of British Columbia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1055 - 5 . Foster , Leslie T ( 2007 ) . People , politics , and child welfare in British Columbia . Univ. of British Columbia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1372 - 3 . Harris , R Cole ( 1997 ) . The resettlement of British Columbia : essays on colonialism and geographical change . Univ. of British Columbia Press . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0588 - 9 . McKee , Christopher ( 2000 ) . Treaty talks in British Columbia : negotiating a mutually beneficial future . Univ. of British Columbia Press . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0824 - 1 . McGillivray , Brett ( 2000 ) . Geography of British Columbia : people and landscapes in transition . Univ. of British Columbia Press . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0784 - 9 . Muckle , Robert James ( 1998 ) . The First Nations of British Columbia : an anthropological survey . Univ. of British Columbia Press . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0663 - X . Thirkell , Fred ; Bob Scullion ( 2002 ) . British Columbia 100 years ago : portraits of a province . Heritage House Pub . ISBN 1 - 894384 - 49 - 0 . Ver Berkmoes , Ryan ; John Lee ( 2007 ) . Guide to `` British Columbia '' . Lonely Planet . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74104 - 584 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to British Columbia . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for British Columbia . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article British Columbia . Government of British Columbia website Tourism British Columbia official website BC Facts Newsroom BCStats & Infoline Weekly Digest British Columbia at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Provincial Archives including online photo database Vancouver Public Library ; Historical Photographs of BC & the Yukon BC Multicultural Photographs from the Vancouver Public Library -- searchable photo database BC Government online map archive Links to related articles Subdivisions of British Columbia Subdivisions Regions Regional districts Forest regions and districts Ministry of Environment regions School districts Land districts Health regions Counties ( court system ) Communities Municipalities Cities District municipalities Indian government districts Island municipalities Mountain resort municipalities Regional municipalities Resort municipalities Towns Villages Ghost towns Indian reserves Metro areas and agglomerations Abbotsford -- Mission Kelowna Vancouver Victoria Census agglomerations Category : British Columbia Portal : British Columbia WikiProject : British Columbia Topics on British Columbia History Fur trade Heritage sites ( National Historic Sites ) Politics Political parties Elections Government Lieutenant Governor Cabinet Premiers ( current ) Legislature Monarchy Leader of the Opposition Geography Demographics Mountains Natural history Provincial parks Rivers Volcanoes Communities Census divisions Regional Districts Settlements Economy Companies Highways Airports Culture Education First Nations Law Music Sports People Symbols Flag Coat of arms Universities Tourist attractions General outline Category Portal Provinces and territories of Canada Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Historical Former colonies and territories in Canada Territorial evolution of Canada after 1867 Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Related Area Bibliography Extreme points Government spending Gross domestic product Language policies Mountains Museums Name etymologies Population Regions Symbols Topics Unemployment Book Category Portal WikiProject Canada History Year list ( Timeline ) Pre-colonization New France ( 1534 -- 1763 ) British Canada ( 1763 -- 1867 ) Post-Confederation ( 1867 -- 1914 ) World Wars and Interwar Years ( 1914 -- 1945 ) Modern times : 1945 -- 1960 1960 -- 1981 1982 -- 1992 since 1992 Topics Constitutional Crown & Aboriginals Economic Etymology Former colonies & territories Immigration Military Monarchical National Historic Sites Persons of significance Territorial evolution Women Provinces and territories Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Government Law Constitution Monarch Governor General Parliament ( Senate House of Commons ) Prime Minister list Courts Supreme Court Military Local government Foreign relations Law enforcement Politics Elections LGBT rights Multiculturalism Geography Regions ( west to east ) Pacific Northwest Western Canada Great Plains Canadian Prairies Northern Canada Canadian Shield Great Lakes Central Canada The Maritimes Eastern Canada Atlantic Canada Topics Animals Cities Earthquakes Islands Mountains National Parks Plants Great Lakes Regions Rivers Volcanoes Economy Agriculture Banking Bank of Canada Dollar Communications Companies Energy Fishing Oil Stock exchange Taxation Tourism Transportation Science and technology Social programs Poverty Society Education Healthcare Crime Values Demographics Topics Canadians Immigration Languages Religion 2001 Census 2006 Census 2011 Census Population Top 100s Metropolitan areas and agglomerations Population centres Municipalities Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Festivals Folklore People Holidays Identity Literature Music Nationalisms Online media Protectionism Sports Theatre Symbols Coat of arms Flags Provincial and territorial Royal Heraldic Article overviews Index Outline Topics Research Bibliography Historiography Book Category Portal Coordinates : 54 ° N 125 ° W  /  54 ° N 125 ° W  / 54 ; - 125 VIAF : 137121920 LCCN : n79058445 ISNI : 0000 0001 1456 7794 GND : 4069670 - 4 SUDOC : 028635736 BNF : cb12043099w ( data ) NLA : 35022016 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia&oldid=816034086 '' Categories : British Columbia 1871 establishments in Canada Provinces of Canada States and territories established in 1871 Pacific Northwest Western Canada Hidden categories : Use Canadian English from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Articles needing cleanup from September 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from September 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2012 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles to be expanded from December 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with DMOZ links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Kernowek Kiswahili Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Lumbaart Magyar Македонски मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro 文言 Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 20 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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The Ellen DeGeneres Show (season 16)
The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( season 16 ) - wikipedia The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( season 16 ) This is a list of episodes of the sixteenth season of The Ellen DeGeneres Show , which began airing on Tuesday , September 4 , 2018 . Season 16 ( 2018 - 2019 ) ( edit ) # ( Season ) # ( Series ) Air Date Guests 16 - 01 2,444 September 4 , 2018 Nicki Minaj Season 16 Premiere 16 - 02 2,445 September 5 , 2018 Mark Wahlberg , Fleetwood Mac , Congressman Beto O'Rourke 16 - 03 2,446 September 6 , 2018 Anna Kendrick , Spike Lee , Laura Harrier 16 - 04 2,447 September 7 , 2018 Cher 16 - 05 2,448 September 10 , 2018 Michael Strahan & Sara Haines , John David Washington , Dalton Dailey 16 - 06 2,449 September 11 , 2018 Heidi Klum , Olivia Munn 16 - 07 2,450 September 12 , 2018 LeBron James , Channing Tatum 16 - 08 2,451 September 13 , 2018 Kristen Bell , Martha Trujillo , Kimberly Patel 16 - 09 2,452 September 14 , 2018 Colin Jost , Michael Che 16 - 10 2,453 September 17 , 2018 Cate Blanchett , Issa Rae 16 - 11 2,454 September 18 , 2018 Simon Cowell , Olivia Wilde , Jason Mraz 16 - 12 2,455 September 19 , 2018 Penelope Cruz , Carrie Underwood 16 - 13 2,456 September 20 , 2018 Kate Hudson , Goldie Hawn 16 - 14 2,457 September 21 , 2018 Beth Behrs , Bob Moses 16 - 15 2,458 September 24 , 2018 Benedict Cumberbatch , Cher , Yara Shahidi , Justin Willman 16 - 16 2,459 September 25 , 2018 Cast of Modern Family 16 - 17 2,460 September 26 , 2018 Jennifer Hudson , Max Greenfield , LeBron James , Channing Tatum , The Chainsmokers , Kelsea Ballerini , Alaya `` Lay Lay '' High 16 - 18 2,461 September 27 , 2018 Lady Gaga 16 - 19 2,462 September 28 , 2018 Kobe Bryant , Logic , Ryan Tedder 16 - 20 2,463 October 1 , 2018 The cast of Will & Grace , Jon Dorenbos , Bob Moses 16 - 21 2,464 October 2 , 2018 Lady Gaga , Justin Hartley 16 - 22 2,465 October 3 , 2018 Jamie Dornan , Busy Philipps 16 - 23 2,466 October 4 , 2018 Savannah Guthrie , Channing Tatum and Lebron James , Nacho Figueras , Jungle 16 - 24 2,467 October 5 , 2018 Kristen Bell , Ayesha Curry and Ciara Momsplaining the TV Show 16 - 25 2,468 October 8 , 2018 Jennifer Garner , Kacey Musgraves , Viral Pizza Delivery Piano Player 16 - 26 2,469 October 9 , 2018 Jenna Fischer , Nicole Maines , Hozier & Mavis Staples 16 - 27 2,470 October 10 , 2018 Melissa McCarthy , Mary Halsey , Billie Eilish 16 - 28 2,471 October 11 , 2018 Dakota Johnson , Ken Jeong , CHVRCHES 16 - 29 2,472 October 12 , 2018 Ryan Gosling , Lenny Kravitz 16 - 30 2,473 October 15 , 2018 Kunal Nayyar , Ellie Kemper , Thailand Cave Rescue - Wild Boars Soccer Team 16 - 31 2,474 October 16 , 2018 Keira Knightley , Kathryn Hahn , Old Dominion 16 - 32 2,475 October 17 , 2018 Ranesa Shipman , Maya Rudolph , Bazzi 16 - 33 2,476 October 18 , 2018 Chelsea Handler Kym Douglas 16 - 34 2,477 October 19 , 2018 Jonah Hill , Whitney Cummings 16 - 35 2,478 October 22 , 2018 Sarah Silverman 16 - 36 2,479 October 23 , 2018 Ellen Pompeo , Demetri Martin 16 - 37 2,480 October 24 , 2018 Jason Sudeikis , Lauren Daigle 16 - 38 2,481 October 25 , 2018 Sean Combs , Chrissy Teigen 16 - 39 2,482 October 26 , 2018 Kris Jenner , Ciara 16 - 40 2,483 October 29 , 2018 David Spade , Marcelito Pomoy 16 - 41 2,484 October 30 , 2018 Nicole Kidman , Lucas Hedges , Troye Sivan , Koeberle Bull 16 - 42 2,485 October 31 , 2018 Rebel Wilson Ellen 's Halloween Spectacular 16 - 43 2,486 November 1 , 2018 Rami Malek , 16 - 44 2,487 November 2 , 2018 Sean Hayes , Fatima Ali References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.thetvdb.com/series/the-ellen-degeneres-show/seasons/16 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ellen_DeGeneres_Show_(season_16)&oldid=866288385 '' Categories : Ellen DeGeneres Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 13 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when does season 16 of ellen start on dstv
[ "This is a list of episodes of the sixteenth[1] season of The Ellen DeGeneres Show, which began airing on Tuesday, September 4, 2018.\n" ]
[ "Tuesday, September 4, 2018" ]
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Washington Monument
Washington monument - Wikipedia Washington monument For other monuments dedicated to George Washington , see List of monuments dedicated to George Washington . Washington Monument The Washington Monument in October 2016 Location National Mall , Washington , D.C. , United States Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 22.08920 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 6.92910 '' W  /  38.8894692222 ° N 77.0352580833 ° W  / 38.8894692222 ; - 77.0352580833 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 22.08920 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 6.92910 '' W  /  38.8894692222 ° N 77.0352580833 ° W  / 38.8894692222 ; - 77.0352580833 Area 106.01 acres ( 42.90 ha ) Visitors 671,031 ( in 2008 ) Governing body National Park Service Website www.nps.gov/wamo/ U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name : Washington Monument Designated October 15 , 1966 Reference no . 66000035 Location of Washington Monument in Central Washington , D.C. Washington Monument ( the District of Columbia ) Washington Monument ( the US ) Show map of Central Washington , D.C. Show map of the District of Columbia Show map of the US Show all The Washington Monument is an obelisk on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , built to commemorate George Washington , once commander - in - chief of the Continental Army and the first President of the United States . Located almost due east of the Reflecting Pool and the Lincoln Memorial , the monument , made of marble , granite , and bluestone gneiss , is both the world 's tallest stone structure and the world 's tallest obelisk , standing 554 feet 7 ⁄ inches ( 169.046 m ) tall according to the National Geodetic Survey ( measured 2013 -- 14 ) or 555 feet 5 ⁄ inches ( 169.294 m ) tall according to the National Park Service ( measured 1884 ) . It is the tallest monumental column in the world if all are measured above their pedestrian entrances . It was the tallest structure in the world from 1884 to 1889 . Construction of the monument began in 1848 , and was halted from 1854 to 1877 due to a lack of funds , a struggle for control over the Washington National Monument Society , and the intervention of the American Civil War . Although the stone structure was completed in 1884 , internal ironwork , the knoll , and other finishing touches were not completed until 1888 . A difference in shading of the marble , visible approximately 150 feet ( 46 m ) or 27 % up , shows where construction was halted and later resumed with marble from a different source . The original design was by Robert Mills , but he did not include his proposed colonnade due to a lack of funds , proceeding only with a bare obelisk . The cornerstone was laid on July 4 , 1848 ; the first stone was laid atop the unfinished stump on August 7 , 1880 ; the capstone was set on December 6 , 1884 ; the completed monument was dedicated on February 21 , 1885 ; and officially opened October 9 , 1888 . The Washington Monument is a hollow Egyptian style stone obelisk with a 500 - foot ( 152.4 m ) tall column and a 55 - foot ( 16.8 m ) tall pyramidion . Its walls are 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) thick at its base and 1 ⁄ feet ( 0.46 m ) thick at their top . The marble pyramidion has thin walls only 7 inches ( 18 cm ) thick supported by six arches , two between opposite walls that cross at the center of the pyramidion and four smaller corner arches . The top of the pyramidion is a large marble capstone with a small aluminum pyramid at its apex with inscriptions on all four sides . The lowest 150 feet ( 45.7 m ) of the walls , constructed during the first phase 1848 -- 1854 , are composed of a pile of bluestone gneiss rubble stones ( not finished stones ) held together by a large amount of mortar with a facade of semi-finished marble stones about 1 ⁄ feet ( 0.4 m ) thick . The upper 350 feet ( 106.7 m ) of the walls , constructed during the second phase 1880 -- 1884 , are composed of finished marble surface stones , half of which project into the walls , partially backed by finished granite stones . The interior is occupied by iron stairs that spiral up the walls , with an elevator in the center , each supported by four iron columns , which do not support the stone structure . The stairs contain fifty sections , most on the north and south walls , with many long landings stretching between them along the east and west walls . These landings allowed many inscribed memorial stones of various materials and sizes to be easily viewed while the stairs were accessible ( until 1976 ) , plus one memorial stone between stairs that is difficult to view . The pyramidion has eight observation windows , two per side , and eight red aircraft warning lights , two per side . Two aluminum lightning rods connected via the elevator support columns to ground water protect the monument . The monument 's present foundation is 37 feet ( 11.3 m ) thick , consisting of half of its original bluestone gneiss rubble encased in concrete . At the northeast corner of the foundation , 21 feet ( 6.4 m ) below ground , is the marble cornerstone , including a zinc case filled with memorabilia . Fifty American flags fly 24 hours a day on a large circle of flag poles centered on the monument . In 2001 , a temporary screening facility was added to the entrance to prevent a terrorist attack . In 2011 , an earthquake slightly damaged the monument , mostly the pyramidion . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Proposals for a memorial 1.3 Design 1.4 Construction 1.4. 1 Excavation and initial construction 1.4. 2 Donations run out 1.4. 3 Post -- Civil War 1.4. 4 Resumption 1.5 Dedication 1.6 Later history 1.6. 1 2011 earthquake damage 2 Components 2.1 Cornerstone 2.2 Memorial stones 2.3 Aluminum apex 2.4 Lightning protection 2.5 Walls 2.6 Pyramidion 2.7 Foundation 2.8 Stairs and elevator 2.9 Flags 2.10 Vesica piscis 2.11 Miscellaneous details 2.12 Security 3 Transit 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Rationale ( edit ) George Washington ( 1732 -- 1799 ) , hailed as the father of his country , and as the leader who was `` first in war , first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen '' ( in eulogy by Maj. Gen. ' Light - Horse Harry ' Lee at Washington 's funeral , December 26 , 1799 ) , was the dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775 to 1799 . Even his former enemy King George III called him `` the greatest character of the age . '' At his death in 1799 , he left a critical legacy ; he exemplified the core ideals of the American Revolution and the new nation : republican virtue and devotion to civic duty . Washington was the unchallenged public icon of American military and civic patriotism . He was also identified with the Federalist Party , which lost control of the national government in 1800 to the Jeffersonian Republicans , who were reluctant to celebrate the hero of the opposition party . Proposals for a memorial ( edit ) Starting with victory in the Revolution , there were many proposals to build a monument to Washington . After his death , Congress authorized a suitable memorial in the national capital , but the decision was reversed when the Democratic - Republican Party ( Jeffersonian Republicans ) took control of Congress in 1801 . The Republicans were dismayed that Washington had become the symbol of the Federalist Party ; furthermore the values of Republicanism seemed hostile to the idea of building monuments to powerful men . They also blocked his image on coins or the celebration of his birthday . Further political squabbling , along with the North -- South division on the Civil War , blocked the completion of the Washington Monument until the late 19th century . By that time , Washington had the image of a national hero who could be celebrated by both North and South , and memorials to him were no longer controversial . As early as 1783 , the Continental Congress had resolved `` That an equestrian statue of George Washington be erected at the place where the residence of Congress shall be established . '' The proposal called for engraving on the statue which explained it had been erected `` in honor of George Washington , the illustrious Commander - in - Chief of the Armies of the United States of America during the war which vindicated and secured their liberty , sovereignty , and independence . '' Currently , there are two equestrian statues of President Washington in Washington , D.C. One is located in Washington Circle at the intersection of the Foggy Bottom and West End neighborhoods at the north end of the George Washington University , and the other is in the gardens of the National Cathedral . Ten days after Washington 's death , a Congressional committee recommended a different type of monument . John Marshall , a Representative from Virginia ( who later became Chief Justice of the United States ) proposed that a tomb be erected within the Capitol . However , a lack of funds , disagreement over what type of memorial would best honor the country 's first president , and the Washington family 's reluctance to move his body prevented progress on any project . Design ( edit ) Sketch of the proposed Washington Monument by architect Robert Mills ( circa 1836 ) Progress toward a memorial finally began in 1833 . That year a large group of concerned citizens formed the Washington National Monument Society . In 1836 , after they had raised $28,000 in donations ( equivalent to $1,000,000 in 2016 ) , they announced a competition for the design of the memorial . On September 23 , 1835 , the board of managers of the society described their expectations : It is proposed that the contemplated monument shall be like him in whose honor it is to be constructed , unparalleled in the world , and commensurate with the gratitude , liberality , and patriotism of the people by whom it is to be erected ... ( It ) should blend stupendousness with elegance , and be of such magnitude and beauty as to be an object of pride to the American people , and of admiration to all who see it . Its material is intended to be wholly American , and to be of marble and granite brought from each state , that each state may participate in the glory of contributing material as well as in funds to its construction . The society held a competition for designs in 1836 . In 1845 , the winner was announced to be architect Robert Mills . The citizens of Baltimore had chosen him to build a monument to Washington , and he had designed a tall Greek column surmounted by a statue of the President . Mills also knew the capital well , having just been chosen Architect of Public Buildings for Washington . His design called for a circular colonnaded building 250 feet ( 76 m ) in diameter and 100 feet ( 30 m ) high from which sprang a four sided obelisk 500 feet ( 150 m ) high , for a total elevation of 600 feet ( 180 m ) . A massive cylindrical pillar 70 feet ( 21 m ) in diameter supported the obelisk at the center of the building . The obelisk was to be 70 feet ( 21 m ) square at the base and 40 feet ( 12 m ) square at the top with a slightly peaked roof . Both the obelisk and pillar were hollow within which a railway spiraled up . The obelisk had no doorway -- instead its interior was entered from the interior of the pillar upon which it was mounted . The pillar had an `` arched way '' at its base . The top of the portico of the building would feature Washington standing in a chariot holding the reins of six horses . Inside the colonnade would be statues of 30 prominent Revolutionary War heroes as well as statues of the signers of the Declaration of Independence . Criticism of Mills 's design and its estimated price tag of more than $1 million ( in 1848 , equivalent to $20,000,000 in 2016 ) caused the society to hesitate . On April 11 , 1848 the society decided , due to a lack of funds , to build only the obelisk . Mills 's 1848 obelisk was to be 500 feet tall , 55 feet ( 17 m ) square at the base and 35 feet ( 11 m ) square at the top . It had two massive doorways , each 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) high and 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) wide , on the east and west sides of its base . Surrounding each doorway were raised jambs , a heavy pediment , and entablature within which was carved an Egyptian - style winged sun and asps . Some of these details can be seen in the 1860 photograph below at Donations run out , after clicking on the image and viewing the original file at its highest magnification . This original design conformed to a massive temple which was to have surrounded the base of the obelisk , but because it was never built , the architect of the second phase of construction Thomas Lincoln Casey smoothed down the projecting jambs , pediment and entablature in 1885 , walled up the west entrance with marble forming an alcove , and reduced the east entrance to 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) high . The western alcove has contained a bronze statue of Washington since 1992 -- 93 . Also during 1992 -- 93 a limestone surround was installed at the east elevator entrance decorated with a winged sun and asps to mimic Mills 's 1848 design . Construction ( edit ) West side of Jefferson Pier with Washington Monument in background The Washington Monument was originally intended to be located at the point at which a line running directly south from the center of the White House crossed a line running directly west from the center of the Capitol . Pierre ( Peter ) Charles L'Enfant 's 1791 `` Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of the United States ... '' designated this point as the location of the equestrian statue of George Washington that the Continental Congress had voted for in 1783 . The ground at the intended location proved to be too unstable to support a structure as heavy as the planned obelisk , so the monument 's location was moved 390 feet ( 118.87 m ) east - southeast . At that originally intended site there now stands a small monolith called the Jefferson Pier . This offset caused the McMillan Plan to specify that the Lincoln Memorial should be `` placed on the main axis of the Capitol and the Monument '' , about 1 ° south of due west of the Capitol or the monument , not due west of the Capitol or the monument . Excavation and initial construction ( edit ) Construction of the monument began in 1848 with the excavation of the site , the laying of the cornerstone on the prepared bed , and laying the original foundation around and on top of the cornerstone , before the construction of its massive walls began the next year . Even though unpaid slave labor is not explicitly mentioned by Louis Torres or any other source , it would have been needed to augment the small paid labor force of skilled and unskilled workers totaling , for example , only 57 in 1849 , compared to the peak total of 170 paid workers during the second phase of construction ( 1879 -- 1884 ) . Washington Monument Historian John Steele Gordon stated `` I ca n't say for certain , but the stonemasonry was pretty highly skilled , so it 's unlikely that slaves would 've been doing it . The stones were cut by stonecutters , which is highly skilled work ; and the stones were hoisted by means of steam engines , so you 'd need a skilled engineer and foreman for stuff like that . Tending the steam engine , building the cast - iron staircase inside -- that was n't grunt work . '' According to historian Jesse Holland , it is very likely that African - American slaves were among the construction workers , given that slavery prevailed in Washington and its surrounding states at that time , and slaves were commonly used in public and private construction . Gordon 's arguments are valid for the second phase ( 1879 -- 1884 ) when every stone laid required a skilled stonemason . However , Holland 's views are valid for the first phase ( 1848 -- 1854 ) because most of its construction only required unskilled manual labor , assisted only by a steam engine to lift the stones because many weighed several tons each . Only a small number of stones used in the first phase required a skilled stonemason , the marble blocks on the outer surface of the monument ( their inner surfaces were left very rough ) and those gneiss stones that form the rough inner walls of the monument ( all other surfaces of those inner stones within the walls were left jagged ) . The vast majority of all gneiss stones laid during the first phase , those between the outer and inner surfaces of the walls , from very large to very small jagged stones , form a pile of rubble held together by a large amount of mortar . The top surface of this rubble can be seen below at Walls in an 1880 drawing made just before the polished / rough marble and granite stones used in the second phase were laid atop it . The original foundation below the walls was made of layered gneiss rubble , but without the massive stones used within the walls . Most of the gneiss stones used during the first phase were obtained from quarries in the Potomac Valley . Only the marble stones of the first and second phases came from Maryland quarries about 20 miles ( 30 km ) north of downtown Baltimore . On July 4 , 1848 , the Freemasons , an organization to which Washington belonged , laid the cornerstone ( symbolically , not physically ) . According to Joseph R. Chandler : No more Washingtons shall come in our time ... But his virtues are stamped on the heart of mankind . He who is great in the battlefield looks upward to the generalship of Washington . He who grows wise in counsel feels that he is imitating Washington . He who can resign power against the wishes of a people , has in his eye the bright example of Washington . Two years later , on a torrid July 4 , 1850 , George Washington Parke Custis , the adopted son of George Washington and grandson of Martha Washington , dedicated a stone from the people of the District of Columbia to the Monument at a ceremony that President Zachary Taylor attended five days before he died from food poisoning . Donations run out ( edit ) The partially completed monument , photographed by Mathew Brady ; circa 1860 Construction continued until 1854 , when donations ran out and the monument had reached a height of 152 feet ( 46.3 m ) . At that time a memorial stone that was contributed by Pope Pius IX , called the Pope 's Stone , was destroyed by members of the anti-Catholic , nativist American Party , better known as the `` Know - Nothings '' , during the early morning hours of March 6 , 1854 ( a priest replaced it in 1982 ) . This caused public contributions to the Washington National Monument Society to cease , so they appealed to Congress for money . The request had just reached the floor of the House of Representatives when the Know - Nothing Party seized control of the Society on February 22 , 1855 . Congress immediately tabled its expected contribution of $200,000 to the Society , effectively halting the appropriation . During its tenure , the Know - Nothing Society added only two courses of masonry , or four feet , to the monument using rejected masonry it found on site , increasing the height of the shaft to 156 feet . The original Society refused to recognize the illegal takeover , so two Societies existed side by side until 1858 . With the Know - Nothing Party disintegrating and its inability to secure contributions toward building the monument , it surrendered its possession of the monument to the original Society on October 20 , 1858 . To prevent future takeovers , Congress incorporated the Society on February 22 , 1859 . Post -- Civil War ( edit ) Interest in the monument grew after the Civil War . Engineers studied the foundation several times to determine if it was strong enough . In 1876 , the Centennial of the Declaration of Independence , Congress agreed to appropriate another $200,000 to resume construction . Before work could begin again , arguments about the most appropriate design resumed . Many people thought a simple obelisk , one without the colonnade , would be too bare . Architect Mills was reputed to have said omitting the colonnade would make the monument look like `` a stalk of asparagus '' ; another critic said it offered `` little ... to be proud of . '' Monument plans and timeline of construction This attitude led people to submit alternative designs . Both the Washington National Monument Society and Congress held discussions about how the monument should be finished . The society considered five new designs , concluding that the one by William Wetmore Story seemed `` vastly superior in artistic taste and beauty . '' Congress deliberated over those five as well as Mills 's original . While it was deciding , it ordered work on the obelisk to continue . Finally , the members of the society agreed to abandon the colonnade and alter the obelisk so it conformed to classical Egyptian proportions . Resumption ( edit ) Construction resumed in 1879 under the direction of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Lincoln Casey of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Casey redesigned the foundation , strengthening it so it could support a structure that ultimately weighed more than 40,000 tons . The first stone atop the unfinished stump was laid August 7 , 1880 in a small ceremony attended by President Rutherford B. Hayes , Casey and a few others . The president placed a small coin on which he had scratched his initials and the date in the bed of wet cement at the 150 - foot level before the first stone was laid on top of it . Casey found 92 memorial stones ( presented stones ) already inlaid into the interior walls of the first phase of construction . Before construction continued he temporarily removed eight stones at the 150 - foot level so that the walls at that level could be sloped outward , producing thinner second - phase walls . He inserted those stones and most of the remaining memorial stones stored in the lapidarium into the interior walls during 1885 -- 1889 . The bottom third of the monument is a slightly lighter shade than the rest of the construction because the marble was obtained from different quarries . P.H. McLaughlin setting the aluminum apex with Thomas Lincoln Casey ( hands up ) The Washington Monument almost complete around 1884 The building of the monument proceeded quickly after Congress had provided sufficient funding . In four years , it was completed , with the 100 - ounce ( 2.83 kg ) aluminum apex / lightning - rod being put in place on December 6 , 1884 . The apex was the largest single piece of aluminum cast at the time , when aluminum commanded a price comparable to silver . Two years later , the Hall -- Héroult process made aluminum easier to produce and the price of aluminum plummeted , making the once - valuable apex more ordinary , though it still provided a lustrous , non-rusting apex that served as the original lightning rod . The monument opened to the public on October 9 , 1888 . Dedication ( edit ) The Monument was dedicated on February 21 , 1885 . Over 800 people were present on the monument grounds to hear speeches during a frigid day by Ohio Senator John Sherman , the Rev. Henderson Suter , William Wilson Corcoran ( of the Washington National Monument Society ) read by Dr. James C. Welling because Corcoran was unable to attend , Freemason Myron M. Parker , Col. Thomas Lincoln Casey of the Army Corps of Engineers , and President Chester A. Arthur . President Arthur proclaimed : I do now ... in behalf of the people , receive this monument ... and declare it dedicated from this time forth to the immortal name and memory of George Washington . After the speeches Lieutenant - General Philip Sheridan led a procession , which included the dignitaries and the crowd , past the Executive Mansion , now the White House , then via Pennsylvania Avenue to the east main entrance of the Capitol , where President Arthur received passing troops . Then , in the House Chamber , the president , his Cabinet , diplomats and others listened to Representative John Davis Long read a speech written a few months earlier by Robert C. Winthrop , formerly the Speaker of the House of Representatives when the cornerstone was laid 37 years earlier , but now too ill to personally deliver his speech . A final speech was given by John W. Daniel of Virginia . The festivities concluded that evening with fireworks , both aerial and ground displays . Later History ( edit ) Diagram of the Principal High Buildings of the Old World , 1884 . The Washington Monument is the tallest structure represented . At the time of its completion , it was the tallest building in the world , a title it retained until the Eiffel Tower was completed in 1889 . It is the tallest building in Washington , D.C. The Heights of Buildings Act of 1910 restricts new building heights to no more than 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) greater than the width of the adjacent street . This monument is vastly taller than the obelisks around the capitals of Europe and in Egypt and Ethiopia , but ordinary antique obelisks were quarried as a monolithic block of stone , and were therefore seldom taller than approximately 100 feet ( 30 m ) . The Washington Monument attracted enormous crowds before it officially opened . For six months after its dedication , 10,041 people climbed the 898 steps and 50 landings to the top . After the elevator that had been used to raise building materials was altered to carry passengers , the number of visitors grew rapidly , and an average of 55,000 people per month were going to the top by 1888 . The annual visitor count peaked between 1979 and 1997 , where an average of 1.1 million visitors visited annually ; however , from 2005 to 2010 , the Washington Monument has had an average of only 631,000 visitors each year . As with all historic areas administered by the National Park Service , the national memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15 , 1966 . In the early 1900s , material started oozing out between the outer stones of the first construction period below the 150 - foot mark , and was referred to by tourists as `` geological tuberculosis '' . This was caused by the weathering of the cement and rubble filler between the outer and inner walls . As the lower section of the monument was exposed to cold and hot and damp and dry weather conditions , the material dissolved and worked its way through the cracks between the stones of the outer wall , solidifying as it dripped down their outer surface . The monument undergoing restoration in 1999 For ten hours in December 1982 , the Washington Monument and eight tourists were held hostage by a nuclear arms protester , Norman Mayer , claiming to have explosives in a van he drove to the monument 's base . U.S. Park Police shot and killed Mayer . The monument was undamaged in the incident , and it was discovered later that Mayer did not have explosives . After this incident , the surrounding grounds were modified in places to restrict the possible unauthorized approach of motor vehicles . The monument underwent an extensive restoration project between 1998 and 2001 . During this time it was completely covered in scaffolding designed by the American architect Michael Graves ( who was also responsible for the interior changes ) . The project included cleaning , repairing and repointing the monument 's exterior and interior stonework . The stone in publicly accessible interior spaces was encased in glass to prevent vandalism , while new windows with narrower frames were installed ( to increase the viewing space ) . New exhibits celebrating the life of George Washington , and the monument 's place in history , were also added . A temporary interactive visitors center , dubbed the `` Discovery Channel Center '' was also constructed during the project . The center provided a simulated ride to the top of the monument , and shared information with visitors during phases in which the monument was closed . The majority of the project 's phases were completed by summer 2000 , allowing the monument to reopen July 31 , 2000 . The monument temporarily closed again on December 4 , 2000 to allow a new elevator cab to be installed , completing the final phase of the restoration project . The new cab included glass windows , allowing visitors to see some of the 194 memorial stones embedded in the monument 's walls . The installation of the cab took much longer than anticipated , and the monument did not reopen until February 22 , 2002 . The final cost of the restoration project was $10.5 million . On September 7 , 2004 the monument closed for a $15 million renovation , which included numerous security upgrades and redesign of the monument grounds by landscape architect Laurie Olin . The renovations were due partly to security concerns following the September 11 attacks and the start of the War on Terror . The monument reopened April 1 , 2005 , while the surrounding grounds remained closed until the landscape was finished later that summer . 2011 earthquake Damage ( edit ) Crack in a stone at the top of the monument after the 2011 Virginia earthquake Repairs on the Washington Monument in 2013 On August 23 , 2011 , the Washington Monument sustained damage during the 5.8 magnitude 2011 Virginia earthquake ; over 150 cracks were found in the monument . A National Park Service spokesperson reported that inspectors discovered a crack near the top of the structure , and announced that the monument would be closed indefinitely . A block in the pyramidion also was partially dislodged , and pieces of stone , stone chips , mortar , and paint chips came free of the monument and `` littered '' the interior stairs and observation deck . The Park Service said it was bringing in two structural engineering firms ( Wiss , Janney , Elstner Associates , Inc. and Tipping Mar Associates ) with extensive experience in historic buildings and earthquake - damaged structures to assess the monument . Officials said an examination of the monument 's exterior revealed a `` debris field '' of mortar and pieces of stone around the base of the monument , and several `` substantial '' pieces of stone had fallen inside the memorial . A crack in the central stone of the west face of the pyramidion was 1 inch ( 2.5 cm ) wide and 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) long . Park Service inspectors also discovered that the elevator system had been damaged , and was operating only to the 250 - foot ( 76 m ) level , but was soon repaired . On September 27 , 2011 , Denali National Park ranger Brandon Latham arrived to assist four climbers belonging to a `` difficult access '' team from Wiss , Janney , Elstner Associates . The reason for the inspection was the park agency 's suspicion that there were more cracks on the monument 's upper section not visible from the inside . The agency said it filled the cracks that occurred on August 23 . After Hurricane Irene hit the area on August 27 , water was discovered inside the memorial , leading the Park Service to suspect there was more undiscovered damage . The rappellers used radios to report what they found to engineering experts on the ground . Wiss , Janney , Elstner climber Dave Megerle took three hours to set up the rappelling equipment and set up a barrier around the monument 's lightning rod system atop the pyramidion ; it was the first time the hatch in the pyramidion had been open since 2000 . The external inspection of the monument was completed October 5 , 2011 . In addition to the 4 - foot ( 1.2 m ) long west crack , the inspection found several corner cracks and surface spalls ( pieces of stone broken loose ) at or near the top of the monument , and more loss of joint mortar lower down the monument . The full report was issued December 2011 . Bob Vogel , Superintendent of the National Mall and Memorial Parks , emphasized that the monument was not in danger of collapse . `` It 's structurally sound and not going anywhere '' , he told the national media at a press conference on September 26 , 2011 . More than $200,000 was spent between August 24 and September 26 inspecting the structure . The National Park Service said that it would soon begin sealing the exterior cracks on the monument to protect it from rain and snow . On July 9 , 2012 , the National Park Service announced that the monument would be closed for repairs until 2014 . The National Park Service hired construction management firm Hill International in conjunction with joint - venture partner Louis Berger Group to provide coordination between the designer , Wiss , Janney , and Elstner Associates , the general contractor Perini , and numerous stakeholders . NPS said a portion of the plaza at the base of the monument would be removed and scaffolding constructed around the exterior . In July 2013 , lighting was added to the scaffolding . Some stone pieces saved during the 2011 inspection will be refastened to the monument , while `` Dutchman patches '' will be used in other places . Several of the stone lips that help hold the pyramidion 's 2,000 - pound ( 910 kg ) exterior slabs in place were also damaged , so engineers will install metal brackets to more securely fasten them to the monument . The National Park Service reopened the Washington Monument to visitors on May 12 , 2014 , eight days ahead of schedule . Repairs to the monument cost US $ 15,000,000 , with taxpayers funding $7.5 million of the cost and David Rubenstein funding the other $7.5 million . At the reopening Interior Secretary Sally Jewell , Today show weatherman Al Roker , and American Idol Season 12 winner Candice Glover were present . The monument continues to be plagued by problems since the earthquake , including in January 2017 when the lights illuminating it went out . The monument was closed again in September 2016 due to reliability issues with the elevator system . On December 2 , 2016 , the National Park Service announced that the monument would be closed until 2019 in order to modernize the elevator . The $2 to 3 million project will correct the elevator 's ongoing mechanical , electrical and computer issues , which have shuttered the monument since August 17 . The National Park Service has also requested funding in its FY 2017 President 's Budget Request to construct a permanent screening facility for the Washington Monument . Components ( edit ) Cornerstone ( edit ) The cornerstone was laid with great ceremony at the northeast corner of the lowest course or step of the old foundation on July 4 , 1848 . Robert Mills , the architect of the monument , stated in September 1848 , `` The foundations are now brought up nearly to the surface of the ground ; the second step being nearly completed , which covers up the corner stone . '' Therefore , the cornerstone was laid below the 1848 ground level . In 1880 , the ground level was raised 17 feet ( 5.2 m ) to the base of the shaft by the addition of a 30 - foot ( 9.1 m ) wide earthen embankment encircling the reinforced foundation , widened another 30 feet in 1881 , and then the knoll was constructed in 1887 -- 88 . If the cornerstone was not moved during the strengthening of the foundation in 1879 -- 80 , its upper surface would now be 21 feet ( 6.4 m ) below the pavement just outside the northeast corner of the shaft . It would now be sandwiched between the concrete slab under the old foundation and the concrete buttress completely encircling what remains of the old foundation . During the strengthening process , about half by volume of the periphery of the lowest seven of eight courses or steps of the old foundation ( gneiss rubble ) was removed to provide good footing for the buttress . Although a few diagrams , pictures and descriptions of this process exist , the fate of the cornerstone is not mentioned . The cornerstone was a 24,500 - pound ( 11,100 kg ) marble block 2.5 feet ( 0.76 m ) high and 6.5 feet ( 2.0 m ) square with a large hole for a zinc case filled with memorabilia . The hole was covered by a copper plate inscribed with the date of the Declaration of Independence ( July 4 , 1776 ) , the date the cornerstone was laid ( July 4 , 1848 ) , and the names of the managers of the Washington National Monument Society . The memorabilia in the zinc case included items associated with the monument , the city of Washington , the national government , state governments , benevolent societies , and George Washington , plus miscellaneous publications , both governmental and commercial , a coin set , and a Bible , totaling 73 items or collections of items , as well as 71 newspapers containing articles relating to George Washington or the monument . The ceremony began with a parade of dignitaries in carriages , marching troops , fire companies , and benevolent societies . A long oration was delivered by the Speaker of the House of Representatives Robert C. Winthrop . Then , the cornerstone was pronounced sound after a Masonic ceremony using George Washington 's Masonic gavel , apron and sash , as well as other Masonic symbols . In attendance were President James K. Polk and other federal , state and local government officials , Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton , Mrs. Dolley Madison , Mrs. John Quincy Adams , and George Washington Parke Custis , among 15,000 to 20,000 others , including a bald eagle . The ceremony ended with fireworks that evening . Memorial stones ( edit ) Memorial stone from Utah representing the former provisional State of Deseret States , cities , foreign countries , benevolent societies , other organizations , and individuals have contributed 194 memorial stones , all inserted into the east and west interior walls above stair landings or levels for easy viewing , except one on the south interior wall between stairs that is difficult to view . The sources disagree on the number of stones for two reasons : whether one or both `` height stones '' are included , and stones not yet on display at the time of a source 's publication can not be included . The `` height stones '' refer to two stones that indicate height : during the first phase of construction a stone with an inscription that includes the phrase `` from the foundation to this height 100 feet '' was installed just below the 80 -- 90 - foot stairway and high above the 60 -- 70 - foot stairway ; during the second phase of construction a stone with a horizontal line and the phrase `` top of statue on Capitol '' was installed on the 330 - foot level . The Historic Structure Report ( HSR , 2004 ) named 194 `` memorial stones '' by level , including both height stones . Jacob ( 2005 ) described in detail and pictured 193 `` commemorative stones '' , including the 100 - foot stone but not the Capitol stone . The Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS , 1994 ) showed the location of 193 `` memorial stones '' , but did not describe or name any . HABS showed both height stones , but did not show one stone not yet installed in 1994 . Olszewski ( 1971 ) named 190 `` memorial stones '' by level , including the Capitol stone but not the 100 - foot stone . Olszewski did not include three stones not yet installed in 1971 . Of 194 stones , 95 are marble , 41 are granite , 30 are limestone , 9 are sandstone , with 19 miscellaneous types , including combinations of the aforesaid and those whose materials are not identified . Unusual materials include native copper ( Michigan ) , pipestone ( Minnesota ) , petrified wood ( Arizona ) , and jadeite ( Alaska ) . The stones vary in size from about 1.5 feet ( 0.46 m ) square ( Carthage ) to about 6 by 8 feet ( 1.8 m × 2.4 m ) ( Philadelphia and New York City ) . Utah contributed one stone as a territory and another as a state , both with inscriptions that include its pre-territorial name , Deseret , both located on the 220 - foot level . A stone at the 240 - foot level of the monument is inscribed in Welsh : Fy Iaith , Fy Ngwlad , Fy Nghenedl , Cymry am byth ( Our language , our country , our birthplace , Wales forever ) . The stone , imported from Wales , was donated by Welsh citizens of New York . Two other stones were presented by the Sunday Schools of the Methodist Episcopal Church in New York and the Sabbath School children of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia -- the former quotes from the Bible verse Proverbs 10 : 7 , `` The memory of the just is blessed '' . Another inscription , this one sent by the Ottoman government , combines the works of two eminent calligraphers : an imperial tughra by Mustafa Rakım 's student Haşim Efendi , and an inscription in jalī ta'līq script by Kadıasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi , the calligrapher who wrote the giant medallions at Hagia Sophia in Istanbul . One stone was donated by the Ryukyu Kingdom and brought back by Commodore Matthew C. Perry , but never arrived in Washington ( it was replaced in 1989 ) . Many of the stones donated for the monument carried inscriptions which did not commemorate George Washington . For example , one from the Templars of Honor and Temperance stated `` We will not make , buy , sell , or use as a beverage , any spiritous or malt liquors , Wine , Cider , or any other Alcoholic Liquor . '' ( George Washington himself had owned a whiskey distillery which operated at Mount Vernon after he left the presidency . ) Aluminum apex ( edit ) Aluminum apex showing inscriptions on its east ( left ) and north ( right ) faces . Lightning rods not shown . The aluminum apex , at the time a rare metal as valuable as silver , was cast by William Frishmuth of Philadelphia . At the time of casting , it was the largest piece of aluminum in the world . Before the installation it was put on public display at Tiffany 's in New York City and stepped over by visitors who could say they had `` stepped over the top of the Washington Monument '' . It was 8.9 inches ( 23 cm ) tall before ⁄ inch ( 1 cm ) was removed from its tip by lightning strikes during 1885 -- 1934 , when it was protected from further damage by tall lightning rods surrounding it . Its base is 5.6 inches ( 14 cm ) square . The angle between opposite sides at its tip is 34 ° 48 ' . It weighed 100 ounces ( 2.83 kg ) before lightning strikes removed a small amount of aluminum from its tip and sides . Spectral analysis in 1934 showed that it was composed of 97.87 % aluminum with the rest impurities . It has a shallow depression in its base to match a slightly raised area atop the small upper surface of the marble capstone , which aligns the sides of the apex with those of the capstone , and the downward protruding lip around that area prevents water from entering the joint . It has a large hole in the center of its base to receive a threaded 1.5 - inch ( 3.8 cm ) diameter copper rod which attaches it to the monument and used to form part of the lightning protection system . The four faces of the external aluminum apex all bear inscriptions in cursive writing ( Snell Round hand ) , which are incised into the aluminum . The apex was inscribed on site after it was delivered . Most inscriptions are the original 1884 inscriptions , except for the top three lines on the east face which were added in 1934 . A wide gold - plated copper band that held eight lightning rods covered most of the inscriptions from 1885 until it was removed and discarded in 2013 . The inscriptions that it covered were damaged and are now illegible . Only the top four and bottom two lines of the north face , the first and last lines of the west face , the top four lines of the south face , and the top three lines of the east face are still legible . Even though the inscriptions are no longer covered , no attempt was made to repair them when the apex was accessible in 2013 . The following table shows legible inscriptions in blue and illegible inscriptions in red . No colors appear on the actual apex . The inscriptions occupy the lower portions of triangles , thus the inscribed upper lines are necessarily shorter than some lower lines . North face West face South face East face Joint Commission at Setting of Cap Stone . -- -- -- -- -- Chester A. Arthur . W.W. Corcoran , Chairman . M.E. Bell . Edward Clark . John Newton . Act of August 2 , 1876 . Corner Stone Laid on Bed of Foundation July 4 , 1848 . First Stone at Height of 152 feet laid August 7 , 1880 . Capstone set December 6 , 1884 . Chief Engineer and Architect , Thos . Lincoln Casey , Colonel , Corps of Engineers . Assistants : George W. Davis , Captain , 14th Infantry . Bernard R. Green , Civil Engineer . Master Mechanic , P.H. McLaughlin . Repaired 1934 , National Park Service , Department of the Interior . Laus Deo . Although most printed sources , Harvey ( 1903 ) , Olszewski ( 1971 ) , Torres ( 1984 ) , and the Historic Structure Report ( 2004 ) , refer to the original 1884 inscriptions , the National Geodetic Survey ( 2015 ) refers to both the 1884 and 1934 inscriptions . All sources print them according to their own editorial rules , resulting in excessive capitalization ( Harvey , Olszewski , and NGS ) and inappropriate line breaks . No printed source uses cursive writing , although pictures of the apex clearly show that it was used for both the 1884 and 1934 inscriptions . A replica displayed on the 490 - foot level uses totally different line breaks than those on the external apex -- it also omits the 1934 inscriptions . In October 2007 , it was discovered that the display of this replica was positioned so that the Laus Deo ( Latin for `` praise be to God '' ) inscription could not be seen and Laus Deo was omitted from the placard describing the apex . The National Park Service rectified the omission by creating a new display . Lightning protection ( edit ) The pyramidion , the pointed top 55 feet ( 17 m ) of the monument , was originally designed with an 8.9 - inch ( 23 cm ) tall inscribed aluminum apex which served as a single lightning rod , installed December 6 , 1884 . Six months later on June 5 , 1885 lightning damaged the marble blocks of the pyramidion , so a net of gold - plated copper rods supporting 200 3 - inch ( 7.6 cm ) gold - plated , platinum - tipped copper points spaced every 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) was installed over the entire pyramidion . The original net included a gold - plated copper band attached to the aluminum apex by four large set screws which supported eight closely spaced vertical points that did not protrude above the apex . In 1934 these eight short points were lengthened to extend them above the apex by 6 inches ( 15 cm ) . In 2013 this original system was removed and discarded . It was replaced by only two thick solid aluminum lightning rods protruding above the tip of the apex by about one foot ( 0.3 m ) attached to the east and west sides of the marble capstone just below the apex . Until it was removed , the original lightning protection system was connected to the tops of the four iron columns supporting the elevator with large copper rods . Even though the aluminum apex is still connected to the columns with large copper rods , it is no longer part of the lightning protection system because it is now disconnected from the present lightning rods which shield it . The two lightning rods present since 2013 are connected to the iron columns with two large braided aluminum cables leading down the surface of the pyramidion near its southeast and northwest corners . They enter the pyramidion at its base , where they are tied together ( electrically shorted ) via large braided aluminum cables encircling the pyramidion two feet ( 0.6 m ) above its base . The bottom of the iron columns are connected to ground water below the monument via four large copper rods that pass through a 2 - foot ( 0.6 m ) square well half filled with sand in the center of the foundation . The effectiveness of the lightning protection system has not been affected by a significant draw down of the water table since 1884 because the soil 's water content remains roughly 20 % both above and below the height of the water table . Walls ( edit ) Cross section of rubble in shaft at 150 feet and typical of rubble below 150 feet During the first phase of construction ( 1848 -- 1854 ) , the walls were built with bluestone gneiss rubble , ranging from very large irregular stones having a cross section of about 5 by 10 feet ( 1.5 m × 3.0 m ) down to spalls ( broken pieces of stone ) all embedded in a large amount of mortar . The outer surface is marble stones 14 to 18 inches ( 36 -- 46 cm ) thick in 2 - foot ( 61 cm ) high courses or rows horizontally encircling the monument . Although each course contains both stretchers ( stones parallel to the wall ) and headers ( stones projecting into the wall ) , about two to three times as many stretchers as headers were used . Their joints were so thin that some stones pressed on bare stone below them , breaking off many pieces since it was constructed . The batter or slope of the outer surface is 0.247 inches per foot ( 2.06 cm / m , 1 ° 11 ' ) . The inner surface has disorderly rows of smaller roughly dressed bluestone gneiss . The base of the first phase walls has an outer dimension of 55 feet 1 ⁄ inches ( 16.80 m ) square and a thickness of 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) . The interior well is 25 feet 1 inch ( 7.65 m ) square and has square corners . The weight of the first phase walls up to 150 feet ( 45.7 m ) is 22,373 long tons ( 25,058 short tons ; 22,732 tonnes ) . During the second phase ( 1879 -- 1884 ) , the walls were constructed of smoothly dressed ( ashlar ) large marble and granite blocks ( rectangular cuboids ) laid down in an orderly manner ( Flemish bond ) with thick joints . Two - foot high marble surface stones , using an equal number of stretchers and headers , were backed by granite blocks from the 152 - foot level ( the first course above the rubble ) to the 218 - foot level , where marble headers become increasingly visible on the internal surface of the walls up to the 450 - foot level , above which only marble stones are used . Between the 150 - and 160 - foot levels the inner walls rapidly slope outward , increasing the shaft well from 25 feet 1 inch square to 31 feet 5 ⁄ inches ( 9.59 m ) square with a corresponding decrease in the thickness of the walls and their weight . The second phase walls at the 160 - foot level were 8 feet 7 ⁄ inches ( 2.63 m ) thick , which , combined with the larger shaft well , yields an outer dimension of 48 feet 8 ⁄ inches ( 14.85 m ) square at that level . The top of the second phase walls are 34 feet 5 ⁄ inches ( 10.50 m ) square and 1 foot 6 inches ( 46 cm ) thick . The second phase interior walls have rounded corners ( 2 - foot ( 0.61 m ) radii ) . The weight of the second phase walls ( from 150 feet to 500 feet ) are 21,260 long tons ( 23,810 short tons ; 21,600 tonnes ) . The walls of the entire shaft ( combined first and second phases ) are 500 feet 5 ⁄ inches ( 152.530 m ) high . The first phase of the walls was constructed under the direction of William Dougherty . Its white marble exterior came from the Texas quarry now adjacent to and east of north I - 83 near the Warren Road exit in Cockeysville , Maryland . The quarry was named for the Texas Station ( no longer extant ) and 19th - century town on the Northern Central Railway . During the first phase it was operated by Thomas Symington , but is now operated by LafargeHolcim and no longer produces building stone . The second phase of construction was under the direction of Lt Col / Col Thomas Lincoln Casey of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , who removed two defective courses added by the Know - Nothings and the last 152 - foot course added by Dougherty before Casey began his construction . The next three courses of white marble ( 152 -- 156 feet ( 46 -- 48 m ) ) came from Sheffield , Massachusetts , while all courses above them came from the Beaver Dam quarry just west of the 19th - century town of Cockeysville . The latter quarry is located on Beaver Dam Road near its intersection with McCormick Road . During the second phase the quarry was operated by Hugh Sisson , but is now flooded , is called Beaverdam Pond , and is the home of the Beaver Dam Swimming Club . Both 19th - century towns are now within the city limits of Cockeysville . Pyramidion ( edit ) Rib structure of pyramidion with letter designations for courses The marble capstone of the pyramidion is a truncated pyramid with a cubical keystone projecting from its base and a deep groove surrounding the keystone . The aluminum apex replaces its truncated top . The inside upper edges of the topmost slabs on the four faces of the pyramidion rest on the keystone and in the groove . It has a large vertical hole through which a 1.5 - inch ( 3.8 cm ) threaded copper rod passes and screws into the base of the apex , which used to form part of its lightning protection system . The keystone and groove occupy so much of its base that only a small horizontal area near its outer edge remains . The weight of the capstone is transferred to both the inner and outer portions of the shiplap upper edges of the slabs . It weighs 3,300 pounds ( 1,500 kg ) , is 5 feet 2 inches ( 157 cm ) high from its base to its top , and is 3 feet ( 91 cm ) square at its base . The marble pyramidion has an extremely complex construction to save weight yet remain strong . Its surface slabs or panels are usually only 7 inches ( 18 cm ) thick ( with small thick and thin portions ) and generally do not support the weight of slabs above them , instead transferring their own weight via 1 - foot ( 30 cm ) wide internal marble ribs to the shaft 's walls . The slabs are generally 7 feet ( 213 cm ) wide and 4 feet 4 inches ( 132 cm ) high with a 2 - inch ( 5 cm ) vertical overlap ( shiplap ) to prevent water from entering the horizontal joints . Twelve such courses , the internal ribs , the marble capstone , and the aluminum apex comprise the pyramidion . Its height is 55 feet 0 inches ( 16.76 m ) . Its weight is 300 long tons ( 336 short tons ; 305 tonnes ) . The slope of the walls of the pyramidion is 17 ° 24 ' from the vertical . There are twelve ribs , three per wall , which spring from the 470 - foot ( 143.3 m ) level , all being integrated into the walls up to the 500 - foot ( 152.4 m ) level . All are free standing above 500 feet , relying on mortise and tenon joints to attach neighboring stones . The eight corner ribs terminate six courses above the shaft , each corner rib resting on its neighboring corner rib via a miter joint , forming four corner arches . Each such arch supports a pair of square corner stones , one above the other totaling one course in height . Each corner rib is linked to the nearest center rib at the sixth course via a marble tie beam . The four center ribs terminate eight courses above the shaft at a marble cruciform ( cross shaped ) keystone , forming two main arches that cross each other . Two stones , each one course high , are mounted on each of the four ribs , supporting two additional courses above the cruciform keystone , leaving two courses to support the capstone 's weight by themselves . The observation floor ( nominally the 500 - foot level ) is 499 feet 4 ⁄ inches ( 152.21 m ) above the entry lobby floor or lowest landing level . It is 1 ⁄ inches ( 3.2 cm ) above the marble base of the pyramidion and the top of the shaft walls . Four pairs of 3 - foot ( 91 cm ) wide observation windows are provided , spaced 4 feet ( 122 cm ) apart , inner stone edge to edge , all just above the lowest course of slabs ( 504 - foot level ) . Six are 1 foot 6 inches ( 46 cm ) high while two on the east face are 2 feet ( 61 cm ) high for easier egress . All were originally provided with thin marble shutters in a bronze frame each of which could be opened inward , one left and the other right per wall . After two people committed suicide by jumping through the open windows in the 1920s , hinged horizontal iron bars were added to them in 1929 . A ninth opening in a slab on the south face just below the capstone is provided for access to the outside of the pyramidion . It is covered by a stone slab which is internally removable . In 1931 , four red aircraft warning lights were installed , one per face in one of its observation windows . Pilots complained that they could not be easily seen , so the monument was floodlit on all sides as well . In 1958 , eight 14 - inch ( 36 cm ) diameter holes for new red aircraft warning lights were bored , one above each window near the top edge of the fourth course of slabs ( 516 - foot level ) in the pyramidion . In 1958 the observation windows were glazed with shatterproof glass . In 1974 -- 1976 , they were glazed with bulletproof glass and the shutters removed . New bulletproof glass was installed during 1997 -- 2000 . The pyramidion has two inscriptions , neither of which is regarded as a memorial stone . One is the year `` 1884 '' on the underside of the cruciform keystone ; the other is at the same level as that keystone on the north face of the west center rib containing the names and titles of the four highest ranked builders . Its inscription ( `` Chief Engineer ... '' ) is almost identical to the inscription on the south face of the aluminum apex except for `` U.S. '' , which is part of the phrase `` 14th U.S. Infantry '' in the inscription inside the pyramidion , but the apex has only `` 14th Infantry '' . Additionally , the internal inscription does not use cursive writing and all letters in all names are capitals . Foundation ( edit ) Cross section of foundation , both old and reinforced , showing dimensions The first phase began with the excavation of about 7 feet 8 inches ( 2.3 m ) of topsoil down to a level of loam , consisting of equal parts of sand and clay , hard enough to require picks to break it up . On this `` bed of the foundation '' the cornerstone was laid at the northeast corner of the proposed foundation . The rest of the foundation was then constructed of bluestone gneiss rubble and spalls , with every crevice filled with lime mortar . The dimensions of this old foundation were 23 feet 4 inches ( 7.1 m ) high , 80 feet ( 24.4 m ) square at the base , and 58 feet 6 inches ( 17.8 m ) square at the top , laid down in eight steps , similar to a truncated step pyramid . At the center of the foundation a brick - lined 2 - foot ( 60 cm ) square well was dug to a depth of 20 feet ( 6 m ) below the bed of the foundation to keep it dry and to supply water during construction . During the second phase , after determining that the proposed weight of the monument was too great for the old foundation to safely bear , the thickness of the walls atop the unfinished stump was reduced and the foundation was strengthened by adding a large unreinforced concrete slab below the perimeter of the old foundation to increase the monument 's load bearing area two and one half times . The slab was 13 feet 6 inches ( 4.1 m ) thick , with an outer perimeter 126 feet 5 ⁄ inches ( 38.54 m ) square , an inner perimeter 44 feet ( 13.4 m ) square , with undisturbed loam inside the inner perimeter except for the water well . The area at the base of the second phase foundation is 15,992 square feet ( 1,485.7 m ) . The strengthened foundation ( old foundation and concrete slab ) has a total depth of 36 feet 10 inches ( 11.2 m ) below the bottom of the lowest course of marble blocks ( now below ground ) , and 38 feet ( 11.6 m ) below the entry lobby floor . Casey reported that nowhere did the load exceed 9 long tons per square foot ( 140 psi ; 970 kPa ) and did not exceed 3 long tons per square foot ( 47 psi ; 320 kPa ) near the outer perimeter . To properly distribute the load from the shaft to slab , about half by volume of the outer periphery of the old rubble foundation below its top step was removed . A continuous sloping unreinforced concrete buttress encircles what remains . The buttress is 100 feet 4 inches ( 30.6 m ) square at its base , 64 feet 6 inches ( 19.7 m ) square at its top , and 20 feet 5 inches ( 6.2 m ) high . The perimeter of the original top step of the old rubble foundation rests on the larger top of the concrete buttress . Its slope ( lower external angle from the vertical ) is 49 ° . This buttress rests in a depression ( triangular cross-section ) on the top surface of the concrete slab . The slab was constructed by digging pairs of 4 - foot ( 1.2 m ) wide drifts on opposite sides of the monument 's center line to keep the monument properly balanced . The drifts were filled with unreinforced concrete with depressions or dowel stones on their sides to interlock the sections . An earthen terrace 60 feet ( 18 m ) wide with its top at the base of the walls and steep sides was constructed in 1880 -- 81 over the reinforced foundation while the rest of the monument was being constructed . During 1887 -- 88 , a knoll was constructed around the terrace tapering out roughly 300 feet ( 90 m ) onto the surrounding terrain . This earthen terrace and knoll serves as an additional buttress for the foundation . The weight of the foundation is 36,912 long tons ( 41,341 short tons ; 37,504 tonnes ) , including earth and gneiss rubble above the concrete foundation that is within its outer perimeter . Stairs and elevator ( edit ) North interior wall with its stairs and their wire screening . The monument is filled with ironwork , consisting of its stairs , elevator columns and associated tie beams , none of which supports the weight of the stonework . It was redesigned in 1958 to reduce congestion and improve the flow of visitors . Originally , visitors entered and exited the west side of the elevator on the observation floor , causing congestion . So the large landing at the 490 - foot level was expanded to a full floor and the original spiral stair in the northeast corner between the 490 - and 500 - foot levels was replaced by two spiral stairs in the northeast and southeast corners . Now visitors exit the elevator on the observation floor , then walk down either spiral stair before reboarding the elevator for their trip back down . The main stairs spiral up the interior walls from the entry lobby floor to the elevator reboarding floor at the 490 - foot level . The elevator occupies the center of the shaft well from the entry lobby to the observation floor , with an elevator machine room ( installed 1925 -- 26 ) whose floor is 18 feet 10 inches ( 5.7 m ) above the observation floor and an elevator pit ( excavated 1879 ) whose floor is 9 feet ( 2.74 m ) below the entry lobby floor . The stairs and elevator are supported by four wrought iron columns each . The four supporting the stairs extend from the entry lobby floor to the observation floor and were set at the corners of a 15 - foot - 8 - inch ( 4.78 m ) square . The four supporting the elevator extend from the floor of the elevator pit to 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) above the observation floor and were set at the corners of a 9 - foot - 9 ⁄ - inch ( 2.98 m ) square . The weight of the ironwork is 275 long tons ( 308 short tons ; 279 tonnes ) . Cast iron , wrought iron , and steel were all used . The two small spiral stairs installed in 1958 are aluminum . Most landings occupy the entire east and west interior walls every 10 feet from and including the east landing at the 30 - foot level up to the west landing at the 480 - foot level , east then west alternately . Three stairs with small landings rise from the entry lobby floor to the 30 - foot level successively along the north , west and south interior walls . Landings from the 30 - foot level up to the 150 - foot level are 3 feet 2 ⁄ inches ( 0.97 m ) by 25 feet 1 inch ( 7.65 m ) , while landings from the 160 - foot level to the 480 - foot level are 7 feet 10 ⁄ inches ( 2.41 m ) by 31 feet 5 ⁄ inches ( 9.59 m ) . All stairs are on the north and south walls except for the aforementioned west stair between the 10 - and 20 - foot levels , and the two spiral stairs . About one fourth of visitors chose to ascend the monument using the stairs when they were available . They were closed to up traffic in 1971 , and then closed to all traffic except by special arrangement in 1976 . The stairs had 898 steps until 1958 , consisting of 18 risers in each of the 49 main stairs plus 16 risers in the spiral stair . Since 1958 the stairs have had 897 risers if only one spiral stair is counted because both spiral stairs now have 15 risers each . These figures do not include two additional steps in the entry passage that were covered up in 1975 by a ramp and its inward horizontal extension to meet the higher ( since 1886 ) entry lobby floor . One step was 3.2 feet ( 1 m ) away from the outer walls and the other was at the end of the passage , 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) away from the outer walls . As initially constructed , the interior was relatively open with two - rail handrails , but a couple of suicides and an accidental fall prompted the addition of tall wire screening ( 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) high with a large diamond mesh ) on the inside edge of the stairs and landings in 1929 . The original steam powered elevator , which took 10 to 12 minutes to ascend to the observation floor , was replaced by an electric elevator powered by an on - site dynamo in 1901 which took five minutes to ascend . The monument was connected to the electrical grid in 1923 , allowing the installation of a modern electric elevator in 1925 -- 26 which took 70 seconds . The latter was replaced in 1958 and again in 1998 by 70 - second elevators . During 1997 -- 2000 , the wire screening at three platforms was replaced by large glass panels to allow visitors on the elevator to view three clusters of memorial stones that were synchronously lit as the elevator automatically slowed as it passed them during its descent . Flags ( edit ) Overhead view showing all 50 American flags . Fifty American flags ( not state flags ) , one for each state , are now flown 24 hours a day around a large circle centered on the monument . Forty eight American flags ( one for each state then in existence ) were flown on wooden flag poles on Washington 's birthday since 1920 and later on Independence Day , Memorial Day , and other special occasions until early 1958 . Both the flags and flag poles were removed and stored between these days . In 1958 fifty 25 - foot ( 7.6 m ) tall aluminum flag poles ( anticipating Alaska and Hawaii ) were installed , evenly spaced around a 260 - foot ( 79 m ) diameter circle . During 2004 -- 05 , the diameter of the circle was reduced to 240 feet ( 73 m ) . Since Washington 's birthday 1958 , 48 American flags were flown on a daily basis , increasing to 49 flags on July 4 , 1959 , and then to 50 flags since July 4 , 1960 . When 48 and 49 flags were flown , only 48 and 49 flag poles of the available 50 were placed into base receptacles . All flags were removed and stored overnight . Since July 4 , 1971 , 50 American flags have flown 24 hours a day . Vesica piscis ( edit ) In the 2004 grounds renovation , two large circles were added to the landscaping with the obelisk in the intersection or vesica piscis . The monument 's vesica piscis is not ideal because neither circle passes through the center of its neighbor . Furthermore , both `` circles '' are slightly elliptical . Miscellaneous details ( edit ) The total cost of the monument from 1848 to 1888 was $1,409,500 ( equivalent to $30,000,000 in 2016 ) . The weight of the above ground portion of the monument is 44,208 long tons ( 49,513 short tons ; 44,917 tonnes ) , whereas its total weight , including the foundation below ground and any earth above it that is within its outer perimeter is 81,120 long tons ( 90,854 short tons ; 82,422 tonnes ) . The total number of blocks in the monument , including all marble , granite and gneiss blocks , whether externally or internally visible or hidden from view within the walls or old foundation is over 36,000 . The number of marble blocks externally visible is about 10,000 . The monument stands 554 feet 7 ⁄ inches ( 169.046 m ) tall according to the National Geodetic Survey ( measured 2013 -- 14 ) or 555 feet 5 ⁄ inches ( 169.294 m ) tall according to the National Park Service ( measured 1884 ) . In 1975 , a ramp covered two steps at the entrance to the monument , so the ground next to the ramp was raised to match its height , reducing the remaining height to the monument 's apex . It is both the world 's tallest stone structure and the world 's tallest obelisk . It is the tallest monumental column in the world if all are measured above their pedestrian entrances , but two are taller when measured above ground , though they are neither all stone nor true obelisks . The tallest masonry structure in the world is the brick Anaconda Smelter Stack in Montana at 585 feet 1 ⁄ inches ( 178.35 m ) tall . But this includes a 30 - foot ( 9.14 m ) non-masonry concrete foundation , leaving the stack 's brick chimney at 555 feet 1 ⁄ inches ( 169.20 m ) tall , only about 6 inches ( 15 cm ) taller than the monument 's 2015 height . If the monument 's aluminum apex is also discounted , then the stack 's masonry portion is 15 inches ( 38 cm ) taller than the monument 's masonry portion . Security ( edit ) A low - profile ha - ha wall surrounds the monument In 2001 , a temporary visitor security screening center was added to the east entrance of the Washington Monument in the wake of the September 11 attacks . The one - story facility was designed to reduce the ability of a terrorist attack on the interior of the monument , or an attempt to seize and hold it . Visitors obtained their timed - entry tickets from the Monument Lodge east of the memorial , and passed through metal detectors and bomb - sniffing sensors prior to entering the monument . After exiting the monument , they passed through a turnstile to prevent them from re-entering . This facility , a one - story cube of wood around a metal frame , was intended to be temporary until a new screening facility could be designed . On March 6 , 2014 , the National Capital Planning Commission approved a new visitor screening facility to replace the temporary one . The 785 - square - foot ( 72.9 m ) facility will be two stories high and contain space for screening 20 to 25 visitors at a time . The exterior walls ( which will be slightly frosted to prevent viewing of the security screening process ) will consist of an outer sheet of bulletproof glass or polycarbonate , a metal mesh insert , and another sheet of bulletproof glass . The inner sheet will consist of two sheets ( slightly separated ) of laminated glass . A 0.5 - inch ( 1.3 cm ) airspace will exist between the inner and outer glass walls to help insulate the facility . Two ( possibly three ) geothermal heat pumps will be built on the north side of the monument to provide heating and cooling of the facility . The new facility will also provide an office for National Park Service and United States Park Police staff . The structure is designed so that it may be removed without damaging the monument . The United States Commission of Fine Arts approved the aesthetic design of the screening facility in June 2013 . A recessed trench wall known as a ha - ha has been built to minimize the visual impact of a security barrier surrounding the monument . After the September 11 attacks and another unrelated terror threat at the monument , authorities had put up a circle of temporary Jersey barriers to prevent large motor vehicles from approaching . The unsightly barrier was replaced by a less - obtrusive low 30 - inch ( 0.76 m ) granite stone wall that doubles as a seating bench and also incorporates lighting . The installation received the 2005 Park / Landscape Award of Merit from the American Society of Landscape Architects . Transit ( edit ) The Washington Monument is served by the Smithsonian metro station . See also ( edit ) Washington , D.C. portal Architecture portal List of public art in Washington , D.C. , Ward 2 List of tallest freestanding structures in the world List of tallest towers in the world Yule Marble Tuckahoe Marble Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Several heights have been specified , all of which exclude the foundation whose top is 15 feet 8 inches ( 4.78 m ) above the pre-construction ground level . The foundation is surrounded by a grassy knoll which effectively places the foundation below ground level . This knoll serves as a buttress for the foundation . 554 feet 7 ⁄ inches ( 169.046 m ) according to the National Geodetic Survey ( NGS ) using the criteria of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat ( CTBUH ) , that is , from the `` level of the lowest , significant , open - air , pedestrian entrance '' to the highest point of the building . From among four candidate points suggested by the NGS , the CTBUH chose a point on the entry ramp installed in 1975 where it crosses the outer face of the marble facade of the monument . Measured 2013 -- 14 and reported February 16 , 2015 . This is also its new above ground height because the ground at the shaft was raised in 1975 to match the ramp . The ground surrounding the shaft was replaced by granite pavers during 2004 -- 05 to match the raised ground level and the ramp . This height is 22.0 centimeters ( 8.66 in ) above four `` CASEY marks '' , 2.5 - inch ( 6.4 cm ) diameter brass bolt heads whose shafts are inserted vertically into the topmost level of the foundation just outside the four corners of the monument . These CASEY marks were set flush with the lower surface of the marble blocks . The NGS thinks they were likely used by Col. Thomas Lincoln Casey , the engineer in charge of construction , to determine the traditional height in 1884 . The floor at the elevator is now 13.9 centimeters ( 5.47 in ) above this pedestrian entrance , and 35.9 centimeters ( 14.13 in ) above the CASEY marks . The highest point of the monument is a one millimeter diameter dimple atop the aluminum apex . 555 feet 5 ⁄ inches ( 169.294 m ) according to the National Park Service . Measured and reported in 1884 by Col. Thomas Lincoln Casey , the engineer in charge of construction . It was measured from the top of the foundation ( the lowest marble joint or the door - sills of the two empty doorways ) , which was in place in 1884 . This is the traditional height of the monument that became moot when the pavement or ground next to the monument was raised in 1975 . 554 feet 11 ⁄ inches ( 169.151 m ) according to architectural drawings in the Historic American Buildings Survey ( 1994 ) , pavement at shaft to tip . This height is comparable to the NGS height because it was also determined after the ramp was installed in 1975 . None of these heights include a set of lightning rods surrounding the monument 's aluminum apex . An old set was installed in 1934 , which protruded above its tip by 6 inches ( 15 cm ) . In 2013 a new set of lightning rods was installed which protrude above the apex by about one foot ( 0.3 m ) . ^ Jump up to : Two other monumental columns ( honoring a person or thing ) have heights comparable to that of the Washington Monument , the San Jacinto Monument in Texas and the Juche Tower in North Korea . Which of the three is taller depends on how its height is measured . A traditional method is above a part of the monument comparable to ground level . A more recent method is that used by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat ( CTBUH ) , the arbiter of the height of tall buildings since 1969 . The CTBUH states the height of a building must be measured above the `` level of the lowest , significant , open - air , pedestrian entrance '' . The three CTBUH ( above pedestrian entrance ) heights from tallest to shortest are the Washington Monument , the San Jacinto Monument ( − 2.6 feet ( − 0.79 m ) ) , and the Juche Tower ( − 20 feet ( − 6 m ) ) . The above ground heights of the three monumental columns from tallest to shortest are the San Jacinto Monument ( + 12.70 feet ( 3.871 m ) ) , the Juche Tower ( 3.3 feet ( + 1 m ) ) , and the Washington Monument . Height differences are relative to the height of the Washington Monument . The Washington Monument 's CTBUH ( above pedestrian entrance ) height , 554 feet 7 ⁄ inches ( 169.046 m ) , is the same as its above ground height . The San Jacinto Monument has a surveyed height of 567.31 feet ( 172.916 m ) from its footing to the top of its beacon . However , the architect of the monument , Albert C. Finn , stated , `` San Jacinto ... is actually 552 feet ( 168.2 m ) from the first floor to the top of the beacon '' ... in the `` customary way '' of measuring such things . The `` first floor '' is the CTBUH criterion . A stepped terrace elevates this pedestrian entrance above ground , thus reducing the monument 's remaining height by its thickness , about 15.5 feet ( 4.7 m ) , to the monument 's CTBUH height . The monument is made of reinforced concrete , not stone , although it has a facade of limestone . The Juche Tower has a specified height of 558 feet ( 170 m ) above a very large concrete bus parking lot just east of the tower . A stepped terrace elevates its pedestrian entrance , also on its east side , above this ground level . Its thickness , 23 feet ( 7 m ) , reduces the remaining height of the tower to 535 feet ( 163 m ) , its CTBUH height . The tower is made of reinforced concrete , not stone , although it has a facade of granite . A metal cage holding many panels of red glass in the shape of a flame , internally illuminated at night , surmounting a gold - colored `` fuel chamber '' , occupies its top 66 feet ( 20 m ) . Jump up ^ The base of the obelisk atop the circular pillar was to have been `` 70 feet square '' according to the House report of 1872 and Torres ( 1984 ) , but only `` 50 feet square '' according to Harvey ( 1903 ) . The corners of a 70 - foot square base ( 99 - foot diagonal ) would dangerously overhang a 70 - foot diameter pillar , whereas a 50 - foot square base ( 71 - foot diagonal ) would not . Jump up ^ L'Enfant identified himself as `` Peter Charles L'Enfant '' during most of his life , while residing in the US . He wrote this name on his `` Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t ( he ) United States ... '' and on other legal documents . However , during the early 1900s , a French ambassador to the U.S. , Jean Jules Jusserand , popularized the use of L'Enfant's birth name , `` Pierre Charles L'Enfant '' . The National Park Service identifies L'Enfant as `` Major Peter Charles L'Enfant '' and as `` Major Pierre ( Peter ) Charles L'Enfant '' on pages of its website that describe the Washington Monument . The United States Code states in 40 U.S.C. § 3309 : `` ( a ) In General. -- The purposes of this chapter shall be carried out in the District of Columbia as nearly as may be practicable in harmony with the plan of Peter Charles L'Enfant . '' Jump up ^ The monument is located 370 feet ( 112.78 m ) east of the north -- south White House axis , 123 feet ( 37.49 m ) south of the east -- west Capitol axis , and 7,387.4 feet ( 2,251.68 m ) west of the north -- south Capitol axis . Jump up ^ The park portion of the Mall , including Madison Drive , Jefferson Drive , and four wide gravel boulevards between them east of the monument , and the Reflecting Pool and sidewalks west of the monument , are parallel to the offset Capitol - Monument - Lincoln axis . But the major highways immediately north and south of the Mall , Constitution Avenue and Independence Avenue , are oriented east -- west . This misalignment can be seen on a map of the area . Jump up ^ A `` Dutchman Repair '' `` is a type of partial replacement or ' piecing - in ' '' that `` involves replacing a small area of damaged stone '' with a small piece of natural or imitation stone , `` wedged in place or secured with an adhesive '' , with the joint being `` as narrow as possible to maintain the appearance of a continuous surface . '' Jump up ^ The Carthage stone was the last memorial stone installed in the monument , in 2000 . Jump up ^ Three types of levels exist , one for marble courses in the walls , one for marble courses in the pyramidion , and one for stair landings . The level of a marble course in the walls is named by the height of its upper surface or joint , in multiples of 2 feet ( 61 cm ) , above the lower surface ( zero feet ) of the lowest marble course in the walls ( now below ground ) , which rests on the old foundation and is at the same height as four Casey marks ( the tops of four brass bolts inserted vertically into the top of the old foundation ) . The level of a marble course in the pyramidion is similar to those in the walls except that they are in multiples of 4 feet ( 122 cm ) . The level of a stair landing is named by its height , in multiples of 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) , above the lowest landing , which coincides with the entry lobby floor . The zero - foot height or reference for marble courses in the first phase walls ( which do not extend through the rubble walls ) is 14 ⁄ inches ( 36 cm ) below that for stair landings , but marble levels in the second phase walls ( except for the 500 - foot level ) are only 11 inches ( 28 cm ) below their corresponding stair levels . Jump up ^ Masonry , by definition , includes manufactured brick , natural stone units , and concrete masonry units . Taller stacks or chimneys are made of reinforced concrete . See the list of tallest towers ( designed for regular public access ) , and the list of tallest chimneys ( not designed for regular public access ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Geodetic Survey , `` 2013 -- 2014 Survey of the Washington Monument '' Archived March 3 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2015 . Horizontal coordinates converted from NAD83 ( 2011 ) to WGS84 ( G1674 ) , the required coordinate system for Wikipedia coordinates , via NGS Horizontal Time - Dependent Positioning , epoch 2010.0 including ellipsoidal height . Jump up ^ `` Foundation Statement for the National Mall and Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Park '' ( PDF ) , National Park Service , retrieved May 20 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Wunsch , Aaron V. ( 1994 ) . Historic American Buildings Survey , Washington Monument , HABS DC - 428 ( text ) ( PDF ) . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` CTBUH Criteria for Defining and Measuring Tall Buildings '' . ctbuh.org . Jump up ^ National Geodetic Survey , `` Why does the value obtained in 2014 ... disagree with the 1884 value ... ? '' Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2015 , picture of precise spot used . ^ Jump up to : John Milner Associates , Historic Structure Report : Washington Monument Archived June 20 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2004 ( HSR ) ^ Jump up to : Arzola , Robert R. ; Lockett , Dana L. ; Schara , Mark ; Vazquez , Jose Raul ( 1994 ) . Historic American Buildings Survey , Washington Monument , HABS DC - 428 ( drawings ) . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions about the Washington Monument by the National Park Service '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Thos . Lincoln Casey , `` report of operations upon the Washington Monument for the year ( 1884 ) '' in Letter from William W. Corcoran , Chairman of the Joint Commission for the Completion of the Washington Monument , transmitting the annual report of the Commission , December 19 , 1884 , U.S. Congressional Serial Set , Vol. 2310 , 48th Congress , 2nd Session , House of Representatives Misc . Doc . 8 , p. 5 . Available for free in most large United States libraries in government documents or online . Establish a connection to Readex collections before clicking on link . ^ Jump up to : George J. Binczewski ( 1995 ) . `` The Point of a Monument : A History of the Aluminum Cap of the Washington Monument '' . JOM. 47 ( 11 ) : 20 -- 25 . doi : 10.1007 / bf03221302 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aerial America : Washington D.C. '' . Aerial America . Smithsonian channel . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , John ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Local : The Washington Monument is tall , but is it the tallest ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul Gervais Bell Jr. , `` Monumental Myths '' Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Southwestern Historical Quarterly `` , vol. 103 , 2000 , frontispiece - 14 , pp. 13 - 14 ^ Jump up to : Marking a people 's love , an article from The New York Times published February 22 , 1885 . ^ Jump up to : Louis Torres , `` To the immortal name and memory of George Washington '' : The United States Army Corps of Engineers and the Construction of the Washington Monument Archived June 24 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , ( Washington , D.C. : US Government Printing Office , 1984 ) . ^ Jump up to : Michael D. Hoover , The origins and history of the Washington Monument flag display , 1992 Archived June 20 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : National Park Service and National Capital Planning Commission . `` Visitor Screening Facility , Washington Monument Between 14th and 17th Streets , NW and Constitution Avenue , NW and the Tidal Basin . '' Executive Director 's Recommendation . NCPC File Number 6176 . March 6 , 2014 , pp. 5 , 7 Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Post-Earthquake Assessment '' ( PDF ) . www.nps.gov . National Park Service . December 22 , 2011 . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E. ( November 2002 ) . `` Founding Fathers and Slaveholders '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Paul K. Longmore ( 1999 ) . The Invention of George Washington . Univ. of Virginia Press . p. 207 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1872 - 3 . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sheldon S. Cohen , `` Monuments to Greatness : George Dance , Charles Polhill , and Benjamin West 's Design for a Memorial to George Washington . '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography , April 1991 , Vol. 99 Issue 2 , pp. 187 -- 203 . JSTOR 4249215 ISSN 0042 - 6636 . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kirk Savage , Monument Wars : Washington , D.C. , the National Mall , and the Transformation of the Memorial Landscape ( 2009 ) pp 32 -- 45 Jump up ^ George Cochrane Hazelton , The national capitol : its architecture , art and history ( 1902 ) p. 288 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Washington Monument : Tribute in Stone '' . National Park Service , ParkNet . ^ Jump up to : Olszewski , George J. ( 1971 ) . `` A History of the Washington Monument , 1844 -- 1968 , Washington , D.C. '' Washington , D.C. : National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` The Washington Monument : Tribute in Stone , Reading 3 '' . National Park Service . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Washington National Monument , April 19 , 1872 , U.S. Congressional Serial Set , Vol. 1528 , 42d Congress , 2d Session , House Report 48 . Available for free in most large United States libraries in government documents or online . Establish a connection to Readex collections before clicking on link . ^ Jump up to : Frederick L. Harvey , History of the Washington National Monument and Washington National Monument Society , Congressional Serial Set , volume 4436 , 57th Congress , 2nd session , Senate Doc . 224 , 1903 . This 1903 edition is about three times the size of the 1902 edition , which has the slightly different name History of the Washington National Monument and of the Washington National Monument Society Archived September 3 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... The 1903 edition is available for free in most large United States libraries in government documents or online . Establish a connection to Readex collections before clicking on 1903 link . Jump up ^ Richard G. Carrott , The Egyptian Revival , 1978 , plate 33 ^ Jump up to : ( Thomas Lincoln Casey ) , Letter from the Joint Commission for Completion of the Washington Monument , transmitting their annual report . December 15 , 1885 Congressional Serial Set , volume 2333 , 49th Congress , 1st session , Senate Doc . 6 . Available for free in most large United States libraries in government documents or online . Establish a connection to Readex collections before clicking on link . ^ Jump up to : Peter Charles L'Enfant's `` Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t ( he ) United States ... '' in official website of the U.S. Library of Congress . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Freedom Plaza in downtown Washington , D.C. , contains an inlay of the central portion of L'Enfant's plan and of its legends . Archived July 31 , 2007 , at WebCite Jump up ^ Bowling , Kenneth R ( 2002 ) . Peter Charles L'Enfant : vision , honor , and male friendship in the early American Republic . George Washington University , Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument '' section in `` Washington , D.C. : A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary '' page in official website of U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument '' page in `` American Presidents '' section of official website of U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Letter from Nicholas King , Surveyor of the City to Thomas Jefferson , October 15 , 1804 Survey of Jefferson Pier . 7696.8 feet -- 370 feet + 60.6 feet = 7387.4 feet . Jump up ^ `` Data Sheet Retrieval '' . noaa.gov . Jump up ^ Pfanz , Donald C. , National Park Service , National Capital Region ( December 2 , 1980 ) . `` Jefferson Pier Marker '' . National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form : Washington Monument . United States Department of the Interior : National Park Service . p . Continuation Sheet , Item No. 7 , p. 4 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moore , Charles , ed. ( 1902 ) . The Improvement of the Park System of the District of Columbia . pp. 51 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` So , Was the Washington Monument Built by Slaves '' . Slate . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jesus , Austin Elias - de ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming Says the Washington Monument Was Built by Slaves . Was It ? '' . Slate . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reading 2 : Construction of the Monument '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , John ( 2010 ) . Lee : A Life of Virtue . Nashville , Tennessee : Thomas Nelson . pp. 93 -- 94 . ISBN 1595550283 . OCLC 456177249 . At Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Judith M. Jacob , The Washington Monument : A technical history and catalog of the commemorative stones Archived June 20 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Reeves , Thomas C. ( February 1975 ) . Gentleman Boss . New York , NY : Alfred A. Knopf . p. 413 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 46095 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument '' . National Park Service . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . The walls of the monument range in thickness from 15 ' at the base to 18 at the upper shaft . They are composed primarily of white marble blocks from Maryland with a few from Massachusetts , underlain by Maryland blue gneiss and Maine granite . A slight color change is perceptible at the 150 ' level near where construction slowed in 1854 . Jump up ^ `` Hall Process : Production and Commercialization of Aluminum '' . National Historic Chemical Landmarks . American Chemical Society . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument '' Archived December 27 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Teaching with Historic Places . National Park Service . Retrieved October 15 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Crutchfield , James A. ( 2005 ) . George Washington : First in War , First in Peace . New York , N.Y. : A Forge Book : Tom Doherty Associates , LLC . p. 218 . ISBN 0765310694 . OCLC 269434694 . ^ Jump up to : The Dedication of the Washington National Monument , 1885 . Jump up ^ Reeves , Thomas C. ( February 1975 ) . Gentleman Boss . NY , NY : Alfred A. Knopf . p. 414 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 46095 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Primary Acts passed by U.S. Congress '' . Loislaw . Retrieved August 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Edward Chaney , `` Roma Britannica and the Cultural Memory of Egypt : Lord Arundel and the Obelisk of Domitian '' , in Roma Britannica : Art Patronage and Cultural Exchange in Eighteenth - Century Rome , eds . D. Marshall , K. Wolfe and S. Russell , British School at Rome , 2011 , pp. 147 -- 70 . Jump up ^ `` Determining the Facts Reading 3 : Finishing the Monument '' . nps.gov . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Visitors to the Washington Monument '' . The New York Times . August 24 , 2011 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument attacked by Geological Tuberculosis '' Archived September 2 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Popular Mechanics , December 1911 , pp. 829 -- 830 . This source mistakenly said the lower 190 feet was constructed during the early period -- it was actually 150 feet . Jump up ^ Jeffrey David Simon ( 2001 ) . The Terrorist Trap : America 's Experience with Terrorism . Indiana UP . p. 285 . Jump up ^ Gabriel Escobar ( December 30 , 1998 ) . `` Obelisk 's Scaffold Is First of Its Kind '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Linda Wheeler ( July 30 , 2000 ) . `` It 's Ready for Its Close - Up Now : Big Crowds Are Expected For Monument 's Reopening '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Metro in Brief '' . The Washington Post . August 30 , 2000 . Jump up ^ John Heilprin ( February 23 , 2002 ) . `` New sight from Washington Monument '' . Deseret News . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument reopens to public '' . USA Today . April 1 , 2005 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Paul Schwartzman ( March 19 , 2005 ) . `` Washington Monument To Reopen Next Month '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ FoxNews.com ( August 23 , 2011 ) . `` Disasters Washington Monument Indefinitely Closes After Earthquake Causes Cracks '' . Fox News . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Monument reopens after quake repairs '' . CNN.com . August 23 , 2011 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument top cracked by earthquake '' . Associated Press . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Michael E. Ruane ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Washington Monument Elevator Damage Inspected as Earthquake 's Toll Is Assessed '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Patricia . `` Washington Monument Cracks Indicate Earthquake Damage . '' Washington Post . August 25 , 2011 . Assessed August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument Finds Additional Cracks . '' Press release . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . August 25 , 2011 Archived May 2 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Nuckols , Ben . `` Weather May Delay Washington Monument Rappelling '' Associated Press . September 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : O'Toole , Molly . `` Engineers to Rappel Down Washington Monument to Inspect Damage '' . Reuters.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Charles S. ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Washington Monument Elevator Woes '' . Government Executive . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Markette ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Climbers Rappel Washington Monument to Assess Damage '' . Wamu.org . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Washington Monument Earthquake Update Archived August 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , NPS , page contains news releases , a picture , video , and images of the earthquake and damage Jump up ^ Cohn , Alicia . `` Washington Monument could be closed until 2014 for earthquake repairs '' . The Hill . Retrieved July 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Monument Earthquake Repair '' . CMAA . May 1 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Freed , Benjamin R. `` Washington Monument Nearly Topped Out , Will Be Lighted in June '' . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grimmer , Anne E. , `` Dutchman Repair '' ( 1984 ) , A Glossary of Historic Masonry Deterioration Problems and Preservation Treatments . Washington , D.C. : Department of the Interior , National Park Service Preservation Assistance Division . p. 56 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ruane , Michael E. `` Earthquake - Damaged Washington Monument May Be Closed Into 2014 . '' Washington Post . July 9 , 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument reopening '' . National Park Service . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Facts About the Washington Monument as It Reopens '' . ABC News . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument draws crowds as it reopens after renovations '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The lights went out at the Washington Monument '' , Dana Hedgpeth . Washington Post . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Hedgpeth , Dana ; Ruane , Michael E. ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Washington Monument closed indefinitely over elevator 's ' reliability issues ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Rubenstein Donates Funds to Modernize Washington Monument Elevator - National Mall and Memorial Parks ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . www.nps.gov . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inscription at level 330 - Washington Monument , High ground West of Fifteenth Street , Northwest , between Independence & Constitution Avenues , Washington , District of Columbia , DC '' . loc.gov . Jump up ^ `` The Washington Monument 's Inner Jewels '' , nps.gov Jump up ^ The Cambrian , vol . XVII , p. 139 . 1897 . Jump up ^ Kadiasker Mustafa Izzet Efendi ( 1801 -- 1876 ) Journal of Ottoman Calligraphy Jump up ^ `` Sister Monuments : Hagia Sophia and Washington Monument '' . ( not to be ) Missed Turkey & Istanbul Sites and Facts . Jump up ^ Kerr , George H. Okinawa : The History of an Island People . ( revised ed . ) Tokyo : Tuttle Publishing , 2003 . p337n . Jump up ^ Ferling , John E. ( 1988 ) . The First of Men : A Life of George Washington . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 488 . ISBN 0199742278 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ External apex east and north faces Archived October 9 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ External apex west and south faces Archived May 15 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` A Monumental Omission '' . Nationaltreasures.org . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ M. , `` The Washington Monument , and the Lightning Stroke of June 5 '' Archived September 2 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Science 5 ( 1885 ) 517 -- 518 . Jump up ^ Gabriel Escobar , `` Workers prepare to fill a tall order '' , Washington Post Tuesday , October 13 , 1998 , page B1 . Jump up ^ Jean - Louis Briaud et al , `` The Washington Monument case history '' Archived August 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , International Journal of Geoengineering Case Histories 1 ( 2009 ) 170 -- 188 , pp. 176 -- 179 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1993 Evaluation of the Washington Monument ( 1 of 5 ) '' . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Google ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Marble quarries near Cockeysville , MD '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ William D. Purdum ( March 5 , 1940 ) . `` The history of the marble quarries in Baltimore County , Maryland '' . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument Seismic Report without appendices '' . Washington Monument Seismic Study . National Park Service . pp. 10 -- 16 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Charles W. Snell , A Brief History of the Washington Monument and Grounds , 1783 -- 1978 Archived June 20 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 1978 ) 17 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Download Conversion Factors Archived August 29 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Oregon State University . Jump up ^ Neibauer , Michael . `` Here 's Where You 'll Queue to Visit the Washington Monument . '' Washington Business Journal . March 7 , 2014 Archived August 29 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ National Park Service and National Capital Planning Commission . `` Visitor Screening Facility , Washington Monument Between 14th and 17th Streets , NW and Constitution Avenue , NW and the Tidal Basin . '' Executive Director 's Recommendation . NCPC File Number 6176 . March 6 , 2014 , pp. 15 - 16 Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Washington Monument Archived April 30 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ( from the OLIN website ) Jump up ^ Monument Security ( from the American Society of Landscape Architects website , ASLA awards 2006 ) Jump up ^ Risk Management Series : Site and Urban Design for Security . U.S. Department Security , Federal Emergency Agency . pp. 4 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Jesse Leaf ( March 13 , 2007 ) . The Everything Family Guide To Washington D.C. : All the Best Hotels , Restaurants , Sites , and Attractions . Adams Media . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4405 - 2411 - 0 . accessible from the Smithsonian Metro station ... External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Washington Monument ( category ) Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Washington Monument . Official NPS website : Washington Monument `` Trust for the National Mall : Washington Monument '' . Trust for the National Mall . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2011 . Harper 's Weekly cartoon , February 21 , 1885 , the day of formal dedication Today in History -- December 6 Washington National Monument at Structurae Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) No . DC - 428 , `` Washington Monument '' Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . DC - 5 , `` Washington Monument '' Prehistory on the Mall at the Washington Monument Records Preceded by Cologne Cathedral World 's tallest structure 1884 -- 1889 169.29 m Succeeded by Eiffel Tower George Washington 1st President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 Senior Officer of the Army , 1798 -- 1799 Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , 1775 -- 1783 Second Continental Congress , 1775 First Continental Congress , 1774 Military career Revolutionary War Military career French and Indian War Jumonville Glen Battle of Fort Necessity Forbes Expedition Washington and the American Revolution Commander - in - chief , Continental Army Aides - de-camp Washington 's headquarters Boston campaign Siege of Boston New York and New Jersey campaign Delaware River crossing Battle of Trenton Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of Germantown Battle of White Marsh Valley Forge Battle of Monmouth Battles of Saratoga Sullivan Expedition Yorktown campaign Siege of Yorktown Culper spy ring Newburgh Conspiracy Newburgh letter Resignation as commander - in - chief Badge of Military Merit Purple Heart Washington Before Boston Medal Horses : Nelson and Blueskin Other U.S. founding events 1769 Virginia Association Continental Association 1774 Fairfax Resolves Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture 1785 Mount Vernon Conference Chairman , 1787 Constitutional Convention Presidency United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 1792 First inauguration inaugural bible Second inauguration Title of `` Mr. President '' Cabinet of the United States Secretary of State Attorney General Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War Judiciary Act of 1789 Nonintercourse Act Whiskey Rebellion Militia Acts of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Proclamation of Neutrality Neutrality Act of 1794 Jay Treaty Pinckney 's Treaty Slave Trade Act of 1794 Residence Act Thanksgiving Proclamation Farewell Address State of the Union Address 1790 1791 1792 1793 1796 Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Views and public image Presidential library The Washington Papers Religious views Washington and slavery Town Destroyer Legacy Life and homes Early life Birthplace Ferry Farm boyhood home Mount Vernon Gristmill Woodlawn Plantation Samuel Osgood House , First Presidential Mansion Alexander Macomb House , Second Presidential Mansion President 's House , Philadelphia Germantown White House Custis estate Potomac Company James River and Kanawha Canal Mountain Road Lottery Congressional Gold Medal Thanks of Congress President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Washington College Washington and Lee University Electoral history of George Washington Memorials and depictions Washington , D.C. Washington state Washington Monument Mount Rushmore Washington 's Birthday Purple Heart The Apotheosis of Washington George Washington ( Houdon ) George Washington ( Ceracchi ) George Washington ( Trumbull ) Washington Crossing the Delaware General George Washington at Trenton Washington at Verplanck 's Point General George Washington Resigning His Commission Unfinished portrait Lansdowne portrait The Washington Family portrait Washington at Princeton painting Point of View sculpture George Washington University Washington University Washington Masonic National Memorial George Washington Memorial Parkway George Washington Bridge Washington and Jefferson National Forests Washington Monument , Baltimore Washington , D.C. statue List of memorials U.S. Postage stamps Washington - Franklin Issues 1932 bicentennial Currency Washington quarter Washington dollar Silver bullion coins Cultural depictions George Washington ( 1984 miniseries 1986 sequel ) Related Bibliography Founding Fathers of the United States Republicanism Federalist Party Federalist Era Virginia dynasty Coat of arms Cherry - tree anecdote River Farm Washington 's Crossing 1751 Barbados trip Category Syng inkstand General of the Armies American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association Ancestry and family Martha Washington ( wife ) John Parke Custis ( stepson ) George Washington Parke Custis ( step - grandson , adopted son ) Eleanor Parke Custis ( step - granddaughter , adopted daughter ) Augustine Washington ( father ) Mary Ball Washington ( mother ) Lawrence Washington ( half - brother ) Augustine Washington Jr. ( half - brother ) Betty Washington Lewis ( sister ) Samuel Washington ( brother ) John A. 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List of islands of the United States by area
List of islands of the United States by area - wikipedia List of islands of the United States by area Satellite image of the Big Island of Hawai ʻi , the largest island in the United States . This is a list of islands of the United States , as ordered by area . It includes most islands with an area greater than 20 square miles ( approximately 52 km ) . Mainland areas cut by man - made canals are not considered islands . Contents 1 Islands over 250 square miles ( 650 km ) 2 Islands 250 -- 75 square miles ( 647 -- 194 km ) 3 Islands under 75 square miles ( 190 km ) 4 See also 5 References Islands over 250 square miles ( 650 km ) ( edit ) Rank Island 's Name Area ( sq mi ) Area ( km ) Location Population ( 2010 ) Hawai ʻi ( Big Island ) 4,028 10,433 Hawaii 185,079 Kodiak Island 3,588 9,293 Alaska 13,592 Puerto Rico 3,363 8,710 Puerto Rico 3,725,789 Prince of Wales Island 2,577 6,675 Alaska 5,559 5 Chichagof Island 2,080 5,388 Alaska 1,342 6 St. Lawrence Island 1,983 5,135 Alaska 1,352 7 Admiralty Island 1,684 4,362 Alaska 650 8 Nunivak Island 1,625 4,209 Alaska 191 9 Unimak Island 1,590 4,119 Alaska 35 10 Baranof Island 1,570 4,065 Alaska 8,532 11 Long Island 1,401 3,629 New York 7,568,304 12 Revillagigedo Island 1,145 2,965 Alaska 13,477 13 Kupreanof Island 1,086 2,813 Alaska 584 14 Unalaska Island 1,051 2,722 Alaska 1,759 15 Nelson Island 843 2,183 Alaska 1,197 16 Kuiu Island 758 1,962 Alaska 10 17 Maui 727 1,883 Hawaii 144,444 18 Afognak 698 1,809 Alaska 169 19 Umnak 692 1,793 Alaska 39 20 Oʻahu 597 1,545 Hawaii 953,207 21 Kaua ʻi 552 1,430 Hawaii 67,091 22 Atka Island 410 1,061 Alaska 61 23 Attu Island 346 896 Alaska 0 24 Etolin Island 336 870 Alaska 15 25 Montague Island 305 790 Alaska 0 26 Adak Island 280 725 Alaska 326 27 Moloka ʻi 260 673 Hawaii 7,345 28 Dall Island 253 655 Alaska 20 Islands 250 -- 75 square miles ( 647 -- 194 km ) ( edit ) This section of the list might not be complete , but covers almost all of the islands in the United States over 75 square miles ( 190 km ) . Rank Island 's Name Area ( sq mi ) Area ( km ) Location Population ( 2000 ) 29 Wrangell Island 216 560 Alaska 2,401 30 Mitkof Island 211 546 Alaska 3,364 31 Padre Island 209 542 Texas 2,816 32 Guam 209 541 Guam 154,805 33 Isle Royale 206 534 Michigan 0 34 Tanaga Island 204 529 Alaska 0 35 Zarembo Island 185 478 Alaska 0 36 Unga Island 177 461 Alaska 0 37 Amlia 176 459 Alaska 0 38 Hinchinbrook Island 170 445 Alaska 5 39 Kosciusko Island 169 438 Alaska 52 40 Whidbey Island 169 437 Washington 58,211 41 Kruzof Island 168 435 Alaska 0 42 Kanaga Island 142 369 Alaska 0 43 Lāna ʻi 141 364 Hawaii 3,193 44 St. Matthew Island 137 354 Alaska 0 45 Annette Island 132 342 Alaska 1,447 46 Akutan Island 129 334 Alaska 713 47 Drummond Island 125 324 Michigan 1,058 48 Hagemeister Island 120 312 Alaska 0 49 Nagai Island 120 310 Alaska 0 50 Amchitka 119 309 Alaska 0 51 Sitkalidak Island 119 309 Alaska 0 52 Mount Desert Island 108 280 Maine 10,424 53 Kiska 107 278 Alaska 0 54 Knight Island 101 260 Alaska 0 55 Marsh Island 100 259 Louisiana 0 56 Santa Cruz Island 98 254 California 57 Gravina Island 95 245 Alaska 50 58 Martha 's Vineyard 91 236 Massachusetts 14,901 59 Agattu 90 234 Alaska 0 60 Semisopochnoi Island 86 224 Alaska 0 61 Johns Island 84 217 South Carolina 11,477 62 Seguam Island 83 215 Alaska 63 Saint Croix 84 212 U.S. Virgin Islands 53,234 64 Yakobi Island 82 212 Alaska 0 65 Santa Rosa Island 81 209 California 66 Raspberry Island 77 200 Alaska 67 Douglas Island 77 199 Alaska 5,297 68 Dauphin Island 75 194 Alabama 1,371 69 Santa Catalina Island 75 194 California 3,696 Islands under 75 square miles ( 190 km ) ( edit ) This section of the list is not complete , although it should cover most of the islands in the United States over 20 square miles ( 52 km ) . Island 's Name Area ( sq mi ) Area ( km ) Location Population ( 2000 ) Heceta Island 70 181 Alaska 14 Niihau 70 180 Hawaii 160 Saipan 69 180 Northern Mariana Islands 62,392 Tugidak Island 69 180 Alaska 0 Hawkins Island 67 175 Alaska Yunaska Island 67 172 Alaska 0 Sitkinak Island 65 169 Alaska 0 Akun Island 65 168 Alaska 0 Shuyak Island 65 168 Alaska 0 Chuginadak Island 65 167 Alaska 0 Sukkwan Island 65 167 Alaska 9 Galveston Island 64 166 Texas 58,175 Matagorda Island 61 157 Texas 0 Great Sitkin Island 60 156 Alaska 0 Staten Island 59 153 New York 443,728 Deer Island 58 152 Alaska 0 Duke Island 57 149 Alaska - 1 ? Orcas Island 57 148 Washington 4,453 Cumberland Island 57 147 Georgia 0 San Clemente Island 57 147 California 0 Uganik Island 57 147 Alaska 0 Stuart Island 56 145 Alaska 0 Hilton Head Island 55 144 South Carolina 33,862 Beaver Island 55 144 Michigan 551 San Juan Island 55 143 Washington 6,822 Suemez Island 52 135 Alaska 0 Tutuila 52 135 American Samoa 55,876 Esther Island 52 133 Alaska 31 Vieques 51 132 Puerto Rico 9,106 Sanak Island 50 128 Alaska 0 Sugar Island 49 128 Michigan 652 Bois Blanc Island 49 127 Michigan 71 Nantucket 48 124 Massachusetts 9,520 Kagalaska Island 45 116 Alaska 0 Kaho ʻolawe 45 116 Hawaii 0 Long Island 45 115 Alaska 0 Chirikof Island 44 115 Alaska 0 Wadmalaw Island 42 109 South Carolina 2,611 Antelope Island 42 109 Utah 0 Dolgoi Island 41 107 Alaska 0 Fidalgo Island 41 107 Washington 20,700 Baker Island 41 105 Alaska - 1 ? Camano Island 40 105 Washington 13,358 Saint Paul Island 40 104 Alaska 532 Sedanka Island 40 103 Alaska 0 Deer Isle < 40 < 102 Maine < 3,028 Tinian 39 102 Northern Mariana Islands 3,540 Aquidneck Island / Rhode Island 38 98 Rhode Island 60,870 Vashon Island 37 96 Washington 10,123 Tigalda Island 35 91 Alaska 0 Saint George Island 35 90 Alaska 100 Catherine Island 34 87 Alaska 0 Hatteras Island 34 86 North Carolina 4,001 Rota 33 85 Northern Mariana Islands 2,477 Sauvie Island 33 85 Oregon 1,078 Grand Isle 32 82 Vermont 3,651 Kent Island 32 82 Maryland 16,812 Pine Island 32 82 Florida 8,235 Saint Thomas 32 81 U.S. Virgin Islands 51,181 Coronation Island 30 78 Alaska 0 Lopez Island 30 77 Washington 2,177 Grand Island 29 73 New York 18,621 Bainbridge Island 28 72 Washington 20,308 Gareloi Island 26 67 Alaska 0 Madeline Island 24 62 Wisconsin 246 Washington Island 24 61 Wisconsin 600 Vinalhaven Island 23 61 Maine 1,235 Manhattan 23 60 New York 1,537,195 San Nicolas Island 23 59 California 0 Alameda Island 23 59 California 73,812 Marquette Island 23 59 Michigan 0 Woronkofski Island 23 59 Alaska 0 Grand Island 22 58 Michigan 45 North Manitou Island 22 58 Michigan 0 Neebish Island 22 56 Michigan 66 Fenwick Island 15 38 Delaware 8,002 Block Island 9 25 Rhode Island 1,051 Mackinac Island 3.7 9.7 Michigan 492 See also ( edit ) Islands portal Lists portal List of islands of the United States List of islands by area References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Table 5.08 - Land Area of Islands : 2000 '' ( Portable Document Format ) . The State of Hawaii Data Book 2004 . State of Hawaii . 2004 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 25 . External link in work = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Kodiak Island '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( Britannica Concise ed . ) . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 2007 . 9369330 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Carrara , Paul E. ; Ager , Thomas A. ; Baichtal , James F. ; VanSistine , D. Paco ( 2003 ) . `` Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF -- 2424 '' ( Portable Document Format ) . Denver , Colorado : United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . contribution = ignored ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Peacock , Elizabeth ( 2004 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Kuiu '' ( Portable Document Format ) . Reno , Nevada : Alaska Department of Fish and Game . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 29 . contribution = ignored ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Long Island '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( Britannica Concise ed . ) . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 2007 . 9370515 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Padre Island '' . Handbook of Texas Online . University of Texas . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 12 . Padre Island comprises a total of 133,918 acres ( 541.95 km ) in Nueces , Kleberg , Willacy , Cameron , and Kenedy County , Texas . ^ Jump up to : `` Isle Royale National Park - Nature & Science '' . Isle Royale National Park . National Park Service . 2006 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 29 . Isle Royale National Park preserves 132,018 acres ( 534.26 km ) of land - based wilderness External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Drummond Island comprises the bulk of Drummond Township , Chippewa County , Michigan . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the land area of Drummond Township is 334.3 km , or 129.1 mi , and its population was 992 in the year 2000 . The township includes a number of apparently uninhabited smaller islands in Potagannissing Bay , and their estimated combined area is not more than four mi . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Desert Island '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 2007 . 9054016 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Channel Islands '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( Britannica Concise ed . ) . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 2007 . 9360314 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` PUERTO RICO FACTS and HISTORY '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nantucket '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 2007 . 9054798 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_islands_of_the_United_States_by_area&oldid=841604711 '' Categories : Lists of islands of the United States Lists of islands by area Islands of the United States Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 errors : chapter ignored Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Føroyskt Français Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska اردو 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 21 : 09 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
what are the largest islands in the united states
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Geography of Laos
Geography of Laos - wikipedia Geography of Laos Detailed map of Laos Laos is an independent republic , and a landlocked nation in Southeast Asia , northeast of Thailand , west of Vietnam . It covers 236,800 square kilometers in the center of the Southeast Asian peninsula and it is surrounded by Burma ( Myanmar ) , Cambodia , the People 's Republic of China , Thailand , and Vietnam . About seventy percent of its geographic area is made up of mountain ranges , highlands , plateaux , and rivers cut through . Its location has often made it a buffer between more powerful neighboring states , as well as a crossroads for trade and communication . Migration and international conflict have contributed to the present ethnic composition of the country and to the geographic distribution of its ethnic groups . Geographic coordinates : 18 ° 00 ′ N 105 ° 00 ′ E  /  18.000 ° N 105.000 ° E  / 18.000 ; 105.000 Contents ( hide ) 1 Topography 1.1 List of mountains in Laos 2 Climate 3 Agriculture 4 Population 5 Transportation routes 6 Natural resources 6.1 Deforestation 7 Area and boundaries 8 Environmental concerns 9 See also 10 References Topography ( edit ) Most of the western border of Laos is demarcated by the Mekong River , which is an important artery for transportation . The Dong Falls at the southern end of the country prevent access to the sea , but cargo boats travel along the entire length of the Mekong in Laos during most of the year . Smaller power boats and pirogues provide an important means of transportation on many of the tributaries of the Mekong . The Mekong has thus not been an obstacle but a facilitator for communication , and the similarities between Laos and northeast Thai society -- same people , almost same language -- reflect the close contact that has existed across the river for centuries . Also , many Laotians living in the Mekong Valley have relatives and friends in Thailand . Prior to the twentieth century , Laotian kingdoms and principalities encompassed areas on both sides of the Mekong , and Thai control in the late nineteenth century extended to the left bank . Although the Mekong was established as a border by French colonial forces , travel from one side to the other has been significantly limited only since the establishment of the Lao People 's Democratic Republic ( LPDR , or Laos ) in 1975 . The eastern border with Vietnam extends for 2,130 kilometres , mostly along the crest of the Annamite Chain , and serves as a physical barrier between the Chinese - influenced culture of Vietnam and the Indianized states of Laos and Thailand . These mountains are sparsely populated by tribal minorities who traditionally have not acknowledged the border with Vietnam any more than lowland Lao have been constrained by the 1,754 - kilometre Mekong River border with Thailand . Thus , ethnic minority populations are found on both the Laotian and Vietnamese sides of the frontier . Because of their relative isolation , contact between these groups and lowland Lao has been mostly confined to trading . Laos shares its short -- only 541 kilometres -- southern border with Cambodia , and ancient Khmer ruins at Wat Pho and other southern locations attest to the long history of contact between the Lao and the Khmer . In the north , the country is bounded by a mountainous 423 - kilometre border with China and shares the 235 - kilometre - long Mekong River border with Burma . The topography of Laos is largely mountainous , with the Annamite Range in the northeast and east and the Luang Prabang Range in the northwest , among other ranges typically characterized by steep terrain . Elevations are typically above 500 metres with narrow river valleys and low agricultural potential . This mountainous landscape extends across most of the north of the country , except for the plain of Vientiane and the Plain of Jars in the Xiangkhoang Plateau . The southern `` panhandle '' of the country contains large level areas in Savannakhét and Champasak provinces that are well suited for extensive paddy rice cultivation and livestock raising . Much of Khammouan Province and the eastern part of all the southern provinces are mountainous . Together , the alluvial plains and terraces of the Mekong and its tributaries cover only about 20 % of the land area . Only about 4 % of the total land area is classified as arable . The forested land area has declined significantly since the 1970s as a result of commercial logging and expanded swidden , or slash - and - burn , farming . List of mountains in Laos ( edit ) Phou Bia , 2,819 m Phu Xai Lai Leng , 2,720 m Rao Co , 2,286 m Phu Soi Dao , 2,120 m Phou Khe , 2,079 m Shiceng Dashan , 1,830 m Dong Ap Bia , 937 m Climate ( edit ) Laos map of Köppen climate classification . Climate data for Vientiane . Laos has a tropical monsoon climate , with a pronounced rainy season from May through October , a cool dry season from November through February , and a hot dry season in March and April . Generally , monsoons occur at the same time across the country , although that time may vary significantly from one year to the next . Rainfall varies regionally , with the highest amounts -- 3,700 millimeters ( 150 inches ) annually -- recorded on the Bolovens Plateau in Champasak Province . City rainfall stations have recorded that Savannakhét averages 1,440 millimeters ( 57 inches ) of rain annually ; Vientiane receives about 1,700 millimeters ( 67 inches ) , and Louangphrabang ( Luang Prabang ) receives about 1,360 millimeters ( 54 inches ) . Rainfall is not always adequate for rice cultivation and the relatively high average precipitation conceals years where rainfall may be only half or less of the norm , causing significant declines in rice yields . Such droughts often are regional , leaving production in other parts of the country unaffected . The average temperatures in January , coldest month , are , Luang Prabang 20.5 ° C ( minimum 0.8 ° C ) , Vientiane 20.3 ° C ( minimum 3.9 ° C ) , and Pakse 23.9 ° C ( minimum 8.2 ° C ) ; the average temperatures for April , usually the hottest month , are , Luang Prabang 28.1 ° C ( maximum 44.8 ° C ) , Vientiane 39.4 ° C ) . Temperature does vary according to the altitude , there is an average drop of 1.7 ° C for every 1000 feet ( or 300 meters ) . Temperatures in the upland plateux and in the mountains are considered lower than on the plains around Vientiane . Agriculture ( edit ) Agriculture in Laos is the most important sector of the economy . Five million out of 23,680,000 hectares of Laos 's total land area is suitable for cultivation , and seventeen percent of the land area , between 850,000 and 900,000 hectares , is cultivated . Rice is the main crop grown during the rainy season both upland and wet . There is also a significant amount of fishing . Agricultural cultivation is possible during with varying weather on a small portion of land area apart from the Vientiane plain and the lowlands along the Mekong Valley . These cultivated areas are situated in the valley cuts by the rivers or the plateau regions of Xieng Khouang in the North and in the Bolovens in the south . Typically there are only two ways to cultivate : either the wet - field paddy system practiced among the Lao Loum or lowland in Lao , or the swidden cultivation system practiced in the hills . Population ( edit ) Laos has a smaller population than most countries in South East Asia . The first comprehensive national population census of Laos was taken in 1985 ; it recorded a population of about 3.57 million . In 1987 , the population was officially stated as 3,830,000 and the capital city , Vientiane , had a population of 120,000 . The annual growth was estimated at between 2.6 and 3.0 percent . The national birth rate is estimated at about forty - five per 1,000 , while the dead rate estimates at around sixteen per 1,000 . The fertility rates are higher between ages twenty and forty which highlights the average woman giving birth to an average of 6.8 children . The overall population density was only eighteen persons per square kilometer , and in many districts the density was fewer than ten persons per square kilometer Population density per cultivated hectare was considerably high ranging from 3.3 to 7.8 persons per hectare . The population is ethically diverse , but a complete classification of all ethnic groups has never been undertaken . Discrepancies in the number of groups resulted from inconsistent definitions of what constitutes an ethnic group as opposed to a subgroup , as well as incomplete knowledge about the groups themselves . Transportation routes ( edit ) Because of its mountainous topography and lack of development , Laos has few reliable transportation routes . This inaccessibility has historically limited the ability of any government to maintain a presence in areas distant from the national or provincial capitals and has limited interchange and communication among villages and ethnic groups . The Mekong and Nam Ou are the only natural channels suitable for large - draft boat transportation , and from December through May low water limits the size of the draft that may be used over many routes . Laotians in lowland villages located on the banks of smaller rivers have traditionally traveled in pirogues for fishing , trading , and visiting up and down the river for limited distances . Otherwise , travel is by ox - cart over level terrain or by foot . The steep mountains and lack of roads have caused upland ethnic groups to rely entirely on pack baskets and horse packing for transportation . The road system is not extensive . A rudimentary network begun under French colonial rule and continued from the 1950s has provided an important means of increased inter-village communication , movement of market goods , and a focus for new settlements . In mid-1994 , travel in most areas was difficult and expensive , and most Laotians traveled only limited distances , if at all . As a result of ongoing improvements in the road system started during the early 1990s , it is expected that in the future villagers will more easily be able to seek medical care , send children to schools at district centers , and work outside the village . In October 2015 the first highway through the country was completed connecting southern China to Thailand . Inland waterways , including the Mekong River , is the second most important source of transport network . About 4,600 kilometers of navigable waterways are located within the Mekong , the Ou , and nine other rivers . The Mekong River is only navigable for about seventy percent of its length due to rapids and low water levels in the dry season . Residents in the lower lands and villages of smaller river banks have traditionally traveled in pirogues for fishing , trading , or visiting up and down the river for limited distances . The public and private trade associations handle river traffic . There are a series of warehouses and ports in Savannakhet , Xeno , and Vientiane . The river transportation has improved since government policy expanded trade with Vietnam and other rural regions . Natural resources ( edit ) Hundreds of active fires burning across the hills and valleys of Burma Thailand , Laos , and Vietnam ( labelled with red dots ) . Expanding commercial exploitation of forests , plans for additional hydroelectric facilities , foreign demands for wild animals and nonwood forest products for food and traditional medicines , and a growing population have brought new and increasing attention to the forests . Traditionally , forests have been important sources of wild foods , herbal medicines , and timber for house construction . Soils are found commonly throughout the floodplains . Typically , soils are formed from alluvium deposited by the rivers as either sandy clay in light colors or sand clay with gray or yellow colors . Upland soils derive from granitic , schistose , or sandstone parent rocks more acidic and less fertile . Southern Laos has areas of laterite soils , and basaltic soils in the Bolovens Plateau . Plant Life and Animals The north of Laos has tropical rain forests with broader leaved evergreens and monsoon forests of mixed evergreen and in the south is filled with deciduous trees . In the monsoon forest the ground is covered with tall , coarse grass . The trees mostly only reach their secondary growth . Typically there is an abundance of bamboo , scrub , and wild banana . Laos is also home to hundreds of species of orchids and palms . Forests and fields serve as support for wildlife . Wildlife in Laos includes nearly 200 species of mammals , about the same number for reptiles and amphibians , and about 700 varieties of birds . Common mammals are gaurs ( wild oxen ) , deer , bears , and monkeys . Endangered animals include elephants , rhinoceroses , tigers , several types of wild oxen , monkeys , and gibbons . Snakes , skinks , frogs , and geckoes are abundant . Warblers , babblers , woodpeckers , thrushes , and large raptors inhabit the canopy and floor of the forest . Numerous of birds live in the lowlands . Lastly , several of Laos 's birds are threaten including most hornillo , ibises , and storks . Deforestation ( edit ) Further information : Deforestation in Laos Even into the 1990s , the government viewed the forest as a valued reserve of natural products for noncommercial household consumption . Government efforts to preserve valuable hardwoods for commercial extraction have led to measures to prohibit slash - and - burn agriculture throughout the country . Further , government restrictions on clearing forestland for slash - and - burn cropping in the late 1980s , along with attempts to gradually resettle upland slash - and - burn farming villages ( ban ) to lowland locations suitable for paddy rice cultivation , had significant effects on upland villages . Traditionally , villages rely on forest products as a food reserve during years of poor rice harvest and as a regular source of fruits and vegetables . By the 1990s , however , these gathering systems were breaking down in many areas . At the same time , international concern about environmental degradation and the loss of many wildlife species unique to Laos has also prompted the government to consider the implications of these developments . Despite forestation , some large areas are still covered by forest . The forest contains a rich diversity of species and which varies according to the terrain in the surrounding areas . The timber and other mineral sources from these areas have not yet been fully surfaced and the exploration for gold and petroleum has not been fully developed . Several species , such as the Asian elephant , red panda , giant Mekong catfish , tiger , and clouded leopard are at risk as more land , forests , and mines rich in resources are sold off to neighboring countries . Natural resources : timber , hydropower , gypsum , tin , gold , gemstones Land use : arable land : 6.2 % permanent crops : 0.7 % permanent pasture : 3.7 % forest : 67.9 % other : 21.5 % ( 2011 ) Irrigated land : 3,100 km2 ( 2005 ) Total renewable water resources : 333.5 km ( 2011 ) Area and boundaries ( edit ) The Mekong at Luang Prabang , Laos Area : total : 236,800 km2 land : 230,800 km2 water : 6,000 km2 Area - comparative : slightly larger than Minnesota slightly smaller than half of Yukon slightly smaller than the United Kingdom Land boundaries : total : 5,083 km border countries : Burma 235 km , Cambodia 541 km , the People 's Republic of China 423 km , Thailand 1,754 km , Vietnam 2,130 km Coastline : 0 km ( landlocked ) Maritime claims : none ( landlocked ) Elevation extremes : lowest point : Mekong River 70 m highest point : Phou Bia 2,817 m Environmental concerns ( edit ) This is a 2001 MODIS image of southeastern Asia . In eastern Thailand , the brown coloring that dominates the center of the image and mimics the country 's border with Laos and Cambodia , speaks of the massive deforestation that occurs in this region . Deforestation has played a major role in flooding in the region . Natural hazards : floods , droughts , blight and earthquakes in the northern areas . Air pollution agricultural burning ( `` slash and burn '' ) , garbage burning Environment - current issues : unexploded ordnance ; deforestation ; soil erosion ; a majority of the population does not have access to potable water Environment - international agreements : party to : Biodiversity , Climate Change , Climate Change - Kyoto Ptorocol , Desertification , Endangered Species , Environmental Modification , Law of the Sea , Ozone Layer Protection signed , but not ratified : none of the selected agreements See also ( edit ) Laos National Biodiversity Conservation Areas Zomia ( geography ) References ( edit ) `` Laos . '' Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica , n.d. Web . 13 Nov. 2016 . Kittikhoun , Anoulak . `` Small State , Big Revolution : Geography and the Revolution in Laos . '' Theory & Society 38.1 ( 2009 ) : 25 - 55 . Print . Savada , Andrea Matles , et al. Laos : A Country Study . 3rd ed. ed . Washington , DC : Washington , DC : Federal Research Division , Library of Congress : For sale by the Supt. of Docs. , U.S.G.P.O , 1995 . Print . `` The World Factbook : LAOS . '' Central Intelligence Agency . Central Intelligence Agency , n.d. Web . 08 Nov. 2016 . This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ . This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook website https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html . Laos articles History Peopling Khun Borom Lao people Tai peoples Lan Xang Wat Phou Luang Phrabang Viang Chan Champasak Muang Phuan French Laos Japanese invasion Lao Issara Kingdom of Laos Indochina Wars Ho Chi Minh trail Pathet Lao Laotian Civil War Vietnamese invasion Neutrality History until 1945 History since 1945 Insurgency 2007 coup attempt Geography Deforestation Ecoregions Mekong Phou Bia Rivers Protected areas Towns Wildlife World Heritage Sites Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations General Secretary Human rights Insurgencies Law Law enforcement Military National Assembly Political parties President Prime Minister Economy Agriculture Central bank Kip ( currency ) Energy Fishing Stock exchange Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Language Religion Women Culture Anthem Cuisine Dramatic arts Emblem Festivals Flag Literature Music Public holidays Sports Outline Index Portal Geography of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Climate of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Laos&oldid=833996158 '' Categories : Geography of Laos Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the World Factbook Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Norsk Polski Português Русский ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 11 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what natural feature forms most of the border between laos and thailand
[ "The eastern border with Vietnam extends for 2,130 kilometres, mostly along the crest of the Annamite Chain, and serves as a physical barrier between the Chinese-influenced culture of Vietnam and the Indianized states of Laos and Thailand. These mountains are sparsely populated by tribal minorities who traditionally have not acknowledged the border with Vietnam any more than lowland Lao have been constrained by the 1,754-kilometre Mekong River border with Thailand. Thus, ethnic minority populations are found on both the Laotian and Vietnamese sides of the frontier. Because of their relative isolation, contact between these groups and lowland Lao has been mostly confined to trading.\n" ]
[ "the Annamite Chain" ]
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Imperial Bank of India
Imperial Bank of India - Wikipedia Imperial Bank of India Imperial Bank of India Industry Banking , Financial Services Fate Transformed into the State Bank of India Predecessor Bank of Calcutta , Bank of Bombay , Bank of Madras Successor State Bank of India Founded 27 January 1921 Defunct 30 April 1955 Headquarters Bombay , Bombay State , India Area served India Seal of Imperial Bank of India . The Imperial Bank of India ( IBI ) was the oldest and the largest commercial bank of the Indian subcontinent , and was subsequently transformed into State Bank of India in 1955 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Activities 3 Milestones 4 Epilogue 5 Further reading 6 See also 7 External links Origin ( edit ) The Imperial Bank of India came into existence on 27 January 1921 by J.M. Keynes . When the three Presidency Banks of colonial India , were reorganised and amalgamated to form a single banking entity . The three Presidency banks were the Bank of Bengal , established on 2 June 1806 , the Bank of Bombay ( incorporated on 15 April 1840 ) and the Bank of Madras ( incorporated on 1 July 1843 ) Activities ( edit ) Imperial Bank of India performed all the normal functions which a commercial bank was expected to perform . In the absence of any central banking institution in India until 1935 , the Imperial Bank of India also performed a number of functions which are normally carried out by a central bank . Milestones ( edit ) In 1924 , at Apollo Street , currently called Mumbai Samachar Marg , Mumbai , a magnificent stone structure ( 1 ) with fretted windows , was constructed to house a branch of the Imperial Bank of India . In 1933 , Sir Badridas Goenka , an important public figure and business tycoon of his time , and a prominent member of Marwari community of Calcutta , became the first Indian to be appointed as the Chairman of the Imperial Bank of India . Epilogue ( edit ) The Reserve Bank of India , which is the Central bank of India , in the year 1955 , acquired a controlling interest in the Imperial Bank of India , and the Imperial Bank of India was renamed on 30 April 1955 to the State Bank of India . This transformation from the Imperial Bank of India to the State Bank of India was given legal recognition in terms off an Act of the Parliament of India , which came into force from 1 July 1955 . The day on which the Imperial Bank of India ( IBI ) became the State Bank of India , IBI had 480 branches , sub-offices , and three local head offices ; and had under its control and command slightly more than a quarter of the resources of the Indian banking industry . The branch network of State Bank of India has since grown to 9093 branches as on 31 March 2004 . In 2007 Reserve Bank of India transferred its stake in State Bank of India to Government of India . Further reading ( edit ) The Evolution of the State Bank of India Volume III ( The Era of the Imperial Bank of India , 1921 - 1955 ) Edited by State Bank of India ( ISBN 0 - 7619 - 9696 - 6 ) THE EVOLUTION OF THE STATE BANK OF INDIA , Volume 1 -- The Roots 1806 - 1876 by Amiya Kumar Bagchi ( 2 ) See also ( edit ) Indian banking External links ( edit ) Picture of an IBI office Banking in India Central bank Reserve Bank of India Public sector banks Allahabad Bank Andhra Bank Bank of Baroda Bank of India Bank of Maharashtra Canara Bank Central Bank of India Corporation Bank Dena Bank IDBI Bank Indian Bank Indian Overseas Bank Oriental Bank of Commerce Post Bank of India Punjab & Sind Bank Punjab National Bank State Bank of India Syndicate Bank UCO Bank Union Bank of India United Bank of India Vijaya Bank Private sector banks Axis Bank Bandhan Bank Catholic Syrian Bank City Union Bank DCB Bank Dhanlaxmi Bank Federal Bank HDFC Bank ICICI Bank IDFC Bank IndusInd Bank Jammu & Kashmir Bank Karnataka Bank Karur Vysya Bank Kotak Mahindra Bank Lakshmi Vilas Bank Nainital Bank RBL Bank ( Ratnakar Bank ) South Indian Bank Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Limited Yes Bank Small finance bank Ujjivan Small Finance Bank Equitas Small Finance Bank AU Small Finance Bank Cooperative banks Buldhana Urban Cosmos Bank Repco Bank Saraswat Bank Shamrao Vithal Co-operative Bank TNSC Bank Rajkot Nagrik Sahakari Bank Foreign banks ABN AMRO Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank Antwerp Diamond Bank Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Bank Maybank Indonesia Bank of America Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait Bank of Ceylon The Bank of Tokyo - Mitsubishi UFJ Barclays Citibank India Credit Suisse DBS Bank Deutsche Bank HSBC Rabobank Royal Bank of Scotland Scotiabank Standard Chartered Regional Rural Banks Other Andhra Pradesh Grameena Vikas Bank Andhra Pragathi Grameena Bank Assam Gramin Vikash Bank Bangiya Gramin Vikash Bank Gramin Bank of Aryavart Kerala Gramin Bank North Malabar Gramin Bank Pallavan Grama Bank Pandyan Grama Bank Paschim Banga Gramin Bank Sarva UP Gramin Bank South Malabar Gramin Bank Uttar Bihar Gramin Bank Vananchal Gramin Bank Uttar Pradesh Allahabad UP Gramin Bank Baroda UP Gramin Bank Gramin Bank of Aryavart Kashi Gomti Samyut Gramin Bank Prathama Bank Purvanchal Bank Sarva UP Gramin Bank Payments bank Airtel Jio Paytm Payworld BHIM Interbank networks Cirrus NFS PLUS Electronic funds transfers IMPS NEFT RTGS UPI ( VPA ) AEPS Cards MasterCard Debit MasterCard Maestro RuPay Visa Visa Debit Visa Electron Visa payWave Defunct banks Alliance Bank of Simla Arbuthnot & Co Bank of Bombay Bank of Calcutta Bank of Chettinad Bank of Cochin Bank of Hindostan Bank of Madras Bank of Madura Bank of Rajasthan Bank of Thanjavur Bareilley Corporation Bank Bengal Central Bank Bharat Overseas Bank Bharatiya Mahila Bank Centurion Bank of Punjab Chartered Bank of India , Australia and China Commercial Bank of India Dass Bank Exchange Bank of India & Africa Global Trust Bank Grindlays Bank Hindustan Commercial Bank Imperial Bank of India ING Vysya Bank Lakshmi Commercial Bank Lord Krishna Bank Madhavpura Mercantile Cooperative Bank Mercantile Bank of India , London and China Miraj State Bank Nath Bank Nedungadi Bank New Bank of India Oriental Bank Corporation Oudh Commercial Bank Palai Central Bank Pandyan Bank Sikkim Bank State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur State Bank of Hyderabad State Bank of Indore State Bank of Mysore State Bank of Patiala State Bank of Saurashtra State Bank of Travancore Times Bank United Industrial Bank United Western Bank Related topics ATM usage fees in India Banks Board Bureau Banking Codes and Standards Board of India Bharat Bill Payment System De-Materialisation ( DEMAT ) Foreign Exchange ( FOREX ) Indian Financial System Code ( IFSC ) List of banks in India National Payments Corporation of India Prepaid Payment Instruments in India Structured Financial Messaging System ( SFMS ) ATM networks BANCS Cashnet CashTree India 1 ATM ( White Label ATM ) Indicash ( White Label ATM ) MITR Mobile wallets Paytm Payworld BHIM Tez by Google PhonePe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Bank_of_India&oldid=822310503 '' Categories : Banks established in 1921 Banks disestablished in 1955 Defunct banks of India 1921 establishments in India 1955 disestablishments in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2015 Use Indian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 17 : 17 ( UTC ) . 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the conversation of the imperial bank of india into the state bank
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Bell pepper
Bell pepper - wikipedia Bell pepper Jump to : navigation , search Bell pepper Red , yellow and green bell peppers Species Capsicum annuum Heat Mild Scoville scale 0 - 25 SHU The bell pepper ( also known as sweet pepper or pepper in the United Kingdom , Canada and Ireland , and capsicum / ˈkæpsɪkəm / in Australia , India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Singapore and New Zealand ) is a cultivar group of the species Capsicum annuum . Cultivars of the plant produce fruits in different colors , including red , yellow , orange , green , chocolate / brown , vanilla / white , and purple . Bell peppers are sometimes grouped with less pungent pepper varieties as `` sweet peppers '' . The whitish ribs and seeds inside bell peppers may be consumed , but some people find the taste to be bitter . Peppers are native to Mexico , Central America , and northern South America . Pepper seeds were imported to Spain in 1493 , and from there spread to other European , African , and Asian countries . Today , China is the world 's largest pepper producer , followed by Mexico and Indonesia . Ideal growing conditions for bell peppers include warm soil , ideally 21 to 29 ° C ( 70 to 84 ° F ) , that is kept moist but not waterlogged . Bell peppers are sensitive to an abundance of moisture and extreme temperatures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nomenclature 2 Colors 3 Nutritional value 4 Production 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References Nomenclature ( edit ) The misleading name `` pepper '' was given by Europeans when Christopher Columbus brought the plant back to Europe . At that time , black pepper ( peppercorns ) , from the unrelated plant Piper nigrum originating from India , was a highly prized condiment ; the name `` pepper '' was at that time applied in Europe to all known spices with a hot and pungent taste and was therefore naturally extended to the newly discovered Capsicum genus . The most commonly used alternative name of the plant family , `` chile '' , is of Mexican origin , from the Nahuatl word chilli . Botanically speaking , bell peppers are fruits ; however , they are correctly considered vegetables in culinary contexts . The bell pepper is the only member of the Capsicum genus that does not produce capsaicin , a lipophilic chemical that can cause a strong burning sensation when it comes in contact with mucous membranes . The lack of capsaicin in bell peppers is due to a recessive form of a gene that eliminates capsaicin and , consequently , the `` hot '' taste usually associated with the rest of the Capsicum genus . This recessive gene is overwritten in the Mexibelle pepper , a hybrid variety of bell pepper that produces small amounts of capsaicin ( and is thus mildly pungent ) . Sweet pepper cultivars produce non-pungent capsaicinoids , with many physiological effects similar to the more pungent sister compound capsaican . The terms `` bell pepper '' ( US ) , `` pepper '' ( UK ) , and `` capsicum '' ( Pakistan , India , Australia , and New Zealand ) are often used for any of the large bell - shaped vegetables , regardless of their color . In British and Canadian English , the vegetable is simply referred to as a `` pepper '' , or additionally by color ( as in the term `` green pepper '' , for example ) , whereas in the United States and Malaysia , they are usually referred to as `` bell peppers '' . In parts of the U.S. Midwest , bell peppers are called `` mangoes . '' Canadian English uses both `` bell pepper '' and `` pepper '' interchangeably . In some languages , the term `` paprika '' , which has its roots in the word for pepper , is used for both the spice and the fruit -- sometimes referred to by their color ( e.g. , `` groene paprika '' , `` gele paprika '' , in Dutch , which are green and yellow , respectively ) . The bell pepper is called `` パプリカ '' ( papurika ) or `` ピーマン '' ( piiman , from Portuguese pimentão ) in Japan . In Switzerland , the fruit is mostly called `` peperone '' , which is the Italian name of the fruit . In France , it is called `` poivron '' , with the same root as `` poivre '' ( meaning `` pepper '' ) or `` piment '' . In Spain it is called `` pimiento '' , which would be the masculine form of the traditional spice , `` pimienta '' . In South Korea , the word `` 피망 '' ( pimang from the Japanese `` ピーマン '' ( piiman ) ) refers to green bell peppers , whereas `` 파프리카 '' ( papeurika from paprika ) refers to bell peppers of other colors . In Sri Lanka , the fruit used as a vegetable is called `` maalu miris '' . Colors ( edit ) Peppers in five colors ( Banana peppers are second from the left ) The most common colors of bell peppers are green , yellow , orange and red . More rarely , brown , white , lavender , and dark purple peppers can be seen , depending on the variety . Most typically , unripe fruits are green or , less commonly , pale yellow or purple . Red bell peppers are simply ripened green peppers , although the Permagreen variety maintains its green color even when fully ripe . As such , mixed colored peppers also exist during parts of the ripening process . Green peppers are less sweet and slightly more bitter than yellow or orange peppers , with red bell peppers being the sweetest . The taste of ripe peppers can also vary with growing conditions and post-harvest storage treatment ; the sweetest fruits are allowed to ripen fully on the plant in full sunshine , while fruit harvested green and after - ripened in storage is less sweet . Nutritional value ( edit ) Peppers , sweet , green , raw Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 84 kJ ( 20 kcal ) Carbohydrates 4.64 g Sugars 2.4 g Dietary fiber 1.8 g Fat 0.17 g Protein 0.86 g Vitamins Vitamin A equiv . beta - Carotene lutein zeaxanthin ( 2 % ) 18 μg ( 2 % ) 208 μg 341 μg Thiamine ( B1 ) ( 5 % ) 0.057 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) ( 2 % ) 0.028 mg Niacin ( B3 ) ( 3 % ) 0.48 mg Pantothenic acid ( B5 ) ( 2 % ) 0.099 mg Vitamin B6 ( 17 % ) 0.224 mg Folate ( B9 ) ( 3 % ) 10 μg Vitamin C ( 97 % ) 80.4 mg Vitamin E ( 2 % ) 0.37 mg Vitamin K ( 7 % ) 7.4 μg Minerals Calcium ( 1 % ) 10 mg Iron ( 3 % ) 0.34 mg Magnesium ( 3 % ) 10 mg Manganese ( 6 % ) 0.122 mg Phosphorus ( 3 % ) 20 mg Potassium ( 4 % ) 175 mg Sodium ( 0 % ) 3 mg Zinc ( 1 % ) 0.13 mg Other constituents Fluoride 2 μg Link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : USDA Nutrient Database Bell peppers are rich sources of antioxidants and vitamin C. The level of carotene , like lycopene , is nine times higher in red bell peppers . Red bell peppers have twice the vitamin C content of green bell peppers . Red and green bell peppers are high in para-coumaric acid . The characteristic aroma of green bell peppers is caused by 3 - isobutyl - 2 - methoxypyrazine ( IBMP ) . Its detection threshold in water is estimated to be 2 ng / L. The same chemical is responsible for characteristic Cabernet Sauvignon green note . Production ( edit ) Bell and Chili pepper production ( metric tons ) Country 2005 2006 2007 China 12,031,031 12,530,180 13,031,000 14,033,000 Mexico 1,431,258 1,617,264 1,681,277 1,690,000 Indonesia 1,100,514 1,058,023 1,100,000 1,100,000 Turkey 1,700,000 1,829,000 1,842,175 1,090,921 Spain 1,077,025 1,063,501 1,074,100 1,065,000 United States 978,890 959,070 998,210 855,870 Nigeria 720,000 721,000 721,500 723,000 Egypt 467,433 460,000 470,000 475,000 South Korea 410,281 395,293 352,966 345,000 Netherlands 318,000 345,000 318,000 340,000 Romania 237,240 203,751 279,126 280,000 Ghana 270,000 270,000 277,000 279,000 Italy 362,430 362,994 345,152 252,194 Tunisia 255,000 256,000 256,000 250,000 Algeria 265,307 248,614 275,888 233,000 Hungary 126,133 113,371 206,419 207,000 Morocco 182,340 190,480 235,570 192,000 Serbia * 159,741 167,477 177,255 150,257 Japan 153,400 154,000 146,900 150,000 Israel 129,100 134,700 150,677 136,000 World 24,587,124 25,261,259 26,252,907 26,056,900 Note : Serbia before 2006 included Montenegro Gallery ( edit ) Orange bell pepper A variety of colored bell peppers A whole and halved red bell pepper A whole purple pepper Red bell peppers Japanese green pepper Green , yellow and red peppers Quadrato d'Asti Giallo bell pepper flower Secondary fruit growing inside a capsicum annuum Red bell pepper as decoration Yellow bell pepper plant Green bell pepper plant Bell Pepper with Cyclamen Mite damage See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bell pepper . Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module on Bell Pepper List of Capsicum cultivars Paprika Scoville scale Stuffed peppers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 2008 ) , Longman Pronunciation Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) , Longman , p. 123 , ISBN 9781405881180 Jump up ^ Pharmacognosy and Health Benefits of Capsicum Peppers ( Bell Peppers ) Jump up ^ http://www.livestrong.com/article/447429-should-i-eat-a-raw-bell-pepper/ Jump up ^ `` Growing Peppers : The Important Facts '' . GardenersGardening.com . Archived from the original on 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Medicinal Plants of the Southwest '' . medplant.nmsu.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.chiliwonders.com/chili.scoville.htm Jump up ^ `` The World 's Healthiest Foods '' . Archived from the original on 8 February 2010 . Retrieved 23 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Macho , Antonio ; Lucena , Concepción ; Sancho , Rocio ; Daddario , Nives ; Minassi , Alberto ; Muñoz , Eduardo ; Appendino , Giovanni ( 2003 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Non-pungent capsaicinoids from sweet pepper '' . European Journal of Nutrition. 42 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 9 . doi : 10.1007 / s00394 - 003 - 0394 - 6 . ISSN 1436 - 6207 . Jump up ^ Josse , Andrea R ; Sherriffs , Scott S ; Holwerda , Andrew M ; Andrews , Richard ; Staples , Aaron W ; Phillips , Stuart M ( 2010 - 08 - 03 ) . `` Effects of capsinoid ingestion on energy expenditure and lipid oxidation at rest and during exercise '' . Nutrition & Metabolism. 7 : 65 . doi : 10.1186 / 1743 - 7075 - 7 - 65 . ISSN 1743 - 7075 . PMC 2922296 . PMID 20682072 . Jump up ^ `` Dictionary of American Regional English '' . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Azhar Ali Farooqi ; B.S. Sreeramu ; K.N. Srinivasappa ( 2005 ) . Cultivation of Spice Crops . Universities Press . pp. 336 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7371 - 521 - 1 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vegetable of the Month : Bell Pepper '' . CDC Fruit & Vegetable of the Month . Archived from the original on 3 January 2003 . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Jump up ^ University of the District of Columbia . `` Peppers '' ( PDF ) . Center for Nutrition , Diet and Health . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Dominique Roujou de Boubee , School of Oenology , University of Bordeaux II . `` Research on 2 - methoxy - 3 - isoButylpyrazine in Grapes and Wine '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 October 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Table 64 -- World bell and chili peppers : Production 1990 -- 2007 '' . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Capsicum cultivars C. annuum var . annuum Aleppo Banana pepper Bell pepper Bird 's eye Cascabel Cayenne Cheongyang Chilaca Cubanelle De árbol Dundicut Espelette Facing heaven ' Fresno Chili ' Friggitello Guajillo Guntur Sannam Hungarian wax Jalapeño Medusa Mulato New Mexico ( a.k.a. Anaheim / Hatch ) Padrón Pasilla Peter Pimiento Poblano Santa Fe Grande Serrano Shishito C. annuum var . glabriusculum Piquín Wild chiltepin C. chinense Adjuma Ají dulce Bhut jolokia ' Carolina Reaper ' Datil ' Dragon 's Breath ' Fatalii Habanero Hainan yellow lantern ' Madame Jeanette ' ' Naga Morich ' ' Red Savina ' habanero Scotch bonnet Trinidad moruga scorpion Trinidad scorpion ' Butch T ' ' Pepper X ' C. frutescens African bird 's eye Kambuzi Malagueta Siling labuyo Tabasco C. baccatum Ají Bishop 's crown Lemon drop Peppadew C. pubescens Rocoto pepper Category Commons Agriculture General Agribusiness Agricultural supplies Agricultural science Agricultural engineering Agroforestry Agronomy Animal husbandry Animal - free agriculture Extensive farming Farm Free range Intensive farming Intensive animal farming Mechanised agriculture Organic farming Permaculture Sustainable agriculture Universities and colleges Urban agriculture History Prehistoric Neolithic Revolution Agriculture in Mesoamerica Ancient Ancient Egypt Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Medieval Arab Agricultural Revolution Modern British Agricultural Revolution Green Revolution Organic Types Aquaculture Cattle Dairy farming Goat farming Grazing Hydroponics Livestock Pig farming Orchards Poultry farming Sheep farming Categories Agriculture by country Agriculture companies Biotechnology Livestock Meat industry Poultry farming Category Portal Wikiproject Horticulture and gardening Gardening History Design computer - aided Garden tool Green wall Arboretum Allotment Butterfly Community Forest French intensive Guerrilla Garden Historic conservation Landscape Native Parterre Raised bed Square foot Sustainable Xeriscaping Types of gardens Back Biblical Botanical Butterfly Byzantine Cactus Cantonese Chinese Color Container Cottage Dutch English Fernery Floating Flower French formal landscape Renaissance Front Greek Greenhouse Hanging Hügelkultur Islamic Italian Japanese Kitchen Knot Korean Market Mary Monastic Mughal Orangery Orchard Persian Bagh Charbagh Paradise Philosophical Pleasure Roman Spanish Rain Rose Roof Sacred Scottish Sculpture Sensory Shade Therapeutic Trial Tropical Victory Vineyard Walled Water Wildlife Winter Zen Zoological Horticulture Agriculture stock - free sustainable urban Arboriculture Botany Companion planting Crop most valuable Flora Floriculture Fruticulture Genetically modified tree Hydroculture Indigenous Intercropping Landscape architecture Oenology Olericulture Plant breeding propagation drought tolerance hardiness Pomology Postharvest physiology Tropical Urban agriculture horticulture forestry reforestation Viticulture Organic Biodynamic agriculture List of organic gardening and farming topics Vegan organic gardening Plant protection Fungicide Herbicide Index of pesticide articles List of fungicides Pesticide Plant disease forecasting Pruning Weed control Agriculture and agronomy portal Gardening portal Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell_pepper&oldid=824933175 '' Categories : Chili peppers Crops originating from the Americas Capsicum cultivars Crops Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Español Esperanto فارسی Français 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hausa Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پښتو Português संस्कृतम् Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 12 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
is red bell pepper a fruit or vegetable
[ "The bell pepper (also known as sweet pepper or pepper in the United Kingdom, Canada and Ireland, and capsicum /ˈkæpsɪkəm/[1] in Australia, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Singapore and New Zealand) is a cultivar group of the species Capsicum annuum.[2] Cultivars of the plant produce fruits in different colors, including red, yellow, orange, green, chocolate/brown, vanilla/white, and purple. Bell peppers are sometimes grouped with less pungent pepper varieties as \"sweet peppers\". The whitish ribs and seeds inside bell peppers may be consumed, but some people find the taste to be bitter.[3]" ]
[ "fruits" ]
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Cloud Gate
Cloud Gate - wikipedia Cloud Gate This article is about the sculpture in Chicago . For the modern dance group , see Cloud Gate Dance Theatre . Public sculpture by Sir Anish Kapoor in Chicago , Illinois , United States Coordinates : 41 ° 52 ′ 57.67 '' N 87 ° 37 ′ 23.97 '' W  /  41.8826861 ° N 87.6233250 ° W  / 41.8826861 ; - 87.6233250 Cloud Gate Artist Anish Kapoor Year 2006 Medium Stainless steel sculpture 10 m × 13 m × 20 m ( 33 ft × 42 ft × 66 ft ) Location Millennium Park , Chicago , Illinois , United States Cloud Gate is a public sculpture by Indian - born British artist Sir Anish Kapoor , that is the centerpiece of AT&T Plaza at Millennium Park in the Loop community area of Chicago , Illinois . The sculpture and AT&T Plaza are located on top of Park Grill , between the Chase Promenade and McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink . Constructed between 2004 and 2006 , the sculpture is nicknamed The Bean because of its shape . Made up of 168 stainless steel plates welded together , its highly polished exterior has no visible seams . It measures 33 by 66 by 42 feet ( 10 by 20 by 13 m ) , and weighs 110 short tons ( 100 t ; 98 long tons ) . Kapoor 's design was inspired by liquid mercury and the sculpture 's surface reflects and distorts the city 's skyline . Visitors are able to walk around and under Cloud Gate 's 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) high arch . On the underside is the `` omphalos '' ( Greek for `` navel '' ) , a concave chamber that warps and multiplies reflections . The sculpture builds upon many of Kapoor 's artistic themes , and it is popular with tourists as a photo - taking opportunity for its unique reflective properties . The sculpture was the result of a design competition . After Kapoor 's design was chosen , numerous technological concerns regarding the design 's construction and assembly arose , in addition to concerns regarding the sculpture 's upkeep and maintenance . Various experts were consulted , some of whom believed the design could not be implemented . Eventually , a feasible method was found , but the sculpture 's construction fell behind schedule . It was unveiled in an incomplete form during the Millennium Park grand opening celebration in 2004 , before being concealed again while it was completed . Cloud Gate was formally dedicated on May 15 , 2006 , and has since gained considerable popularity , both domestically and internationally . Contents 1 Design 2 Construction and maintenance 3 Reception 4 Artistic themes 4.1 Relevant Kapoor themes 4.2 Cloud Gate themes 5 In popular culture 5.1 Lawsuit Against National Rifle Association 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Notes 7.2 Bibliography 8 External links Design ( edit ) Image map of Millennium Park ; east is at the top . Each feature or label is linked . Lying between Lake Michigan to the east and the Loop to the west , Grant Park has been Chicago 's front yard since the mid-19th century . Its northwest corner , north of Monroe Street and the Art Institute , east of Michigan Avenue , south of Randolph Street , and west of Columbus Drive , had been Illinois Central rail yards and parking lots until 1997 , when it was made available for development by the city as Millennium Park . For 2007 , the park was Chicago 's second largest tourist attraction , trailing only Navy Pier . In 1999 , Millennium Park officials and a group of art collectors , curators and architects reviewed the artistic works of 30 different artists and asked two for proposals . American artist Jeff Koons submitted a proposal to erect a permanent 150 - foot ( 46 m ) sculpture of a playground slide ; his glass and steel design featured an observation deck 90 feet ( 27 m ) above the ground that was accessible via an elevator . The committee chose the second design by internationally acclaimed artist Anish Kapoor . Measuring 33 by 66 by 42 feet ( 10 by 20 by 13 m ) and weighing 110 short tons ( 100 t ; 98 long tons ) , the proposal featured a seamless , stainless steel surface inspired by liquid mercury . This mirror - like surface would reflect the Chicago skyline , but its elliptical shape would distort and twist the reflected image . As visitors walk around the structure , its surface acts like a fun - house mirror as it distorts their reflections . Anish Kapoor 's design proposal was chosen over works by thirty different artists . In the underside of the sculpture is the omphalos , an indentation whose mirrored surface provides multiple reflections of any subject situated beneath it . The apex of the omphalos is 27 feet ( 8.2 m ) above the ground . The concave underside allows visitors to walk underneath to see the omphalos , and through its arch to the other side so that they view the entire structure . During the grand opening week in July 2004 , press reports described the omphalos as the `` spoon - like underbelly '' . The stainless steel sculpture was originally envisioned as the centerpiece of the Lurie Garden at the southeast corner of the park . However , Park officials believed the piece was too large for the Lurie Garden and decided to locate it at AT&T Plaza , despite Kapoor 's objections . Skyscrapers to the north along East Randolph Street , including The Heritage , the Smurfit - Stone Building , Two Prudential Plaza , One Prudential Plaza , and Aon Center are visible , reflected on both the east and west sides of the sculpture . Although Kapoor does not draw with computers , computer modeling was essential to the process of analyzing the complex form , which created numerous issues . Since the sculpture was expected to be outdoors , concerns arose that it might retain and conduct heat in a way that would make it too hot to touch during the summer and so cold that one 's tongue might stick to it during the winter . The extreme temperature variation between seasons was also feared to weaken the structure . Graffiti , bird droppings and fingerprints were also potential problems , as they would affect the aesthetics of the surface . The most pressing issue was the need to create a single seamless exterior for the external shell , a feat architect Norman Foster once believed to be nearly impossible . While the sculpture was being constructed , public and media outlets nicknamed it `` The Bean '' because of its shape , a name that Kapoor described as `` completely stupid '' . Months later , Kapoor officially named the piece `` Cloud Gate '' . ( Kapoor eventually accepted the nickname of `` The Bean '' . ) Critical reviews describe the sculpture as a passage between realms . Three - quarters of the sculpture 's external surface reflects the sky and the name refers to it acting as a type of gate that helps bridge the space between the sky and the viewer . The sculpture and plaza are sometimes referred to jointly as `` Cloud Gate on the AT&T Plaza '' . It is Kapoor 's first public outdoor work in the United States , and is the work by which he is best known in the country according to the Financial Times . Construction and maintenance ( edit ) The first of two internal support rings for the sculpture is erected in Millennium Park at AT&T Plaza . The British engineering firm Atelier One and freelance engineer Chris Hornzee - Jones ( who later went on to form the engineering firm Aerotrope in 2005 ) provided the sculpture 's structural design , and Performance Structures , Inc . ( PSI ) was chosen to fabricate it because of their ability to produce nearly invisible welds . The project began with PSI attempting to recreate the design in miniature . A high - density polyurethane foam model was selected by Kapoor , which was then used to design the final structure , including the interior structural components . Initially , PSI planned to build and assemble the sculpture in Oakland , California , and ship it to Chicago through the Panama Canal and St. Lawrence Seaway . However , this plan was discarded after park officials deemed it too risky , so the decision was made to transport the individual panels by truck and to assemble the structure on - site , a task undertaken by MTH Industries . The sculpture 's weight raised concerns . Estimating the thickness of the steel needed to create the sculpture 's desired aesthetics before fabrication was difficult . Cloud Gate was originally estimated to weigh 60 short tons ( 54 t ; 54 long tons ) when completed . However , the final figure was almost twice as heavy at 110 short tons ( 100 t ; 98 long tons ) . This extra weight required engineers to reconsider the sculpture 's supporting structures . The roof of the Park Grill , upon which Cloud Gate sits , had to be built strong enough to bear the weight . The large retaining wall separating Chicago 's Metra train tracks from the North Grant Park garage supports much of the weight of the sculpture and forms the back side of the restaurant . This wall , along with the rest of the garage 's foundation , required additional bracing before the piece was erected . Cloud Gate is further buttressed by lateral members underneath the plaza that are anchored to the sculpture 's interior structure by tie rods . Inside Cloud Gate 's polished exterior shell are several steel structures that keep the sculpture standing . The first structural pieces , two type 304 stainless steel rings , were put into place in February 2004 . As construction continued , crisscrossing pipe trusses were assembled between the two rings . The trusses and supporting structures were only present for the construction phases . The finished sculpture has no inner bracing . The supporting structural components were designed and constructed to ensure that no specific point was overloaded , and to avoid producing unwanted indentations on the exterior shell . The frame was also designed to expand and contract with the sculpture as temperatures fluctuate . As a result , the two large rings supporting the sculpture move independently of each other , allowing the shell to move independently of the rings . When Cloud Gate 's interior components were completed , construction crews prepared to work on the outer shell ; this comprises 168 stainless steel panels , each ⁄ inch ( 10 mm ) thick and weighing 1,000 to 2,000 pounds ( 450 to 910 kg ) . They were fabricated using three - dimensional modeling software . Computers and robots were essential in the bending and shaping of the plates , which was performed by English wheel and a robotic scanning device . Metal stiffeners were welded to each panel 's interior face to provide a small degree of rigidity . About a third of the plates , along with the entire interior structure , were fabricated in Oakland . The plates were polished to 98 percent of their final state and covered with protective white film before being sent to Chicago via trucks . Once in Chicago , the plates were welded together on - site , creating 2,442 linear feet ( 744 m ) of welded seams . Welders used keyhole welding machines rather than traditional welding guns . The plates were fabricated so precisely that no on - site cutting or filing was necessary when lifting and fitting them into position . When construction of the shell began in June 2004 , a large tent was erected around the piece to shield it from public view . Construction began with the omphalos , where plates were attached to the supporting internal steel structure , from the inside ( underside ) of the sculpture downward to the outermost surfaces . This sequence caused the structure to resemble a large sombrero when the bottom was complete . The shell of Cloud Gate was fully erected for the grand opening of Millennium Park on July 15 , 2004 , although it was unpolished and thus unfinished , because its assembly had fallen behind schedule . The piece was temporarily uncovered on July 8 for the opening , although Kapoor was unhappy with this as it allowed the public to see the sculpture in an unfinished state . The original plan was to re-erect the tent around the sculpture for polishing on July 24 , but public appreciation for the piece convinced park officials to leave it uncovered for several months . The tent was again erected in January 2005 as a 24 - person crew from Ironworkers Local 63 polished the seams between each plate . In order to grind , sand and polish the seams , six levels of scaffolding were erected around the sides of the sculpture , while climbing ropes and harnesses were used to polish harder - to - reach areas . When the upper and side portions of the shell were completed , the tent was once again removed in August 2005 . On October 3 , the omphalos was closed off as workers polished the final section . Every weld on the Cloud Gate underwent a five - stage process , required to produce the sculpture 's mirror - like finish . Stage Name Equipment used Sandpaper type Purpose Rough cut 5 - pound ( 2.3 kg ) , 41⁄2 - inch ( 110 mm ) electric grinder 40 - grit Removed welded seams Initial contour 15 - pound ( 6.8 kg ) , 2 - inch ( 51 mm ) , air - driven belt sander 80 - grit , 100 - grit and 120 - grit Shaped the weld contours Sculpting air - driven 10 - pound ( 4.5 kg ) , 1 - inch ( 25 mm ) belt sander 80 - grit , 120 - grit , 240 - grit and 400 - grit Smoothed the weld contours Refining double action sander 400 - grit , 600 - grit and 800 - grit Removed the fine scratches that were left from the sculpting stage 5 Polishing 10 - inch ( 250 mm ) electric buffing wheel 10 pounds ( 4.5 kg ) of rouge Buffed and polished the surface to a mirror - like finish The sculpture was finally completed on August 28 , 2005 , and officially unveiled on May 15 , 2006 . The cost for the piece was first estimated at $6 million ; this had escalated to $11.5 million by the time the park opened in 2004 , with the final figure standing at $23 million in 2006 . No public funds were involved ; all funding came from donations from individuals and corporations . Kapoor 's contract states that the constructed piece should be expected to survive for 1,000 years . The lower 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) of Cloud Gate is wiped down twice a day by hand , while the entire sculpture is cleaned twice a year with 40 U.S. gallons ( 33 imp gal ; 150 L ) of liquid detergent . The daily cleanings use a Windex - like solution , while the semi-annual cleanings use Tide . A notable February 2009 rare incident saw two names etched in letters about 1 inch ( 25 mm ) tall on the northeast side of the curved sculpture . The graffiti was removed by the same firm that did the original polishing . Reception ( edit ) A tent was erected to cover Cloud Gate while it was being polished in 2004 and 2005 . Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley declared the day of the sculpture 's dedication , May 15 , 2006 , to be `` Cloud Gate Day '' . Kapoor attended the celebration , while local jazz trumpeter and bandleader Orbert Davis and the Chicago Jazz Philharmonic played `` Fanfare for Cloud Gate '' , which Davis composed . The public took an instant liking to the sculpture , affectionately referring to it as `` The Bean '' . Cloud Gate has become a popular piece of public art and is now a fixture on many souvenirs such as postcards , sweatshirts , and posters . The sculpture has attracted a large number of locals , tourists , and art aficionados from around the world . The sculpture is now the piece by which Kapoor is most identified in the United States . Time describes the piece as an essential photo opportunity , and more of a destination than a work of art. The New York Times writes that it is both a `` tourist magnet '' and an `` extraordinary art object '' , while USA Today refers to the sculpture as a monumental abstract work . Chicago art critic Edward Lifson considers Cloud Gate to be among the greatest pieces of public art in the world . The American Welding Society recognized Cloud Gate , MTH Industries and PSI with the group 's Extraordinary Welding Award . Time named Millennium Park one of the ten best architectural achievements of 2004 , citing Cloud Gate as one of the park 's major attractions . What I wanted to do in Millennium Park is make something that would engage the Chicago skyline ... so that one will see the clouds kind of floating in , with those very tall buildings reflected in the work . And then , since it is in the form of a gate , the participant , the viewer , will be able to enter into this very deep chamber that does , in a way , the same thing to one 's reflection as the exterior of the piece is doing to the reflection of the city around . -- Anish Kapoor When the park first opened in 2004 , Metra police stopped a Columbia College Chicago journalism student who was working on a photography project in Millennium Park and confiscated his film because of fears of terrorism . In 2005 , the sculpture attracted some controversy when a professional photographer without a paid permit was denied access to the piece . As is the case for all works of art currently covered by United States copyright law , the artist holds the copyright for the sculpture . This allows the public to freely photograph Cloud Gate , but permission from Kapoor or the City of Chicago ( which has licensed the art ) is required for any commercial reproductions of the photographs . The city first set a policy of collecting permit fees for photographs . These permits were initially set at $350 per day for professional still photographers , $1,200 per day for professional videographers and $50 per hour for wedding photographers . The policy has been changed so permits are only required for large - scale film , video and photography requiring ten - person crews and equipment . In addition to restricting photography of public art , closing a public park for a private event has also been controversial . In 2005 and 2006 , almost all of Millennium Park was closed for a day for corporate events . On both occasions , as one of the park 's primary attractions , Cloud Gate was the focus of controversy . On September 8 , 2005 , Toyota Motor Sales USA paid $800,000 to rent most venues in the park including Cloud Gate on AT&T Plaza from 6 a.m. to 11 p.m. On August 7 , 2006 , Allstate paid $700,000 to rent the park . For this price , Allstate acquired the visitation rights to a different set of features and only had exclusive access to Cloud Gate after 4 p.m. These corporate closures denied tourists access to Kapoor 's public sculpture , and commuters who walk through the park were forced to take alternative routes . City officials stated that the money would help finance free public programs in Millennium Park . In 2015 , a sculpture similar to Cloud Gate was reported in Karamay , China at the site of an oil discovery , which according to Eduardo Peñalver , the Dean of Cornell Law School , `` very probably '' is a copyright infringement against Cloud Gate . Though designed to resemble an oil bubble , Kapoor hoped that legal action would be taken against what he termed a Chinese knockoff . Mayor Rahm Emanuel was less concerned and said that it was a flattering imitation . Artistic themes ( edit ) Relevant Kapoor themes ( edit ) I hope what I have done is make a serious work , which deals with serious questions about form , public space and an object in space . You can capture the popular imagination and hold other points of interest , but that is not what I set out to do , although there is inevitably a certain spectacular in an object like this . -- Anish Kapoor Anish Kapoor has a reputation for creating spectacles in urban settings by producing works of extreme size and scale . Before creating Cloud Gate , Kapoor had created art that distorted images of the viewer instead of portraying images of its own . In so doing , he acquired experience blurring the boundary between the limit and the limitless . Kapoor drew on past experience to design Cloud Gate , in particular the designing of Sky Mirror ( 2001 ) , a 20 - foot ( 6.1 m ) 10 - short - ton ( 9 t ; 9 - long - ton ) concave stainless steel mirror that also used a theme of distorted perception on a grand scale . Kapoor 's objects often aim to evoke immateriality and the spiritual , an outcome he achieves either by carving dark voids into stone pieces , or more recently , through the sheer shine and reflectivity of his objects . This Indian artist 's works have no fixed identity , but rather occupy an illusionary space that is consistent with eastern theologies shared by Buddhism , Hinduism and Taoism , as well as Albert Einstein 's views of a non-three - dimensional world . Kapoor explores the theme of ambiguity with his works that place the viewer in a state of `` in - betweenness '' . The artist often questions and plays with such dualities as solidity -- emptiness or reality -- reflection , which in turn allude to such paired opposites as flesh -- spirit , the here -- the beyond , east -- west , sky -- earth , etc. that create the conflict between internal and external , superficial and subterranean , and conscious and unconscious . Kapoor also creates a tension between masculine and feminine within his art by having concave points of focus that invite the entry of visitors and multiplies their images when they are positioned correctly . Cloud Gate themes ( edit ) Kapoor often speaks of removing both the signature of the artist from his works as well as any traces of their fabrication , or what he refers to as `` traces of the hand '' . He aspires to make his works look like they have independent realities that he reveals rather than creates . For him , removing all the seams from Cloud Gate was necessary in order to make the sculpture seem as though it was `` perfect '' and ready - made . These effects increase the viewer 's fascination with it and makes them wonder what it is and where it came from . His attempts to hide his works ' seams as an artist stand in contrast to Frank Gehry 's architectural designs in the park , Jay Pritzker Pavilion and BP Pedestrian Bridge , which display their seams prominently . Cloud Gate is described as a transformative , iconic work . It is similar to many of Kapoor 's previous works in the themes and issues it addresses . While the sculpture 's mirror effects are reminiscent of fun - house fairground mirrors , they also have a more serious intent ; they help dematerialize this very large object , making it seem light and almost weightless . Cloud Gate is considered Kapoor 's most ambitious use of complex mirrored form dynamics . Kapoor challenges his viewers to internalize his work through intellectual and theoretical exercise . By reflecting the sky , visiting and non-visiting pedestrians and surrounding architecture , Cloud Gate limits its viewers to partial comprehension at any time . The interaction with the viewer who moves to create his own vision gives it a spiritual dimension . The sculpture is described as a disembodied , luminous form , which is also how his earlier 1000 Names ( 1979 -- 80 ) was described when it addressed the metaphysical and mystical . The viewer physically enters the art when he walks underneath it into its `` navel '' . The omphalos is a `` warped dimension of fluid space '' . In this dimension , solid is transformed into fluid in a disorienting multiplicative manner that intensifies the experience . It is emblematic of Kapoor 's work to deconstruct empirical space and venture into manifold possibilities of abstract space . The experience is described as a displaced or virtual depth that is composed of multiplied surfaces . According to project manager Lou Cerny of MTH Industries , `` When the light is right , you ca n't see where the sculpture ends and the sky begins . '' The sculpture challenges perception by distorting and deforming the surrounding architecture . The skyscrapers along East Randolph Street to the northeast ( Two Prudential Plaza , and Aon Center ) , north ( One Prudential Plaza ) and northwest ( The Heritage , Crain Communications Building ) are reflected on Cloud Gate 's surface when viewed from either the east or the west . The sculpture also warps viewers ' perception of time by changing the speed of movements such as the passing of clouds . Although in the conventional sense Cloud Gate is not an opening that leads anywhere in the same way that monumental gates do , it frames a view and is celebratory in the way it creates a ceremonial place . The work is credited with achieving a new level or understanding described as a transubstantiation of material , reminiscent of that which the artist experienced during a 1979 trip to India . Kapoor 's 1000 Names evolved immediately after this trip ; twenty - five years later he created Cloud Gate , an object that emerged from material forms to become immaterial . Kapoor often relies on tenets of Hinduism in his art and says that `` The experience of opposites allows for the expression of wholeness . '' Primal dualities that are one , such as the lingam and yoni , are important to Indian culture , and Cloud Gate represents both the male and female in one entity by symbolizing both the vagina and testicles . Thus , it represents the tension between the masculine and the feminine . In popular culture ( edit ) The sculpture has been used as a backdrop in commercial films , notably in the 2006 Hollywood film The Break - Up , which had to reshoot several scenes because the sculpture was under cover for the initial filming . It is also prominently featured in the ending scene of Source Code . Director Duncan Jones felt the structure was a metaphor for the movie 's subject matter and aimed for it to be shown at the beginning and end of the movie . The sculpture served as an aesthetic and symbolic setting for the 2012 film The Vow when the lead characters share a kiss under it . It also appears in the video to `` Homecoming '' , a song by Chicago native Kanye West , featuring Chris Martin of the band Coldplay . The sculpture is also featured in the 2008 mumblecore film Nights and Weekends . It was also featured in the Bollywood film Dhoom 3 and the 2014 movie , Transformers : Age of Extinction , the fourth installment in the Transformers series . A modified reproduction of Cloud Gate is also included in Watch Dogs , a video game released in 2014 that takes place in Chicago . Unlike the real sculpture , the in - game replica is a curved , white torus . A movement to Windex the Bean was started in 2017 , gaining the attention of over thirty thousand people on Facebook . The event took place on November 15 , 2017 , because of a consensus that the Bean is dirty and needs to be cleaned . Lawsuit against national rifle association ( edit ) A June 2017 NRA video entitled `` The Clenched Fist of Truth '' used an image of `` The Bean '' sculpture . Anish Kapoor sued the NRA to stop running the video , pay any profits gained as a result of the video , compensate him for statutory damages equivalent to $150,000 per infringement , and attorney fees . See also ( edit ) List of public art in Chicago References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , Timothy J. ( August 6 , 2006 ) . `` Millennium Park '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Crain 's List Largest Tourist Attractions ( Sightseeing ) : Ranked by 2007 attendance '' . Crain 's Chicago Business . Crain Communications Inc . June 23 , 2008 . p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Schulze , Franz ( November 2004 ) . `` Sunday afternoon in the Cyber-Age Park : the city 's new greensward features Frank Gehny 's latest , plus `` interactive '' sculptural works by Jaume Plensa and Anish Kapoor `` . Art in America : 66 -- 69 . ^ Jump up to : Ahmed - Ullah , Noreen S. ( May 16 , 2006 ) . `` Bean 's gleam has creator beaming -- Artist Anish Kapoor admits being surprised by aspects of ` Cloud Gate ' at Monday 's dedication ceremony in Millennium Park '' . Chicago Tribune . Newsbank . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Artner , Alan G. ( April 25 , 2004 ) . `` Arts & Entertainment '' . Chicago Tribune . Newsbank . Retrieved September 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Sharoff , p. 61 Jump up ^ Daniel , Caroline ; Jeremy Grant ( September 10 , 2005 ) . `` Classical city soars above Capone clichés '' . The Financial Times . The Financial Times Ltd . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . ( registration required for entire article ) ^ Jump up to : Lacayo , Richard ( June 5 , 2008 ) . `` Anish Kapoor : Past , Present , Future '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved July 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , p. 203 Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , p. 261 Jump up ^ `` News '' . Journal Gazette ( Mattoon , IL ) . Newsbank . July 17 , 2004 . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bean , fountain highlight park opening '' . The Southern Illinoisan . Newsbank . July 17 , 2004 . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Nance , Kevin ( July 14 , 2004 ) . `` The Bean 's bone of contention '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Newsbank . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Baume , p. 53 ^ Jump up to : Gilfoyle , p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , Fred A. ( July 18 , 2004 ) . `` Art / Architecture ; Big Shoulders , Big Donors , Big Art '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Hedy ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Anish Kapoor , ' Cloud Gate ' artist : ' I call it `` The Bean , '' too ' `` . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Baume , pp. 123 -- 132 Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , pp. 263 -- 4 ^ Jump up to : `` Cloud Gate on the AT&T Plaza '' . Millennium Park . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2008 . Retrieved May 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Budick , Ariella ( June 14 , 2008 ) . `` Innies and outies '' . The Financial Times . The Financial Times Ltd . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Neil ; Chadwick , Aran ( 2009 ) . Liquid Threshold . Atelier One . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9562563 - 0 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` aerotrope profile '' . Aerotrope . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Steele , Jeffrey . `` Special Project -- Chicago 's Millennium Park Project '' . McGraw - Hill Construction . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2008 . Retrieved May 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Sharoff , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Gilfoyle , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , p. 402 . Jump up ^ `` Making Metal Gleam '' . USGlass. 42 ( 4 ) . April 2007 . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sharoff , p. 51 ^ Jump up to : Nunn , Emily ( August 24 , 2005 ) . `` Making it shine '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sharoff , p. 56 ^ Jump up to : Gilfoyle , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Becker , Lynn . `` A photo essay on the making of Anish Kapoor 's Cloud Gate sculpture in Chicago 's Millennium Park '' . Repeat . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2008 . Retrieved May 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , p. 206 . Jump up ^ `` Cloud Gate '' . Chicago Architecture Info . Retrieved June 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A place to reflect in Chicago '' . Los Angeles Times . January 2 , 2005 . Retrieved June 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Karen ( August 18 , 2005 ) . `` Cloud Gate Sculpture in Millennium Park to be Completely Untented by Sunday , August 28 '' ( PDF ) . Millennium Park . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Yates , Jon ( July 15 , 2004 ) . `` Chicago finds ' bean ' meets taste test -- Sculpture reflects positively on city '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Bean Unveiled '' . Chicago Tonight . Chicago . May 15 , 2006 . WTTW . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ford , Liam ( July 11 , 2004 ) . `` City to finally open its new front yard -- Millennium Park 's price tag tripled '' . Chicago Tribune . Newsbank . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel , Caroline ( July 20 , 2004 ) . `` How a steel bean gave Chicago fresh pride '' . The Financial Times . The Financial Times Ltd . Retrieved August 7 , 2008 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Bange , Jackie ( August 18 , 2005 ) . `` Clean the Bean '' . WGN - TV . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Artner , Alan G. ; Rex W. Huppke ( February 4 , 2009 ) . `` Someone scratched the Bean 's surface -- Authorities say vandalism rare , and this instance is easy to fix '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Lifson , Edward ( June 15 , 2006 ) . `` Cloud Gate Day '' . Chicago Public Radio . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2008 . Retrieved May 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Randy ( August 20 , 2006 ) . `` A Most Public Artist Polishes a New York Image '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Roberta ( May 30 , 2008 ) . `` Sculptor as Magician '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ King , John ( July 30 , 2006 ) . `` Chicago 's architectural razzmatazz : New or old , skyscrapers reflect city 's brash and playful character '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications Inc . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Randy ( May 25 , 2008 ) . `` The Week Ahead : May 25 -- 31 '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lacayo , Richard ( February 27 , 2007 ) . `` Thinking Way Out of the Box '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kinzer , Stephen ( July 13 , 2004 ) . `` Letter From Chicago ; A Prized Project , a Mayor and Persistent Criticism '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` What have artists wrought from 9 / 11 ? '' . USA Today . September 3 , 2004 . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AWS Honors MTH and Others for Work on Cloud Gate Project '' . USGlass Magazine . Key Communications , Inc. / The USGlass News Network . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lacayo , Richard ( December 18 , 2004 ) . `` The Best Architecture '' . Time . Time Inc . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2008 . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kim , Gina ( 2004 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Cops seize college photographer 's film '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Kleiman , Kelly ( March 30 , 2005 ) . `` Who owns public art ? '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved May 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Storch , Charles ( May 27 , 2005 ) . `` Millennium Park loosens its photo rules '' . Chicago Tribune . Newsbank . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ahmed - Ullah , Noreen S. ( September 9 , 2005 ) . `` No Walk In The Park -- Toyota VIPs receive Millennium Park ' s red - carpet treatment ; everyone else told to just keep on going '' . Chicago Tribune . Newsbank . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dardick , Hal ( May 6 , 2005 ) . `` This Sept. 8 , No Bean For You -- Unless you 're a Toyota dealer . In that case , feel free to frolic because the carmaker paid $800,000 to own the park for the day '' . Chicago Tribune . Newsbank . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Herrmann , Andrew ( May 4 , 2006 ) . `` Allstate pays $200,000 to book Millennium Park for one day '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Newsbank . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Bean and the Bubble '' . The Economist. 1 Aug 2015 . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Plucinska , Joanna ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` A New Public Sculpture in China Looks Just Like Chicago 's Iconic Cloud Gate '' . Time . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Felicia Sonmez ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Cloud Gate ' - Gate : Artist Refutes Chicago Mayor over China Art '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gilfoyle , p. 267 . ^ Jump up to : Gilfoyle , p. 264 . ^ Jump up to : Gilfoyle , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , pp. 271 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Baume , p. 9 Jump up ^ Roston , Eric ( October 11 , 2004 ) . `` Windy City Redux '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Baume , p. 18 Jump up ^ Baume , p. 26 Jump up ^ Sharoff , p. 45 ^ Jump up to : Jodidio , pp. 120 -- 122 Jump up ^ Zwecker , Bill ( March 30 , 2006 ) . `` Vaughn , Aniston frolic under Cloud cover '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Newsbank . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Richards , Dean ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Gyllenhaal says the ' Bean ' could be metaphor for ' Source Code ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Virtusio , Jessi ( 2012 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Movies : ' The Vow ' and films for hopeless romantics '' . SouthtownStar . Sun - Times Media Group . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Cave , Anthony ( 2012 - 02 - 10 ) . `` ' The Vow ' is real , defining '' . Sun - Sentinel . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bey , Lee ( 2010 - 04 - 23 ) . `` Hip - hop 's view of Chicago architecture '' . WBEZ . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago takes starring role in ' Dhoom 3 ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . 2013 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Zwecker , Bill ( 2014 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Grammer stars in huge weekend hit '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 2014 - 05 - 31 ) . `` ' Watch Dogs ' review : Ubisoft techno thriller compels until guns drawn '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Shaikh , Sehran ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` Watch Dogs vs Real Life Chicago Comparison Screens Shows Astonishing Replica Of Real World In Video Games '' . Gamepur . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Erika June ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Are these Chicagoans really going to Windex the Bean ? '' . WGN . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kozlarz , Jay ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` Artist Anish Kapoor sues NRA for using ' The Bean ' in promotional video '' . VOX Media . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Bibliography ( edit ) Baume , Nicholas ( 2008 ) . Anish Kapoor : Past Present Future . The MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 02659 - 8 . Gilfoyle , Timothy J. ( 2006 ) . Millennium Park : Creating a Chicago Landmark . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 29349 - 3 . Jodidio , Philip ( 2005 ) . Architecture : Art . Prestel . ISBN 3 - 7913 - 3279 - 1 . Sharoff , Robert ( 2004 ) . Better than Perfect : The Making of Chicago 's Millennium Park . Walsh Construction Company . Thomas , Neil ; Chadwick , Aran ( 2009 ) . Liquid Threshold . Atelier One . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9562563 - 0 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cloud Gate . Cloud Gate on Anish Kapoor 's website City of Chicago Millennium Park Millennium Park map City of Chicago Loop Community Map Cloud Gate at Millennium Park , City of Chicago -- Images and description of Kapoor 's public sculpture Cloud Gate articles in the archive of the Chicago Tribune Places adjacent to Cloud Gate Wrigley Square Boeing Gallery Chase Promenade McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink Cloud Gate Chase Promenade Crown Fountain Boeing Gallery Chase Promenade Anish Kapoor Sculptures ArcelorMittal Orbit Cloud Column Cloud Gate Marsyas Sky Mirror Tees Valley Giants Grant Park Features and attractions Art Institute of Chicago Auditorium Building BP Pedestrian Bridge Buckingham Fountain Burnham Pavilions Chicago Lakefront Trail Grant Park Symphony Orchestra Maggie Daley Park Millennium Park Monroe Harbor Museum Campus Adler Planetarium Field Museum of Natural History Shedd Aquarium Soldier Field Nichols Bridgeway Petrillo Music Shell Public art 8th Street Fountain Abraham Lincoln : The Head of State Agora Big Beaver Totem Pole The Bowman and The Spearman Bust of Sir Georg Solti Chicago Stock Exchange Arch Cloud Gate Christopher Columbus Crown Fountain Cubi VII Flying Dragon Fountain of the Great Lakes Fountain of the Tritons General John Logan Memorial Joseph Rosenberg Fountain Large Interior Form Lions Magdalene Man Enters the Cosmos Man with Fish Olmec Head , Number 8 Spiral Galaxy Spirit of Music Events Bike The Drive Festival Chicago Blues Festival Chicago Jazz Festival Chicago Marathon Grant Park Music Festival Lollapalooza Taste of Chicago 1968 Democratic National Convention protests Barack Obama election victory speech ( 2008 ) Area streets Balbo Drive Columbus Drive Congress Parkway Historic Michigan Boulevard District Jackson Boulevard Lake Shore Drive Michigan Avenue Monroe Street Randolph Street Roosevelt Road Other Burnham Plan of Chicago Metra Electric District Millennium Station Municipal Grant Park Stadium South Shore Line Millennium Park Features and attractions AT&T Plaza Boeing Galleries BP Pedestrian Bridge Chase Promenade Cloud Gate Crown Fountain Exelon Pavilions Harris Theater Jay Pritzker Pavilion Lurie Garden McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink McDonald 's Cycle Center Millennium Station Nichols Bridgeway Park Grill Wrigley Square Surrounding streets Columbus Drive Historic Michigan Boulevard District Michigan Avenue Randolph Street Influences Frank Gehry Kathryn Gustafson Robert Israel Anish Kapoor Piet Oudolf Renzo Piano Jaume Plensa Skidmore , Owings & Merrill Related Burnham Pavilions Grant Park Grant Park Music Festival Petrillo Music Shell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cloud_Gate&oldid=863726713 '' Categories : 2006 sculptures British contemporary works of art Buildings and structures celebrating the third millennium Buildings and structures completed in 2006 Millennium Park Outdoor sculptures in Chicago Sculptures by Anish Kapoor Stainless steel sculptures in the United States Steel sculptures in Illinois 2006 establishments in Illinois Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Articles with short description Featured articles Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Svenska Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2018 , at 16 : 30 ( UTC ) . 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kapoor's piece is titled cloud gate because
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Tyramine
Tyramine - wikipedia Tyramine Jump to : navigation , search Tyramine Clinical data ATC code none Pharmacokinetic data Metabolism CYP2D6 , FMO3 , MAO - A , MAO - B , PNMT , DBH , others Metabolites 4 - hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde , dopamine , N - methyltyramine , octopamine Identifiers IUPAC name ( show ) 4 - ( 2 - aminoethyl ) phenol CAS Number 51 - 67 - 2 PubChem CID 5610 IUPHAR / BPS 2150 ChemSpider 5408 UNII X8ZC7V0OX3 KEGG C00483 ChEBI CHEBI : 15760 ChEMBL CHEMBL11608 ECHA InfoCard 100.000. 106 Chemical and physical data Formula C H NO Molar mass 137.179 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image Melting point 164.5 ° C ( 328.1 ° F ) Boiling point 206 ° C ( 403 ° F ) at 25 mmHg ; 166 ° C at 2 mmHg SMILES ( show ) Oc1ccc ( cc1 ) CCN InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C8H11NO / c9 - 6 - 5 - 7 - 1 - 3 - 8 ( 10 ) 4 - 2 - 7 / h1 - 4 , 10H , 5 - 6 , 9H2 Key : DZGWFCGJZKJUFP - UHFFFAOYSA - N Tyramine ( also spelled tyramin ) ( / ˈtaɪrəmin / TY - rə - meen ) , also known by several other names , is a naturally occurring trace amine derived from the amino acid tyrosine . Tyramine acts as a catecholamine releasing agent . Notably , it is unable to cross the blood - brain barrier , resulting in only non-psychoactive peripheral sympathomimetic effects following ingestion . A hypertensive crisis can result , however , from ingestion of tyramine - rich foods in conjunction with monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( MAOIs ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Occurrence 2 Physical effects and pharmacology 3 Biosynthesis 4 Chemistry 5 Legal status 5.1 United States 5.1. 1 Status in Florida 6 Notes 7 References Occurrence ( edit ) Tyramine occurs widely in plants and animals , and is metabolized by various enzymes , including monoamine oxidases . In foods , it often is produced by the decarboxylation of tyrosine during fermentation or decay . Foods containing considerable amounts of tyramine include meats that are potentially spoiled or pickled , aged , smoked , fermented , or marinated ( some fish , poultry , and beef ) ; most pork ( except cured ham ) . Other foods containing considerable amounts of tyramine are chocolate ; alcoholic beverages ; and fermented foods , such as most cheeses ( except ricotta , cottage , cream and Neufchâtel cheeses ) , sour cream , yogurt , shrimp paste , soy sauce , soybean condiments , teriyaki sauce , tempeh , miso soup , sauerkraut , kimchi , broad ( fava ) beans , green bean pods , Italian flat ( Romano ) beans , snow peas , edamame , avocados , bananas , pineapple , eggplants , figs , red plums , raspberries , peanuts , Brazil nuts , coconuts , processed meat , yeast , an array of cacti and the holiday plant mistletoe . Physical effects and pharmacology ( edit ) Evidence for the presence of tyramine in the human brain has been confirmed by postmortem analysis . Additionally , the possibility that tyramine acts directly as a neuromodulator was revealed by the discovery of a G protein - coupled receptor with high affinity for tyramine , called TAAR1 . The TAAR1 receptor is found in the brain , as well as peripheral tissues , including the kidneys . Tyramine binds to both TAAR1 and TAAR2 as an agonist in humans . Tyramine is physiologically metabolized by monoamine oxidases ( primarily MAO - A ) , FMO3 , PNMT , DBH , and CYP2D6 . In humans , if monoamine metabolism is compromised by the use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( MAOIs ) and foods high in tyramine are ingested , a hypertensive crisis can result , as tyramine also can displace stored monoamines , such as dopamine , norepinephrine , and epinephrine , from pre-synaptic vesicles . The first signs of this were discovered by a British pharmacist who noticed his wife , who at the time was on MAOI medication , had severe headaches when eating cheese . For this reason , the crisis is still called the `` cheese effect '' or `` cheese crisis '' , though other foods can cause the same problem . Most processed cheeses do not contain enough tyramine to cause hypertensive effects , although some aged cheeses ( such as Stilton ) do . A large dietary intake of tyramine ( or a dietary intake of tyramine while taking MAO inhibitors ) can cause the tyramine pressor response , which is defined as an increase in systolic blood pressure of 30 mmHg or more . The displacement of norepinephrine ( noradrenaline ) from neuronal storage vesicles by acute tyramine ingestion is thought to cause the vasoconstriction and increased heart rate and blood pressure of the pressor response . In severe cases , adrenergic crisis can occur . Although the mechanism is unclear , tyramine ingestion also triggers migraines in sensitive individuals . Vasodilation , dopamine , and circulatory factors are all implicated in migraine . Double - blind trials suggest that the effects of tyramine on migraines may be adrenergic . Migraineurs are over-represented among those with inadequate natural monoamine oxidase , resulting in similar problems individuals taking MAO inhibitors . Many migraine triggers are high in tyramine . If one has had repeated exposure to tyramine , however , there is a decreased pressor response ; tyramine is degraded to octopamine , which is subsequently packaged in synaptic vesicles with norepinephrine ( noradrenaline ) . Therefore , after repeated tyramine exposure , these vesicles contain an increased amount of octopamine and a relatively reduced amount of norepinephrine . When these vesicles are secreted upon tyramine ingestion , there is a decreased pressor response , as less norepinephrine is secreted into the synapse , and octopamine does not activate alpha or beta adrenergic receptors. :) When using a MAO inhibitor ( MAOI ) , the intake of approximately 10 to 25 mg of tyramine is required for a severe reaction compared to 6 to 10 mg for a mild reaction . Research reveals a possible link between migraine and elevated levels of tyramine . A 2007 review published in Neurological Sciences presented data showing migraine and cluster headaches are characterised by an increase of circulating neurotransmitters and neuromodulators ( including tyramine , octopamine and synephrine ) in the hypothalamus , amygdala and dopaminergic system . Biosynthesis ( edit ) Biochemically , tyramine is produced by the decarboxylation of tyrosine via the action of the enzyme tyrosine decarboxylase . Tyramine can , in turn , be converted to methylated alkaloid derivatives N - methyltyramine , N , N - dimethyltyramine ( hordenine ) , and N , N , N - trimethyltyramine ( candicine ) . Tyramine N - Methyltyramine N , N - Dimethyltyramine ( hordenine ) N , N , N - Trimethyltyramine ( candicine ) In humans , tyramine is produced from tyrosine , as shown in the following diagram . Biosynthetic pathways for catecholamines and trace amines in the human brain L - Phenylalanine L - Tyrosine L - DOPA Epinephrine Phenethylamine p - Tyramine Dopamine Norepinephrine N - Methylphenethylamine N - Methyltyramine p - Octopamine Synephrine 3 - Methoxytyramine AADC AADC AADC primary pathway PNMT PNMT PNMT PNMT AAAH AAAH brain CYP2D6 minor pathway COMT DBH DBH In humans , catecholamines and phenethylaminergic trace amines are derived from the amino acid L - phenylalanine . Chemistry ( edit ) In the laboratory , tyramine can be synthesized in various ways , in particular by the decarboxylation of tyrosine . Tyrosine decarboxylation Legal status ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Tyramine is not scheduled at the federal level in the United States and is therefore legal to buy , sell , or possess . Status in Florida ( edit ) Tyramine is a Schedule I controlled substance , categorized as a hallucinogen , making it illegal to buy , sell , or possess in the state of Florida without a license at any purity level or any form whatsoever . The language in the Florida statute says tyramine is illegal in `` any material , compound , mixture , or preparation that contains any quantity of ( tyramine ) or that contains any of ( its ) salts , isomers , including optical , positional , or geometric isomers , and salts of isomers , if the existence of such salts , isomers , and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation '' . This ban is likely the product of lawmakers overly eager to ban substituted phenethylamines , which tyramine is , in the mistaken belief that ring - substituted phenethylamines are hallucinogenic drugs like the 2C series of psychedelic substituted phenethylamines . The further banning of tyramine 's optical isomers , positional isomers , or geometric isomers , and salts of isomers where they exist , means that meta - tyramine and phenylethanolamine , a substance found in every living human body , and other common , non-hallucinogenic substances are also illegal to buy , sell or possess in Florida . Given that tyramine occurs naturally in many foods and drinks ( most commonly as a by - product of bacterial fermentation ) e.g. wine , cheese , chocolate , Florida 's total ban on the substance may prove difficult to enforce . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Synonyms and alternative names include : 4 - hydroxyphenethylamine , para-tyramine , mydrial , and uteramin ; the latter two names are not commonly used . The IUPAC name is 4 - ( 2 - aminoethyl ) phenol . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Merck Index , 10th Ed . ( 1983 ) , p. 1405 , Rahway : Merck & Co . Jump up ^ `` tyramine C8H11NO '' . PubChem . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ T.A. Smith ( 1977 ) Phytochemistry 16 9 - 18 . Jump up ^ Philips , Rozdilsky Boulton ( Feb 1978 ) . `` Evidence for the presence of m - tyramine , p - tyramine , tryptamine , and phenylethylamine in the rat brain and several areas of the human brain '' . Biological Psychiatry . 13 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 57 . PMID 623853 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Gilmour Lewin ( 10 July 2006 ) . `` A Rapid Functional Assay for the Human Trace Amine - Associated Receptor 1 Based on the Mobilization of Internal Calcium '' . J Biomol Screen. 11 ( 6 ) : 668 -- 693 . doi : 10.1177 / 1087057106289891 . PMID 16831861 . Jump up ^ Liberles , Buck ( 10 August 2006 ) . `` A second class of chemosensory receptors in the olfactory epithelium '' . Nature . 442 ( 7103 ) : 645 -- 650 . doi : 10.1038 / nature05066 . PMID 16878137 . Jump up ^ Xie , Westmoreland Miller ( May 2008 ) . `` Modulation of monoamine transporters by common biogenic amines via trace amine - associated receptor 1 and monoamine autoreceptors in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and brain synaptosomes '' . J. Pharm. 325 ( 2 ) : 629 -- 640 . doi : 10.1124 / jpet. 107.135079 . PMID 18310473 . Jump up ^ Khan MZ , Nawaz W ( October 2016 ) . `` The emerging roles of human trace amines and human trace amine - associated receptors ( hTAARs ) in central nervous system '' . Biomed . Pharmacother. 83 : 439 -- 449 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biopha. 2016.07. 002 . PMID 27424325 . Jump up ^ `` Trimethylamine monooxygenase ( Homo sapiens ) '' . BRENDA . Technische Universität Braunschweig . July 2016 . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Krueger SK , Williams DE ( June 2005 ) . `` Mammalian flavin - containing monooxygenases : structure / function , genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism '' . Pharmacol. Ther. 106 ( 3 ) : 357 -- 387 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pharmthera. 2005.01. 001 . PMC 1828602 . PMID 15922018 . Table 5 : N - containing drugs and xenobiotics oxygenated by FMO ^ Jump up to : Broadley KJ ( March 2010 ) . `` The vascular effects of trace amines and amphetamines '' . Pharmacol. Ther. 125 ( 3 ) : 363 -- 375 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pharmthera. 2009.11. 005 . PMID 19948186 . ^ Jump up to : Lindemann L , Hoener MC ( May 2005 ) . `` A renaissance in trace amines inspired by a novel GPCR family '' . Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 26 ( 5 ) : 274 -- 281 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tips. 2005.03. 007 . PMID 15860375 . ^ Jump up to : Wang X , Li J , Dong G , Yue J ( February 2014 ) . `` The endogenous substrates of brain CYP2D '' . Eur. J. Pharmacol. 724 : 211 -- 218 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ejphar. 2013.12. 025 . PMID 24374199 . The highest level of brain CYP2D activity was found in the substantia nigra ... The in vitro and in vivo studies have shown the contribution of the alternative CYP2D - mediated dopamine synthesis to the concentration of this neurotransmitter although the classic biosynthetic route to dopamine from tyrosine is active ... Tyramine levels are especially high in the basal ganglia and limbic system , which are thought to be related to individual behavior and emotion ( Yu et al. , 2003c ) ... Rat CYP2D isoforms ( 2D2 / 2D4 / 2D18 ) are less efficient than human CYP2D6 for the generation of dopamine from p - tyramine . The K values of the CYP2D isoforms are as follows : CYP2D6 ( 87 -- 121 μm ) ≈ CYP2D2 ≈ CYP2D18 > CYP2D4 ( 256 μm ) for m - tyramine and CYP2D4 ( 433 μm ) > CYP2D2 ≈ CYP2D6 > CYP2D18 ( 688 μm ) for p - tyramine Jump up ^ Sathyanarayana Rao TS and Vikram K. Yeragani VK ( 2009 ) Hypertensive crisis and cheese Indian J Psychiatry . 51 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ E. Siobhan Mitchell Antidepressants , chapter in Drugs , the Straight Facts , edited by David J. Triggle. 2004 , Chelsea House Publishers Jump up ^ Stahl SM , Felker A ( 2008 ) . `` Monoamine oxidase inhibitors : a modern guide to an unrequited class of antidepressants '' . Cns Spectrums. 13 ( 10 ) : 855 -- 870 . PMID 18955941 . Jump up ^ Tyramine - restricted Diet 1998 , W.B. Saunders Company . Jump up ^ Ghose , K. ; Coppen , A. ; Carrol , D. ( 1977 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Intravenous tyramine response in migraine before and during treatment with indoramin '' . Br Med J. 1 ( 6070 ) : 1191 -- 1193 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 1.6070. 1191 . ISSN 0007 - 1447 . PMC 1606859 . PMID 324566 . Jump up ^ `` Headache Sufferer 's Diet National Headache Foundation '' . National Headache Foundation . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ D'Andrea , G ; Nordera , GP ; Perini , F ; Allais , G ; Granella , F ( May 2007 ) . `` Biochemistry of neuromodulation in primary headaches : focus on anomalies of tyrosine metabolism '' . Neurological Sciences . 28 , Supplement 2 ( S2 ) : S94 -- S96 . doi : 10.1007 / s10072 - 007 - 0758 - 4 . PMID 17508188 Jump up ^ Tyrosine metabolism - Reference pathway , Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes ( KEGG ) Jump up ^ G. Barger ( 1909 ) . `` CXXVII. ? Isolation and synthesis of p - hydroxyphenylethylamine , an active principle of ergot soluble in water '' . J. Chem. Soc. 95 : 1123 . doi : 10.1039 / ct9099501123 . Jump up ^ Waser , Ernst ( 1925 ) . `` Untersuchungen in der Phenylalanin - Reihe VI . Decarboxylierung des Tyrosins und des Leucins '' . Helvetica Chimica Acta. 8 : 758 -- 773 . doi : 10.1002 / hlca. 192500801106 . Jump up ^ Buck , Johannes S. ( 1933 ) . `` Reduction of Hydroxymandelonitriles . A New Synthesis of Tyramine '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 55 ( 8 ) : 3388 -- 3390 . doi : 10.1021 / ja01335a058 . Jump up ^ § 1308.11 Schedule I Jump up ^ Florida Statutes - Chapter 893 - DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION AND CONTROL Jump up ^ Suzzi , Giovanna ; Torriani , Sandra ( 2015 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Editorial : Biogenic amines in foods '' . Frontiers in Microbiology. 6 . doi : 10.3389 / fmicb. 2015.00472 . ISSN 1664 - 302X . PMC 4435245 . PMID 26042107 . Neurotransmitters Amino acid - derived Major excitatory / inhibitory systems : Glutamate system : Agmatine Aspartic acid ( aspartate ) Cycloserine Glutamic acid ( glutamate ) Glutathione Glycine GSNO GSSG Kynurenic acid NAA NAAG Proline Serine ; GABA system : GABA GABOB GHB ; Glycine system : α - Alanine β - Alanine Glycine Hypotaurine Proline Sarcosine Serine Taurine ; GHB system : GHB T - HCA ( GHC ) Biogenic amines : Monoamines : 6 - OHM Dopamine Epinephrine ( adrenaline ) NAS ( normelatonin ) Norepinephrine ( noradrenaline ) Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) ; Trace amines : 3 - Iodothyronamine N - Methylphenethylamine N - Methyltryptamine m - Octopamine p - Octopamine Phenylethanolamine Phenethylamine Synephrine Tryptamine m - Tyramine p - Tyramine ; Others : Histamine Neuropeptides : See here instead . Lipid - derived Endocannabinoids : 2 - AG 2 - AGE ( noladin ether ) 2 - ALPI 2 - OG AA - 5 - HT Anandamide ( AEA ) DEA LPI NADA NAGly OEA Oleamide PEA RVD - Hpα SEA Virodhamine ( O - AEA ) Neurosteroids : See here instead . Nucleobase - derived Nucleosides : Adenosine system : Adenosine ADP AMP ATP Vitamin - derived Cholinergic system : Acetylcholine Miscellaneous Gasotransmitters : Carbon monoxide ( CO ) Hydrogen sulfide ( H S ) Nitric oxide ( NO ) ; Candidates : Acetaldehyde Ammonia ( NH ) Carbonyl sulfide ( COS ) Nitrous oxide ( N O ) Sulfur dioxide ( SO ) Monoamine releasing agents DRAs Morpholines : Fenbutrazate Fenmetramide Morazone Morforex Phendimetrazine Phenmetrazine Pseudophenmetrazine Oxazolines : 4 - MAR Aminorex Clominorex Cyclazodone Fenozolone Fluminorex Pemoline Thozalinone Phenethylamines : 2 - OH - PEA 4 - CAB 4 - FA 4 - FMA 4 - MA 4 - MMA Alfetamine Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amfepramone Amphetamine ( Dextroamphetamine Levoamphetamine ) Amphetaminil β - Me - PEA BDB BOH Benzphetamine Buphedrone Butylone Cathine Cathinone Clobenzorex Clortermine D - Deprenyl DMA DMMA Dimethylamphetamine Ephedrine Ethcathinone EBDB Ethylone Etilamfetamine Famprofazone Fenethylline Fenproporex Flephedrone Fludorex Furfenorex Hordenine 4 - Hydroxyamphetamine Iofetamine ( 123I ) Lophophine Mefenorex Mephedrone Metamfepramone Methamphetamine Dextromethamphetamine Levomethamphetamine Methcathinone Methedrone MMDA MMDMA MBDB MDA ( tenamfetamine ) MDEA MDMA ( midomafetamine ) MDMPEA MDOH MDPEA Methylone Morforex Ortetamine pBA pCA pIA Pholedrine Phenethylamine Pholedrine Phenpromethamine Prenylamine Propylamphetamine Pseudoephedrine Tiflorex Tyramine Xylopropamine Zylofuramine Piperazines : 2C - B - BZP BZP MBZP MDBZP MeOPP oMPP Others : 2 - ADN 2 - AI 2 - AT 4 - BP 5 - APDI 5 - IAI Amineptine Clofenciclan Cyclopentamine Cypenamine Cyprodenate Feprosidnine Gilutensin Heptaminol Hexacyclonate Indanorex Isometheptene Methylhexanamine Naphthylaminopropane Octodrine Phthalimidopropiophenone Phenylbiguanide Propylhexedrine Levopropylhexedrine NRAs Morpholines : Fenbutrazate Fenmetramide Morazone Morforex Phendimetrazine Phenmetrazine Pseudophenmetrazine Oxazolines : 4 - MAR Aminorex Clominorex Cyclazodone Fenozolone Fluminorex Pemoline Thozalinone Phenethylamines : 2 - OH - PEA 4 - CAB 4 - FA 4 - FMA 4 - MA 4 - MMA Alfetamine Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amfepramone Amphetamine Dextroamphetamine Levoamphetamine Amphetaminil β - Me - PEA BDB Benzphetamine BOH Buphedrone Butylone Cathine Cathinone Clobenzorex Clortermine Dimethylamphetamine DMA DMMA EBDB Ephedrine Ethcathinone Ethylone Etilamfetamine Famprofazone Fenethylline Fenproporex Flephedrone Fludorex Furfenorex Hordenine 4 - Hydroxyamphetamine 5 - APDI ( IAP ) 5 - MAPDI ( IMP ) Iofetamine ( 123I ) Lisdexamfetamine Lophophine MBDB MDA ( tenamfetamine ) MDEA MDMA ( midomafetamine ) Metamfepramone MDMPEA MDOH MDPEA Mefenorex Mephedrone Mephentermine Methamphetamine Dextromethamphetamine Levomethamphetamine Methcathinone Methedrone Methylone Morforex Naphthylaminopropane Ortetamine pBA pCA Pentorex Phenethylamine Pholedrine Phenpromethamine Phentermine Phenylpropanolamine pIA Prenylamine Propylamphetamine Pseudoephedrine Selegiline ( also D - Deprenyl ) Tiflorex Tyramine Xylopropamine Zylofuramine Piperazines : 2C - B - BZP BZP MBZP mCPP MDBZP MeOPP oMPP pFPP Others : 2 - ADN 2 - AI 2 - AT 2 - BP 4 - BP 5 - IAI Clofenciclan Cyclopentamine Cypenamine Cyprodenate Feprosidnine Gilutensin Heptaminol Hexacyclonate Indanorex Isometheptene Methylhexanamine Octodrine Phthalimidopropiophenone Propylhexedrine ( Levopropylhexedrine ) Tuaminoheptane SRAs Aminoindanes : 5 - IAI AMMI ETAI MDAI MDMAI MMAI TAI Aminotetralins : 6 - CAT 8 - OH - DPAT MDAT MDMAT Oxazolines : 4 - Methylaminorex Aminorex Clominorex Fluminorex Phenethylamines : 2 - Methyl - MDA 4 - CAB 4 - FA 4 - FMA 4 - HA 4 - MTA 5 - APDB 5 - Methyl - MDA 6 - APDB 6 - Methyl - MDA AEMMA Amiflamine BDB BOH Brephedrone Butylone Chlorphentermine Cloforex Amfepramone Metamfepramone DCA Dexfenfluramine DFMDA DMA DMMA EBDB EDMA Ethylone Etolorex Fenfluramine Flephedrone Flucetorex IAP IMP Iofetamine Levofenfluramine Lophophine MBDB MDA ( tenamfetamine ) MDEA MDHMA MDMA ( midomafetamine ) MDMPEA MDOH MDPEA Mephedrone Methedrone Methylone MMA MMDA MMDMA MMMA NAP Norfenfluramine 4 - TFMA pBA pCA pIA PMA PMEA PMMA TAP Piperazines : 2C - B - BZP 3 - MeOPP BZP DCPP MBZP mCPP MDBZP MeOPP Mepiprazole oMPP pCPP pFPP pTFMPP TFMPP Tryptamines : 4 - Methyl - αET 4 - Methyl - αMT 5 - CT 5 - MeO - αET 5 - MeO - αMT 5 - MT αET αMT DMT Tryptamine Others : Indeloxazine Viqualine Others Monoamine activity enhancers : BPAP PPAP DAT modulators : Agonist - like : SoRI - 9804 SoRI - 20040 ; Antagonist - like : SoRI - 20041 Adrenergic release blockers : Bethanidine Bretylium Guanadrel Guanazodine Guanethidine Guanoxan See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Monoamine reuptake inhibitors Adrenergics Dopaminergics Serotonergics Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine neurotoxins Human trace amine - associated receptor ligands TAAR1 Agonists Endogenous Classical monoamine neurotransmitters Dopamine Histamine Norepinephrine Serotonin Trace amines 3 - Iodothyronamine 3 - Methoxytyramine N - Methylphenethylamine N - Methyltyramine m - Octopamine p - Octopamine Phenethylamine Phenylethanolamine Synephrine Tryptamine m - Tyramine p - Tyramine Synthetic Amphetamine DOB DOET 4 - Hydroxyamphetamine Isoprenaline MDA ( tenamfetamine ) MDMA ( midomafetamine ) 2 - Methylphenethylamine 3 - Methylphenethylamine 4 - Methylphenethylamine β - Methylphenethylamine Methamphetamine 3 - MMA Norfenfluramine Phentermine o - PIT Propylhexedrine RO5166017 N , N - Dimethylphenethylamine SEP - 363856 Neutral antagonists Inverse agonists EPPTB ( RO5212773 ) TAAR2 Agonists 3 - Iodothyronamine Phenethylamine Tyramine Neutral antagonists TAAR5 Agonists Dimethylethylamine Trimethylamine Neutral antagonists Inverse agonists 3 - Iodothyronamine References for all endogenous human TAAR1 ligands are provided at List of trace amines References for synthetic TAAR1 agonists can be found at TAAR1 or in the associated compound articles . For TAAR2 and TAAR5 agonists and inverse agonists , see TAAR for references . See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Phenethylamines Phenethylamines Psychedelics : 25B - NBOMe 25C - NBOMe 25D - NBOMe 25I - NBOMe 25N - NBOMe 2C - B 2C - B - AN 2C - Bn 2C - Bu 2C - C 2C - CN 2C - CP 2C - D 2C - E 2C - EF 2C - F 2C - G 2C - G - 1 2C - G - 2 2C - G - 3 2C - G - 4 2C - G - 5 2C - G - 6 2C - G-N 2C - H 2C - I 2C - iP 2C - N 2C - NH2 2C - O 2C - O - 4 2C - P 2C - Ph 2C - SE 2C - T 2C - T - 2 2C - T - 3 2C - T - 4 2C - T - 5 2C - T - 6 2C - T - 7 2C - T - 8 2C - T - 9 2C - T - 10 2C - T - 11 2C - T - 12 2C - T - 13 2C - T - 14 2C - T - 15 2C - T - 16 2C - T - 17 2C - T - 18 2C - T - 19 2C - T - 20 2C - T - 21 2C - T - 22 2C - T - 22.5 2C - T - 23 2C - T - 24 2C - T - 25 2C - T - 27 2C - T - 28 2C - T - 30 2C - T - 31 2C - T - 32 2C - T - 33 2C - TFE 2C - TFM 2C - YN 2C - V Allylescaline DESOXY Escaline Isoproscaline Jimscaline Macromerine MEPEA Mescaline Metaescaline Methallylescaline Proscaline Psi - 2C - T - 4 TCB - 2 Stimulants : Phenylethanolamine Hordenine Phenethylamine α - Methylphenethylamine ( amphetamine ) β - Methylphenethylamine m - Methylphenethylamine N - Methylphenethylamine o - Methylphenethylamine p - Methylphenethylamine Entactogens : Lophophine MDPEA MDMPEA Others : BOH DMPEA Amphetamines Psychedelics : 3C - BZ 3C - E 3C - P Aleph Beatrice Bromo - DragonFLY D - Deprenyl DMA DMCPA DMMDA DOB DOC DOEF DOET DOI DOM DON DOPR DOTFM Ganesha MMDA MMDA - 2 Psi - DOM TMA TeMA Stimulants : 2 - FA 2 - FMA 3 - FA 3 - FMA Acridorex Alfetamine Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amphetamine ( Dextroamphetamine , Levoamphetamine ) Amphetaminil Benfluorex Benzphetamine Cathine Clobenzorex Dimethylamphetamine Ephedrine Etilamfetamine Fencamfamin Fencamine Fenethylline Fenfluramine ( Dexfenfluramine , Levofenfluramine ) Fenproporex Flucetorex Fludorex Formetorex Furfenorex Gepefrine 4 - Hydroxyamphetamine Iofetamine Isopropylamphetamine Lefetamine Lisdexamfetamine Mefenorex Metaraminol Methamphetamine ( Dextromethamphetamine , Levomethamphetamine ) Methoxyphenamine MMA Morforex Norfenfluramine L - Norpseudoephedrine N , alpha - Diethylphenylethylamine Oxifentorex Oxilofrine Ortetamine PBA PCA Phenpromethamine PFA PFMA PIA PMA PMEA PMMA Phenylpropanolamine Pholedrine Prenylamine Propylamphetamine Pseudoephedrine Sibutramine Tiflorex Tranylcypromine Xylopropamine Zylofuramine Entactogens : 4 - FA 4 - FMA 4 - MA 4 - MMA 4 - MTA 5 - APB 5 - APDB 5 - EAPB 5 - IT 5 - MAPB 5 - MAPDB 6 - APB 6 - APDB 6 - Chloro - MDMA 6 - EAPB 6 - IT 6 - MAPB 6 - MAPDB EDA IAP 2 , 3 - MDA 3 , 4 - MDA ( tenamfetamine ) MDEA MDHMA MDMA ( midomafetamine ) MDOH Methamnetamine MMDMA Naphthylaminopropane TAP Others : 3 , 4 - DCA Amiflamine DiFMDA Selegiline ( also D - Deprenyl ) Phentermines Stimulants : Chlorphentermine Cloforex Clortermine Etolorex Mephentermine Pentorex Phentermine Entactogens : MDPH MDMPH Others : Cericlamine Cathinones Stimulants : 3 - FMC 4 - MC 4 - BMC 4 - CMC 4 - EMC 4 - FMC 4 - MEC 4 - MeMABP 4 - MPD Amfepramone Benzedrone Brephedrone Buphedrone Bupropion Cathinone Dimethylcathinone Ethcathinone Eutylone Hydroxybupropion Methcathinone Methedrone NEB Pentedrone Pentylone Radafaxine Entactogens : 3 , 4 - DMMC 3 - MMC Butylone Ethylone Methylone Methylenedioxycathinone Mephedrone Phenylisobutylamines Entactogens : 4 - CAB 4 - MAB Ariadne BDB Butylone EBDB Eutylone MBDB Stimulants : Phenylisobutylamine Phenylalkylpyrrolidines Stimulants : α - PBP α - PHP α - PPP α - PVP MDPBP MDPPP MDPV 4 - MePBP 4 - MePHP 4 - MePPP MOPPP MOPVP MPBP MPHP MPPP Naphyrone PEP Prolintane Pyrovalerone Catecholamines ( and close relatives ) 6 - FNE 6 - OHDA a-Me - DA a-Me - TRA Adrenochrome Ciladopa D - DOPA ( Dextrodopa ) Dimetofrine Dopamine Epinephrine Epinine Etilefrine Ethylnorepinephrine Fenclonine Ibopamine Isoprenaline Isoetarine L - DOPA ( Levodopa ) L - DOPS ( Droxidopa ) L - Phenylalanine L - Tyrosine m - Tyramine Metanephrine Metaraminol Metaterol Metirosine Methyldopa N , N - Dimethyldopamine Nordefrin ( Levonordefrin ) Norepinephrine Norfenefrine ( m - Octopamine ) Normetanephrine Orciprenaline p - Octopamine p - Tyramine Phenylephrine Synephrine Miscellaneous AL - LAD Amidephrine Arbutamine Cafedrine Denopamine Desvenlafaxine Diphenidine Dizocilpine Dobutamine Dopexamine Ephenidine Etafedrine ETH - LAD Famprofazone Fluorolintane Hexapradol IP - LAD Lysergic acid amide Lysergic acid 2 - butyl amide Lysergic acid 2 , 4 - dimethylazetidide Lysergic acid diethylamide Methoxamine Methoxphenidine MT - 45 PARGY - LAD Phenibut PRO-LAD Pronethalol Salbutamol ( Levosalbutamol ) Solriamfetol Theodrenaline Thiamphenicol UWA - 101 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyramine&oldid=814226400 '' Categories : Use dmy dates from March 2014 Drugs not assigned an ATC code Migraine Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Norepinephrine - dopamine releasing agents Peripherally selective drugs Phenethylamine alkaloids Phenethylamines TAAR1 agonists Trace amines Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Chemical pages without DrugBank identifier Drugs with no legal status Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 15 : 29 . 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when should tyramine be restricted and why what foods is tyramine found in
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Time After Time (Cyndi Lauper song)
Time After Time ( Cyndi Lauper song ) - wikipedia Time After Time ( Cyndi Lauper song ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Time After Time ( disambiguation ) . `` Time After Time '' Front sleeve for European releases Single by Cyndi Lauper from the album She 's So Unusual B - side `` I 'll Kiss You '' Released January 27 , 1984 Format 12 '' 7 '' Recorded June 1983 Studio The Record Plant ( New York City , New York ) Genre Soft rock Length 4 : 01 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Cyndi Lauper Rob Hyman Producer ( s ) Rick Chertoff Cyndi Lauper singles chronology `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( 1983 ) `` Time After Time '' ( 1984 ) `` She Bop '' ( 1984 ) `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( 1983 ) `` Time After Time '' ( 1984 ) `` She Bop '' ( 1984 ) Alternative release A-side label of U.S. vinyl release Music video `` Time After Time '' on YouTube `` Time After Time '' is the second single by American singer - songwriter Cyndi Lauper from her debut studio album , She 's So Unusual ( 1983 ) , with Rob Hyman ( co-writer and founding member of the rock band The Hooters ) contributing backing vocals . The track was produced by Rick Chertoff and released as a single on January 27 , 1984 . The song became Lauper 's first number 1 hit in the U.S. The song was written in the album 's final stages , after `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '' , `` She Bop '' and `` All Through the Night '' had been written . The writing began with the title , which Lauper had seen in TV Guide magazine , referring to the science fiction film Time After Time ( 1979 ) . `` Time After Time '' is composed of simple keyboard - synth chords , bright , jangly guitars , clock - ticking percussion , and elastic bassline . Lyrically , it is a love song of devotion . Music critics gave the song positive reviews , with many commending the song for being a solid and memorable love song . The song has been selected as one of the Best Love Songs of All Time by many media outlets , including Rolling Stone , Nerve , MTV and many others . `` Time After Time '' was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Song of the Year at the 1985 edition . The song was a success on the charts , becoming her first number - one single on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart on June 9 , 1984 , and remaining there for two weeks . The song reached number three on the UK Singles Chart and number six on the ARIA Singles Chart . The song is also known for its numerous covers by a wide range of artists , including Miles Davis , who recorded an instrumental version for his 1985 album You 're Under Arrest , and Eva Cassidy , whose cover of the song appears on her posthumous album of the same name . R&B singer Lil Mo also covered the song for her 2001 debut album Based on a True Story . An acoustic version was sung by Lauper with Sarah McLachlan on her 2005 album The Body Acoustic . Lauper has performed the song live with Patti LaBelle twice in 1985 and 2004 and with Sarah McLachlan at the American Music Awards of 2005 , as well as with rapper Lil ' Kim in 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and recording 2 Composition and lyrics 3 Critical reception 3.1 Accolades 3.2 Awards and nominations 3.2. 1 Lists of best songs 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 Track listing 7 Personnel 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Featuring Sarah McLachlan ( 2005 ) 8.3 US Re-release ( 2014 ) 8.4 Year - end charts 8.5 Certifications 9 Cover versions 9.1 INOJ version 9.1. 1 Weekly charts 9.1. 2 Year - end charts 9.1. 3 Certifications 9.2 Novaspace version 9.2. 1 Weekly charts 9.2. 2 Year - end charts 9.3 Quietdrive version 9.3. 1 Weekly charts 9.3. 2 Certifications 9.4 Javier Colon version 9.4. 1 Weekly charts 10 Other versions and samples 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Background and recording ( edit ) Rob Hyman ( pictured ) co-wrote and sings background vocals on the track . While writing for her debut studio album , in the spring of 1983 , Cyndi Lauper was introduced to American musician Rob Hyman , who was recommended by Rick Chertoff , the album 's producer . Lauper had already recorded the majority of the album , including the songs `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' , `` She Bop '' and `` All Through the Night '' , but Chertoff insisted that she and Hyman needed to record just `` one more song '' . Therefore , she and Hyman sat at a piano and started working on `` Time After Time '' . The inspiration for the song came after both songwriters were going through similar situations in their respective relationships ; he was coming out of a relationship , while she was having difficulties with her boyfriend , David Wolff . One of the first lines Rob wrote was `` suitcase of memories '' , which according to Lauper , `` struck her '' , claiming it was a `` wonderful line '' , while other lines came from Lauper 's life . The song 's title was inspired after Lauper started writing for the song and needed a fake title as a placeholder for the time being . Thus , Lauper was looking in the TV Guide and saw a lot of movie titles , with the 1979 science fiction movie Time After Time being chosen . Although trying to remove the title later , Lauper claimed she could n't take it out without the song falling apart . Initially , Epic Records wanted `` Time After Time '' as the album 's lead single . However , Lauper felt that releasing a ballad first defines an artist in a certain way , noting that she could have been known as a balladeer and that it could have killed her career . Her manager Dave Wolff was convinced that `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '' could be an anthem , and ultimately her label agreed and released it as the lead single . `` Time After Time '' eventually became the album 's second single , being released on January 27 , 1984 . Composition and lyrics ( edit ) Written by Cyndi Lauper and Rob Hyman and produced by Rick Chertoff , `` Time After Time '' is built over simple keyboard - synth chords , bright , jangly guitars , clock ticking percussion , and elastic bassline . Lyrically , the track is a love song of devotion . Pam Avoledo of Blogcritics speculates that , `` In ' Time After Time , ' Lauper believes she is a difficult person , unworthy of love . She runs away and shuts people out . However , her devoted boyfriend who loves her unconditionally is willing to help her through anything . The relationship is given depth . The couple 's intimacy and history is apparent . They 've been together for a long time . They love and have seen each other through every tough part of their life . '' `` Time After Time '' is written in the key of C major with a tempo of 130 beats per minute in common time . Lauper 's vocals span from G to C in the song . Critical reception ( edit ) The song received critical acclaim : Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine praised the track , calling it `` the album 's finest moment , if not Lauper 's greatest moment period . '' Susan Glen of PopMatters also called it a standout track , naming it `` gorgeous '' . Bryan Lee Madden of Sputnikmusic simply called it `` a masterpiece '' and `` the best and most significant song she ever wrote or recorded . '' Brenon Veevers of Renowned for Sound labeled it `` sentimental '' and `` gorgeous '' . Pam Avoledo of Blogcritics described the song as `` a sure - fire classic '' . Scott Floman , music critic for Goldmine magazine , described the song as `` gorgeously heartfelt '' and `` one of the decade 's finest ballads '' . Chris Gerard of Metro Weekly summarized the song as a `` beautiful and bittersweet ballad . '' Accolades ( edit ) `` Time After Time '' has entered many lists of `` Best Love Songs of All Time '' , `` Best Ballads from the 80 's '' and others . Steve Peake of About.com listed the song at number 6 on her `` Top Songs of the ' 80s '' , writing that the song `` stands tall among the music of the entire rock era as one of its all - time great timeless ballads , '' noting that `` it probably still functions impeccably as a properly emotionally wrenching slow - dance favorite . '' Bill Lamb , also from About.com , placed the song at number 21 on his `` Top 100 Best Love Songs Of All Time '' list . On Nerve 's list of `` The 50 Greatest Love Songs of All Time '' , `` Time After Time '' was placed at number 5 , being called `` Lauper 's most enduring masterpiece hits at the very essence of commitment , '' with the article pointing out that `` she captures real romance in the most simple and straightforward of lines : ' If you 're lost , you can look and you will find me , time after time ' . '' The song also entered the Rolling Stone & MTV 's `` 100 Greatest Pop Songs '' at number 66 . The song also entered VH1 's `` 100 Best Songs of the Past 25 Years and `` 100 Greatest Songs of the 80s '' lists , at numbers 22 and 19 respectively . The song was also present on NME 's 100 Best Songs of the 1980s , being ranked at number 79 . The website declared that `` ' Time After Time ' was a change in tack for Lauper , whose musical persona had previously been unstoppably light and frothy . ' Time After Time ' was demoed quickly in time for inclusion on her debut ' She 's So Unusual ' , and ended up being a key song for both Lauper 's career and the decade itself . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Won 1984 -- American Video Awards for Best Female Performance 1984 -- American Video Awards for Best Pop Video 1984 -- BMI Awards for Pop Award 1984 -- Billboard Awards for Best Female Performance 1985 -- Pro Canada Awards for Most Performed Foreign Song 2008 -- BMI Millionaire Award for 5 Million Spins on US Radio 2009 -- BMI Awards for Pop Award Nominations 1984 -- MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist 1984 -- MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video 1984 -- MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction 1985 -- Grammy Award for Song of the Year Lists of best songs ( edit ) Year By List Work Ranked 2000 Rolling Stone 100 Greatest Pop Songs `` Time After Time '' # 66 MTV 2003 VH1 100 Best Songs of the Past 25 Years `` Time After Time '' # 22 2006 VH1 100 Greatest Songs of the 80s `` Time After Time '' # 19 Chart performance ( edit ) `` Time After Time '' became Lauper 's first number - one single on the Billboard charts , reaching the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart in June 1984 . It also reached the top of the Adult Contemporary and Canadian Singles Chart . In the United Kingdom , `` Time After Time '' first peaked at number 54 on March 24 , 1984 , while peaking later at number 3 , on June 16 , 1984 . In New Zealand , the song reached number 3 , in Austria it reached number 5 , in Switzerland it reached number 7 , in France it peaked at number 9 and in Sweden it reached a peak of number 10 . Music video ( edit ) Morristown , NJ , train station , seen at the end of the video . The video for `` Time After Time '' was directed by Edd Griles , and its storyline is about a young woman leaving her lover behind when she becomes homesick and worried about her mother . Lauper 's mother , brother , and then - boyfriend , David Wolff , appear in the video , and Lou Albano , who played her father in the `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' video , can be seen as a cook . Portions of the video were filmed at the now - closed Tom 's Diner in Roxbury Township , New Jersey , the intersection of Route 46 and Route 10 and at the Morristown train station . Portions of the video were also shot in front of Betty 's Department Store in Wharton , NJ , which was a staple of the community in the 1970s . According to Lauper , `` It was important to me that we were natural and human in the video . I wanted to convey somebody who walked her own path and did not always get along with everyone and did not always marry the guy . '' The video opens with Lauper watching the 1936 film The Garden of Allah and the final scene , where she gets on the train and waves goodbye to David , has Lauper crying for real . Track listing ( edit ) European single `` Time After Time '' ( 12 '' version ) -- 5 : 02 ( Cyndi Lauper ; Rob Hyman ) `` I 'll Kiss You '' -- 4 : 12 ( Cyndi Lauper ; Jules Shear ) `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( extended version ) -- 6 : 08 ( Robert Hazard ) `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( instrumental ) -- 7 : 10 ( Robert Hazard ) US Vinyl , 7 `` , Single `` Time After Time '' `` I 'll Kiss You '' Personnel ( edit ) Written by Cyndi Lauper , Rob Hyman Produced by Rick Chertoff Executive producer : Lennie Petze Associate producer : William Wittman Engineered by William Wittman Arranged by Cyndi Lauper , Rick Chertoff , Rob Hyman , Eric Bazilian Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada ( CHUM ) France ( SNEP ) 9 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 8 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 25 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 10 US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 56 Featuring Sarah McLachlan ( 2005 ) ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Canada Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 28 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 14 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 20 US Re-release ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) 30 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 40 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 38 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 36 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 69 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 46 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 44 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 20 UK Singles ( Official Single Charts ) 25 US Billboard Hot 100 17 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Cash Box Top 100 18 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 10,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 Digital United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone hide Order of precedence Preceded by `` The Longest Time '' by Billy Joel Billboard Adult Contemporary number one single 2 June 1984 - 16 June 1984 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Believe in Me '' by Dan Fogelberg Preceded by `` Let 's Hear It for the Boy '' by Deniece Williams Billboard Hot 100 number one single 9 June 1984 - 16 June 1984 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` The Reflex '' by Duran Duran Cash Box Top 100 number - one single 9 June 1984 ( 1 week ) Preceded by `` Hello '' by Lionel Richie RPM Top Singles number one single 9 June 1984 - 23 June 1984 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Let 's Hear It for the Boy '' by Deniece Williams Preceded by `` Do n't Answer Me '' by The Alan Parsons Project RPM Adult Contemporary number - one single 9 June 1984 ( 1 week ) Cover versions ( edit ) American R&B singer INOJ recorded the song in 1998 . Her version peaked at number six on Billboard Hot 100 Charts in the U.S. The music video of this version first aired on BET and The Box . Novaspace : The German Eurodance project covered the song on their album Novaspace ( 2002 ) . It reached number 6 in Germany , number 7 in Austria and # 15 in Australia . American alternative rock / pop punk band Quietdrive covered the song for their debut album When All That 's Left Is You in 2006 . The cover version was featured in the 2006 romantic comedy film John Tucker Must Die starring Jesse Metcalfe and Brittany Snow . The cover is their only charting song , hitting number 25 on the American Top 40 Countdown . The cover was certified gold by the RIAA . In April 2011 , on the premiere of the American version of the reality competition television series The Voice , Javier Colon performed an acoustic version of the song during the `` blind audition '' phase . The studio recording of his cover peaked at number 65 on the Billboard Hot 100 Chart , number 41 on the Digital Songs chart , number 16 on the R&B / Hip - Hop Digital Songs chart , and number 4 on the Top Heatseekers chart . INOJ version ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Canada Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 21 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 30 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 9 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 64 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Novaspace version ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 15 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 28 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 33 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 67 Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 42 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 29 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 62 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 82 Quietdrive version ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 35 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 25 US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 73 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Javier Colon version ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 65 US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 41 US Heatseekers Songs ( Billboard ) US R&B / Hip - Hop Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 16 Other versions and samples ( edit ) Kids Incorporated covered `` Time After Time '' in 1984 in the Season 1 episode `` X Marks the Spot '' and in 1987 in the Season 4 episode `` You 've Got the Wrong Date '' . American Dance / Hi NRG artist Paul Parker released a cover of `` Time After Time '' in 1985 . Miles Davis recorded the song on his 1985 album You 're Under Arrest . Tuck & Patti recorded a version of the song on their first album Tears of Joy in 1988 . New Zealand singer Mark Williams and Australian actress / singer Tara Morice recorded the song as a duet for the soundtrack of the movie Strictly Ballroom in 1992 . Everything But The Girl included a cover of the song on their acoustic album Acoustic ( Everything but the Girl album ) Eva Cassidy 's version of the song was published on her album Time After Time in 2000 , four years after her death in 1996 . American R&B Duo Changing Faces recorded the song as an album track for their 1997 Album `` All Day , All Night '' . Their version was not released as a single . American girl group Blaque covered `` Time After Time '' on their debut album Blaque in 1999 . American R&B singer Lil Mo recorded the song for her 2001 debut album Based on a True Story . English garage act Distant Soundz recorded a version of the song in 2002 featuring Robbie Beaumont , which reached number 20 in the UK charts . Willie Nelson covered the song on his album The Great Divide in 2002 . French singer Nolwenn Leroy covered the song for her 2007 live album Histoires Naturelles Tour . Irish singer / songwriter Ronan Keating rendered the song in 2008 . The rendition is the first single released from Keating 's fifth solo album , Songs for My Mother ( 2009 ) . The single was released on February 8 , 2009 , and became Keating 's first single to be released in three years . The song was produced by Keating himself . The song peaked at number 88 on the UK Singles Chart . Actress and singer , Anna Kendrick performed a cover of the song on the soundtrack to the film Up in the Air , in which she starred . In June 2016 , Ben Weighill covered the song in an advert for bed company Dreams . The Lovelocks , a Canadian CCMA ® nominated female roots - country duo consisting of Ali Raney and Zoe Neuman released their cover of `` Time After Time '' in July , 2016 U96 : `` Heaven '' ( 1996 ) . It reached # 2 in Austria , # 7 in Finland , # 4 in Germany , # 15 in the Netherlands , # 5 in Norway , # 5 in Sweden and # 16 in Switzerland . In 2006 , Alison Pill covered this song in the seventh episode of the short lived NBC series The Book of Daniel ( TV series ) . In 2008 , American actress / singer Ashley Tisdale covered this song as a promotion for Degree Girl antiperspirant . Canadian pop singer Carly Rae Jepsen performed a cover of the song at Lauper 's induction into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2015 . Sung by Chrissy Metz on the This Is Us episode `` Kyle . '' American singer - songwriter and pianist Merry Ellen Kirk covered this song on her 2015 album , We are the Dreamers . Iron & Wine recorded a version of the song for a McDonald 's commercial in 2016 . American singer - songwriter Mariah Carey sampled the song in her track `` Inseparable '' , included on her album Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel in 2009 . See also ( edit ) List of RPM number - one singles of 1984 List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1984 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1984 ( U.S. ) List of Cash Box Top 100 number - one singles of 1984 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Toto Eclipse of the Heart : The Best of Eighties Soft Rock '' . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Marc ( 1 December 2015 ) . `` How Cyndi Lauper Wrote Her First No. 1 Hit , ' Time After Time ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . New York City , NY , U.S . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rolling Stone & MTV : 100 Greatest Pop Songs : 51 -- 100 '' . Rock On The Net . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Song of the Year - 27th Grammy Awards '' . The Recording Academy . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moser , John J. ( December 3 , 2005 ) . `` Time after time , Cyndi Lauper ready to defend her body of work '' . The Morning Call . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Returns '' . IGN Music . September 15 , 2005 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lauper , Cindy ( 2012 ) . Cyndi Lauper : A Memoir . Simon and Schuster , . ISBN 9781439147856 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time at Discogs '' . Discogs . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cinquemani , Sal ( 29 September 2003 ) . `` Cyndi Lauper : She 's So Unusual '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Peake , Steve . `` Top Cyndi Lauper Songs of the ' 80s '' . About.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Avoledo , Pam ( January 15 , 2006 ) . `` Single Review : Cyndi Lauper `` Time After Time '' `` . Blogcritics . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BPM for ' time - after - time ' by cyndi - lauper songbpm.com '' . songbpm.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lauper , Cyndi . `` Cyndi Lauper `` Time After Time '' Sheet Music in C Major ( transposable ) - Download & Print `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Glen , Susan . `` Cyndi Lauper : She 's So Unusual PopMatters '' . PopMatters . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Madden , Bryan Lee ( February 17 , 2010 ) . `` Cyndi Lauper : She 's So Unusual ( album review ) '' . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Veevers , Brendon ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` Album Review : Cyndi Lauper -- She 's So Unusual ( A 30th Anniversary Celebration ) '' . Renowned for Sound . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Album Reviews '' . Sfloman.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Gerard , Chris ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Cyndi Lauper 's `` She 's So Unusual '' 30 Years Later `` . Metro Weekly . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill . `` Top 100 Best Love Songs Of All Time '' . About.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest Love Songs of All Time '' . Nerve . February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` VH1 : 100 Best Songs of the Past 25 Years : 1 -- 50 '' . Rock On The Net . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` VH1 : 100 Greatest Songs of the 80 's : 1 -- 50 '' . Rock On The Net . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Songs of the 1980s NME '' . NME . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lauper , Cyndi. `` 7 '' . Cyndi Lauper : A Memoir . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9781439147856 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6753 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Austriancharts.at -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swedishcharts.com -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 7 '' . Cyndi Lauper : A Memoir . Simon and Schuste . ISBN 9781471114274 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time ( US Single ) at Discogs '' . Discogs . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Archived from the original ( doc ) on 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Radio 2 Top 30 '' . Top 30 ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 6749 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CHART NUMBER 1432 -- Saturday , June 09 , 1984 '' . Archived from the original on 7 November 2006 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . CHUM . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Time After Time '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia '' . HitParadeItalia ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 26 , 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1965 -- 1989 Acts L '' . The South African Rock Encyclopedia . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending JUNE 9 , 1984 '' . Cash Box magazine . Archived from the original on 11 September 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper -- Chart history '' . Billboard Canadian Digital Songs . for Cyndi Lauper . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary - January 14 , 2006 '' . Billboard Adult Contemporary . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts - 1980s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Jaaroverzichten 1984 '' . Ultratop 50 ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 9638 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts 1984 '' . GfK Entertainment Charts ( in German ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Charts Jaaroverzichten Single 1984 '' . Single Top 100 ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1984 '' . Dutch Top 40 ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official New Zealand Music Chart - End of Year Charts 1984 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1984 '' . Swiss Singles Chart ( in German ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ 1984 in British music # Best - selling singles ^ Jump up to : `` Volume 96 No. 51 , DECEMBER 22 . 1984 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . New York , NY , USA . 22 December 1984 . p . TA - 19 , TA - 25 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1984 '' . Cash Box magazine . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Enter Time After Time in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Inoj Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Hay , Carly ( March 20 , 1999 ) . `` Popular Uprisings : Billboard 's Weekly Coverage of Hot Prospects for the Heatseekers Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Novaspace -- Time After Time '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Quietdrive Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Quietdrive -- Time After Time '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Javier Colon Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Javier Colon Chart History ( Digital Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Javier Colon -- Chart history '' . Billboard R&B / Hip - Hop Digital Songs . for Javier Colon . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Javier Colon -- Chart history '' . Billboard Heatseekers Songs . for Javier Colon . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inoj -- Chart history '' . Billboard Canadian Digital Songs . for Inoj . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Inoj -- Time After Time '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inoj Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inoj Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inoj Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DECEMBER 26 . 1998 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . New York , NY , USA . 26 December 1998 . p . YE - 44 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 February 2015 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Inoj -- Time After Time '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Novaspace -- Time After Time '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Novaspace -- Time After Time '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Novaspace -- Time After Time '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Novaspace -- Time After Time '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 33 , 2002 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 7 , 2003 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade Singles 2002 '' . Ö3 Austria Top 40 ( in German ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts 2002 '' . GfK Entertainment Charts ( in German ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Quietdrive -- Time After Time '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Quietdrive Chart History ( Digital Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nolwenn Leroy - Histoires Naturelles Tour ( Album ) '' ( in French ) . Lescharts.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ChartArchive -- Ronan Keating -- Time After Time '' . Chartstats.com. 2009 - 03 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dreams unveils latest Replace Every Eight campaign - Furniture News Magazine '' . Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' . Jump up ^ The Lovelocks ( 15 July 2016 ) . `` The Lovelocks - Time After Time ( Official HD ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` hitparade.ch U96 -- Heaven '' . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Annual Induction and Awards Ceremony '' . Songwriters Hall of Fame . June 19 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Jessica ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Carly Rae Jepsen 's cover of Cyndi Lauper 's ' Time After Time ' is totally ' 80s '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Lauper , Cindy ( 2012 ) . Cyndi Lauper : A Memoir . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9781439147856 . Myers , Marc ( 2016 ) . Anatomy of a Song : The Oral History of 45 Iconic Hits That Changed Rock , R&B and Pop . Atlantic Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61185 - 959 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Video on VH1 Classic website Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time -- Uploaded by CyndiLauperVEVO on YouTube `` Time after Time '' Songfacts Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Cyndi Lauper singles She 's So Unusual `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' `` Time After Time '' `` She Bop '' `` All Through the Night '' `` Money Changes Everything '' `` When You Were Mine '' True Colors `` True Colors '' `` Change of Heart '' `` What 's Going On '' `` Boy Blue '' `` Maybe He 'll Know '' A Night to Remember `` I Drove All Night '' `` My First Night Without You '' `` A Night to Remember '' `` Heading West '' `` Primitive '' `` Unconditional Love '' Hat Full of Stars `` Who Let In the Rain '' `` That 's What I Think '' `` Sally 's Pigeons '' `` Hat Full of Stars '' Twelve Deadly Cyns ... and Then Some `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' `` I 'm Gonna Be Strong '' `` Come on Home '' Sisters of Avalon `` You Do n't Know '' `` Sisters of Avalon '' `` Ballad of Cleo and Joe '' Merry Christmas ... Have a Nice Life `` Early Christmas Morning '' Shine `` Shine '' At Last `` At Last '' `` Walk On By '' The Body Acoustic `` Time After Time '' Bring Ya to the Brink `` Set Your Heart '' `` Same Ol ' Story '' `` Into the Nightlife '' Memphis Blues `` Just Your Fool '' Detour `` Hard Candy Christmas '' `` Funnel of Love '' Other singles `` You Make Loving Fun '' `` We Are the World '' `` The Goonies ' R ' Good Enough '' `` Hole in My Heart ( All the Way to China ) '' `` Another Brick in the Wall '' `` The World Is Stone '' `` Disco Inferno '' `` A Christmas Duel '' `` Girls Just Wanna Set Your Heart '' The Hooters Eric Bazilian Rob Hyman David Uosikkinen John Lilley Fran Smith , Jr . Tommy Williams Bobby Woods John Kuzma Rob Miller Andy King Mindy Jostyn Studio albums Amore Nervous Night One Way Home Zig Zag Out of Body Time Stand Still Live albums The Hooters Live Both Sides Live Compilations Greatest Hits Hooterization : A Retrospective Video releases The Ultimate Clip Collection Mark Williams Studio albums Mark Williams Sweet Trials Taking It All In Stride Life After Dark Mark Williams ZNZ Mind over Matter Compilations Greatest Hits The Very Best of Singles `` Yesterday Was Just the Beginning of My Life '' `` Sweet Wine '' `` If It Rains '' `` Taking It All in Stride '' `` It Does n't Matter Anymore '' `` A House for Sale '' `` Home and Away '' `` Show No Mercy `` Fix of Love `` Time After Time '' Related articles Dragon Ronan Keating Discography Studio albums Ronan ( 2000 ) Destination ( 2002 ) Turn It On ( 2003 ) Bring You Home ( 2006 ) Fires ( 2012 ) Time of My Life ( 2016 ) Cover albums Songs for My Mother ( 2009 ) Winter Songs ( 2009 ) Duet ( 2010 ) When Ronan Met Burt ( 2011 ) Compilation albums 10 Years of Hits ( 2004 ) Singles `` When You Say Nothing at All '' `` Life Is a Rollercoaster '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` In This Life '' `` Lovin ' Each Day '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' `` I Love It When We Do '' `` We 've Got Tonight '' `` The Long Goodbye '' `` Lost for Words '' `` She Believes ( In Me ) '' `` Last Thing on My Mind '' `` I Hope You Dance '' `` Father and Son '' `` Baby Can I Hold You '' `` All Over Again '' `` Iris '' `` Time After Time '' `` This Is Your Song '' `` Stay '' `` It 's Only Christmas '' `` Believe Again '' `` What The World Needs Now '' `` Fires '' `` Wasted Light '' Related articles Boyzone Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_After_Time_(Cyndi_Lauper_song)&oldid=842843840 '' Categories : 1984 singles 1980s ballads Rock ballads 2009 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Cyndi Lauper songs INOJ songs Ronan Keating songs Mark Williams ( singer ) songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Cyndi Lauper Songs written by Rob Hyman Willie Nelson songs The Hooters songs Nana Mouskouri songs 1983 songs Epic Records singles Song recordings produced by Rick Chertoff Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceelectronic Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Billboarddigitalsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 01 : 44 . 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who is the original singer of time after time
[ "\"Time After Time\" is the second single by American singer-songwriter Cyndi Lauper from her debut studio album, She's So Unusual (1983), with Rob Hyman (co-writer and founding member of the rock band The Hooters) contributing backing vocals. The track was produced by Rick Chertoff and released as a single on January 27, 1984. The song became Lauper's first number 1 hit in the U.S. The song was written in the album's final stages, after \"Girls Just Wanna Have Fun\", \"She Bop\" and \"All Through the Night\" had been written. The writing began with the title, which Lauper had seen in TV Guide magazine, referring to the science fiction film Time After Time (1979).[2]" ]
[ "Cyndi Lauper" ]
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List of lakes by depth
List of lakes by depth - wikipedia List of lakes by depth Jump to : navigation , search This page lists the world 's deepest lakes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lakes ranked by maximum depth 2 Lakes ranked by mean depth 3 Greatest maximum depth by continent 4 Greatest mean depth by continent 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Sources 8 External links Lakes ranked by maximum depth ( edit ) This list contains all lakes whose maximum depth is reliably known to exceed 400 metres ( 1,300 ft ) Geologically , the Caspian Sea , like the Black and Mediterranean seas , is a remnant of the ancient Tethys Ocean . The deepest area is oceanic rather than continental crust . However , it is generally regarded by geographers as a large endorheic salt lake . Continent color key Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Antarctica Name Country Region Depth ( meters ) Depth ( feet ) 1 . Baikal Russia Siberia 7003164200000000000 ♠ 1,642 7003538700000000000 ♠ 5,387 2 . Tanganyika Tanzania , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Burundi , Zambia Central Africa 7003147000000000000 ♠ 1,470 7003482300000000000 ♠ 4,823 3 . ( Caspian Sea ) Iran , Russia , Turkmenistan , Kazakhstan , Azerbaijan 7003102500000000000 ♠ 1,025 7003336300000000000 ♠ 3,363 4 . Vostok Antarctica 7003100000000000000 ♠ ~ 1,000 7003330000000000000 ♠ ~ 3,300 5 . O'Higgins - San Martín Chile , Argentina Aysén ( Chile ) , Santa Cruz ( Argentina ) 7002836000000000000 ♠ 836 7003274200000000000 ♠ 2,742 6 . Malawi / Nyasa / Niassa Mozambique , Malawi , Tanzania 7002706000000000000 ♠ 706 7003231600000000000 ♠ 2,316 7 . Issyk Kul Kyrgyzstan 7002668000000000000 ♠ 668 7003219200000000000 ♠ 2,192 8 . Great Slave Canada Northwest Territories 7002614000000000000 ♠ 614 7003201500000000000 ♠ 2,015 9 . Crater United States Oregon 7002594000000000000 ♠ 594 7003194900000000000 ♠ 1,949 10 . Matano Indonesia Sulawesi 7002590000000000000 ♠ 590 7003193600000000000 ♠ 1,936 11 . General Carrera - Buenos Aires Chile , Argentina 7002586000000000000 ♠ 586 7003192300000000000 ♠ 1,923 12 . Hornindalsvatnet Norway Sogn og Fjordane 7002514000000000000 ♠ 514 7003168600000000000 ♠ 1,686 13 . Quesnel Canada British Columbia 7002506000000000000 ♠ 506 7003166000000000000 ♠ 1,660 14 . Toba Indonesia Sumatra 7002505000000000000 ♠ 505 7003165700000000000 ♠ 1,657 15 . Sarez Tajikistan 7002505000000000000 ♠ 505 7003165700000000000 ♠ 1,657 16 . Tahoe United States California , Nevada 7002501000000000000 ♠ 501 7003164500000000000 ♠ 1,645 17 . Argentino Argentina Santa Cruz ( Patagonia ) 7002500000000000000 ♠ 500 7003164000000000000 ♠ 1,640 18 . Kivu Democratic Republic of the Congo , Rwanda 7002480000000000000 ♠ 480 7003157500000000000 ♠ 1,575 19 . Grand Canada Newfoundland 7002475000000000000 ♠ 475 7003155800000000000 ♠ 1,558 20 . Mjøsa Norway Hedmark , Oppland and Akershus counties 7002468000000000000 ♠ 468 7003153500000000000 ♠ 1,535 21 . Salsvatnet Norway Nord - Trøndelag county 7002464000000000000 ♠ 464 7003152300000000000 ♠ 1,523 22 . Nahuel Huapi Argentina Rio Negro , Patagonia 7002464000000000000 ♠ 464 7003152300000000000 ♠ 1,523 23 . Hauroko New Zealand Southland ( South Island ) 7002462000000000000 ♠ 462 7003151600000000000 ♠ 1,516 24 . Cochrane / Pueyrredón Chile , Argentina Aysén ( Chile ) , Santa Cruz ( Argentina ) 7002460000000000000 ♠ 460 7003150900000000000 ♠ 1,509 25 . Lake Tinn Norway Telemark county 7002460000000000000 ♠ 460 7003150900000000000 ♠ 1,509 26 . Adams Canada British Columbia 7002457000000000000 ♠ 457 7003149900000000000 ♠ 1,499 27 . Chelan United States Washington ( state ) 7002453000000000000 ♠ 453 7003148600000000000 ♠ 1,486 28 . Van Turkey 7002451000000000000 ♠ 451 7003148000000000000 ♠ 1,480 29 . Poso Indonesia Sulawesi 7002450000000000000 ♠ 450 7003147600000000000 ♠ 1,476 30 . Fagnano Argentina , Chile Tierra del Fuego 7002449000000000000 ♠ 449 7003147300000000000 ♠ 1,473 31 . Great Bear Canada Northwest Territories 7002446000000000000 ♠ 446 7003146300000000000 ♠ 1,463 32 . Manapouri New Zealand Southland ( South Island ) 7002444000000000000 ♠ 444 7003145700000000000 ♠ 1,457 33 . Te Anau New Zealand Southland ( South Island ) 7002425000000000000 ♠ 425 7003139000000000000 ♠ 1,390 34 . Tazawa Japan Akita Prefecture 7002423000000000000 ♠ 423 7003138700000000000 ♠ 1,387 35 . Wakatipu New Zealand South Island 7002420000000000000 ♠ 420 7003137800000000000 ♠ 1,378 36 . Como Italy Lombardy 7002410000000000000 ♠ 410 7003134500000000000 ♠ 1,345 37 . Superior Canada , United States Ontario , Michigan , Minnesota , Wisconsin 7002406000000000000 ♠ 406 7003133200000000000 ♠ 1,332 Lakes ranked by mean depth ( edit ) Mean depth can be a more useful indicator than maximum depth for many ecological purposes . Unfortunately , accurate mean depth figures are only available for well - studied lakes , as they must be calculated by dividing the lake 's volume by its surface area . A reliable volume figure requires a bathymetric survey . Therefore , mean depth figures are not available for many deep lakes in remote locations . The Caspian Sea ranks much further down the list on mean depth , as it has a large continental shelf ( significantly larger than the oceanic basin that contains its greatest depths ) . Continent colour key Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Antarctica Name Country Region Depth ( meters ) Depth ( feet ) 1 . Baikal Russia Siberia 7002744400000000000 ♠ 744.4 7003244200000000000 ♠ 2,442 2 . Tanganyika Tanzania , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Burundi , Zambia Africa 7002570000000000000 ♠ 570 7003187000000000000 ♠ 1,870 3 . Crater United States Oregon 7002350000000000000 ♠ 350 7003114800000000000 ♠ 1,148 4 . Vostok Antarctica 7002344000000000000 ♠ 344 7003112900000000000 ♠ 1,129 5 . Tahoe United States California , Nevada 7002301000000000000 ♠ 301 7002989000000000000 ♠ 989 6 . Adams Canada British Columbia 7002299000000000000 ♠ 299 7002981000000000000 ♠ 981 7 . Malawi Mozambique , Tanzania , Malawi 7002292000000000000 ♠ 292 7002958000000000000 ♠ 958 8 . Issyk Kul Kyrgyzstan 7002278390000099999 ♠ 278.4 7002913400000000000 ♠ 913.4 9 . Kivu Democratic Republic of the Congo , Rwanda 7002240000000000000 ♠ 240 7002787000000000000 ♠ 787 10 . Matano Indonesia Sulawesi 7002240000000000000 ♠ 240 7002787000000000000 ♠ 787 11 . Hornindalsvatnet Norway Sogn og Fjordane 7002237000000000000 ♠ 237 7002778000000000000 ♠ 778 12 . Toba Indonesia Sumatra 7002216000000000000 ♠ 216 7002707000000000000 ♠ 707 13 . Karakul Tajikistan 7002210000000000000 ♠ 210 7002689000000000000 ♠ 689 14 . Sarez Tajikistan 7002202000000000000 ♠ 202 7002662000000000000 ♠ 662 15 . Lake Tinn Norway Telemark 7002190000000000000 ♠ 190 7002623000000000000 ♠ 623 16 . ( Caspian Sea ) Iran , Russia , Turkmenistan , Kazakhstan , Azerbaijan 7002184000000000000 ♠ 184 7002604000000000000 ♠ 604 17 = Lake Teletskoye Russia 7002174000000000000 ♠ 174 7002571000000000000 ♠ 571 17 = Ranau Indonesia Sumatra 7002174000000000000 ♠ 174 7002571000000000000 ♠ 571 19 . Slocan Canada British Columbia 7002171000000000000 ♠ 171 7002561000000000000 ♠ 561 20 . Como Italy Lombardia 7002161000000000000 ♠ 161 7002528000000000000 ♠ 528 21 . Azure Canada British Columbia 7002157190000000000 ♠ 157.2 7002515700000000000 ♠ 515.7 22 . Quesnel Canada British Columbia 7002157000000000000 ♠ 157 7002515000000000000 ♠ 515 23 = Ohrid Macedonia and Albania 7002155000000000000 ♠ 155 7002508000000000000 ♠ 508 23 = Mjøsa Norway Hedmark , Oppland and Akershus 7002155000000000000 ♠ 155 7002508000000000000 ♠ 508 25 . Salsvatnet Norway Nord - Trøndelag 7002154000000000000 ♠ 154 7002505000000000000 ♠ 505 26 . Geneva Switzerland , France 7002153000000000000 ♠ 153 7002502000000000000 ♠ 502 27 . Singkarak Indonesia West Sumatra 7002149000000000000 ♠ 149 7002489000000000000 ♠ 489 28 . Lake Superior United States , Canada Ontario , Michigan , Minnesota , Wisconsin 7002147000000000000 ♠ 147 7002483000000000000 ♠ 483 29 . Loch Ness United Kingdom Scotland 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 7002436000000000000 ♠ 436 30 . Great Central Canada British Columbia 7002124000000000000 ♠ 124 7002407000000000000 ♠ 407 31 . Garibaldi Canada British Columbia 7002119000000000000 ♠ 119 7002390000000000000 ♠ 390 32 . Dead Sea Jordan , Palestine , Israel 7002118000000000000 ♠ 118 7002387000000000000 ♠ 387 33 . Titicaca Peru , Bolivia 7002107000000000000 ♠ 107 7002351000000000000 ♠ 351 34 . Gander Canada Newfoundland 7002105400000000000 ♠ 105.4 7002346000000000000 ♠ 346 35 . Kauhakō Crater United States Hawaii 7002105000000000000 ♠ 105 7002344000000000000 ♠ 344 Greatest maximum depth by continent ( edit ) Africa -- 1 : Tanganyika , 2 : Malawi , 3 : Kivu Antarctica -- 1 : Vostok Asia -- 1 : Baikal , ( 2 : Caspian Sea ) , 3 : Issyk Kul , ( 3 : Matano ) Europe -- 1 : Hornindalsvatnet , 2 : Mjøsa , 3 : Salsvatnet North America -- 1 : Great Slave Lake , 2 : Crater , 3 : Quesnel Central America -- 1 : Atitlán , 2 : Chicabal Oceania -- 1 : Hauroko , 2 : Manapouri , 3 : Te Anau Australia -- 1 : St Clair South America -- 1 : O'Higgins / San Martín , 2 : General Carrera , 3 : Argentino Greatest mean depth by continent ( edit ) Africa -- 1 : Tanganyika , 2 : Malawi , 3 : Kivu Antarctica -- 1 : Vostok Asia -- 1 : Baikal , 2 : Issyk Kul , 3 : Karakul North America -- 1 : Crater , 2 : Tahoe , 3 : Quesnel Oceania -- 1 : Kauhakō Crater See also ( edit ) List of lakes by area List of lakes by volume List of largest lakes of Europe Notes ( edit ) Note : Lake depths often vary depending on sources . The depths used here are the most reliable figures available in recent sources . See the articles on individual lakes for more details and data sources . ^ Jump up to : Lake Baikal is also the largest freshwater lake by volume . ^ Jump up to : The Caspian Sea is generally regarded by geographers , biologists and limnologists as a huge inland salt lake . However , the Caspian 's large size means that for some purposes it is better modeled as a sea . Geologically , the Caspian , Black , and Mediterranean seas are small oceans , remnants of the ancient Tethys . Politically , the distinction between a sea and a lake may affect how the Caspian is treated by international law . ^ Jump up to : Lake Vostok in Antarctica is a subglacial lake with a depth ranging from 400 to more than 900 meters . Jump up ^ * CECS , Depth sounding of Lake O'Higgins / San Martín ^ Jump up to : Crater Lake in Oregon has a maximum depth of 594m , based on its USGS benchmark surface elevation of 1883m . The US National Park Service publishes different values ( 1881m for surface elevation , and 592m for the maximum depth ) . The technical basis of the values determined by the USGS is documented in Bacon , C.R. ; Gardner , J.V. ; Mayer , L.A. ; Buktenica , M.W. ; Dartnell , P. ; Ramsey , D.W. ; Robinson , J.E. ( 2002 ) . `` Morphology , volcanism , and mass wasting in Crater Lake , Oregon '' . GSA Bulletin . 114 ( 6 ) : 675 -- 692 . ISSN 0016 - 7606 . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 2002 ) 114 < 0675 : MVAMWI > 2.0.CO ; 2 . OCLC 4642976847 , 196656627 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Murdie , Ruth E. ; Pugh , David T. ; Styles , Peter ; Muñoz , Miguel ( 1999 ) , `` Heatflow , Temperature and Bathymetry of Lago General Carrera and Lago Cochrane , Southern Chile '' ( PDF ) , Extended Extracts of the Fourth International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics , Gottingen , Germany 04 - 06 / 10 / 1999 , Paris : Institut de Recherche pour le Développement , pp. 539 -- 542 Jump up ^ Degens , E.T. ; Wong , H.K. ; Kempe , S. ; Kurtman , F. ( June 1984 ) , `` A geological study of Lake Van , eastern Turkey '' , International Journal of Earth Sciences , Springer , 73 ( 2 ) : 701 -- 734 , doi : 10.1007 / BF01824978 ^ Jump up to : Walter K. Dodds ; Matt R. Whiles ( 23 September 2010 ) . Freshwater Ecology : Concepts and Environmental Applications of Limnology . Academic Press . pp. 141 -- 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 374724 - 2 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Buzzi , Documento dell'Istituto italiano di idrobiologia Jump up ^ Maciolek , J.A. ( April 30 , 1982 ) , Lakes and Lake - like Waters of the Hawaiian Archipelago ( PDF ) , Occasional Papers of Berenice P. Bishop Museum , 25 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Terrestrial analogs to lunar sinuous rilles - Kauhako Crater and channel , Kalaupapa , Molokai , and other Hawaiian lava conduit systems Sources ( edit ) Worldlakes.org , Deepest lakes External links ( edit ) Environmentalgraffiti.com - 10 deepest lakes with pictures Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_by_depth&oldid=778974236 '' Categories : Lists of lakes Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Latviešu Magyar Polski Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 6 May 2017 , at 08 : 34 . 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where is the deepest lake in the united states
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Hydride
Hydride - wikipedia Hydride Jump to : navigation , search In chemistry , a hydride is the anion of hydrogen , H , or , more commonly , it is a compound in which one or more hydrogen centres have nucleophilic , reducing , or basic properties . In compounds that are regarded as hydrides , the hydrogen atom is bonded to a more electropositive element or group . Compounds containing hydrogen bonded to metals or metalloid may also be referred to as hydrides . Almost all of the elements form binary compounds with hydrogen , the exceptions being He , Ne , Ar , Kr , Pm , Os , Ir , Rn , Fr , and Ra . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bonds 2 Applications 3 Hydride ion 4 Types of hydrides 4.1 Ionic hydrides 4.2 Covalent hydrides 4.3 Interstitial hydrides or metallic hydrides 4.4 Transition metal hydride complexes 4.5 Deuterides 5 Appendix on nomenclature 5.1 Precedence convention 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Bonds ( edit ) Bonds between hydrogen and other elements range from highly to somewhat covalent . Some hydrides , e.g. boron hydrides , do not conform to classical electron - counting rules , and the bonding is described in terms of multi-centered bonds , whereas the interstitial hydrides often involve metallic bonding . Hydrides can be discrete molecules , oligomers or polymers , ionic solids , chemisorbed monolayers , bulk metals ( interstitial ) , and other materials . While hydrides traditionally react as Lewis bases or reducing agents , some metal hydrides behave as hydrogen - atom donors and act as acids . Applications ( edit ) Hydrides such as sodium borohydride , lithium aluminium hydride , diisobutylaluminium hydride ( DIBAL ) and super hydride , are commonly used as reducing agents in chemical synthesis . The hydride adds to an electrophilic center , typically unsaturated carbon . Hydrides such as sodium hydride and potassium hydride are used as strong bases in organic synthesis . The hydride reacts with the weak Bronsted acid releasing H . Hydrides such as calcium hydride are used as desiccants , i.e. drying agents , to remove trace water from organic solvents . The hydride reacts with water forming hydrogen and hydroxide salt . The dry solvent can then be distilled or vac transferred from the `` solvent pot '' . Hydrides are important in storage battery technologies such as nickel - metal hydride battery . Various metal hydrides have been examined for use as a means of hydrogen storage for fuel cell - powered electric cars and other purposed aspects of a hydrogen economy . Hydride complexes are catalysts and catalytic intermediates in a variety of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic cycles . Important examples include hydrogenation , hydroformylation , hydrosilylation , hydrodesulfurization catalysts . Even certain enzymes , the hydrogenase , operate via hydride intermediates . The energy carrier Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reacts as a hydride donor or hydride equivalent . Hydride ion ( edit ) See also : Hydrogen anion Free hydride anions exist only under extreme conditions and are not invoked for homogeneous solution . Instead , many compounds have hydrogen centres with hydridic character . Aside from electride , the hydride ion is the simplest possible anion , consisting of two electrons and a proton . Hydrogen has a relatively low electron affinity , 72.77 kJ / mol and reacts exothermically with protons as a powerful Lewis base . H + H → H ; ΔH = − 1676 kJ / mol The low electron affinity of hydrogen and the strength of the H -- H bond ( ∆ H = 436 kJ / mol ) means that the hydride ion would also be a strong reducing agent H + 2e ⇌ 2H ; E = − 2.25 V Types of hydrides ( edit ) According to the general definition every element of the periodic table ( except some noble gases ) forms one or more hydrides . These substances have been classified into three main types according to the nature of their bonding : Ionic hydrides , which have significant ionic bonding character . Covalent hydrides , which include the hydrocarbons and many other compounds which covalently bond to hydrogen atoms . Interstitial hydrides , which may be described as having metallic bonding . While these divisions have not been used universally , they are still useful to understand differences in hydrides . Ionic hydrides ( edit ) Ionic or saline hydrides are composed of hydride bound to an electropositive metal , generally an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal . The divalent lanthanides such as europium and ytterbium form compounds similar to those of heavier alkali metal . In these materials the hydride is viewed as a pseudohalide . Saline hydrides are insoluble in conventional solvents , reflecting their non-molecular structures . Ionic hydrides are used as bases and , occasionally , as reducing reagents in organic synthesis . C H C ( O ) CH + KH → C H C ( O ) CH K + H Typical solvents for such reactions are ethers . Water and other protic solvents can not serve as a medium for ionic hydrides because the hydride ion is a stronger base than hydroxide and most hydroxyl anions . Hydrogen gas is liberated in a typical acid - base reaction . NaH + H O → H ( g ) + NaOH ΔH = − 83.6 kJ / mol , ΔG = − 109.0 kJ / mol Often alkali metal hydrides react with metal halides . Lithium aluminium hydride ( often abbreviated as LAH ) arises from reactions of lithium hydride with aluminium chloride . 4 LiH + AlCl → LiAlH + 3 LiCl Covalent hydrides ( edit ) According to some definitions , covalent hydrides cover all other compounds containing hydrogen . Some definitions limit hydrides to hydrogen centres that formally react as hydrides , i.e. are nucleophilic , and hydrogen atoms bound to metal centers. These hydrides are formed by all the true non-metals ( except zero group elements ) and the elements like Al , Ga , Sn , Pb , Bi , Po , etc. , which are normally metallic in nature , i.e. , this class includes the hydrides of p - block elements . In these substances the hydride bond is formally a covalent bond much like the bond made by a proton in a weak acid . This category includes hydrides that exist as discrete molecules , polymers or oligomers , and hydrogen that has been chem - adsorbed to a surface . A particularly important segment of covalent hydrides are complex metal hydrides , powerful soluble hydrides commonly used in synthetic procedures . Molecular hydrides often involve additional ligands such as , diisobutylaluminium hydride ( DIBAL ) consists of two aluminum centers bridged by hydride ligands . Hydrides that are soluble in common solvents are widely used in organic synthesis . Particularly common are sodium borohydride ( NaBH ) and lithium aluminium hydride and hindered reagents such as DIBAL . Interstitial hydrides or metallic hydrides ( edit ) Interstitial hydrides most commonly exist within metals or alloys . They are traditionally termed ' compounds ' , even though they do not strictly conform to the definition of a compound ; more closely resembling common alloys such as steel . In such hydrides , hydrogen can exist as either atomic , or diatomic entities . Mechanical or thermal processing , such as bending , striking , or annealing may cause the hydrogen to precipitate out of solution , by degassing . Their bonding is generally considered metallic . Such bulk transition metals form interstitial binary hydrides when exposed to hydrogen . These systems are usually non-stoichiometric , with variable amounts of hydrogen atoms in the lattice . In materials engineering , the phenomenon of hydrogen embrittlement results from the formation of interstitial hydrides . Hydrides of this type form according to either one of two main mechanisms . The first mechanism involves the adsorption of dihydrogen , succeeded by the cleaving of the H-H bond , the delocalisation of the hydrogen 's electrons , and finally , the diffusion of the protons into the metal lattice . The other main mechanism involves the electrolytic reduction of ionised hydrogen on the surface of the metal lattice , also followed by the diffusion of the protons into the lattice . The second mechanism is responsible for the observed temporary volume expansion of certain electrodes used in electrolytic experiments . Palladium absorbs up to 900 times its own volume of hydrogen at room temperatures , forming palladium hydride . This material has been discussed as a means to carry hydrogen for vehicular fuel cells . Interstitial hydrides show certain promise as a way for safe hydrogen storage . During last 25 years many interstitial hydrides were developed that readily absorb and discharge hydrogen at room temperature and atmospheric pressure . They are usually based on intermetallic compounds and solid - solution alloys . However , their application is still limited , as they are capable of storing only about 2 weight percent of hydrogen , insufficient for automotive applications . Transition metal hydride complexes ( edit ) Main article : Transition metal hydride Transition metal hydrides include compounds that can be classified as covalent hydrides . Some are even classified as interstitial hydrides and other bridging hydrides . Classical transition metal hydride feature a single bond between the hydrogen centre and the transition metal . Some transition metal hydrides are acidic , e.g. , HCo ( CO ) and H Fe ( CO ) . The anions ( ReH ) and ( FeH ) are examples from the growing collection of known molecular homoleptic metal hydrides . As pseudohalides , hydride ligands are capable of bonding with positively polarized hydrogen centres . This interaction , called dihydrogen bond is similar to hydrogen bonding which exists between positively polarized protons and electronegative atoms with open lone pairs . Deuterides ( edit ) Hydrides containing deuterium are known as deuterides . Some deuterides , such as LiD , are important fusion fuels in thermonuclear weapons , and useful moderators in nuclear reactors . Appendix on nomenclature ( edit ) Protide , deuteride , and tritide are used to describe ions or compounds , which contain enriched hydrogen - 1 , deuterium or tritium , respectively . In the classic meaning , hydride refers to any compounds hydrogen forms with other elements , ranging over groups 1 -- 16 ( the binary compounds of hydrogen ) . The following is a list of the nomenclature for the hydride derivatives of main group compounds according to this definition : alkali and alkaline earth metals : metal hydride boron : borane , BH aluminium : alumane , AlH gallium : gallane , GaH indium : indigane , InH thallium : thallane , TlH carbon : alkanes , alkenes , alkynes , and all hydrocarbons silicon : silane germanium : germane tin : stannane lead : plumbane nitrogen : ammonia ( ' azane ' when substituted ) , hydrazine phosphorus : phosphine ( note ' phosphane ' is the IUPAC recommended name ) arsenic : arsine ( note ' arsane ' is the IUPAC recommended name ) antimony : stibine ( note ' stibane ' is the IUPAC recommended name ) bismuth : bismuthine ( note ' bismuthane ' is the IUPAC recommended name ) helium : helium hydride ( only exists as an ion ) According to the convention above , the following are `` hydrogen compounds '' and not `` hydrides '' : oxygen : water ( ' oxidane ' when substituted ; synonym : oxygen hydride ) , hydrogen peroxide sulfur : hydrogen sulfide ( ' sulfane ' when substituted ) synonym : sulfur hydride selenium : hydrogen selenide ( ' selane ' when substituted ) tellurium : hydrogen telluride ( ' tellane ' when substituted ) polonium : hydrogen polonide ( ' polane ' when substituted ) halogens : hydrogen halides Examples : nickel hydride : used in NiMH batteries palladium hydride : electrodes in cold fusion experiments lithium aluminium hydride : a powerful reducing agent used in organic chemistry sodium borohydride : selective specialty reducing agent , hydrogen storage in fuel cells sodium hydride : a powerful base used in organic chemistry diborane : reducing agent , rocket fuel , semiconductor dopant , catalyst , used in organic synthesis ; also borane , pentaborane and decaborane arsine : used for doping semiconductors stibine : used in semiconductor industry phosphine : used for fumigation silane : many industrial uses , e.g. manufacture of composite materials and water repellents ammonia : coolant , fuel , fertilizer , many other industrial uses hydrogen sulfide : component of natural gas , important source of sulfur Chemically , even water and hydrocarbons could be considered hydrides . All metalloid hydrides are highly flammable . All solid non-metallic hydrides except ice are highly flammable . But , when hydrogen combines with halogens , it produces acids rather than hydrides , and they are not flammable . Precedence convention ( edit ) According to IUPAC convention , by precedence ( stylized electronegativity ) , hydrogen falls between group 15 and group 16 elements . Therefore , we have NH , ' nitrogen hydride ' ( ammonia ) , versus H O , ' hydrogen oxide ' ( water ) . This convention is sometimes broken for polonium , which on the grounds of polonium 's metallicity is often referred to as ' polonium hydride ' instead of the expected ' hydrogen polonide ' . See also ( edit ) Parent hydride Hydron ( hydrogen cation ) Hydronium Proton Hydrogen ion Hydride compressor References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Greenwood , N.N. ; & Earnshaw , A. ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd Edn . ) , Oxford : Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 3365 - 4 . Jump up ^ Concise Inorganic Chemistry J.D. Lee Jump up ^ Main Group Chemistry , 2nd Edition A.G. Massey ^ Jump up to : Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry IUPAC Recommendations 2005 ( Red Book ) Par . IR - 6 - Full text ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Grochala , Wojciech ; Peter P. Edwards ( 2004 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Thermal Decomposition of the Non-Interstitial Hydrides for the Storage and Production of Hydrogen '' . Chemical Reviews . 104 ( 3 ) : 1283 -- 1316 . doi : 10.1021 / cr030691s . PMID 15008624 . Jump up ^ Brown , H.C. ( 1975 ) . Organic Syntheses via Boranes . New York : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 11280 - 1 . Jump up ^ A. Dedieu ( Editor ) Transition Metal Hydrides 1991 , Wiley - VCH , Weinheim . ISBN 0 - 471 - 18768 - 2 Bibliography ( edit ) W.M. Mueller , J.P. Blackledge , G.G. Libowitz , Metal Hydrides , Academic Press , N.Y. and London , ( 1968 ) External links ( edit ) Look up hydride in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydride&oldid=785942712 '' Categories : Hydrides Anions Hydrogen storage Functional groups Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2017 , at 09 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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how do non metals react with hydrogen explain with an example
[ "\noxygen: water ('oxidane' when substituted; synonym: oxygen hydride), hydrogen peroxide\nsulfur: hydrogen sulfide ('sulfane' when substituted) synonym: sulfur hydride\nselenium: hydrogen selenide ('selane' when substituted)\ntellurium: hydrogen telluride ('tellane' when substituted)\npolonium: hydrogen polonide ('polane' when substituted)\nhalogens: hydrogen halides\n" ]
[ "oxygen: water ('oxidane' when substituted; synonym: oxygen hydride), hydrogen peroxide" ]
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Bokaro Steel Plant
Bokaro steel plant - Wikipedia Bokaro steel plant Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject . It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia 's content policies , particularly neutral point of view . Please discuss further on the talk page . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bokaro Steel Plant Type State - owned enterprise public company Traded as NSE : SAIL Industry Steel Founded 1964 Headquarters Bokaro , Jharkhand , India Products Hot Rolled & Cold Rolled Website www.sail.co.in Bokaro Steel Plant ( BSP ) is located in the Bokaro district of Jharkhand ... It is the fourth integrated public sector steel plant in India built with Soviet help . It was incorporated as a limited company in 1964 . It was later merged with the state - owned Steel Authority of India Limited ( SAIL ) . Bokaro Steel Plant Main Gate Currently it houses five blast furnaces with a total capacity to produce 4.5 MT of liquid steel . The plant is undergoing a mass modernisation drive after which its output capacity is expected to cross 10 MT The plant 's yearly profit stood at ₹ 11.2 billion ( US $170 million ) for the financial year 2003 -- 04 and has increased every year since then reaching to 84.26 billion INR in the financial year 2007 -- 08 . Products ( edit ) Bokaro Steel Plant is designed to produce a wide range of flat products : Hot rolled coils Hot rolled plates Hot rolled sheets Cold rolled coils ( CRM ) Cold rolled sheets Tin mill black plates ( tmbp ) Galvanised plain and corrugated ( gp / gc ) sheets Oxygen Gas Produced in Oxygen Plant . Hydrogen Gas Coke Oven byproducts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nirmal Sengupta ( 1 May 1979 ) . Destitutes and Development : A Study of the Bauri Community in the Bokaro Region . Concept Publishing Company . pp. 25 -- . GGKEY : 73SPC2220UQ . Retrieved 19 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Steel Authority Of India Limited Further reading ( edit ) Sutinder Bhatia ( 1 January 1991 ) . Bokaro steel plant : some economic aspects . Popular Prakashan . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7154 - 540 - 7 . Padma Desai ( 1972 ) . The Bokaro steel plant : a study of Soviet economic assistance . North - Holland Pub. Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 10388 - 8 . ( hide ) Steel industry of India Companies Steel Bhushan Steel Bramhani Industries Essar Steel Goel TMT Ispat Industries Ltd Jai Balaji group JSW Steel Ltd Jindal Steel and Power Mahindra Ugine Steel Mukand Ltd POSCO India Prakash Industries Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Steel Authority of India Limited Tata Steel Uttam Galva Steels VISA Steel Allied industries Bharat Refractories Limited Ferro Alloys Corporation NSPCL Tayo Rolls Tube Products of India Welspun Corp Ltd Welspun Maxsteel Ltd Plants Integrated Bhilai Steel Plant Bokaro Steel Plant Durgapur Steel Plant ESSAR Steel India Ltd Plants IISCO Steel Plant Rourkela Steel Plant Visakhapatnam Steel Plant Alloy / Mini Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant Under construction Nagarnar Steel Plant Related topics Coalfields of India Power Stations of India Automotive companies of India Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bokaro_Steel_Plant&oldid=814880638 '' Categories : 1964 establishments in India Steel plants of India Steel Authority of India Bokaro district Companies based in Jharkhand Companies established in 1964 Economy of Jharkhand Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest from June 2015 Articles lacking in - text citations from June 2015 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles lacking reliable references from June 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use Indian English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from March 2013 Talk About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 13 : 36 . About Wikipedia
how many industrial units of iron and steel are stablished in jharkhand
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Ink Master (season 9)
Ink Master ( season 9 ) - wikipedia Ink Master ( season 9 ) Jump to : navigation , search Ink Master ( season 9 ) Country of origin United States Release Original network Spike Original release June 6 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) -- September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) Additional information Host ( s ) Dave Navarro Judges Oliver Peck Chris Nunez No. of contestants 36 Winner Old Town Ink Season chronology ← Previous Season 8 Next → Season 10 Ink Master : Shop Wars is the ninth season of the tattoo reality competition Ink Master that premiered on June 6 , 2017 on Spike at 10 / 9c . Host Dave Navarro returned alongside co-judges Oliver Peck and Chris Nunez . Season 9 features teams of two sorted by their tattoo shops going head - to - head in a tag team elimination - style competition . The winning shop will receive $200,000 , a feature in Inked magazine and the title of `` Ink Master '' . In addition , the winning shop will also receive the title of `` Master Shop '' . Similar to Season 7 , This season features nine rookie shops battling nine veteran shops each week while tackling a skill that exposes each veterans ' shortcoming from the last time they competed . Season 4 veteran Aaron `` Bubba '' Irwin and newcomer DJ Tambe of Old Town Ink won the competition , each earning the title of Ink Master and Old Town Ink being awarded the first ever title of `` Master Shop . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Judging and ranking 2 Shops 2.1 Rookies 2.2 Veterans 3 Shop progress 4 Episodes 5 References 6 External links Judging and ranking ( edit ) The judge listing types are : Judging Panel The judging panel is a table of three or more primary judges . The judges make their final decision by voting to see who had best tattoo of the day , whose going home and who wins the competition . For this season , a new variation of `` You do not have what it takes to be Ink Master '' line features Dave saying to the eliminated shop `` You do not have what it takes to be Master Shop '' in addition to `` Please pack your machines and move out '' . Jury of Peers The shops critique each other 's work to see who had the worst tattoo of the day that will send one of them to the bottom . Shops ( edit ) Rookies ( edit ) Tattoo Shop Name Located Contestant 1 Job Contestant 2 Job Allegory Arts Florence , Alabama Ulyss Blair Co-Owner / Artist Eva Huber Co-Owner / Artist Artistic Skin Designs Indianapolis , Indiana April Nicole Artist Dane Smith Artist Black Anchor Collective Hesperia , California Carlos Rojas Artist Aric Taylor Artist Classic Trilogy Tattoo Mattydale , New York Thom Bulman Owner / Artist Derek Zielinski Artist The Marked Society Tattoo McDonough , Georgia Wes Hogan Artist Mike P Co-Owner / Artist Pinz & Needlez Edgewood , Maryland Jessy Knuckles Artist Allisin Riot Artist Thicker Than Blood White Plains , New York Jhon Campuzano Artist Babiery Hernandez Artist Tri-Cities Tattoo Atlanta , Georgia Chavonna `` Bang '' Rhodes Artist Danger Dave Artist Unkindness Art Richmond , Virginia Erin Chance Owner / Artist Jerrett `` Doom Kitten '' Querubin Artist Veterans ( edit ) Tattoo Shop Name Located Contestant 1 Job Contestant 2 Job Basilica Tattoo Las Vegas , Nevada Christian Buckingham Artist Noelin Wheeler Artist Black Cobra Tattoos Sherwood , Arkansas Katie McGowan Artist Matt O'Baugh Owner / Artist Black Spade Tattoo Las Vegas , Nevada Yovan `` E.S. '' Barraza Artist Josh `` King Ruck '' Glover Owner / Artist Boneface Ink Tattoo Shop Pensacola , Florida Anwon `` Boneface '' Johnson Owner / Artist Brandon `` Hobo Ink '' Allen Artist Empire State Studio Amityville , New York Tommy Helm Owner / Artist Marvin Silva Artist Golden Skull Tattoo Las Vegas , Nevada Aaron `` Aaron Is '' Michalowski Artist James `` Cleen Rock One '' Steinke Owner / Artist House of Monkey Tattoo Brooklyn , New York Lalo Yunda Artist Picasso Dular Artist Old Town Ink Scottsdale , Arizona Aaron `` Bubba '' Irwin Owner / Artist DJ Tambe Artist Think Before You Ink Queens , New York Richard `` Made Rich '' Parker Owner / Artist Derrick `` Dtatstar '' Verley Artist Shop progress ( edit ) No . Shops 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Finale No . Flash Challenge Winner Allegory Arts Unkindness Art Old Town Ink Unkindness Art Old Town Ink Artistic Skin Designs Old Town Ink Black Spade Tattoo Unkindness Art Black Cobra Tattoos Black Cobra Tattoos None None None Golden Skull Tattoo None None Old Town Ink H / L HIGH HIGH WIN LOW WIN IN LOW HIGH F / O LOW F / O WIN WIN MASTER SHOP Black Cobra Tattoos HIGH HIGH IN WIN HIGH F / O LOW WIN RUNNER - UP Basilica Tattoo IN IN WIN IN F / O HIGH WIN LOW WIN OUT Unkindness Art IMM IN IN WIN IN HIGH HIGH LOW IN LOW WIN LOW WIN HIGH OUT 5 Golden Skull Tattoo WIN F / O WIN F / O OUT 6 Empire State Studio LOW HIGH WIN IN OUT 7 Allegory Arts IMM HIGH IN LOW IN IN IN LOW LOW LOW WIN OUT 8 Artistic Skin Designs WIN WIN HIGH IN IN IN LOW WIN HIGH LOW OUT 9 Classic Trilogy Tattoo IN IN IN IN LOW LOW LOW HIGH HIGH OUT 10 Pinz & Needlez IN LOW WIN HIGH LOW WIN IN IN OUT 11 Black Spade Tattoo LOW LOW LOW OUT 12 Boneface Ink Tattoo Shop IN OUT 13 House of Monkey Tattoo IN IN OUT 14 Think Before You Ink LOW LOW OUT 15 Tri-Cities Tattoo LOW LOW LOW OUT 16 Black Anchor Collective HIGH IN OUT 17 The Marked Society Tattoo LOW OUT 18 Thicker Than Blood OUT The shop won the competition and was named Master Shop . The shop was the runner - up . The shop finished third . The shop won best tattoo of the day . The shop was immune from the Elimination Tattoo . The shop was given an honorable mention by the judges . The shop won the face off . The shop was considered to be among the top . The shop was among the bottom group in the judges recall . The shop was voted worst tattoo of the day . The shop was considered to be in the bottom . The shop won the flash challenge and was given an honorable mention but was voted worst tattoo of the day . The shop was eliminated from the competition . The shop was voted worst tattoo of the day and was eliminated . The shop won the flash challenge but was voted worst tattoo of the day and was eliminated . Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 109 `` Fire & Ice '' June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 0.90 Flash Challenge -- Part 1 : After the artists meet Dave , Peck and Nunez at Skylands Stadium , they go into their very first Flash Challenge where they had four hours to create an ice sculpture that represents their respective shop . But that of course is not the only Flash Challenge they faced . Winner : Allegory Arts Flash Challenge -- Part 2 : The rest of the shops , except for Allegory Arts , carve out their custom logo before molding it out of molten lava . Another shop will also be safe from elimination . Winner : Unkindness Art Elimination Tattoo : The shops drew one of the animals as their live reference . They will then tattoo their animal in the style they picked . Thicker Than Blood , however , took a different approach and drew their tattoo without incorporating the live snake . Top Shops : Artistic Skin Designs and Black Anchor Collective Best Tattoo of the Day : Artistic Skin Designs Bottom : Tri-Cities Tattoo , The Marked Society Tattoo and Thicker Than Blood Eliminated : Thicker Than Blood 110 `` Crossing the Line '' June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 0.77 Returning Veteran : Bubba Irwin Skill of the Week : Fundamentals Flash Challenge : The shops had five hours to create an original design out of colored Post-it notes . Winner : Old Town Ink Elimination Tattoo : The shops put their fundamental skills to the test when they have to tattoo an illustrative blackwork design . Top Shops : Allegory Arts , Old Town Ink and Artistic Skin Designs . Best Tattoo of the Day : Artistic Skin Designs Bottom : Old Town Ink , Tri-Cities Tattoo and The Marked Society Tattoo Eliminated : The Marked Society Tattoo 111 `` Unnatural Disasters '' June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 0.89 Returning Veteran : Made Rich Skill of the Week : Detail Flash Challenge : The shops had five hours to turn one image into another with one artist working on one side while their partner worked on the other . Winner : Unkindness Art Elimination Tattoo : The shops must show detail in their natural disaster tattoo . Best Tattoo of the Day : Pinz & Needlez Bottom : Think Before You Ink , Black Anchor Collective and Tri-Cities Tattoo Eliminated : Black Anchor Collective 112 `` Lend Me Your Ear '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 0.89 Returning Veterans : Lalo and Picasso Skill of the Week : Technical Application Flash Challenge : The shops had two hours to create identical micro ear tattoos . Since winning the last Elimination Tattoo , Pinz and Needles picked their canvas first while the rest of the canvases handled their skull picks . Winner : Old Town Ink Elimination Tattoo : The shops tattoo a pair of black and grey cherubs at the same time . Since the judges were divided in choosing the winner , it was clear that one individual from each shop were the standouts in this Elimination Tattoo . Top Shops : Unkindness Art and Pinz & Needlez Best Tattoo of the Day : Unkindness Art Bottom : Think Before You Ink , Tri-Cities Tattoo and Allegory Arts Eliminated : Tri-Cities Tattoo 113 5 `` War and Ink '' July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) 0.89 Returning Veterans : King Ruck and E.S. Skill of the Week : Composition Flash Challenge Inspired by Corona Extra , the shops had four hours to help give the canvas the moment they lived . Winner : Artistic Skin Designs Elimination Tattoo : The shops go to war with color realistic battle scenes . But the battle for survival arises near the end when Pinz And Needles ' canvas second guessing the design of her tattoo while Classic Trilogy Tattoo 's canvas passed out . Best Tattoo of the Day : Old Town Ink Bottom : Think Before You Ink , Classic Trilogy Tattoo and Pinz & Needlez Eliminated : Think Before You Ink 114 6 `` Get the Flock Outta Here '' July 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 18 ) N / A Returning Veteran : Boneface Skill of the Week : Artistry Flash Challenge : The shops had five hours to create a work of art by first drawing on a black inhesive board before using one of the colored velvet powder over their design . Winner : Old Town Ink Elimination Tattoo : Each shop must show their true artistry by doing a freehand tattoo . Each artist had three hours to draw the design on skin . Then , its respective partner will tattoo the drawn piece for six hours . Top Shops : Unkindness Art and Pinz & Needlez Best Tattoo of the Day : Pinz & Needlez Bottom : Black Spade Tattoo , House of Monkey Tattoo and Classic Trilogy Tattoo Eliminated : House of Monkey Tattoo 115 7 `` On the Bubble '' July 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) N / A Returning Veteran : Christian Buckingham Skill of the Week : Ingenuity Flash Challenge : The shops had five hours to create a design on a giant sheet of bubble wrap by carefully injecting ink into each bubble Winner : Black Spade Tattoo Elimination Tattoo : Each shop worked on a new school tattoo with one artist tattooing the first three hours and the other tattooing the last three hours . Top Shops : Unkindness Art and Old Town Ink Best Tattoo of the Day : Old Town Ink Bottom : Bone Face Ink Tattoo Shop , Black Spade Tattoo and Artistic Skin Designs Eliminated : Bone Face Ink Tattoo Shop 116 8 `` Masterpiece Mayhem '' August 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 01 ) N / A Returning Veterans : Matt O'Baugh and Katie McGowan Skill of the Week : Consistency Flash Challenge : An emotional flash challenge has the shops tattooing a replica of a little loved ones ' condition onto its respective human canvas for three hours . Winner : Unkindness Art Elimination Tattoo : Matt and Katie 's past comes back to haunt them as they and the remaining shops must to use consistency by tattooing a famous work of art . Top Shops : Classic Trilogy Tattoo and Artistic Skin Designs Best Tattoo of the Day : Artistic Skin Designs Bottom : Allegory Arts , Black Spade Tattoo and Unkindness Art Eliminated : Black Spade Tattoo 117 9 `` Pin - Up Panic Attack '' August 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) N / A Returning Veteran : Tommy Helm Skill of the Week : Proportion / Perspectives Flash Challenge : The shops had five hours to create a sculpture by adding more or less of their own plaster on to a canvas . Winner : Black Cobra Tattoos Elimination Tattoo : The shops tackle Tommy 's least favorite design that exposed his weakness in proportion , a Pin - Up tattoo . The artist and its partner were each given 30 minutes to tattoo the same canvas . Peck did not co-judge due to medical emergency due to a heart attack . Top Shops : Basilica Tattoo and Black Cobra Tattoos Best Tattoo of the Day : Basilica Tattoo Bottom : Empire State Studio , Allegory Arts and Pinz & Needlez Eliminated : Pinz & Needlez 118 10 `` Drill Baby , Drill '' August 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 15 ) N / A Guest Judge : Tommy Montoya Returning Veterans : Cleen Rock One and Aaron Is Skill of the Week : Precision Flash Challenge : The shops had five hours to create a design by drilling different holes onto a wooden canvas . Winner : Black Cobra Tattoos Elimination Tattoo : The shops get to work tattooing matching portraits on two different canvases . Top Shops : Golden Skull Tattoo and Empire State Studio Best Tattoo of the Day : Golden Skull Tattoo Bottom : Allegory Arts , Classic Trilogy Tattoo and Artistic Skin Designs Eliminated : Classic Trilogy Tattoo 119 11 `` Grim Inker '' August 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) N / A Skill of the Week : Adaptability Elimination Tattoo : The final eight shops fight for survival as four shops must work together to tattoo the Four Horseman of the Apocalypse on the human canvas at the same time . However , only one artist from each shop will do the tattooing . The first team consisted of Tommy Helm from Empire State Tattoo , Erin Chance from Unkindness Art , Ulyss Blair from Allegory Arts and Matt O'Baugh from Black Cobra Tattoos while Noelin Wheeler from Basilica Tattoo , Cleen Rock One from Golden Skull Tattoo , DJ Tambe from Old Town Ink and April Nicole from Artistic Skin Designs round out the second team . Best Tattoo of the Day : Empire State Studio , Black Cobra Tattoos , Allegory Arts and Unkindness Art Face Off Tattoo : Golden Skull Tattoo , Basilica Tattoo , Old Town Ink and Artistic Skin Designs have to duke it out . This time , the artist who did n't participate in the elimination tattoo must use the adaptability to tattoo a free handed design . Eliminated : Artistic Skin Designs 120 12 `` Pit Fall '' August 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 29 ) N / A Skill of the Week : Placement Elimination Tattoo : The final seven shop deal with armpit tattoos by creating two six - hour coordinating pieces with one artist from each shop tattooing the left armpit and the other tattooing the right armpit the next day . In addition , Peck and Nuñez assigned the human canvases . For the second armpit tattoo , each shop had to switch canvases and finish another 's shops tattoo , thus creating a head - to - head comparison . Best Tattoo of the Day : Golden Skull Tattoo Bottom : Allegory Arts , Unkindness Art , Old Town Ink Eliminated : Allegory Arts 121 13 `` Sell Out '' September 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) N / A Skill of the Week Self Promotion Elimination Tattoo - Part 1 : The power was put in the hands of the human canvases as each canvas had 5 minutes to interview each shop about a tattoo they would like to get . After the interviews , the canvases drew skulls to determine a picking order . Best Tattoo of the Day : Basilica Tattoo Elimination Tattoo - Part 2 : The human canvases picked a random number on the bottom of the skull . They will then pick one of the tattoos that was done by its respecitve shop in part one of the elimination tattoo . Black Cobra Tattoos was put up for elimination after they were not chosen by neither canvas . Best Tattoo of the Day : Unkindness Art Face Off Tattoo : Black Cobra Tattoo , Empire State Studio , Golden Skull Tattoo and Old Town Ink must tag team their respective partner to tattoo the style and subject that were each chosen by the winners of the elimination tattoo . Basilica picked American Traditional while Unkindness Art wants them to incorporate the style into a snake because of the show featured several artists screwing up the design in the previous seasons . Eliminated : Empire State Studio 122 14 `` Casting the First Stone '' September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) N / A Skill of the Week : Cohesion Flash Challenge : The shops had six hours to paint a nude human canvas onto a two dimensional canvas that looks seamless . Winner : Golden Skull Tattoo Elimination Tattoo : Final five shops deal with Asian deities in this tag team elimination tattoo . Top Shops : Old Town Ink and Unkindness Art Best Tattoo of the Day : Old Town Ink Bottom : Golden Skull Tattoo , Balisica Tattoo and Black Cobra Tattoos Eliminated : Golden Skull Tattoo 123 15 `` Marathon to the Finale '' September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) N / A Tattoo Marathon - Round 1 : The final four shops compete in a two - part tattoo marathon that will determine who goes to the live finale . Best Tattoo of the Day : Black Cobra Tattoos and Basilica Tattoo Tattoo Marathon - Round 2 : Old Town Ink and Unkindness Art fight for the last remaining spot in the Ink Master Live Finale . Best Tattoo of the Day : Old Town Ink Eliminated : Unkindness Art 124 16 `` Shop Wars Finale '' September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) N / A Finale - Round 1 : Twitter users voted Black Cobra Tattoos into the final two , based on the live 6 - hour tattoo . Judges voted Old Town Ink into the final two based on the 35 - hour master canvas black - and - gray tattoo . Finale - Round 2 : Judges voted Old Town Ink as Master Shop based on the 35 - hour master canvas color tattoo . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 6.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 6.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 6.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 6.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 7.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Ink Master on IMDb Ink Master at TV Guide Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ink_Master_(season_9)&oldid=812607288 '' Categories : Ink Master Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 28 November 2017 , at 20 : 42 . About Wikipedia
who got voted off ink master last episode
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Angela Montenegro
Angela Montenegro - wikipedia Angela Montenegro Angela Montenegro Bones character First appearance September 13 , 2005 ( 1x01 , `` Pilot '' ) Last appearance March 28 , 2017 ( 12x12 , `` The End in the End '' ) Created by Hart Hanson Portrayed by Michaela Conlin Information Nickname ( s ) Ange , Angie Aliases Smacky Kennedy Gender Female Occupation Forensic Artist Family Billy Gibbons ( father ) Spouse ( s ) Grayson Barasa ( m . 2003 ; div. 2008 ) Jack Hodgins ( m . 2010 ) Significant other ( s ) Roxie Lyon ( ex-girlfriend ) Wendell Bray ( ex-boyfriend ) Children Michael Staccato Vincent Hodgins ( son , with Jack ; born 2011 ) Unnamed child ( unborn , with Jack ) Relatives Christine Angela Booth ( goddaughter ) Angela Pearly - Gates Montenegro - Hodgins ( born Pookie Noodlin Pearly - Gates Gibbons ) is a fictional character in the television series Bones ( 2005 -- 2017 ) , portrayed by Michaela Conlin . She is a classically trained artist involved in forensic reconstructions . Contents 1 Brief character history 2 Characterization 3 Romantic Relationships 3.1 Kirk Persinger 3.2 Jack Hodgins 3.3 Roxie Lyon 3.4 Wendell Bray 3.5 Grayson Barasa 4 References Brief character history ( edit ) Angela Montenegro is the daughter of a fictional representation of Billy Gibbons from ZZ Top ( played by the musician himself ) . Angela was born in Baltimore , Maryland on April 16 , she is half - Chinese , and she once mentioned having taken French in school , in `` The Body in the Bag '' , in season 6 . Her middle name is meant to be an allusion to her father 's guitar `` Miss Pearly Gates '' . According to Angela , in `` Mother and Child in the Bay '' , in season 2 , Angela 's height is 5'8 and her weight is 135 pounds . In Season 10 , Angela 's real name is discovered to be Pookie Noodlin . Prior to the revelation , it was well - known that she was so embarrassed by her birth name that she never told anyone , even her husband and closest friends . The character of Angela Montenegro is a specialist in forensic facial reconstruction at the fictional Jeffersonian Institution , who frequently works with Dr. Temperance Brennan , her best friend . Angela received her undergraduate degree at the University of Texas at Austin in Visual Arts , with a minor in Computer Science . She also studied Biomedical Illustration at American University . She uses her skills as an artist to develop , maintain , and improve the lab 's three - dimensional graphics and computer simulation systems . She is credited with the innovation of the `` Angelator '' , which is later recreated / replaced with a newer version , the `` Angelatron '' . She is the only member of the Medico - Legal Lab staff who does not hold an advanced degree . In `` The Brain in the Bot '' , in Season 12 , Angela wins the MacArthur Fellowship , which is confirmed later to be nominated by Dr. Temperance Brennan , for her `` groundbreaking '' work with the `` Angelatron '' . Characterization ( edit ) Throughout the series , Angela Montenegro is described as a `` free spirit '' , `` good - time girl '' and is a `` wild - child '' at heart . She is shown to be more socially `` normal '' than her coworkers at the Jeffersonian , and seems to not consider herself a scientist like the other `` squints '' , instead on multiple occasions referencing facial reconstruction as an `` art '' . In one episode , the character Jack Hodgins was quoted as saying Angela `` was the heart of the operation . '' Angela 's more typical social skills are often used by the writers as a balancing point ; she demonstrates a need to interact with other people in a way her more awkward colleagues do not . Plotlines have alluded that Angela has extensive romantic experience , once telling Zack Addy to `` reap the benefits of my sexual wisdom . '' She also told Dr. Brennan , `` I do n't know how to talk to crazy people unless I 'm dating them . '' Angela contemplates leaving the Jeffersonian at one point , under the assumption that her work does not contribute to cases in a meaningful way . She was also unsure of her ability to handle the graphic violence she was exposed to regularly at the lab . However , Dr. Goodman , the director of the Jeffersonian , spoke of the vital importance of her work in adding an element of humanity to the victims , returning their identity . This line of reasoning persuades her to remain at the lab . Romantic relationships ( edit ) Kirk persinger ( edit ) Season 1 Episode 17 , `` The Skull in the Desert '' , reveals that , for `` three weeks out of the year , Angela has a boyfriend and a vacation . '' Angela 's first revealed steady boyfriend , Kirk , is a `` pseudo-famous photographer '' who lives in the desert of New Mexico . Their five - year relationship ends abruptly when Kirk goes off into the desert with his Indian guide and never returns . Angela is prompted to call Temperance for help when a skull is left on the porch of the local sheriff . Dr. Brennan is able to identify that the skull does belong to Kirk and the premise of the episode is discovering what happened to him out in the desert . According to Angela , he was the guy to whom she compared all other guys . Jack Hodgins ( edit ) Angela and Hodgins met when Angela was brought on to work at the Jeffersonian by Brennan . While initially on good terms , they grew closer throughout season one . At the beginning of season two , Hodgins became obviously interested in her , and pursued her more openly . After a few episodes of palpable sexual tension , Hodgins finally asked Angela on a date in the episode `` The Girl with the Curl '' . While their date was quite successful , Angela broke it off fearing repercussions if things went badly . Later , after Hodgins was rescued from being buried alive , they kissed , and at the end of the episode they went home together . Angela later asked Hodgins if she could sleep at his place one night after being spooked by restored video footage , and soon they were openly involved . After refusing Hodgins ' marriage proposal twice , she proposed to him . Their wedding was cut short in the season two finale when it was revealed that Angela was technically married to a man from Fiji , Grayson Barasa . Their relationship ended after a lengthy search for her husband , and issues regarding Jack 's trust of Angela . Throughout seasons four and five , the two struggled with their relationship , eventually appearing to form a close , albeit awkward , friendship . After Hodgins declared he would support her during a pregnancy scare while she was dating Wendell Bray , their romantic tension was rekindled . While collecting evidence together for a murder investigation in Maryland , they were pulled over for a moving violation and subsequently jailed for a variety of minor infractions by a local sheriff . Their time spent together led them to re-examine their relationship , and why they broke up . When a judge arrived to post their bail , they were finally married in a civil ceremony with the sheriff as witness . They announced their marriage to their colleagues soon after . At the end of season five , they were planning to spend a year in Paris while Brennan and Booth were away , as neither of them wanted `` to break in a new forensic anthropologist and FBI liaison . '' Upon their return from Paris , Angela discovers that they are expecting their first child . Angela tries to keep her pregnancy a secret from the Jeffersonian team . This is because Angela wants to wait until after the first trimester and Hodgins wants to reveal the pregnancy when the time is right . It is later revealed that if Angela and Hodgins had a daughter , they would name her Temperance , after Dr. Brennan ; but strictly as a middle name , because the name Temperance is `` awful '' . Angela 's father wanted to name their child `` Staccato Mamba '' ( this came to him in a song ) . However , the three of them finally agree on the names Katherine Temperance for a girl and Michael Vincent for a boy . In the episode `` The Blackout in the Blizzard '' Angela and Hodgins find out they are both carriers of Leber 's congenital amaurosis , giving their baby a 25 percent chance of blindness . This was a huge devastation for the couple , but in the end they reminded each other that they can handle anything together . Their son was born healthy and without a vision impairment . He was named Michael , as planned , Staccato , as Angela 's father wanted , and Vincent , after the late Vincent Nigel - Murray , the full name thus becoming Michael Staccato Vincent Hodgins , but is more commonly known as Michael Vincent . Roxie lyon ( edit ) After breaking off her engagement with Hodgins , Angela resumes a relationship first forged in college with Roxie , a woman who currently works as a sculptor and who was , at the time of their reconnection , the suspect in a case . Roxie broke it off with Angela over irreconcilable differences in world view ; Angela `` lives in the moment '' and Roxie wants a partner who plans for the future . Wendell Bray ( edit ) After Brennan 's intern , Wendell Bray , gives Angela $45 to help save a baby pig , the two kiss and begin a relationship . Their relationship continued throughout part of Season 5 . After they had been dating for a few months , Angela took a pregnancy test which came up positive . This test is later revealed , by a second test that Dr. Saroyan had run , to be a false positive . When Wendell found out , he told her that he would have supported her in her choices because it was his duty . This caused Angela to realize that while Wendell is a good guy , he was not `` ( her ) guy '' and subsequently ended their relationship . The break - up was mutual and amicable . Grayson Barasa ( edit ) It is revealed that , at one point , she married in a kava - influenced ceremony in Fiji . She was unsure whether the marriage was legal and had no knowledge of where her husband was after the ritual ; in fact , the United States government considered the marriage valid , and prevented her marriage to Hodgins . When a private investigator tracked down Barasa , he attempted to convince Angela to stay with him , informing her that he had built them a house . Although she had no interest in pursuing anything with him , Barasa 's presence eventually precipitated the end of Angela 's engagement to Hodgins , because Angela felt that Hodgins did not trust her . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Stargazer In A Puddle '' . Bones . Fox . 2007 - 05 - 16 . No. 21 , season 2 Jump up ^ `` The Life in the Light '' . Bones . Fox . 2015 - 06 - 04 . No. 21 , season 10 ^ Jump up to : `` The Man in the Fallout Shelter '' . Bones . Season 1 . Episode 9 . 2005 - 12 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Boy with the Answer '' . Bones . Season 5 . Episode 21 . 2010 - 05 - 13 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the Cell '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 2 . Episode 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the Wall '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 1 . Episode 6 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` A Boy in a Tree '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 1 . Episode 3 . September 27 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Woman in the Tunnel '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 1 . Episode 16 . 2006 - 04 - 22 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Skull in the Desert '' . Bones . Season 1 . Episode 17 . April 5 , 2006 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Glowing Bones in the Old Stone House '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 2 . Episode 20 . 2007 - 05 - 09 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` The Stargazer in the Puddle '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 2 . Episode 21 . 2007 - 05 - 16 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` The Perfect Pieces in the Purple Pond '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 4 . Episode 5 . 2008 - 09 - 24 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Witch in the Wardrobe '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 5 . Episode 20 . 2010 - 05 - 13 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Skull in the Sculpture '' . Bones . Season 4 . Episode 8 . November 5 , 2008 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Salt in the Wounds '' . Bones . Season 4 . Episode 17 . March 19 , 2009 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Tough Man in the Tender Chicken '' . Bones ( TV Series ) . Season 5 . Episode 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Proof in the Pudding '' . Bones ( TV Series ) . Season 5 . Episode 12 . Bones Characters Temperance Brennan Seeley Booth Angela Montenegro Zack Addy Jack Hodgins Lance Sweets Gormogon Seasons 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Man in the S.U.V. '' `` A Boy in a Tree '' `` The Man in the Bear '' `` A Boy in a Bush '' `` The Man in the Wall '' `` A Man on Death Row '' `` The Girl in the Fridge '' `` The Man in the Fallout Shelter '' `` The Woman at the Airport '' `` The Woman in the Car '' `` Two Bodies in the Lab '' `` The Man in the Morgue '' Season 2 `` The Titan on the Tracks '' Spin - off The Finder Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angela_Montenegro&oldid=865993472 '' Categories : Bones characters Fictional artists Fictional bisexual females Fictional American people of Chinese descent Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional characters from Baltimore Fictional LGBT characters in television Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Magyar Nederlands Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 15 : 19 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
when does hodgins find out about wendell and angela
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Germ layer
Germ layer - wikipedia Germ layer Jump to : navigation , search See also : Germ cell A germ layer is a primary layer of cells that form during embryogenesis . The three germ layers in vertebrates are particularly pronounced ; however , all eumetazoans , ( animals more complex than the sponge ) produce two or three primary germ layers . Animals with radial symmetry , like cnidarians , produce two germ layers ( the ectoderm and endoderm ) making them diploblastic . Animals with bilateral symmetry produce a third layer ( the mesoderm ) , between these two layers . making them triploblastic . Germ layers eventually give rise to all of an animal 's tissues and organs through the process of organogenesis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Germ layers 1.1 Development 1.2 Endoderm 1.3 Mesoderm 1.4 Ectoderm 1.5 Neural crest 2 See also 3 References Germ layers ( edit ) Gastrulation of a diploblast : The formation of germ layers from a ( 1 ) blastula to a ( 2 ) gastrula . Some of the ectoderm cells ( orange ) move inward forming the endoderm ( red ) . Micrograph of a teratoma , a tumour that characteristically has tissue from all three germ layers . The image shows tissue derived from the mesoderm ( immature cartilage - left - upper corner of image ) , endoderm ( gastrointestinal glands - center - bottom of image ) and ectoderm ( epidermis - right of image ) . H&E stain . Caspar Friedrich Wolff observed organization of the early embryo in leaf - like layers . In 1817 , Heinz Christian Pander discovered three primordial germ layers while studying chick embryos . Between 1850 and 1855 , Robert Remak had further refined the germ cell layer concept , and introduced into English were the terms `` mesoderm '' by Huxley in 1871 and `` ectoderm '' and `` endoderm '' by Lankester in 1873 . Among animals , sponges show the simplest organization , having a single germ layer . Although they have differentiated cells ( e.g. collar cells ) , they lack true tissue coordination . Diploblastic animals , Cnidaria and Ctenophora , show an increase in complexity , having two germ layers , the endoderm and ectoderm . Diploblastic animals are organized into recognisable tissues . All higher animals ( from flatworms to humans ) are triploblastic , possessing a mesoderm in addition to the germ layers found in Diploblasts . Triploblastic animals develop recognizable organs . Development ( edit ) Fertilization leads to the formation of a zygote . During the next stage , cleavage , mitotic cell divisions transform the zygote into a hollow ball of cells , a blastula . This early embryonic form undergoes gastrulation , forming a gastrula with either two or three layers ( the germ layers ) . In all vertebrates , these progenitor cells differentiate into all adult tissues and organs . In humans , after about three days , the zygote forms a solid mass of cells by mitotic division , called a morula . This then changes to a blastocyst , consisting of an outer layer called a trophoblast , and an inner cell mass called the embryoblast . Filled with uterine fluid , the blastocyst breaks out of the zona pellucida and undergoes implantation . The inner cell mass initially has two layers : the hypoblast and epiblast . At the end of the second week , a primitive streak appears . The epiblast in this region moves towards the primitive streak , dives down into it , and forms a new layer , called the endoderm , pushing the hypoblast out of the way ( this goes on to form the amnion . ) The epiblast keeps moving and forms a second layer , the mesoderm . The top layer is now called the ectoderm . Endoderm ( edit ) The endoderm produces tissue within the lungs , thyroid , and pancreas . Main article : Endoderm The endoderm is one of the germ layers formed during animal embryogenesis . Cells migrating inward along the archenteron form the inner layer of the gastrula , which develops into the endoderm . The endoderm consists at first of flattened cells , which subsequently become columnar . It forms the epithelial lining of the whole of the digestive tube except part of the mouth and pharynx and the terminal part of the rectum ( which are lined by involutions of the ectoderm ) . It also forms the lining cells of all the glands which open into the digestive tube , including those of the liver and pancreas ; the epithelium of the auditory tube and tympanic cavity ; the trachea , bronchi , and air cells of the lungs ; the urinary bladder and part of the urethra ; and the follicle lining of the thyroid gland and thymus . The endoderm forms : the stomach , the colon , the liver , the pancreas , the urinary bladder , the epithelial parts of trachea , the lungs , the pharynx , the thyroid , the parathyroid , and the intestines . Mesoderm ( edit ) The mesoderm aids in the production of cardiac muscle , skeletal muscle , smooth muscle , tissues within the kidneys , and red blood cells . Main article : Mesoderm The mesoderm germ layer forms in the embryos of triploblastic animals . During gastrulation , some of the cells migrating inward contribute to the mesoderm , an additional layer between the endoderm and the ectoderm . The formation of a mesoderm leads to the development of a coelom . Organs formed inside a coelom can freely move , grow , and develop independently of the body wall while fluid cushions and protects them from shocks . The mesoderm has several components which develop into tissues : intermediate mesoderm , paraxial mesoderm , lateral plate mesoderm , and chorda - mesoderm . The chorda - mesoderm develops into the notochord . The intermediate mesoderm develops into kidneys and gonads . The paraxial mesoderm develops into cartilage , skeletal muscle , and dermis . The lateral plate mesoderm develops into the circulatory system ( including the heart and spleen ) , the wall of the gut , and wall of the human body . Through cell signaling cascades and interactions with the ectodermal and endodermal cells , the mesodermal cells begin the process of differentiation . The mesoderm forms : muscle ( smooth and striated ) , bone , cartilage , connective tissue , adipose tissue , circulatory system , lymphatic system , dermis , genitourinary system , serous membranes , and notochord . Ectoderm ( edit ) The ectoderm produces tissues within the epidermis , aids in the formation of neurons within the brain , and constructs melanocytes . Main article : Ectoderm The ectoderm generates the outer layer of the embryo , and it forms from the embryo 's epiblast . The ectoderm develops into the surface ectoderm , neural crest , and the neural tube . The surface ectoderm develops into : epidermis , hair , nails , lens of the eye , sebaceous glands , cornea , tooth enamel , the epithelium of the mouth and nose . The neural crest of the ectoderm develops into : peripheral nervous system , adrenal medulla , melanocytes , facial cartilage , dentin of teeth . The neural tube of the ectoderm develops into : brain , spinal cord , posterior pituitary , motor neurons , retina . Note : The anterior pituitary develops from the ectodermal tissue of Rathke 's pouch . Neural crest ( edit ) Because of its great importance , the neural crest is sometimes considered a fourth germ layer . It is , however , derived from the ectoderm . See also ( edit ) Histogenesis Neurulation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gilbert , Scott F ( 2003 ) . `` The Epidermis and the Origin of Cutaneous Structures '' . Developmental Biology . Sinauer Associates . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Scott F ( 2000 ) . `` Comparative Embryology '' . Developmental Biology . Sinauer Associates . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Scott F ( 2000 ) . `` Early Mammalian Development '' . Developmental Biology . Sinauer Associates . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Scott F ( 2003 ) . `` Paraxial and Intermediate Mesoderm '' . Developmental Biology . Sinauer Associates . Jump up ^ Brand , Thomas ( 1 June 2003 ) . `` Heart development : molecular insights into cardiac specification and early morphogenesis '' . Developmental Biology . 258 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 19 . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 1606 ( 03 ) 00112 - X . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Scott F ( 2003 ) . `` Early Mammalian Development '' . Developmental Biology . Sinauer Associates . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Scott F ( 2003 ) . `` The Central Nervous System and The Epidermis '' . Developmental Biology . Sinauer Associates . Jump up ^ Hall BK ( 2000 ) . `` The neural crest as a fourth germ layer and vertebrates as quadroblastic not triploblastic '' . Evolution & Development . 2 : 3 -- 5 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1525 - 142x. 2000.00032. x . PMID 11256415 . Human embryogenesis in the first three weeks Week 1 Fertilization Oocyte activation Zygote Cleavage Blastomere Morula Blastocoele Blastocyst Blastula Inner cell mass Trophoblast Week 2 ( Bilaminar ) Hypoblast Epiblast Week 3 ( Trilaminar ) Germ layers Archenteron / Primitive streak Primitive pit Primitive knot / Blastopore Primitive groove Gastrula Gastrulation Regional specification Embryonic disc Ectoderm Surface ectoderm Neuroectoderm Somatopleuric mesenchyme Neurulation Neural crest Endoderm Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme Mesoderm Axial mesoderm Paraxial Somite Somitomere Intermediate Lateral plate Intraembryonic coelom Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme Somatopleuric mesenchyme Cells in humans derived from ectoderm Surface ectoderm Skin Trichocyte Keratinocyte Anterior pituitary Gonadotrope Corticotrope Thyrotrope Somatotrope Lactotroph Neural crest Peripheral nervous system Neuron Glia Schwann cell Satellite glial cell Neuroendocrine system Chromaffin cell Parafollicular cell Glomus cell Skin Melanocyte Nevus cell Merkel cell Teeth Odontoblast Cementoblast Eyes Corneal keratocyte Neural tube Central nervous system Neuron Glia ( Oligodendrocyte Astrocyte ) Ependyma Ependymocytes Pineal gland Pinealocyte Cells in humans derived from endoderm Foregut Respiratory Pneumocyte Type 1 Type 2 Club cell Goblet cell Digestive Stomach Enteroendocrine cell G cell Delta cell Enterochromaffin - like cell Gastric chief cell Parietal cell Foveolar cell Intestine Enteroendocrine cell Gastric inhibitory polypeptide S cell Delta cell Cholecystokinin Goblet cell Paneth cell Tuft cell Enterocyte Microfold cell Liver Hepatocyte Hepatic stellate cell ( Kupffer cell from mesoderm ) Gallbladder Cholecystocyte Exocrine pancreas Centroacinar cell Pancreatic stellate cell Islets of Langerhans alpha cell beta cell delta cell F cell ( PP cell epsilon cell Pharyngeal pouch Thyroid gland Follicular cell Parathyroid gland Parathyroid chief cell Oxyphil cell Hindgut / cloaca Urothelial cells Cells in humans derived from mesoderm Paraxial Mesenchymal stem cell Osteochondroprogenitor cell Bone ( Osteoblast → Osteocyte ) Cartilage ( Chondroblast → Chondrocyte ) Myofibroblast Fat Lipoblast → Adipocyte Muscle Myoblast → Myocyte Myosatellite cell Tendon cell Cardiac muscle cell Other Fibroblast → Fibrocyte Other Digestive system Interstitial cell of Cajal Intermediate Renal stem cell Angioblast → Endothelial cell Mesangial cell Intraglomerular Extraglomerular Juxtaglomerular cell Macula densa cell Stromal cell → Interstitial cell → Telocytes Simple epithelial cell → Podocyte Kidney proximal tubule brush border cell Reproductive system Sertoli cell Leydig cell Granulosa cell Peg cell germ cells spermatozoon ovum Lateral plate / hemangioblast Hematopoietic stem cell Lymphoid Lymphoblast see lymphocytes Myeloid CFU - GEMM see myeloid cells Circulatory system Endothelial progenitor cell Endothelial colony forming cell Endothelial stem cell Angioblast / Mesoangioblast Pericyte Mural cell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germ_layer&oldid=810341373 '' Categories : Germ layers Embryology Developmental biology Gastrulation Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Қазақша Ligure Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 17 : 55 . 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when does the embryo from three germ layers
[ "A germ layer is a primary layer of cells that form during embryogenesis.[1] The three germ layers in vertebrates are particularly pronounced; however, all eumetazoans, (animals more complex than the sponge) produce two or three primary germ layers. Animals with radial symmetry, like cnidarians, produce two germ layers (the ectoderm and endoderm) making them diploblastic. Animals with bilateral symmetry produce a third layer (the mesoderm), between these two layers. making them triploblastic. Germ layers eventually give rise to all of an animal’s tissues and organs through the process of organogenesis." ]
[ "during embryogenesis" ]
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History of rail transport in the United States
History of rail transport in the United States - wikipedia History of rail transport in the United States Jump to : navigation , search The First Transcontinental Railroad was completed in 1869 . This article is part of the history of rail transport by country series . Wooden railroads , called wagonways , were built in the United States starting from the 1720s . A railroad was reportedly used in the construction of the French fortress at Louisburg , Nova Scotia , in 1720 . Between 1762 and 1764 , at the close of the French and Indian War , a gravity railroad ( mechanized tramway ) ( Montresor 's Tramway ) is built by British military engineers up the steep riverside terrain near the Niagara River waterfall 's escarpment at the Niagara Portage ( which the local Senecas called `` Crawl on All Fours . '' ) in Lewiston , New York . Railroads played a large role in the development of the United States from the industrial revolution in the North - east ( 1810 -- 1850 ) to the settlement of the West ( 1850 -- 1890 ) . The American railroad mania began with the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1828 and flourished until the Panic of 1873 bankrupted many companies and temporarily ended growth . Although the South started early to build railways , it concentrated on short lines linking cotton regions to oceanic or river ports , and the absence of an interconnected network was a major handicap during the Civil War . The North and Midwest constructed networks that linked every city by 1860 . In the heavily settled Midwestern Corn Belt , over 80 percent of farms were within 5 miles ( 8 km ) of a railway , facilitating the shipment of grain , hogs , and cattle to national and international markets . A large number of short lines were built , but thanks to a fast developing financial system based on Wall Street and oriented to railway bonds , the majority were consolidated into 20 trunk lines by 1890 . State and local governments often subsidized lines , but rarely owned them . The system was largely built by 1910 , but then trucks arrived to eat away the freight traffic , and automobiles ( and later airplanes ) to devour the passenger traffic . After 1940 , the use of diesel electric locomotives made for much more efficient operations that needed fewer workers on the road and in repair shops . A series of bankruptcies and consolidations left the rail system in the hands of a few large operations by the 1980s . Almost all long - distance passenger traffic was shifted to Amtrak in 1971 , a government - owned operation . Commuter rail service is provided near a few major cities such as New York , Chicago , Boston , Philadelphia , Baltimore , and the District of Columbia . Computerization and improved equipment steadily reduced employment , which peaked at 2.1 million in 1920 , falling to 1.2 million in 1950 and 215,000 in 2010 . Route mileage peaked at 254,251 miles ( 409,177 km ) in 1916 and fell to 139,679 miles ( 224,792 km ) in 2011 . Freight railroads continue to play an important role in the United States ' economy , especially for moving imports and exports using containers , and for shipments of coal and , since 2010 , of oil . According to the British news magazine The Economist , `` They are universally recognized in the industry as the best in the world . '' Productivity rose 172 % between 1981 and 2000 , while rates rose 55 % ( after accounting for inflation ) . Rail 's share of the American freight market rose to 43 % , the highest for any rich country . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chronological history 1.1 Early period ( 1720 -- 1825 ) 1.2 Early period ( 1826 -- 1860 ) 1.3 Civil War and Reconstruction ( 1861 -- 1877 ) 1.4 Expansion and consolidation ( 1878 -- 1916 ) 1.5 Nationalized management ( 1917 -- 1920 ) 1.6 Railroads in the early automobile era ( 1921 -- 1945 ) 1.7 Modern era ( 1946 -- present ) 2 Technology 2.1 Rail manufacturing 2.2 Track gauge 2.3 Locomotives 2.4 Signalling and communications 3 Labor relations and worker safety 4 Impact on American economy and society 4.1 Shipping freight and passengers 4.2 Basis of the private financial system 4.3 Inventing modern management 4.4 Career paths 4.5 Love -- hate relationship with the railroads 5 Historiography 6 Appendix : Railroad active mileage by region 7 See also 8 Further reading 8.1 Reference books 8.2 Scholarly studies 8.2. 1 Civil War 8.3 Old studies 8.4 Historiography 8.5 Video 9 References 10 External links Chronological History ( edit ) Early period ( 1720 -- 1825 ) ( edit ) Further information : Oldest railroads in North America A railroad was reportedly used in the construction of the French fortress at Louisburg , Nova Scotia in 1720 . Between 1762 and 1764 , at the close of the French and Indian War , a gravity railroad ( mechanized tramway ) ( Montresor 's Tramway ) is built by British military engineers up the steep riverside terrain near the Niagara River waterfall 's escarpment at the Niagara Portage ( which the local Senecas called `` Crawl on All Fours . '' ) in Lewiston , New York . Early period ( 1826 -- 1860 ) ( edit ) The animal powered Leiper Railroad followed in 1810 after the preceding successful experiment -- designed and built by merchant Thomas Leiper , the railway connects Crum Creek to Ridley Creek , in Delaware County , Pennsylvania . It was used until 1829 , when it was temporarily replaced by the Leiper Canal , then is reopened to replace the canal in 1852 . This became the Crum Creek Branch of the Baltimore and Philadelphia Railroad ( part of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ) in 1887 . This is the first railroad meant to be permanent , and the first to evolve into trackage of a common carrier after an intervening closure . In 1826 Massachusetts incorporated the Granite Railway as a common freight carrier to primarily haul granite for the construction of the Bunker Hill Monument ; operations began later that year . Other railroads authorized by states in 1826 and constructed in the following years included the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company 's gravity railroad ; and the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad , to carry freight and passengers around a bend in the Erie Canal . To link the port of Baltimore to the Ohio River , the state of Maryland in 1827 chartered the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ( B&O ) , the first section of which opened in 1830 . Similarly , the South Carolina Canal and Railroad Company was chartered in 1827 to connect Charleston to the Savannah River , and Pennsylvania built the Main Line of Public Works between Philadelphia and the Ohio River . The Americans closely followed and copied British railroad technology . The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was the first common carrier and started passenger train service in May 1830 , initially using horses to pull train cars . The South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company was the first to use steam locomotives regularly beginning with the Best Friend of Charleston , the first American - built locomotive intended for revenue service , in December 1830 . The B&O started developing steam locomotives in 1829 with Peter Cooper 's Tom Thumb . This was the first American - built locomotive to run in the U.S. , although it was intended as a demonstration of the potential of steam traction rather than as a revenue - earning locomotive . Many of the earliest locomotives for American railroads were imported from England , including the Stourbridge Lion and the John Bull , but a domestic locomotive manufacturing industry was quickly established , with locomotives like the DeWitt Clinton being built in the 1830s . The B&O 's westward route reached the Ohio River in 1852 , the first eastern seaboard railroad to do so . By 1850 , 9,000 miles ( 14,000 km ) of railroad lines had been built . The federal government operated a land grant system between 1855 and 1871 , through which new railway companies in the uninhabited West were given millions of acres they could sell or pledge to bondholders . A total of 129 million acres ( 520,000 km ) were granted to the railroads before the program ended , supplemented by a further 51 million acres ( 210,000 km ) granted by the states , and by various government subsidies . This program enabled the opening of numerous western lines , especially the Union Pacific - Central Pacific with fast service from San Francisco to Omaha and east to Chicago . West of Chicago , many cities grew up as rail centers , with repair shops and a base of technically literate workers . Railroads soon replaced many canals and turnpikes and by the 1870s had significantly displaced steamboats as well . The railroads were superior to these alternative modes of transportation , particularly water routes because they lowered costs in two ways . Canals and rivers were unavailable in the winter season due to freezing , but the railroads ran year - round despite poor weather . And railroads were safer : the likelihood of a train crash was less than the likelihood of a boat sinking . The railroads provided cost - effective transportation because they allowed shippers to have a smaller inventory of goods , which reduced storage costs during winter , and to avoid insurance costs from the risk of losing goods during transit . Likewise , railroads changed the style of transportation . For the common person in the early 1800s , transportation was often travel by horse or stage coach . The network of trails along which coaches navigated were riddled with ditches , potholes , and stones . This made travel fairly uncomfortable . Adding to injury , coaches were cramped with little leg room . Travel by train offered a new style . Locomotives proved themselves a smooth , headache free ride with plenty of room to move around . Some passenger trains offered meals in the spacious dining car followed by a good night sleep in the private sleeping quarters . Railroad companies in the North and Midwest constructed networks that linked nearly every major city by 1860 . In the heavily settled Corn Belt ( from Ohio to Iowa ) , over 80 percent of farms were within 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) of a railway . A large number of short lines were built , but thanks to a fast developing financial system based on Wall Street and oriented to railway securities , the majority were consolidated into 20 trunk lines by 1890 . Most of these railroads made money and ones that did n't were soon bought up and incorporated in a larger system or `` rationalized '' . Although the transcontinental railroads dominated the media , with the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1869 dramatically symbolizing the nation 's unification after the divisiveness of the Civil War , most construction actually took place in the industrial Northeast and agricultural Midwest , and was designed to minimize shipping times and costs . The railroads in the South were repaired and expanded and then , after a lot of preparation , changed from a 5 - foot gauge to standard gauge of 4 foot 8 1⁄2 inches in two days in May 1886 . With its extensive river system the United States supported a large array of horse - drawn or mule - drawn barges on canals and paddle wheel steamboats on rivers that competed with railroads after 1815 until the 1870s . The canals and steamboats lost out because of the dramatic increases in efficiency and speed of the railroads , which could go almost anywhere year round . The railroads were faster and went to many places a canal would be impractical or too expensive to build or a natural river never went . Railroads also had better scheduling since they often could go year round , more or less ignoring the weather . Canals and river traffic were cheaper if you lived on or near a canal or river that was n't frozen over part of the year ; but only a few did . Long distance transport of goods by wagon to a canal or river was slow and expensive . A railroad to a city made it an inland `` port '' that often prospered or turned a town into a city . Civil War and Reconstruction ( 1861 -- 1877 ) ( edit ) Main article : Confederate railroads in the American Civil War A mortar mounted on a railroad car used during the Civil War , 1865 . Rail was strategic during the American Civil War , and the Union used its much larger system much more effectively . Practically all the mills and factories supplying rails and equipment were in the North , and the Union blockade kept the South from getting new equipment or spare parts . The war was fought in the South , and Union raiders ( and sometimes Confederates too ) systematically destroyed bridges and rolling stock -- and sometimes bent rails -- to hinder the logistics of the enemy . In the South , most railroads in 1860 were local affairs connecting cotton regions with the nearest waterway . Most transport was by boat , not rail , and after the Union blockaded the ports in 1861 and seized the key rivers in 1862 , long - distance travel was difficult . The outbreak of war had a depressing effect on the economic fortunes of the railroad companies , for the hoarding of the cotton crop in an attempt to force European intervention left railroads bereft of their main source of income . Many had to lay off employees , and in particular , let go skilled technicians and engineers . For the early years of the war , the Confederate government had a hands - off approach to the railroads . Only in mid-1863 did the Confederate government initiate an overall policy , and it was confined solely to aiding the war effort . With the legislation of impressment the same year , railroads and their rolling stock came under the de facto control of the Confederate military . Conditions deteriorated rapidly in the Confederacy , as there was no new equipment and raids on both sides systematically destroyed key bridges , as well as locomotives and freight cars . Spare parts were cannibalized ; feeder lines were torn up to get replacement rails for trunk lines , and the heavy use of rolling stock wore them out . In 1864 - 65 the Confederate railroad network collapsed ; little traffic moved in 1865 . Ceremony for the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad , May 1869 . The Southern states had blocked westward rail expansion before 1860 , but after secession the Pacific Railway Acts were passed in 1862 , allowing the first transcontinental railroad to be completed in 1869 , making possible a six - day trip from New York to San Francisco . Other transcontinentals were built in the South ( Southern Pacific , Santa Fe ) and along the Canada -- US border ( Northern Pacific , Great Northern ) , accelerating the settlement of the West by offering inexpensive farms and ranches on credit , carrying pioneers and supplies westward , and cattle , wheat and minerals eastward . Strikers in Baltimore confronting the Maryland National Guard , July 1877 . During the Reconstruction era , Northern money financed the rebuilding and dramatic expansion of railroads throughout the South ; they were modernized in terms of track gauge , equipment and standards of service . The Southern network expanded from 11,000 miles ( 17,700 km ) in 1870 to 29,000 miles ( 46,700 km ) in 1890 . The lines were owned and directed overwhelmingly by Northerners . Railroads helped create a mechanically skilled group of craftsmen and broke the isolation of much of the region . Passengers were few , however , and apart from hauling the cotton crop when it was harvested , there was little freight traffic . The Panic of 1873 was a major global economic depression which ended rapid rail expansion in the United States . Many lines went bankrupt or were barely able to pay the interest on their bonds , and workers were laid off on a mass scale , with those still employed subject to large cuts in wages . This worsening situation for railroad workers led to strikes against many railroads , culminating in the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 . The Great Strike began on July 14 in Martinsburg , West Virginia , in response to the cutting of wages for the second time in a year by the B&O Railroad . The strike , and related violence , spread to Cumberland , Maryland , Baltimore , Pittsburgh , Buffalo , Philadelphia , Chicago and the Midwest . The strike lasted for 45 days , and ended only with the intervention of local and state militias , and federal troops . Labor unrest continued into the 1880s , such as the Great Southwest Railroad Strike of 1886 , which involved over 200,000 workers . Expansion and consolidation ( 1878 -- 1916 ) ( edit ) J.P. Morgan . 1879 cartoon depicting William Henry Vanderbilt as `` The Modern Colossus of ( Rail ) Roads . '' By 1880 the nation had 17,800 freight locomotives carrying 23,600 tons of freight , and 22,200 passenger locomotives . The U.S. railroad industry was the nation 's largest employer outside of the agricultural sector . The effects of the American railways on rapid industrial growth were many , including the opening of hundreds of millions of acres of very good farm land ready for mechanization , lower costs for food and all goods , a huge national sales market , the creation of a culture of engineering excellence , and the creation of the modern system of management . New York financier J.P. Morgan played an increasingly dominant role in consolidating the rail system in the late 19th century . He orchestrated reorganizations and consolidations in all parts of the United States . Morgan raised large sums in Europe , but instead of only handling the funds , he helped the railroads reorganize and achieve greater efficiencies . He fought against the speculators interested in speculative profits , and built a vision of an integrated transportation system . In 1885 , he reorganized the New York , West Shore & Buffalo Railroad , leasing it to the New York Central . In 1886 , he reorganized the Philadelphia & Reading , and in 1888 the Chesapeake & Ohio . He was heavily involved with railroad tycoon James J. Hill and the Great Northern Railway . Industrialists such as Morgan , Cornelius Vanderbilt and Jay Gould became wealthy through railroad ownerships , as large railroad companies such as the Grand Trunk Railway and the Southern Pacific Transportation Company spanned several states . In response to monopolistic practices and other excesses of some railroads and their owners , Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act and created the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) in 1887 . The ICC indirectly controlled the business activities of the railroads through issuance of extensive regulations . Morgan set up conferences in 1889 and 1890 that brought together railroad presidents in order to help the industry follow the new laws and write agreements for the maintenance of `` public , reasonable , uniform and stable rates . '' The conferences were the first of their kind , and by creating a community of interest among competing lines paved the way for the great consolidations of the early 20th century . Congress responded by enacting antitrust legislation to prohibit monopolies of railroads ( and other industries ) , beginning with the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890 . The Panic of 1893 was the largest economic depression in U.S. history at that time . It was the result of railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing , which set off a series of bank failures . One - quarter of U.S. railroads had failed by mid-1894 , representing over 40,000 miles ( 64,000 km ) . The failed lines included the Northern Pacific Railway , the Union Pacific Railroad and the Atchison , Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad . Acquisitions of the bankrupt companies led to further consolidation of ownership . As of 1906 , two - thirds of the rail mileage in the U.S. was controlled by seven entities , with the New York Central , Pennsylvania Railroad ( PRR ) , and Morgan having the largest portions . James J. Hill A Delaware , Lackawanna and Western Railroad wagon at a level crossing , circa 1900 . James J. Hill joined forces with Morgan and others to gain control of the Northern Pacific . Hill formed the Northern Securities Company to consolidate the operations of the Northern Pacific with Hill 's own Great Northern , but President Theodore Roosevelt , a trust - buster , strongly disapproved and took it to court . In 1904 the federal courts dissolved the Northern Security company ( see Northern Securities Co. v. United States ) and the railroads had to go their separate , competitive ways . By that time Morgan and Hill had ensured the Northern Pacific was well - organized and able to survive easily on its own . In 1901 the Union Pacific Railroad acquired all of the stock of the Southern Pacific . The Federal government charged UP with violating the Sherman Act , and in 1913 the Supreme Court ordered UP to divest itself of all SP stock . This ruling was received with considerable alarm throughout the industry , as UP and SP were widely considered at that time not to be significant competitors . ( Later in the 20th century , with different economic conditions and changes in the law , UP successfully acquired the SP . See Resurgence of freight railroads . ) Continuing concern over rate discrimination by railroads led Congress to enact additional laws , giving increased regulatory powers to the ICC . The 1906 Hepburn Act gave the ICC authority to set maximum rates and review the companies ' financial records . Nationalized management ( 1917 -- 1920 ) ( edit ) The United States Railroad Administration ( USRA ) temporarily took over management of railroads during World War I to address inadequacy in critical facilities throughout the overall system , such as terminals , trackage , and rolling stock . President Woodrow Wilson issued an order for nationalization on December 26 , 1917 . Management by USRA led to standardization of equipment , reductions of duplicative passenger services , and better coordination of freight traffic . Federal control of the railroads ended in March 1920 . Railroads in the early automobile era ( 1921 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) In the early 20th century , some members of Congress , the ICC , and some railroad executives developed concerns about inefficiencies in the American railroad system . Memories of the 1893 panic , the continuing proliferation of railroad companies , and duplicative facilities , fueled this concern . To an extent the need to nationalize the system during the war was an example of this inefficiency . These concerns were the impetus for legislation to consider improvements to the system . The 1920 Esch - Cummins Act directed the ICC to prepare and adopt a plan for the consolidation of the railroad companies into a limited number of systems . In 1929 the ICC published its proposed Complete Plan of Consolidation , also known as the `` Ripley Plan , '' after its author , William Z . Ripley of Harvard University . The agency held hearings on the plan , but none of the proposed consolidations was ever implemented . Many small railroads failed during the Great Depression of the 1930s . Of those lines that survived , the stronger ones were not interested in supporting the weaker ones . In 1940 Congress formally abandoned the Ripley Plan . Modern era ( 1946 -- present ) ( edit ) Lines to be taken over by Conrail in 1976 ( in the event , Conrail took over EL and RDG as well ) During the post-World War II boom many railroads were driven out of business due to competition from airlines and Interstate highways . The rise of the automobile led to the end of passenger train service on most railroads . Trucking businesses had become major competitors by the 1930s with the advent of improved paved roads , and after the war they expanded their operations as the Interstate highway network grew , and acquired increased market share of freight business . Railroads continued to carry bulk freight such as coal , steel and other commodities . However , the ICC continued to regulate railroad rates and other aspects of railroad operations , which limited railroads ' flexibility in responding to changing market forces . In 1966 , Congress created the Federal Railroad Administration , to issue and enforce rail safety regulations , administer railroad assistance programs , and conduct research and development in support of improved railroad safety and national rail transportation policy . The safety functions were transferred from the ICC . The FRA was established as part of the new federal Department of Transportation . Two of the largest remaining railroads , the Pennsylvania Railroad and the New York Central , merged in 1968 to form the Penn Central . At the insistence of the ICC the New York , New Haven and Hartford Railroad was added to the merger in 1969 ; in 1970 the Penn Central declared bankruptcy , the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history until then . Other bankrupt railroads included the Ann Arbor Railroad ( 1973 ) , Erie Lackawanna Railway ( 1972 ) , Lehigh Valley Railroad ( 1970 ) , Reading Company ( 1971 ) , Central Railroad of New Jersey ( 1967 ) and Lehigh and Hudson River Railway ( 1972 ) . In 1970 Congress created a government corporation , Amtrak , to take over operation of Penn Central passenger lines and selected inter-city passenger services from other private railroads , under the Rail Passenger Service Act . Amtrak began operations in 1971 . Congress passed the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 ( sometimes called the `` 3R Act '' ) to salvage viable freight operations from the bankrupt Penn Central and other lines in the northeast , mid-Atlantic and midwestern regions , through the creation of the Consolidated Rail Corporation ( ConRail ) , a government - owned corporation . Conrail began operations in 1976 . The 3R Act also formed the United States Railway Association , another government corporation , taking over the powers of the ICC with respect to allowing the bankrupt railroads to abandon unprofitable lines . Amtrak acquired most of the right - of - way and facilities of the Penn Central Northeast Corridor from Washington , D.C. to Boston , under the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act ( the `` 4R Act '' ) of 1976 . In addition to freight railroads , Conrail inherited commuter rail operations from several predecessor railroads in the northeast , and these operations continued to be unprofitable . State and local government transportation agencies took over the passenger operations and acquired the various rights - of - way from Conrail in 1983 . The National Association of Railroad Passengers , a non-profit advocacy group , was organized in the late 1960s to support operation of passenger trains . Beginning in the late 1970s Amtrak eliminated several of its lightly - traveled lines . Ridership stagnated at roughly 20 million passengers per year amid uncertain government aid from 1981 to about 2000 . Ridership increased during the first decade of the 21st century after implementation of capital improvements in the Northeast Corridor and rises in automobile fuel costs . Resurgence of freight railroads in the 1980s The use of double - stack rail cars and intermodal containers , facilitated by deregulation , has improved railroads ' competitiveness In 1980 Congress enacted the Staggers Rail Act to revive freight traffic , by removing restrictive regulations and enabling railroads to be more competitive with the trucking industry . The Northeast Rail Service Act of 1981 authorized additional deregulation of northeast railroads . Among other things , these laws reduced the role of the ICC in regulating the railroads and allowed the carriers to discontinue unprofitable routes . More railroad companies merged and consolidated their lines in order to remain successful . These changes led to the current system of fewer , but profitable , Class I railroads covering larger regions of the United States . Since the beginning of the current deregulatory era , the following Class I railroads have been involved in mergers : Union Pacific acquired the Missouri Pacific and Missouri -- Kansas -- Texas Railroad in the 1980s , the Chicago and North Western in 1995 , and the Southern Pacific in 1996 CSX was formed in 1986 from the Chessie System and the Seaboard System BNSF Railway was formed in 1996 from the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe ( the `` Santa Fe '' ) and Burlington Northern Norfolk Southern was formed in 1982 from the Norfolk and Western and Southern Railway Canadian Pacific acquired the Delaware and Hudson in 1991 Canadian National acquired the Illinois Central in 1999 CSX and Norfolk Southern acquired most of the Conrail freight rail assets in 1997 . In 1995 , when most of the ICC 's powers had been eliminated , Congress finally abolished the agency and transferred its remaining functions to a new agency , the Surface Transportation Board . 21st century In the early 21st century , several of the railroads , along with the federal government and various port agencies , began to reinvest in freight rail infrastructure , such as intermodal terminals and bridge and tunnel improvements . These projects are designed to increase capacity and efficiency across the national rail network . See Heartland Corridor and National Gateway . Both the Bill Clinton and Barack Obama administrations had announced plans for new high - speed rail lines in their first terms . In the case of Clinton era , the only tangible outcome was the introduction of Amtrak 's Acela Express , serving the Northeast Corridor , in 2000 . Obama even mentioned his rail plans in his State of the Union address , the first time in decades a President had done so . While several small scale improvements to rail lines were financed by federal money , more ambitious plans in Florida , Ohio and other states failed when newly elected Republican governors stopped existing high - speed rail plans and returned federal funding . In 2015 construction began on the California High - Speed Rail line . The Phase I portion , which will link Los Angeles and San Francisco in under three hours , is projected to be complete in 2029 . Technology ( edit ) Rail profiles used in the 19th century The B&O established its Mount Clare Shops in Baltimore in 1829 . This was the first railroad manufacturing facility in the U.S. , and the company built locomotives , railroad cars , iron bridges and other equipment there . Following the B&O example , U.S. railroad companies soon became self - sufficient , as thousands of domestic machine shops turned out products and thousands of inventors and tinkerers improved the equipment . Rail manufacturing ( edit ) In general , U.S. railroad companies imported technology from Britain in the 1830s , particularly strap iron rails , as there were no rail manufacturing facilities in the United States at that time . Heavy iron `` T '' rails were first manufactured in the U.S. in the mid-1840s at Mount Savage , Maryland and Danville , Pennsylvania . This improved rail design permitted higher train speeds and more reliable operation . Discovery of high - quality iron ores in the mid-19th century , particularly in the Great Lakes region , led to fabrication of better - quality rails . Steel rails began to replace iron later in the 19th century . Several railroads imported steel rails from England in the 1860s , and the first commercially available steel rails in the U.S. were manufactured in 1867 at the Cambria Iron Works in Johnstown , Pennsylvania . By the mid-1880s U.S. railroads were using more steel rails than iron in building new or replacement tracks . Track gauge ( edit ) Through the 1830s , 1840s , and 1850s , not only local projects , but long - distance links , were completed , so that by 1860 the eastern half of the continent , especially the Northeast , was linked by a network of connecting railroads . However , although England had early adopted a standard gauge of 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ( 1,435 mm ) , once Americans started building locomotives , they experimented with different gauges , resulting in the standard gauge , or a close approximation , being adopted in the Northeast and Midwest U.S. , but a 5 ft ( 1,524 mm ) gauge in the South , and a 5 ft 6 in ( 1,676 mm ) gauge in Canada . In addition , the Erie Railway was built to 6 ft ( 1,829 mm ) broad gauge , and in the 1870s a widespread movement looked at the cheaper 3 ft ( 914 mm ) narrow gauge . Except for the latter , gauges were standardized across North America after the end of the Civil War in 1865 . Locomotives ( edit ) EMD F - unit locomotives were widely used in the early years of dieselisation In the early years American railroads imported many steam locomotives from England . While the B&O and the PRR built many of their own steam locomotives , other railroads purchased from independent American manufacturers . Prominent among the early steam manufacturers were Norris , Baldwin and Rogers , followed by Lima and Alco later in the 19th and 20th centuries . Diesel locomotives were first developed in Europe after World War I , and U.S. railroads began to use them widely in the 1930s and 1940s . Most U.S. roads discontinued use of steam locomotives by the 1950s . A diesel engine was expensive to build , but was less complex and easier to maintain than a steam locomotive , and required only one person to operate . This meant reduced costs and greater reliability for the railroads . Several companies developed fast streamliner trains , such as the Super Chief and the California Zephyr during the 1930s and 1940s . Their locomotives used either diesel or similar internal combustion engine designs . See Dieselisation in North America . Though electric railways expanded in Europe , they never reached the same popularity in North America . They were built primarily in the north - west and the north - east beginning in the late 19th century . While some railroads used electric locomotives for both freight and passenger trains , by the end of the 20th century most freight trains were pulled only by diesel locomotives . The Northeast Corridor , the most heavily travelled passenger line in the US , is one of few long lines currently operating with electrification . See Railroad electrification in the United States . Signalling and communications ( edit ) Hall disc signals were used in block signal systems beginning in the 1870s . Early forms of American railroad signaling and communication were virtually non-existent . Before telegraphs , the American railroads initially managed their train operations using timetables . However , there were no means of communication between drivers and dispatchers , and occasionally , two trains were sent on a collision course , or `` cornfield meets . '' With the advent of the telegraph in the 1840s , a more sophisticated system was developed that allowed the dissemination of alterations to the timetable , known as train orders . These orders overrode the timetable , allowing the cancellation , rescheduling and addition of trains . The earliest recorded use of train orders was by the Erie Railroad in 1851 . The development of the electrical track circuit in the 1870s led to the use of systems of block signals , which improved the railroads ' speed , safety and efficiency . Mechanical interlockings , which prevent conflicting movements at rail junctions and crossings , were also introduced in the U.S. in the 1870s , after their initial development in Britain . Labor relations and worker safety ( edit ) Railways changed employment practices in many ways . Lines with hundreds or thousands of employees developed systematic rules and procedures , not only for running the equipment but in hiring , promoting , paying and supervising employees . The railway system of management was adopted by all major business sectors . Railways offered a new type of work experience in enterprises vastly larger in size , complexity and management . At first workers were recruited from occupations where skills were roughly analogous and transferable , that is , workshop mechanics from the iron , machine and building trades ; conductors from stagecoach drivers , steamship stewards and mail boat captains ; station masters from commerce and commission agencies ; and clerks from government offices . In response to the strikes of the 1870s and 1880s , Congress passed the Arbitration Act of 1888 , which authorized the creation of arbitration panels with the power to investigate the causes of labor disputes and to issue non-binding arbitration awards . The Act was a complete failure : only one panel was ever convened under the Act , and that one , in the case of the 1894 Pullman Strike , issued its report only after the strike had been crushed by a federal court injunction backed by federal troops . Automatic couplers were required by the 1893 Safety Appliance Act . Congress attempted to correct these shortcomings in the Erdman Act , passed in 1898 . This law likewise provided for voluntary arbitration , but made any award issued by the panel binding and enforceable in federal court . It also outlawed discrimination against employees for union activities , prohibited `` yellow dog '' contracts ( employee agrees not to join a union while employed ) , and required both sides to maintain the status quo during any arbitration proceedings and for three months after an award was issued . The arbitration procedures were rarely used . A successor statute , the Newlands Act , was passed in 1913 and proved more effective , but was largely superseded when the federal government nationalized the railroads in 1917 . As railroads expanded after the Civil War , so too did the rate of accidents among railroad personnel , especially brakemen . Many accidents were associated with the coupling and uncoupling of railroad cars , and the operation of manually operated brakes ( hand brakes ) . The rise in accidents led to calls for safety legislation , as early as the 1870s . In the 1880s , the number of on - the - job fatalities of railroad workers was second only to those of coal miners . Through that decade , several state legislatures enacted safety laws . However , the specific requirements varied among the states , making implementation difficult for interstate rail carriers , and Congress passed the Safety Appliance Act in 1893 to provide a uniform standard . The law required railroads to install air brakes and automatic couplers on all trains , and led to a sharp drop in accidents . The Esch -- Cummins Act of 1920 terminated the nationalization program and created a Railway Labor Board ( RLB ) to regulate wages and issue non-binding proposals to settle disputes . In 1921 the RLB ordered a twelve percent reduction in employees ' wages , which led to the Great Railroad Strike of 1922 , involving rail shop workers nationwide , followed by a court injunction to end the strike . Congress passed the Railway Labor Act of 1926 to rectify the shortcomings of the RLB procedures . Congress added railroad worker safety laws throughout the 20th century . Significant among this legislation is the Federal Railroad Safety Act of 1970 , which gave the FRA broad responsibilities over all aspects of rail safety , and expanded the agency 's authority to cover all railroads , both interstate and intrastate . Impact on American economy and Society ( edit ) According to historian Henry Adams the system of railroads needed : the energies of a generation , for it required all the new machinery to be created -- capital , banks , mines , furnaces , shops , power - houses , technical knowledge , mechanical population , together with a steady remodelling of social and political habits , ideas , and institutions to fit the new scale and suit the new conditions . The generation between 1865 and 1895 was already mortgaged to the railways , and no one knew it better than the generation itself . The impact can be examined through five aspects : shipping , finance , management , careers , and popular reaction . Shipping freight and passengers ( edit ) First they provided a highly efficient network for shipping freight and passengers across a large national market . The result was a transforming impact on most sectors of the economy including manufacturing , retail and wholesale , agriculture and finance . Supplemented with the telegraph that added rapid communications , the United States now had an integrated national market practically the size of Europe , with no internal barriers or tariffs , all supported by a common language , and financial system and a common legal system . The railroads at first supplemented , then largely replaced the previous transportation modes of turnpikes and canals , rivers and intracoastal ocean traffic . For highly efficient Northern railroads played a major role in winning the Civil War , while the overburdened Southern lines collapsed in the face of an insurmountable challenge . In the late 19th century pipelines were built for the oil trade , and in the 20th century trucking and aviation emerged . Basis of the private financial system ( edit ) Railroads financing provided the basis of the private ( non-governmental ) financial system . Construction of railroads was far more expensive than factories or canals . The famous Erie canal , 300 miles long in upstate New York , cost $7 million of state money , which was about what private investors spent on one short railroad in Western Massachusetts . A new steamboat on the Hudson , Mississippi , Missouri , or Ohio rivers cost about the same as one mile of track . In 1860 , the combined total of railroad stocks and bonds was $1.8 billion ; 1897 it reached $10.6 billion ( compared to a total national debt of $1.2 billion ) . Funding came from financiers throughout the Northeast , and from Europe , especially Britain . The federal government provided no cash to any other railroads . However it did provide unoccupied free land to some of the Western railroads , so they could sell it to farmers and have customers along the route . Some cash came from states , or from local governments that use money as a leverage to prevent being bypassed by the main line . Larger sound came from the southern states during the Reconstruction era , as they try to rebuild their destroyed rail system . Some states such as Maine and Texas also made land grants to local railroads ; the state total was 49 million acres . The emerging American financial system was based on railroad bonds . Boston was the first center , but New York by 1860 was the dominant financial market . The British invested heavily in railroads around the world , but nowhere more so than the United States ; The total came to about $3 billion by 1914 . In 1914 -- 1917 , they liquidated their American assets to pay for war supplies . Inventing Modern management ( edit ) The third dimension was in designing complex managerial systems that could handle far more complicated simultaneous relationships than could be dreamed of by the local factory owner who could patrol every part of his own factory in a matter of hours . Civil engineers became the senior management of railroads . The leading innovators were the Western Railroad of Massachusetts and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in the 1840s , the Erie in the 1850s and the Pennsylvania in the 1860s . After a serious accident , the Western Railroad of Massachusetts put in place a system of responsibility for district managers and dispatchers keep track of all train movement . Discipline was essential -- everyone had to follow the rules exactly to prevent accidents . Decision - making powers had to be distributed to ensure safety and to juggle the complexity of numerous trains running in both directions on a single track , keeping to schedules that could easily be disrupted by weather mechanical breakdowns , washouts or hitting a wandering cow . As the lines grew longer with more and more business originating at dozens of different stations , the Baltimore and Ohio set up more complex system that separated finances from daily operations . The Erie Railroad , faced with growing competition , had to make lower bids for freight movement , and had to know on a daily basis how much each train was costing them . Statistics was the weapon of choice . By the 1860s , the Pennsylvania Railroad -- the largest in the world -- was making further advances in using bureaucracy under John Edgar Thomson , president 1852 - 1874 . He divided the system into several geographical divisions , which each reported daily to a general superintendent in Philadelphia . All the American railroads copied each other in the new managerial advances , and by the 1870s emerging big businesses in the industrial field likewise copied the railroad model . Career paths ( edit ) The fourth dimension was in management of the workforce , both blue - collar workers and white - collar workers . Railroading became a career in which young men entered at about age 18 to 20 , and spent their entire lives usually with the same line . Young men could start working on the tracks , become a fireman , and work his way up to engineer . The mechanical world of the roundhouses have their own career tracks . A typical career path would see a young man hired at age 18 as a shop laborer , be promoted to skilled mechanic at age 24 , brakeman at 25 , freight conductor at 27 , and passenger conductor at age 57 . Women were not hired . White - collar careers paths likewise were delineated . Educated young men started in clerical or statistical work and moved up to station agents or bureaucrats at the divisional or central headquarters . At each level they had more and more knowledge experience and human capital . They were very hard to replace , and were virtually guaranteed permanent jobs and provided with insurance and medical care . Hiring , firing and wage rates were set not by foreman , but by central administrators , in order to minimize favoritism and personality conflicts . Everything was by the book , and increasingly complex set of rules told everyone exactly what they should do it every circumstance , and exactly what their rank and pay would be . Young men who were first hired in the 1840s and 1850s retired from the same railroad 40 or 50 years later . To discourage them from leaving for another company , they were promised pensions when they retired . Indeed , the railroads invented the American pension system . Love -- hate relationship with the railroads ( edit ) America developed a love -- hate relationship with railroads . Boosters in every city worked feverishly to make sure the railroad came through , knowing their urban dreams depended upon it . The mechanical size , scope and efficiency of the railroads made a profound impression ; people would dress in their Sunday best to go down to the terminal to watch the train come in . David Nye argues that : The startling introduction of railroads into this agricultural society provoked a discussion that soon arrived at the enthusiastic consensus that railways were sublime and that they would help to unify , dignified , expand and enrich the nation . They became part of the public celebrations of Republicanism . The rhetoric , the form , and the central figures of civic ceremonies changed to accommodate the intrusion of this technology ... ( Between 1828 and 1869 ) Americans integrated the railroad into the national economy and enfolded it within the sublime . Travel became much easier , cheaper and more common . Shoppers from small towns could make day trips to big city stores . Hotels , resorts and tourist attractions were built to accommodate the demand . The realization that anyone could buy a ticket for a thousand - mile trip was empowering . Historians Gary Cross and Rick Szostak argue : with the freedom to travel came a greater sense of national identity and a reduction in regional cultural diversity . Farm children could more easily acquaint themselves with the big city , and easterners could readily visit the West . It is hard to imagine a United States of continental proportions without the railroad . The engineers became model citizens , bringing their can - do spirit and their systematic work effort to all phases of the economy as well as local and national government . By 1910 , major cities were building magnificent palatial railroad stations , such as the Pennsylvania Station in New York City , and the Union Station in Washington DC . But there was also a dark side . As early as the 1830s , novelists and poets began fretting that the railroads would destroy the rustic attractions of the American landscape . By the 1840s concerns were rising about terrible accidents when speeding trains crashed into helpless wooden carriages . By the 1870s , railroads were vilified by Western farmers who absorbed the Granger movement theme that monopolistic carriers controlled too much pricing power , and that the state legislatures had to impose maximum prices . Local merchants and shippers supported the demand and got some `` Granger Laws '' passed . Anti-railroad complaints were loudly repeated in late 19th century political rhetoric . The idea of establishing a strong rate fixing federal body was achieved during the Progressive Era , primarily by a coalition of shipping interests . Railroad historians mark the Hepburn Act of 1906 that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) the power to set maximum railroad rates as a damaging blow to the long - term profitability and growth of railroads . After 1910 the lines faced an emerging trucking industry to compete with for freight , and automobiles and buses to compete for passenger service . Historiography ( edit ) There is no question about the importance of railroads in American history . Churella finds that back in the 1950s business and economic historians , led by Alfred D. Chandler , Jr. and Robert Fogel , made railroads the centerpiece of advanced historiography . That era has passed as graduate programs have faded away , courses on railroad history do not make the curriculum , and the historiography has shifted away from professional historian to the `` rail fans '' -- very well informed amateur writers fascinated by the memorabilia , technology and locomotives of the steam era . Looking at the voluminous output of rail fan authors , Klein says : The vast bulk of this work is devoted to minute descriptions of power , rolling stock , obscure short lines , and technical subjects ... But few address the larger questions of railroad history or place their topic in broader contexts . The result is a multiplicity of histories of specific railroads , large and small . Typically they deal with standard topics : the builders and their organizational , legislative and financial dealings ; colorful construction crews laying down wood ties and steel rail ; the development of locomotives and passenger cars ; boosters who sought a stop in their little town else it would die ; the 1880 -- 1920 golden age of the passenger long - distance travel and local excursions ; the steady erosion of passenger service during the automobile age ; the freight agent and the small - town depot . They end with the more recent saga of retrenchment , merger , and abandonment . Klein , Churella , Roth , and Franham all find that the popular writers show little interest in the development of managerial and organizational complexity of the sort that Chandler studied , or the economic impact that concerned Fogel 's cohort . From outside the field of railroad history , academic labor historians now deal with the culture of the workers , strikes , the careers for blue collar and white collar men , and racial discrimination . Academic political historians deal with the Granger , Populist and Progressive attacks , and in federal or state regulation . Appendix : Railroad active mileage by region ( edit ) Source : United States Census Bureau , Report on Transportation Business in the United States at the Eleventh Census 1890 , pg. 4 . Railroad Active Mileage by Region Region 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 New England ( ME , NH , VT , MA , RI , CT ) 30 513 2,596 3,644 4 , 3273 5,888 6,718 East ( NY , PA , OH , MI , IN , MD , DE , NJ , DC ) 1,484 3,740 11,927 18,292 28,155 40,826 South ( VA , WV , KY , TN , MS , AL , GA , FL , NC , SC ) 10 737 2,082 7,908 10,610 14,458 27,833 Midwest ( IL , IA , WI , MO , MN ) 46 4,951 11,031 22,213 35,580 South Central ( LA , AR , OK / Indian Territory ) 21 107 250 331 1,621 5,154 West ( ND , SD , NM , WY , MT , ID , UT , TX , AZ , NE , KS , TX , CO , CA , NV , OR , WA ) 239 4,578 15,466 47,451 TOTAL U.S. 40 2,755 8,571 28,920 49,168 87,801 163,562 See also ( edit ) American business history Confederate railroads in the American Civil War History of rail transport in Canada History of the Union Pacific Railroad Rail transport in Mexico # History Rail transport in the United States Timeline of United States railway history High - speed rail in the United States Further Reading ( edit ) Reference Books ( edit ) Bryant , Keith L. , ed . Railroads in the Age of Regulation , 1900 - 1980 ( 1988 ) ; part of Encyclopedia of American business history and biography ; 500 + pages each with coverage of entrepreneurs , corporations , and technologies , Plus specialized bibliographies Frey , Robert L. , ed . Railroads in the Nineteenth Century ( 1988 ) ; part of Encyclopedia of American business history and biography ; 500 + Pages each with coverage of entrepreneurs , corporations , and technologies , Plus specialized bibliographies Hayes , Derek . Historical atlas of the North American railroad ( 2010 ) ; 400 historical maps Hubbard , Freeman H. ( 1981 ) . Encyclopedia of North American railroading : 150 years of railroading in the United States and Canada . ( New York : McGraw - Hill ) . ISBN 9780070308282 . Nock , O.S. , ed . Encyclopedia of Railways ( London , 1977 ) , worldwide coverage , heavily illustrated Riley , C.J. The Encyclopedia of Trains & Locomotives ( 2002 ) Stover , John . The Routledge Historical Atlas of the American Railroads ( 2001 ) Scholarly Studies ( edit ) Callen , Zachary . Railroads and American Political Development : Infrastructure , Federalism , and State Building ( UP of Kansas , 2016 ) xii , 257 pp . Chandler , Alfred D. , ed . The Railroads : The Nation 's First Big Business - Sources and Readings. ( 1981 ) . Chandler , Alfred D . The Visible Hand : The Managerial Revolution in American Business . ( 1977 ) . Churella , Albert J. The Pennsylvania Railroad , Volume 1 : Building an Empire , 1846 - 1917 ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search ; 976pp Deverell , William ( 1994 ) . Railroad Crossing : Californians and the Railroad , 1850 -- 1910 . ( Berkeley , CA : University of California Press ) . ISBN 9780520205055 . Ducker , James H. ( 1982 ) . Men of the steel rails : Workers on the Atchison , Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad , 1869 - 1900 . Gallamore , Robert E. ; Meyer , John R. ( 2014 ) . American Railroads : Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674725645 . Grant , H. Roger . Railroads and the American People ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Jenks , Leland H. ( 1944 ) . `` Railroads as an Economic Force in American Development , '' The Journal of Economic History , Vol. 4 , No. 1 ( May , 1944 ) , 1 - 20 . JSTOR 2113700 . Kirkland , Edward Chase ( 1948 ) . Men , Cities and Transportation , A Study of New England History 1820 - 1900 . ( 2 vol . ) Harvard University Press . Klein , Maury ( 1997 ) . The Life and Legend of Jay Gould Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 9780801857713 . Klein , Maury ( 2000 ) . The Life & Legend of E.H. Harriman ( 2000 ) University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2517 - 4 . Online edition . Marrs , Aaron W. Railroads in the Old South : Pursuing Progress in a Slave Society ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search Martin , Albro . James J. Hill and the Opening of the Northwest ( 1990 ) excerpt and text search Martin , Albro . Railroads Triumphant : The Growth , Rejection , and Rebirth of a Vital American Force ( 1992 ) excerpt and text search ; wide - ranging overview Meyer , B.H. and Caroline E. MacGill . History of Transportation in the United States before 1860 ( 1917 ) . pp 366 -- 72 online ; 698pp ; Encyclopedic coverage ; railroads by state pp 319 -- 550 ; Google edition Middleton , William D. ed. ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of North American Railroads . Indiana University Press . ISBN 9780253349163 . Miner , Craig . A Most Magnificent Machine : America Adopts the Railroad , 1825 - 1862 ( University Press of Kansas ; 2010 ) 325 pages ; Documents the enthusiasm that accompanied the advent of the railroad system Nice , David C. Amtrak : The History and Politics of a National Railroad ( 1998 ) online edition Riegel , Robert Edgar . The Story of the Western Railroads 1926 online edition Saunders , Richard . Main lines : Rebirth of the North American railroads , 1970 - 2002 ( Northern Illinois University Press , 2003 ) . Stover , John . History of the Illinois Central Railroad ( 1975 ) Stover , John . Iron Road to the West : American Railroads in the 1850s ( 1978 ) Ward , James Arthur . J. Edgar Thomson : master of the Pennsylvania ( 1980 ) 265 pages Ward , James A. `` Power and Accountability on the Pennsylvania Railroad , 1846 - 1878 . '' Business History Review 1975 49 ( 1 ) : 37 - 59 . in JSTOR White , Richard . Railroaded : The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search Wolmar , Christian . The Great Railroad Revolution : The History of Trains in America ( 2012 ) , survey to 2012 ; emphasis on 19th century ; 448pp excerpt and text search Civil War ( edit ) Bacon , Benjamin ( 1997 ) Sinews of War : How Technology , Industry and Transportation Won the Civil War . Novato : Presidio Press . ISBN 0 - 89141 - 626 - 9 . Bailey , Joe R. `` Union Lifeline in Tennessee : A Military History of the Nashville and Northwestern Railroad , '' Tennessee Historical Quarterly ( 2008 ) 67 # 2 pp. 106 -- 123 in JSTOR Black III , Robert C. `` Railroads in the Confederacy . '' Civil War History ( 1961 ) 7 # 3 pp : 231 - 238 . online Black , III , Robert C. The Railroads of the Confederacy ( 1952 ) excerpt and text search Clark , John Elwood . Railroads in the Civil War : The Impact of Management on Victory and Defeat ( LSU Press , 2001 ) Cotterill , R.S. `` The Louisville and Nashville Railroad 1861 - 1865 , '' American Historical Review ( 1924 ) 29 # 4 pp. 700 -- 715 in JSTOR Fish , Carl Russell . `` The Northern Railroads , April , 1861 , '' The American Historical Review , 22 # 4 ( 1917 ) , pp. 778 -- 793 JSTOR 1836240 ; old but still valuable Fite , Emerson David . Social and industrial conditions in the North during the Civil War ( 1910 ) online edition , old but still quite useful Gabel , Christopher R. ( 1977 ) Railroad Generalship : Foundations of Civil War Strategy . US Army Command and General Staff College , Fort Leavenworth , KS . Combat Studies Institute . Gabel , Christopher Richard ( 2002 ) . Rails to Oblivion : The Decline of Confederate Railroads in the Civil War ( PDF ) . Combat Studies Institute , US Army Command and General Staff College . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 29 , 2014 . Gordon , Ralph C. `` Hospital Trains of the Army of the Cumberland . '' Tennessee Historical Quarterly 51.3 ( 1992 ) : 147 + Lash , Jeffrey N. `` Joseph E. Johnston and the Virginia Railways , 1861 - 62 . '' Civil War History 35.1 ( 1989 ) : 5 - 27 . online Lash , Jeffrey N. Destroyer of the Iron Horse : General Joseph E. Johnston and Confederate Rail Transport . 1861 - 65 ( 1991 ) . Leignadier , Victoria A. `` Railroads in the Civil War : A Strategic Perspective ' ( Army War College 2001 ) online . Lord , Francis Alfred . Lincoln 's railroad man : Herman Haupt ( 1969 ) . Hodges , Robert R. Jr. ( 2009 ) American Civil War Railroad Tactics . Oxford , UK : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 452 - 7 . McGuire , Peter S . `` The Railroads of Georgia , 1860 - 1880 . '' The Georgia Historical Quarterly ( 1932 ) : 179 - 213 . in JSTOR Pickenpaugh , Roger . Rescue by Rail : Troop Transfer and the Civil War in the West , 1863 ( 1998 ) Ramsdell , Charles W . `` The Confederate Government and the Railroads '' The American Historical Review ( 1917 ) 22 # 4 in JSTOR Riegel , R.E. `` Federal Operation of Southern Railroads during the Civil War . '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1922 ) 9 # 2 in JSTOR Summers , Festus P. Baltimore and Ohio in the Civil War . ( 1939 ) . ISBN 1 - 879664 - 13 - 5 . Sutton , Robert M. The Illinois Central Railroad in peace and war , 1858 - 1868 ( 1948 ) . Turner , George E. Victory Rode the Rails : The Strategic Place of the Railroads in the Civil War ( 1953 ) , an often - cited survey Weber , Thomas . The Northern Railroads in the Civil War , 1861 - 1865 ( 1999 ) online Old Studies ( edit ) Clarke , Thomas Curtis ( 1889 ) . The American Railway : Its Construction , Development , Management , and Appliances ( New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons ) . 456 pp. online Davis , John Patterson ( 1894 ) . Union Pacific Railway : A Study in Railway Politics , History , and Economics . ( Chicago : S.C. Griggs and Company ) . 247 pp. online Dozier , Howard Douglas ( 1920 ) . A History of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad . ( New York : Houghton Mifflin ) . 197 pp . Flint , Henry M. ( 1868 ) Railroads of the United States : Their History and Statistics . ( Philadelphia . PA : John E. Potter Co . ) 452 pp . Johnson , Emory Richard ( 1908 ) . American Railway Transportation . 2nd rev . ed . ( New York : D. Appleton & Co . ) 434 pp . Moody , John . The Railroad Builders : A Chronicle of the Welding of the States ( 1919 ) online edition ; popular history Raper , Charles Lee. and Arthur Twining Hadley . Railway Transportation : A History of Its Economics and of Its Relation to the State , ( 1912 ) 331 pages ; complete online at Google Historiography ( edit ) Churella , Albert J. `` Company , State , and Region : Three Approaches to Railroad History , '' Enterprise & Society ( 2006 ) 7 # 3 , pp. 581 -- 591 Klein , Maury . `` The Unfinished Business : of American Railroad History , '' in Klein , Unfinished Business : The Railroad in American Life ( 1994 ) pp 166 -- 86 Video ( edit ) Railroads in U.S. History ( 1830 - 2010 ) ( 2010 ) , set of 4 DVDs , directed by Ron Meyer ; # 1 , `` Railroads come to America ( 1830 - 1840 ) ; '' # 2 , `` The First Great Railroad Boom ( 1841 - 1860 ) '' ; # 3 , `` A New Era in American Railroading ( 1861 - 1870 ) , '' # 4 , `` The Second Great Railroad Boom ( 1871 - 2010 ) '' link References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bureau of the Census , Historical Statistics of the United States : Colonial Times to 1970 ( 1976 ) table Q398 ; Statistical Abstract of the United States : 2012 . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 2011 ; pp. 1064 , 1068 . Jump up ^ `` High - speed railroading '' . The Economist. 2010 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Economist July 22 , 2010 Jump up ^ Brown , Robert R. ( October 1949 ) . Canada 's Earliest Railway Lines . Railway & Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin # 78 . Jump up ^ Text online of placement commemorating historic railroad. , accessdate = 2017 - 03 - 01 Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( 1826 ) . `` An Act to Incorporate the Granite Railway Company , '' Laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Chap . CLXXXIII . Approved March 4 , 1826 . ^ Jump up to : Dilts , James D. ( 1996 ) . The Great Road : The Building of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad , 1828 -- 1853 . Palo Alto , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2629 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sniderman , Debbie ( 2012 ) . `` Peter Cooper '' . New York , NY : American Society of Mechanical Engineers . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Hamilton Ellis , The Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways . London : Hamlyn Publishing Group , 1968 ; pp. 24 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Stover , John F. ( 1987 ) . History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad . West Lafayette , Ind. : Purdue University Press . ISBN 0 - 911198 - 81 - 4 . Jump up ^ van Oss , Salomon Frederik ( 1893 ) . American Railroads and British Investors . London : Effingham Wilson & Co. p. 3 . Jump up ^ James R. Shortridge , Cities on the plains : The evolution of urban Kansas ( University Press of Kansas , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Louis C. Hunter , Steamboats on the Western rivers : An economic and technological history ( 1949 ) ch 15 Jump up ^ United States . Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce ( 1918 ) . Atlantic intracoastal canals . GPO . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Mark Twain ( 1872 ) . Roughing It . American Publishing Company . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Jim Harter ( 14 October 2005 ) . World Railways of the Nineteenth Century : A Pictorial History in Victorian Engravings . JHU Press . p. 52 . Jump up ^ Grant , H. Roger ( 2010 ) . Twilight Rails : The Final Era of Railroad Building in the Midwest . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . pp. 1 -- 20 . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 7366 - 7 . OCLC 676696378 . Jump up ^ Southern railroad gauge change ( 1 ) accessed 13 Mar 201 . Jump up ^ Albert W. Niemi , U.S. economic history ( 1980 ) p 71 Jump up ^ See : Robert C. Black , The Railroads of the Confederacy . ( 1988 ) ; George Edgar Turner , Victory Rode the Rails : The Strategic Place of the Railroads in the Civil War ( 1953 ) . Jump up ^ Charles W. Ramsdell , `` The Confederate Government and the Railroads , '' American Historical Review , vol. 22 , no . 4 ( July 1917 ) , pg. 795 . Jump up ^ Mary Elizabeth Massey . Ersatz in the Confederacy . 1952 ; pg. 128 . Jump up ^ Ramsdell , `` The Confederate Government and the Railroads , '' pp. 809 - 810 . Jump up ^ `` An Act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean , and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal , military , and other purposes 12 Stat. 489 , July 1 , 1862 Jump up ^ Stover , John F. ( 1955 ) . The Railroads of the South , 1865 - 1900 : A Study in Finance and Control . University of North Carolina Press . Jump up ^ Mark Wahlgren Summers , Railroads , Reconstruction , and the Gospel of Prosperity : Aid Under the Radical Republicans , 1865 - 1877 ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ A.B. Moore , `` Railroad Building in Alabama During the Reconstruction Period '' The Journal of Southern History , Vol. 1 , No. 4 . ( Nov. , 1935 ) , pp. 421 - 441 . JSTOR ^ Jump up to : Stover , John F. ( 1997 ) . American Railroads ( 2nd ed . ) . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . pp. 245 -- 252 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 77658 - 3 . Jump up ^ United Electrical , Radio and Machine Workers of America , Pittsburgh , PA ( 2002 ) . `` The Great Strike of 1877 . '' UE News , June 2002 . Jump up ^ East St. Louis Research Action Project . `` The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 . '' Accessed 2011 - 04 - 06 . Archived 2011 - 05 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Weissenbacher , Manfred ( 2009 ) . Sources of Power : How Energy Forges Human History . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . p. 243 . ISBN 9780313356261 . Jump up ^ Alfred D. Chandler , The railroads , the nation 's first big business ( 1981 ) ch 1 Jump up ^ Alfred D. Chandler , Jr. , `` The Railroads : Pioneers in Modern Corporate Management , '' Business History Review ( 1965 ) 39 # 1 pp. 16 - 40 in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : Carosso , Vincent P. ( 1987 ) . The Morgans : Private International Bankers , 1854 - 1913 . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 58729 - 8 . Jump up ^ Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 , ch. 104 , 24 Stat. 379 , approved 1887 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sherman Antitrust Act , ch. 647 , 26 Stat. 209 , Approved July 2 , 1890 . 15 U.S.C. § 1 . Jump up ^ U.S. Supreme Court . U.S. v. Union Pacific Railroad Company , 226 U.S. 470 ( 1913 ) . Jump up ^ Klein , Maury ( 2006 ) . Union Pacific : Volume II , 1894 - 1969 . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . pp. 194 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 4460 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hepburn Act , 59th Congress , Sess. 1 , ch. 3591 , 34 Stat. 584 , enacted 1906 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation 1419 , December 26 , 1917 , under authority of the Army Appropriation Act , 39 Stat. 45 , August 29 , 1916 . ^ Jump up to : Esch -- Cummins Act , Pub. L. 66 - 152 , 41 Stat. 456 . Approved 1920 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Rose , Mark H. ; Seely , Bruce E. ; Barrett , Paul F. ( 2006 ) . The Best Transportation System in the World : Railroads , Trucks , Airlines , and American Public Policy in the Twentieth Century . Ohio State University Press . pp. 19 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8142 - 1036 - 9 . Jump up ^ Interstate Commerce Commission . Washington , D.C. ( 1929 ) . `` In the Matter of Consolidation of the Railways of the United States into a Limited Number of Systems . '' 159 ICC 522 . Jump up ^ For a list of the proposed consolidations , see Ripley Plan . Jump up ^ Kolsrud , Gretchen S. , et al ( 1975 ) . `` Review of Recent Railroad Merger History . '' Appendix B of A Review of National Railroad Issues . Washington : U.S. Office of Technology Assessment . NTIS Document No . PB - 250622 . Jump up ^ Transportation Act of 1940 , Sept. 18 , 1940 , ch. 722 , 54 Stat. 898 . Jump up ^ Department of Transportation Act of 1966 , 49 U.S.C. § 103 , section 3 ( e ) ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Rail Passenger Service Act of 1970 , Pub . L. 91 - 518 , 84 Stat. 1327 , 45 U.S.C. § 501 . ^ Jump up to : Pinkston , Elizabeth ( 2003 ) . `` A Brief History of Amtrak . '' The Past and Future of U.S. Passenger Rail Service . ( Washington , D.C. : U.S. Congressional Budget Office ) Jump up ^ Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 , Pub. L. 93 - 236 ( 87 Stat. 985 ) , 45 U.S.C. § 741 . See b : Annotated Laws Relating to Conrail . ^ Jump up to : Consolidated Rail Corporation , Philadelphia , PA ( 2003 ) . `` A Brief History of Conrail . '' Archived 2010 - 11 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 2012 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Conrail Historical Society , Marysville , PA . `` Conrail Company History . '' Archived 2009 - 12 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 2012 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Nice , David C. ( 1998 ) . Amtrak : The History and Politics of a National Railroad . Lynne Rienner Publishers . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55587 - 734 - 7 . Jump up ^ 1999 Annual Report . Amtrak . Jump up ^ Staggers Rail Act of 1980 , Pub . L. 96 - 448 , 94 Stat. 1895 . Approved 1980 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Northeast Rail Service Act of 1981 , Pub . L. 97 - 35 , 45 U.S.C. ch. 20 , 1981 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Interstate Commerce Commission Termination Act , Pub. L. 104 -- 88 , 109 Stat. 803 ; 1995 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ CSX Corporation , Jacksonville , FL ( 2008 ) . `` CSX Announces National Gateway to Improve Flow of Freight . '' 2008 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Norfolk Southern Corporation ( 2007 ). `` Raising the Roof : Norfolk Southern Begins Work on Heartland Corridor Tunnels . '' Press release . 2007 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Business Plan '' . Sacramento , CA : California High - Speed Rail Authority . April 2012 . Jump up ^ Mount Savage Historical Society . `` Iron Furnace . '' Accessed 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission . Harrisburg , PA . `` First Iron Rails . '' Accessed 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Bowlus , W. Bruce ( 2010 ) . Iron Ore Transport on the Great Lakes : The Development of a Delivery System to Feed American Industry . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . pp. 58 -- 60 . ISBN 9780786433261 . Jump up ^ Schaetzl , Randall J. `` Early Iron Mining . '' Geography of Michigan and the Great Lakes Region . Course at Michigan State University . Accessed 2012 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bianculli , Anthony J. ( 2003 ) . Trains and Technology : Track and structures . Volume 3 of Trains and Technology : The American Railroad in the Nineteenth Century . Newark , DE : University of Delaware Press . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87413 - 802 - 3 . Jump up ^ Cleveland , Frederick A. ; Powell , Fred Wilbur ( 1909 ) . Railroad Promotion and Capitalization in the United States . Longmans , Green , and Co . OCLC 497309 . Jump up ^ White , John H. ( 1979 ) ( First published by Dover Books , 1968 ) . A History of the American Locomotive : Its Development , 1830 - 1880 . North Chelmsford , MA : Courier . p. 14 . ISBN 9780486238180 . 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'' in Bruce Mazlish , ed. , The Railroad and the Space Program ( MIT Press , 1965 ) pp 127 - 62 Jump up ^ Chandler and Salsbury , `` The railroads : Innovators in modern business administration . '' pp 130 - 34 Jump up ^ Alfred D. Chandler , Jr. , `` The Railroads : Pioneers in Modern Corporate Management '' . Business History Review 1965 39 ( 1 ) : 16 - 40 . JSTOR 3112463 . Jump up ^ Walter Licht , working for the Railroad : The Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century ( 1983 ) p 289 Jump up ^ Licht , Working for the Railroad pp 262 - 63 . 269 . Jump up ^ Dora L. Costa , `` The evolution of retirement . '' in Costa , The Evolution of Retirement : An American Economic History , 1880 - 1990 ( U of Chicago Press , 1998 ) , pp 6 - 31 online . Jump up ^ David E. Nye ( 1996 ) . American Technological Sublime . MIT Press . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Gary S. Cross and Rick Szostak , Technology and American society : A history ( 2005 ) p 102 . Jump up ^ Robert Zussman , Mechanics of the middle class : work and politics among American engineers ( 1985 ) . Jump up ^ Carl W. Condit , `` Cincinnati Passenger Stations Before 1930 , '' Railroad History No. 132 ( 1975 ) pp. 5 - 36 in JSTOR Jump up ^ George H. Douglas , All Aboard ! The Railroad in American Life ( 1992 ) , chapter 5 Jump up ^ George H. Miller , `` Origins of the Iowa Granger Law , '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review 40 # 4 ( 1954 ) , pp. 657 - 680 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Douglas , All Aboard ! ( 1992 ) , chapter 10 . Jump up ^ Harold U. Faulkner , The Decline of Laissez Faire , 1897 - 1917 ( 1951 ) , pp 187 - 219 . Jump up ^ Alexandra Kindell and Elizabeth S. Demers , eds. ( 2014 ) . Encyclopedia of Populism in America . pp. 590 -- 93 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Albro Martin , Railroads Triumphant : The Growth , Rejection , and Rebirth of a Vital American Force ( Oxford UP , 1991 ) , pp 348 - 64 . Jump up ^ Steven E. Woodworth ( 1996 ) . The American Civil War : A Handbook of Literature and Research . Greenwood . p. 567 . Jump up ^ Maury Klein , Unfinished Business : The Railroad in American Life ( 1994 ) p. 169 Jump up ^ Albert J. Churella , `` Company , State , and Region : Three Approaches to Railroad History , '' Enterprise & Society , ( 2006 ) 7 # 3 , pp. 581 -- 591 ^ Jump up to : Churella , `` Company , State , and Region : Three Approaches to Railroad History , '' pp. 581 -- 591 Jump up ^ Wallace Farnham , `` Railroads in Western History : The View from the Union Pacific , '' University of Wyoming Publications ( 1966 ) , Vol. 32 , pp. 95 -- 112 Jump up ^ Marty Roth , `` Review '' of `` Minneapolis and the Age of Railways , '' Pioneer America Society Transactions ( 2009 ) vol 32 pp 185 - 6 online External links ( edit ) Railroad History Bibliography by Richard Jensen , Montana State University Primary sources on 19th century and early 20th century American railways - DigitalBookIndex.com Booknotes interview with Sarah Gordon on Passage to Union : How the Railroads Transformed American Life , 1829 - 1929 , March 9 , 1997 . Railroad History , An Overview Of The Past Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_rail_transport_in_the_United_States&oldid=826259093 '' Categories : History of rail transportation in the United States History of rail transport by country Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Polski Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 03 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who built the railroads in the 19th century
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List of European countries by area
List of European countries by area - wikipedia List of European countries by area Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged with List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe . ( Discuss ) Proposed since December 2017 . This article duplicates the scope of other articles . Please discuss this issue on the talk page and edit it to conform with Wikipedia 's Manual of Style . ( December 2017 ) Below is a list of all countries in Europe , in order of geographical area . Europe 's total geographical area is 10,288,305 km2 . * -- Note : some countries are transcontinental , meaning , they are only partially located in Europe . Those are ranked according to the size of their parts within Europe only . The list includes only sovereign states . Therefore , for example the United Kingdom is included in place of the four individual home nations . Rank Country Area ( km2 ) Notes Russia * 3,972,400 17,098,242 including North Asia Ukraine 603,628 This includes Crimea France * 551,394 643,801 when the overseas departments are included Spain * 498,468 505,992 when the Canary Islands , Ceuta and Melilla are included Sweden 449,964 6 Norway 385,178 This includes Svalbard and Jan Mayen 7 Germany 357,168 8 Finland 338,145 9 Poland 312,685 10 Italy 301,338 11 United Kingdom 248,532 1,976,102 when the British Overseas Territories are included . 12 Romania 238,392 13 Belarus 207,600 14 Kazakhstan * 180,000 ( est . ) 2,724,902 including Asian part 15 Greece 131,940 16 Bulgaria 110,994 17 Iceland 102,775 18 Hungary 93,030 19 Portugal 91,568 20 Austria 83,858 21 Czech Republic 78,866 22 Serbia 77,453 This excludes Kosovo 23 Ireland 70,273 24 Lithuania 65,300 25 Latvia 64,589 26 Croatia 56,594 27 Bosnia and Herzegovina 51,129 28 Slovakia 49,036 29 Estonia 45,339 30 Denmark 44,493 This includes Faroe Islands ; 2,210,579 including Greenland 31 Switzerland 41,290 32 Netherlands 41,198 Excluding Caribbean Netherlands , Aruba , Curacao and Sint Maarten . 33 Moldova 33,846 34 Belgium 30,510 35 Albania 28,748 36 Macedonia ( Former Yugoslavian Republic ) 25,713 37 Turkey * 23,507 783,562 including Asian part 38 Slovenia 20,273 39 Montenegro 13,812 40 Kosovo 10,908 Partially recognized state 41 Cyprus 9,251 42 Azerbaijan * 6,960 86,600 including Asian part 43 Luxembourg 2,586 44 Georgia * 2,428 69,700 including Asian part 45 Andorra 468 46 Malta 316 47 Liechtenstein 160 48 San Marino 61 49 Monaco 1.95 50 Vatican City 0.44 Total 10,141,183 ± 5,000 A bar graph with logarithmic scale , showing the sizes in three categories : Purple = Russia , Green = countries with European area bigger than 10,000 km2 , Red = countries with European area smaller than 10,000 km2 Definition ( edit ) Europe and Asia are contiguous with each other and thus the exact boundary between them is not clearly defined , and often follows historical , political , and cultural definitions rather than geographical . Alb . Andorra Austria Azer . Belarus Belg . Bosnia Bulgaria Channel Is. ( UK ) Croatia Cz . Rep . Denmark Estonia Finland France Gib . ( UK ) Germany Georgia Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy IoM ( UK ) S. Mar . Kazakhstan Kos . Latvia Liech . Lithuania Lux . Mac . Malta Moldova Mon . Mont . Nether . Norway Svalbard ( Nor ) Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slo . Spain Sweden Switz - erland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Far . ( Dk ) Vat . Armenia Cyprus Greenland ( Dk ) Adr - iatic Sea Arctic Ocean Baltic Sea Aegean Sea Barents Sea Bay of Biscay Black Sea Caspian Sea Celtic Sea Greenland Sea Baffin Bay Gulf of Cádiz Ligurian Sea Mediterranean Sea North Atlantic Ocean North Sea Norwegian Sea Strait of Gibraltar Clickable map of Europe , showing one of the most commonly used continental boundaries Key : blue : states which straddle the border between Europe and Asia ; green : countries not geographically in Europe , but closely associated with the continent See also ( edit ) List of African countries by area List of Asian countries by area List of Oceanian countries by area List of South American countries by area References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Updated land cover figures '' . ssb.no . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ The map shows one of the most commonly accepted delineations of the geographical boundaries of Europe , as used by National Geographic and Encyclopædia Britannica . Whether countries are considered in Europe or Asia can vary in sources , for example in the classification of the CIA World Factbook or that of the BBC . Note also that certain countries in Europe , such as France , have territories lying geographically outside Europe , but which are nevertheless considered integral parts of that country . Europe articles History Chronology Prehistory Classical antiquity Late antiquity Middle Ages Early modernity World War I & II Pax Europaea Crisis situations and unrest since 2000 By topic Military Sovereignty predecessor states Geography Areas and populations Countries by area European microstates Largest metropolitan areas Cities Extreme points Geology Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Sovereign states and dependent territories by population Villages Politics Eurosphere International organisations Integration Law Politics Post-Soviet Europe Transatlantic relations Intergovernmental Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) Council of Europe ( CoE ) Collective Security Treaty Organisation ( CSTO ) GUAM Organization North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ( NATO ) Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) statistics European Union Economy relations free trade agreements Education European Economic Area ( EEA ) European Neighbourhood Policy ( ENP ) European Union Customs Union ( EUCU ) Eurozone Foreign relations Members enlargement Politics Schengen Area Statistics Visa policy Economy History Financial ( and social ) rankings Free trade areas Energy Telecommunications Transport Intergovernmental Central European Free Trade Agreement ( CEFTA ) Customs Union of Belarus , Kazakhstan , and Russia ( CUBKR ) Eurasian Economic Community ( EAEC ) European Free Trade Association ( EFTA ) Sovereign states by Average wage Budget revenues per capita Corruption index GDP ( nominal ) per capita GDP ( PPP ) per capita GNI ( nominal ) per capita GNI ( PPP ) per capita HDI Internet users ( % ) Minimum wage Press Freedom Index Unemployment rate ( % ) Health expense per capita Military spending ( % ) Childhood population ( % ) Urban population ( % ) Life expectancy Electricity use per capita Society Etiquette Social ( and financial ) rankings Languages endangered Universities Bologna Process Erasmus Culture Art painting sculpture Architecture Capital of Culture Cinema film festivals Classical music Cuisine Dance Literature Philosophy Religion Christianity Islam Judaism Sport Symbols Demographics Ageing Ethnic groups genetic history Immigration Life expectancy Retirement Outline Index Portal Maps Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_countries_by_area&oldid=843340293 '' Categories : Lists of countries in Europe Lists by area Lists of countries by geography Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from December 2017 All articles to be merged Articles in need of internal merging All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca भोजपुरी Български Français 한국어 Հայերեն Magyar Norsk Русский Simple English Svenska Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש Zazaki 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 14 : 07 . 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what is the largest country in europe by square miles
[ "\n\nRank\nCountry\nArea (km²)\nNotes\n\n\n1\n Russia*\n3,972,400\n17,098,242 including North Asia\n\n\n2\n Ukraine\n603,628\nThis includes Crimea\n\n\n3\n France*\n551,394\n643,801 when the overseas departments are included\n\n\n4\n Spain*\n498,468\n505,992 when the Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla are included\n\n\n5\n Sweden\n449,964\n\n\n\n6\n Norway\n385,178\nThis includes Svalbard and Jan Mayen[1]\n\n\n7\n Germany\n357,168\n\n\n\n8\n Finland\n338,145\n\n\n\n9\n Poland\n312,685\n\n\n\n10\n Italy\n301,338\n\n\n\n11\n United Kingdom\n248,532\n1,976,102 when the British Overseas Territories are included.\n\n\n12\n Romania\n238,392\n\n\n\n13\n Belarus\n207,600\n\n\n\n14\n Kazakhstan*\n180,000 (est.)\n2,724,902 including Asian part\n\n\n15\n Greece\n131,940\n\n\n\n16\n Bulgaria\n110,994\n\n\n\n17\n Iceland\n102,775\n\n\n\n18\n Hungary\n93,030\n\n\n\n19\n Portugal\n91,568\n\n\n\n20\n Austria\n83,858\n\n\n\n21\n Czech Republic\n78,866\n\n\n\n22\n Serbia\n77,453\nThis excludes Kosovo\n\n\n23\n Ireland\n70,273\n\n\n\n24\n Lithuania\n65,300\n\n\n\n25\n Latvia\n64,589\n\n\n\n26\n Croatia\n56,594\n\n\n\n27\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n51,129\n\n\n\n28\n Slovakia\n49,036\n\n\n\n29\n Estonia\n45,339\n\n\n\n30\n Denmark\n44,493\nThis includes Faroe Islands; 2,210,579 including Greenland\n\n\n31\n Switzerland\n41,290\n\n\n\n32\n Netherlands\n41,198\nExcluding Caribbean Netherlands, Aruba, Curacao and Sint Maarten.\n\n\n33\n Moldova\n33,846\n\n\n\n34\n Belgium\n30,510\n\n\n\n35\n Albania\n28,748\n\n\n\n36\n Macedonia (Former Yugoslavian Republic)\n25,713\n\n\n\n37\n Turkey*\n23,507\n783,562 including Asian part\n\n\n38\n Slovenia\n20,273\n\n\n\n39\n Montenegro\n13,812\n\n\n\n40\n Kosovo\n10,908\nPartially recognized state\n\n\n41\n Cyprus\n9,251\n\n\n42\n Azerbaijan*\n6,960\n86,600 including Asian part\n\n\n43\n Luxembourg\n2,586\n\n\n\n44\n Georgia*\n2,428\n69,700 including Asian part\n\n\n45\n Andorra\n468\n\n\n\n46\n Malta\n316\n\n\n\n47\n Liechtenstein\n160\n\n\n\n48\n San Marino\n61\n\n\n\n49\n Monaco\n1.95\n\n\n\n50\n Vatican City\n0.44\n\n\n\n\nTotal\n10,141,183\n±5,000\n\n\n" ]
[ "Russia*" ]
3720359545382914053
Merge sort
Merge sort - wikipedia Merge sort Jump to : navigation , search This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Merge sort An example of merge sort . First divide the list into the smallest unit ( 1 element ) , then compare each element with the adjacent list to sort and merge the two adjacent lists . Finally all the elements are sorted and merged . Class Sorting algorithm Data structure Array Worst - case performance O ( n log n ) Best - case performance O ( n log n ) typical , O ( n ) natural variant Average performance O ( n log n ) Worst - case space complexity О ( n ) total , O ( n ) auxiliary In computer science , merge sort ( also commonly spelled mergesort ) is an efficient , general - purpose , comparison - based sorting algorithm . Most implementations produce a stable sort , which means that the implementation preserves the input order of equal elements in the sorted output . Mergesort is a divide and conquer algorithm that was invented by John von Neumann in 1945 . A detailed description and analysis of bottom - up mergesort appeared in a report by Goldstine and Neumann as early as 1948 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Algorithm 1.1 Top - down implementation 1.2 Bottom - up implementation 1.3 Top - down implementation using lists 1.4 Bottom - up implementation using lists 2 Natural merge sort 3 Analysis 4 Variants 5 Use with tape drives 6 Optimizing merge sort 7 Parallel merge sort 8 Comparison with other sort algorithms 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Algorithm ( edit ) Merge sort animation . The elements to sort are represented by dots . Conceptually , a merge sort works as follows : Divide the unsorted list into n sublists , each containing 1 element ( a list of 1 element is considered sorted ) . Repeatedly merge sublists to produce new sorted sublists until there is only 1 sublist remaining . This will be the sorted list . Top - down implementation ( edit ) Example C - like code using indices for top down merge sort algorithm that recursively splits the list ( called runs in this example ) into sublists until sublist size is 1 , then merges those sublists to produce a sorted list . The copy back step is avoided with alternating the direction of the merge with each level of recursion . / / Array A ( ) has the items to sort ; array B ( ) is a work array . TopDownMergeSort ( A ( ) , B ( ) , n ) ( CopyArray ( A , 0 , n , B ) ; / / duplicate array A ( ) into B ( ) TopDownSplitMerge ( B , 0 , n , A ) ; / / sort data from B ( ) into A ( ) ) / / Sort the given run of array A ( ) using array B ( ) as a source . / / iBegin is inclusive ; iEnd is exclusive ( A ( iEnd ) is not in the set ) . TopDownSplitMerge ( B ( ) , iBegin , iEnd , A ( ) ) ( if ( iEnd - iBegin < 2 ) / / if run size = = 1 return ; / / consider it sorted / / split the run longer than 1 item into halves iMiddle = ( iEnd + iBegin ) / 2 ; / / iMiddle = mid point / / recursively sort both runs from array A ( ) into B ( ) TopDownSplitMerge ( A , iBegin , iMiddle , B ) ; / / sort the left run TopDownSplitMerge ( A , iMiddle , iEnd , B ) ; / / sort the right run / / merge the resulting runs from array B ( ) into A ( ) TopDownMerge ( B , iBegin , iMiddle , iEnd , A ) ; ) / / Left source half is A ( iBegin : iMiddle - 1 ) . / / Right source half is A ( iMiddle : iEnd - 1 ) . / / Result is B ( iBegin : iEnd - 1 ) . TopDownMerge ( A ( ) , iBegin , iMiddle , iEnd , B ( ) ) ( i = iBegin , j = iMiddle ; / / While there are elements in the left or right runs ... for ( k = iBegin ; k < iEnd ; k + + ) ( / / If left run head exists and is < = existing right run head . if ( i < iMiddle && ( j > = iEnd A ( i ) < = A ( j ) ) ) ( B ( k ) = A ( i ) ; i = i + 1 ; ) else ( B ( k ) = A ( j ) ; j = j + 1 ; ) ) ) CopyArray ( A ( ) , iBegin , iEnd , B ( ) ) ( for ( k = iBegin ; k < iEnd ; k + + ) B ( k ) = A ( k ) ; ) Bottom - up implementation ( edit ) Example C - like code using indices for bottom up merge sort algorithm which treats the list as an array of n sublists ( called runs in this example ) of size 1 , and iteratively merges sub-lists back and forth between two buffers : / / array A ( ) has the items to sort ; array B ( ) is a work array void BottomUpMergeSort ( A ( ) , B ( ) , n ) ( / / Each 1 - element run in A is already `` sorted '' . / / Make successively longer sorted runs of length 2 , 4 , 8 , 16 ... until whole array is sorted . for ( width = 1 ; width < n ; width = 2 * width ) ( / / Array A is full of runs of length width . for ( i = 0 ; i < n ; i = i + 2 * width ) ( / / Merge two runs : A ( i : i + width - 1 ) and A ( i + width : i + 2 * width - 1 ) to B ( ) / / or copy A ( i : n - 1 ) to B ( ) ( if ( i + width > = n ) ) BottomUpMerge ( A , i , min ( i + width , n ) , min ( i + 2 * width , n ) , B ) ; ) / / Now work array B is full of runs of length 2 * width . / / Copy array B to array A for next iteration . / / A more efficient implementation would swap the roles of A and B. CopyArray ( B , A , n ) ; / / Now array A is full of runs of length 2 * width. ) ) / / Left run is A ( iLeft : iRight - 1 ) . / / Right run is A ( iRight : iEnd - 1 ) . BottomUpMerge ( A ( ) , iLeft , iRight , iEnd , B ( ) ) ( i = iLeft , j = iRight ; / / While there are elements in the left or right runs ... for ( k = iLeft ; k < iEnd ; k + + ) ( / / If left run head exists and is < = existing right run head . if ( i < iRight && ( j > = iEnd A ( i ) < = A ( j ) ) ) ( B ( k ) = A ( i ) ; i = i + 1 ; ) else ( B ( k ) = A ( j ) ; j = j + 1 ; ) ) ) void CopyArray ( B ( ) , A ( ) , n ) ( for ( i = 0 ; i < n ; i + + ) A ( i ) = B ( i ) ; ) Top - down implementation using lists ( edit ) Pseudocode for top down merge sort algorithm which recursively divides the input list into smaller sublists until the sublists are trivially sorted , and then merges the sublists while returning up the call chain . function merge_sort ( list m ) / / Base case . A list of zero or one elements is sorted , by definition . if length of m ≤ 1 then return m / / Recursive case . First , divide the list into equal - sized sublists / / consisting of the first half and second half of the list . / / This assumes lists start at index 0 . var left : = empty list var right : = empty list for each x with index i in m do if i < ( length of m ) / 2 then add x to left else add x to right / / Recursively sort both sublists . left : = merge_sort ( left ) right : = merge_sort ( right ) / / Then merge the now - sorted sublists . return merge ( left , right ) In this example , the merge function merges the left and right sublists . function merge ( left , right ) var result : = empty list while left is not empty and right is not empty do if first ( left ) ≤ first ( right ) then append first ( left ) to result left : = rest ( left ) else append first ( right ) to result right : = rest ( right ) / / Either left or right may have elements left ; consume them . / / ( Only one of the following loops will actually be entered . ) while left is not empty do append first ( left ) to result left : = rest ( left ) while right is not empty do append first ( right ) to result right : = rest ( right ) return result Bottom - up implementation using lists ( edit ) Pseudocode for bottom up merge sort algorithm which uses a small fixed size array of references to nodes , where array ( i ) is either a reference to a list of size 2 or 0 . node is a reference or pointer to a node . The merge ( ) function would be similar to the one shown in the top down merge lists example , it merges two already sorted lists , and handles empty lists . In this case , merge ( ) would use node for its input parameters and return value . function merge_sort ( node head ) / / return if empty list if ( head = = nil ) return nil var node array ( 32 ) ; initially all nil var node result var node next var int i result = head / / merge nodes into array while ( result ! = nil ) next = result. next ; result. next = nil for ( i = 0 ; ( i < 32 ) && ( array ( i ) ! = nil ) ; i + = 1 ) result = merge ( array ( i ) , result ) array ( i ) = nil / / do not go past end of array if ( i = = 32 ) i - = 1 array ( i ) = result result = next / / merge array into single list result = nil for ( i = 0 ; i < 32 ; i + = 1 ) result = merge ( array ( i ) , result ) return result Natural merge sort ( edit ) A natural merge sort is similar to a bottom up merge sort except that any naturally occurring runs ( sorted sequences ) in the input are exploited . Both monotonic and bitonic ( alternating up / down ) runs may be exploited , with lists ( or equivalently tapes or files ) being convenient data structures ( used as FIFO queues or LIFO stacks ) . In the bottom up merge sort , the starting point assumes each run is one item long . In practice , random input data will have many short runs that just happen to be sorted . In the typical case , the natural merge sort may not need as many passes because there are fewer runs to merge . In the best case , the input is already sorted ( i.e. , is one run ) , so the natural merge sort need only make one pass through the data . In many practical cases , long natural runs are present , and for that reason natural merge sort is exploited as the key component of Timsort . Example : Start : 3 -- 4 -- 2 -- 1 -- 7 -- 5 -- 8 -- 9 -- 0 -- 6 Select runs : 3 -- 4 2 1 -- 7 5 -- 8 -- 9 0 -- 6 Merge : 2 -- 3 -- 4 1 -- 5 -- 7 -- 8 -- 9 0 -- 6 Merge : 1 -- 2 -- 3 -- 4 -- 5 -- 7 -- 8 -- 9 0 -- 6 Merge : 0 -- 1 -- 2 -- 3 -- 4 -- 5 -- 6 -- 7 -- 8 -- 9 Tournament replacement selection sorts are used to gather the initial runs for external sorting algorithms . Analysis ( edit ) A recursive merge sort algorithm used to sort an array of 7 integer values . These are the steps a human would take to emulate merge sort ( top - down ) . In sorting n objects , merge sort has an average and worst - case performance of O ( n log n ) . If the running time of merge sort for a list of length n is T ( n ) , then the recurrence T ( n ) = 2T ( n / 2 ) + n follows from the definition of the algorithm ( apply the algorithm to two lists of half the size of the original list , and add the n steps taken to merge the resulting two lists ) . The closed form follows from the master theorem . In the worst case , the number of comparisons merge sort makes is equal to or slightly smaller than ( n ⌈ lg n ⌉ - 2 + 1 ) , which is between ( n lg n - n + 1 ) and ( n lg n + n + O ( lg n ) ) . For large n and a randomly ordered input list , merge sort 's expected ( average ) number of comparisons approaches α n fewer than the worst case where α = − 1 + ∑ k = 0 ∞ 1 2 k + 1 ≈ 0.2645 . ( \ displaystyle \ alpha = - 1 + \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ^ ( k ) + 1 ) ) \ approx 0.2645 . ) In the worst case , merge sort does about 39 % fewer comparisons than quicksort does in the average case . In terms of moves , merge sort 's worst case complexity is O ( n log n ) -- the same complexity as quicksort 's best case , and merge sort 's best case takes about half as many iterations as the worst case . Merge sort is more efficient than quicksort for some types of lists if the data to be sorted can only be efficiently accessed sequentially , and is thus popular in languages such as Lisp , where sequentially accessed data structures are very common . Unlike some ( efficient ) implementations of quicksort , merge sort is a stable sort . Merge sort 's most common implementation does not sort in place ; therefore , the memory size of the input must be allocated for the sorted output to be stored in ( see below for versions that need only n / 2 extra spaces ) . Variants ( edit ) Variants of merge sort are primarily concerned with reducing the space complexity and the cost of copying . A simple alternative for reducing the space overhead to n / 2 is to maintain left and right as a combined structure , copy only the left part of m into temporary space , and to direct the merge routine to place the merged output into m . With this version it is better to allocate the temporary space outside the merge routine , so that only one allocation is needed . The excessive copying mentioned previously is also mitigated , since the last pair of lines before the return result statement ( function merge in the pseudo code above ) become superfluous . One drawback of merge sort , when implemented on arrays , is its O ( n ) working memory requirement . Several in - place variants have been suggested : Katajainen et al. present an algorithm that requires a constant amount of working memory : enough storage space to hold one element of the input array , and additional space to hold O ( 1 ) pointers into the input array . They achieve an O ( n log n ) time bound with small constants , but their algorithm is not stable . Several attempts have been made at producing an in - place merge algorithm that can be combined with a standard ( top - down or bottom - up ) merge sort to produce an in - place merge sort . In this case , the notion of `` in - place '' can be relaxed to mean `` taking logarithmic stack space '' , because standard merge sort requires that amount of space for its own stack usage . It was shown by Geffert et al. that in - place , stable merging is possible in O ( n log n ) time using a constant amount of scratch space , but their algorithm is complicated and has high constant factors : merging arrays of length n and m can take 5n + 12m + o ( m ) moves . This high constant factor and complicated in - place algorithm was made simpler and easier to understand . Bing - Chao Huang and Michael A. Langston presented a straightforward linear time algorithm practical in - place merge to merge a sorted list using fixed amount of additional space . They both have used the work of Kronrod and others . It merges in linear time and constant extra space . The algorithm takes little more average time than standard merge sort algorithms , free to exploit O ( n ) temporary extra memory cells , by less than a factor of two . Though the algorithm is much faster in practical way but it is unstable also for some list . But using similar concept they have been able to solve this problem . Other in - place algorithms include SymMerge , which takes O ( ( n + m ) log ( n + m ) ) time in total . Plugging such an algorithm into merge sort increases its complexity to the non-linearithmic , but still quasilinear , O ( n ( log n ) ) . An alternative to reduce the copying into multiple lists is to associate a new field of information with each key ( the elements in m are called keys ) . This field will be used to link the keys and any associated information together in a sorted list ( a key and its related information is called a record ) . Then the merging of the sorted lists proceeds by changing the link values ; no records need to be moved at all . A field which contains only a link will generally be smaller than an entire record so less space will also be used . This is a standard sorting technique , not restricted to merge sort . Use with tape drives ( edit ) Merge sort type algorithms allowed large data sets to be sorted on early computers that had small random access memories by modern standards . Records were stored on magnetic tape and processed on banks of magnetic tape drives , such as these IBM 729s . An external merge sort is practical to run using disk or tape drives when the data to be sorted is too large to fit into memory . External sorting explains how merge sort is implemented with disk drives . A typical tape drive sort uses four tape drives . All I / O is sequential ( except for rewinds at the end of each pass ) . A minimal implementation can get by with just 2 record buffers and a few program variables . Naming the four tape drives as A , B , C , D , with the original data on A , and using only 2 record buffers , the algorithm is similar to Bottom - up implementation , using pairs of tape drives instead of arrays in memory . The basic algorithm can be described as follows : Merge pairs of records from A ; writing two - record sublists alternately to C and D . Merge two - record sublists from C and D into four - record sublists ; writing these alternately to A and B . Merge four - record sublists from A and B into eight - record sublists ; writing these alternately to C and D Repeat until you have one list containing all the data , sorted -- in log ( n ) passes . Instead of starting with very short runs , usually a hybrid algorithm is used , where the initial pass will read many records into memory , do an internal sort to create a long run , and then distribute those long runs onto the output set . The step avoids many early passes . For example , an internal sort of 1024 records will save 9 passes . The internal sort is often large because it has such a benefit . In fact , there are techniques that can make the initial runs longer than the available internal memory . A more sophisticated merge sort that optimizes tape ( and disk ) drive usage is the polyphase merge sort . Optimizing merge sort ( edit ) On modern computers , locality of reference can be of paramount importance in software optimization , because multilevel memory hierarchies are used . Cache - aware versions of the merge sort algorithm , whose operations have been specifically chosen to minimize the movement of pages in and out of a machine 's memory cache , have been proposed . For example , the tiled merge sort algorithm stops partitioning subarrays when subarrays of size S are reached , where S is the number of data items fitting into a CPU 's cache . Each of these subarrays is sorted with an in - place sorting algorithm such as insertion sort , to discourage memory swaps , and normal merge sort is then completed in the standard recursive fashion . This algorithm has demonstrated better performance on machines that benefit from cache optimization . ( LaMarca & Ladner 1997 ) Kronrod ( 1969 ) suggested an alternative version of merge sort that uses constant additional space . This algorithm was later refined . ( Katajainen , Pasanen & Teuhola 1996 ) Also , many applications of external sorting use a form of merge sorting where the input get split up to a higher number of sublists , ideally to a number for which merging them still makes the currently processed set of pages fit into main memory . Parallel merge sort ( edit ) Merge sort parallelizes well due to use of the divide - and - conquer method . Several parallel variants are discussed in the third edition of Cormen , Leiserson , Rivest , and Stein 's Introduction to Algorithms . The first of these can be very easily expressed in a pseudocode with fork and join keywords : / / Sort elements lo through hi ( exclusive ) of array A. algorithm mergesort ( A , lo , hi ) is if lo + 1 < hi then / / Two or more elements . mid = ⌊ ( lo + hi ) / 2 ⌋ fork mergesort ( A , lo , mid ) mergesort ( A , mid , hi ) join merge ( A , lo , mid , hi ) This algorithm is a trivial modification from the serial version , and its speedup is not impressive : when executed on an infinite number of processors , it runs in Θ ( n ) time , which is only a Θ ( log n ) improvement on the serial version . A better result can be obtained by using a parallelized merge algorithm , which gives parallelism Θ ( n / ( log n ) ) , meaning that this type of parallel merge sort runs in Θ ( ( n log ⁡ n ) ⋅ ( log ⁡ n ) 2 n ) = Θ ( ( log ⁡ n ) 3 ) ( \ displaystyle \ Theta \ left ( ( n \ log n ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( ( \ log n ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( n ) ) \ right ) = \ Theta ( ( \ log n ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ) time if enough processors are available . Such a sort can perform well in practice when combined with a fast stable sequential sort , such as insertion sort , and a fast sequential merge as a base case for merging small arrays . Merge sort was one of the first sorting algorithms where optimal speed up was achieved , with Richard Cole using a clever subsampling algorithm to ensure O ( 1 ) merge . Other sophisticated parallel sorting algorithms can achieve the same or better time bounds with a lower constant . For example , in 1991 David Powers described a parallelized quicksort ( and a related radix sort ) that can operate in O ( log n ) time on a CRCW parallel random - access machine ( PRAM ) with n processors by performing partitioning implicitly . Powers further shows that a pipelined version of Batcher 's Bitonic Mergesort at O ( ( log n ) ) time on a butterfly sorting network is in practice actually faster than his O ( log n ) sorts on a PRAM , and he provides detailed discussion of the hidden overheads in comparison , radix and parallel sorting . Comparison with other sort algorithms ( edit ) Although heapsort has the same time bounds as merge sort , it requires only Θ ( 1 ) auxiliary space instead of merge sort 's Θ ( n ) . On typical modern architectures , efficient quicksort implementations generally outperform mergesort for sorting RAM - based arrays . On the other hand , merge sort is a stable sort and is more efficient at handling slow - to - access sequential media . Merge sort is often the best choice for sorting a linked list : in this situation it is relatively easy to implement a merge sort in such a way that it requires only Θ ( 1 ) extra space , and the slow random - access performance of a linked list makes some other algorithms ( such as quicksort ) perform poorly , and others ( such as heapsort ) completely impossible . As of Perl 5.8 , merge sort is its default sorting algorithm ( it was quicksort in previous versions of Perl ) . In Java , the Arrays. sort ( ) methods use merge sort or a tuned quicksort depending on the datatypes and for implementation efficiency switch to insertion sort when fewer than seven array elements are being sorted . The Linux kernel uses merge sort for its linked lists . Python uses Timsort , another tuned hybrid of merge sort and insertion sort , that has become the standard sort algorithm in Java SE 7 , on the Android platform , and in GNU Octave . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Knuth ( 1998 , p. 158 ) Jump up ^ Jyrki Katajainen and Jesper Larsson Träff ( 1997 ) . `` A meticulous analysis of mergesort programs '' . Jump up ^ Powers , David M.W. and McMahon Graham B. ( 1983 ) , `` A compendium of interesting prolog programs '' , DCS Technical Report 8313 , Department of Computer Science , University of New South Wales . Jump up ^ The worst case number given here does not agree with that given in Knuth 's Art of Computer Programming , Vol 3 . The discrepancy is due to Knuth analyzing a variant implementation of merge sort that is slightly sub-optimal Jump up ^ Cormen ; Leiserson ; Rivest ; Stein . Introduction to Algorithms . p. 151 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 03384 - 8 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Katajainen , Jyrki ; Pasanen , Tomi ; Teuhola , Jukka ( 1996 ) . `` Practical in - place mergesort '' . Nordic J. Computing. 3 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 40 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.22. 8523 . Jump up ^ Geffert , Viliam ; Katajainen , Jyrki ; Pasanen , Tomi ( 2000 ) . `` Asymptotically efficient in - place merging '' . Theoretical Computer Science . 237 : 159 -- 181 . doi : 10.1016 / S0304 - 3975 ( 98 ) 00162 - 5 . Jump up ^ Huang , Bing - Chao ; Langston , Michael A. ( March 1988 ) . `` Practical In - Place Merging '' . Communications of the ACM. 31 ( 3 ) : 348 -- 352 . doi : 10.1145 / 42392.42403 . Jump up ^ Kim , Pok - Son ; Kutzner , Arne ( 2004 ) . Stable Minimum Storage Merging by Symmetric Comparisons . European Symp . Algorithms . Lecture Notes in Computer Science . 3221 . pp. 714 -- 723 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.102. 4612 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 23025 - 0 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 540 - 30140 - 0_63 . Jump up ^ Selection sort . Knuth 's snowplow . Natural merge . ^ Jump up to : Cormen et al. 2009 , pp. 797 -- 805 Jump up ^ V.J. Duvanenko , `` Parallel Merge Sort '' , Dr. Dobb 's Journal , March 2011 Jump up ^ Cole , Richard ( August 1988 ) . `` Parallel merge sort '' . SIAM J. Comput. 17 ( 4 ) : 770 -- 785 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.464. 7118 . doi : 10.1137 / 0217049 Jump up ^ Powers , David M.W. Parallelized Quicksort and Radixsort with Optimal Speedup , Proceedings of International Conference on Parallel Computing Technologies . Novosibirsk. 1991 . Jump up ^ David M.W. Powers , Parallel Unification : Practical Complexity , Australasian Computer Architecture Workshop , Flinders University , January 1995 Jump up ^ OpenJDK Subversion Jump up ^ linux kernel / lib / list_sort. c Jump up ^ jjb . `` Commit 6804124 : Replace `` modified mergesort '' in java. util. Arrays. sort with timsort `` . Java Development Kit 7 Hg repo . Retrieved 24 Feb 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Class : java. util. TimSort < T > '' . Android JDK Documentation . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2015 . Retrieved 19 Jan 2015 . Jump up ^ `` liboctave / util / oct-sort.cc '' . Mercurial repository of Octave source code . Lines 23 - 25 of the initial comment block . Retrieved 18 Feb 2013 . Code stolen in large part from Python 's , listobject. c , which itself had no license header . However , thanks to Tim Peters for the parts of the code I ripped - off . References ( edit ) Cormen , Thomas H. ; Leiserson , Charles E. ; Rivest , Ronald L. ; Stein , Clifford ( 2009 ) ( 1990 ) . Introduction to Algorithms ( 3rd ed . ) . MIT Press and McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 262 - 03384 - 4 . Katajainen , Jyrki ; Pasanen , Tomi ; Teuhola , Jukka ( 1996 ) . `` Practical in - place mergesort '' . Nordic Journal of Computing. 3 . pp. 27 -- 40 . ISSN 1236 - 6064 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 04 ... Also Practical In - Place Mergesort . Also ( 1 ) Knuth , Donald ( 1998 ) . `` Section 5.2. 4 : Sorting by Merging '' . Sorting and Searching . The Art of Computer Programming. 3 ( 2nd ed . ) . Addison - Wesley . pp. 158 -- 168 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 89685 - 0 . Kronrod , M.A. ( 1969 ) . `` Optimal ordering algorithm without operational field '' . Soviet Mathematics - Doklady. 10 . p. 744 . LaMarca , A. ; Ladner , R.E. ( 1997 ) . `` The influence of caches on the performance of sorting '' . Proc. 8th Ann . ACM - SIAM Symp . on Discrete Algorithms ( SODA97 ) : 370 -- 379 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.31. 1153 . Sun Microsystems . `` Arrays API '' . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 19 . Sun Microsystems . `` java. util. Arrays. java '' . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 19 . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Algorithm implementation has a page on the topic of : Merge sort Animated Sorting Algorithms : Merge Sort at the Wayback Machine ( archived 6 March 2015 ) -- graphical demonstration Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures : Merge sort Mergesort applet with `` level - order '' recursive calls to help improve algorithm analysis Open Data Structures - Section 11.1. 1 - Merge Sort ( hide ) Sorting algorithms Theory Computational complexity theory Big O notation Total order Lists Inplacement Stability Comparison sort Adaptive sort Sorting network Integer sorting X + Y sorting Transdichotomous model Quantum sort Exchange sorts Bubble sort Cocktail shaker sort Odd -- even sort Comb sort Gnome sort Quicksort Slowsort Stooge sort Bogosort Selection sorts Selection sort Heapsort Smoothsort Cartesian tree sort Tournament sort Cycle sort Weak - heap sort Insertion sorts Insertion sort Shellsort Splaysort Tree sort Library sort Patience sorting Merge sorts Merge sort Cascade merge sort Oscillating merge sort Polyphase merge sort Distribution sorts American flag sort Bead sort Bucket sort Burstsort Counting sort Pigeonhole sort Proxmap sort Radix sort Flashsort Concurrent sorts Bitonic sorter Batcher odd -- even mergesort Pairwise sorting network Hybrid sorts Block merge sort Timsort Introsort Spreadsort Other Topological sorting Pre-topological order Pancake sorting Spaghetti sort Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merge_sort&oldid=802382540 '' Categories : Sorting algorithms Comparison sorts Stable sorts Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with inconsistent citation formats Articles that may contain original research from May 2016 All articles that may contain original research Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with example pseudocode Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 20 : 40 . 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Liberté, égalité, fraternité
Liberté , égalité , fraternité - wikipedia Liberté , égalité , fraternité `` Brotherhood of man '' redirects here . For the musical group , see Brotherhood of Man . Flag of France which represents Liberté , égalité , fraternité Liberté , égalité , fraternité ( pronounced ( libɛʁte eɡalite fʁatɛʁnite ) ) , French for `` liberty , equality , fraternity '' , is the national motto of France and the Republic of Haiti , and is an example of a tripartite motto . Although it finds its origins in the French Revolution , it was then only one motto among others and was not institutionalized until the Third Republic at the end of the 19th century . Debates concerning the compatibility and order of the three terms began at the same time as the Revolution . It is also the motto of the Grand Orient de France and the Grande Loge de France . Contents 1 Origins during the French Revolution 2 19th century 2.1 1848 Revolution 2.2 Paris Commune and Third Republic 3 20th century 4 Other nations 5 Culture 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Origins during the French Revolution ( edit ) Text displayed on a placard announcing the sale of biens nationaux ( 1793 ) . Soon after the Revolution , the motto was sometimes written as `` Liberty , Equality , Fraternity , or Death '' . The `` death '' part was later dropped for being too strongly associated with the Reign of Terror . The first to express this motto was Maximilien Robespierre in his speech `` On the organization of the National Guard '' ( French : Discours sur l'organisation des gardes nationales ) on 5 December 1790 , article XVI , and disseminated widely throughout France by the popular Societies . Discours sur l'organisation des gardes nationales Article XVI . On their uniforms engraved these words : FRENCH PEOPLE , & below : LIBERTY , EQUALITY , FRATERNITY . The same words are inscribed on flags which bear the three colors of the nation . ( French : XVI . Elles porteront sur leur poitrine ces mots gravés : LE PEUPLE FRANÇAIS , & au - dessous : LIBERTÉ , ÉGALITÉ , FRATERNITÉ . Les mêmes mots seront inscrits sur leurs drapeaux , qui porteront les trois couleurs de la nation . ) -- Maximilien Robespierre , 1790 Credit for the motto has been given also to Antoine - François Momoro ( 1756 -- 94 ) , a Parisian printer and Hébertist organizer , though in different context of foreign invasion and Federalist revolts in 1793 , it was modified to `` Unity , indivisibility of the Republic ; liberty , equality , brotherhood or death '' ( French : Unité , Indivisibilité de la République ; Liberté , Egalité , Fraternité ou la mort ) and suggested by a resolution of the Paris Commune ( member of which Momoro was elected by his section du Théâtre - Français ) on 29 June 1793 to be inscribed on Parisian house - fronts and imitated by the inhabitants of other cities . In 1839 , the philosopher Pierre Leroux claimed it had been an anonymous and popular creation . The historian Mona Ozouf underlines that , although Liberté and Égalité were associated as a motto during the 18th century , Fraternité was n't always included in it , and other terms , such as Amitié ( Friendship ) , Charité ( Charity ) or Union were often added in its place . The emphasis on Fraternité during the French Revolution led Olympe de Gouges , a female journalist , to write the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen as a response . The tripartite motto was neither a creative collection , nor really institutionalized by the French Revolution . As soon as 1789 , other terms were used , such as `` la Nation , la Loi , le Roi '' ( The Nation , The Law , The King ) , or `` Union , Force , Vertu '' ( Union , Strength , Virtue ) , a slogan used beforehand by masonic lodges , or `` Force , Égalité , Justice '' ( Strength , Equality , Justice ) , `` Liberté , Sûreté , Propriété '' ( Liberty , Security , Property ) , etc . Alsatian sign , 1792 : Freiheit Gleichheit Brüderlichk . od . Tod ( Liberty Equality Fraternity or Death ) Tod den Tyranen ( Death to Tyrants ) Heil den Völkern ( Long live the Peoples ) In other words , liberté , égalité , fraternité was only one slogan among many others . During the Jacobin revolutionary period itself , various mottos were used , such as liberté , unité , égalité ( liberty , unity , equality ) ; liberté , égalité , justice ( liberty , equality , justice ) ; liberté , raison , égalité ( liberty , reason , equality ) , etc . The only solid association was that of liberté and égalité , fraternité being ignored by the Cahiers de doléances as well as by the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen . It was only alluded to in the 1791 Constitution , as well as in Robespierre 's draft Declaration of 1793 , placed under the invocation of ( in that order ) égalité , liberté , sûreté and propriété ( equality , liberty , safety , property -- though it was used not as a motto , but as articles of declaration ) , as the possibility of a universal extension of the Declaration of Rights : `` Men of all countries are brothers , he who oppresses one nation declares himself the enemy of all . '' Finally , it did not figure in the August 1793 Declaration . The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 defined liberty in Article 4 as follows : Liberty consists of being able to do anything that does not harm others : thus , the exercise of the natural rights of every man or woman has no bounds other than those that guarantee other members of society the enjoyment of these same rights . Equality , on the other hand , was defined by the 1789 Declaration in terms of judicial equality and merit - based entry to government ( art . 6 ) : ( The law ) `` must be the same for all , whether it protects or punishes . All citizens , being equal in its eyes , shall be equally eligible to all high offices , public positions and employments , according to their ability , and without other distinction than that of their virtues and talents . '' Liberté , égalité , fraternité actually finds its origins in a May 1791 proposition by the Club des Cordeliers , following a speech on the Army by the marquis de Guichardin . A British marine held prisoner on the French ship Le Marat in 1794 wrote home in letters published in 1796 : The republican spirit is inculcated not in songs only , for in every part of the ship I find emblems purposely displayed to awaken it . All the orders relating to the discipline of the crew are hung up , and prefaced by the words Liberté , Égalité , Fraternité , ou la Mort , written in capital letters . The compatibility of liberté and égalité was not doubted in the first days of the Revolution , and the problem of the antecedence of one term on the other not lifted . Thus , the Abbé Sieyès considered that only liberty ensured equality , unless the latter was to be the equality of all dominated by a despot ; while liberty followed equality ensured by the rule of law . The abstract generality of law ( theorized by Jean - Jacques Rousseau in The Social Contract ) thus ensured the identification of liberty to equality , liberty being negatively defined as an independence from arbitrary rule , and equality considered abstractly in its judicial form . This identification of liberty and equality became problematic during the Jacobin period , when equality was redefined ( for instance by François - Noël Babeuf ) as equality of results , and not only judicial equality of rights . Thus , Marc Antoine Baudot considered that French temperament inclined rather to equality than liberty , a theme which would be re-used by Pierre Louis Roederer and Alexis de Tocqueville , while Jacques Necker considered that an equal society could only be found on coercion . The third term , fraternité , was the most problematic to insert in the triad , as it belonged to another sphere , that of moral obligations rather than rights , links rather than statutes , harmony rather than contract , and community rather than individuality . Various interpretations of fraternité existed . The first one , according to Mona Ozouf , was one of `` fraternité de rébellion '' ( Fraternity of Rebellion ) , that is the union of the deputies in the Jeu de Paume Oath of June 1789 , refusing the dissolution ordered by the King Louis XVI : `` We swear never to separate ourselves from the National Assembly , and to reassemble wherever circumstances require , until the constitution of the realm is drawn up and fixed upon solid foundations . '' Fraternity was thus issued from Liberty and oriented by a common cause . Another form of fraternité was that of the patriotic Church , which identified social link with religious link and based fraternity on Christian brotherhood . In this second sense , fraternité preceded both liberté and égalité , instead of following them as in the first sense . Thus , two senses of Fraternity : `` one , that followed liberty and equality , was the object of a free pact ; the other preceded liberty and equality as the mark on its work of the divine craftsman . '' Another hesitation concerning the compatibility of the three terms arose from the opposition between liberty and equality as individualistic values , and fraternity as the realization of a happy community , devoided of any conflicts and opposed to any form of egotism . This fusional interpretation of Fraternity opposed it to the project of individual autonomy and manifested the precedence of Fraternity on individual will . In this sense , it was sometimes associated with death , as in Fraternité , ou la Mort ! ( Fraternity or Death ! ) , excluding liberty and even equality , by establishing a strong dichotomy between those who were brothers and those who were not ( in the sense of `` you are with me or against me '' , brother or foe ) . Louis de Saint - Just thus stigmatized Anarchasis Cloots ' cosmopolitanism , declaring `` Cloots liked the universe , except France . '' With Thermidor and the execution of Robespierre , fraternité disappeared from the slogan , reduced to the two terms of liberty and equality , re-defined again as simple judicial equality and not as the equality upheld by the sentiment of fraternity . The First Consul ( Napoleon Bonaparte ) then established the motto liberté , ordre public ( liberty , public order ) . 19th century ( edit ) Following Napoleon 's rule , the triptych dissolved itself , as none believed possible to conciliate individual liberty and equality of rights with equality of results and fraternity . The idea of individual sovereignty and of natural rights possessed by man before being united in the collectivity contradicted the possibility of establishing a transparent and fraternal community . Liberals accepted liberty and equality , defining the latter as equality of rights and ignoring fraternity . Early Socialists rejected an independent conception of liberty , opposed to the social , and also despised equality , as they considered , as Fourier , that one had only to orchestrate individual discordances , to harmonize them , or they believed , as Saint - Simon , that equality contradicted equity by a brutal levelling of individualities . Utopian Socialism thus only cared about Fraternity , which was , in Cabet 's Icarie the sole commandment . This opposition between liberals and socialists was mirrored in rival historical interpretations of the Revolution , liberals admiring 1789 , and Socialists 1793 . The July Revolution of 1830 , establishing a constitutional monarchy headed by Louis - Philippe , substituted ordre et liberté ( order and liberty ) to the Napoleonic motto Liberté , Ordre public . Despite this apparent disappearance of the triptych , the latter was still being thought in some underground circles , in Republican secret societies , masonic lodges such as the `` Indivisible Trinity , '' far - left booklets or during the Canuts Revolt in Lyon . In 1834 , the lawyer of the Society of the Rights of Man ( Société des droits de l'homme ) , Dupont , a liberal sitting in the far - left during the July Monarchy , associated the three terms together in the Revue Républicaine which he edited : Any man aspires to liberty , to equality , but he can not achieve it without the assistance of other men , without fraternity The triptych resurfaced during the 1847 Campagne des Banquets , upheld for example in Lille by Ledru - Rollin . Two interpretations had attempted to conciliate the three terms , beyond the antagonism between liberals and socialists . One was upheld by Catholic traditionalists , such as Chateaubriand or Ballanche , the other by socialist and republicans such as Pierre Leroux . Chateaubriand thus gave a Christian interpretation of the revolutionary motto , stating in the 1841 conclusion to his Mémoires d'outre - tombe : Far from being at its term , the religion of the Liberator is now only just entering its third phase , the political period , liberty , equality , fraternity Neither Chateaubriand nor Ballanche considered the three terms to be antagonistic . Rather , they took them for being the achievement of Christianity . On the other hand , Pierre Leroux did not disguise the difficulties of associating the three terms , but superated it by considering liberty as the aim , equality as the principle and fraternity as the means . Leroux thus ordered the motto as Liberty , Fraternity , Equality , an order also supported by Christian socialists , such as Buchez . Against this new order of the triptych , Michelet supported the traditional order , maintaining the primordial importance of an original individualistic right . Michelet attempted to conciliate a rational communication with a fraternal communication , `` right beyond right '' , and thus the rival traditions of Socialism and Liberalism . The Republican tradition would strongly inspire itself from Michelet 's synchretism . 1848 Revolution ( edit ) Liberté , égalité , fraternité on French coins 5 - franc piece , 1849 20 - franc piece , 1851 With the 1848 February Revolution , the motto was officially adopted , mainly under the pressure of the people who had attempted to impose the red flag over the tricolor flag ( the 1791 red flag was , however , the symbol of martial law and of order , not of insurrection ) . Lamartine opposed popular aspirations , and in exchange of the maintaining of the tricolor flag , conceded the Republican motto of Liberté , Égalité , Fraternité , written on the flag , on which a red rosette was also to be added . Fraternity was then considered to resume and to contain both Liberty and Equality , being a form of civil religion ( which , far from opposing itself to Christianity , was associated with it in 1848 ) establishing social link ( as called for by Rousseau in the conclusion of the Social Contract ) . However , Fraternity was not devoid of its previous sense of opposition between brothers and foes , images of blood haunting revolutionary Christian publications , taking in Lamennais ' themes . Thus , the newspaper Le Christ républicain ( The Republican Christ ) developed the idea of the Christ bringing forth peace to the poor and war to the rich . As soon as 6 January 1852 , the future Napoleon III , first President of the Republic , ordered all prefects to erase the triptych from all official documents and buildings , conflated with insurrection and disorder . Auguste Comte applauded Napoleon , claiming equality to be the `` symbol of metaphysical anarchism '' , and preferring to it his diptych `` ordre et progrès '' ( `` order and progress '' , which would then become the motto of Brazil , Ordem e Progresso ) . On the other hand , Proudhon criticized fraternity as an empty word , which he associated with idealistic dreams of Romanticism . He preferred to it the sole term of liberty . Paris Commune and Third Republic ( edit ) Pache , mayor of the Paris Commune , painted the formula `` Liberté , Égalité , Fraternité , ou la mort '' on the walls of the commune . It was only under the Third Republic that the motto was made official . It was then not dissociated with insurrection and revolutionary ardours , Opportunist Republicans such as Jules Ferry or Gambetta adapting it to the new political conditions . Larousse 's Dictionnaire universel deprived fraternity of its `` evangelistic halo '' ( Mona Ozouf ) , conflating it with solidarity and the welfare role of the state . Some still opposed the Republican motto , such as the nationalist Charles Maurras in his Dictionnaire politique et critique , who claimed liberty to be an empty dream , equality an insanity , and only kept fraternity . Charles Péguy , renewing with Lamennais ' thought , kept fraternity and liberty , excluding equality , seen as an abstract repartition between individuals reduced to homogeneity , opposing `` fraternity '' as a sentiment put in motion by `` misery '' , while equality only interested itself , according to him , to the mathematical solution of the problem of `` poverty . '' Péguy identified Christian charity and socialist solidarity in this conception of fraternity . On the other hand , Georges Vacher de Lapouge , the most important French author of pseudo-scientific racism and supporter of eugenism , completely rejected the Republican triptych , adopting another motto , `` déterminisme , inégalité , sélection '' ( determinism , inequality , selection ) . But , according to Ozouf , the sole use of a triptych was the sign of the influence of the Republican motto , despite it being corrupted in its opposite . 20th century ( edit ) During the German occupation of France in World War II , this motto was replaced by the reactionary phrase `` travail , famille , patrie '' ( work , family , fatherland ) by Marshal Pétain , who became the leader of the new Vichy French government in 1940 . Pétain had taken this motto from the colonel de la Rocque 's Parti social français ( PSF ) , although the latter considered it more appropriate for a movement than for a regime . Following the Liberation , the Provisional Government of the French Republic ( GPRF ) re-established the Republican motto Liberté , égalité , fraternité , which is incorporated into both the 1946 and the 1958 French constitutions . Other nations ( edit ) Many other nations have adopted the French slogan of `` liberty , equality , and fraternity '' as an ideal . These words appear in the preamble to the Constitution of India , enforced in 1950 . Since its founding , `` Liberty , Equality and Brotherhood '' has been the lemma of the Social Democratic Party of Denmark . In the United Kingdom the political party the Liberal Democrats refer to `` the fundamental values of liberty , equality and community '' in the preamble of the party 's Federal Constitution , and this is printed on party membership cards . The Philippine national flag has a rectangular design that consists of a white equilateral triangle , symbolizing liberty , equality , and fraternity ; a horizontal blue stripe for peace , truth , and justice ; and a horizontal red stripe for patriotism and valor . In the center of the white triangle is an eight - rayed golden sun symbolizing unity , freedom , people 's democracy , and sovereignty . The idea of the slogan `` Liberty , Equality , Fraternity '' has also given an influence as natural law to the First Article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights : All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights . They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood . Culture ( edit ) Tympanum of a state - owned church At one point the motto was used to mark churches which were controlled by the state , rather than the Catholic Church . Some former colonies of the French Republic ( such as Haiti , Chad , Niger , and Gabon ) have adopted similar three - word mottos . The terms are also referred to in the film trilogy Three Colors by Krzysztof Kieślowski . See also ( edit ) Give me liberty or give me death Life , liberty , and property Brotherhood and unity Travail , Famille , Patrie - the national motto of Vichy France Salazar 's Estado Novo 's motto Deus , Pátria e Familia ( meaning `` God , Fatherland , and Family '' ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ French : `` Les hommes de tous les pays sont frères , celui qui opprime une seule nation se déclare l'ennemi de toutes . '' Jump up ^ French : `` Tout homme aspire à la liberté , à l'égalité , mais on ne peut y atteindre sans le secours des autres hommes , sans la fraternité . '' Jump up ^ French : `` Loin d'être à son terme , la religion du Libérateur entre à peine dans sa troisième période , la période politique , liberté , égalité , fraternité . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Liberty , Égalité , Fraternité '' . Embassy of France in the US . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Ozouf , Mona ( 1997 ) , `` Liberté , égalité , fraternité stands for peace country and war '' , in Nora , Pierre , Lieux de Mémoire ( Places of memory ) ( in French ) , tome III , Quarto Gallimard , pp. 4353 -- 89 ( abridged translation , Realms of Memory , Columbia University Press , 1996 -- 98 ) . Jump up ^ Robespierre , Maximilien ( 1950 ) . OEUVRES DE MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE . Tome VI . PRESSES UNIVERSITAIRES DE FRANCE . p. 643 . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ From Robespierre 's speech to the National Assembly on 5 December 1790 . Cited in Triomphe et mort du droit naturel en Révolution , 1789 - 1795 - 1802 , Florence Gauthier , éd . PUF / pratiques théoriques , 1992 , p. 129 Jump up ^ Latham , Edward ( 1906 ) . Famous Sayings and Their Authors . London : Swan Sonnenschein . p. 147 . OCLC 4697187 . Jump up ^ de Barante , Amable Guillaume P. Brugière ( 1851 ) . Histoire de la Convention nationale ( History of the National convention ) ( in French ) . Langlois & Leclercq . p. 322 . Retrieved 31 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Thacher , John Boyd ( 1905 ) . Outlines of the French revolution told in autographs . Weed - Parsons Printing Co. p. 8 . Retrieved 31 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Ellis ; Esler , `` The Modern Era '' , World History ( textbook ) . Jump up ^ Tench , Watkin ( 1796 ) , Letters Written in France : To a Friend in London , Between the Month of November 1794 , and the Month of May 1795 , London : J Johnson , p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` The symbols of the Republic and Bastille Day '' . French Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Le Christ républicain n ° 7 , quoted by Mona Ozouf : `` Nous , pauvres prolétaires , nous sommes rouges , parce que le Christ a versé son sang pour nous racheter , son sang par lequel nous voulons nous régénérer . Nous sommes rouges , parce que l'ange exterminateur a marqué le haut de nos portes avec le sang de l'agneau , pour distinguer , au jour de la vengeance , les élus d'avec les réprouvés . Jump up ^ `` Bandeiras e significados '' ( Flags & meanings ) , História net ( in Portuguese ) , retrieved 2010 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Vichy Government '' . World History . DE : KMLA . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Constitution '' . UK : Liberal Democrats . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Article 1 '' , The Universal Declaration of Human Rights . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liberté , égalité , fraternité . Slogan of the French Republic -- Official French website ( in English ) La fraternité comme unité et cohésion de la société ) French Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Journals Museum Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) Fête de la Fédération ( 14 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary ( Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 13 Vendémiaire 5 Oct 1795 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov 1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Expédition de Sardaigne ( 21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799 ) Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Liberté , _égalité , _fraternité&oldid = 864839964 '' Categories : French words and phrases National symbols of France National symbols of Haiti National mottos Political catchphrases Liberty symbols Human rights concepts Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles containing French - language text Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2014 Interlanguage link template link number Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 20 : 32 ( UTC ) . 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inspiration of liberty equality and fraternity was derived from
[ "Liberté, égalité, fraternité (pronounced [libɛʁte eɡalite fʁatɛʁnite]), French for \"liberty, equality, fraternity\",[1] is the national motto of France and the Republic of Haiti, and is an example of a tripartite motto. Although it finds its origins in the French Revolution, it was then only one motto among others and was not institutionalized until the Third Republic at the end of the 19th century.[2] Debates concerning the compatibility and order of the three terms began at the same time as the Revolution. It is also the motto of the Grand Orient de France and the Grande Loge de France.\n" ]
[ "French Revolution" ]
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Gulf War
Gulf War - wikipedia Gulf War Jump to : navigation , search 1990 -- 1991 war between Iraq and Coalition Forces This article is about the war in 1990 -- 1991 . For other wars of that name , see Gulf War ( disambiguation ) . `` Desert Storm '' and `` Operation Desert Storm '' redirect here . For other uses , see Desert Storm ( disambiguation ) . Gulf War Clockwise from top : USAF F - 15Es , F - 16s , and a F - 15C flying over burning Kuwaiti oil wells ; British troops from the Staffordshire Regiment in Operation Granby ; camera view from a Lockheed AC - 130 ; Highway of Death ; M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle . Date Invasion of Kuwait 2 -- 4 August 1990 Operation Desert Storm 17 January -- 28 February 1991 ( 1 month , 1 week and 4 days ) Location Iraq , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia , Israel , and the Persian Gulf Result Coalition victory Iraqi forces expelled from Kuwait Kuwaiti monarchy restored Destruction of Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure Failed Shia / Kurdish uprisings against the Iraqi government Saddam Hussein regime of the Iraqi Baathist government retains power in Iraq UN sanctions against Iraq United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 establishes cease - fire terms , beginning of the Iraq disarmament controversies Iraqi no - fly zones established Territorial changes Republic of Kuwait and the Kuwait Governorate of the De facto 19th governorate of Iraq returned to the State of Kuwait Iraqi Kurdistan obtains autonomy , establishment of the northern Iraq no fly zone by the US Belligerents Kuwait United States United Kingdom France Saudi Arabia Coalition forces ( show ) Egypt Syria Morocco Oman Pakistan Canada United Arab Emirates Qatar Bangladesh Italy Australia Netherlands Niger Philippines Sweden Argentina Senegal Spain Bahrain Belgium Poland South Korea Singapore Norway Czechoslovakia Greece Denmark New Zealand Hungary Iraq Supported by : Yemen PLO Commanders and leaders Sheikh Jaber Al Ahmad Sheikh Saad Al Abdullah George Bush Dick Cheney Colin Powell Norman Schwarzkopf John J. Yeosock Walter E. Boomer Charles Horner Stanley Arthur J. William Kime King Fahd Saleh Al - Muhaya Khalid bin Sultan Margaret Thatcher John Major Peter de la Billière Brian Mulroney Hussain Muhammad Ershad Shahabuddin Ahmed François Mitterrand Michel Roquejeoffre Saddam Hussein Tariq Aziz Ali Hassan al - Majid Izzat Ibrahim al - Douri Salah Aboud Mahmoud Hussein Kamel al - Majid Abid Hamid Mahmud Strength 956,600 , including 700,000 US troops 650,000 soldiers Casualties and losses Coalition : 292 killed ( 147 killed by enemy action , 145 non-hostile deaths ) 467 wounded in action 776 wounded 31 tanks destroyed / disabled 28 Bradley IFVs destroyed / damaged 1 M113 APC destroyed 2 British Warrior APCs destroyed 1 Artillery Piece destroyed 75 Aircraft destroyed Kuwait : 4,200 killed 12,000 captured ≈ 200 tanks destroyed / captured 850 + other armored vehicles destroyed / captured 57 aircraft lost At least 8 aircraft captured ( Mirage F1s ) 17 ships sunk , 6 captured Iraqi : 25,000 -- 50,000 killed 75,000 + wounded 80,000 captured 3,300 tanks destroyed 2,100 APCs destroyed 2,200 Artillery Pieces destroyed 110 Aircraft destroyed 137 Aircraft escaped to Iran 19 naval ships sunk , 6 damaged Kuwaiti civilian losses : Over 1,000 killed 600 missing people Iraqi civilian losses : About 3,664 killed Other civilian losses : 300 civilians killed , more injured Persian Gulf Wars Iranian Revolution ( 1978 -- 79 ) Iran -- Iraq War ( 1980 -- 88 ) Invasion of Kuwait ( 1990 ) Gulf War ( 1990 -- 91 ) Iraqi Kurdish / Shi'a uprisings ( 1991 ) Iraq no - fly zones conflict ( 1991 -- 2003 ) Iraq missile strikes ( 1993 ) Iraq missile strikes ( 1996 ) Iraq bombing ( 1998 ) 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq Iraq conflict ( 2003 -- present ) Iraq War ( 2003 -- 11 ) Iraqi insurgency ( 2011 -- 13 ) Iraqi Civil War ( 2014 -- present ) Gulf War Invasion of Kuwait Kuwaiti Bridges Dasman Palace Failaka British Airways Flight 149 Coalition intervention Khafji Wadi Al - Batin Naval operations Ad - Dawrah Qurah Maradim Bubiyan Air campaign Air to Air combat `` Package Q '' Air Strike Ras Tanura Samurra Amiriyah Liberation of Kuwait Order of battle 67 Easting 73 Easting Al Busayyah Phase Line Bullet Medina Ridge Highway of Death Jalibah Norfolk Kuwait International Airport Post-ceasefire Rumaila Safwan Part of a series on Ba'athism Organisations ( show ) Arab Ba'ath 1940 -- 1947 Arab Ba'ath Movement 1940 -- 1947 Ba'ath Party 1947 -- 1966 Ba'ath Party ( pro-Iraqi ) 1968 -- 2003 Ba'ath Party ( pro-Syrian ) 1966 -- present People ( show ) Zaki al - Arsuzi Michel Aflaq Salah al - Din al - Bitar Abdullah Rimawi Wahib al - Ghanim Fuad al - Rikabi Salah Jadid Hafez al - Assad Ahmed Hassan al - Bakr Saddam Hussein Bashar al - Assad Izzat Ibrahim al - Douri Literature ( show ) On the Way of Resurrection The Battle for One Destiny The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue History ( show ) Ba'athist Iraq Ramadan Revolution November 1963 coup d'état 17 July Revolution Iran -- Iraq War Gulf War UN sanctions Iraq War De-Ba'athification Ba'athist Syria Syrian Committee to Help Iraq 1963 / 1966 coup d'états Corrective Revolution Civil War Regional organisations ( show ) Algeria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Bahrain pro-Iraq pro-Syria Egypt pro-Iraq pro-Syria Iraq pro-Iraq pro-Syria Jordan pro-Iraq pro-Syria Kuwait pro-Iraq Lebanon pro-Iraq pro-Syria Libya pro-Iraq Mauritania pro-Iraq pro-Syria Palestine pro-Iraq pro-Syria Sudan pro-Iraq pro-Syria Syria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Tunisia pro-Iraq pro-Syria Yemen pro-Iraq pro-Syria Splinter groups ( show ) Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party 1960 -- 1962 / 63 Socialist Lebanon 1965 -- 1970 Arab Revolutionary Workers Party 1966 -- present Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party 1970 -- present Sudanese Ba'ath Party 2002 -- present Related topics ( show ) Arab nationalism Arab socialism Nasserism Pan-Arabism Chavism Politics portal Socialism portal This article is part of a series about George H.W. Bush Family Bibliography Electoral history 1966 U.S. House election Vice President of the United States 1980 presidential campaign 1980 Reagan - Bush Campaign Reagan assassination attempt Deregulation 1984 Reagan - Bush Campaign Bush - Ferraro debate President of the United States Presidency Timeline 1988 election Convention `` No new taxes '' Inauguration Thousand points of light Foundation Gulf War Invasion of Panama Operation Restore Hope NAFTA Environmental policy Foreign policy International presidential trips Judicial appointments Pardons 1992 election Convention Legacy Presidential Library Medal of Freedom Bush School of Government Reagan Award USS George H.W. Bush ( CVN - 77 ) The Gulf War ( 2 August 1990 -- 28 February 1991 ) , codenamed Operation Desert Shield ( 2 August 1990 -- 17 January 1991 ) for operations leading to the buildup of troops and defense of Saudi Arabia and Operation Desert Storm ( 17 January 1991 -- 28 February 1991 ) in its combat phase , was a war waged by coalition forces from 35 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq 's invasion and annexation of Kuwait . The war is also known under other names , such as the Persian Gulf War , First Gulf War , Gulf War I , Kuwait War , First Iraq War or Iraq War , before the term `` Iraq War '' became identified instead with the 2003 Iraq War ( also referred to in the US as `` Operation Iraqi Freedom '' ) . The Iraqi Army 's occupation of Kuwait that began 2 August 1990 was met with international condemnation and brought immediate economic sanctions against Iraq by members of the UN Security Council . Together with the UK 's prime minister Margaret Thatcher ( who had fiercely resisted the invasion by Argentina of the Falkland Islands a decade earlier ) , George Bush deployed US forces into Saudi Arabia , and urged other countries to send their own forces to the scene . An array of nations joined the coalition , forming the largest military alliance since World War II . The great majority of the coalition 's military forces were from the US , with Saudi Arabia , the United Kingdom and Egypt as leading contributors , in that order . Kuwait and Saudi Arabia paid around US $32 billion of the US $60 billion cost . The war was marked by the introduction of live news broadcasts from the front lines of the battle , principally by the US network CNN . The war has also earned the nickname Video Game War after the daily broadcast of images from cameras on board US bombers during Operation Desert Storm . The initial conflict to expel Iraqi troops from Kuwait began with an aerial and naval bombardment on 17 January 1991 , continuing for five weeks . This was followed by a ground assault on 24 February . This was a decisive victory for the coalition forces , who liberated Kuwait and advanced into Iraqi territory . The coalition ceased its advance and declared a ceasefire 100 hours after the ground campaign started . Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq , Kuwait , and areas on Saudi Arabia 's border . Iraq launched Scud missiles against coalition military targets in Saudi Arabia and against Israel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 1.1 Operational names 1.2 Campaign names 2 Background 3 Invasion of Kuwait 3.1 Kuwaiti resistance movement 4 Run - up to the war 4.1 Diplomatic means 4.2 Military means 4.2. 1 Creating a coalition 4.2. 2 Justification for intervention 5 Early battles 5.1 Air campaign 5.2 Iraqi Scud missile strikes on Israel and Saudi Arabia 5.3 Iraqi invasion of Saudi Arabia ( Battle of Khafji ) 6 Counter reconnaissance 7 Breach 8 Ground campaign 8.1 Kuwait 's liberation 8.2 Initial moves into Iraq 8.3 Coalition forces enter Iraq 9 The end of active hostilities 10 Coalition involvement 10.1 Australia 10.2 Argentina 10.3 Canada 10.4 France 10.5 United Kingdom 11 Casualties 11.1 Civilian 11.2 Iraqi 11.3 Coalition 11.3. 1 Friendly fire 12 Controversies 12.1 Gulf War Illness 12.2 Effects of depleted uranium 12.3 Highway of Death 12.4 Bulldozer assault 12.5 Palestinian exodus from Kuwait 12.6 Coalition bombing of Iraq 's civilian infrastructure 12.7 Abuse of Coalition POWs 12.8 Operation Southern Watch 12.9 Sanctions 12.10 Draining of the Qurna Marshes 12.11 Oil spill 12.12 Kuwaiti oil fires 13 Cost 13.1 Effect on developing countries 14 Media coverage 15 Technology 15.1 Scud and Patriot missiles 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 Bibliography 19.1 Films 19.2 Novels 20 External links Terminology The following names have been used to describe the conflict itself : Gulf War and Persian Gulf War have been the most common terms for the conflict used within western countries . A problem with these terms is that the usage is ambiguous , having now been applied to at least three conflicts : see Gulf War ( disambiguation ) . The use of the term Persian Gulf ( as opposed to Arabian Gulf ) is also disputed : see Persian Gulf naming dispute . With no consensus of naming , various publications have attempted to refine the name . Some variants include : Gulf War ( e.g. The Gulf War , BBC television series , 2005 ; Modern Conflicts : The Gulf War , Discovery Channel DVD set , 2010 ) Persian Gulf War ( e.g. Encyclopedia of the Persian Gulf War , Mark Grossman , 1995 ; An Operational Analysis of the Persian Gulf War , US Army War College , 2016 ) Gulf War ( 1990 -- 1991 ) ( e.g. The Gulf War 1991 ( Essential Histories ) , Alastair Finlan , 2003 ; Gulf War , 1990 -- 91 , William Thomas Allison , 2012 ) First Gulf War ( to distinguish it from the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the subsequent Iraq War ) ( e.g. Gulf War One : Real Voices from the Front Line , Hugh McManners , 2010 ) Second Gulf War ( to distinguish it from the Iran -- Iraq War ) ( e.g. Iraq and the Second Gulf War : State Building and Regime Security , Mohammad - Mahmoud Mohamedou , 1997 ) Liberation of Kuwait ( Arabic : تحرير الكويت ‎ ) ( taḥrīr al - kuwayt ) is the term used by Kuwait and most of the coalition 's Arab states , including Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , Egypt , and the United Arab Emirates . Other language terms include French : la Guerre du Golfe and German : Golfkrieg ( Gulf War ) ; German : Zweiter Golfkrieg ( Second Gulf War ) ; French : Guerre du Koweït ( War of Kuwait ) The mother of all battles ( Arabic : أم المعارك ‎ ) ( umm al - ma'ārik ) is a term derived from Saddam Hussein ( e.g. The Mother of All Battles : Saddam Hussein 's Strategic Plan for the Persian Gulf War , Kevin M. Woods , 2008 ) . Operational names Most of the coalition states used various names for their operations and the war 's operational phases . These are sometimes incorrectly used as the conflict 's overall name , especially the US Desert Storm : Operation Desert Shield was the US operational name for the US buildup of forces and Saudi Arabia 's defense from 2 August 1990 , to 16 January 1991 . Operation Desert Storm was the US name of the airland conflict from 17 January 1991 , through 11 April 1991 . Operation Desert Sabre ( early name Operation Desert Sword ) was the US name for the airland offensive against the Iraqi Army in the Kuwaiti Theater of Operations ( the `` 100 - hour war '' ) from 24 -- 28 February 1991 , in itself , part of Operation Desert Storm . Operation Desert Farewell was the name given to the return of US units and equipment to the US in 1991 after Kuwait 's liberation , sometimes referred to as Operation Desert Calm . Operation Granby was the British name for British military activities during the operations and conflict . Opération Daguet was the French name for French military activities in the conflict . Operation Friction was the name of the Canadian operations Operazione Locusta ( Italian for Locust ) was the Italian name for the operations and conflict . Campaign names The US divided the conflict into three major campaigns : Defense of Saudi Arabian country for the period 2 August 1990 , through 16 January 1991 . Liberation and Defense of Kuwait for the period 17 January 1991 , through 11 April 1991 . Southwest Asia Cease - Fire for the period 12 April 1991 , through 30 November 1995 , including Operation Provide Comfort . Background See also : Iraq -- United States relations Throughout the Cold War , Iraq had been an ally of the Soviet Union , and there was a history of friction between it and the United States . The US was concerned with Iraq 's position on Israeli -- Palestinian politics . The US also disliked Iraqi support for many Arab and Palestinian militant groups such as Abu Nidal , which led to Iraq 's inclusion on the developing US list of State Sponsors of Terrorism on 29 December 1979 . The US remained officially neutral after Iraq 's invasion of Iran in 1980 , which became the Iran -- Iraq War , although it provided resources , political support , and some `` non-military '' aircraft to Iraq . In March 1982 , Iran began a successful counteroffensive ( Operation Undeniable Victory ) , and the US increased its support for Iraq to prevent Iran from forcing a surrender . In a US bid to open full diplomatic relations with Iraq , the country was removed from the US list of State Sponsors of Terrorism . Ostensibly , this was because of improvement in the regime 's record , although former US Assistant Defense Secretary Noel Koch later stated : `` No one had any doubts about ( the Iraqis ' ) continued involvement in terrorism ... The real reason was to help them succeed in the war against Iran . '' With Iraq 's newfound success in the war , and the Iranian rebuff of a peace offer in July , arms sales to Iraq reached a record spike in 1982 . When Iraqi President Saddam Hussein expelled Abu Nidal to Syria at the US 's request in November 1983 , the Reagan administration sent Donald Rumsfeld to meet Saddam as a special envoy and to cultivate ties . By the time the ceasefire with Iran was signed in August 1988 , Iraq was heavily debt - ridden and tensions within society were rising . Most of its debt was owed to Saudi Arabia and Kuwait . Iraq pressured both nations to forgive the debts , but they refused . Map of Kuwait The Iraq -- Kuwait dispute also involved Iraqi claims to Kuwait as Iraqi territory . Kuwait had been a part of the Ottoman Empire 's province of Basra , something that Iraq claimed made it rightful Iraqi territory . Its ruling dynasty , the al - Sabah family , had concluded a protectorate agreement in 1899 that assigned responsibility for its foreign affairs to the United Kingdom . The UK drew the border between the two countries in 1922 , making Iraq virtually landlocked . Kuwait rejected Iraqi attempts to secure further provisions in the region . Iraq also accused Kuwait of exceeding its OPEC quotas for oil production . In order for the cartel to maintain its desired price of $18 a barrel , discipline was required . The United Arab Emirates and Kuwait were consistently overproducing ; the latter at least in part to repair losses caused by Iranian attacks in the Iran -- Iraq War and to pay for the losses of an economic scandal . The result was a slump in the oil price -- as low as $10 a barrel -- with a resulting loss of $7 billion a year to Iraq , equal to its 1989 balance of payments deficit . Resulting revenues struggled to support the government 's basic costs , let alone repair Iraq 's damaged infrastructure . Jordan and Iraq both looked for more discipline , with little success . The Iraqi government described it as a form of economic warfare , which it claimed was aggravated by Kuwait slant - drilling across the border into Iraq 's Rumaila oil field . At the same time , Saddam looked for closer ties with those Arab states that had supported Iraq in the war . This was supported by the US , who believed that Iraqi ties with pro-Western Gulf states would help bring and maintain Iraq inside the US ' sphere of influence . In 1989 , it appeared that Saudi -- Iraqi relations , strong during the war , would be maintained . A pact of non-interference and non-aggression was signed between the countries , followed by a Kuwaiti - Iraqi deal for Iraq to supply Kuwait with water for drinking and irrigation , although a request for Kuwait to lease Iraq Umm Qasr was rejected . Saudi - backed development projects were hampered by Iraq 's large debts , even with the demobilization of 200,000 soldiers . Iraq also looked to increase arms production so as to become an exporter , although the success of these projects was also restrained by Iraq 's obligations ; in Iraq , resentment to OPEC 's controls mounted . Donald Rumsfeld as US special envoy to the Middle East , meets Saddam Hussein on 19 -- 20 December 1983 . Iraq 's relations with its Arab neighbors -- in particular Egypt -- were degraded by mounting violence in Iraq against expatriate groups , well - employed during the war , by Iraqi unemployed , among them demobilized soldiers . These events drew little notice outside the Arab world because of fast - moving events directly related to the fall of Communism in Eastern Europe . However , the US did begin to condemn Iraq 's human rights record , including the well - known use of torture . The UK also condemned the execution of Farzad Bazoft , a journalist working for the British newspaper The Observer . Following Saddam 's declaration that `` binary chemical weapons '' would be used on Israel if it used military force against Iraq , Washington halted part of its funding . A UN mission to the Israeli - occupied territories , where riots had resulted in Palestinian deaths , was vetoed by the US , making Iraq deeply skeptical of US foreign policy aims in the region , combined with the US ' reliance on Middle Eastern energy reserves . In early July 1990 , Iraq complained about Kuwait 's behavior , such as not respecting their quota , and openly threatened to take military action . On the 23rd , the CIA reported that Iraq had moved 30,000 troops to the Iraq - Kuwait border , and the US naval fleet in the Persian Gulf was placed on alert . Saddam believed an anti-Iraq conspiracy was developing -- Kuwait had begun talks with Iran , and Iraq 's rival Syria had arranged a visit to Egypt . Upon review by the Secretary of Defense , it was found that Syria indeed planned a strike against Iraq in the coming days . Saddam immediately used funding to incorporate central intelligence into Syria and ultimately prevented the impending air strike . On 15 July 1990 , Saddam 's government laid out its combined objections to the Arab League , including that policy moves were costing Iraq $1 billion a year , that Kuwait was still using the Rumaila oil field , that loans made by the UAE and Kuwait could not be considered debts to its `` Arab brothers '' . He threatened force against Kuwait and the UAE , saying : `` The policies of some Arab rulers are American ... They are inspired by America to undermine Arab interests and security . '' The US sent aerial refuelling planes and combat ships to the Persian Gulf in response to these threats . Discussions in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia , mediated on the Arab League 's behalf by Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak , were held on 31 July and led Mubarak to believe that a peaceful course could be established . On the 25th , Saddam met with April Glaspie , the US Ambassador to Iraq , in Baghdad . The Iraqi leader attacked American policy with regards to Kuwait and the UAE : So what can it mean when America says it will now protect its friends ? It can only mean prejudice against Iraq . This stance plus maneuvers and statements which have been made has encouraged the UAE and Kuwait to disregard Iraqi rights ... If you use pressure , we will deploy pressure and force . We know that you can harm us although we do not threaten you . But we too can harm you . Everyone can cause harm according to their ability and their size . We can not come all the way to you in the United States , but individual Arabs may reach you ... We do not place America among the enemies . We place it where we want our friends to be and we try to be friends . But repeated American statements last year made it apparent that America did not regard us as friends . Glaspie replied : I know you need funds . We understand that and our opinion is that you should have the opportunity to rebuild your country . But we have no opinion on the Arab - Arab conflicts , like your border disagreement with Kuwait ... Frankly , we can only see that you have deployed massive troops in the south . Normally that would not be any of our business . But when this happens in the context of what you said on your national day , then when we read the details in the two letters of the Foreign Minister , then when we see the Iraqi point of view that the measures taken by the UAE and Kuwait is , in the final analysis , parallel to military aggression against Iraq , then it would be reasonable for me to be concerned . Saddam stated that he would attempt last - ditch negotiations with the Kuwaitis but Iraq `` would not accept death . '' According to Glaspie 's own account , she stated in reference to the precise border between Kuwait and Iraq , `` ... that she had served in Kuwait 20 years before ; ' then , as now , we took no position on these Arab affairs ' . '' Glaspie similarly believed that war was not imminent . Invasion of Kuwait Main articles : Invasion of Kuwait and Timeline of Gulf War Kuwaiti Armed Forces M - 84 main battle tanks Kuwait Air Force McDonnell Douglas A-4KU Skyhawk ground - attack aircraft The result of the Jeddah talks was an Iraqi demand for $10 billion to cover the lost revenues from Rumaila ; Kuwait offered $9 billion . The Iraqi response was to immediately order the invasion , which started on 2 August 1990 with the bombing of Kuwait 's capital , Kuwait City . At the time of the invasion , the Kuwaiti military was believed to have numbered 16,000 men , arranged into three armored , one mechanised infantry and one under - strength artillery brigade . The pre-war strength of the Kuwait Air Force was around 2,200 Kuwaiti personnel , with 80 fixed - wing aircraft and 40 helicopters . In spite of Iraqi saber rattling , Kuwait did not mobilize its force ; the army had been stood down on 19 July , and at the time of the Iraqi invasion many Kuwaiti military personnel were on leave . By 1988 , at the Iran -- Iraq war 's end , the Iraqi Army was the world 's fourth largest army ; it consisted of 955,000 standing soldiers and 650,000 paramilitary forces in the Popular Army . According to John Childs and André Corvisier , a low estimate shows the Iraqi Army capable of fielding 4,500 tanks , 484 combat aircraft and 232 combat helicopters . According to Michael Knights , a high estimate shows the Iraqi Army capable of fielding one million men and 850,000 reservists , 5,500 tanks , 3,000 artillery pieces , 700 combat aircraft and helicopters ; and held 53 divisions , 20 special - forces brigades , and several regional militias , and had a strong air defense . Iraqi Army T - 72 M main battle tanks . The T - 72M tank was a common Iraqi battle tank used in the Gulf War . An Iraqi Air Force Bell 214ST transport helicopter , after being captured by a US Marine Corps unit at the start of the ground phase of Operation Desert Storm Iraqi commandos infiltrated the Kuwaiti border first to prepare for the major units which began the attack at midnight . The Iraqi attack had two prongs , with the primary attack force driving south straight for Kuwait City down the main highway , and a supporting attack force entering Kuwait farther west , but then turning and driving east , cutting off Kuwait City from the country 's southern half . The commander of a Kuwaiti armored battalion , 35th Armoured Brigade , deployed them against the Iraqi attack and was able to conduct a robust defense at the Battle of the Bridges near Al Jahra , west of Kuwait City . Kuwaiti aircraft scrambled to meet the invading force , but approximately 20 % were lost or captured . A few combat sorties were flown against Iraqi ground forces . The main Iraqi thrust into Kuwait City was conducted by commandos deployed by helicopters and boats to attack the city from the sea , while other divisions seized the airports and two airbases . The Iraqis attacked the Dasman Palace , the Royal Residence of Kuwait 's Emir , Jaber Al - Ahmad Al - Jaber Al - Sabah , which was defended by the Emiri Guard supported with M - 84 tanks . In the process , the Iraqis killed Fahad Al - Ahmed Al - Jaber Al - Sabah , the Emir 's youngest brother . Within 12 hours , most resistance had ended within Kuwait and the royal family had fled , leaving Iraq in control of most of Kuwait . After two days of intense combat , most of the Kuwaiti military were either overrun by the Iraqi Republican Guard , or had escaped to Saudi Arabia . The Emir and key ministers were able to get out and head south along the highway for refuge in Saudi Arabia . Iraqi ground forces consolidated their control of Kuwait City , then headed south and redeployed along the Saudi border . After the decisive Iraqi victory , Saddam initially installed a puppet regime known as the `` Provisional Government of Free Kuwait '' before installing his cousin Ali Hassan al - Majid as Kuwait 's governor on 8 August . After the invasion , the Iraqi military looted over $1,000,000,000 in banknotes from Kuwait 's Central Bank . At the same time , Saddam Hussein made the Kuwaiti dinar equal to the Iraqi dinar , thereby lowering the Kuwaiti currency to one - twelfth of its original value . In response , Sheikh Jaber al - Ahmad al - Sabah ruled the banknotes as invalid and refused to reimburse stolen notes , which became worthless because of a UN embargo . After the conflict ended , many of the stolen banknotes made their way back into circulation . Today , the stolen banknotes are a collectible for numismatists . Kuwaiti resistance movement Kuwaitis founded a local armed resistance movement following the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait . The Kuwaiti resistance 's casualty rate far exceeded that of the coalition military forces and Western hostages . The resistance predominantly consisted of ordinary citizens who lacked any form of training and supervision . Run - up to the War Diplomatic means A key element of US political - military and energy economic planning occurred in early 1984 . The Iran -- Iraq war had been going on for five years by that time and there were significant casualties on both sides , reaching into the hundreds of thousands . Within President Ronald Reagan 's National Security Council concern was growing that the war could spread beyond the boundaries of the two belligerents . A National Security Planning Group meeting was formed , chaired by then Vice President George Bush to review US options . It was determined that there was a high likelihood that the conflict would spread into Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states , but that the United States had little capability to defend the region . Furthermore , it was determined that a prolonged war in the region would induce much higher oil prices and threaten the fragile recovery of the world economy which was just beginning to gain momentum . On 22 May 1984 , President Reagan was briefed on the project conclusions in the Oval Office by William Flynn Martin who had served as the head of the NSC staff that organized the study . The full declassified presentation can be seen here . The conclusions were threefold : first oil stocks needed to be increased among members of the International Energy Agency and , if necessary , released early in the event of oil market disruption ; second the United States needed to beef up the security of friendly Arab states in the region and thirdly an embargo should be placed on sales of military equipment to Iran and Iraq . The plan was approved by the President Reagan and later affirmed by the G - 7 leaders headed by Great Britain 's Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in the London Summit of 1984 . The plan was implemented and became the basis for US preparedness to respond to the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait in 1991 . Within hours of the invasion , Kuwait and US delegations requested a meeting of the UN Security Council , which passed Resolution 660 , condemning the invasion and demanding a withdrawal of Iraqi troops . On 3 August , the Arab League passed its own resolution , which called for a solution to the conflict from within the league , and warned against outside intervention ; Iraq and Libya were the only two Arab League states which opposed a resolution for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait . The PLO opposed it as well . The Arab states of Yemen and Jordan -- a Western ally which bordered Iraq and relied on the country for economic support -- opposed military intervention from non-Arab states . The Arab state of Sudan aligned itself with Saddam . On 6 August , Resolution 661 placed economic sanctions on Iraq . Resolution 665 followed soon after , which authorized a naval blockade to enforce the sanctions . It said the `` use of measures commensurate to the specific circumstances as may be necessary ... to halt all inward and outward maritime shipping in order to inspect and verify their cargoes and destinations and to ensure strict implementation of resolution 661 . '' President Bush visiting American troops in Saudi Arabia on Thanksgiving Day , 1990 The US administration had at first been indecisive with an `` undertone ... of resignation to the invasion and even adaptation to it as a fait accompli '' until the UK 's prime minister Margaret Thatcher played a powerful role , reminding the President that appeasement in the 1930s had led to war , that Saddam would have the whole Gulf at his mercy along with 65 per cent of the world 's oil supply , and famously urging President Bush `` not to go wobbly '' . Once persuaded , US officials insisted on a total Iraqi pullout from Kuwait , without any linkage to other Middle Eastern problems , accepting the British view that any concessions would strengthen Iraqi influence in the region for years to come . On 12 August 1990 , Saddam `` propose ( d ) that all cases of occupation , and those cases that have been portrayed as occupation , in the region , be resolved simultaneously '' . Specifically , he called for Israel to withdraw from occupied territories in Palestine , Syria , and Lebanon , Syria to withdraw from Lebanon , and `` mutual withdrawals by Iraq and Iran and arrangement for the situation in Kuwait . '' He also called for a replacement of US troops that mobilized in Saudi Arabia in response to Kuwait 's invasion with `` an Arab force '' , as long as that force did not involve Egypt . Additionally , he requested an `` immediate freeze of all boycott and siege decisions '' and a general normalization of relations with Iraq . From the beginning of the crisis , President Bush was strongly opposed to any `` linkage '' between Iraq 's occupation of Kuwait and the Palestinian issue . On 23 August , Saddam appeared on state television with Western hostages to whom he had refused exit visas . In the video , he asks a young British boy , Stuart Lockwood , whether he is getting his milk , and goes on to say , through his interpreter , `` We hope your presence as guests here will not be for too long . Your presence here , and in other places , is meant to prevent the scourge of war . '' Another Iraqi proposal communicated in August 1990 was delivered to US National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft by an unidentified Iraqi official . The official communicated to the White House that Iraq would `` withdraw from Kuwait and allow foreigners to leave '' provided that the UN lifted sanctions , allowed `` guaranteed access to the Persian Gulf through the Kuwaiti islands of Bubiyan and Warbah '' , and allowed Iraq to `` gain full control of the Rumaila oil field that extends slightly into Kuwaiti territory '' . The proposal also `` include ( d ) offers to negotiate an oil agreement with the United States ' satisfactory to both nations ' national security interests , ' develop a joint plan ' to alleviate Iraq 's economical and financial problems ' and ' jointly work on the stability of the gulf . ' '' In December 1990 , Iraq made a proposal to withdraw from Kuwait provided that foreign troops left the region and that an agreement was reached regarding the Palestinian problem and the dismantlement of both Israel 's and Iraq 's weapons of mass destruction . The White House rejected the proposal . The PLO 's Yasser Arafat expressed that neither he nor Saddam insisted that solving the Israel -- Palestine issues should be a precondition to solving the issues in Kuwait , though he did acknowledge a `` strong link '' between these problems . Ultimately , the US and UK stuck to their position that there would be no negotiations until Iraq withdrew from Kuwait and that they should not grant Iraq concessions , lest they give the impression that Iraq benefited from its military campaign . Also , when US Secretary of State James Baker met with Tariq Aziz in Geneva , Switzerland , for last minute peace talks in early 1991 , Aziz reportedly made no concrete proposals and did not outline any hypothetical Iraqi moves . On 29 November 1990 , the Security Council passed Resolution 678 which gave Iraq until 15 January 1991 to withdraw from Kuwait and empowered states to use `` all necessary means '' to force Iraq out of Kuwait after the deadline . On 14 January 1991 , France proposed that the UN Security Council call for `` a rapid and massive withdrawal '' from Kuwait along with a statement to Iraq that Council members would bring their `` active contribution '' to a settlement of the region 's other problems , `` in particular , of the Arab -- Israeli conflict and in particular to the Palestinian problem by convening , at an appropriate moment , an international conference '' to assure `` the security , stability and development of this region of the world . '' The French proposal was supported by Belgium ( at the moment one of the rotating Council members ) , Germany , Spain , Italy , Algeria , Morocco , Tunisia , and several non-aligned nations . The US , the UK , and the Soviet Union rejected it ; US Ambassador to the UN Thomas Pickering stated that the French proposal was unacceptable , because it went beyond previous Council resolutions on the Iraqi invasion . France dropped this proposal when it found `` no tangible sign of interest '' from Baghdad . Military means `` Operation Desert Shield '' redirects here . For the 2006 operation by the Iraqi insurgency , see Operation Desert Shield ( Iraq ) . F - 15Es parked during Operation Desert Shield One of the West 's main concerns was the significant threat Iraq posed to Saudi Arabia . Following Kuwait 's conquest , the Iraqi Army was within easy striking distance of Saudi oil fields . Control of these fields , along with Kuwaiti and Iraqi reserves , would have given Saddam control over the majority of the world 's oil reserves . Iraq also had a number of grievances with Saudi Arabia . The Saudis had lent Iraq some 26 billion dollars during its war with Iran . The Saudis had backed Iraq in that war , as they feared the influence of Shia Iran 's Islamic revolution on its own Shia minority . After the war , Saddam felt he should not have to repay the loans due to the help he had given the Saudis by fighting Iran . Soon after his conquest of Kuwait , Saddam began verbally attacking the Saudis . He argued that the US - supported Saudi state was an illegitimate and unworthy guardian of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina . He combined the language of the Islamist groups that had recently fought in Afghanistan with the rhetoric Iran had long used to attack the Saudis . US Army soldiers from the 11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade during the Gulf War Acting on the Carter Doctrine 's policy , and out of fear the Iraqi Army could launch an invasion of Saudi Arabia , US President George Bush quickly announced that the US would launch a `` wholly defensive '' mission to prevent Iraq from invading Saudi Arabia under the codename Operation Desert Shield . Operation Desert Shield began on 7 August 1990 when US troops were sent to Saudi Arabia due also to the request of its monarch , King Fahd , who had earlier called for US military assistance . This `` wholly defensive '' doctrine was quickly abandoned when , on 8 August , Iraq declared Kuwait to be Iraq 's 19th province and Saddam named his cousin , Ali Hassan Al - Majid , as its military - governor . The US Navy dispatched two naval battle groups built around the aircraft carriers USS Dwight D. Eisenhower and USS Independence to the Persian Gulf , where they were ready by 8 August . The US also sent the battleships USS Missouri and USS Wisconsin to the region . A total of 48 US Air Force F - 15s from the 1st Fighter Wing at Langley Air Force Base , Virginia , landed in Saudi Arabia , and immediately commenced round the clock air patrols of the Saudi -- Kuwait -- Iraq border to discourage further Iraqi military advances . They were joined by 36 F - 15 A-Ds from the 36th Tactical Fighter Wing at Bitburg , Germany . The Bitburg contingent was based at Al Kharj Air Base , approximately an hour south east of Riyadh . The 36th TFW would be responsible for 11 confirmed Iraqi Air Force aircraft shot down during the war . There were also two Air National Guard units stationed at Al Kharj Air Base , the South Carolina Air National Guard 's 169th Fighter Wing flew bombing missions with 24 F - 16s flying 2,000 combat missions and dropping 4 million pounds of munitions , and the New York Air National Guard 's 174th Fighter Wing from Syracuse flew 24 F - 16s on bombing missions . Military buildup continued from there , eventually reaching 543,000 troops , twice the number used in the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Much of the material was airlifted or carried to the staging areas via fast sealift ships , allowing a quick buildup . Creating a coalition Nations that deployed coalition forces or provided support A series of UN Security Council resolutions and Arab League resolutions were passed regarding Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait . One of the most important was Resolution 678 , passed on 29 November 1990 , which gave Iraq a withdrawal deadline until 15 January 1991 , and authorized `` all necessary means to uphold and implement Resolution 660 '' , and a diplomatic formulation authorizing the use of force if Iraq failed to comply . To ensure that economic backing , Baker went on an 11 - day journey to nine countries that the press dubbed `` The Tin Cup Trip '' . The first stop was Saudi Arabia , which a month before had already granted permission to the United States to use its facilities . However , Baker believed that Saudi Arabia , an immensely wealthy nation , should assume some of the cost of the military efforts , since one of the most important military objectives was to defend Saudi Arabia . When Baker asked King Fahd for 15 billion dollars , the King readily agreed , with the promise that Baker ask Kuwait for the same amount . The next day , 7 September , he did just that , and the Emir of Kuwait , displaced in a Sheraton hotel outside his invaded country , easily agreed . Baker then moved to enter talks with Egypt , whose leadership he considered to be `` the moderate voice of the Middle East '' . President Mubarak of Egypt was furious with Saddam for his invasion of Kuwait , and for the fact that Saddam had assured Mubarak that an invasion was not his intention . Therefore , he was willing to commit troops to the coalition forces to quell Saddam , as well as relieved the United States was willing to forgive his country 's 7.1 billion dollar debt . After stops in Helsinki and Moscow to smooth out Iraqi demands for a Middle - Eastern peace conference with the Soviet Union , Baker traveled to Syria to discuss its role in the crisis with its President Hafez Assad . Assad had a deep personal enmity towards Saddam , which was defined by the fact that `` Saddam had been trying to kill him ( Assad ) for years '' . Harboring this animosity and being impressed with Baker 's diplomatic initiative to visit Damascus ( relations had been severed since the 1983 bombing of US Marine barracks in Beirut ) , Assad agreed to pledge up to 100,000 Syrian troops to the coalition effort . This was a vital step in ensuring Arab states were represented in the coalition . Baker flew to Rome for a brief visit with the Italians in which he was promised the use of some military equipment , before journeying to Germany to meet with American ally Chancellor Kohl . Although Germany 's constitution ( which was brokered essentially by the United States ) prohibited military involvement in outside nations , Kohl was willing to repay his gratitude for the United States with a two billion dollar contribution to the coalition 's war effort , as well as further economic and military support of coalition ally Turkey , and the execution of the transport of Egyptian soldiers and ships to the Persian Gulf . General Norman Schwarzkopf , Jr. and President George Bush visit US troops in Saudi Arabia on Thanksgiving Day , 1990 . A coalition of forces opposing Iraq 's aggression was formed , consisting of forces from 34 countries : Argentina , Australia , Bahrain , Bangladesh , Belgium , Canada , Denmark , Egypt , France , Greece , Italy , Kuwait , Morocco , Netherlands , New Zealand , Niger , Norway , Oman , Pakistan , Poland , Portugal , Qatar , South Korea , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Singapore , Spain , Syria , the United Arab Emirates , the United Kingdom , and the US itself . It was the largest coalition since World War II . US Army General Norman Schwarzkopf , Jr. was designated to be the commander of the coalition forces in the Persian Gulf area . The Soviet Union also supported United States intervention . Although they did not contribute any forces , Japan and Germany made financial contributions totaling $10 billion and $6.6 billion respectively . US troops represented 73 % of the coalition 's 956,600 troops in Iraq . Many of the coalition countries were reluctant to commit military forces . Some felt that the war was an internal Arab affair or did not want to increase US influence in the Middle East . In the end , however , many nations were persuaded by Iraq 's belligerence towards other Arab states , offers of economic aid or debt forgiveness , and threats to withhold aid . Justification for intervention Dick Cheney meets with Prince Sultan , Minister of Defence and Aviation in Saudi Arabia to discuss how to handle the invasion of Kuwait . The US and the UN gave several public justifications for involvement in the conflict , the most prominent being the Iraqi violation of Kuwaiti territorial integrity . In addition , the US moved to support its ally Saudi Arabia , whose importance in the region , and as a key supplier of oil , made it of considerable geopolitical importance . Shortly after the Iraqi invasion , US Defense Secretary Dick Cheney made the first of several visits to Saudi Arabia where King Fahd requested US military assistance . During a speech in a special joint session of the US Congress given on 11 September 1990 , US President George Bush summed up the reasons with the following remarks : `` Within three days , 120,000 Iraqi troops with 850 tanks had poured into Kuwait and moved south to threaten Saudi Arabia . It was then that I decided to act to check that aggression . '' The Pentagon stated that satellite photos showing a buildup of Iraqi forces along the border were this information 's source , but this was later alleged to be false . A reporter for the St. Petersburg Times acquired two commercial Soviet satellite images made at the time in question , which showed nothing but empty desert . Gen. Colin Powell ( left ) , Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf , Jr. , and Paul Wolfowitz ( right ) listen as Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney addresses reporters regarding the 1991 Gulf War . Other justifications for foreign involvement included Iraq 's history of human rights abuses under Saddam . Iraq was also known to possess biological weapons and chemical weapons , which Saddam had used against Iranian troops during the Iran -- Iraq War and against his own country 's Kurdish population in the Al - Anfal campaign . Iraq was also known to have a nuclear weapons program , but the report about it from January 1991 was partially declassified by the CIA on 26 May 2001 . Although there were human rights abuses committed in Kuwait by the invading Iraqi military , the alleged incidents which received most publicity in the US were inventions of the public relations firm hired by the government of Kuwait to influence US opinion in favor of military intervention . Shortly after Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait , the organization Citizens for a Free Kuwait was formed in the US . It hired the public relations firm Hill & Knowlton for about $11 million , paid by Kuwait 's government . Among many other means of influencing US opinion , such as distributing books on Iraqi atrocities to US soldiers deployed in the region , `` Free Kuwait '' T - shirts and speakers to college campuses , and dozens of video news releases to television stations , the firm arranged for an appearance before a group of members of the US Congress in which a woman identifying herself as a nurse working in the Kuwait City hospital described Iraqi soldiers pulling babies out of incubators and letting them die on the floor . The story was an influence in tipping both the public and Congress towards a war with Iraq : six Congressmen said the testimony was enough for them to support military action against Iraq and seven Senators referenced the testimony in debate . The Senate supported the military actions in a 52 -- 47 vote . However , a year after the war , this allegation was revealed to be a fabrication . The woman who had testified was found to be a member of Kuwait 's Royal Family , in fact the daughter of Kuwait 's ambassador to the US . She had n't lived in Kuwait during the Iraqi invasion . The details of the Hill & Knowlton public relations campaign , including the incubator testimony , were published in John R. MacArthur 's Second Front : Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War ( Berkeley , CA : University of California Press , 1992 ) , and came to wide public attention when an Op - ed by MacArthur was published in The New York Times . This prompted a reexamination by Amnesty International , which had originally promoted an account alleging even greater numbers of babies torn from incubators than the original fake testimony . After finding no evidence to support it , the organization issued a retraction . President Bush then repeated the incubator allegations on television . At the same time , the Iraqi Army committed several well - documented crimes during its occupation of Kuwait , such as the summary execution without trial of three brothers after which their bodies were stacked in a pile and left to decay in a public street . Iraqi troops also ransacked and looted private Kuwaiti homes ; one residence was repeatedly defecated in . A resident later commented : `` The whole thing was violence for the sake of violence , destruction for the sake of destruction ... Imagine a surrealistic painting by Salvador Dalí '' . Early battles Air campaign Main article : Gulf War air campaign The USAF F - 117 Nighthawk , one of the key players in Desert Storm The Gulf War began with an extensive aerial bombing campaign on 16 January 1991 . For 42 consecutive days and nights , the coalition forces subjected Iraq to one of the most intensive air bombardments in military history . The coalition flew over 100,000 sorties , dropping 88,500 tons of bombs , and widely destroying military and civilian infrastructure . The air campaign was commanded by USAF Lieutenant General Chuck Horner , who briefly served as US Central Command 's Commander - in - Chief -- Forward while General Schwarzkopf was still in the US . A day after the deadline set in Resolution 678 , the coalition launched a massive air campaign , which began the general offensive codenamed Operation Desert Storm . The first priority was the destruction of Iraq 's Air Force and anti-aircraft facilities . The sorties were launched mostly from Saudi Arabia and the six carrier battle groups ( CVBG ) in the Persian Gulf and Red Sea . An Iraqi T - 54A or Type 59 tank lies destroyed after a coalition bombing attack during Operation Desert Storm . The next targets were command and communication facilities . Saddam Hussein had closely micromanaged Iraqi forces in the Iran -- Iraq War , and initiative at lower levels was discouraged . Coalition planners hoped that Iraqi resistance would quickly collapse if deprived of command and control . The air campaign 's third and largest phase targeted military targets throughout Iraq and Kuwait : Scud missile launchers , weapons research facilities , and naval forces . About a third of the coalition 's air power was devoted to attacking Scuds , some of which were on trucks and therefore difficult to locate . US and British special operations forces had been covertly inserted into western Iraq to aid in the search for and destruction of Scuds . Iraqi anti-aircraft defenses , including man - portable air - defense systems , were surprisingly ineffective against enemy aircraft and the coalition suffered only 75 aircraft losses in over 100,000 sorties , 44 due to Iraqi action . Two of these losses are the result of aircraft colliding with the ground while evading Iraqi ground fired weapons . One of these losses is a confirmed air - air victory . Iraqi Scud missile strikes on Israel and Saudi Arabia Scud Transporter Erector Launcher ( TEL ) with missile in upright position Iraq 's government made no secret that it would attack if invaded . Prior to the war 's start , in the aftermath of the failed US -- Iraq peace talks in Geneva , Switzerland , a reporter asked Iraq 's English - speaking Foreign Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz : `` Mr. Foreign Minister , if war starts ... will you attack ? '' His response was : `` Yes , absolutely , yes . '' Five hours after the first attacks , Iraq 's state radio broadcast declaring that `` The dawn of victory nears as this great showdown begins . '' Iraq fired eight missiles the next day . These missile attacks were to continue throughout the war . A total of 88 Scud missiles were fired by Iraq during the war 's seven weeks . Iraq hoped to provoke a military response from Israel . The Iraqi government hoped that many Arab states would withdraw from the Coalition , as they would be reluctant to fight alongside Israel . Following the first attacks , Israeli Air Force jets were deployed to patrol the northern airspace with Iraq . Israel prepared to militarily retaliate , as its policy for the previous 40 years had always been retaliation . However , President Bush pressured Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir not to retaliate and withdraw Israeli jets , fearing that if Israel attacked Iraq , the other Arab nations would either desert the coalition or join Iraq . It was also feared that if Israel used Syrian or Jordanian airspace to attack Iraq , they would intervene in the war on Iraq 's side or attack Israel . The coalition promised to deploy Patriot missiles to defend Israel if it refrained from responding to the Scud attacks . Israeli civilians taking shelter from rockets ( left ) and aftermath of attack in Ramat Gan , Tel Aviv ( right ) The Scud missiles targeting Israel were relatively ineffective , as firing at extreme range resulted in a dramatic reduction in accuracy and payload . According to the Jewish Virtual Library , a total of 74 Israelis died as a result of the Iraqi attacks : two directly and the rest from suffocation and heart attacks . Approximately 230 Israelis were injured . Extensive property damage was also caused , and according to Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , `` Damage to general property consisted of 1,302 houses , 6,142 apartments , 23 public buildings , 200 shops and 50 cars . '' It was feared that Iraq would fire missiles filled with nerve agents such as sarin . As a result , Israel 's government issued gas masks to its citizens . When the first Iraqi missiles hit Israel , some people injected themselves with an antidote for nerve gas . It has been suggested that the sturdy construction techniques used in Israeli cities , coupled with the fact that Scuds were only launched at night , played an important role in limiting the number of casualties from Scud attacks . Aftermath of an Iraq Armed Forces strike on US barracks In response to the threat of Scuds on Israel , the US rapidly sent a Patriot missile air defense artillery battalion to Israel along with two batteries of MIM - 104 Patriot missiles for the protection of civilians . The Royal Netherlands Air Force also deployed a Patriot missile squadron to Israel and Turkey . The Dutch Defense Ministry later stated that the military use of the Patriot missile system was largely ineffective , but its psychological value for the affected populations was high . Coalition air forces were also extensively exercised in `` Scud hunts '' in the Iraqi desert , trying to locate the camouflaged trucks before they fired their missiles at Israel or Saudi Arabia . On the ground , special operations forces also infiltrated Iraq , tasked with locating and destroying Scuds . Once special operations were combined with air patrols , the number of attacks fell sharply , then increased slightly as Iraqi forces adjusted to coalition tactics . As the Scud attacks continued , the Israelis grew increasingly impatient , and considered taking unilateral military action against Iraq . On 22 January 1991 , a Scud missile hit the Israeli city of Ramat Gan , after two coalition Patriots failed to intercept it . Three elderly people suffered fatal heart attacks , another 96 people were injured , and 20 apartment buildings were damaged . After this attack , the Israelis warned that if the US failed to stop the attacks , they would . At one point , Israeli commandos boarded helicopters prepared to fly into Iraq , but the mission was called off after a phone call from US Defense Secretary Dick Cheney , reporting on the extent of coalition efforts to destroy Scuds and emphasizing that Israeli intervention could endanger US forces . In addition to the attacks on Israel , 47 Scud missiles were fired into Saudi Arabia , and one missile was fired at Bahrain and another at Qatar . The missiles were fired at both military and civilian targets . One Saudi civilian was killed , and 78 others were injured . No casualties were reported in Bahrain or Qatar . The Saudi government issued all its citizens and expatriates with gas masks in the event of Iraq using missiles with chemical or biological warheads . The government broadcast alerts and ' all clear ' messages over television to warn citizens during Scud attacks . On 25 February 1991 , a Scud missile hit a US Army barracks of the 14th Quartermaster Detachment , out of Greensburg , Pennsylvania , stationed in Dhahran , Saudi Arabia , killing 28 soldiers and injuring over 100 . Iraqi invasion of Saudi Arabia ( battle of Khafji ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Battle of Khafji Military operations during Khafji 's liberation On 29 January , Iraqi forces attacked and occupied the lightly defended Saudi city of Khafji with tanks and infantry . The Battle of Khafji ended two days later when the Iraqis were driven back by the Saudi Arabian National Guard , supported by Qatari forces and US Marines . The allied forces used extensive artillery fire . Both sides suffered casualties , although Iraqi forces sustained substantially more dead and captured than the allied forces . Eleven Americans were killed in two separate friendly fire incidents , an additional 14 US airmen were killed when their AC - 130 gunship was shot down by an Iraqi surface - to - air missile , and two US soldiers were captured during the battle . Saudi and Qatari forces had a total of 18 dead . Iraqi forces in Khafji had 60 -- 300 dead and 400 captured . The Battle of Khafji was an example of how air power could single - handedly hinder the advance of enemy ground forces . Upon learning of Iraqi troop movements , 140 coalition aircraft were diverted to attack an advancing column consisting of two armored divisions in battalion - sized units . Precision stand - off attacks were conducted during the night and through to the next day . Iraqi vehicle losses included 357 tanks , 147 armored personnel carriers , and 89 mobile artillery pieces . Some crews simply abandoned their vehicles upon realizing that they could be destroyed by guided bombs without warning , stopping the divisions from massing for an organized attack on the town . One Iraqi soldier , who had fought in the Iran -- Iraq War , remarked that his brigade `` had sustained more punishment from allied airpower in 30 minutes at Khafji than in eight years of fighting against Iran . '' Counter reconnaissance Main article : Battle of Norfolk See also : Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry Iraqi tanks destroyed by Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry during the 1st Gulf War , February 1991 Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry was a heavy battalion task force from the 2nd Armored Division ( Forward ) . It was the spearhead of VII Corps . It consisted primarily of the 1st Battalion , 41st Infantry Regiment , 3rd Battalion , 66th Armor Regiment , and the 4th Battalion , 3rd Field Artillery Regiment . Task Force 1 -- 41 was the first coalition force to breach the Saudi Arabian border on 15 February 1991 and conduct ground combat operations in Iraq engaging in direct and indirect fire fights with the enemy on 17 February 1991 . Shortly after arrival in theatre Task Force 1 -- 41 Infantry received a counter-reconnaissance mission . 1 -- 41 Infantry was assisted by the 1st Squadron , 4th Armored Cavalry Regiment . This joint effort would become known as Task Force Iron . Counter-reconnaissance generally includes destroying or repelling the enemy 's reconnaissance elements and denying their commander any observation of friendly forces . On 15 February 1991 4th Battalion of the 3rd Field Artillery Regiment fired on a trailer and a few trucks in the Iraqi sector that was observing American forces . On 16 February 1991 several groups of Iraqi vehicles appeared to be performing reconnaissance on the Task Force and were driven away by fire from 4 -- 3 FA . Another enemy platoon , including six vehicles , was reported as being to the northeast of the Task Force . They were engaged with artillery fire from 4 -- 3 FA . Later that evening another group of Iraqi vehicles was spotted moving towards the center of the Task Force . They appeared to be Iraqi Soviet - made BTRs and tanks . For the next hour the Task Force fought several small battles with Iraqi reconnaissance units . TF 1 -- 41 IN fired TOW missiles at the Iraqi formation destroying one tank . The rest of the formation was destroyed or driven away by artillery fire from 4 -- 3 FA . On 17 February 1991 the Task Force took enemy mortar fire , however , the enemy forces managed to escape . Later that evening the Task Force received enemy artillery fire but suffered no casualties . Soldiers of 2nd Platoon , Company C , 1st Battalion , 41st Infantry Regiment pose with a captured Iraqi tank during the 1st Gulf War , February 1991 . Destroyed Iraqi tanks burning at the Battle of Norfolk during the 1st Gulf War , February 1991 . An Iraqi Republican Guard tank destroyed by Task Force 1 -- 41 Infantry during the 1st Gulf War , February 1991 M270 Multiple Launch Rocket Systems attack Iraqi positions during the 1st Gulf War , February 1991 . Breach Main article : Battle of Norfolk See also : Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry was the first coalition force to breach the Saudi Arabian border on 15 February 1991 and conduct ground combat operations in Iraq engaging in direct and indirect fire fights with the enemy on 17 February 1991 . Prior to this action the Task Force 's primary fire support battalion 4th Battalion of the 3rd Field Artillery Regiment participated in a massive artillery preparation . Around 300 guns from multiple nations participated in the artillery barrage . Over 14,000 rounds would be fired during these missions . M270 Multiple Launch Rocket Systems contributed an additional 4,900 rockets fired at Iraqi targets . Iraq lost close to 22 artillery battalions during the initial stages of this barrage . This would include the destruction of approximately 396 Iraqi artillery pieces . By the end of these raids Iraqi artillery assets had all but ceased to exist . One Iraqi unit that was totally destroyed during the preparation was the Iraqi 48th Infantry Division Artillery Group . The group 's commander stated his unit lost 83 of its 100 guns to the artillery preparation . This artillery prep was supplemented by air attacks by B - 52 bombers and Lockheed AC - 130 fixed wing gunships . 1st Infantry Division Apache helicopters and B - 52 bombers conducted raids against Iraq 's 110th Infantry Brigade . The 1st Engineer Battalion and 9th Engineer Battalion marked and proofed assault lanes under direct and indirect enemy fire to secure a foothold in enemy territory and pass the 1st Infantry Division and the British 1st Armored Division forward . On 24 February 1991 the 1st Cavalry Division conducted a couple artillery missions against Iraqi artillery units . One artillery mission struck a series of Iraqi bunkers , reinforced by Iraqi T - 55 tanks , in the sector of the Iraqi 25th Infantry Division . The same day the 2nd Brigade , 1st Cavalry Division with the 1st Battalion , 5th Cavalry , 1st Battalion , 32nd Armor , and the 1st Battalion , 8th Cavalry destroyed Iraqi bunkers and combat vehicles in the sector of the Iraqi 25th Infantry Division . On 24 February 1991 2nd Brigade , 1st Infantry Division rolled through the breach in the Iraqi defense west of Wadi Al - Batin and also cleared the northeastern sector of the breach site of enemy resistance . Task Force 3 - 37th Armor breached the Iraqi defense clearing four passage lanes and expanding the gap under direct enemy fire . Also , on 24 February the 1st Infantry Division along with the 1st Cavalry Division destroyed Iraqi outposts and patrols belonging to the Iraqi 26th Infantry Division . The two divisions also began capturing prisoners . The 1st Infantry Division also cleared a zone between Phase Line Vermont and Phase Line Kansas . Once the 1st Infantry Division 's 3rd Battalion , 37th Armor reached the Iraqi rear defensive positions it destroyed an Iraqi D - 30 artillery battery and many trucks and bunkers . Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry was given the task of breaching Iraq 's initial defensive positions along the Iraq -- Saudi Arabia border . The 1st Squadron , 4th Armored Cavalry Regiment handled similar responsibilities in its sector of operations . The 1st Infantry Division 's 5th Battalion , 16th Infantry also played a significant role clearing the trenches and captured 160 Iraqi soldiers in the process . Once into Iraqi territory Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry encountered multiple Iraqi defensive positions and bunkers . These defensive positions were occupied by a brigade - sized element . Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry elements dismounted and prepared to engage the enemy soldiers which occupied these well - prepared and heavily fortified bunkers . The Task Force found itself engaged in six hours of combat in order to clear the extensive bunker complex . The Iraqis engaged the Task Force with small arms fire , RPGs , mortar fire , and what was left of Iraqi artillery assets . A series of battles unfolded which resulted in heavy Iraqi casualties and the Iraqis being removed from their defensive positions with many becoming prisoners of war . Some escaped to be killed or captured by other coalition forces . In the process of clearing the bunkers Task Force 1 - 41 captured two brigade command posts and the command post of the Iraqi 26th Infantry Division . The Task Force also captured a brigade commander , several battalion commanders , company commanders , and staff officers . As combat operations progressed Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry engaged at short range multiple dug in enemy tanks in ambush positions . For a few hours , bypassed Iraqi RPG equipped anti-tank teams , T - 55 tanks , and dismounted Iraqi infantry fired at passing American vehicles , only to be destroyed by other US tanks and fighting vehicles following the initial forces . The 1st Infantry Division 's Task Force 2 - 16 Infantry cleared four lanes simultaneously through an enemy fortified trench system while inflicting heavy casualties on Iraqi forces . Task Force 2 - 16 continued the attack clearing over 13 miles of entrenched enemy positions resulting in the capture and destruction of numerous enemy vehicles , equipment , personnel and command bunkers . Ground campaign See also : Battle of Al Busayyah , Battle of Phase Line Bullet , Battle of 73 Easting , Battle of Norfolk , Battle of Medina Ridge , Battle of Kuwait International Airport , and Battle of Rumaila Ground troop movements 24 -- 28 February 1991 during Operation Desert Storm The ground campaign consisted of three if not four of the largest tank battles in American history . The battles at 73 Easting , Norfolk , and Medina Ridge are well noted for their historic significance . Some consider the battle of Medina Ridge the largest tank battle of the war . The U.S. Marine Corps also fought the biggest tank battle in its history at Kuwait International Airport . The U.S. 3rd Armored Division also fought a significant battle at Objective Dorset not far from where the battle of Norfolk was taking place . The U.S. 3rd Armored Division destroyed approximately 300 enemy combat vehicles during this particular encounter with Iraqi forces . The Iraqis suffered the loss of over 3,000 tanks and over 2,000 other combat vehicles during these battles against the American led coalition . Kuwait 's liberation Main article : Liberation of Kuwait campaign See also : Gulf War order of battle ground campaign US decoy attacks by air attacks and naval gunfire the night before Kuwait 's liberation were designed to make the Iraqis believe the main coalition ground attack would focus on central Kuwait . US M1A1 Abrams tanks from the 3rd Armored Division along the Line of Departure . Iraqi Type 69 tank on the road into Kuwait City during the Gulf War Two Iraqi tanks lie abandoned near Kuwait City on 26 February 1991 . For months , American units in Saudi Arabia had been under almost constant Iraqi artillery fire , as well as threats from Scud missile or chemical attacks . On 24 February 1991 , the 1st and 2nd Marine Divisions , and the 1st Light Armored Infantry Battalion crossed into Kuwait and headed toward Kuwait City . They encountered trenches , barbed wire , and minefields . However , these positions were poorly defended , and were overrun in the first few hours . Several tank battles took place , but apart from that , coalition troops encountered minimal resistance , as most Iraqi troops surrendered . The general pattern was that the Iraqis would put up a short fight before surrendering . However , Iraqi air defenses shot down nine US aircraft . Meanwhile , forces from Arab states advanced into Kuwait from the east , encountering little resistance and suffering few casualties . Despite the successes of coalition forces , it was feared that the Iraqi Republican Guard would escape into Iraq before it could be destroyed . It was decided to send British armored forces into Kuwait 15 hours ahead of schedule , and to send US forces after the Republican Guard . The coalition advance was preceded by a heavy artillery and rocket barrage , after which 150,000 troops and 1,500 tanks began their advance . Iraqi forces in Kuwait counterattacked against US troops , acting on a direct order from Saddam Hussein himself . Despite the intense combat , the Americans repulsed the Iraqis and continued to advance towards Kuwait City . Kuwaiti forces were tasked with liberating the city . Iraqi troops offered only light resistance . The Kuwaitis lost one soldier and one plane was shot down , and quickly liberated the city . On 27 February , Saddam ordered a retreat from Kuwait , and President Bush declared it liberated . However , an Iraqi unit at Kuwait International Airport appeared not to have received the message and fiercely resisted . US Marines had to fight for hours before securing the airport , after which Kuwait was declared secure . After four days of fighting , Iraqi forces were expelled from Kuwait . As part of a scorched earth policy , they set fire to nearly 700 oil wells and placed land mines around the wells to make extinguishing the fires more difficult . Initial moves into Iraq Destroyed LAV - 25 The war 's ground phase was officially designated Operation Desert Saber . The first units to move into Iraq were three patrols of the British Special Air Service 's B squadron , call signs Bravo One Zero , Bravo Two Zero , and Bravo Three Zero , in late January . These eight - man patrols landed behind Iraqi lines to gather intelligence on the movements of Scud mobile missile launchers , which could not be detected from the air , as they were hidden under bridges and camouflage netting during the day . Other objectives included the destruction of the launchers and their fiber - optic communications arrays that lay in pipelines and relayed coordinates to the TEL operators that were launching attacks against Israel . The operations were designed to prevent any possible Israeli intervention . Due to lack of sufficient ground cover to carry out their assignment , One Zero and Three Zero abandoned their operations , while Two Zero remained , and was later compromised , with only Sergeant Chris Ryan escaping to Syria . Iraqi T - 62 knocked out by 3rd Armored Division fire Elements of the 2nd Brigade , 1st Battalion 5th Cavalry of the 1st Cavalry Division of the US Army performed a direct attack into Iraq on 15 February 1991 , followed by one in force on 20 February that led directly through seven Iraqi divisions which were caught off guard . On 17 January 1991 the 101st Airborne Division Aviation Regiment , fired the first shots of the war when eight AH - 64 helicopters successfully destroyed two Iraqi early warning radar sites . From 15 -- 20 February , the Battle of Wadi Al - Batin took place inside Iraq ; this was the first of two attacks by 1 Battalion 5th Cavalry of the 1st Cavalry Division . It was a feint attack , designed to make the Iraqis think that a coalition invasion would take place from the south . The Iraqis fiercely resisted , and the Americans eventually withdrew as planned back into the Wadi Al - Batin . Three US soldiers were killed and nine wounded , with one M2 Bradley IFV turret destroyed , but they had taken 40 prisoners and destroyed five tanks , and successfully deceived the Iraqis . This attack led the way for the XVIII Airborne Corps to sweep around behind the 1st Cav and attack Iraqi forces to the west . On 22 February 1991 , Iraq agreed to a Soviet - proposed ceasefire agreement . The agreement called for Iraq to withdraw troops to pre-invasion positions within six weeks following a total ceasefire , and called for monitoring of the ceasefire and withdrawal to be overseen by the UN Security Council . The coalition rejected the proposal , but said that retreating Iraqi forces would not be attacked , and gave 24 hours for Iraq to withdraw its forces . On 23 February , fighting resulted in the capture of 500 Iraqi soldiers . On 24 February , British and American armored forces crossed the Iraq -- Kuwait border and entered Iraq in large numbers , taking hundreds of prisoners . Iraqi resistance was light , and four Americans were killed . Coalition forces enter Iraq Destroyed Iraqi civilian and military vehicles on the Highway of Death Aerial view of destroyed Iraqi T - 72 tank , BMP - 1 and Type 63 armored personnel carriers and trucks on Highway 8 in March 1991 The oil fires caused were a result of the scorched earth policy of Iraqi military forces retreating from Kuwait . Remains of downed F - 16C Bradley IFV burns after being hit by Iraqi T - 72 fire Shortly afterwards , the US VII Corps , in full strength and spearheaded by the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment , launched an armored attack into Iraq early on 24 February , just to the west of Kuwait , taking Iraqi forces by surprise . Simultaneously , the US XVIII Airborne Corps launched a sweeping `` left - hook '' attack across southern Iraq 's largely undefended desert , led by the US 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment and the 24th Infantry Division ( Mechanized ) . This movement 's left flank was protected by the French Division Daguet . The 101st Airborne Division conducted a combat air assault into enemy territory . The 101st Airborne Division had struck 155 miles behind enemy lines . It was the deepest air assault operation in history . Approximately 400 helicopters transported 2,000 soldiers into Iraq where they destroyed Iraqi columns trying to flee westward and prevented the escape of Iraqi forces . The Screaming Eagles would travel an additional fifty to sixty miles into Iraq . By nightfall , the 101st cut off Highway 8 which was a vital supply line running between Basra and the Iraqi forces . The 101st had lost 16 soldiers in action during the 100 - hour war and captured thousands of enemy prisoners of war . The French force quickly overcame Iraq 's 45th Infantry Division , suffering light casualties and taking a large number of prisoners , and took up blocking positions to prevent an Iraqi counterattack on the coalition 's flank . The movement 's right flank was protected by the United Kingdom 's 1st Armoured Division . Once the allies had penetrated deep into Iraqi territory , they turned eastward , launching a flank attack against the elite Republican Guard before it could escape . The Iraqis resisted fiercely from dug - in positions and stationary vehicles , and even mounted armored charges . Unlike many previous engagements , the destruction of the first Iraqi tanks did not result in a mass surrender . The Iraqis suffered massive losses and lost dozens of tanks and vehicles , while US casualties were comparatively low , with a single Bradley knocked out . Coalition forces pressed another 10 km into Iraqi territory , and captured their objective within three hours . They took 500 prisoners and inflicted heavy losses , defeating Iraq 's 26th Infantry Division . A US soldier was killed by an Iraqi land mine , another five by friendly fire , and 30 wounded during the battle . Meanwhile , British forces attacked Iraq 's Medina Division and a major Republican Guard logistics base . In nearly two days of some of the war 's most intense fighting , the British destroyed 40 enemy tanks and captured a division commander . Meanwhile , US forces attacked the village of Al Busayyah , meeting fierce resistance . The US force destroyed a considerable amount of military hardware and took prisoners , while suffering no casualties . On 25 February 1991 , Iraqi forces fired a Scud missile at an American barracks in Dhahran , Saudi Arabia . The missile attack killed 28 US military personnel . The coalition 's advance was much swifter than US generals had expected . On 26 February , Iraqi troops began retreating from Kuwait , after they had set 737 of its oil wells on fire . A long convoy of retreating Iraqi troops formed along the main Iraq - Kuwait highway . Although they were retreating , this convoy was bombed so extensively by coalition air forces that it came to be known as the Highway of Death . Thousands of Iraqi troops were killed . American , British , and French forces continued to pursue retreating Iraqi forces over the border and back into Iraq , eventually moving to within 150 miles ( 240 km ) of Baghdad , before withdrawing back to Iraq 's border with Kuwait and Saudi Arabia . One hundred hours after the ground campaign started , on 28 February , President Bush declared a ceasefire , and he also declared that Kuwait had been liberated . The end of active hostilities Main article : 1991 uprisings in Iraq Civilians and coalition military forces wave Kuwaiti and Saudi Arabian flags as they celebrate the retreat of Iraqi forces from Kuwait . Persian Gulf Veterans National Medal of the US military In coalition - occupied Iraqi territory , a peace conference was held where a ceasefire agreement was negotiated and signed by both sides . At the conference , Iraq was authorized to fly armed helicopters on their side of the temporary border , ostensibly for government transit due to the damage done to civilian infrastructure . Soon after , these helicopters and much of Iraq 's military were used to fight an uprising in the south . The rebellions were encouraged by an airing of `` The Voice of Free Iraq '' on 2 February 1991 , which was broadcast from a CIA - run radio station out of Saudi Arabia . The Arabic service of the Voice of America supported the uprising by stating that the rebellion was well supported , and that they soon would be liberated from Saddam . In the North , Kurdish leaders took American statements that they would support an uprising to heart , and began fighting , hoping to trigger a coup d'état . However , when no US support came , Iraqi generals remained loyal to Saddam and brutally crushed the Kurdish uprising . Millions of Kurds fled across the mountains to Turkey and Kurdish areas of Iran . These events later resulted in no - fly zones being established in northern and southern Iraq . In Kuwait , the Emir was restored , and suspected Iraqi collaborators were repressed . Eventually , over 400,000 people were expelled from the country , including a large number of Palestinians , because of PLO support of Saddam . Yasser Arafat did n't apologize for his support of Iraq , but after his death , the Fatah under Mahmoud Abbas ' authority formally apologized in 2004 . There was some criticism of the Bush administration , as they chose to allow Saddam to remain in power instead of pushing on to capture Baghdad and overthrowing his government . In their co-written 1998 book , A World Transformed , Bush and Brent Scowcroft argued that such a course would have fractured the alliance , and would have had many unnecessary political and human costs associated with it . In 1992 , the US Defense Secretary during the war , Dick Cheney , made the same point : I would guess if we had gone in there , we would still have forces in Baghdad today . We 'd be running the country . We would not have been able to get everybody out and bring everybody home . And the final point that I think needs to be made is this question of casualties . I do n't think you could have done all of that without significant additional US casualties , and while everybody was tremendously impressed with the low cost of the ( 1991 ) conflict , for the 146 Americans who were killed in action and for their families , it was n't a cheap war . And the question in my mind is , how many additional American casualties is Saddam ( Hussein ) worth ? And the answer is , not that damned many . So , I think we got it right , both when we decided to expel him from Kuwait , but also when the President made the decision that we 'd achieved our objectives and we were not going to go get bogged down in the problems of trying to take over and govern Iraq . Instead of a greater involvement of its own military , the US hoped that Saddam would be overthrown in an internal coup d'état . The CIA used its assets in Iraq to organize a revolt , but the Iraqi government defeated the effort . On 10 March 1991 , 540,000 US troops began moving out of the Persian Gulf . Coalition involvement Coalition troops from Egypt , Syria , Oman , France and Kuwait during Operation Desert Storm Main article : Coalition of the Gulf War Coalition members included Argentina , Australia , Bahrain , Bangladesh , Belgium , Canada , Czechoslovakia , Denmark , Egypt , France , Greece , Honduras , Hungary , Italy , Kuwait , Malaysia , Morocco , Netherlands , New Zealand , Niger , Norway , Oman , Pakistan , Philippines , Poland , Portugal , Qatar , Romania , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , South Korea , Spain , Sweden , Syria , Turkey , United Arab Emirates , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , and the United States of America . Germany and Japan provided financial assistance and donated military hardware , although they did not send direct military assistance . This later became known as checkbook diplomacy . Australia HMAS Sydney in the Persian Gulf in 1991 Main article : Australian contribution to the 1991 Gulf War Australia contributed a Naval Task Group , which formed part of the multi-national fleet in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman , under Operation Damask . In addition , medical teams were deployed aboard a US hospital ship , and a naval clearance diving team took part in de-mining Kuwait 's port facilities following the end of combat operations . Australian forces experienced a number of incidents in the first number of weeks of the Desert Storm Campaign including the detection of significant air threats from Iraq as a part of the outer perimeter of Battle Force Zulu ; the detection of free sea floating mines and assistance to the aircraft carrier USS Midway . The Australian Task Force was also placed at great risk with regard to the sea mine threat , with HMAS Brisbane narrowly avoiding a mine by a small distance . The Australians played a significant role in enforcing the sanctions put in place against Iraq following Kuwait 's invasion . Following the war 's end , Australia deployed a medical unit on Operation Habitat to northern Iraq as part of Operation Provide Comfort . Argentina Argentine Navy Alouette III helicopter onboard USNS Comfort , February 1991 Argentina was the only Latin American country to participate in the 1991 Gulf War sending a destroyer , ARA Almirante Brown ( D - 10 ) , a corvette , ARA Spiro ( P - 43 ) ( later replaced by another corvette , ARA Rosales ( P - 42 ) ) and a supply ship ( ARA Bahía San Blas ( B - 4 ) ) to participate on the United Nations blockade and sea control effort of the Persian Gulf . The success of `` Operación Alfil '' ( English : `` Operation Bishop '' ) as it was known , with more than 700 interceptions and 25,000 miles sailed in the theatre of operations helped to overcome the so - called `` Malvinas syndrome '' . Argentina was later classified as major non-NATO ally due to her contributions during the war . Canada Canadian CF - 18 Hornets participated in combat during the Gulf War . See also : Operation FRICTION Canada was one of the first countries to condemn Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait , and it quickly agreed to join the US - led coalition . In August 1990 , Prime Minister Brian Mulroney committed the Canadian Forces to deploy a Naval Task Group . The destroyers HMCS Terra Nova and HMCS Athabaskan joined the maritime interdiction force supported by the supply ship HMCS Protecteur in Operation Friction . The Canadian Task Group led the coalition 's maritime logistics forces in the Persian Gulf . A fourth ship , HMCS Huron , arrived in - theater after hostilities had ceased and was the first allied ship to visit Kuwait . Following the UN-authorized use of force against Iraq , the Canadian Forces deployed a CF - 18 Hornet and CH - 124 Sea King squadron with support personnel , as well as a field hospital to deal with casualties from the ground war . When the air war began , the CF - 18s were integrated into the coalition force and were tasked with providing air cover and attacking ground targets . This was the first time since the Korean War that Canada 's military had participated in offensive combat operations . The only CF - 18 Hornet to record an official victory during the conflict was an aircraft involved in the beginning of the Battle of Bubiyan against the Iraqi Navy . The Canadian Commander in the Middle East was Commodore Kenneth J. Summers . France French and American soldiers inspecting an Iraqi Type 69 tank destroyed by the French Division Daguet during Operation Desert Storm The second largest European contingent was from France , which committed 18,000 troops . Operating on the left flank of the US XVIII Airborne Corps , the French Army force was the Division Daguet , including troops from the French Foreign Legion . Initially , the French operated independently under national command and control , but coordinated closely with the Americans ( via CENTCOM ) and Saudis . In January , the Division was placed under the tactical control of the XVIII Airborne Corps . France also deployed several combat aircraft and naval units . The French called their contribution Opération Daguet . United Kingdom Main article : Battle of Norfolk British Army Challenger 1 main battle tank during Operation Desert Storm The United Kingdom committed the largest contingent of any European state that participated in the war 's combat operations . Operation Granby was the code name for the operations in the Persian Gulf . British Army regiments ( mainly with the 1st Armoured Division ) , Royal Air Force squadrons and Royal Navy vessels were mobilized in the Persian Gulf . The Royal Air Force , using various aircraft , operated from airbases in Saudi Arabia . The United Kingdom played a major role in the Battle of Norfolk where its forces destroyed over 200 Iraqi tanks and a large quantity of other vehicles . After 48 hours of combat the British 1st Armoured Division destroyed or isolated four Iraqi infantry divisions ( the 26th , 48th , 31st , and 25th ) and overran the Iraqi 52nd Armored Division in several sharp engagements . Chief Royal Navy vessels deployed to the Persian Gulf included Broadsword - class frigates , and Sheffield - class destroyers , other R.N. and R.F.A. ships were also deployed . The light aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal was deployed to the Mediterranean Sea . Special operations forces were deployed in the form of several SAS squadrons . A British Challenger 1 achieved the longest range confirmed tank kill of the war , destroying an Iraqi tank with an armour - piercing fin - stabilized discarding - sabot ( APFSDS ) round fired over a distance of 4,700 metres ( 2.9 mi ) -- the longest tank - on - tank kill shot recorded . Casualties Civilian Over 1,000 Kuwaiti civilians were killed by Iraqis . More than 600 Kuwaitis went missing during Iraq 's occupation , and approximately 375 remains were found in mass graves in Iraq . The increased importance of air attacks from both coalition warplanes and cruise missiles led to controversy over the number of civilian deaths caused during Desert Storm 's initial stages . Within Desert Storm 's first 24 hours , more than 1,000 sorties were flown , many against targets in Baghdad . The city was the target of heavy bombing , as it was the seat of power for Saddam and the Iraqi forces ' command and control . This ultimately led to civilian casualties . In one noted incident , two USAF stealth planes bombed a bunker in Amiriyah , causing the deaths of 408 Iraqi civilians who were in the shelter . Scenes of burned and mutilated bodies were subsequently broadcast , and controversy arose over the bunker 's status , with some stating that it was a civilian shelter , while others contended that it was a center of Iraqi military operations , and that the civilians had been deliberately moved there to act as human shields . Saddam 's government gave high civilian casualty figures in order to draw support from Islamic countries . The Iraqi government claimed that 2,300 civilians died during the air campaign . According to the Project on Defense Alternatives study , 3,664 Iraqi civilians were killed in the conflict . An investigation by Beth Osborne Daponte estimated total civilian fatalities at about 3,500 from bombing , and some 100,000 from the war 's other effects . Iraqi The exact number of Iraqi combat casualties is unknown , but is believed to have been heavy . Some estimate that Iraq sustained between 20,000 and 35,000 fatalities . A report commissioned by the US Air Force , estimated 10,000 -- 12,000 Iraqi combat deaths in the air campaign , and as many as 10,000 casualties in the ground war . This analysis is based on Iraqi prisoner of war reports . According to the Project on Defense Alternatives study , between 20,000 and 26,000 Iraqi military personnel were killed in the conflict while 75,000 others were wounded . Coalition Coalition troops killed by country Country Total Enemy action Accident Friendly fire Ref United States 146 111 35 35 Senegal 92 92 United Kingdom 47 38 9 Saudi Arabia 24 18 6 . France 9 United Arab Emirates 6 6 Qatar Syria Egypt 11 5 . Kuwait Sailors from a US Navy honor guard carry Navy pilot Scott Speicher 's remains . The Department of Defense reports that US forces suffered 148 battle - related deaths ( 35 to friendly fire ) , with one pilot listed as MIA ( his remains were found and identified in August 2009 ) . A further 145 Americans died in non-combat accidents . The UK suffered 47 deaths ( nine to friendly fire , all by US forces ) , France nine , and the other countries , not including Kuwait , suffered 37 deaths ( 18 Saudis , one Egyptian , six UAE and three Qataris ) . At least 605 Kuwaiti soldiers were still missing 10 years after their capture . The largest single loss of life among coalition forces happened on 25 February 1991 , when an Iraqi Al Hussein missile hit a US military barrack in Dhahran , Saudi Arabia , killing 28 US Army Reservists from Pennsylvania . In all , 190 coalition troops were killed by Iraqi fire during the war , 113 of whom were American , out of a total of 358 coalition deaths . Another 44 soldiers were killed and 57 wounded by friendly fire . 145 soldiers died of exploding munitions or non-combat accidents . The largest accident among coalition forces happened on 21 March 1991 , a Royal Saudi Air Force C - 130H crashed in heavy smoke on approach to Ras Al - Mishab Airport , Saudi Arabia . 92 Senegalese soldiers and six Saudi crew members were killed . The number of coalition wounded in combat was 776 , including 458 Americans . 190 coalition troops were killed by Iraqi combatants , the rest of the 379 coalition deaths being from friendly fire or accidents . This number was much lower than expected . Among the American dead were three female soldiers . Friendly fire While the death toll among coalition forces engaging Iraqi combatants was very low , a substantial number of deaths were caused by accidental attacks from other Allied units . Of the 148 US troops who died in battle , 24 % were killed by friendly fire , a total of 35 service personnel . A further 11 died in detonations of coalition munitions . Nine British military personnel were killed in a friendly fire incident when a USAF A-10 Thunderbolt II destroyed a group of two Warrior IFVs . Controversies Gulf War illness Main article : Gulf War syndrome Many returning coalition soldiers reported illnesses following their action in the war , a phenomenon known as Gulf War syndrome or Gulf War illness . Common symptoms that were reported are chronic fatigue , Fibromyalgia , and Gastrointestinal disorder . There has been widespread speculation and disagreement about the causes of the illness and the reported birth defects . Researchers found that infants born to male veterans of the 1991 war had higher rates of two types of heart valve defects . Gulf War veterans ' children born after the war had a certain kidney defect that was not found in Gulf War veterans ' children born before the war . Researchers have said that they did not have enough information to link birth defects with exposure to toxic substances . Effects of depleted uranium Approximate area and major clashes in which DU rounds were used Main article : Depleted uranium § Health considerations Depleted uranium was used in the war in tank kinetic energy penetrators and 20 -- 30 mm cannon ordnance . Significant controversy regarding the long term safety of depleted uranium exists , although detractors claim pyrophoric , genotoxic , and teratogenic heavy metal effects . Many have cited its use during the war as a contributing factor to a number of instances of health issues in the conflict 's veterans and surrounding civilian populations . However , scientific opinion on the risk is mixed . Depleted uranium has 40 % less radioactivity than natural uranium , but the negative effects should not be overlooked . Some say that depleted uranium is not a significant health hazard unless it is taken into the body . External exposure to radiation from depleted uranium is generally not a major concern because the alpha particles emitted by its isotopes travel only a few centimeters in air or can be stopped by a sheet of paper . Also , the uranium - 235 that remains in depleted uranium emits only a small amount of low - energy gamma radiation . However , if allowed to enter the body , depleted uranium , like natural uranium , has the potential for both chemical and radiological toxicity with the two important target organs being the kidneys and the lungs . Highway of death Main article : Highway of Death On the night of 26 -- 27 February 1991 , some Iraqi forces began leaving Kuwait on the main highway north of Al Jahra in a column of some 1,400 vehicles . A patrolling E-8 Joint STARS aircraft observed the retreating forces and relayed the information to the DDM - 8 air operations center in Riyadh , Saudi Arabia . These vehicles and the retreating soldiers were subsequently attacked by two A-10 aircraft , resulting in a 60 km stretch of highway strewn with debris -- the Highway of Death . New York Times reporter Maureen Dowd wrote , `` With the Iraqi leader facing military defeat , Mr. Bush decided that he would rather gamble on a violent and potentially unpopular ground war than risk the alternative : an imperfect settlement hammered out by the Soviets and Iraqis that world opinion might accept as tolerable . '' Chuck Horner , Commander of US and allied air operations , has written : ( By February 26 ) , the Iraqis totally lost heart and started to evacuate occupied Kuwait , but airpower halted the caravan of Iraqi Army and plunderers fleeing toward Basra . This event was later called by the media `` The Highway of Death . '' There were certainly a lot of dead vehicles , but not so many dead Iraqis . They 'd already learned to scamper off into the desert when our aircraft started to attack . Nevertheless , some people back home wrongly chose to believe we were cruelly and unusually punishing our already whipped foes . ( ... ) By February 27 , talk had turned toward terminating the hostilities . Kuwait was free . We were not interested in governing Iraq . So the question became `` How do we stop the killing . '' Bulldozer assault An armored bulldozer similar to the ones used in the attack Another incident during the war highlighted the question of large - scale Iraqi combat deaths . This was the `` bulldozer assault '' , wherein two brigades from the US 1st Infantry Division ( Mechanized ) were faced with a large and complex trench network , as part of the heavily fortified `` Saddam Hussein Line '' . After some deliberation , they opted to use anti-mine plows mounted on tanks and combat earthmovers to simply plow over and bury alive the defending Iraqi soldiers . Not a single American was killed during the attack . Reporters were banned from witnessing the attack , near the neutral zone that touches the border between Saudi Arabia and Iraq . Every American in the assault was inside an armored vehicle . One newspaper story reported that US commanders estimated thousands of Iraqi soldiers surrendered , escaping live burial during the two - day assault 24 -- 26 February 1991 . Patrick Day Sloyan of Newsday reported , `` Bradley Fighting Vehicles and Vulcan armored carriers straddled the trench lines and fired into the Iraqi soldiers as the tanks covered them with mounds of sand . ' I came through right after the lead company , ' ( Col. Anthony ) Moreno said . ' What you saw was a bunch of buried trenches with peoples ' arms and things sticking out of them ... ' '' However , after the war , the Iraqi government said that only 44 bodies were found . In his book The Wars Against Saddam , John Simpson alleges that US forces attempted to cover up the incident . After the incident , the commander of the 1st Brigade said : `` I know burying people like that sounds pretty nasty , but it would be even nastier if we had to put our troops in the trenches and clean them out with bayonets . '' Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney did not mention the First Division 's tactics in an interim report to Congress on Operation Desert Storm . In the report , Cheney acknowledged that 457 enemy soldiers were buried during the ground war . Palestinian exodus from Kuwait Main article : Palestinian exodus from Kuwait ( Gulf War ) A Palestinian exodus from Kuwait took place during and after the Gulf War . During the Gulf War , more than 200,000 Palestinians voluntarily fled Kuwait during the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait due to harassment and intimidation by Iraqi security forces , in addition to getting fired from work by Iraqi authority figures in Kuwait . After the Gulf War , the Kuwaiti authorities forcibly pressured nearly 200,000 Palestinians to leave Kuwait in 1991 . Kuwait 's policy , which led to this exodus , was a response to alignment of Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat and the PLO with Saddam Hussein . The Palestinians who fled Kuwait were Jordanian citizens . In 2013 , there were 280,000 Jordanian citizens of Palestinian origin in Kuwait . In 2012 , 80,000 Palestinians ( without Jordanian citizenship ) lived in Kuwait . Saudi Arabia expelled Yemeni workers after Yemen supported Saddam during the Gulf War . Coalition bombing of Iraq 's civilian infrastructure In the 23 June 1991 edition of The Washington Post , reporter Bart Gellman wrote : `` Many of the targets were chosen only secondarily to contribute to the military defeat of Iraq ... Military planners hoped the bombing would amplify the economic and psychological impact of international sanctions on Iraqi society ... They deliberately did great harm to Iraq 's ability to support itself as an industrial society ... '' In the Jan / Feb 1995 edition of Foreign Affairs , French diplomat Eric Rouleau wrote : `` ( T ) he Iraqi people , who were not consulted about the invasion , have paid the price for their government 's madness ... Iraqis understood the legitimacy of a military action to drive their army from Kuwait , but they have had difficulty comprehending the Allied rationale for using air power to systematically destroy or cripple Iraqi infrastructure and industry : electric power stations ( 92 percent of installed capacity destroyed ) , refineries ( 80 percent of production capacity ) , petrochemical complexes , telecommunications centers ( including 135 telephone networks ) , bridges ( more than 100 ) , roads , highways , railroads , hundreds of locomotives and boxcars full of goods , radio and television broadcasting stations , cement plants , and factories producing aluminum , textiles , electric cables , and medical supplies . '' However , the UN subsequently spent billions rebuilding hospitals , schools , and water purification facilities throughout the country . Abuse of coalition POWs During the conflict , coalition aircrew shot down over Iraq were displayed as prisoners of war on TV , most with visible signs of abuse . Amongst several testimonies to poor treatment , USAF Captain Richard Storr was allegededly tortured by Iraqis during the Persian Gulf War . Iraqi secret police broke his nose , dislocated his shoulder and punctured his eardrum . Royal Air Force Tornado crew John Nichol and John Peters have both alleged that they were tortured during this time . Nichol and Peters were forced to make statements against the war in front of television cameras . Members of British Special Air Service Bravo Two Zero were captured while providing information about an Iraqi supply line of Scud missiles to coalition forces . Only one , Chris Ryan , evaded capture while the group 's other surviving members were violently tortured . Flight surgeon ( later General ) Rhonda Cornum was raped by one of her captors after the Black Hawk helicopter in which she was riding was shot down while searching for a downed F - 16 pilot . Operation southern Watch Main article : Operation Southern Watch Since the war , the US has had a continued presence of 5,000 troops stationed in Saudi Arabia -- a figure that rose to 10,000 during the 2003 conflict in Iraq . Operation Southern Watch enforced the no - fly zones over southern Iraq set up after 1991 ; oil exports through the Persian Gulf 's shipping lanes were protected by the Bahrain - based US Fifth Fleet . Since Saudi Arabia houses Mecca and Medina , Islam 's holiest sites , many Muslims were upset at the permanent military presence . The continued presence of US troops in Saudi Arabia after the war was one of the stated motivations behind the 11 September terrorist attacks , the Khobar Towers bombing , and the date chosen for the 1998 US embassy bombings ( 7 August ) , which was eight years to the day that US troops were sent to Saudi Arabia . Osama bin Laden interpreted the Islamic prophet Muhammad as banning the `` permanent presence of infidels in Arabia '' . In 1996 , bin Laden issued a fatwa , calling for US troops to leave Saudi Arabia . In a December 1999 interview with Rahimullah Yusufzai , bin Laden said he felt that Americans were `` too near to Mecca '' and considered this a provocation to the entire Islamic world . Sanctions Main articles : United Nations Security Council Resolution 661 and Sanctions against Iraq Wikisource has original text related to this article : United Nations Security Council Resolution 661 On 6 August 1990 , after Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait , the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 661 which imposed economic sanctions on Iraq , providing for a full trade embargo , excluding medical supplies , food and other items of humanitarian necessity , these to be determined by the Council 's sanctions committee . From 1991 until 2003 , the effects of government policy and sanctions regime led to hyperinflation , widespread poverty and malnutrition . During the late 1990s , the UN considered relaxing the sanctions imposed because of the hardships suffered by ordinary Iraqis . Studies dispute the number of people who died in south and central Iraq during the years of the sanctions . Draining of the Qurna Marshes Main article : Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes The draining of the Qurna Marshes was an irrigation project in Iraq during and immediately after the war , to drain a large area of marshes in the Tigris -- Euphrates river system . Formerly covering an area of around 3,000 square kilometers , the large complex of wetlands were almost completely emptied of water , and the local Shi'ite population relocated , following the war and 1991 uprisings . By 2000 , United Nations Environment Programme estimated that 90 % of the marshlands had disappeared , causing desertification of over 7,500 square miles ( 19,000 km ) . The draining of the Qurna Marshes also called The Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes occurred in Iraq and to a smaller degree in Iran between the 1950s and 1990s to clear large areas of the marshes in the Tigris - Euphrates river system . Formerly covering an area of around 20,000 km ( 7,700 sq mi ) , the large complex of wetlands was 90 % drained prior to the 2003 Invasion of Iraq . The marshes are typically divided into three main sub-marshes , the Hawizeh , Central , and Hammar Marshes and all three were drained at different times for different reasons . Initial draining of the Central Marshes was intended to reclaim land for agriculture but later all three marshes would become a tool of war and revenge . Many international organizations such as the UN Human Rights Commission , the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq , the Wetlands International , and Middle East Watch have described the project as a political attempt to force the Marsh Arabs out of the area through water diversion tactics . Oil spill Main article : Gulf War oil spill On 23 January , Iraq dumped 400 million US gallons ( 1,500,000 m ) of crude oil into the Persian Gulf , causing the largest offshore oil spill in history at that time . It was reported as a deliberate natural resources attack to keep US Marines from coming ashore ( Missouri and Wisconsin had shelled Failaka Island during the war to reinforce the idea that there would be an amphibious assault attempt ) . About 30 -- 40 % of this came from allied raids on Iraqi coastal targets . Kuwaiti oil fires Main article : Kuwaiti oil fires See also : Environmental impact of war Oil well fires rage outside Kuwait City in 1991 The Kuwaiti oil fires were caused by the Iraqi military setting fire to 700 oil wells as part of a scorched earth policy while retreating from Kuwait in 1991 after conquering the country but being driven out by coalition forces . The fires started in January and February 1991 , and the last one was extinguished by November . The resulting fires burned out of control because of the dangers of sending in firefighting crews . Land mines had been placed in areas around the oil wells , and a military cleaning of the areas was necessary before the fires could be put out . Somewhere around 6 million barrels ( 950,000 m ) of oil were lost each day . Eventually , privately contracted crews extinguished the fires , at a total cost of US $1.5 billion to Kuwait . By that time , however , the fires had burned for approximately 10 months , causing widespread pollution . Cost The cost of the war to the United States was calculated by the US Congress in April 1992 to be $61.1 billion ( equivalent to $96.5 billion in 2016 ) . About $52 billion of that amount was paid by other countries : $36 billion by Kuwait , Saudi Arabia and other Arab states of the Persian Gulf ; $16 billion by Germany and Japan ( which sent no combat forces due to their constitutions ) . About 25 % of Saudi Arabia 's contribution was paid in the form of in - kind services to the troops , such as food and transportation . US troops represented about 74 % of the combined force , and the global cost was therefore higher . Effect on developing countries Apart from the impact on Arab States of the Persian Gulf , the resulting economic disruptions after the crisis affected many states . The Overseas Development Institute ( ODI ) undertook a study in 1991 to assess the effects on developing states and the international community 's response . A briefing paper finalized on the day that the conflict ended draws on their findings which had two main conclusions : Many developing states were severely affected and while there has been a considerable response to the crisis , the distribution of assistance was highly selective . The ODI factored in elements of `` cost '' which included oil imports , remittance flows , re-settlement costs , loss of export earnings and tourism . For Egypt , the cost totaled $1 billion , 3 % of GDP . Yemen had a cost of $830 million , 10 % of GDP , while it cost Jordan $1.8 billion , 32 % of GDP . International response to the crisis on developing states came with the channeling of aid through The Gulf Crisis Financial Co-ordination Group . They were 24 states , comprising most of the OECD countries plus some Gulf states : Saudi Arabia , United Arab Emirates , Qatar and Kuwait . The members of this group agreed to disperse $14 billion in development assistance . The World Bank responded by speeding up the disbursement of existing project and adjustment loans . The International Monetary Fund adopted two lending facilities -- the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility ( ESAF ) and the Compensatory & Contingency Financing Facility ( CCFF ) . The European Community offered $2 billion in assistance . Media coverage The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Media coverage of the Gulf War The war was heavily televised . For the first time , people all over the world were able to watch live pictures of missiles hitting their targets and fighters departing from aircraft carriers . Allied forces were keen to demonstrate their weapons ' accuracy . In the United States , the `` big three '' network anchors led the war 's network news coverage : ABC 's Peter Jennings , CBS 's Dan Rather , and NBC 's Tom Brokaw were anchoring their evening newscasts when air strikes began on 16 January 1991 . ABC News correspondent Gary Shepard , reporting live from Baghdad , told Jennings of the city 's quietness . But , moments later , Shepard was back on the air as flashes of light were seen on the horizon and tracer fire was heard on the ground . On CBS , viewers were watching a report from correspondent Allen Pizzey , who was also reporting from Baghdad , when the war began . Rather , after the report was finished , announced that there were unconfirmed reports of flashes in Baghdad and heavy air traffic at bases in Saudi Arabia . On the NBC Nightly News , correspondent Mike Boettcher reported unusual air activity in Dhahran , Saudi Arabia . Moments later , Brokaw announced to his viewers that the air attack had begun . Still , it was CNN whose coverage gained the most popularity and indeed its wartime coverage is often cited as one of the landmark events in the network 's history , ultimately leading to the establishment of CNN International . CNN correspondents John Holliman and Peter Arnett and CNN anchor Bernard Shaw relayed audio reports from Baghdad 's Al - Rashid Hotel as the air strikes began . The network had previously convinced the Iraqi government to allow installation of a permanent audio circuit in their makeshift bureau . When the telephones of all of the other Western TV correspondents went dead during the bombing , CNN was the only service able to provide live reporting . After the initial bombing , Arnett remained behind and was , for a time , the only American TV correspondent reporting from Iraq . In the United Kingdom , the BBC devoted the FM portion of its national speech radio station BBC Radio 4 to an 18 - hour rolling news format creating Radio 4 News FM . The station was short lived , ending shortly after President Bush declared the ceasefire and Kuwait 's liberation . However , it paved the way for the later introduction of Radio Five Live . Two BBC journalists , John Simpson and Bob Simpson ( no relation ) , defied their editors and remained in Baghdad to report on the war 's progress . They were responsible for a report which included an `` infamous cruise missile that travelled down a street and turned left at a traffic light . '' Newspapers all over the world also covered the war and Time magazine published a special issue dated 28 January 1991 , the headline `` War in the Gulf '' emblazoned on the cover over a picture of Baghdad taken as the war began . US policy regarding media freedom was much more restrictive than in the Vietnam War . The policy had been spelled out in a Pentagon document entitled Annex Foxtrot . Most of the press information came from briefings organized by the military . Only selected journalists were allowed to visit the front lines or conduct interviews with soldiers . Those visits were always conducted in the presence of officers , and were subject to both prior approval by the military and censorship afterward . This was ostensibly to protect sensitive information from being revealed to Iraq . This policy was heavily influenced by the military 's experience with the Vietnam War , in which public opposition within the US grew throughout the war 's course . It was not only the limitation of information in the Middle East ; media were also restricting what was shown about the war with more graphic depictions like Ken Jarecke 's image of a burnt Iraqi soldier being pulled from the American AP wire whereas in Europe it was given extensive coverage . At the same time , the war 's coverage was new in its instantaneousness . About halfway through the war , Iraq 's government decided to allow live satellite transmissions from the country by Western news organizations , and US journalists returned en masse to Baghdad . NBC 's Tom Aspell , ABC 's Bill Blakemore , and CBS News ' Betsy Aaron filed reports , subject to acknowledged Iraqi censorship . Throughout the war , footage of incoming missiles was broadcast almost immediately . A British crew from CBS News , David Green and Andy Thompson , equipped with satellite transmission equipment , traveled with the front line forces and , having transmitted live TV pictures of the fighting en route , arrived the day before the forces in Kuwait City , broadcasting live television from the city and covering the entrance of the Arab forces the next day . Alternative media outlets provided views in opposition to the war . Deep Dish Television compiled segments from independent producers in the US and abroad , and produced a 10 - hour series that was distributed internationally , called The Gulf Crisis TV Project . The series ' first program War , Oil and Power was compiled and released in 1990 , before the war broke out . News World Order was the title of another program in the series ; it focused on the media 's complicity in promoting the war , as well as Americans ' reactions to the media coverage . In San Francisco , as a local example , Paper Tiger Television West produced a weekly cable television show with highlights of mass demonstrations , artists ' actions , lectures , and protests against mainstream media coverage at newspaper offices and television stations . Local media outlets in cities across the country screened similar oppositional media . The organization Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting ( FAIR ) critically analyzed media coverage during the war in various articles and books , such as the 1991 Gulf War Coverage : The Worst Censorship was at Home . Technology The USS Missouri launches a Tomahawk missile . The Gulf War was the last conflict in which battleships were deployed in a combat role ( as of 2017 ) Precision - guided munitions were heralded as key in allowing military strikes to be made with a minimum of civilian casualties compared to previous wars , although they were not used as often as more traditional , less accurate bombs . Specific buildings in downtown Baghdad could be bombed while journalists in their hotels watched cruise missiles fly by . Precision - guided munitions amounted to approximately 7.4 % of all bombs dropped by the coalition . Other bombs included cluster bombs , which disperse numerous submunitions , and daisy cutters , 15,000 - pound bombs which can disintegrate everything within hundreds of yards . Global Positioning System ( GPS ) units were relatively new at the time and were important in enabling coalition units to easily navigate across the desert . Since military GPS receivers were not available for most troops , many used commercially available units . To permit these to be used to best effect , the `` selective availability '' feature of the GPS system was turned off for the duration of Desert Storm , allowing these commercial receivers to provide the same precision as the military equipment . Airborne Warning and Control System ( AWACS ) and satellite communication systems were also important . Two examples of this are the US Navy 's Grumman E-2 Hawkeye and the US Air Force 's Boeing E-3 Sentry . Both were used in command and control area of operations . These systems provided essential communications links between air , ground , and naval forces . It is one of several reasons why coalition forces dominated the air war . American - made color photocopiers were used to produce some of Iraq 's battle plans . Some of the copiers contained concealed high - tech transmitters that revealed their positions to American electronic warfare aircraft , leading to more precise bombings . Scud and Patriot missiles Military personnel examine the remains of a Scud The role of Iraq 's Scud missiles featured prominently in the war . Scud is a tactical ballistic missile that the Soviet Union developed and deployed among the forward deployed Soviet Army divisions in East Germany . The role of the Scuds which were armed with nuclear and chemical warheads was to destroy command , control , and communication facilities and delay full mobilization of Western German and Allied Forces in Germany . It could also be used to directly target ground forces . Scud missiles utilize inertial guidance which operates for the duration that the engines operate . Iraq used Scud missiles , launching them into both Saudi Arabia and Israel . Some missiles caused extensive casualties , while others caused little damage . Concerns were raised of possible chemical or biological warheads on these rockets , but if they existed , they were not used . The US Patriot missile was used in combat for the first time . The US military claimed a high effectiveness against Scuds at the time , but later analysis gives figures as low as 9 % , with 45 % of the 158 Patriot launches being against debris or false targets . The Dutch Ministry of Defense , which also sent Patriot missiles to protect civilians in Israel and Turkey , later disputed the higher claim . Further , there is at least one incident of a software error causing a Patriot missile 's failure to engage an incoming Scud , resulting in deaths . Both the US Army and the missile manufacturers maintained the Patriot delivered a `` miracle performance '' in the Gulf War . See also Iraq portal Kuwait portal United States portal War portal 1990s portal 1973 Samita border skirmish War on Terror War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) United Nations Iraq -- Kuwait Observation Mission ( April 1991 -- October 2003 ) Kuwait -- Iraq barrier Gulf War military awards Iraq disarmament timeline 1990 -- 2003 Iraq -- Russia relations Lion of Babylon ( tank ) List of Gulf War military equipment Operation Simoom Organization of United States Air Force Units in the Gulf War SIPRI Arms Transfers Database , Iraq 1973 -- 1990 Timeline of the Gulf War History of the M1 Abrams Regional wars : List of modern conflicts in the Middle East General : Loss of Strength Gradient Military history of the United States Post -- World War II air - to - air combat losses Games : Conflict : Desert Storm Conflict : Desert Storm II Gulf War : Operation Desert Hammer Notes Jump up ^ The numbering of Persian Gulf conflicts depends on whether the Iran -- Iraq War ( 1980 -- 1988 ) is referred to as the First ( Persian ) Gulf War ( English language sources prior to the start of the Kuwait war in 1990 usually called it the Gulf War ) , which would make the 1990 war the Second ( Persian ) Gulf War . Different sources may call the conflicts by different names . The name ' Persian Gulf ' is itself a subject of dispute . The start date of the Kuwait War can also be seen as either August 1990 ( when Iraq 's Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait ) or as January 1991 ( the start of Operation Desert Storm , when the US - led coalition forced Iraq out of Kuwait ) , so that the war is also often called the 1991 Gulf War , the 1990 -- 1991 Gulf War , the 1990s Gulf War , etc ... This dating is also used to distinguish it from the other two ' Gulf Wars ' . References ^ Jump up to : Miller , Judith . `` Syria Plans to Double Gulf Force . '' The New York Times , 27 March 1991 . Jump up ^ `` Den 1 . Golfkrig '' . Forsvaret.dk. 24 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Persian Gulf War , the Sandhurst - trained Prince Khaled bin Sultan al - Saud was co-commander with General Norman Schwarzkopf www.casi.org.uk/discuss Jump up ^ General Khaled was Co-Commander , with US General Norman Schwarzkopf , of the allied coalition that liberated Kuwait www.thefreelibrary.com Jump up ^ Gulf War coalition forces ( latest available ) by country `` www.nationmaster.com '' . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 13 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Hersh , Seymour ( 2005 ) . Chain of Command . Penguin Books . p. 181 . ^ Jump up to : `` Persian Gulf War '' . MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 1 November 2009 . Jump up ^ 18 M1 Abrams , 11 M60 , 2 AMX - 30 Jump up ^ CheckPoint , Ludovic Monnerat - . `` Guerre du Golfe : le dernier combat de la division Tawakalna '' . Jump up ^ Scales , Brig. Gen. Robert H. : Certain Victory . Brassey 's , 1994 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Halberstadt 1991 . p. 35 Jump up ^ Atkinson , Rick . Crusade , The untold story of the Persian Gulf War . Houghton Mifflin Company , 1993 . pp. 332 -- 3 Jump up ^ Captain Todd A. Buchs , B. Co . Commander , Knights In the Desert . Publisher / Editor Unknown . p. 111 . Jump up ^ Malory , Marcia . `` Tanks During the First Gulf War -- Tank History '' . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ M60 vs T - 62 Cold War Combatants 1956 -- 92 by Lon Nordeen & David Isby Jump up ^ `` TAB H -- Friendly - fire Incidents '' . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ NSIAD - 92 - 94 , `` Operation Desert Storm : Early Performance Assessment of Bradley and Abrams '' . US General Accounting Office , 10 January 1992 . Quote : `` According to information provided by the Army 's Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans , 20 Bradleys were destroyed during the Gulf war . Another 12 Bradleys were damaged , but four of these were quickly repaired . Friendly fire accounted for 17 of the destroyed Bradleys and three of the damaged ones ^ Jump up to : Pike , John . `` Operation Desert Storm '' . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait ; 1990 ( Air War ) . Acig.org . Retrieved on 12 June 2011 ^ Jump up to : Bourque P. 455 Jump up ^ `` The Use of Terror during Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait '' . The Jewish Agency for Israel . Archived from the original on 24 January 2005 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kuwait : missing people : a step in the right direction '' . Red Cross . Jump up ^ `` The Wages of War : Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict '' . Project on Defense Alternatives . Retrieved 9 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fetter , Steve ; Lewis , George N. ; Gronlund , Lisbeth ( 28 January 1993 ) . `` Why were Casualties so low ? '' ( PDF ) . Nature . London . 361 ( 6410 ) : 293 -- 296 . doi : 10.1038 / 361293a0 . Jump up ^ `` Frontline Chronology '' ( PDF ) . 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Cradle of Conflict : Iraq and the Birth of Modern U.S. Military Power . United States Naval Institute . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 444 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dan Vaught . `` Eyewitness , Col. Fred Hart 1 '' . Users.lighthouse.net . Archived from the original on 18 August 2009 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Tom ; Sadik , Ahmad ( 16 September 2003 ) . `` Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait ; 1990 '' . Air Combat Information Group . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Iraqis loot Kuwait 's central bank of gold , cash '' . Jump up ^ `` The Stolen Dinars of Kuwait - PMG '' . www.pmgnotes.com . Jump up ^ `` Iran , Israel and the Shi'ite Crescent '' ( PDF ) . S. Daniel Abraham Center for Strategic Dialogue . pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` Saddam 's Security Apparatus During the Invasion of Kuwait and the Kuwaiti Resistance '' . The Journal of Intelligence History . Winter 2003 . pp. 74 -- 75 . 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Archived from the original on 2005 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Report of the Security Council : 16 June 1990 -- 15 June 1991 . New York : United Nations . 1993 . pp. 33 -- 35 . ISSN 0082 - 8238 . Jump up ^ * Finlan ( 2003 ) . p. 29 . * `` Resolution 661 ( 1990 ) '' . United Nations . Retrieved 13 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Report of the Security Council : 16 June 1990 -- 15 June 1991 . New York : United Nations . 1993 . pp. 52 -- 53 . ISSN 0082 - 8238 . Jump up ^ Lori Fisler Damrosch , International Law , Cases and Materials , West Group , 2001 ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Thomas L. ( 22 August 1990 ) . `` Confrontation in the Gulf : Behind Bush 's Hard Line ; Washington Considers a Clear Iraqi Defeat To Be Necessary to Bolster Its Arab Allies '' . The New York Times . New York . pp. A1 . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Confrontation in the Gulf ; Proposals by Iraqi President : Excerpts From His Address '' . The New York Times . New York . 13 August 1990 . pp. A8 . 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Jump up ^ Operation Desert Storm globalsecurity.com Jump up ^ `` CNN.com In - depth specials -- Gulf War ( via Internet Archive ) '' . CNN . 2001 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2008 . Retrieved 23 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Lee , Robin J. ( 2002 ) . `` Fixed - Wing Combat Aircraft Attrition in Desert Storm '' . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Sources : Gulf War Airpower Survey , Vol. 5 ; Norman Friedman , Desert Victory ; World Air Power Journal . Additionally , Mark Bovankovich and LT Chuck Chase offered corrections and several intriguing details on these incidents . All errors , however , remain entirely mine . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Rick ( 1994 ) . Crusade : The Untold Story of the Persian Gulf War . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 71083 - 9 Jump up ^ Lawrence Freedman and Efraim Karsh , The Gulf Conflict : Diplomacy and War in the New World Order , 1990 -- 1991 ( Princeton , 1993 ) , 332 . 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U.S Department of Veteran Affairs . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gulf war syndrome ; higher rates of specific birth defects in gulf war veterans ' children '' . Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA , 14 . 2003 . Jump up ^ Hindin R. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Teratogenicity of depleted uranium aerosols : A review from an epidemiological perspective '' . Environmental Health . 4 ( 1 ) : 17 . doi : 10.1186 / 1476 - 069X - 4 - 17 . PMC 1242351 . PMID 16124873 . Jump up ^ Marshall , AC ( 2005 ) . `` An Analysis of Uranium Dispersal and Health Effects Using a Gulf War Case Study '' ( PDF ) . Sandia National Laboratories . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Depleted Uranium -- http://www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/depleted_uranium// Jump up ^ `` Depleted Uranium Health Effects '' . ead.anl.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ John Pike . `` E-8 Joint - DEATH STAR ( JSTARS ) '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 18 March 2010 . 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New York Daily News . Lexis Nexis Academic . 12 May . 2004 . Web . 15 April . 2014 Jump up ^ `` The Flight That Changed My Life '' . Johnnichol.com . Archived from the original on 29 April 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` War Story : John Peters '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ The One that Got Away by Chris Ryan & Bravo Two Zero by Andy McNab Jump up ^ `` A Woman 's Burden '' . Time . 28 March 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` US pulls out of Saudi Arabia '' . BBC News . 29 April 2003 . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Plotz , David ( 2001 ) What Does Osama Bin Laden Want ? , Slate Jump up ^ Bergen , Peter L. ( 2001 ) . Holy War Inc . Simon & Schuster . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Yusufzai , Rahimullah ( 26 September 2001 ) . `` Face to face with Osama '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 19 January 2008 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Iraq surveys show ' humanitarian emergency ' '' . 12 August 1999 . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . 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( 2018 ) . `` What Was the U.S. GDP Then ? '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series . ^ Jump up to : `` The Impact of the Gulf Crisis on Developing Countries '' . ODI Briefing Paper . March 1991 . Retrieved 29 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Peter Ruff ( 31 July 2006 ) . `` Obituary : Bob Simpson '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Lori Robertson ( 2007 ) . `` Images of War '' . AJR . Archived from the original on 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 20 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Ken Jarecke 's account to the BBC World Service programme ( 9 May 2005 ) . `` Picture power : Death of an Iraqi soldier '' . BBC News . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Dean ( 2007 ) . `` Famous Pictures Magazine -- Iraqi Soldier '' . Famous Pictures Magazine . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Series ( The Gulf Crisis TV Project ) '' . archive.org. 11 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 July 2010 . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` War , Oil and Power '' . Retrieved 17 January 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` News World Order '' . Retrieved 17 January 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Naureckas , Jim ( April 1991 ) . `` Gulf War Coverage : The Worst Censorship Was at Home '' . Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting ( FAIR ) . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dumb Bombs '' . Fas.org . Archived from the original on 28 March 2010 . Retrieved 18 March 2010 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Joel . GPS for Dummies . Jump up ^ `` Something wrong with our * * * * chips today '' . The Economist. 7 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cirincione , Joseph ( October 1992 ) . `` The Performance of the Patriot Missile in the war '' ( PDF ) . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . 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Archived from the original on 5 December 2005 . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Atkinson , Rick ; Devroy , Ann ( 12 January 1991 ) . `` U.S. Claims Iraqi Nuclear Reactors Hit Hard '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Austvik , Ole Gunnar ( 1993 ) . `` The War Over the Price of Oil '' . International Journal of Global Energy Issues . Bard , Mitchell . `` The Gulf War '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 25 May 2009 . Barzilai , Gad ( 1993 ) . Klieman , Aharon ; Shidlo , Gil , eds . The Gulf Crisis and Its Global Aftermath . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 08002 - 9 . Blum , William ( 1995 ) . Killing Hope : U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II . Common Courage Press . ISBN 1 - 56751 - 052 - 3 . Archived from the original on 23 January 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Bolkom , Christopher ; Pike , Jonathan . `` Attack Aircraft Proliferation : Areas for Concern '' . Archived from the original on 27 December 2005 . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Brown , Miland . `` First Persian Gulf War '' . Archived from the original on 21 January 2007 . Emering , Edward John ( 2005 ) . The Decorations and Medals of the Persian Gulf War ( 1990 to 1991 ) . Claymont , DE : Orders and Medals Society of America . ISBN 1 - 890974 - 18 - 8 . OCLC 62859116 . Finlan , Alastair ( 2003 ) . The Gulf War 1991 . Osprey . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 574 - 0 . Forbes , Daniel ( 15 May 2000 ) . `` Gulf War crimes ? '' . Salon Magazine . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Graham. , Bob ( 2012 ) . GULF in the WAR STORY : A US Navy Personnel Manager Confides in You . Florida u.a. : CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform . ISBN 978 - 1475147056 . Hawley. , T.M. ( 1992 ) . Against the Fires of Hell : The Environmental Disaster of the Gulf War . New York u.a. : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 0 - 15 - 103969 - 0 . Hiro , Dilip ( 1992 ) . Desert Shield to Desert Storm : The Second Gulf War . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 90657 - 9 . Clancy , Tom ; Horner , Chuck ( 1999 ) . Every Man a Tiger : The Gulf War Air Campaign . Putnam . ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 14493 - 6 . Hoskinson , Ronald Andrew ; Jarvis , Norman ( 1994 ) . `` Gulf War Photo Gallery '' . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Kepel , Gilles ( 2002 ) . `` From the Gulf War to the Taliban Jihad / Jihad : The Trail of Political Islam '' . Latimer , Jon ( 2001 ) . Deception in War . London : John Murray . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 5605 - 8 . Little , Allan ( 1 December 1997 ) . `` Iraq coming in from the cold ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Lowry , Richard S . `` The Gulf War Chronicles '' . iUniverse ( 2003 and 2008 ) . Archived from the original on 15 April 2008 . MacArthur , John . `` Independent Policy Forum Luncheon Honoring '' . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Makiya , Kanan ( 1993 ) . Cruelty and Silence : War , Tyranny , Uprising , and the Arab World . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 03108 - 9 . Moise , Edwin . `` Bibliography : The First U.S. -- Iraq War : Desert Shield and Desert Storm ( 1990 -- 1991 ) '' . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Munro , Alan ( 2006 ) . Arab Storm : Politics and Diplomacy Behind the Gulf War . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 84511 - 128 - 1 . Naval Historical Center ( 15 May 1991 ) . `` The United States Navy in Desert Shield / Desert Storm '' . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Wright , Steven ( 2007 ) . The United States and Persian Gulf Security : The Foundations of the War on Terror . Ithaca Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86372 - 321 - 6 . Niksch , Larry A ; Sutter , Robert G ( 23 May 1991 ) . `` Japan 's Response to the Persian Gulf Crisis : Implications for U.S. - Japan Relations '' . Congressional Research Service , Library of Congress . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Odgers , George ( 1999 ) . 100 Years of Australians at War . Sydney : Lansdowne . ISBN 1 - 86302 - 669 - X . Riley , Jonathon ( 2010 ) . Decisive Battles : From Yorktown to Operation Desert Storm . Continuum . ISBN 1 - 84725 - 250 - 8 . Roberts , Paul William ( 1998 ) . The Demonic Comedy : Some Detours in the Baghdad of Saddam Hussein . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 13823 - 3 . Sifry , Micah ; Cerf , Christopher ( 1991 ) . The Gulf War Reader . New York , NY : Random House . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 1947 - 5 . Simons , Geoff ( 2004 ) . Iraq : from Sumer to post-Saddam ( 3 ed . ) . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 1770 - 1 . Smith , Jean Edward ( 1992 ) . George Bush 's War . New York : Henry Holt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 1388 - 7 . Tucker , Spencer ( 2010 ) . The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars : The United States in the Persian Gulf , Afghanistan , and Iraq Conflicts . ABC - Clio . ISBN 1 - 84725 - 250 - 8 . Turnley , Peter ( December 2002 ) . `` The Unseen Gulf War ( photo essay ) '' . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Walker , Paul ; Stambler , Eric ( 1991 ) . `` ... and the dirty little weapons '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Vol 47 , Number 4 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2007 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Frank , Andre Gunder ( 20 May 1991 ) . `` Third World War in the Gulf : A New World Order '' . Political Economy Notebooks for Study and Research , no . 14 , pp. 5 -- 34 . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . PBS Frontline . `` The Gulf War : an in - depth examination of the 1990 -- 1991 Persian Gulf crisis '' . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . `` Report to Congress on the Conduct of the Persian Gulf War , Chapter 6 '' . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Films Dawn of the World ( 2008 ) Bravo Two Zero ( 1999 ) Courage Under Fire ( 1996 ) The Finest Hour ( 1991 ) The Heroes of Desert Storm ( 1991 ) Jarhead ( 2005 ) Lessons of Darkness ( 1992 ) ( a documentary ) Live from Baghdad ( 2002 ) Towelhead ( 2007 ) Three Kings ( 1999 ) The Manchurian Candidate ( 2004 ) Used as a back drop for the film The Big Lebowski ( 1998 ) . It is frequently discussed as well . Used in retconned backstory for The Punisher ( 2004 ) Airlift ( 2016 ) -- A Bollywood film based on the true story of the evacuation of 170,000 Indians stranded in the war zone . Novels Braving the Fear -- The True Story of Rowdy US Marines in the Gulf War ( by Douglas Foster ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 4137 - 9902 - 6 Bravo Two Zero ( by Andy McNab ) ISBN 0 - 440 - 21880 - 2 The Fist of God ( by Frederick Forsyth ) ISBN 0 - 553 - 09126 - 3 Glass ( Pray the Electrons Back to Sand ) ( by James Chapman ) Gulf in the War Story : A US Navy Personnel Manager Confides in You ( diary from inside the real Top Gun , VF - 1 `` Wolfpack '' by Bob Graham ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 4751 - 4705 - 6 Hogs dime novel series by James Ferro Jarhead ( by Anthony Swofford ) ISBN 0 - 7432 - 3535 - 5 Savant ( by James Follett ) Summer 1990 ( by Firyal AlShalabi ) Third Graders at War ( by Felix G ) To Die in Babylon by Harold Livingston M60 vs T - 62 Cold War Combatants 1956 -- 92 ( by Lon Nordeen & David Isby ) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gulf War ( 1990 - 1991 ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gulf War Barbara Walters Interview with General Schwarzkopf , Coalition commander in the Persian Gulf War ( Video : ABC , 1991 ) Operation Desert Storm -- GlobalSecurity.org Gulf War Discussion from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Historical Context from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives CBC Digital Archives -- The 1991 Gulf War Master Index of Desert Storm Oral History Interviews by the United States Army Center of Military History Bibliography of the Desert Shield and Desert Storm compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History ( via Wayback Machine ) Desert Shield / Desert Storm Photographs US Army Heritage and Education Center , Carlisle , Pennsylvania Persian Gulf War 20th Anniversary of Desert Storm in Photos Air Force and Air Defense of Iraq before the war ( not translated ) exact list of the technical details Liberating Kuwait United States Marine Corps Baath Ground Forces Equipment -- GlobalSecurity.org Friendly - fire Incidents -- www.gulflink.osd.mil https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/vua_citations.html Gulf War Conflict timeline Disarmament timeline Invasion of Kuwait Battle of Dasman Palace Battle of the Bridges Battle of Failaka U.N. Resolution 660 Coalition intervention U.N. 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Turkish War Turkish -- Armenian War Franco - Turkish War Revolts Mahmud Barzanji revolts 1920s Franco - Syrian War Iraqi revolt against the British Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine Adwan Rebellion Arab separatism in Khuzestan Great Syrian Revolt Sheikh Said rebellion 1921 Persian coup d'état 1930s Ararat rebellion Ahmed Barzani revolt Simele massacre Saudi -- Yemeni War ( 1934 ) Goharshad Mosque rebellion 1935 -- 36 Iraqi Shia revolts 1935 Yazidi revolt Dersim rebellion 1940s World War II Italian bombing of Palestine Anglo - Iraqi War Syria -- Lebanon Campaign Anglo - Soviet invasion of Iran 1943 Barzani revolt Alwaziri coup Al - Wathbah uprising Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran crisis of 1946 Arab -- Israeli conflict Israeli -- Palestinian conflict 1950s Egyptian revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Jebel Akhdar War Cypriot ethnic crisis Yemeni -- Adenese clan violence 1958 Lebanon crisis 1958 Iraqi revolution 1959 Mosul uprising 1960s Iraqi -- Kurdish conflict First Iraqi -- Kurdish War Dhofar Rebellion North Yemen Civil War Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup 8th March Syrian Revolution Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup Aden Emergency 1964 Hama riot 1966 Syrian coup d'état 1970s Black September in Jordan 1972 North Yemen -- South Yemen war Turkish invasion of Cyprus Lebanese Civil War Political violence in Turkey ( 1976 -- 80 ) Libyan -- Egyptian War Islamist uprising in Syria NDF Rebellion Iranian Revolution Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 1979 Qatif Uprising Grand Mosque seizure 1980s Sadr uprising ( 1980 ) Iran -- Iraq War 1980 Turkish coup d'état Kurdish separatism in Turkey Turkey - 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Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces listed chronologically Domestic Shays ' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion John Fries Rebellion German Coast Uprising Mormon War Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Brooks -- Baxter War Range War Lincoln County War Johnson County War Coal Creek War Homestead strike Battle of Blair Mountain Bonus Army Battle of Athens Foreign Revolutionary War Cherokee War of 1776 Northwest Indian War Cherokee War of 1786 Coldwater Indian War Cherokee - Franklin War of 1788 Southwest Territory Indian War Quasi-War First Barbary War Tecumseh 's War War of 1812 Creek War Second Barbary War First Seminole War First Sumatran expedition Second Seminole War Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Mexican -- American War Jicarilla War First Fiji Expedition Third Seminole War Second Opium War Antelope Hills expedition Second Fiji Expedition Battle of Pease River First Battle of Adobe Walls Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War Posey War World War II Korean War Vietnam War 1958 Lebanon crisis Laotian Civil War Bay of Pigs Invasion Communist insurgency in Thailand Korean DMZ Conflict Dominican Civil War Insurgency in Bolivia Cambodian Civil War Shaba II Operation Eagle Claw Gulf of Sidra incident Lebanese Civil War Operation Urgent Fury Action in the Gulf of Sidra Operation El Dorado Canyon Tanker War 1989 air battle near Tobruk Operation Just Cause Gulf War Iraqi no - fly zones Somali Civil War Bosnian War Operation Uphold Democracy Kosovo War Operation Infinite Reach USS Cole bombing Afghanistan War Al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Operation Enduring Freedom -- Horn of Africa Iraq War Second Liberian Civil War United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti War in North - West Pakistan Insurgency in the Maghreb Libyan Civil War Operation Enduring Freedom -- Philippines Intervention against ISIL Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Yemeni Civil War Syrian Civil War Related articles List of conflicts in the U.S. List of wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Overseas expansion Military history Covert regime - change actions Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector War on Terror History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - 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List of WTA number 1 ranked tennis players
List of WTA number 1 ranked tennis players - wikipedia List of WTA number 1 ranked tennis players Jump to : navigation , search This article is about number - one ranked players since 1975 . For the all - time list , see World number 1 women tennis players . Simona Halep , currently ranked no . 1 in women 's singles Martina Hingis and Latisha Chan , currently co-ranked no . 1 in women 's doubles . The list of WTA number 1 ranked players shows the professional women 's tennis players who have been or currently are ranked world No. 1 by the Women 's Tennis Association , along with the dates of first reaching and losing that spot . Since the WTA began producing computerized rankings on November 3 , 1975 , 25 women have reached the highest singles ranking and 36 women the highest doubles ranking . The WTA Rankings are a merit - based method for determining the rankings in women 's tennis and the WTA releases ranking points weekly based on how players fared during the previous 52 weeks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Singles 1.1 World No. 1 ranked players 1.2 Weeks at No. 1 1.2. 1 Total 1.2. 2 Consecutive 1.3 Weeks at No. 1 by country 1.4 Year - end No. 1 players 1.4. 1 Per player 1.4. 2 Per year 1.5 Players who were ranked world No. 1 without having won a Grand Slam tournament 2 Doubles 2.1 World No. 1 ranked players 2.2 Weeks at No. 1 2.2. 1 Total 2.2. 2 Consecutive 2.3 Weeks at number 1 by country 2.4 Year - end No. 1 players 2.4. 1 Per player 2.4. 2 Per year 2.5 Players who were ranked world No. 1 without having won a Grand Slam tournament 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Singles ( edit ) World No. 1 ranked players ( edit ) The rankings are sourced by the WTA Media Guide and the WTA website ( which usually revises its rankings every Sunday night or Monday morning , except when tournament finals are postponed ) . On 11 September 2017 , Garbiñe Muguruza and Rafael Nadal made Spain the first country since the United States 14 years ago to simultaneously top both the ATP and the WTA rankings , with Muguruza making her debut in the No. 1 spot . The most recent previous such pair were Serena Williams and Andre Agassi , 28 April to 11 May 2003 . Steffi Graf spent 377 weeks at the top of the WTA , the most of any player . New no . 1 Country Player Start date End date Weeks series total USA Chris Evert Nov 3 , 1975 Apr 25 , 1976 25 25 AUS Evonne Goolagong Cawley Apr 26 , 1976 May 9 , 1976 USA Chris Evert ( 2 ) May 10 , 1976 Jul 9 , 1978 113 138 USA Martina Navratilova Jul 10 , 1978 Jan 13 , 1979 26 26 USA Chris Evert ( 3 ) Jan 14 , 1979 Jan 27 , 1979 140 USA Martina Navratilova ( 2 ) Jan 28 , 1979 Feb 24 , 1979 30 USA Chris Evert ( 4 ) Feb 25 , 1979 Apr 15 , 1979 7 147 USA Martina Navratilova ( 3 ) Apr 16 , 1979 Jun 24 , 1979 10 40 USA Chris Evert ( 5 ) Jun 25 , 1979 Sep 9 , 1979 11 158 USA Martina Navratilova ( 4 ) Sep 10 , 1979 Apr 6 , 1980 31 71 USA Tracy Austin Apr 7 , 1980 Apr 20 , 1980 USA Martina Navratilova ( 5 ) Apr 21 , 1980 Jul 6 , 1980 11 82 USA Tracy Austin ( 2 ) Jul 7 , 1980 Nov 17 , 1980 19 21 USA Chris Evert ( 6 ) Nov 18 , 1980 May 2 , 1982 76 234 USA Martina Navratilova ( 6 ) May 3 , 1982 May 16 , 1982 84 USA Chris Evert ( 7 ) May 17 , 1982 Jun 13 , 1982 238 USA Martina Navratilova ( 7 ) Jun 14 , 1982 Jun 9 , 1985 156 240 USA Chris Evert ( 8 ) Jun 10 , 1985 Oct 13 , 1985 18 256 USA Martina Navratilova ( 8 ) Oct 14 , 1985 Oct 27 , 1985 242 USA Chris Evert ( 9 ) Oct 28 , 1985 Nov 24 , 1985 260 USA Martina Navratilova ( 9 ) Nov 25 , 1985 Aug 16 , 1987 90 332 5 GER Steffi Graf Aug 17 , 1987 Mar 10 , 1991 186 186 6 YUG Monica Seles Mar 11 , 1991 Aug 4 , 1991 21 21 GER Steffi Graf ( 2 ) Aug 5 , 1991 Aug 11 , 1991 187 YUG Monica Seles ( 2 ) Aug 12 , 1991 Aug 18 , 1991 22 GER Steffi Graf ( 3 ) Aug 19 , 1991 Sep 8 , 1991 190 / YUG Monica Seles ( 3 ) Sep 9 , 1991 Jun 6 , 1993 91 113 GER Steffi Graf ( 4 ) Jun 7 , 1993 Feb 5 , 1995 87 277 7 ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario Feb 6 , 1995 Feb 19 , 1995 GER Steffi Graf ( 5 ) Feb 20 , 1995 Feb 26 , 1995 278 ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 2 ) Feb 27 , 1995 Apr 9 , 1995 6 8 GER Steffi Graf ( 6 ) Apr 10 , 1995 May 14 , 1995 5 283 ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 3 ) May 15 , 1995 Jun 11 , 1995 12 GER Steffi Graf ( 7 ) Jun 12 , 1995 Aug 14 , 1995 9 292 GER USA Steffi Graf ( 7 ) Monica Seles ( 4 ) Aug 15 , 1995 Nov 3 , 1996 64 356 177 GER Steffi Graf ( 7 ) Nov 4 , 1996 Nov 17 , 1996 358 GER USA Steffi Graf ( 7 ) Monica Seles ( 5 ) Nov 18 , 1996 Nov 24 , 1996 359 178 GER Steffi Graf ( 7 ) Nov 25 , 1996 Mar 30 , 1997 18 377 8 SUI Martina Hingis Mar 31 , 1997 Oct 11 , 1998 80 80 9 USA Lindsay Davenport Oct 12 , 1998 Feb 7 , 1999 17 17 SUI Martina Hingis ( 2 ) Feb 8 , 1999 Jul 4 , 1999 21 101 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 2 ) Jul 5 , 1999 Aug 8 , 1999 5 22 SUI Martina Hingis ( 3 ) Aug 9 , 1999 Apr 2 , 2000 34 135 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 3 ) Apr 3 , 2000 May 7 , 2000 5 27 SUI Martina Hingis ( 4 ) May 8 , 2000 May 14 , 2000 136 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 4 ) May 15 , 2000 May 21 , 2000 28 SUI Martina Hingis ( 5 ) May 22 , 2000 Oct 14 , 2001 73 209 10 USA Jennifer Capriati Oct 15 , 2001 Nov 4 , 2001 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 5 ) Nov 5 , 2001 Jan 13 , 2002 10 38 USA Jennifer Capriati ( 2 ) Jan 14 , 2002 Feb 24 , 2002 6 9 11 USA Venus Williams Feb 25 , 2002 Mar 17 , 2002 USA Jennifer Capriati ( 3 ) Mar 18 , 2002 Apr 21 , 2002 5 14 USA Venus Williams ( 2 ) Apr 22 , 2002 May 19 , 2002 7 USA Jennifer Capriati ( 4 ) May 20 , 2002 Jun 9 , 2002 17 USA Venus Williams ( 3 ) Jun 10 , 2002 Jul 7 , 2002 11 12 USA Serena Williams Jul 8 , 2002 Aug 10 , 2003 57 57 13 BEL Kim Clijsters Aug 11 , 2003 Oct 19 , 2003 10 10 14 BEL Justine Henin Oct 20 , 2003 Oct 26 , 2003 BEL Kim Clijsters ( 2 ) Oct 27 , 2003 Nov 9 , 2003 12 BEL Justine Henin ( 2 ) Nov 10 , 2003 Sep 12 , 2004 44 45 15 FRA Amélie Mauresmo Sep 13 , 2004 Oct 17 , 2004 5 5 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 6 ) Oct 18 , 2004 Aug 21 , 2005 44 82 16 RUS Maria Sharapova Aug 22 , 2005 Aug 28 , 2005 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 7 ) Aug 29 , 2005 Sep 11 , 2005 84 RUS Maria Sharapova ( 2 ) Sep 12 , 2005 Oct 23 , 2005 6 7 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 8 ) Oct 24 , 2005 Jan 29 , 2006 14 98 BEL Kim Clijsters ( 3 ) Jan 30 , 2006 Mar 19 , 2006 7 19 FRA Amélie Mauresmo ( 2 ) Mar 20 , 2006 Nov 12 , 2006 34 39 BEL Justine Henin ( 3 ) Nov 13 , 2006 Jan 28 , 2007 11 56 RUS Maria Sharapova ( 3 ) Jan 29 , 2007 Mar 18 , 2007 7 14 BEL Justine Henin ( 4 ) Mar 19 , 2007 May 18 , 2008 61 117 RUS Maria Sharapova ( 4 ) May 19 , 2008 Jun 8 , 2008 17 17 SRB Ana Ivanovic Jun 9 , 2008 Aug 10 , 2008 9 9 18 SRB Jelena Janković Aug 11 , 2008 Aug 17 , 2008 SRB Ana Ivanovic ( 2 ) Aug 18 , 2008 Sep 7 , 2008 12 USA Serena Williams ( 2 ) Sep 8 , 2008 Oct 5 , 2008 61 SRB Jelena Janković ( 2 ) Oct 6 , 2008 Feb 1 , 2009 17 18 USA Serena Williams ( 3 ) Feb 2 , 2009 Apr 19 , 2009 11 72 19 RUS Dinara Safina Apr 20 , 2009 Oct 11 , 2009 25 25 USA Serena Williams ( 4 ) Oct 12 , 2009 Oct 25 , 2009 74 RUS Dinara Safina ( 2 ) Oct 26 , 2009 Nov 1 , 2009 26 USA Serena Williams ( 5 ) Nov 2 , 2009 Oct 10 , 2010 49 123 20 DEN Caroline Wozniacki Oct 11 , 2010 Feb 13 , 2011 18 18 BEL Kim Clijsters ( 4 ) Feb 14 , 2011 Feb 20 , 2011 20 DEN Caroline Wozniacki ( 2 ) Feb 21 , 2011 Jan 29 , 2012 49 67 21 BLR Victoria Azarenka Jan 30 , 2012 Jun 10 , 2012 19 19 RUS Maria Sharapova ( 5 ) Jun 11 , 2012 Jul 8 , 2012 21 BLR Victoria Azarenka ( 2 ) Jul 9 , 2012 Feb 17 , 2013 32 51 USA Serena Williams ( 6 ) Feb 18 , 2013 Sep 11 , 2016 186 309 22 GER Angelique Kerber Sep 12 , 2016 Jan 29 , 2017 20 20 USA Serena Williams ( 7 ) Jan 30 , 2017 Mar 19 , 2017 7 316 GER Angelique Kerber ( 2 ) Mar 20 , 2017 Apr 23 , 2017 5 25 USA Serena Williams ( 8 ) Apr 24 , 2017 May 14 , 2017 319 GER Angelique Kerber ( 3 ) May 15 , 2017 Jul 16 , 2017 9 34 23 CZE Karolína Plíšková Jul 17 , 2017 Sep 10 , 2017 8 8 24 ESP Garbiñe Muguruza Sep 11 , 2017 Oct 8 , 2017 25 ROU Simona Halep Oct 9 , 2017 Jan 28 , 2018 16 16 DEN Caroline Wozniacki ( 3 ) Jan 29 , 2018 Feb 25 , 2018 71 ROU Simona Halep ( 2 ) Feb 26 , 2018 Present 17 Key Open - era record Current No. 1 player as of February 26 , 2018 Note ^ Jump up to : Monica Seles was stabbed by a spectator during a WTA tournament match on 30 April 1993 ; while ranked number 1 . When she returned to competition in 1995 , the WTA decided to reinstate her alongside Graf as number one , with her ranking protected for a year until she had a full season of ranking points accrued . Weeks at No. 1 ( edit ) Total ( edit ) Rank Nat . Player Weeks 1 . Steffi Graf 377 2 . Martina Navratilova 332 3 . Serena Williams 319 4 . Chris Evert 260 5 . Martina Hingis 209 6 . / / Monica Seles 178 7 . Justine Henin 117 8 . Lindsay Davenport 98 9 . Caroline Wozniacki 71 10 . Victoria Azarenka 51 11 . Amélie Mauresmo 39 12 . Angelique Kerber 34 13 . Dinara Safina 26 14 . Tracy Austin 21 Maria Sharapova 16 . Kim Clijsters 20 17 . Jelena Janković 18 18 . Jennifer Capriati 17 Simona Halep 20 . Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 12 Ana Ivanovic 22 . Venus Williams 11 23 . Karolína Plíšková 8 24 . Garbiñe Muguruza 25 . Evonne Goolagong Cawley active players - current No. 1 in bold Consecutive ( edit ) Rank Nat . Player Weeks 1 . Steffi Graf 186 Serena Williams 3 . Martina Navratilova 156 4 . Chris Evert 113 5 . Steffi Graf ( 2 ) 94 6 . Monica Seles 91 7 . Martina Navratilova ( 2 ) 90 8 . Steffi Graf ( 3 ) 87 9 . Martina Hingis 80 10 . Chris Evert ( 2 ) 76 11 . Martina Hingis ( 2 ) 73 12 Monica Seles ( 2 ) 64 13 . Justine Henin 61 14 . Serena Williams ( 2 ) 57 15 . Serena Williams ( 3 ) 49 Caroline Wozniacki 17 . Justine Henin ( 2 ) 44 Lindsay Davenport 19 . Martina Hingis ( 3 ) 34 Amélie Mauresmo current streak in bold as of February 26 , 2018 The source for this through the week of January 2 , 2012 , is the 2012 WTA Tour Official Guide , page 177 . Weeks at No. 1 by country ( edit ) Rank Country Number of Players players weeks 1 . United States 8 1,123 Chris Evert , Martina Navratilova , Tracy Austin , Monica Seles * , Lindsay Davenport , Jennifer Capriati , Venus Williams , Serena Williams 2 . Germany 411 Steffi Graf , Angelique Kerber 3 . Switzerland 209 Martina Hingis 4 . / Yugoslavia , Serbia 143 Monica Seles * , Ana Ivanovic , Jelena Janković 5 . Belgium 137 Kim Clijsters , Justine Henin 6 . Denmark 71 Caroline Wozniacki 7 . Belarus 51 Victoria Azarenka 8 . Russia 47 Maria Sharapova , Dinara Safina 9 . France 39 Amélie Mauresmo 10 . Romania 17 Simona Halep 11 . Spain 16 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario , Garbiñe Muguruza 12 . Czech Republic 8 Karolína Plíšková 13 . Australia Evonne Goolagong Cawley as of February 26 , 2018 - current No. 1 player in bold * Note that Monica Seles is included twice due to change of citizenship . Year - End No. 1 players ( edit ) The source for this through to 2012 is the 2012 WTA Tour Official Guide , page 178 . Per player ( edit ) Country Player Fq . GER Steffi Graf 8 USA Martina Navratilova 7 USA Chris Evert 5 USA Serena Williams USA Lindsay Davenport / YUG / USA Monica Seles SUI Martina Hingis BEL Justine Henin DEN Caroline Wozniacki SRB Jelena Janković BLR Victoria Azarenka GER Angelique Kerber ROU Simona Halep Per year ( edit ) Year Country Player USA ( 1 ) Chris Evert 1976 USA Chris Evert ( 2 ) 1977 USA Chris Evert ( 3 ) 1978 USA ( 2 ) Martina Navratilova 1979 USA Martina Navratilova ( 2 ) 1980 USA Chris Evert ( 4 ) 1981 USA Chris Evert ( 5 ) 1982 USA Martina Navratilova ( 3 ) USA Martina Navratilova ( 4 ) 1984 USA Martina Navratilova ( 5 ) 1985 USA Martina Navratilova ( 6 ) 1986 USA Martina Navratilova ( 7 ) GER ( 3 ) Steffi Graf 1988 GER Steffi Graf ( 2 ) 1989 GER Steffi Graf ( 3 ) 1990 GER Steffi Graf ( 4 ) 1991 YUG ( 4 ) Monica Seles 1992 YUG Monica Seles ( 2 ) 1993 GER Steffi Graf ( 5 ) 1994 GER Steffi Graf ( 6 ) 1995 GER USA Steffi Graf ( 7 ) Monica Seles ( 3 ) GER Steffi Graf ( 8 ) 1997 SUI ( 5 ) Martina Hingis 1998 USA ( 6 ) Lindsay Davenport 1999 SUI Martina Hingis ( 2 ) 2000 SUI Martina Hingis ( 3 ) 2001 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 2 ) 2002 USA ( 7 ) Serena Williams 2003 BEL ( 8 ) Justine Henin USA Lindsay Davenport ( 3 ) 2005 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 4 ) 2006 BEL Justine Henin ( 2 ) 2007 BEL Justine Henin ( 3 ) 2008 SRB ( 9 ) Jelena Janković 2009 USA Serena Williams ( 2 ) DEN ( 10 ) Caroline Wozniacki 2011 DEN Caroline Wozniacki ( 2 ) 2012 BLR ( 11 ) Victoria Azarenka 2013 USA Serena Williams ( 3 ) 2014 USA Serena Williams ( 4 ) 2015 USA Serena Williams ( 5 ) 2016 GER ( 12 ) Angelique Kerber 2017 ROU ( 13 ) Simona Halep No. 1 every week of the year Players who were ranked world No. 1 without having won a Grand Slam tournament ( edit ) Player Date of first No. 1 position First Grand Slam final reached First Grand Slam title Kim Clijsters August 11 , 2003 2001 French Open ( June 2001 ) ( 1st of 8 ) 2005 US Open ( 1st of 4 ) Amélie Mauresmo September 13 , 2004 1999 Australian Open ( January 1999 ) ( 1st of 3 ) 2006 Australian Open ( 1st of 2 ) Jelena Janković August 11 , 2008 2008 US Open ( September 2008 ) ( Only final ) none ( still active ) Dinara Safina April 20 , 2009 2008 French Open ( June 2008 ) ( 1st of 3 ) none ( retired in 2014 ) Caroline Wozniacki October 11 , 2010 2009 US Open ( September 2009 ) ( 1st of 3 ) 2018 Australian Open ( Only title , 1st ) ( still active ) Karolína Plíšková July 17 , 2017 2016 US Open ( September 2016 ) ( Only final ) none ( still active ) Simona Halep October 9 , 2017 2014 French Open ( June 2014 ) ( 1st of 3 ) none ( still active ) Doubles ( edit ) World No. 1 ranked players ( edit ) The source for the following table through the week of January 6 , 2012 , is the 2012 WTA Tour Official Guide , page 172 . Martina Navratilova was world No. 1 in doubles for a record 237 weeks New nr. 1 Country Player Start date End date Weeks series total USA Martina Navratilova ( 1 ) September 4 , 1984 Mar 17 , 1985 27 27 USA Pam Shriver ( 1 ) Mar 18 , 1985 Jan 19 , 1986 44 44 USA Martina Navratilova ( 2 ) Jan 20 , 1986 Jul 20 , 1986 26 53 USA Pam Shriver ( 2 ) Jul 21 , 1986 Aug 17 , 1986 48 USA Martina Navratilova ( 3 ) Aug 18 , 1986 Feb 4 , 1990 181 234 TCH Helena Suková ( 1 ) Feb 5 , 1990 Feb 18 , 1990 USA Martina Navratilova ( 4 ) Feb 19 , 1990 Mar 4 , 1990 236 TCH Helena Suková ( 2 ) Mar 5 , 1990 May 6 , 1990 9 11 USA Martina Navratilova ( 5 ) May 7 , 1990 May 13 , 1990 237 TCH Helena Suková ( 3 ) May 14 , 1990 Aug 26 , 1990 15 26 TCH Jana Novotná ( 1 ) Aug 27 , 1990 Oct 14 , 1990 7 7 TCH Helena Suková ( 4 ) Oct 15 , 1990 Feb 17 , 1991 18 44 TCH Jana Novotná ( 2 ) Feb 18 , 1991 March 3 , 1991 9 5 USA Gigi Fernández ( 1 ) March 4 , 1991 March 10 , 1991 TCH Jana Novotná ( 3 ) March 11 , 1991 March 31 , 1991 12 USA Gigi Fernández ( 2 ) Apr 1 , 1991 Apr 7 , 1991 TCH Helena Suková ( 5 ) Apr 8 , 1991 Jun 9 , 1991 9 53 USA Gigi Fernández ( 3 ) Jun 10 , 1991 Sept 8 , 1991 13 15 CZE Jana Novotná ( 4 ) Sept 9 , 1991 Oct 6 , 1991 16 6 URS Natasha Zvereva ( 1 ) Oct 7 , 1991 Oct 13 , 1991 CZE Jana Novotná ( 5 ) Oct 14 , 1991 Jan 26 , 1992 15 31 7 LAT Larisa Neiland ( 1 ) Jan 27 , 1992 Feb 2 , 1992 CZE Jana Novotná ( 6 ) Feb 3 , 1992 Feb 16 , 1992 33 LAT Larisa Neiland ( 2 ) Feb 17 , 1992 Feb 23 , 1992 CZE Jana Novotná ( 7 ) Feb 24 , 1992 Mar 22 , 1992 37 LAT Larisa Neiland ( 3 ) Mar 23 , 1992 Apr 5 , 1992 CZE Jana Novotná ( 8 ) Apr 6 , 1992 Jun 14 , 1992 11 48 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 2 ) Jun 15 , 1992 Jun 21 , 1992 CZE Jana Novotná ( 9 ) Jun 22 , 1992 Oct 11 , 1992 15 63 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 3 ) Oct 12 , 1992 Oct 18 , 1992 8 ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 1 ) Oct 19 , 1992 Nov 15 , 1992 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 4 ) Nov 16 , 1992 Nov 22 , 1992 CZE Helena Suková ( 6 ) Nov 23 , 1992 Jan 10 , 1993 7 60 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 5 ) Jan 11 , 1993 Apr 4 , 1993 12 16 USA Gigi Fernández ( 4 ) Apr 5 , 1993 Sep 12 , 1993 23 38 CZE Helena Suková ( 7 ) Sep 13 , 1993 Oct 31 , 1993 7 67 USA Gigi Fernández ( 5 ) Nov 1 , 1993 Nov 14 , 1993 40 CZE Helena Suková ( 8 ) Nov 15 , 1993 Nov 21 , 1993 68 USA Gigi Fernández ( 6 ) Nov 22 , 1993 Aug 14 , 1994 38 78 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 6 ) Aug 15 , 1994 Feb 12 , 1995 26 42 ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 2 ) Feb 13 , 1995 Feb 26 , 1995 6 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 7 ) Feb 27 , 1995 Mar 5 , 1995 43 USA Gigi Fernández ( 7 ) Mar 6 , 1995 Mar 12 , 1995 79 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 8 ) Mar 13 , 1995 Mar 26 , 1995 45 ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 3 ) Mar 27 , 1995 Nov 5 , 1995 32 38 USA Gigi Fernández ( 8 ) Nov 6 , 1995 Nov 12 , 1995 80 ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 4 ) Nov 13 , 1995 Apr 6 , 1997 73 111 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 9 ) Apr 7 , 1997 Oct 19 , 1997 29 74 9 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 1 ) Oct 20 , 1997 Nov 2 , 1997 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 10 ) Nov 3 , 1997 Jan 25 , 1998 12 86 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 2 ) Jan 26 , 1998 Apr 12 , 1998 11 13 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 11 ) Apr 13 , 1998 Jun 7 , 1998 8 94 10 SUI Martina Hingis ( 1 ) Jun 8 , 1998 Aug 2 , 1998 8 8 CZE Jana Novotná ( 10 ) Aug 3 , 1998 Aug 9 , 1998 64 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 3 ) Aug 10 , 1998 Aug 16 , 1998 14 SUI Martina Hingis ( 2 ) Aug 17 , 1998 Oct 25 , 1998 10 18 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 12 ) Oct 26 , 1998 Nov 1 , 1998 95 SUI Martina Hingis ( 3 ) Nov 2 , 1998 Nov 22 , 1998 21 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 13 ) Nov 23 , 1998 May 16 , 1999 25 120 CZE Jana Novotná ( 11 ) May 17 , 1999 Jun 6 , 1999 67 SUI Martina Hingis ( 4 ) Jun 7 , 1999 Jul 4 , 1999 25 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 14 ) Jul 5 , 1999 Aug 1 , 1999 124 SUI Martina Hingis ( 5 ) Aug 2 , 1999 Aug 22 , 1999 28 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 4 ) Aug 23 , 1999 Nov 21 , 1999 13 27 11 RUS Anna Kournikova ( 1 ) Nov 22 , 1999 Jan 30 , 2000 10 10 SUI Martina Hingis ( 6 ) Jan 31 , 2000 Mar 19 , 2000 7 35 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 5 ) Mar 20 , 2000 Apr 2 , 2000 29 12 USA Corina Morariu ( 1 ) Apr 3 , 2000 Apr 16 , 2000 USA Lindsay Davenport ( 6 ) Apr 17 , 2000 May 7 , 2000 32 USA Corina Morariu ( 2 ) May 8 , 2000 Jun 11 , 2000 5 7 13 USA Lisa Raymond ( 1 ) Jun 12 , 2000 Aug 20 , 2000 10 10 14 USA AUS Lisa Raymond ( 1 ) Rennae Stubbs ( 1 ) Aug 21 , 2000 Sep 10 , 2000 13 15 FRA Julie Halard - Decugis ( 1 ) Sep 11 , 2000 Oct 22 , 2000 6 6 16 JPN Ai Sugiyama ( 1 ) Oct 23 , 2000 Oct 29 , 2000 FRA Julie Halard - Decugis ( 2 ) Oct 30 , 2000 Dec 24 , 2000 8 14 JPN Ai Sugiyama ( 2 ) Dec 25 , 2000 Aug 26 , 2001 35 36 USA Lisa Raymond ( 2 ) Aug 27 , 2001 Sep 8 , 2002 54 67 17 ARG Paola Suárez ( 1 ) Sep 9 , 2002 Aug 3 , 2003 47 47 18 BEL Kim Clijsters ( 1 ) Aug 4 , 2003 Aug 10 , 2003 JPN Ai Sugiyama ( 3 ) Aug 11 , 2003 Aug 17 , 2003 37 BEL Kim Clijsters ( 2 ) Aug 18 , 2003 Sep 7 , 2003 19 ESP Virginia Ruano Pascual ( 1 ) Sep 8 , 2003 Sep 14 , 2003 JPN Ai Sugiyama ( 4 ) Sep 15 , 2003 Nov 9 , 2003 8 45 ARG Paola Suárez ( 2 ) Nov 10 , 2003 Jul 25 , 2004 37 84 ESP Virginia Ruano Pascual ( 2 ) Jul 26 , 2004 Aug 1 , 2004 ESP ARG Virginia Ruano Pascual ( 2 ) Paola Suárez ( 3 ) Aug 2 , 2004 Aug 22 , 2004 5 87 ESP Virginia Ruano Pascual ( 2 ) Aug 23 , 2004 Oct 16 , 2005 60 65 20 ZIM Cara Black ( 1 ) Oct 17 , 2005 Feb 5 , 2006 16 16 21 AUS Samantha Stosur ( 1 ) Feb 6 , 2006 Jul 6 , 2006 22 22 USA AUS Lisa Raymond ( 3 ) Samantha Stosur ( 1 ) Jul 7 , 2006 Apr 8 , 2007 39 106 61 USA Lisa Raymond ( 3 ) Apr 9 , 2007 Jun 10 , 2007 9 115 ZIM Cara Black ( 2 ) Jun 11 , 2007 Jun 24 , 2007 18 USA Lisa Raymond ( 4 ) Jun 25 , 2007 Jul 8 , 2007 117 ZIM Cara Black ( 3 ) Jul 9 , 2007 Nov 11 , 2007 18 36 22 ZIM USA Cara Black ( 3 ) Liezel Huber ( 1 ) Nov 12 , 2007 April 18 , 2010 127 163 127 USA Liezel Huber ( 1 ) April 19 , 2010 June 6 , 2010 7 134 23 24 USA USA Serena Williams ( 1 ) Venus Williams ( 1 ) June 7 , 2010 August 1 , 2010 8 8 8 USA Liezel Huber ( 2 ) August 2 , 2010 October 31 , 2010 13 147 25 ARG Gisela Dulko ( 1 ) November 1 , 2010 February 27 , 2011 17 17 26 ARG ITA Gisela Dulko ( 1 ) Flavia Pennetta ( 1 ) February 28 , 2011 April 17 , 2011 7 24 7 ITA Flavia Pennetta ( 1 ) April 18 , 2011 July 4 , 2011 11 18 27 28 CZE SLO Květa Peschke ( 1 ) Katarina Srebotnik ( 1 ) July 4 , 2011 September 11 , 2011 10 10 10 USA Liezel Huber ( 3 ) September 12 , 2011 April 22 , 2012 32 179 USA USA Liezel Huber ( 3 ) Lisa Raymond ( 5 ) April 23 , 2012 September 9 , 2012 20 199 137 29 ITA Sara Errani ( 1 ) September 10 , 2012 October 14 , 2012 5 5 30 ITA Roberta Vinci ( 1 ) October 15 , 2012 April 28 , 2013 28 28 ITA ITA Roberta Vinci ( 1 ) Sara Errani ( 2 ) April 29 , 2013 February 16 , 2014 42 70 47 31 CHN Peng Shuai ( 1 ) February 17 , 2014 May 11 , 2014 12 12 32 CHN TPE Peng Shuai ( 1 ) Hsieh Su - wei ( 1 ) May 12 , 2014 May 18 , 2014 13 CHN Peng Shuai ( 1 ) May 19 , 2014 June 8 , 2014 16 CHN TPE Peng Shuai ( 1 ) Hsieh Su - wei ( 2 ) June 9 , 2014 July 6 , 2014 20 5 ITA ITA Roberta Vinci ( 2 ) Sara Errani ( 3 ) July 7 , 2014 April 12 , 2015 40 110 87 33 IND Sania Mirza ( 1 ) April 13 , 2015 January 17 , 2016 40 40 IND SUI Sania Mirza ( 1 ) Martina Hingis ( 7 ) January 18 , 2016 August 21 , 2016 31 71 66 IND Sania Mirza ( 1 ) August 22 , 2016 January 8 , 2017 20 91 34 USA Bethanie Mattek - Sands ( 1 ) January 9 , 2017 August 20 , 2017 32 32 35 CZE Lucie Šafářová ( 1 ) August 21 , 2017 October 1 , 2017 6 6 SUI Martina Hingis ( 8 ) October 2 , 2017 October 22 , 2017 69 36 SUI TPE Martina Hingis ( 8 ) Latisha Chan ( 1 ) October 23 , 2017 Present 19 88 19 Key Open - era record Current No. 1 player ( s ) as of February 26 , 2018 Weeks at No. 1 ( edit ) Total ( edit ) Rank Nat . Player weeks 1 . Martina Navratilova 237 2 . Liezel Huber 199 3 . Cara Black 163 4 . Lisa Raymond 137 5 . Natasha Zvereva 124 6 . Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 111 7 . Roberta Vinci 110 8 . Sania Mirza 91 9 . Martina Hingis 88 10 . Sara Errani 87 Paola Suárez 12 . Gigi Fernández 80 13 . Helena Suková 68 14 . Jana Novotná 67 15 . Virginia Ruano Pascual 65 16 . Samantha Stosur 61 17 . Pam Shriver 48 18 . Ai Sugiyama 45 19 . Lindsay Davenport 32 Bethanie Mattek - Sands 21 . Gisela Dulko 24 22 . Peng Shuai 20 23 . Latisha Chan 19 24 . Flavia Pennetta 18 25 . Julie Halard - Decugis 14 26 . Anna Kournikova 10 Květa Peschke Katarina Srebotnik 29 . Serena Williams 8 Venus Williams 31 . Corina Morariu 7 32 . Lucie Šafářová 6 33 . Hsieh Su - wei 5 34 . Kim Clijsters Larisa Neiland 36 . Rennae Stubbs active players - current No. 1 ( s ) in bold Consecutive ( edit ) Rank Nat . Player weeks 1 . Martina Navratilova 181 2 . Cara Black 145 3 . Liezel Huber 134 4 . Sania Mirza 91 5 . Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 73 6 Roberta Vinci 70 7 . Virginia Ruano Pascual 64 8 . Samantha Stosur 61 9 . Lisa Raymond 54 10 . Liezel Huber ( 2 ) 52 11 . Lisa Raymond ( 2 ) 48 12 . Paola Suárez 47 13 . Pam Shriver 44 14 . Sara Errani 42 15 . Roberta Vinci ( 2 ) 40 Sara Errani ( 2 ) 17 . Gigi Fernández 38 18 . Paola Suárez ( 2 ) 37 19 . Ai Sugiyama 35 20 . Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 2 ) 32 Bethanie Mattek - Sands current streak in bold as of February 26 , 2018 Weeks at number 1 by country ( edit ) Rank Country Number of Players players weeks 1 . United States 10 788 Martina Navratilova , Pam Shriver , Gigi Fernández , Lindsay Davenport , Corina Morariu , Lisa Raymond , Liezel Huber , Venus Williams , Serena Williams , Bethanie Mattek - Sands 2 . Italy 215 Flavia Pennetta , Sara Errani , Roberta Vinci 3 . Spain 176 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario , Virginia Ruano Pascual 4 . Zimbabwe 163 Cara Black 5 . Czechoslovakia Czech Republic 151 Helena Suková , Jana Novotná , Květa Peschke , Lucie Šafářová 6 . Belarus 123 Natasha Zvereva * 7 . Argentina 111 Paola Suárez , Gisela Dulko 8 . India 91 Sania Mirza 9 . Switzerland 88 Martina Hingis 10 . Australia 64 Rennae Stubbs , Samantha Stosur 11 . Japan 45 Ai Sugiyama 12 . Chinese Taipei 24 Hsieh Su - wei , Latisha Chan 13 . China 20 Peng Shuai 14 . France 14 Julie Halard - Decugis 15 . Russia 10 Anna Kournikova Slovenia Katarina Srebotnik 17 . Latvia Larisa Neiland Belgium Kim Clijsters 19 . Soviet Union Natasha Zvereva * as of February 26 , 2018 - current No. 1 player ( s ) in bold * Belarusian Natasha Zvereva acquired one week at number 1 whilst playing for the Soviet Union Year - end No. 1 players ( edit ) Per player ( edit ) Country Player Fq . USA Martina Navratilova 5 ZIM Cara Black USA Liezel Huber BLR Natasha Zvereva ITA Roberta Vinci CZE Helena Suková ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ARG Paola Suárez USA Lisa Raymond ITA Sara Errani IND Sania Mirza USA Pam Shriver TCH Jana Novotná USA Gigi Fernández RUS Anna Kournikova JPN Ai Sugiyama ESP Virginia Ruano Pascual AUS Samantha Stosur ARG Gisela Dulko TPE Latisha Chan SUI Martina Hingis Per year ( edit ) Year Country Player Team 1984 USA Martina Navratilova ( 1 ) Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1985 USA Pam Shriver ( 2 ) Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1986 USA Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver USA Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1988 USA Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1989 USA Martina Navratilova Helena Suková / Jana Novotná 1990 TCH Helena Suková ( 3 ) Helena Suková / Jana Novotná 1991 TCH Jana Novotná ( 4 ) Gigi Fernández / Jana Novotná 1992 CZE Helena Suková Larisa Neiland / Natasha Zvereva 1993 USA Gigi Fernández ( 5 ) Gigi Fernández / Natasha Zvereva 1994 BLR Natasha Zvereva ( 6 ) Gigi Fernández / Natasha Zvereva 1995 ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 7 ) Gigi Fernández / Natasha Zvereva ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario Jana Novotná / Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 1997 BLR Natasha Zvereva Gigi Fernández / Natasha Zvereva 1998 BLR Natasha Zvereva Martina Hingis / Jana Novotná 1999 RUS Anna Kournikova ( 8 ) Martina Hingis / Anna Kournikova 2000 JPN Ai Sugiyama ( 9 ) Serena Williams / Venus Williams 2001 USA Lisa Raymond ( 10 ) Lisa Raymond / Rennae Stubbs 2002 ARG Paola Suárez ( 11 ) Virginia Ruano Pascual / Paola Suárez 2003 ARG Paola Suárez Virginia Ruano Pascual / Paola Suárez ESP Virginia Ruano Pascual ( 12 ) Virginia Ruano Pascual / Paola Suárez 2005 ZIM Cara Black ( 13 ) Lisa Raymond / Samantha Stosur 2006 USA AUS Lisa Raymond Samantha Stosur ( 14 ) Lisa Raymond / Samantha Stosur 2007 ZIM USA Cara Black Liezel Huber ( 15 ) Cara Black / Liezel Huber 2008 ZIM USA Cara Black Liezel Huber Cara Black / Liezel Huber 2009 ZIM USA Cara Black Liezel Huber Cara Black / Liezel Huber ARG Gisela Dulko ( 16 ) Gisela Dulko / Flavia Pennetta 2011 USA Liezel Huber Květa Peschke / Katarina Srebotnik 2012 ITA Roberta Vinci ( 17 ) Sara Errani / Roberta Vinci 2013 ITA Roberta Vinci Sara Errani / Roberta Vinci ITA Sara Errani ( 18 ) 2014 ITA ITA Roberta Vinci Sara Errani Sara Errani / Roberta Vinci 2015 IND Sania Mirza ( 19 ) Martina Hingis / Sania Mirza 2016 IND Sania Mirza Caroline Garcia / Kristina Mladenovic 2017 TPE SUI Latisha Chan ( 20 ) Martina Hingis ( 21 ) Latisha Chan / Martina Hingis No. 1 every week of the year Players who were ranked world No. 1 without having won a Grand Slam tournament ( edit ) Player Date of first No. 1 position First Grand Slam final reached First Grand Slam title Gisela Dulko November 1 , 2010 2011 Australian Open ( January 2011 ) 2011 Australian Open ( only title ) Sania Mirza April 13 , 2015 2011 French Open ( June 2011 ) 2015 Wimbledon ( 1st of 3 ) See also ( edit ) World number one women tennis players ( includes rankings before 1975 ) List of WTA players who were ranked number 5 or higher but never number 1 Current WTA Rankings List of highest ranked tennis players per nation List of ATP number 1 ranked singles tennis players List of ATP number 1 ranked doubles tennis players Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 WTA Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` WTA Singles Rankings '' . Archived from the original on 8 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Garbine Muguruza joins Rafael Nadal as World No 1 '' . The Indian Express . 2017 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Seles is back in the limelight '' . The Irish Times . 26 June 1996 . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` WTA Press Center - Weeks at No. 1 '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` WTA Notes & Netcords '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Azarenka Makes SFs , Clinches Year - End No. 1 '' . wtatennis.com . WTA Tour , Inc . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Serena 's WTA Finals Withdrawal Announcement '' . wtatennis.com . WTA Tour , Inc . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) world No. 1 singles players Chris Evert ( 1975 / 1985 -- 260 w ) Evonne Goolagong ( 1976 -- 2 w ) Martina Navratilova ( 1978 / 1987 -- 331 w ) Tracy Austin ( 1980 -- 22 w ) Steffi Graf ( 1987 / 1997 -- 377 w ) / / Monica Seles ( 1991 / 1996 -- 178 w ) Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 1995 -- 12 w ) Martina Hingis ( 1997 / 2001 -- 209 w ) Lindsay Davenport ( 1998 / 2006 -- 98 w ) Jennifer Capriati ( 2001 / 2002 -- 17 w ) Venus Williams ( 2002 -- 11 w ) Serena Williams ( 2002 / 2017 -- 319 w ) Kim Clijsters ( 2003 / 2011 -- 20 w ) Justine Henin ( 2003 / 2008 -- 117 w ) Amélie Mauresmo ( 2004 / 2006 -- 39 w ) Maria Sharapova ( 2005 / 2012 -- 21 w ) Ana Ivanovic ( 2008 -- 12 w ) Jelena Janković ( 2008 / 2009 -- 18 w ) Dinara Safina ( 2009 -- 26 w ) Caroline Wozniacki ( 2010 / 2018 -- 71 w ) Victoria Azarenka ( 2012 / 2013 -- 51 w ) Angelique Kerber ( 2016 / 2017 -- 34 w ) Karolína Plíšková ( 2017 -- 8 w ) Garbiñe Muguruza ( 2017 -- 4 w ) Simona Halep ( 2017 / 2018 -- 17 w ) WTA rankings incepted on November 3 , 1975 ( year first held / year last held -- number of weeks ( w ) ) current No. 1 in bold , as of week of February 26 , 2018 Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) world No. 1 doubles players Martina Navratilova ( 1984 / 1990 -- 237 w ) Pam Shriver ( 1985 / 1986 -- 48 w ) Helena Suková ( 1990 / 1993 -- 68 w ) Jana Novotná ( 1990 / 1999 -- 67 w ) Gigi Fernández ( 1991 / 1995 -- 80 w ) Natasha Zvereva ( 1991 / 1999 -- 124 w ) Larisa Neiland ( 1992 -- 4 w ) Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 1992 / 1997 -- 111 w ) Lindsay Davenport ( 1997 / 2000 -- 32 w ) Martina Hingis ( 1998 / 2018 -- 85 w ) Anna Kournikova ( 1999 / 2000 -- 10 w ) Corina Morariu ( 2000 -- 7 w ) Lisa Raymond ( 2000 / 2012 -- 137 w ) Rennae Stubbs ( 2000 -- 3 w ) Julie Halard - Decugis ( 2000 -- 14 w ) Ai Sugiyama ( 2000 / 2003 -- 45 w ) Paola Suárez ( 2002 / 2004 -- 87 w ) Kim Clijsters ( 2003 -- 4 w ) Virginia Ruano Pascual ( 2003 / 2005 -- 65 w ) Cara Black ( 2005 / 2010 -- 163 w ) Samantha Stosur ( 2006 / 2007 -- 61 w ) Liezel Huber ( 2007 / 2012 -- 199 w ) Serena Williams ( 2010 -- 8 w ) Venus Williams ( 2010 -- 8 w ) Gisela Dulko ( 2010 / 2011 -- 24 w ) Flavia Pennetta ( 2011 -- 18 w ) Květa Peschke ( 2011 -- 10 w ) Katarina Srebotnik ( 2011 -- 10 w ) Sara Errani ( 2012 / 2015 -- 87 w ) Roberta Vinci ( 2012 / 2015 -- 110 w ) Peng Shuai ( 2014 -- 20 w ) Hsieh Su - wei ( 2014 -- 5 w ) Sania Mirza ( 2015 / 2017 -- 91 w ) Bethanie Mattek - Sands ( 2017 -- 32 w ) Lucie Šafářová ( 2017 -- 6 w ) Latisha Chan ( 2017 / 2018 -- 17 w ) WTA rankings incepted on September 4 , 1984 ( year first held / year last held -- number of weeks ( w ) ) current No. 1 in bold , as of week of February 12 , 2018 Tennis records and statistics Grand Slam Records Champions Men 's singles Chronological Women 's singles Chronological Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Champions by country Singles Singles finals Open Era singles Men 's finals Women 's finals Age of first title Men 's Singles Open Era All - time Misc . ATP Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Singles Doubles Awards No. 1 rankings ATP singles ATP doubles All - time Select players Singles Doubles Open Era Match wins Masters Series Women 's Singles Open Era All - time WTA Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Awards No. 1 rankings WTA singles and doubles All - time Select players Other Notable rivalries Open Era Titles leaders Records Tournaments Singles Doubles Olympics ITF Rankings Champions Match duration Longest Shortest Tiebreaker Golden set Serving Speed Aces Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_WTA_number_1_ranked_tennis_players&oldid=827951536 '' Categories : Tennis rankings Lists of female tennis players Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Latviešu Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Türkçe Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 18 : 26 . 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who is currently ranked number one in women's tennis
[ "\n\nNew\nno. 1\nCountry\nPlayer\nStart date\nEnd date\nWeeks\n\nseries\ntotal\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n USA\nChris Evert\nNov 3, 1975\nApr 25, 1976\n25\n25\n\n\n\n2\n\n AUS\nEvonne Goolagong Cawley\nApr 26, 1976\nMay 9, 1976\n2\n2\n\n\n\n USA\nChris Evert (2)\nMay 10, 1976\nJul 9, 1978\n113\n138\n\n\n\n3\n\n USA\nMartina Navratilova\nJul 10, 1978\nJan 13, 1979\n26\n26\n\n\n\n USA\nChris Evert (3)\nJan 14, 1979\nJan 27, 1979\n2\n140\n\n\n\n USA\nMartina Navratilova (2)\nJan 28, 1979\nFeb 24, 1979\n4\n30\n\n\n\n USA\nChris Evert (4)\nFeb 25, 1979\nApr 15, 1979\n7\n147\n\n\n\n USA\nMartina Navratilova (3)\nApr 16, 1979\nJun 24, 1979\n10\n40\n\n\n\n USA\nChris Evert (5)\nJun 25, 1979\nSep 9, 1979\n11\n158\n\n\n\n USA\nMartina Navratilova (4)\nSep 10, 1979\nApr 6, 1980\n31\n71\n\n\n\n4\n\n USA\nTracy Austin\nApr 7, 1980\nApr 20, 1980\n2\n2\n\n\n\n USA\nMartina Navratilova (5)\nApr 21, 1980\nJul 6, 1980\n11\n82\n\n\n\n USA\nTracy Austin (2)\nJul 7, 1980\nNov 17, 1980\n19\n21\n\n\n\n USA\nChris Evert (6)\nNov 18, 1980\nMay 2, 1982\n76\n234\n\n\n\n USA\nMartina Navratilova (6)\nMay 3, 1982\nMay 16, 1982\n2\n84\n\n\n\n USA\nChris Evert (7)\nMay 17, 1982\nJun 13, 1982\n4\n238\n\n\n\n USA\nMartina Navratilova (7)\nJun 14, 1982\nJun 9, 1985\n156\n240\n\n\n\n USA\nChris Evert (8)\nJun 10, 1985\nOct 13, 1985\n18\n256\n\n\n\n USA\nMartina Navratilova (8)\nOct 14, 1985\nOct 27, 1985\n2\n242\n\n\n\n USA\nChris Evert (9)\nOct 28, 1985\nNov 24, 1985\n4\n260\n\n\n\n USA\nMartina Navratilova (9)\nNov 25, 1985\nAug 16, 1987\n90\n332\n\n\n\n5\n\n GER\nSteffi Graf\nAug 17, 1987\nMar 10, 1991\n186 ↑\n186\n\n\n\n6\n\n YUG\nMonica Seles\nMar 11, 1991\nAug 4, 1991\n21\n21\n\n\n\n GER\nSteffi Graf (2)\nAug 5, 1991\nAug 11, 1991\n1\n187\n\n\n\n YUG\nMonica Seles (2)\nAug 12, 1991\nAug 18, 1991\n1\n22\n\n\n\n GER\nSteffi Graf (3)\nAug 19, 1991\nSep 8, 1991\n3\n190\n\n\n\n/ YUG\nMonica Seles (3) [n 1]\nSep 9, 1991\nJun 6, 1993\n91\n113\n\n\n\n GER\nSteffi Graf (4)\nJun 7, 1993\nFeb 5, 1995\n87\n277\n\n\n\n7\n\n ESP\nArantxa Sánchez Vicario\nFeb 6, 1995\nFeb 19, 1995\n2\n2\n\n\n\n GER\nSteffi Graf (5)\nFeb 20, 1995\nFeb 26, 1995\n1\n278\n\n\n\n ESP\nArantxa Sánchez Vicario (2)\nFeb 27, 1995\nApr 9, 1995\n6\n8\n\n\n\n GER\nSteffi Graf (6)\nApr 10, 1995\nMay 14, 1995\n5\n283\n\n\n\n ESP\nArantxa Sánchez Vicario (3)\nMay 15, 1995\nJun 11, 1995\n4\n12\n\n\n\n GER\nSteffi Graf (7)\nJun 12, 1995\nAug 14, 1995\n9\n292\n\n\n\n GER\n USA\nSteffi Graf (7)\nMonica Seles[n 1] (4)\nAug 15, 1995\nNov 3, 1996\n64\n356\n177\n\n\n\n GER\nSteffi Graf (7)\nNov 4, 1996\nNov 17, 1996\n2\n358\n\n\n\n GER\n USA\nSteffi Graf (7)\nMonica Seles (5)\nNov 18, 1996\nNov 24, 1996\n1\n359\n178\n\n\n\n GER\nSteffi Graf (7)\nNov 25, 1996\nMar 30, 1997\n18\n377 ↑\n\n\n\n8\n\n SUI\nMartina Hingis\nMar 31, 1997\nOct 11, 1998\n80\n80\n\n\n\n9\n\n USA\nLindsay Davenport\nOct 12, 1998\nFeb 7, 1999\n17\n17\n\n\n\n SUI\nMartina Hingis (2)\nFeb 8, 1999\nJul 4, 1999\n21\n101\n\n\n\n USA\nLindsay Davenport (2)\nJul 5, 1999\nAug 8, 1999\n5\n22\n\n\n\n SUI\nMartina Hingis (3)\nAug 9, 1999\nApr 2, 2000\n34\n135\n\n\n\n USA\nLindsay Davenport (3)\nApr 3, 2000\nMay 7, 2000\n5\n27\n\n\n\n SUI\nMartina Hingis (4)\nMay 8, 2000\nMay 14, 2000\n1\n136\n\n\n\n USA\nLindsay Davenport (4)\nMay 15, 2000\nMay 21, 2000\n1\n28\n\n\n\n SUI\nMartina Hingis (5)\nMay 22, 2000\nOct 14, 2001\n73\n209\n\n\n\n10\n\n USA\nJennifer Capriati\nOct 15, 2001\nNov 4, 2001\n3\n3\n\n\n\n USA\nLindsay Davenport (5)\nNov 5, 2001\nJan 13, 2002\n10\n38\n\n\n\n USA\nJennifer Capriati (2)\nJan 14, 2002\nFeb 24, 2002\n6\n9\n\n\n\n11\n\n USA\nVenus Williams\nFeb 25, 2002\nMar 17, 2002\n3\n3\n\n\n\n USA\nJennifer Capriati (3)\nMar 18, 2002\nApr 21, 2002\n5\n14\n\n\n\n USA\nVenus Williams (2)\nApr 22, 2002\nMay 19, 2002\n4\n7\n\n\n\n USA\nJennifer Capriati (4)\nMay 20, 2002\nJun 9, 2002\n3\n17\n\n\n\n USA\nVenus Williams (3)\nJun 10, 2002\nJul 7, 2002\n4\n11\n\n\n\n12\n\n USA\nSerena Williams\nJul 8, 2002\nAug 10, 2003\n57\n57\n\n\n\n13\n\n BEL\nKim Clijsters\nAug 11, 2003\nOct 19, 2003\n10\n10\n\n\n\n14\n\n BEL\nJustine Henin\nOct 20, 2003\nOct 26, 2003\n1\n1\n\n\n\n BEL\nKim Clijsters (2)\nOct 27, 2003\nNov 9, 2003\n2\n12\n\n\n\n BEL\nJustine Henin (2)\nNov 10, 2003\nSep 12, 2004\n44\n45\n\n\n\n15\n\n FRA\nAmélie Mauresmo\nSep 13, 2004\nOct 17, 2004\n5\n5\n\n\n\n USA\nLindsay Davenport (6)\nOct 18, 2004\nAug 21, 2005\n44\n82\n\n\n\n16\n\n RUS\nMaria Sharapova\nAug 22, 2005\nAug 28, 2005\n1\n1\n\n\n\n USA\nLindsay Davenport (7)\nAug 29, 2005\nSep 11, 2005\n2\n84\n\n\n\n RUS\nMaria Sharapova (2)\nSep 12, 2005\nOct 23, 2005\n6\n7\n\n\n\n USA\nLindsay Davenport (8)\nOct 24, 2005\nJan 29, 2006\n14\n98\n\n\n\n BEL\nKim Clijsters (3)\nJan 30, 2006\nMar 19, 2006\n7\n19\n\n\n\n FRA\nAmélie Mauresmo (2)\nMar 20, 2006\nNov 12, 2006\n34\n39\n\n\n\n BEL\nJustine Henin (3)\nNov 13, 2006\nJan 28, 2007\n11\n56\n\n\n\n RUS\nMaria Sharapova (3)\nJan 29, 2007\nMar 18, 2007\n7\n14\n\n\n\n BEL\nJustine Henin (4)\nMar 19, 2007\nMay 18, 2008\n61\n117\n\n\n\n RUS\nMaria Sharapova (4)\nMay 19, 2008\nJun 8, 2008\n3\n17\n\n\n\n17\n\n SRB\nAna Ivanovic\nJun 9, 2008\nAug 10, 2008\n9\n9\n\n\n\n18\n\n SRB\nJelena Janković\nAug 11, 2008\nAug 17, 2008\n1\n1\n\n\n\n SRB\nAna Ivanovic (2)\nAug 18, 2008\nSep 7, 2008\n3\n12\n\n\n\n USA\nSerena Williams (2)\nSep 8, 2008\nOct 5, 2008\n4\n61\n\n\n\n SRB\nJelena Janković (2)\nOct 6, 2008\nFeb 1, 2009\n17\n18\n\n\n\n USA\nSerena Williams (3)\nFeb 2, 2009\nApr 19, 2009\n11\n72\n\n\n\n19\n\n RUS\nDinara Safina\nApr 20, 2009\nOct 11, 2009\n25\n25\n\n\n\n USA\nSerena Williams (4)\nOct 12, 2009\nOct 25, 2009\n2\n74\n\n\n\n RUS\nDinara Safina (2)\nOct 26, 2009\nNov 1, 2009\n1\n26\n\n\n\n USA\nSerena Williams (5)\nNov 2, 2009\nOct 10, 2010\n49\n123\n\n\n\n20\n\n DEN\nCaroline Wozniacki\nOct 11, 2010\nFeb 13, 2011\n18\n18\n\n\n\n BEL\nKim Clijsters (4)\nFeb 14, 2011\nFeb 20, 2011\n1\n20\n\n\n\n DEN\nCaroline Wozniacki (2)\nFeb 21, 2011\nJan 29, 2012\n49\n67\n\n\n\n21\n\n BLR\nVictoria Azarenka\nJan 30, 2012\nJun 10, 2012\n19\n19\n\n\n\n RUS\nMaria Sharapova (5)\nJun 11, 2012\nJul 8, 2012\n4\n21\n\n\n\n BLR\nVictoria Azarenka (2)\nJul 9, 2012\nFeb 17, 2013\n32\n51\n\n\n\n USA\nSerena Williams (6)\nFeb 18, 2013\nSep 11, 2016\n186 ↑\n309\n\n\n\n22\n\n GER\nAngelique Kerber\nSep 12, 2016\nJan 29, 2017\n20\n20\n\n\n\n USA\nSerena Williams (7)\nJan 30, 2017\nMar 19, 2017\n7\n316\n\n\n\n GER\nAngelique Kerber (2)\nMar 20, 2017\nApr 23, 2017\n5\n25\n\n\n\n USA\nSerena Williams (8)\nApr 24, 2017\nMay 14, 2017\n3\n319\n\n\n\n GER\nAngelique Kerber (3)\nMay 15, 2017\nJul 16, 2017\n9\n34\n\n\n\n23\n\n CZE\nKarolína Plíšková\nJul 17, 2017\nSep 10, 2017\n8\n8\n\n\n24\n ESP\nGarbiñe Muguruza\nSep 11, 2017\nOct 8, 2017\n4\n4\n\n\n25\n ROU\nSimona Halep\nOct 9, 2017\nJan 28, 2018\n16\n16\n\n\n\n DEN\nCaroline Wozniacki (3)\nJan 29, 2018\nFeb 25, 2018\n4\n71\n\n\n\n ROU\nSimona Halep (2)\nFeb 26, 2018\nPresent\n1\n17\n\n" ]
[ "Simona Halep" ]
129540732728122557
Never Be the Same (Christopher Cross song)
Never Be the Same ( Christopher Cross song ) - Wikipedia Never Be the Same ( Christopher Cross song ) `` Never Be the Same '' Single by Christopher Cross from the album Christopher Cross B - side `` The Light is On '' Released October 1980 Format 7 '' ( 45 rpm ) Genre Pop rock Length 4 : 40 ( Album version ) 4 : 08 ( Single version ) Label Warner Songwriter ( s ) Christopher Cross `` Never Be the Same '' is the title of the third single by singer - songwriter Christopher Cross , released from his debut Grammy Award - winning album Christopher Cross . It was the singer 's third consecutive single to reach the Top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , where it peaked at number 15 late in 1980 . The song was a number - one hit on the adult contemporary chart , remaining there for two weeks . See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1980 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 67 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Christopher Cross Studio albums Christopher Cross Another Page Every Turn of the World Back of My Mind Walking in Avalon Singles `` Ride Like the Wind '' `` Sailing '' `` Never Be the Same '' `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' `` All Right '' `` Think of Laura '' Book : Christopher Cross This 1980s pop song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Never_Be_the_Same_(Christopher_Cross_song)&oldid=854823713 '' Categories : 1980 singles Christopher Cross songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs written by Christopher Cross 1979 songs Warner Bros. Records singles 1980s pop song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Português Română Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 01 : 29 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
never be the same lyrics christopher cross meaning
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Senate of the Roman Empire
Senate of the Roman Empire - wikipedia Senate of the Roman Empire Jump to : navigation , search Bronze doors of the ancient Roman senate taken from the Roman forum and restored and placed in 1660 in the Lateran Basilica . Ancient Rome This article is part of a series on the politics and government of ancient Rome Periods Roman Kingdom 753 -- 509 BC Roman Republic 509 -- 27 BC Roman Empire 27 BC -- AD 1453 Empire of Trebizond 1204 -- 1461 Principate Dominate Timeline Roman Constitution Constitution of the Kingdom Constitution of the Republic Constitution of the Empire Constitution of the Late Empire Senate Legislative Assemblies Executive Magistrates Ordinary magistrates Consul Praetor Quaestor Promagistrate Aedile Tribune Censor Governor Extraordinary magistrates Dictator Magister equitum Consular tribune Rex Triumviri Decemviri Titles and honours Emperor Legatus Dux Officium Praefectus Vicarius Vigintisexviri Lictor Magister militum Imperator Princeps senatus Pontifex Maximus Augustus Caesar Tetrarch Precedent and law Roman law Imperium Mos maiorum Collegiality Auctoritas Roman citizenship Cursus honorum Senatus consultum Senatus consultum ultimum Assemblies Centuriate Curiate Plebeian Tribal Other countries Atlas The Senate of the Roman Empire was a political institution in the ancient Roman Empire . After the fall of the Roman Republic , the constitutional balance of power shifted from the `` Roman Senate '' to the `` Roman Emperor . '' Beginning with the first emperor , Augustus , the Emperor and the Senate were technically two co-equal branches of government . In practice , however the actual authority of the imperial Senate was negligible , as the Emperor held the true power of the state . As such , membership in the Senate became sought after by individuals seeking prestige and social standing , rather than actual authority . During the reigns of the first Emperors , legislative , judicial , and electoral powers were all transferred from the `` Roman assemblies '' to the Senate . However , since the control that the Emperor held over the senate was absolute , the Senate acted as a vehicle through which the Emperor exercised his autocratic powers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Procedure 2 Powers 3 Post-Imperial period 4 See also 5 References 6 Notes 7 Further reading 7.1 Primary sources 7.2 Secondary source material Procedure ( edit ) The first emperor , Augustus , inherited a Senate whose membership had been increased to 900 senators by his adoptive father , Julius Caesar . Augustus sought to reduce the size of the Senate , and did so through three revisions to the list of senators . By the time that these revisions had been completed , the Senate had been reduced to 600 members , and after this point , the size of the Senate was never again drastically altered . To reduce the size of the senate , Augustus expelled senators who were of low birth , and then he reformed the rules which specified how an individual could become a senator . Under Augustus ' reforms , a senator had to be a citizen of free birth , have not been convicted of any crimes under lex Julia de vi privata , and have property worth at least 1,000,000 sesterces . Under the Empire , as was the case during the late Republic , one could become a senator by being elected quaestor . Under the Empire , however , one could only stand for election to the Quaestorship if one was of senatorial rank , and to be of senatorial rank , one had to be the son of a senator . If an individual was not of senatorial rank , there were two ways for that individual to become a senator . Under the first method , the Emperor granted that individual the authority to stand for election to the Quaestorship , while under the second method , the Emperor appointed that individual to the senate by issuing a decree ( the adlectio ) . The Curia Julia in the Roman Forum , the seat of the imperial Senate Beginning in 9 BC , with the passage of Augustus ' lex Julia de senatu habendo , an official list of senators ( the album senatorium ) was maintained and revised each year . Individuals were added to the list if they had recently satisfied the requirements for entry into the Senate , and were removed from the list if they no longer satisfied the requirements necessary to maintain senate membership . The list named each senator by order of rank . The Emperor always outranked all of his fellow senators , and was followed by `` Consuls '' ( the highest ranking magistrate ) and former Consuls , then by `` Praetors '' ( the next highest ranking magistrate ) and former Praetors , and so on . A senator 's tenure in elective office was considered when determining rank , while senators who had been elected to an office did not necessarily outrank senators who had been appointed to that same office by the Emperor Members of the senatorial order were distinguished by a broad reddish - purple stripe edging their togas -- the formal dress of all Roman citizens . Under the Empire , the power that the Emperor held over the Senate was absolute , which was due , in part , to the fact that the Emperor held office for life . During senate meetings , the Emperor sat between the two Consuls , and usually acted as the presiding officer . Senators of the early Empire could ask extraneous questions or request that a certain action be taken by the Senate . Higher ranking senators spoke before lower ranking senators , although the Emperor could speak at any time . Besides the Emperor , Consuls and Praetors could also preside over the senate . The Senate ordinarily met in the Curia Julia , usually on either the Kalends ( the first day of the month ) , or the Ides ( around the fifteenth day of the month ) , although scheduled meetings occurred more frequently in September and October . Other meetings were held on an ad hoc basis . Under Augustus , a quorum was set at 400 senators , although eventually excessive absenteeism forced the senate to lower the number of senators necessary for a quorum , and , on some matters , to revoke the quorum rules altogether . Most of the bills that came before the Senate were presented by the Emperor or his supporters in the body . In the early principate , Augustus and Tiberius made conscious efforts to hide their influence on the body , lobbying in private instead of directly proposing legislation . Since no senator could stand for election to a magisterial office without the Emperor 's approval , senators usually did not vote against bills that had been presented by the Emperor . If a senator disapproved of a bill , he usually showed his disapproval by not attending the Senate meeting on the day that the bill was to be voted on . Each Emperor selected a quaestor to compile the proceedings of the Senate into a document ( the acta senatus ) , which included proposed bills , official documents , and a summary of speeches that had been presented before the Senate . The document was archived , while parts of it were published ( in a document called the acta diurna or `` daily doings '' ) and then distributed to the public . Powers ( edit ) While the Roman assemblies continued to meet after the founding of the Empire , their powers were all transferred to the Senate , and so senatorial decrees ( senatus consulta ) acquired the full force of law . The legislative powers of the Imperial Senate were principally of a financial and an administrative nature , although the senate did retain a range of powers over the provinces . The Senate could also regulate festivals and religious cults , grant special honors , excuse an individual ( usually the Emperor ) from legal liability , manage temples and public games , and even enact tax laws ( but only with the acquiescence of the Emperor ) . However , it had no real authority over either the state religion or over public lands . During the early Roman Empire , all judicial powers that had been held by the Roman assemblies were also transferred to the Senate . For example , the senate now held jurisdiction over criminal trials . In these cases , a consul presided , the senators constituted the jury , and the verdict was handed down in the form of a decree ( senatus consultum ) , and , while a verdict could not be appealed , the Emperor could pardon a convicted individual through a veto . Each province that was under the jurisdiction of the Senate had its own court , and , upon the recommendation of a consul , decisions of these provincial courts could be appealed to the Senate . In theory , the Senate elected new emperors , while in conjunction with the popular assemblies , it would then confer upon the new emperor his command powers ( imperium ) . After an emperor had died or abdicated his office , the Senate would often deify him , although sometimes it would pass a decree ( damnatio memoriae or `` damnation from memory '' ) which would attempt to cancel every trace of that emperor from the life of Rome , as if he had never existed . The emperor Tiberius transferred all electoral powers from the assemblies to the Senate , and , while theoretically the Senate elected new magistrates , the approval of the Emperor was always needed before an election could be finalized . Despite this fact , however , elections remained highly contested and vigorously fought . Under Vespasian ( 69 - 79 AD ) senators were accorded an increased role as senior officials of the Imperial household in Rome or as provincial rulers directly representing the emperor . At the same time , members of the Equestrian order were employed in administrative positions that earlier emperors had reserved for freedmen . In the case of the Senate this expanded responsibility ensured an increased opportunity for providing advice and exercising authority . At the end of the Flavian dynasty the Senate was able to choose Nerva as the new emperor -- the first time under the Empire that such an initiative had been possible . However , after the death of Marcus Aurelius , the Senate became increasingly irrelevant , as Emperors become more hostile to its members and less frequently consulted it . By the Severan dynasty , the Senatorial class was also increasingly separated from the actual operations of government , which were increasingly taken over by equestrians and other members of the Imperial bureaucracy . Around 300 AD , the Emperor Diocletian enacted a series of constitutional reforms . In one such reform , Diocletian asserted the right of the Emperor to take power without the theoretical consent of the Senate , thus depriving the Senate of its status as the ultimate depository of supreme power . Diocletian 's reforms also ended whatever illusion had remained that the Senate had independent legislative , judicial , or electoral powers . The Senate did , however , retain its legislative powers over public games in Rome , and over the senatorial order . The Senate also retained the power to try treason cases , and to elect some magistrates , but only with the permission of the Emperor . In the final years of the Empire , the Senate would sometimes try to appoint their own emperor , such as in case of Eugenius who was later defeated by forces loyal to Theodosius I . The Senate remained the last stronghold of the traditional Roman religion in the face of the spreading Christianity , and several times attempted to facilitate the return of the Altar of Victory , first removed by Constantius II , to the senatorial curia . Post-imperial period ( edit ) After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , the Senate continued to function under the barbarian chieftain Odoacer , and then under Theoderic the Great who founded the Ostrogothic Kingdom . The authority of the Senate rose considerably under barbarian leaders who sought to protect the institution . This period was characterized by the rise of prominent Roman senatorial families such as the Anicii , while the Senate 's leader , the princeps senatus , often served as the right hand of the barbarian leader . It is known that the Senate installed Laurentius as antipope in 498 despite the fact that both King Theodoric and Emperor Anastasius supported Pope Symmachus . The peaceful co-existence of senatorial and barbarian rule continued until the Ostrogothic leader Theodahad began an uprising against Emperor Justinian I and took the senators as hostages . Several senators were executed in 552 as a revenge for the death of the Ostrogothic king Totila . After Rome was recaptured by the Imperial ( Byzantine ) army , the Senate was restored , but the institution ( like classical Rome itself ) had been mortally weakened by the long war between the Byzantines and the Ostrogoths . Many senators had been killed and many of those who had fled to the East chose to remain there thanks to favorable legislation passed by emperor Justinian , who however abolished virtually all senatorial offices in Italy . The importance of the Roman Senate thus declined rapidly . In 578 and again in 580 , the Senate sent envoys to Constantinople who delivered 3000 pounds of gold as a gift to the new emperor Tiberius II Constantinus along with a plea for help against the Langobards who had invaded Italy ten years earlier . Pope Gregory I , in a sermon from 593 ( Senatus deest , or. 18 ) , lamented the almost complete disappearance of the senatorial order and the decline of the prestigious institution . It is not clearly known when the Roman Senate disappeared in the West , but it is known from Gregorian register that the Senate acclaimed new statues of Emperor Phocas and Empress Leontia in 603 . The institution must have vanished by 630 when the Curia was transformed into a church by Pope Honorius I . The Senate did continue to exist in the Eastern Roman Empire 's capital Constantinople , however , having been instituted there during the reign of Constantine I . The Byzantine Senate survived until at least the mid-14th century , before the ancient institution finally vanished from history . See also ( edit ) Roman Kingdom Roman Republic Roman Empire Roman Law Plebeian Council Centuria Curia Roman consul Praetor Roman censor Quaestor Aedile Roman Dictator Master of the Horse Roman Senate Cursus honorum Byzantine Senate Pontifex Maximus References ( edit ) Abbott , Frank Frost ( 1901 ) . A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions . Elibron Classics ( ISBN 0 - 543 - 92749 - 0 ) . Byrd , Robert ( 1995 ) . The Senate of the Roman Republic . U.S. Government Printing Office , Senate Document 103 - 23 . Cicero , Marcus Tullius ( 1841 ) . The Political Works of Marcus Tullius Cicero : Comprising his Treatise on the Commonwealth ; and his Treatise on the Laws . Translated from the original , with Dissertations and Notes in Two Volumes . By Francis Barham , Esq . London : Edmund Spettigue . Vol. 1 . Lintott , Andrew ( 1999 ) . The Constitution of the Roman Republic . Oxford University Press ( ISBN 0 - 19 - 926108 - 3 ) . Polybius ( 1823 ) . The General History of Polybius : Translated from the Greek . By James Hampton . Oxford : Printed by W. Baxter . Fifth Edition , Vol 2 . Taylor , Lily Ross ( 1966 ) . Roman Voting Assemblies : From the Hannibalic War to the Dictatorship of Caesar . The University of Michigan Press ( ISBN 0 - 472 - 08125 - X ) . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Abbott , 381 ^ Jump up to : Talbert , Richard ( 1984 ) . The Senate of Imperial Rome . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05400 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Abbott , 382 ^ Jump up to : Abbott , 385 ^ Jump up to : Abbott , 383 ^ Jump up to : Abbott , 384 ^ Jump up to : Abbott , 386 Jump up ^ Mose Hadas , pages 63 - 65 `` Imperial Rome '' , Time - Life International 1966 Jump up ^ Jeffrey Richards . The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages , 476 - 752 , p. 246 Further reading ( edit ) A. Cameron , The Later Roman Empire , ( Fontana Press , 1993 ) . M. Crawford , The Roman Republic , ( Fontana Press , 1978 ) . E.S. Gruen , The Last Generation of the Roman Republic ( U California Press , 1974 ) Ihne , Wilhelm . Researches Into the History of the Roman Constitution . William Pickering. 1853 . A. Lintott , The Constitution of the Roman Republic ( Oxford University Press , 1999 ) F. Millar , The Emperor in the Roman World , ( Duckworth , 1977 , 1992 ) . Mommsen , Theodor . Roman Constitutional Law . 1871 - 1888 Richard J.A. Talbert , The Senate of Imperial Rome ( Princeton : University Presss , 1994 ) Tighe , Ambrose . The Development of the Roman Constitution . D. Apple & Co. 1886 . Von Fritz , Kurt . The Theory of the Mixed Constitution in Antiquity . Columbia University Press , New York . 1975 . Cambridge Ancient History , Volumes 9 -- 13 . Primary sources ( edit ) Cicero 's De Re Publica , Book Two Rome at the End of the Punic Wars : An Analysis of the Roman Government ; by Polybius Secondary source material ( edit ) Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline , by Montesquieu The Roman Constitution to the Time of Cicero What a Terrorist Incident in Ancient Rome Can Teach Us Roman Constitution Ancient Rome History Constitution Senate Assemblies Curiate Century Tribal Plebeian Magistrates Roman Kingdom History Constitution Senate Assemblies Magistrates Roman Republic History Constitution ( reforms of Sulla reforms of Caesar reforms of Augustus ) Senate Assemblies Magistrates Roman Empire History ( post Diocletian ) Constitution ( post Diocletian ) Senate Assemblies Magistrates Miscellaneous Sulla 's Constitutional Reforms Caesar 's Constitutional Reforms Conflict of the Orders Roman law Ancient Rome topics Outline Timeline Epochs Foundation Kingdom overthrow Republic Empire Pax Romana Principate Dominate Western Empire fall historiography of the fall Byzantine Empire decline fall Constitution History Kingdom Republic Empire Late Empire Senate Legislative assemblies Curiate Centuriate Tribal Plebeian Executive magistrates SPQR Government Curia Forum Cursus honorum Collegiality Emperor Legatus Dux Officium Prefect Vicarius Vigintisexviri Lictor Magister militum Imperator Princeps senatus Pontifex Maximus Augustus Caesar Tetrarch Optimates Populares Province Magistrates Ordinary Tribune Quaestor Aedile Praetor Consul Censor Promagistrate Governor Extraordinary Dictator Magister Equitum Decemviri Consular Tribune Triumvir Rex Interrex Law Twelve Tables Mos maiorum Citizenship Auctoritas Imperium Status Litigation Military Borders Establishment Structure Campaigns Political control Strategy Engineering Frontiers and fortifications castra Technology Army Legion Infantry tactics Personal equipment Siege engines Navy Auxiliaries Decorations and punishments Hippika gymnasia Economy Agriculture Deforestation Commerce Finance Currency Republican currency Imperial currency Technology Abacus Numerals Civil engineering Military engineering Military technology Aqueducts Bridges Circus Concrete Domes Forum Metallurgy Roads Sanitation Thermae Culture Architecture Art Bathing Calendar Clothing Cosmetics Cuisine Hairstyles Education Literature Music Mythology Religion Romanization Sexuality Theatre Wine Society Patricians Plebs Conflict of the Orders Secessio plebis Equites Gens Tribes Naming conventions Demography Women Marriage Adoption Slavery Bagaudae Latin History Alphabet Versions Old Classical Vulgar Late Medieval Renaissance New Contemporary Ecclesiastical Romance languages Writers Apuleius Caesar Catullus Cicero Ennius Horace Juvenal Livy Lucan Lucretius Martial Ovid Petronius Phaedrus Plautus Pliny the Elder Pliny the Younger Propertius Quintilian Quintus Curtius Rufus Sallust Seneca Statius Suetonius Tacitus Terence Tibullus Marcus Terentius Varro Virgil Vitruvius Major cities Alexandria Antioch Aquileia Berytus Bononia Carthage Constantinopolis Eboracum Leptis Magna Londinium Lutetia Mediolanum Pompeii Ravenna Roma Smyrna Vindobona Volubilis Lists and other topics Wars and battles Generals Legions Emperors Geographers Cities and towns Institutions Laws Consuls Tribunes Distinguished women Nomina Gentes Climate Legacy Fiction Films Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_the_Roman_Empire&oldid=788186267 '' Categories : Government of the Roman Empire Roman law Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Pages using columns with the default column width Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2017 , at 23 : 44 . 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who took power by disobeying the roman senate
[ "The peaceful co-existence of senatorial and barbarian rule continued until the Ostrogothic leader Theodahad began an uprising against Emperor Justinian I and took the senators as hostages. Several senators were executed in 552 as a revenge for the death of the Ostrogothic king Totila. After Rome was recaptured by the Imperial (Byzantine) army, the Senate was restored, but the institution (like classical Rome itself) had been mortally weakened by the long war between the Byzantines and the Ostrogoths. Many senators had been killed and many of those who had fled to the East chose to remain there thanks to favorable legislation passed by emperor Justinian, who however abolished virtually all senatorial offices in Italy. The importance of the Roman Senate thus declined rapidly. In 578 and again in 580, the Senate sent envoys to Constantinople who delivered 3000 pounds of gold as a gift to the new emperor Tiberius II Constantinus along with a plea for help against the Langobards who had invaded Italy ten years earlier. Pope Gregory I, in a sermon from 593 (Senatus deest, or.18), lamented the almost complete disappearance of the senatorial order and the decline of the prestigious institution. It is not clearly known when the Roman Senate disappeared in the West, but it is known from Gregorian register that the Senate acclaimed new statues of Emperor Phocas and Empress Leontia in 603.[9] The institution must have vanished by 630 when the Curia was transformed into a church by Pope Honorius I. The Senate did continue to exist in the Eastern Roman Empire's capital Constantinople, however, having been instituted there during the reign of Constantine I. The Byzantine Senate survived until at least the mid-14th century, before the ancient institution finally vanished from history." ]
[ "Emperor Justinian I" ]
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List of multiple births
List of multiple births - wikipedia List of multiple births Jump to : navigation , search For notable twins , see List of twins . This is a list of multiple births , consisting of notable higher order ( 4 + ) multiple births and pregnancies . Twins and triplets are sufficiently common to have their own separate articles . With the use of reproductive technology such as fertility drugs and in vitro fertilization ( IVF ) such births have become increasingly common . This list contains only multiple births which have some claim to notability , such as being the first recorded in a country , the first to survive to adulthood in a country , or the heaviest , lightest or longest lived ( globally ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cases by number 1.1 Twins ( 2 ) 1.2 Triplets ( 3 ) 1.3 Quadruplets ( 4 ) 1.4 Quintuplets ( 5 ) 1.5 Sextuplets ( 6 ) 1.6 Septuplets ( 7 ) 1.7 Octuplets ( 8 ) 1.8 Nonuplets ( 9 ) 2 See also 3 References Cases by number ( edit ) Twins ( 2 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of twins Triplets ( 3 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of triplets Quadruplets ( 4 ) ( edit ) The Smith quadruplets , born 1750 in Kinsale , a fisherman 's wife . Dominica , 1790 : According to The Times , a Dr. Giuseppe of Dominica reported that an unnamed Afro - Dominican woman ( enslaved servant ) living on the estate of Thomas Jemmitt gave birth to four girls , three of them almost eighteen hours after the first was born . All survived birth . The Gehri quadruplets ( born September 26 , 1880 , in Switzerland ) were the first recorded to have survived to adulthood . There were two boys ( Oskar and Arthur ) and two girls ( Bertha and Rosa ) . The Page quadruplets ( born January 8 , 1890 , in Redwater , Texas ) were the first recorded quadruplets born in the United States . The Keys quadruplets ( born June 4 , 1915 , in Hollis , Oklahoma ) were the first same - sex quadruplets known to survive to adulthood . They attended Baylor University on scholarships and graduated in 1937 . Roberta Keys Torn , the last surviving sister , died at 96 years in August 2011 . The Johnson quadruplets ( born in 1935 in Dunedin , New Zealand ) were the first surviving set of quadruplets in Australasia . The Miles quadruplets ( born on November 28 , 1935 in St Neots , United Kingdom ) are the oldest living quadruplets in the world . The Badgett quadruplets ( born February 1 , 1939 , in Galveston , Texas ) were the second surviving set of quadruplets in the United States . The four girls , Geraldine , Joan , Jeanette , and Joyce , were minor celebrities in the 1940s and 1950s . The Fultz quadruplets ( born May 23 , 1946 , in Rockingham County , North Carolina ) were the first identical African - American quadruplets on record . The Sara quadruplets ( born August 17 , 1950 , in Bellingen , New South Wales ) were the first surviving quadruplets in Australia . There were two boys , Mark and Philip , and two girls , Alison and Judith . The Alexander quadruplets ( born September 2 , 1967 , in Auckland , New Zealand ) were the first set of identical quadruplets born in New Zealand . The Steeves quadruplets ( Carrie Dawn , Jennie Lee , Mary Beth , and Patty Ann , born December 17 , 1982 , in Calgary , Alberta ) were the first identical set of quadruplets to be born in Canada . The Durst quadruplets ( Calli , Kendra , Megan , and Sarah ) are identical quadruplets born February 10 , 1993 , in Robbinsdale , Minnesota . They appeared on the reality television series Four of a Kind . The Brino quadruplets ( born September 21 , 1998 , in Woodland Hills , California ) played the twins Sam and David Camden on the television series 7th Heaven . When they all started to look different , the only girl , Myrinda , stopped appearing on the show . Only Nikolas and Lorenzo starred on the show until the series ended in 2007 . The Mathias quadruplets ( born February 16 , 2000 , in Lexington , South Carolina ) are Grace , Emily , Mary Claire , and Anna . A home - movie of the girls laughing in unison was featured on America 's Funniest Home Videos and won them over $250,000 as a result . The girls were featured in three 1 - hour episodes of a documentary called `` Super Quads '' in the Discovery Health Channel . The Aberdeen / Edwards quadruplets ( born November 7 , 2006 , in San Juan , Trinidad and Tobago ) are four girls , born to Lystra Aberdeen ( aged 27 and mother to a 10 - year - old girl , an 8 - year - old boy , and a 4 - year - old boy ) and her common - law husband Anderson Edwards ( aged 33 ) . This was the first confirmed case in Trinidad . The Yarns quadruplets were featured on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , featuring John Travolta ( Season 11 , Episode 97 ) on their birthday , February 20 , 2003 . They are Rhys , Trey , Chase , and Tiana . Adhiti , Aakrithi , Akshathy and Aapthi are quadruplets born in Chennai , Tamil Nadu . They appeared in the Tamil film Enna Satham Indha Neram ( 2014 ) . Quintuplets ( 5 ) ( edit ) The Lyon quintuplets ( born April 29 , 1896 ) were the first American quintuplets who were all born alive . The last survivor died on May 14 , 1896 . The Dionne sisters January 21 , 1935 with then - Premier of Ontario Mitchell Hepburn . The Dionne quintuplets ( born May 28 , 1934 , near Corbeil , Ontario , Canada ) were the first quintuplets known to survive infancy . The five girls ( Yvonne , Annette , Cecile , Emilie and Marie ) were also the only set of identical quintuplets known to live into adulthood . The Fischer quintuplets ( born September 14 , 1963 , in Aberdeen , South Dakota ) were the first known surviving set of American quintuplets . They consisted of one boy and four girls . 3 of the 4 girls are identical : Magdalene , Margaret , and Catherine . The Lawson quintuplets ( born July 27 , 1965 , in Auckland , New Zealand ) were the first set of surviving quintuplets conceived through the use of fertility medication and are the only known New Zealand quintuplets : They are one boy ( Samuel ) and four girls ( Deborah , Lisa , Shirlene and Selina ) . The Braham quintuplets ( born 31 December 1967 ) were the first quintuplets to be born in Australia . They were conceived naturally and born to Pat and Roger Braham of Tenterfield , New South Wales . In birth order they were Annabel Dorothy , Richard Gibson , Faith Elizabeth , Caroline , and Geoffrey Raymond . Geoffrey died at 4 days old ; the others are still living . The Hanson quintuplets ( born November 13 , 1969 , in London ) were the first set to survive in the United Kingdom , as well as the second surviving set of all - girl quintuplets after the Dionne quintuplets . The Kienast quintuplets ( born February 24 , 1970 , in Liberty Corners , New Jersey ) were the first surviving set of American quintuplets conceived through fertility medication . The Rychert quintuplets ( born May 15 , 1971 , in Gdańsk ) were the first surviving set born in Poland . The Brunner quintuplets ( born June 9 , 1978 , in Nancy ) were the first surviving set born in France . Marc , Luc , Gilles , Maud , and Anne were nicknamed `` quintuplés Paris Match , '' and clothed by designer Pierre Cardin , in 17 articles written from 1978 to 1984 . For each article , they were clothed by the couturier Pierre Cardin . The Granata quintuplets ( born June 1 , 1981 , in Toledo , Ohio ) were three boys and two girls conceived through the use of fertility medication and born at 28 weeks to Janice and George Granata . They were named ( in birth order ) Britton , Nathan , Amanda , Heather , and Eric . Britton died of lung failure on June 3 , 1981 . In 1983 , the surviving four appeared with Oprah Winfrey on her show , People are Talking , along with their mother and their older sister Jenny . At age 15 , the four appeared on The Jenny Jones Show . The Gaither quintuplets ( born August 3 , 1983 , in Indianapolis , Indiana ) were the first surviving African - American quintuplets and were one of only three naturally - conceived American sets in 1983 . The Al - Ghamdi quintuplets ( born February 2 , 1988 , in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia ) were the first set to be born in Saudi Arabia . The 5 boys were born to Salha and Saeed Al - Ghamdi . The Nur Adlan quintuplets were born in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia on May 20 , 1996 . The three girls and two boys were the first set of Malaysian quintuplets to survive infancy . The Cassidy quintuplets were born in Dublin , Ireland on August 16 , 2001 , to Veronica and Kevin Cassidy of Wexford . The three boys ( Conor James , Cian Richard , and Rory Kevin ) and two girls ( Amy Dorothy and Dearbhail Mary ) were the first quintuplets to be born in Ireland . The Gonzalez - Moreno quintuplets were born in Phoenix , Arizona on April 26 , 2005 , to Luisa Gonzalez and Enrique Moreno via surrogate mother , Teresa Anderson . The five boys are the first set of quintuplets born via surrogate . The boys , in order of birth , are ; Enrique , Jorge , Gabriel , Javier , Victor and weighed between 3 lb 7oz and 3 lb 15oz . The Artamkin quintuplets were born in Oxford , England on November 10 , 2007 , to Dimitri and Varvara Artamkin via Cesarean section . They were the first set of quintuplets born to Russian parents . The Wilkinson quintuplets ( born July 31 , 2007 , in Phoenix , Arizona ) were born to Jayson and Rachelle Wilkinson of Cedar Park , Texas . The three girls ( Kassidy , Kaydence , and Kyndall ) and two boys ( Rustin and Ryder ) hold the record for the highest combined birthweight of a set of quintuplets at 21 lb ( 9.52 kg ) . The Jones quintuplets ( born January 16 , 2009 , in Austin , Texas ) were four girls and one boy born to Ethan and Casey Jones . In order of birth , they are Brooklyn Faith , Britton Grace , Jack William , Lila Addison , and Ryan Elizabeth . They have an older sister Eliot McKenna , who was four at the time of their birth . All six children were conceived through fertility treatments of intrauterine insemination ( IUI ) and a sperm donor when the couple learned Ethan had an extremely low sperm count . The same donor was used for Eliot and the quintuplets . The Jones quintuplets and their family had a show on TLC called Quints by Surprise that premiered on August 30 , 2010 . The Kroscen quintuplets were born in Prague , Czech Republic on June 2 , 2013 , to Alexandra Kinova and Antonin Kroscen of Milovice . The four boys ( Michael , Deniel , Martin , and Alex ) and one girl ( Tereza ) were the first recorded quintuplets to be born in the Czech Republic . The Busby quintuplets were born on April 8 , 2015 , in Houston , Texas , to Adam and Danielle Busby . The five girls ( Ava Lane , Olivia Marie , Hazel Grace , Parker Kate , and Riley Paige ) are the first set of all female quintuplets born in the United States . Ava and Olivia are identical twins . They have an older sister , Blayke . Sextuplets ( 6 ) ( edit ) The Gosselin sextuplets with family on the cover of the May 2008 KoreAm The Thorns sextuplets ( born October 2 , 1968 , in Birmingham , England ) were born to Sheila and Barry Thorns . They were the first sextuplets known to have been born alive in the United Kingdom , but one baby died shortly after birth , and another two died within the next two weeks . The Letts sextuplets ( born December 15 , 1969 , in London , England ) were born to Rosemary and John Letts two months prematurely at University College Hospital . One boy and four girls survived , ( Cara Dawn , Sharon Marie , Joanne Nadine , Gary John , and Tanya Odile ) one female was stillborn . This was the second case of surviving quintuplets in the United Kingdom . The family immigrated to Canada in 1974 . The Rosenkowitz sextuplets ( born January 11 , 1974 , in Cape Town , South Africa ) were the first sextuplets known to survive their infancy . They were conceived using fertility drugs . The Nijssen sextuplets ( born September 21 , 1977 , in the Netherlands ) were born to Corry and Sien Nijssen two months prematurely . There were four girls ( Patricia , Priscilla , Mirella , and Ramona ) and two boys ( Ivo and Dennis ) . Dennis died on November 9 , 1977 . They are the only set in the Netherlands . The Giannini sextuplets ( born on January 11 , 1980 , in Italy ) were the second sextuplets known to survive their infancy . They were born on the same date as the Rosenkowitz sextuplets , six years later . The Vanhove Gadeyne sextuplets ( born on August 17 , 1983 , in Blankenberge , Belgium ) were the first set of sextuplets to have been born in Belgium . The five boys ( Bruno , Jelle , Tom , Lode , Arne ) and one girl ( Veerle ) weighed between 2 lbs 9oz and 3 lbs 3oz at birth . The Walton sextuplets ( born on November 18 , 1983 , in Liverpool ) were the first sextuplets born in the United Kingdom known to survive their infancy , and the world 's first all - female sextuplets . They were delivered by Cesarian section at 31 and a half weeks . The Dilley sextuplets ( born on May 25 , 1993 , in Indianapolis ) were the first surviving set of sextuplets in the United States . They are two girls ( Brenna Rose and Claire Diane ) and four boys ( Julian Emerson , Quinn Everett , Ian Michael , and Adrian Reed ) . The Boniello sextuplets ( born March 24 , 1997 , in Stony Brook , New York ) set a record for the longest gestation of a sextuplet pregnancy in the United States at 29 weeks and one day . They have a younger sister Nadia . This record was broken almost two months later by the Thompson sextuplets . The Thompson sextuplets ( born May 8 , 1997 , in Washington , D.C. ) were born to Jacqueline and Linden Thompson . Mrs. Thompson set a record for the longest sextuplet pregnancy in the United States at 29 weeks and six days . One girl was stillborn ; the five survivors are four girls ( Octavia Daniela , Stella Kimberly , Ann Marie Amanda , and Emily Elizabeth ) and one boy ( Richard Linden ) . They are the first African - American sextuplets . They each weighed between 2 lbs 2oz and 2 lbs 6oz . The Harris sextuplets ( born July 7 , 2002 , in Alabama ) are two girls ( Kiera Christine and Kalynne Antoinett ) and four boys ( Kaleb Reddrick , Kobe Byshari , Kieran Anthony , and Kyle Jacob ) . They are Alabama 's first set of sextuplets and were the first recorded set of surviving African - American sextuplets . Kaleb has nerve damage ; while Kiera and Kyle are autistic . The Harris family received a new home in a 2005 episode of Extreme Makeover : Home Edition . The Harris ' original three - bedroom , three - bath house was razed and a two - story , 5,000 - square - foot ( 460 m ) home was built . The Gosselin sextuplets ( born May 10 , 2004 , in Hershey , Pennsylvania ) were born just shy of 30 weeks gestation to parents Jon and Kate Gosselin . The set has three girls ( Alexis Faith , Hannah Joy , and Leah Hope ) and three boys ( Aaden Jonathan , Collin Thomas , Joel Kevin ) . The parents also have twin girls , Madelyn Kate and Cara Nicole , who were three years old at the time of the sextuplets ' birth . The family was the subject of a reality television show , originally titled Jon & Kate Plus 8 , that aired on TLC in the United States and Canada . The show was initially canceled after Jon and Kate 's divorce , but was revived as Kate Plus 8 after viewer complaints . The series ended in 2011 , with the last episode airing on September 12 of that year , then resumed with a new season in January 2015 . The Hayes sextuplets ( born September 14 , 2004 , in Long Branch , New Jersey ) are the first surviving sextuplets to be born in New Jersey . The six children , three boys ( Ryan Peter , Connor James , Eric John ) and three girls ( Tara Rose , Rachel Ann , Rebecca Mary ) , weighed a total of 24 lbs. and 14 oz. , setting a world record for the heaviest set of sextuplets . The Hayes also have two sets of twins , Kevin and Kyle ( eight years old at the time of the sextuplets ' birth ) and Kieran and Meghan ( five years old ) . They are the only family in the United States to have two sets of twins and a set of sextuplets . The family were the subject of a reality television show , Table for 12 , on TLC in the U.S. Canada 's first sextuplets ( born January 6 -- 7 , 2007 in Vancouver ) were born at 25 weeks gestation . The parents , who wanted to remain anonymous , are Jehovah 's Witnesses and refused the critical blood transfusions necessary to save the babies ; two of them died shortly after birth and the rest were taken in custody by the Ministry of Children . The babies were later returned to the parents . The Carpio sextuplets ( born October 6 , 2008 , in the New York City borough of Queens ) are the first Hispanic sextuplets to be born in America . It is not known if their parents , Victor and Digna Carpio , conceived using fertility treatments . The babies ( Justin , Jadon , Jezreel , Danelia , Genesis , and Joel ) were delivered by Caesarean section at 25 weeks . The Conway sextuplets ( born on May 22 , 2009 ) in Dunmore in County Tyrone , Northern Ireland were the first recorded sextuplets in Ireland . The four girls and two boys weighed between 1 lb. , 7 oz. and 2 lb. , 2 oz. were fourteen weeks premature and were named Ursula , Shannon , Karla , Kerrie ( died July 20 , 2009 ) , Austin and Eoghan . On March 4 , 2013 , the first sextuplets in Trinidad and Tobago and the Caribbean were born at the Maternity Hospital of the Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex at Mount Hope , Trinidad and Tobago to an anonymous Trinidadian couple . Two of them died a few weeks later . Septuplets ( 7 ) ( edit ) The Frustaci septuplets ( born May 21 , 1985 , in Orange , California ) were the first septuplets to be born in the United States . Born at 28 weeks , only two boys and one girl survived ; one daughter was stillborn and three died within 19 days of birth . The McCaughey septuplets ( born November 19 , 1997 , in Des Moines , Iowa ) were the world 's first surviving set of septuplets . The four boys ( Kenneth Jr. , Brandon , Nathan , and Joel ) and three girls ( Alexis , Natalie , and Kelsey ) were born at 31 weeks , weighing between 2 lbs. 5 oz. and 3 lbs 4 oz . In 2016 , they became the first set of septuplets to reach maturity . The Humair septuplets ( born January 14 , 1998 , in Abha , Saudi Arabia ) were the world 's second surviving set of septuplets . They were born at 32 weeks to 40 - year - old Hasna Mohammed Humair and her husband , Abdullah Mohammed Ali . They had been told to expect four babies . The Qahtani septuplets ( born July 12 , 2001 , in Washington , D.C. ) are the fourth set of septuplets to live past infancy . In December 2001 , it was reported that one of the septuplets had died of liver failure and three were still hospitalized . A set of septuplets were born on April 18 , 2007 , in a suburb of Algiers , Algeria to Farhat and Souhila Touile . One of the babies , a boy , was stillborn ; the remaining six are girls . The Khamis septuplets ( born August 16 , 2008 , in Alexandria , Egypt ) were born to 27 - year - old Ghazala Khamis . They were the fifth set of septuplets to all survive . The newborns , four boys and three girls , had been placed in incubators in four different hospitals since they were premature . The babies ' weights ranged from 1.45 to 2.8 kilograms ( 3.2 to 6.2 lb ) . The mother took fertility drugs in order to produce a son , since she already had three daughters . The McGhee septuplets ( born June 9 , 2010 , in Columbus , Ohio ) were born to Mia and Rozonno McGhee at 27 weeks . One girl was stillborn . The other two girls ( Olivia and Madison ) and the four boys ( Rozonno Jr. , Elijah , Isaac , and Josiah ) weighed between 1.5 lb. to a fraction over 2 lbs . Octuplets ( 8 ) ( edit ) The first confirmed birth of octuplets occurred on March 10 , 1967 , in Mexico City , Mexico to Maria Teresa López de Sepulveda . All four boys and four girls died within 13 hours . A set of octuplets were born on August 16 , 1979 , to Pasqualina and Stefano Chianese in Naples , Italy . Six of the babies died and two survived . The couple had previously lost a set of sextuplets in 1976 . A set of octuplets were born on December 20 , 1985 , to Sevil Capan of İzmir , Turkey . Born prematurely at 28 weeks , six of the octuplets died within 12 hours of birth , and the remaining two died within three days . A set of octuplets were born between September 30 and October 2 , 1996 , in a hospital in South London , United Kingdom to Mandy Allwood of Solihull . Allwood was only 19 weeks pregnant when she went into pre-term labor with her six boys ( Adam , Cassius , Donald , Kypros , Martyn , and Nelson ) and two girls ( Layne and Kitali ) . None of her octuplets survived . She had refused selective reduction and her case provoked a media storm in the UK . A set of octuplets were born on December 5 , 1996 , in Huelva , Spain to Rosario Clavijo . Two of them were stillborn and six survived . The Chukwu octuplets were born in December 1998 in Houston , Texas , United States . The smallest of the octuplets , Odera , died a week after birth . A set of octuplets were born between September 13 and September 16 , 2000 , in Milan , Italy to Mariella Mazzara and Giovanni Pierrera of Trapani . One died immediately after birth , two within a few days of birth , and the oldest , Margherita , died a month later on October 10 . On January 26 , 2009 , the Suleman octuplets were born in Bellflower , California , United States . One week after birth , the Suleman octuplets became the longest - living octuplets in known history . The children 's names are Noah , Maliyah , Isaiah , Nariyah , Makai , Josiah , Jeremiah and Jonah . They were conceived through IVF . They have six older siblings , including a set of fraternal twins . They are the first octuplets known to survive their infancy . Nonuplets ( 9 ) ( edit ) A set of nonuplets were born on June 13 , 1971 , in Sydney , Australia to Geraldine Brodrick . They were five boys and four girls ; two of the boys were stillborn and the last of the babies died six days after birth . A set of nonuplets were born on March 26 , 1999 , in Malaysia to Zurina Mat Saad . She had five boys and four girls ( Adam , Nuh , Idris , Soleh , Hud , Aishah , Khadijah , Fatimah , and Umi Kalsom ) , but none of them survived more than 6 hours . See also ( edit ) List of people with the most children References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aldwell , Alexander . Cork Post Office General Directory , 1884 - 5 ( PDF ) . F. Jackson . p. 156 . Jane Smith , a fisherman 's wife in Kinsale , had four boys at a birth Jump up ^ `` The Times ( London , England ) '' ( 1636 ) . 2 March 1790 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Samson , Jennifer . `` Quadruplets '' . Facts About Multiples . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2009 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` City of Redwater , Texas '' . Redwater Texas . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ De Leon , J. ( 1891 ) . `` Remarkable Fecundity '' . Columbus Medical Journal . 9 : 19 -- 23 . Jump up ^ `` Roberta Keys Torn Obituary '' . Houston Chronicle . August 21 , 2011 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sell , Bronwyn . ( May 26 , 2007 ) . `` Plunket , a caring society . '' The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World 's oldest surviving quads celebrate their 80th '' . itv.com . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Badgett Quadruplet of Galveston dies '' . Houston Chronicle . November 9 , 2002 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ahearn , Lorraine ( August 4 , 2002 ) . `` And then there was one '' . The News & Record . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McLagan , Greg ( March 31 , 2009 ) . `` Birthing at Bellingen River District Hospital '' . Courier - Sun . Bellingen , NSW . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Anna ( October 4 , 2007 ) . `` Quads are still bubbling '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved October 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fortney , Valerie ( August 18 , 2007 ) . `` Steeves quadruplets all grown up Archived November 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . The Calgary Herald . Retrieved October 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Quads will get lifetime of attention : grown quads '' . CTV News . August 25 , 2007 . Retrieved October 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Levy , Paul ( August 18 , 2007 ) . `` The Durst Quadruplets : Four at fourteen Archived November 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lorenzo Brino '' . The Internet Movie Database . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pepin , Rebecca ( May 5 , 2004 ) . `` Mathias quads at 4 - years - old '' . WISTV . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Segal , Nancy L. ( 2006 ) . `` SuperQuads : A Day in the Life '' . Twin Research and Human Genetics 9 ( 4 ) : 609 -- 614 . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Matroo , Carol ( November 9 , 2006 ) . `` Mom gives birth to quadruplets : Four bouncing baby girls ! '' . The Trinidad Guardian . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PreemieCare - RSV ( Respiratory syncytial virus ) Awareness & Prevention '' . preemiecare.org . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting with quadruplets '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ The Lyon Quintuplets Jump up ^ Wright , Cynthia . ( 1994 ) . They Were Five : The Dionne Quintuplets Revisited Archived 2009 - 02 - 13 at the Wayback Machine ... Journal of Canadian Studies , 29 ( 4 ) , , 5 - 14 . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Pride of Aberdeen . '' ( September 27 , 1963 ) . Time . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Diagram of combination Archived July 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Jump up ^ Whalen , J. ( January 21 , 2005 ) . `` Quintuplet Facts Archived August 19 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tawhiao , Carly ( 10 September 2009 ) . `` Quins ' gran hits 100 '' . Western Leader ( via Stuff.co.nz ) . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` 1969 : They were born at London hospital . '' ( n.d. ) . On This Day . Retrieved November 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Warren , Larkin . ( May 1 , 2001 ) . `` The Kienast quints all grown up . '' Good Housekeeping . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dowd , Maureen . ( March 5 , 1984 ) . `` Quintuplets ' Father Lost Struggle in the Limelight . '' The New York Times . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ 1st Christmas for `` quintuplés Paris match '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Paris Match 1544 Jump up ^ `` Geologist is Introduced to Life Sciences '' Jump up ^ `` Granata Quints with Oprah on YouTube '' Jump up ^ `` Nation 's first Black Quints , now 17 , attend high school prom Archived 2007 - 11 - 23 at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( May 7 , 2001 ) . Jet . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jones , Lisa C. ( October 1993 ) . `` The Gaither quints grow up - quintuplets ' tenth birthday Archived 2007 - 11 - 23 at the Wayback Machine ... '' Ebony . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` At 17 , Indiana quintuplets back in spotlight at prom . '' ( April 16 , 2001 ) . The Enquirer . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hatrash , Hasan. ( April 12 , 2007 ) . `` Quintuplets Eyeing Scholarships to Fulfill Dreams . '' Arab News . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 Jump up ^ Cassidy , John . ( August 26 , 2001 ) . `` I only got to hold Conor for a minute but I was on cloud nine Archived 2007 - 11 - 23 at the Wayback Machine ... '' Sunday Mirror . Retrieved June 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ring , Evelyn . ( September 01 , 2001 ) . `` Mother confident over well - being of quintuplets Archived September 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Irish Examiner . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Furlong , Brendan . ( September 01 2005 ) . `` The nanny state turns nasty now Famous 5 are four . '' Independent.ie ... Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Surrogate Mother Has Quintuplets '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ `` Quintuplets Born to Surrogate Mother '' . VOA . Jump up ^ Rebecca Smith , Medical Editor ( 15 November 2007 ) . `` First quintuplets born in Britain for 10 years '' . Telegraph.co.uk . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Russian quintuplets saved by British experts '' . Mail Online . 17 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How faith kept my quintuplets alive , says Russian mum '' . Mail Online . Jump up ^ `` Russian Quintuplets born in the UK doing well '' . RT International . Jump up ^ `` Texas couple give birth to record - setting quintuplets at Banner Good Samaritan Archived October 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( July 31 , 2007 ) . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mom Gives Birth To Czech Republic 's First Quintuplets '' . Huffington Post . June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Check out my bump ! Czech mother , 23 , shows off her bulging belly as she prepares to give birth to country 's first naturally conceived QUINTUPLETS '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ Steve White ( 30 May 2013 ) . `` Alexandra Kinova : Mum expecting quintuplets without using IVF at odds of 50 million to one '' . mirror . Jump up ^ `` Texas Woman Gives Birth to First Set of All - Girl Quintuplets in U.S. '' KTLA . Jump up ^ ABC News . `` Texas Hospital Welcomes First All - Girl Quintuplets Ever Born in US '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` 1968 : Birth of sextuplets stuns Britain . '' ( n.d. ) . On This Day . Retrieved November 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sextuplets / England . '' ( October 2 , 1968 ) . CBS Evening News . Retrieved November 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2d of the Sextuplets Is Dead in Birmingham . '' ( October 14 , 1968 ) . The New York Times . Retrieved November 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Third British Sextuplet Dies . '' ( October 23 , 1968 ) . The New York Times . Retrieved November 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lodi News - Sentinel - Google News Archive Search '' . Jump up ^ `` Reading Eagle - Google News Archive Search '' . Jump up ^ `` The Glasgow Herald - Google News Archive Search '' . Jump up ^ `` World Sextuplets - World Higher Multiples '' . Jump up ^ `` The Six Are 30 Archived 2009 - 05 - 15 at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( January 10 , 2004 ) . Dispatch . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sextuplets Born in Capetown ; Survival Chances Called Good '' . The New York Times . Jan 12 , 1974 . Retrieved Sep 21 , 2009 . ( `` Sextuplets have been born to a number of women who have taken ( hormone fertility ) drugs , and the largest number known to have survived are five of the six babies born in 1973 to Mrs. Edna Stanek of Denver . '' ) Jump up ^ `` Milestones , Oct. 3 , 1977 '' . Jump up ^ ( in Italian ) Marongiu , Cinzia . ( n.d. ) . `` Siamo i gemelli più noti della tv Archived 2007 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine ... '' TV Sorrisi e Canzoni . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Spokane Chronicle - Google News Archive Search '' . Jump up ^ `` Walton sextuplets come of age . '' ( November 14 , 2001 ) . BBC News . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Waltons at 30 : Catching up with the famous family as they return to the TV screen Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dilley Sextuplets birth Archived June 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Eltman , Frank . ( April 6 , 2007 ) . `` N.Y. sextuplets celebrate turning 10 . '' The Boston Globe . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 10 ... `` Retrieved December 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ( 5 ) . Retrieved January 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://blog.al.com/birmingham-news-stories/2009/11/harris_sextuplets_of_alabama_g.html Kaleb has slight nerve damage to his mouth , and Kiera and Kyle have autism Jump up ^ http://www.harrissextuplets.net/extreme.shtml Extreme Makeover Pictures Jump up ^ `` Harris sextuplets , mayor 's homes up for preservation group 's tour '' . AL.com . Jump up ^ Farr , Gary . ( May 10 , 2004 ) . `` Gives Birth To Sextuplets Archived September 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gosselin Sextuplets To Turn 1 Archived 2007 - 05 - 17 at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( May 7 , 2005 ) . WGAL.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . 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Jump up ^ `` http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/Second-sextuplet-dies-203515681.html '' Jump up ^ `` http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/Region_s_first_sextuplets_due_next_month-190308901.html '' Jump up ^ `` http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/SIX_IN_ONE_SHOT-195197121.html '' Jump up ^ `` http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,174381.html '' Jump up ^ `` Septuplets heartache : the Frustaci story Archived June 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( November 20 , 1997 ) . CNN.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Septuplets survive ' miracle ' birth Archived November 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( November 19 , 1997 ) . CNN.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` McCaughey septuplets get an agent . '' ( December 10 , 1997 ) . CNN.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` McCaughey septuplets turn 1 Archived October 20 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( November 18 , 1998 ) . CNN.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi septuplets cause hospital bed shortage . '' ( March 1 , 1998 ) . BBC News . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mother of Saudi septuplets reaches pact with hospital Archived September 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( March 6 , 1998 ) . Hannibal Courier - Post . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doctor optimistic about octuplets . '' ( December 22 , 1998 ) . CNN.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hodge , Georgina . ( July 17 , 2001 ) . `` Father of septuplets thanks God for new arrivals Archived September 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Irish Examiner . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Stolberg , Sheryl Gay . ( July 14 , 2001 ) . `` Septuplets Born in Capital Are Third Set in the World . '' The New York Times . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Septuplets given ' 95 percent ' chance Archived October 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( July 16 , 2001 ) . CNN.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` One of Qahtani septuplets dies . '' ( December 26 , 2001 ) . Arab News . Retrieved February 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Algerian woman gives birth to septuplets Archived September 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( April 23 , 2007 ) . Daily Times . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Algerian woman gives birth to septuplets Archived June 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( April 19 , 2007 ) . Monsters and Critics . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) '' Una mujer argelina da a luz a siete bebés . '' ( April 20 , 2007 ) . El Mundo . Retrieved November 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` www.cnn.com Egyptian woman gives birth to septuplets . '' Retrieved August 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` www.kansascity.com Hospital : Egyptian woman gives birth to septuplets . '' Retrieved August 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` First Set Of Sextuplets Born At OSU Medical Center '' . WBNS - 10TV Columbus , Ohio . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 03 . 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NBC Evening News . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Babineck , Mark . ( December 21 , 1998 ) . `` Woman gives birth to first known surviving octuplets Archived September 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Abilene Reporter - News . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hall , Celia & King , Tim . ( October 3 , 1996 ) . `` Mandy Allwood loses all eight of her babies . '' The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Sextuplets Born 10 Weeks Early . '' ( December 6 , 1996 ) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chukwu octuplets greet new year in critical but stable condition . '' ( January 1 , 1999 ) . CNN.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sicilian mother gives birth to octuplets Archived November 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( September 17 , 2000 ) . CNN.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` First born octuplet is fourth to die Archived October 4 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( October 10 , 2000 ) . CNN.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - Americas - US woman gives birth to octuplets '' . Jump up ^ `` Octuplets born in Bellflower ( UPDATED ) '' . Jump up ^ Octuplets mom gets TV , book offers to tell story , San Francisco Chronicle , February 2 , 2009 Jump up ^ ' Octomom ' Nadya Suleman 's octuplets celebrate 3rd birthday , By Alan Zarembo , January 26 , 2012 , Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ `` Australian Woman Gives Birth to Nine , Seven of Them Alive . '' ( June 13 , 1971 ) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 4 Still Survive in Birth of 9 . '' ( June 14 , 1971 ) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Last of the Nonuplets Dies at Sydney Hospital . '' ( June 20 , 1971 ) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pinchuk , Stacey . ( 2000 ). A Difficult Choice in a Different Voice : Multiple Births , Selective Reduction and Abortion . Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy , 7 , p. 29 . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_multiple_births&oldid=834098133 '' Categories : Multiple births Lists of groups with specific numbers of members Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with Italian - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with Spanish - language external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 22 : 39 . 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what is 7 babies born at the same time
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P.S. I Still Love You
P.S. I Still love You - wikipedia P.S. I Still love You P.S. I Still Love You Author Jenny Han Country United States Language English Genre Young adult Publisher Simon & Schuster Publication date May 26 , 2015 Media type Print ( hardback , paperback ) Pages 337 ISBN 978 - 1442426740 Preceded by To All the Boys I 've Loved Before Followed by Always and Forever , Lara Jean P.S. I Still Love You is a 2015 young adult romance novel by American author Jenny Han , first published by Simon & Schuster and released on May 26 , 2015 . It is the sequel to the novel To All the Boys I 've Loved Before , released on April 15 , 2014 , and was followed by a third installment , Always and Forever , Lara Jean , released on May 2 , 2017 . Plot ( edit ) After the fight between Lara Jean , Josh and Peter at the Coveys ' Christmas party , Lara Jean realizes that she has fallen for Peter . Hoping to reconcile , Lara Jean heads over to Peter 's house with a love letter she hopes for him to read . After a brief talk , the two kiss and decide they want to be a real couple . At school , Lara Jean discovers that someone has posted a video of her and Peter making out in the hot tub from the ski trip . A rumor spreads that the two were having sex . After seeing the video during school , Peter is furious and warns the anonymous poster not to mess with Lara Jean . Before Margot leaves to go back to college in Scotland , she tells Lara Jean to get a job . Taking Margot 's advice , Lara Jean volunteers to start a scrapbooking class at the Belleview retirement home , and gets closer to Stormy , an elderly woman who has a feisty temper . Stormy gives Lara Jean relationship advice . Meanwhile , Kitty begins an attempt to set up their father with the neighbor across the street , Trina Rothschild . One day , Lara Jean receives a letter in the mail from John Ambrose McClaren , telling her that he received the love letter she wrote him . Lara Jean and John soon become pen pals . When Lara Jean finds out that the neighborhood treehouse she and her friends used to hang out in will soon be cut down , she decides to throw a reunion party there and invites John . She also plans to open a time capsule that they buried at the treehouse when they were in seventh grade . At the treehouse party , Peter brings his ex-girlfriend Genevieve , knowing that Lara Jean did not want her to come . Lara Jean also finds out that the two were hanging out before the party , prompting her to become suspicious , and a little jealous , of Peter and Genevieve 's `` relationship '' . During the party , Lara Jean distracts herself from Peter by focusing on John . The group takes it in turn to pull an item from the time capsule , and then decides to play Assassins , which they often played during their childhood . For the prize , they decide the winner will be granted one wish . Lara Jean is determined to win since she has never previously won a game . After the party , Lara Jean and Peter argue about John and Genevieve , and Peter insists there is only friendship between him and his ex . During the Assassins game , Lara Jean discovers that Peter and Geneveive have formed an alliance , causing her to become suspicious again . Lara Jean finds out that Stormy is John 's great - grandmother when he comes to visit the retirement home , and also eliminates him from Assassins . Her next target is now Peter , and John decides to help her out . Meanwhile , Lara Jean and Peter break up when she discovers that Peter knew Genevieve was the person who sent out the video from the hot tub . She tells him if she wins Assassins , she would wish that nothing had happened between them . Lara Jean begins spending more time with John as they scheme to take out Genevieve from the game . Lara Jean ends up winning , and discovers the reason Peter and Genevieve have been hanging out : Genevieve confided in Peter about her father 's affair with a younger woman . Lara Jean meets with Peter at the treehouse the night before it is to be cut down . She tells him her wish is for things to go back to the way they were between them , and Peter professes his love for her . Reception ( edit ) The novel spent twelve weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list , peaking at # 2 in the Young Adult fiction section . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` P.S. I Still Love You '' . Simon & Schuster . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Always and Forever , Lara Jean '' . Simon & Schuster . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers -- The New York Times '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P.S._I_Still_Love_You&oldid=857012026 '' Categories : 2015 American novels American young adult novels Literature by Asian - American women Young adult novel series Korean - American novels Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 00 : 11 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
who does lara jean end up with in ps i still love you
[ "Lara Jean meets with Peter at the treehouse the night before it is to be cut down. She tells him her wish is for things to go back to the way they were between them, and Peter professes his love for her.\n" ]
[ "Peter" ]
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History of Earth
History of Earth - wikipedia History of Earth The development of planet Earth from its formation to the present day This article is about scientific evidence concerning the history of Earth . For the history of humans , see History of the world . The history of Earth concerns the development of planet Earth from its formation to the present day . Nearly all branches of natural science have contributed to understanding of the main events of Earth 's past , characterized by constant geological change and biological evolution . The geological time scale ( GTS ) , as defined by international convention , depicts the large spans of time from the beginning of the Earth to the present , and its divisions chronicle some definitive events of Earth history . ( In the graphic : Ga means `` billion years ago '' ; Ma , `` million years ago '' . ) Earth formed around 4.54 billion years ago , approximately one - third the age of the universe , by accretion from the solar nebula . Volcanic outgassing probably created the primordial atmosphere and then the ocean , but the early atmosphere contained almost no oxygen . Much of the Earth was molten because of frequent collisions with other bodies which led to extreme volcanism . While Earth was in its earliest stage ( Early Earth ) , a giant impact collision with a planet - sized body named Theia is thought to have formed the Moon . Over time , the Earth cooled , causing the formation of a solid crust , and allowing liquid water on the surface . The Hadean eon represents the time before a reliable ( fossil ) record of life ; it began with the formation of the planet and ended 4.0 billion years ago . The following Archean and Proterozoic eons produced the beginnings of life on Earth and its earliest evolution . The succeeding eon is the Phanerozoic , divided into three eras : the Palaeozoic , an era of arthropods , fishes , and the first life on land ; the Mesozoic , which spanned the rise , reign , and climactic extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs ; and the Cenozoic , which saw the rise of mammals . Recognizable humans emerged at most 2 million years ago , a vanishingly small period on the geological scale . The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago , during the Eoarchean Era , after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon . There are microbial mat fossils such as stromatolites found in 3.48 billion - year - old sandstone discovered in Western Australia . Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion - year - old metasedimentary rocks discovered in southwestern Greenland as well as `` remains of biotic life '' found in 4.1 billion - year - old rocks in Western Australia . According to one of the researchers , `` If life arose relatively quickly on Earth ... then it could be common in the universe . '' Photosynthetic organisms appeared between 3.2 and 2.4 billion years ago and began enriching the atmosphere with oxygen . Life remained mostly small and microscopic until about 580 million years ago , when complex multicellular life arose , developed over time , and culminated in the Cambrian Explosion about 541 million years ago . This sudden diversification of life forms produced most of the major phyla known today , and divided the Proterozoic Eon from the Cambrian Period of the Paleozoic Era . It is estimated that 99 percent of all species that ever lived on Earth , over five billion , have gone extinct . Estimates on the number of Earth 's current species range from 10 million to 14 million , of which about 1.2 million are documented , but over 86 percent have not been described . However , it was recently claimed that 1 trillion species currently live on Earth , with only one - thousandth of one percent described . The Earth 's crust has constantly changed since its formation , as has life has since its first appearance . Species continue to evolve , taking on new forms , splitting into daughter species , or going extinct in the face of ever - changing physical environments . The process of plate tectonics continues to shape the Earth 's continents and oceans and the life they harbor . Human activity is now a dominant force affecting global change , harming the biosphere , the Earth 's surface , hydrosphere , and atmosphere with the loss of wild lands , over-exploitation of the oceans , production of greenhouse gases , degradation of the ozone layer , and general degradation of soil , air , and water quality . Contents 1 Eons 2 Geologic time scale 3 Solar System formation 4 Hadean and Archean Eons 4.1 Formation of the Moon 4.2 First continents 4.3 Oceans and atmosphere 4.4 Origin of life 4.4. 1 Replication first : RNA world 4.4. 2 Metabolism first : iron -- sulfur world 4.4. 3 Membranes first : Lipid world 4.4. 4 The clay theory 4.4. 5 Last universal ancestor 5 Proterozoic Eon 5.1 Oxygen revolution 5.2 Snowball Earth 5.3 Emergence of eukaryotes 5.4 Supercontinents in the Proterozoic 5.5 Late Proterozoic climate and life 6 Phanerozoic Eon 6.1 Tectonics , paleogeography and climate 6.2 Cambrian explosion 6.3 Colonization of land 6.4 Evolution of tetrapods 6.5 Extinctions 6.6 Diversification of mammals 6.7 Human evolution 6.7. 1 Civilization 6.7. 2 Recent events 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Eons ( edit ) In geochronology , time is generally measured in mya ( megayears or million years ) , each unit representing the period of approximately 1,000,000 years in the past . The history of Earth is divided into four great eons , starting 4,540 mya with the formation of the planet . Each eon saw the most significant changes in Earth 's composition , climate and life . Each eon is subsequently divided into eras , which in turn are divided into periods , which are further divided into epochs . Eon Time ( mya ) Description Hadean 4,540 -- 4,000 The Earth is formed out of debris around the solar protoplanetary disk . There is no life . Temperatures are extremely hot , with frequent volcanic activity and hellish environments . The atmosphere is nebular . Possible early oceans or bodies of liquid water . The moon is formed around this time , probably due to a protoplanet 's collision into Earth . Archean 4,000 -- 2,500 Prokaryote life , the first form of life , emerges at the very beginning of this eon , in a process known as abiogenesis . The continents of Ur , Vaalbara and Kenorland may have been formed around this time . The atmosphere is composed of volcanic and greenhouse gases . Proterozoic 2,500 -- 541 Eukaryotes , a more complex form of life , emerge , including some forms of multicellular organisms . Bacteria begin producing oxygen , shaping the third and current of Earth 's atmospheres . Plants , later animals and possibly earlier forms of fungi form around this time . The early and late phases of this eon may have undergone `` Snowball Earth '' periods , in which all of the planet suffered below - zero temperatures . The early continents of Columbia , Rodinia and Pannotia may have formed around this time , in that order . Phanerozoic 541 -- present Complex life , including vertebrates , begin to dominate the Earth 's ocean in a process known as the Cambrian explosion . Pangaea forms and later dissolves into Laurasia and Gondwana . Gradually , life expands to land and all familiar forms of plants , animals and fungi begin appearing , including annelids , insects and reptiles . Several mass extinctions occur , among which birds , the descendants of dinosaurs , and more recently mammals emerge . Modern animals -- including humans -- evolve at the most recent phases of this eon . Geologic time scale ( edit ) Main article : Geologic time scale The history of the Earth can be organized chronologically according to the geologic time scale , which is split into intervals based on stratigraphic analysis . The following four timelines show the geologic time scale . The first shows the entire time from the formation of the Earth to the present , but this gives little space for the most recent eon . Therefore , the second timeline shows an expanded view of the most recent eon . In a similar way , the most recent era is expanded in the third timeline , and the most recent period is expanded in the fourth timeline . Millions of Years Solar system formation ( edit ) Main article : Formation and evolution of the Solar System See also : Planetary differentiation An artist 's rendering of a protoplanetary disk The standard model for the formation of the Solar System ( including the Earth ) is the solar nebula hypothesis . In this model , the Solar System formed from a large , rotating cloud of interstellar dust and gas called the solar nebula . It was composed of hydrogen and helium created shortly after the Big Bang 13.8 Ga ( billion years ago ) and heavier elements ejected by supernovae . About 4.5 Ga , the nebula began a contraction that may have been triggered by the shock wave from a nearby supernova . A shock wave would have also made the nebula rotate . As the cloud began to accelerate , its angular momentum , gravity , and inertia flattened it into a protoplanetary disk perpendicular to its axis of rotation . Small perturbations due to collisions and the angular momentum of other large debris created the means by which kilometer - sized protoplanets began to form , orbiting the nebular center . The center of the nebula , not having much angular momentum , collapsed rapidly , the compression heating it until nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium began . After more contraction , a T Tauri star ignited and evolved into the Sun . Meanwhile , in the outer part of the nebula gravity caused matter to condense around density perturbations and dust particles , and the rest of the protoplanetary disk began separating into rings . In a process known as runaway accretion , successively larger fragments of dust and debris clumped together to form planets . Earth formed in this manner about 4.54 billion years ago ( with an uncertainty of 1 % ) and was largely completed within 10 -- 20 million years . The solar wind of the newly formed T Tauri star cleared out most of the material in the disk that had not already condensed into larger bodies . The same process is expected to produce accretion disks around virtually all newly forming stars in the universe , some of which yield planets . The proto - Earth grew by accretion until its interior was hot enough to melt the heavy , siderophile metals . Having higher densities than the silicates , these metals sank . This so - called iron catastrophe resulted in the separation of a primitive mantle and a ( metallic ) core only 10 million years after the Earth began to form , producing the layered structure of Earth and setting up the formation of Earth 's magnetic field . J.A. Jacobs was the first to suggest that the inner core -- a solid center distinct from the liquid outer core -- is freezing and growing out of the liquid outer core due to the gradual cooling of Earth 's interior ( about 100 degrees Celsius per billion years ) . Hadean and Archean eons ( edit ) Main articles : Hadean and Archean Artist 's conception of Hadean Eon Earth , when it was much hotter and inhospitable to all forms of life . The first eon in Earth 's history , the Hadean , begins with the Earth 's formation and is followed by the Archean eon at 3.8 Ga . The oldest rocks found on Earth date to about 4.0 Ga , and the oldest detrital zircon crystals in rocks to about 4.4 Ga , soon after the formation of the Earth 's crust and the Earth itself . The giant impact hypothesis for the Moon 's formation states that shortly after formation of an initial crust , the proto - Earth was impacted by a smaller protoplanet , which ejected part of the mantle and crust into space and created the Moon . From crater counts on other celestial bodies , it is inferred that a period of intense meteorite impacts , called the Late Heavy Bombardment , began about 4.1 Ga , and concluded around 3.8 Ga , at the end of the Hadean . In addition , volcanism was severe due to the large heat flow and geothermal gradient . Nevertheless , detrital zircon crystals dated to 4.4 Ga show evidence of having undergone contact with liquid water , suggesting that the Earth already had oceans or seas at that time . By the beginning of the Archean , the Earth had cooled significantly . Present life forms could not have survived at Earth 's surface , because the Archean atmosphere lacked oxygen hence had no ozone layer to block ultraviolet light . Nevertheless , it is believed that primordial life began to evolve by the early Archean , with candidate fossils dated to around 3.5 Ga . Some scientists even speculate that life could have begun during the early Hadean , as far back as 4.4 Ga , surviving the possible Late Heavy Bombardment period in hydrothermal vents below the Earth 's surface . Formation of the Moon ( edit ) Main articles : Moon , Origin of the Moon , and Giant impact hypothesis Artist 's impression of the enormous collision that probably formed the Moon Earth 's only natural satellite , the Moon , is larger relative to its planet than any other satellite in the solar system . During the Apollo program , rocks from the Moon 's surface were brought to Earth . Radiometric dating of these rocks shows that the Moon is 4.53 ± 0.01 billion years old , formed at least 30 million years after the solar system . New evidence suggests the Moon formed even later , 4.48 ± 0.02 Ga , or 70 -- 110 million years after the start of the Solar System . Theories for the formation of the Moon must explain its late formation as well as the following facts . First , the Moon has a low density ( 3.3 times that of water , compared to 5.5 for the earth ) and a small metallic core . Second , there is virtually no water or other volatiles on the moon . Third , the Earth and Moon have the same oxygen isotopic signature ( relative abundance of the oxygen isotopes ) . Of the theories proposed to account for these phenomena , one is widely accepted : The giant impact hypothesis proposes that the Moon originated after a body the size of Mars ( sometimes named Theia ) struck the proto - Earth a glancing blow . The collision released about 100 million times more energy than the more recent Chicxulub impact that is believed to have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs . It was enough to vaporize some of the Earth 's outer layers and melt both bodies . A portion of the mantle material was ejected into orbit around the Earth . The giant impact hypothesis predicts that the Moon was depleted of metallic material , explaining its abnormal composition . The ejecta in orbit around the Earth could have condensed into a single body within a couple of weeks . Under the influence of its own gravity , the ejected material became a more spherical body : the Moon . First continents ( edit ) Geologic map of North America , color - coded by age . The reds and pinks indicate rock from the Archean . Mantle convection , the process that drives plate tectonics , is a result of heat flow from the Earth 's interior to the Earth 's surface . It involves the creation of rigid tectonic plates at mid-oceanic ridges . These plates are destroyed by subduction into the mantle at subduction zones . During the early Archean ( about 3.0 Ga ) the mantle was much hotter than today , probably around 1,600 ° C ( 2,910 ° F ) , so convection in the mantle was faster . Although a process similar to present - day plate tectonics did occur , this would have gone faster too . It is likely that during the Hadean and Archean , subduction zones were more common , and therefore tectonic plates were smaller . The initial crust , formed when the Earth 's surface first solidified , totally disappeared from a combination of this fast Hadean plate tectonics and the intense impacts of the Late Heavy Bombardment . However , it is thought that it was basaltic in composition , like today 's oceanic crust , because little crustal differentiation had yet taken place . The first larger pieces of continental crust , which is a product of differentiation of lighter elements during partial melting in the lower crust , appeared at the end of the Hadean , about 4.0 Ga . What is left of these first small continents are called cratons . These pieces of late Hadean and early Archean crust form the cores around which today 's continents grew . The oldest rocks on Earth are found in the North American craton of Canada . They are tonalites from about 4.0 Ga . They show traces of metamorphism by high temperature , but also sedimentary grains that have been rounded by erosion during transport by water , showing that rivers and seas existed then . Cratons consist primarily of two alternating types of terranes . The first are so - called greenstone belts , consisting of low - grade metamorphosed sedimentary rocks . These `` greenstones '' are similar to the sediments today found in oceanic trenches , above subduction zones . For this reason , greenstones are sometimes seen as evidence for subduction during the Archean . The second type is a complex of felsic magmatic rocks . These rocks are mostly tonalite , trondhjemite or granodiorite , types of rock similar in composition to granite ( hence such terranes are called TTG - terranes ) . TTG - complexes are seen as the relicts of the first continental crust , formed by partial melting in basalt . Oceans and atmosphere ( edit ) See also : Origin of the world 's oceans Graph showing range of estimated partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen through geologic time Earth is often described as having had three atmospheres . The first atmosphere , captured from the solar nebula , was composed of light ( atmophile ) elements from the solar nebula , mostly hydrogen and helium . A combination of the solar wind and Earth 's heat would have driven off this atmosphere , as a result of which the atmosphere is now depleted of these elements compared to cosmic abundances . After the impact which created the moon , the molten Earth released volatile gases ; and later more gases were released by volcanoes , completing a second atmosphere rich in greenhouse gases but poor in oxygen . Finally , the third atmosphere , rich in oxygen , emerged when bacteria began to produce oxygen about 2.8 Ga . In early models for the formation of the atmosphere and ocean , the second atmosphere was formed by outgassing of volatiles from the Earth 's interior . Now it is considered likely that many of the volatiles were delivered during accretion by a process known as impact degassing in which incoming bodies vaporize on impact . The ocean and atmosphere would , therefore , have started to form even as the Earth formed . The new atmosphere probably contained water vapor , carbon dioxide , nitrogen , and smaller amounts of other gases . Planetesimals at a distance of 1 astronomical unit ( AU ) , the distance of the Earth from the Sun , probably did not contribute any water to the Earth because the solar nebula was too hot for ice to form and the hydration of rocks by water vapor would have taken too long . The water must have been supplied by meteorites from the outer asteroid belt and some large planetary embryos from beyond 2.5 AU . Comets may also have contributed . Though most comets are today in orbits farther away from the Sun than Neptune , computer simulations show that they were originally far more common in the inner parts of the solar system . As the Earth cooled , clouds formed . Rain created the oceans . Recent evidence suggests the oceans may have begun forming as early as 4.4 Ga . By the start of the Archean eon , they already covered much of the Earth . This early formation has been difficult to explain because of a problem known as the faint young Sun paradox . Stars are known to get brighter as they age , and at the time of its formation the Sun would have been emitting only 70 % of its current power . Thus , the Sun has become 30 % brighter in the last 4.5 billion years . Many models indicate that the Earth would have been covered in ice . A likely solution is that there was enough carbon dioxide and methane to produce a greenhouse effect . The carbon dioxide would have been produced by volcanoes and the methane by early microbes . Another greenhouse gas , ammonia , would have been ejected by volcanos but quickly destroyed by ultraviolet radiation . Origin of life ( edit ) Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Arthropods Molluscs Plants Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers Birds Primates ← Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Sexual reproduction ← Earliest plants ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Tetrapoda ← Earliest apes h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Ice_Ages ( view discuss ) Axis scale : million years Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline Main articles : Abiogenesis , Earliest known life forms , Evolution , and Evolutionary history of life One of the reasons for interest in the early atmosphere and ocean is that they form the conditions under which life first arose . There are many models , but little consensus , on how life emerged from non-living chemicals ; chemical systems created in the laboratory fall well short of the minimum complexity for a living organism . The first step in the emergence of life may have been chemical reactions that produced many of the simpler organic compounds , including nucleobases and amino acids , that are the building blocks of life . An experiment in 1953 by Stanley Miller and Harold Urey showed that such molecules could form in an atmosphere of water , methane , ammonia and hydrogen with the aid of sparks to mimic the effect of lightning . Although atmospheric composition was probably different from that used by Miller and Urey , later experiments with more realistic compositions also managed to synthesize organic molecules . Computer simulations show that extraterrestrial organic molecules could have formed in the protoplanetary disk before the formation of the Earth . Additional complexity could have been reached from at least three possible starting points : self - replication , an organism 's ability to produce offspring that are similar to itself ; metabolism , its ability to feed and repair itself ; and external cell membranes , which allow food to enter and waste products to leave , but exclude unwanted substances . Replication first : RNA world ( edit ) Main article : RNA world Even the simplest members of the three modern domains of life use DNA to record their `` recipes '' and a complex array of RNA and protein molecules to `` read '' these instructions and use them for growth , maintenance , and self - replication . The discovery that a kind of RNA molecule called a ribozyme can catalyze both its own replication and the construction of proteins led to the hypothesis that earlier life - forms were based entirely on RNA . They could have formed an RNA world in which there were individuals but no species , as mutations and horizontal gene transfers would have meant that the offspring in each generation were quite likely to have different genomes from those that their parents started with . RNA would later have been replaced by DNA , which is more stable and therefore can build longer genomes , expanding the range of capabilities a single organism can have . Ribozymes remain as the main components of ribosomes , the `` protein factories '' of modern cells . Although short , self - replicating RNA molecules have been artificially produced in laboratories , doubts have been raised about whether natural non-biological synthesis of RNA is possible . The earliest ribozymes may have been formed of simpler nucleic acids such as PNA , TNA or GNA , which would have been replaced later by RNA . Other pre-RNA replicators have been posited , including crystals and even quantum systems . In 2003 it was proposed that porous metal sulfide precipitates would assist RNA synthesis at about 100 ° C ( 212 ° F ) and at ocean - bottom pressures near hydrothermal vents . In this hypothesis , the proto - cells would be confined in the pores of the metal substrate until the later development of lipid membranes . Metabolism first : iron -- sulfur world ( edit ) The replicator in virtually all known life is deoxyribonucleic acid . DNA is far more complex than the original replicator and its replication systems are highly elaborate . Main article : iron -- sulfur world theory Another long - standing hypothesis is that the first life was composed of protein molecules . Amino acids , the building blocks of proteins , are easily synthesized in plausible prebiotic conditions , as are small peptides ( polymers of amino acids ) that make good catalysts . A series of experiments starting in 1997 showed that amino acids and peptides could form in the presence of carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide with iron sulfide and nickel sulfide as catalysts . Most of the steps in their assembly required temperatures of about 100 ° C ( 212 ° F ) and moderate pressures , although one stage required 250 ° C ( 482 ° F ) and a pressure equivalent to that found under 7 kilometers ( 4.3 mi ) of rock . Hence , self - sustaining synthesis of proteins could have occurred near hydrothermal vents . A difficulty with the metabolism - first scenario is finding a way for organisms to evolve . Without the ability to replicate as individuals , aggregates of molecules would have `` compositional genomes '' ( counts of molecular species in the aggregate ) as the target of natural selection . However , a recent model shows that such a system is unable to evolve in response to natural selection . Membranes first : lipid world ( edit ) It has been suggested that double - walled `` bubbles '' of lipids like those that form the external membranes of cells may have been an essential first step . Experiments that simulated the conditions of the early Earth have reported the formation of lipids , and these can spontaneously form liposomes , double - walled `` bubbles '' , and then reproduce themselves . Although they are not intrinsically information - carriers as nucleic acids are , they would be subject to natural selection for longevity and reproduction . Nucleic acids such as RNA might then have formed more easily within the liposomes than they would have outside . The clay theory ( edit ) Further information : Graham Cairns - Smith § Clay hypothesis Some clays , notably montmorillonite , have properties that make them plausible accelerators for the emergence of an RNA world : they grow by self - replication of their crystalline pattern , are subject to an analog of natural selection ( as the clay `` species '' that grows fastest in a particular environment rapidly becomes dominant ) , and can catalyze the formation of RNA molecules . Although this idea has not become the scientific consensus , it still has active supporters . Cross-section through a liposome Research in 2003 reported that montmorillonite could also accelerate the conversion of fatty acids into `` bubbles '' , and that the bubbles could encapsulate RNA attached to the clay . Bubbles can then grow by absorbing additional lipids and dividing . The formation of the earliest cells may have been aided by similar processes . A similar hypothesis presents self - replicating iron - rich clays as the progenitors of nucleotides , lipids and amino acids . Last universal ancestor ( edit ) Main article : Last universal ancestor It is believed that of this multiplicity of protocells , only one line survived . Current phylogenetic evidence suggests that the last universal ancestor ( LUA ) lived during the early Archean eon , perhaps 3.5 Ga or earlier . This LUA cell is the ancestor of all life on Earth today . It was probably a prokaryote , possessing a cell membrane and probably ribosomes , but lacking a nucleus or membrane - bound organelles such as mitochondria or chloroplasts . Like modern cells , it used DNA as its genetic code , RNA for information transfer and protein synthesis , and enzymes to catalyze reactions . Some scientists believe that instead of a single organism being the last universal common ancestor , there were populations of organisms exchanging genes by lateral gene transfer . Proterozoic eon ( edit ) Main article : Proterozoic The Proterozoic eon lasted from 2.5 Ga to 542 Ma ( million years ) ago . In this time span , cratons grew into continents with modern sizes . The change to an oxygen - rich atmosphere was a crucial development . Life developed from prokaryotes into eukaryotes and multicellular forms . The Proterozoic saw a couple of severe ice ages called snowball Earths . After the last Snowball Earth about 600 Ma , the evolution of life on Earth accelerated . About 580 Ma , the Ediacaran biota formed the prelude for the Cambrian Explosion . Oxygen Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Great Oxygenation Event See also : Ozone layer Lithified stromatolites on the shores of Lake Thetis , Western Australia . Archean stromatolites are the first direct fossil traces of life on Earth . A banded iron formation from the 3.15 Ga Moories Group , Barberton Greenstone Belt , South Africa . Red layers represent the times when oxygen was available ; gray layers were formed in anoxic circumstances . The earliest cells absorbed energy and food from the surrounding environment . They used fermentation , the breakdown of more complex compounds into less complex compounds with less energy , and used the energy so liberated to grow and reproduce . Fermentation can only occur in an anaerobic ( oxygen - free ) environment . The evolution of photosynthesis made it possible for cells to derive energy from the Sun . Most of the life that covers the surface of the Earth depends directly or indirectly on photosynthesis . The most common form , oxygenic photosynthesis , turns carbon dioxide , water , and sunlight into food . It captures the energy of sunlight in energy - rich molecules such as ATP , which then provide the energy to make sugars . To supply the electrons in the circuit , hydrogen is stripped from water , leaving oxygen as a waste product . Some organisms , including purple bacteria and green sulfur bacteria , use an anoxygenic form of photosynthesis that uses alternatives to hydrogen stripped from water as electron donors ; examples are hydrogen sulfide , sulfur and iron . Such extremophile organisms are restricted to otherwise inhospitable environments such as hot springs and hydrothermal vents . The simpler anoxygenic form arose about 3.8 Ga , not long after the appearance of life . The timing of oxygenic photosynthesis is more controversial ; it had certainly appeared by about 2.4 Ga , but some researchers put it back as far as 3.2 Ga . The latter `` probably increased global productivity by at least two or three orders of magnitude '' . Among the oldest remnants of oxygen - producing lifeforms are fossil stromatolites . At first , the released oxygen was bound up with limestone , iron , and other minerals . The oxidized iron appears as red layers in geological strata called banded iron formations that formed in abundance during the Siderian period ( between 2500 Ma and 2300 Ma ) . When most of the exposed readily reacting minerals were oxidized , oxygen finally began to accumulate in the atmosphere . Though each cell only produced a minute amount of oxygen , the combined metabolism of many cells over a vast time transformed Earth 's atmosphere to its current state . This was Earth 's third atmosphere . Some oxygen was stimulated by solar ultraviolet radiation to form ozone , which collected in a layer near the upper part of the atmosphere . The ozone layer absorbed , and still absorbs , a significant amount of the ultraviolet radiation that once had passed through the atmosphere . It allowed cells to colonize the surface of the ocean and eventually the land : without the ozone layer , ultraviolet radiation bombarding land and sea would have caused unsustainable levels of mutation in exposed cells . Photosynthesis had another major impact . Oxygen was toxic ; much life on Earth probably died out as its levels rose in what is known as the oxygen catastrophe . Resistant forms survived and thrived , and some developed the ability to use oxygen to increase their metabolism and obtain more energy from the same food . Snowball Earth ( edit ) Main article : Snowball Earth The natural evolution of the Sun made it progressively more luminous during the Archean and Proterozoic eons ; the Sun 's luminosity increases 6 % every billion years . As a result , the Earth began to receive more heat from the Sun in the Proterozoic eon . However , the Earth did not get warmer . Instead , the geological record suggests it cooled dramatically during the early Proterozoic . Glacial deposits found in South Africa date back to 2.2 Ga , at which time , based on paleomagnetic evidence , they must have been located near the equator . Thus , this glaciation , known as the Huronian glaciation , may have been global . Some scientists suggest this was so severe that the Earth was frozen over from the poles to the equator , a hypothesis called Snowball Earth . The Huronian ice age might have been caused by the increased oxygen concentration in the atmosphere , which caused the decrease of methane ( CH ) in the atmosphere . Methane is a strong greenhouse gas , but with oxygen it reacts to form CO , a less effective greenhouse gas . When free oxygen became available in the atmosphere , the concentration of methane could have decreased dramatically , enough to counter the effect of the increasing heat flow from the Sun . However , the term Snowball Earth is more commonly used to describe later extreme ice ages during the Cryogenian period . There were four periods , each lasting about 10 million years , between 750 and 580 million years ago , when the earth is thought to have been covered with ice apart from the highest mountains , and average temperatures were about − 50 ° C ( − 58 ° F ) . The snowball may have been partly due to the location of the supercontintent Rodinia straddling the Equator . Carbon dioxide combines with rain to weather rocks to form carbonic acid , which is then washed out to sea , thus extracting the greenhouse gas from the atmosphere . When the continents are near the poles , the advance of ice covers the rocks , slowing the reduction in carbon dioxide , but in the Cryogienian the weathering of Rodinia was able to continue unchecked until the ice advanced to the tropics . The process may have finally been reversed by the emission of carbon dioxide from volcanoes or the destabilization of methane gas hydrates . According to the alternative Slushball Earth theory , even at the height of the ice ages there was still open water at the Equator . Emergence of eukaryotes ( edit ) Further information : Eukaryote § Origin of eukaryotes Chloroplasts in the cells of a moss Modern taxonomy classifies life into three domains . The time of their origin is uncertain . The Bacteria domain probably first split off from the other forms of life ( sometimes called Neomura ) , but this supposition is controversial . Soon after this , by 2 Ga , the Neomura split into the Archaea and the Eukarya . Eukaryotic cells ( Eukarya ) are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells ( Bacteria and Archaea ) , and the origin of that complexity is only now becoming known . Around this time , the first proto - mitochondrion was formed . A bacterial cell related to today 's Rickettsia , which had evolved to metabolize oxygen , entered a larger prokaryotic cell , which lacked that capability . Perhaps the large cell attempted to digest the smaller one but failed ( possibly due to the evolution of prey defenses ) . The smaller cell may have tried to parasitize the larger one . In any case , the smaller cell survived inside the larger cell . Using oxygen , it metabolized the larger cell 's waste products and derived more energy . Part of this excess energy was returned to the host . The smaller cell replicated inside the larger one . Soon , a stable symbiosis developed between the large cell and the smaller cells inside it . Over time , the host cell acquired some genes from the smaller cells , and the two kinds became dependent on each other : the larger cell could not survive without the energy produced by the smaller ones , and these , in turn , could not survive without the raw materials provided by the larger cell . The whole cell is now considered a single organism , and the smaller cells are classified as organelles called mitochondria . A similar event occurred with photosynthetic cyanobacteria entering large heterotrophic cells and becoming chloroplasts . Probably as a result of these changes , a line of cells capable of photosynthesis split off from the other eukaryotes more than 1 billion years ago . There were probably several such inclusion events . Besides the well - established endosymbiotic theory of the cellular origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts , there are theories that cells led to peroxisomes , spirochetes led to cilia and flagella , and that perhaps a DNA virus led to the cell nucleus , though none of them are widely accepted . Archaeans , bacteria , and eukaryotes continued to diversify and to become more complex and better adapted to their environments . Each domain repeatedly split into multiple lineages , although little is known about the history of the archaea and bacteria . Around 1.1 Ga , the supercontinent Rodinia was assembling . The plant , animal , and fungi lines had split , though they still existed as solitary cells . Some of these lived in colonies , and gradually a division of labor began to take place ; for instance , cells on the periphery might have started to assume different roles from those in the interior . Although the division between a colony with specialized cells and a multicellular organism is not always clear , around 1 billion years ago , the first multicellular plants emerged , probably green algae . Possibly by around 900 Ma true multicellularity had also evolved in animals . At first , it probably resembled today 's sponges , which have totipotent cells that allow a disrupted organism to reassemble itself . As the division of labor was completed in all lines of multicellular organisms , cells became more specialized and more dependent on each other ; isolated cells would die . Supercontinents in the Proterozoic ( edit ) Main article : Supercontinent cycle A reconstruction of Pannotia ( 550 Ma ) . Reconstructions of tectonic plate movement in the past 250 million years ( the Cenozoic and Mesozoic eras ) can be made reliably using fitting of continental margins , ocean floor magnetic anomalies and paleomagnetic poles . No ocean crust dates back further than that , so earlier reconstructions are more difficult . Paleomagnetic poles are supplemented by geologic evidence such as orogenic belts , which mark the edges of ancient plates , and past distributions of flora and fauna . The further back in time , the scarcer and harder to interpret the data get and the more uncertain the reconstructions . Throughout the history of the Earth , there have been times when continents collided and formed a supercontinent , which later broke up into new continents . About 1000 to 830 Ma , most continental mass was united in the supercontinent Rodinia . Rodinia may have been preceded by Early - Middle Proterozoic continents called Nuna and Columbia . After the break - up of Rodinia about 800 Ma , the continents may have formed another short - lived supercontinent around 550 Ma . The hypothetical supercontinent is sometimes referred to as Pannotia or Vendia . The evidence for it is a phase of continental collision known as the Pan-African orogeny , which joined the continental masses of current - day Africa , South America , Antarctica and Australia . The existence of Pannotia depends on the timing of the rifting between Gondwana ( which included most of the landmass now in the Southern Hemisphere , as well as the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian subcontinent ) and Laurentia ( roughly equivalent to current - day North America ) . It is at least certain that by the end of the Proterozoic eon , most of the continental mass lay united in a position around the south pole . Late Proterozoic climate and life ( edit ) A 580 million year old fossil of Spriggina floundensi , an animal from the Ediacaran period . Such life forms could have been ancestors to the many new forms that originated in the Cambrian Explosion . The end of the Proterozoic saw at least two Snowball Earths , so severe that the surface of the oceans may have been completely frozen . This happened about 716.5 and 635 Ma , in the Cryogenian period . The intensity and mechanism of both glaciations are still under investigation and harder to explain than the early Proterozoic Snowball Earth . Most paleoclimatologists think the cold episodes were linked to the formation of the supercontinent Rodinia . Because Rodinia was centered on the equator , rates of chemical weathering increased and carbon dioxide ( CO ) was taken from the atmosphere . Because CO is an important greenhouse gas , climates cooled globally . In the same way , during the Snowball Earths most of the continental surface was covered with permafrost , which decreased chemical weathering again , leading to the end of the glaciations . An alternative hypothesis is that enough carbon dioxide escaped through volcanic outgassing that the resulting greenhouse effect raised global temperatures . Increased volcanic activity resulted from the break - up of Rodinia at about the same time . The Cryogenian period was followed by the Ediacaran period , which was characterized by a rapid development of new multicellular lifeforms . Whether there is a connection between the end of the severe ice ages and the increase in diversity of life is not clear , but it does not seem coincidental . The new forms of life , called Ediacara biota , were larger and more diverse than ever . Though the taxonomy of most Ediacaran life forms is unclear , some were ancestors of groups of modern life . Important developments were the origin of muscular and neural cells . None of the Ediacaran fossils had hard body parts like skeletons . These first appear after the boundary between the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic eons or Ediacaran and Cambrian periods . Phanerozoic eon ( edit ) Main article : Phanerozoic The Phanerozoic is the current eon on Earth , which started approximately 542 million years ago . It consists of three eras : The Paleozoic , Mesozoic , and Cenozoic , and is the time when multi-cellular life greatly diversified into almost all the organisms known today . The Paleozoic ( `` old life '' ) era was the first and longest era of the Phanerozoic eon , lasting from 542 to 251 Ma . During the Paleozoic , many modern groups of life came into existence . Life colonized the land , first plants , then animals . Two major extinctions occurred . The continents formed at the break - up of Pannotia and Rodinia at the end of the Proterozoic slowly moved together again , forming the supercontinent Pangaea in the late Paleozoic . The Mesozoic ( `` middle life '' ) era lasted from 251 Ma to 66 Ma . It is subdivided into the Triassic , Jurassic , and Cretaceous periods . The era began with the Permian -- Triassic extinction event , the most severe extinction event in the fossil record ; 95 % of the species on Earth died out . It ended with the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event that wiped out the dinosaurs. . The Cenozoic ( `` new life '' ) era began at 66 Ma , and is subdivided into the Paleogene , Neogene , and Quaternary periods . These three periods are further split into seven sub-divisions , with the Paleogene composed of The Paleocene , Eocene , and Oligocene , the Neogene divided into the Miocene , Pliocene , and the Quaternary composed of the Pleistocene , and Holocene . Mammals , birds , amphibians , crocodilians , turtles , and lepidosaurs survived the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event that killed off the non-avian dinosaurs and many other forms of life , and this is the era during which they diversified into their modern forms . Tectonics , paleogeography and climate ( edit ) Pangaea was a supercontinent that existed from about 300 to 180 Ma . The outlines of the modern continents and other landmasses are indicated on this map . At the end of the Proterozoic , the supercontinent Pannotia had broken apart into the smaller continents Laurentia , Baltica , Siberia and Gondwana . During periods when continents move apart , more oceanic crust is formed by volcanic activity . Because young volcanic crust is relatively hotter and less dense than old oceanic crust , the ocean floors rise during such periods . This causes the sea level to rise . Therefore , in the first half of the Paleozoic , large areas of the continents were below sea level . Early Paleozoic climates were warmer than today , but the end of the Ordovician saw a short ice age during which glaciers covered the south pole , where the huge continent Gondwana was situated . Traces of glaciation from this period are only found on former Gondwana . During the Late Ordovician ice age , a few mass extinctions took place , in which many brachiopods , trilobites , Bryozoa and corals disappeared . These marine species could probably not contend with the decreasing temperature of the sea water . The continents Laurentia and Baltica collided between 450 and 400 Ma , during the Caledonian Orogeny , to form Laurussia ( also known as Euramerica ) . Traces of the mountain belt this collision caused can be found in Scandinavia , Scotland , and the northern Appalachians . In the Devonian period ( 416 -- 359 Ma ) Gondwana and Siberia began to move towards Laurussia . The collision of Siberia with Laurussia caused the Uralian Orogeny , the collision of Gondwana with Laurussia is called the Variscan or Hercynian Orogeny in Europe or the Alleghenian Orogeny in North America . The latter phase took place during the Carboniferous period ( 359 -- 299 Ma ) and resulted in the formation of the last supercontinent , Pangaea . By 180 Ma , Pangaea broke up into Laurasia and Gondwana . Cambrian Explosion ( edit ) Main article : Cambrian explosion Trilobites first appeared during the Cambrian period and were among the most widespread and diverse groups of Paleozoic organisms . The rate of the evolution of life as recorded by fossils accelerated in the Cambrian period ( 542 -- 488 Ma ) . The sudden emergence of many new species , phyla , and forms in this period is called the Cambrian Explosion . The biological fomenting in the Cambrian Explosion was unpreceded before and since that time . Whereas the Ediacaran life forms appear yet primitive and not easy to put in any modern group , at the end of the Cambrian most modern phyla were already present . The development of hard body parts such as shells , skeletons or exoskeletons in animals like molluscs , echinoderms , crinoids and arthropods ( a well - known group of arthropods from the lower Paleozoic are the trilobites ) made the preservation and fossilization of such life forms easier than those of their Proterozoic ancestors . For this reason , much more is known about life in and after the Cambrian than about that of older periods . Some of these Cambrian groups appear complex but are seemingly quite different from modern life ; examples are Anomalocaris and Haikouichthys . More recently , however , these seem to have found a place in modern classification . During the Cambrian , the first vertebrate animals , among them the first fishes , had appeared . A creature that could have been the ancestor of the fishes , or was probably closely related to it , was Pikaia . It had a primitive notochord , a structure that could have developed into a vertebral column later . The first fishes with jaws ( Gnathostomata ) appeared during the next geological period , the Ordovician . The colonisation of new niches resulted in massive body sizes . In this way , fishes with increasing sizes evolved during the early Paleozoic , such as the titanic placoderm Dunkleosteus , which could grow 7 meters ( 23 ft ) long . The diversity of life forms did not increase greatly because of a series of mass extinctions that define widespread biostratigraphic units called biomeres . After each extinction pulse , the continental shelf regions were repopulated by similar life forms that may have been evolving slowly elsewhere . By the late Cambrian , the trilobites had reached their greatest diversity and dominated nearly all fossil assemblages . Colonization of land ( edit ) Artist 's conception of Devonian flora Oxygen accumulation from photosynthesis resulted in the formation of an ozone layer that absorbed much of the Sun 's ultraviolet radiation , meaning unicellular organisms that reached land were less likely to die , and prokaryotes began to multiply and become better adapted to survival out of the water . Prokaryote lineages had probably colonized the land as early as 2.6 Ga even before the origin of the eukaryotes . For a long time , the land remained barren of multicellular organisms . The supercontinent Pannotia formed around 600 Ma and then broke apart a short 50 million years later . Fish , the earliest vertebrates , evolved in the oceans around 530 Ma . A major extinction event occurred near the end of the Cambrian period , which ended 488 Ma . Several hundred million years ago , plants ( probably resembling algae ) and fungi started growing at the edges of the water , and then out of it . The oldest fossils of land fungi and plants date to 480 -- 460 Ma , though molecular evidence suggests the fungi may have colonized the land as early as 1000 Ma and the plants 700 Ma . Initially remaining close to the water 's edge , mutations and variations resulted in further colonization of this new environment . The timing of the first animals to leave the oceans is not precisely known : the oldest clear evidence is of arthropods on land around 450 Ma , perhaps thriving and becoming better adapted due to the vast food source provided by the terrestrial plants . There is also unconfirmed evidence that arthropods may have appeared on land as early as 530 Ma . Evolution of tetrapods ( edit ) Further information : Evolution of tetrapods Tiktaalik , a fish with limb - like fins and a predecessor of tetrapods . Reconstruction from fossils about 375 million years old . At the end of the Ordovician period , 443 Ma , additional extinction events occurred , perhaps due to a concurrent ice age . Around 380 to 375 Ma , the first tetrapods evolved from fish . Fins evolved to become limbs that the first tetrapods used to lift their heads out of the water to breathe air . This would let them live in oxygen - poor water , or pursue small prey in shallow water . They may have later ventured on land for brief periods . Eventually , some of them became so well adapted to terrestrial life that they spent their adult lives on land , although they hatched in the water and returned to lay their eggs . This was the origin of the amphibians . About 365 Ma , another period of extinction occurred , perhaps as a result of global cooling . Plants evolved seeds , which dramatically accelerated their spread on land , around this time ( by approximately 360 Ma ) . About 20 million years later ( 340 Ma ) , the amniotic egg evolved , which could be laid on land , giving a survival advantage to tetrapod embryos . This resulted in the divergence of amniotes from amphibians . Another 30 million years ( 310 Ma ) saw the divergence of the synapsids ( including mammals ) from the sauropsids ( including birds and reptiles ) . Other groups of organisms continued to evolve , and lines diverged -- in fish , insects , bacteria , and so on -- but less is known of the details . Dinosaurs were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates throughout most of the Mesozoic After yet another , the most severe extinction of the period ( 251 ~ 250 Ma ) , around 230 Ma , dinosaurs split off from their reptilian ancestors . The Triassic -- Jurassic extinction event at 200 Ma spared many of the dinosaurs , and they soon became dominant among the vertebrates . Though some mammalian lines began to separate during this period , existing mammals were probably small animals resembling shrews . The boundary between avian and non-avian dinosaurs is not clear , but Archaeopteryx , traditionally considered one of the first birds , lived around 150 Ma . The earliest evidence for the angiosperms evolving flowers is during the Cretaceous period , some 20 million years later ( 132 Ma ) . Extinctions ( edit ) The first of five great mass extinctions was the Ordovician - Silurian extinction . Its possible cause was the intense glaciation of Gondwana , which eventually led to a snowball earth . 60 % of marine invertebrates became extinct and 25 % of all families . The second mass extinction was the Late Devonian extinction , probably caused by the evolution of trees , which could have led to the depletion of greenhouse gases ( like CO2 ) or the eutrophication of water . 70 % of all species became extinct . The third mass extinction was the Permian - Triassic , or the Great Dying , event was possibly caused by some combination of the Siberian Traps volcanic event , an asteroid impact , methane hydrate gasification , sea level fluctuations , and a major anoxic event . Either the proposed Wilkes Land crater in Antarctica or Bedout structure off the northwest coast of Australia may indicate an impact connection with the Permian - Triassic extinction . But it remains uncertain whether either these or other proposed Permian - Triassic boundary craters are either real impact craters or even contemporaneous with the Permian - Triassic extinction event . This was by far the deadliest extinction ever , with about 57 % of all families and 83 % of all genera killed . The fourth mass extinction was the Triassic - Jurassic extinction event in which almost all synapsids and archosaurs became extinct , probably due to new competition from dinosaurs . The fifth and most recent mass extinction was the K-T extinction . In 66 Ma , a 10 - kilometer ( 6.2 mi ) asteroid struck Earth just off the Yucatán Peninsula -- somewhere in the south western tip of then Laurasia -- where the Chicxulub crater is today . This ejected vast quantities of particulate matter and vapor into the air that occluded sunlight , inhibiting photosynthesis. 75 % of all life , including the non-avian dinosaurs , became extinct , marking the end of the Cretaceous period and Mesozoic era . Diversification of mammals ( edit ) Further information : Evolution of mammals The first true mammals evolved in the shadows of dinosaurs and other large archosaurs that filled the world by the late Triassic . The first mammals were very small , and were probably nocturnal to escape predation . Mammal diversification truly began only after the Cretaceous - Paleogene extinction event . By the early Paleocene the earth recovered from the extinction , and mammalian diversity increased . Creatures like Ambulocetus took to the oceans to eventually evolve into whales , whereas some creatures , like primates , took to the trees . This all changed during the mid to late Eocene when the circum - Antarctic current formed between Antarctica and Australia which disrupted weather patterns on a global scale . Grassless savannas began to predominate much of the landscape , and mammals such as Andrewsarchus rose up to become the largest known terrestrial predatory mammal ever , and early whales like Basilosaurus took control of the seas . The evolution of grass brought a remarkable change to the Earth 's landscape , and the new open spaces created pushed mammals to get bigger and bigger . Grass started to expand in the Miocene , and the Miocene is where many modern - day mammals first appeared . Giant ungulates like Paraceratherium and Deinotherium evolved to rule the grasslands . The evolution of grass also brought primates down from the trees , and started human evolution . The first big cats evolved during this time as well . The Tethys Sea was closed off by the collision of Africa and Europe . The formation of Panama was perhaps the most important geological event to occur in the last 60 million years . Atlantic and Pacific currents were closed off from each other , which caused the formation of the Gulf Stream , which made Europe warmer . The land bridge allowed the isolated creatures of South America to migrate over to North America , and vice versa . Various species migrated south , leading to the presence in South America of llamas , the spectacled bear , kinkajous and jaguars . Three million years ago saw the start of the Pleistocene epoch , which featured dramatic climactic changes due to the ice ages . The ice ages led to the evolution of modern man in Saharan Africa and expansion . The mega-fauna that dominated fed on grasslands that , by now , had taken over much of the subtropical world . The large amounts of water held in the ice allowed for various bodies of water to shrink and sometimes disappear such as the North Sea and the Bering Strait . It is believed by many that a huge migration took place along Beringia which is why , today , there are camels ( which evolved and became extinct in North America ) , horses ( which evolved and became extinct in North America ) , and Native Americans . The ending of the last ice age coincided with the expansion of man , along with a massive die out of ice age mega-fauna . This extinction , nicknamed `` the Sixth Extinction '' , has been going ever since . Human evolution ( edit ) Hominin timeline view discuss edit - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- Hominini Nakalipithecus Ouranopithecus Sahelanthropus Orrorin Ardipithecus Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus H. heidelbergensis Homo sapiens Neanderthals ← Earlier apes ← Gorilla split ← Possibly bipedal ← Chimpanzee split ← Earliest bipedal ← Stone tools ← Exit from Africa ← Earliest fire use ← Earliest cooking ← Earliest clothes ← Modern speech ← Modern humans l i s o n l i o n i o n o m i n i d s ( view discuss ) Axis scale : million years Also see : Life timeline and Nature timeline Main article : Human evolution A small African ape living around 6 Ma was the last animal whose descendants would include both modern humans and their closest relatives , the chimpanzees . Only two branches of its family tree have surviving descendants . Very soon after the split , for reasons that are still unclear , apes in one branch developed the ability to walk upright . Brain size increased rapidly , and by 2 Ma , the first animals classified in the genus Homo had appeared . Of course , the line between different species or even genera is somewhat arbitrary as organisms continuously change over generations . Around the same time , the other branch split into the ancestors of the common chimpanzee and the ancestors of the bonobo as evolution continued simultaneously in all life forms . The ability to control fire probably began in Homo erectus ( or Homo ergaster ) , probably at least 790,000 years ago but perhaps as early as 1.5 Ma . The use and discovery of controlled fire may even predate Homo erectus . Fire was possibly used by the early Lower Paleolithic ( Oldowan ) hominid Homo habilis or strong australopithecines such as Paranthropus . A reconstruction of human history based on fossil data . It is more difficult to establish the origin of language ; it is unclear whether Homo erectus could speak or if that capability had not begun until Homo sapiens . As brain size increased , babies were born earlier , before their heads grew too large to pass through the pelvis . As a result , they exhibited more plasticity , and thus possessed an increased capacity to learn and required a longer period of dependence . Social skills became more complex , language became more sophisticated , and tools became more elaborate . This contributed to further cooperation and intellectual development . Modern humans ( Homo sapiens ) are believed to have originated around 200,000 years ago or earlier in Africa ; the oldest fossils date back to around 160,000 years ago . The first humans to show signs of spirituality are the Neanderthals ( usually classified as a separate species with no surviving descendants ) ; they buried their dead , often with no sign of food or tools . However , evidence of more sophisticated beliefs , such as the early Cro - Magnon cave paintings ( probably with magical or religious significance ) did not appear until 32,000 years ago . Cro - Magnons also left behind stone figurines such as Venus of Willendorf , probably also signifying religious belief . By 11,000 years ago , Homo sapiens had reached the southern tip of South America , the last of the uninhabited continents ( except for Antarctica , which remained undiscovered until 1820 AD ) . Tool use and communication continued to improve , and interpersonal relationships became more intricate . Civilization ( edit ) Main articles : History of the world and Cradle of civilization Further information : History of Africa , History of the Americas , History of Antarctica , and History of Eurasia Vitruvian Man by Leonardo da Vinci epitomizes the advances in art and science seen during the Renaissance . Throughout more than 90 % of its history , Homo sapiens lived in small bands as nomadic hunter - gatherers . As language became more complex , the ability to remember and communicate information resulted , according to a theory proposed by Richard Dawkins , in a new replicator : the meme . Ideas could be exchanged quickly and passed down the generations . Cultural evolution quickly outpaced biological evolution , and history proper began . Between 8500 and 7000 BC , humans in the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals : agriculture . This spread to neighboring regions , and developed independently elsewhere , until most Homo sapiens lived sedentary lives in permanent settlements as farmers . Not all societies abandoned nomadism , especially those in isolated areas of the globe poor in domesticable plant species , such as Australia . However , among those civilizations that did adopt agriculture , the relative stability and increased productivity provided by farming allowed the population to expand . Agriculture had a major impact ; humans began to affect the environment as never before . Surplus food allowed a priestly or governing class to arise , followed by increasing division of labor . This led to Earth 's first civilization at Sumer in the Middle East , between 4000 and 3000 BC . Additional civilizations quickly arose in ancient Egypt , at the Indus River valley and in China . The invention of writing enabled complex societies to arise : record - keeping and libraries served as a storehouse of knowledge and increased the cultural transmission of information . Humans no longer had to spend all their time working for survival , enabling the first specialized occupations ( e.g. craftsmen , merchants , priests , etc ... ) . Curiosity and education drove the pursuit of knowledge and wisdom , and various disciplines , including science ( in a primitive form ) , arose . This in turn led to the emergence of increasingly larger and more complex civilizations , such as the first empires , which at times traded with one another , or fought for territory and resources . By around 500 BC , there were advanced civilizations in the Middle East , Iran , India , China , and Greece , at times expanding , at times entering into decline . In 221 BC , China became a single polity that would grow to spread its culture throughout East Asia , and it has remained the most populous nation in the world . The fundamentals of Western civilization were largely shaped in Ancient Greece , with the world 's first democratic government and major advances in philosophy , science , and mathematics , and in Ancient Rome in law , government , and engineering . The Roman Empire was Christianized by Emperor Constantine in the early 4th century and declined by the end of the 5th . Beginning with the 7th century , Christianization of Europe began . In 610 , Islam was founded and quickly became the dominant religion in Western Asia . The House of Wisdom was established in Abbasid - era Baghdad , Iraq . It is considered to have been a major intellectual center during the Islamic Golden Age , where Muslim scholars in Baghdad and Cairo flourished from the ninth to the thirteenth centuries until the Mongol sack of Baghdad in 1258 AD . In 1054 AD the Great Schism between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church led to the prominent cultural differences between Western and Eastern Europe . In the 14th century , the Renaissance began in Italy with advances in religion , art , and science . At that time the Christian Church as a political entity lost much of its power . In 1492 , Christopher Columbus reached the Americas , initiating great changes to the new world . European civilization began to change beginning in 1500 , leading to the scientific and industrial revolutions . That continent began to exert political and cultural dominance over human societies around the world , a time known as the Colonial era ( also see Age of Discovery ) . In the 18th century a cultural movement known as the Age of Enlightenment further shaped the mentality of Europe and contributed to its secularization . From 1914 to 1918 and 1939 to 1945 , nations around the world were embroiled in world wars . Established following World War I , the League of Nations was a first step in establishing international institutions to settle disputes peacefully . After failing to prevent World War II , mankind 's bloodiest conflict , it was replaced by the United Nations . After the war , many new states were formed , declaring or being granted independence in a period of decolonization . The United States and Soviet Union became the world 's dominant superpowers for a time , and they held an often - violent rivalry known as the Cold War until the dissolution of the latter . In 1992 , several European nations joined in the European Union . As transportation and communication improved , the economies and political affairs of nations around the world have become increasingly intertwined . This globalization has often produced both conflict and cooperation . Recent events ( edit ) Astronaut Bruce McCandless II outside of the space shuttle Challenger in 1984 Main article : Modern history See also : Modernity and Future Change has continued at a rapid pace from the mid-1940s to today . Technological developments include nuclear weapons , computers , genetic engineering , and nanotechnology . Economic globalization , spurred by advances in communication and transportation technology , has influenced everyday life in many parts of the world . Cultural and institutional forms such as democracy , capitalism , and environmentalism have increased influence . Major concerns and problems such as disease , war , poverty , violent radicalism , and recently , human - caused climate change have risen as the world population increases . In 1957 , the Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite into orbit and , soon afterward , Yuri Gagarin became the first human in space . Neil Armstrong , an American , was the first to set foot on another astronomical object , the Moon . Unmanned probes have been sent to all the known planets in the solar system , with some ( such as Voyager ) having left the solar system . Five space agencies , representing over fifteen countries , have worked together to build the International Space Station . Aboard it , there has been a continuous human presence in space since 2000 . The World Wide Web became a part of everyday life in the 1990s , and since then has become an indispensable source of information in the developed world . See also ( edit ) Chronology of the universe -- The history and future of the universe according to Big Bang cosmology Detailed logarithmic timeline Evolutionary history of life -- The processes by which organisms evolved on Earth Future of Earth -- Long term extrapolated geological and biological changes Geological history of Earth -- The sequence of major geological events in Earth 's past Global catastrophic risk -- Hypothetical future event that has the potential to damage human well - being on a global scale Timeline of the evolutionary history of life -- The current scientific theory outlining the major events during the development of life Timeline of natural history Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pluto 's satellite Charon is relatively larger , but Pluto is defined as a dwarf planet . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Stanley 2005 ^ Jump up to : Gradstein , Ogg & Smith 2004 Jump up ^ `` International Stratigraphic Chart '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Plant Evolution '' . Evolution for teaching . University of Waikato . October 2004 . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wright , Jo ( 1999 ) . `` New Blood '' . Walking with Dinosaurs . Episode 1 . BBC . Jump up ^ `` The Mass Extinctions : The Late Triassic Extinction '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Archaeopteryx : An Early Bird '' . University of California , Berkeley Museum of Paleontology. 1996 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Soltis , Pam ; Doug Soltis ; Christine Edwards ( 2005 ) . `` Angiosperms '' . The Tree of Life Project . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Big crater seen beneath ice sheet '' . BBC News . 3 June 2006 . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Benton MJ ( 2005 ) . When life nearly died : the greatest mass extinction of all time . London : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 28573 - X . Jump up ^ Carl T. Bergstrom ; Lee Alan Dugatkin ( 2012 ) . Evolution . Norton . p. 515 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 92592 - 0 . Jump up ^ Chaisson , Eric J. ( 2005 ) . `` Recent Fossils '' . Cosmic Evolution . Tufts University . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Bob . `` The First Mammals : The Early Mammals of the Triassic , Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods '' . about.com . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Walking Whale : Ambulocetus '' . American Museum of Natural History . 2014 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Dennis ( 2012 ) . `` Early Primate Evolution : The First Primates '' . Palomar College . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Andrewsarchus , `` Superb Skull of a Gigantic Beast , '' Now on View in Whales Exhibit `` . American Museum of Natural History . 2014 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ George Dvorsky ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` The world 's first big cats came from Asia , not Africa '' . Io9.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Hamon , N. ; Sepulchre , P. ; Lefebvre , V. ; Ramstein , G. ( 2013 ) . `` The role of eastern Tethys seaway closure in the Middle Miocene Climatic Transition ( ca . 14 Ma ) '' ( PDF ) . Climate of the Past. 9 : 2687 -- 2702 . Bibcode : 2013CliPa ... 9.2687 H . doi : 10.5194 / cp - 9 - 2687 - 2013 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ N.A.S.A. `` Isthmus of Panama '' . N.A.S.A . Jump up ^ Goren - Inbar , Naama ; Nira Alperson ; Mordechai E. Kislev ; Orit Simchoni ; Yoel Melamed ; Adi Ben - Nun ; Ella Werker ( 2004 - 04 - 30 ) . `` Evidence of Hominin Control of Fire at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov , Israel '' . Science . 304 ( 5671 ) : 725 -- 727 . Bibcode : 2004Sci ... 304 ... 725G . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1095443 . PMID 15118160 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 13 . ( abstract ) Jump up ^ McClellan ( 2006 ) . Science and Technology in World History : An Introduction . Baltimore , Maryland : JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8360 - 6 . Jump up ^ Reed , David L. ; Smith , Vincent S. ; Hammond , Shaless L. ; Rogers , Alan R. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Genetic Analysis of Lice Supports Direct Contact between Modern and Archaic Humans '' . PLoS Biology . 2 ( 11 ) : e340 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0020340 . PMC 521174 . PMID 15502871 . ^ Jump up to : McNeill 1999 Jump up ^ Gibbons , Ann ( 2003 ) . `` Oldest Members of Homo sapiens Discovered in Africa '' . Science . 300 ( 5626 ) : 1641 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 300.5626. 1641 . PMID 12805512 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 13 . ( abstract ) ^ Jump up to : Hopfe , Lewis M. ( 1987 ) ( 1976 ) . `` Characteristics of Basic Religions '' . Religions of the World ( 4th ed . ) . New York : MacMillan Publishing Company . pp. 17 , 17 -- 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 356930 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Chauvet Cave '' . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Patrick K. O'Brien , ed. ( 2003 ) ( 2002 ) . `` The Human Revolution '' . Atlas of World History ( concise ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 521921 - 0 . Jump up ^ Dawkins , Richard ( 1989 ) ( 1976 ) . `` Memes : the new replicators '' . The Selfish Gene ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 189 -- 201 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 286092 - 7 . Jump up ^ Tudge , Colin ( 1998 ) . Neanderthals , Bandits and Farmers : How Agriculture Really Began . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84258 - 3 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Jared ( 1999 ) . Guns , Germs , and Steel . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31755 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Daly ( 19 December 2013 ) . The Rise of Western Power : A Comparative History of Western Civilization . A&C Black . pp. 7 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 1851 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Bayt al - Hikmah '' . Encyclopedia Brittanica . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Human Spaceflight and Exploration -- European Participating States '' . ESA. 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Expedition 13 : Science , Assembly Prep on Tap for Crew '' . NASA . January 11 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 03 - 27 . Further reading ( edit ) Dalrymple , G.B. ( 1991 ) . The Age of the Earth . California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1569 - 0 . Dalrymple , G. Brent ( 2001 ) . `` The age of the Earth in the twentieth century : a problem ( mostly ) solved '' . Geological Society , London , Special Publications . 190 ( 1 ) : 205 -- 221 . Bibcode : 2001GSLSP. 190 ... 205D . doi : 10.1144 / GSL. SP. 2001.190. 01.14 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 13 . Dawkins , Richard ( 2004 ) . The Ancestor 's Tale : A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 00583 - 3 . Gradstein , F.M. ; Ogg , James George ; Smith , Alan Gilbert , eds. ( 2004 ) . A Geological Time Scale 2004 . Reprinted with corrections 2006 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 78673 - 7 . Gradstein , Felix M. ; Ogg , James G. ; van Kranendonk , Martin ( 2008 ) . On the Geological Time Scale 2008 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . International Commission on Stratigraphy . Fig. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 October 2012 . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Levin , H.L. ( 2009 ) . The Earth through time ( 9th ed . ) . Saunders College Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 38774 - 0 . Lunine , J.I. ( 1999 ) . Earth : evolution of a habitable world . United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64423 - 5 . McNeill , Willam H. ( 1999 ) ( 1967 ) . A World History ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 511615 - 1 . Melosh , H.J. ; Vickery , A.M. & Tonks , W.B. ( 1993 ) . Impacts and the early environment and evolution of the terrestrial planets , in Levy , H.J. & Lunine , J.I. ( eds . ) : Protostars and Planets III , University of Arizona Press , Tucson , pp. 1339 -- 1370 . Stanley , Steven M. ( 2005 ) . Earth system history ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Freeman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 3907 - 4 . Stern , T.W. ; Bleeker , W. ( 1998 ) . `` Age of the world 's oldest rocks refined using Canada 's SHRIMP : The Acasta Gneiss Complex , Northwest Territories , Canada '' . Geoscience Canada . 25 : 27 -- 31 . Wetherill , G.W. ( 1991 ) . `` Occurrence of Earth - Like Bodies in Planetary Systems '' . Science . 253 ( 5019 ) : 535 -- 538 . Bibcode : 1991Sci ... 253 ... 535W . doi : 10.1126 / science. 253.5019. 535 . PMID 17745185 . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( 4 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` History of Earth '' dated 2012 - 06 - 13 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Davies , Paul . `` Quantum leap of life '' . The Guardian . 2005 December 20 . -- discusses speculation on the role of quantum systems in the origin of life Evolution timeline ( uses Shockwave ) . Animated story of life shows everything from the big bang to the formation of the earth and the development of bacteria and other organisms to the ascent of man . 25 biggest turning points in earth History BBC Evolution of the Earth . Timeline of the most important events in the evolution of the Earth . The Earth 's Origins on In Our Time at the BBC Ageing the Earth , BBC Radio 4 discussion with Richard Corfield , Hazel Rymer & Henry Gee ( In Our Time , Nov. 20 , 2003 ) Earth - related topics History Age of the Earth Evolutionary history of life Faint young Sun paradox Formation and evolution of the Solar System Future of Earth Geologic time scale Geological history of Earth History of Earth Timeline of evolution Geography Geology Clairaut 's theorem Continents Earthquake Equatorial bulge Extremes on Earth Geology of solar terrestrial planets Geophysics Plate tectonics Structure of the Earth Time zones Ecology Earth Day Global warming Human impact on the environment Imaging Apple Maps Baidu Maps Bhuvan Bing Maps Global Map Google Earth Google Maps MapmyIndia NASA World Wind Here OpenStreetMap Wikimapia Remote sensing Yahoo ! 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Jaguar Land Rover
Jaguar Land Rover - wikipedia Jaguar Land Rover Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC Type Subsidiary Industry Automotive Founded January 18 , 2008 ; 10 years ago ( 2008 - 01 - 18 ) Headquarters Whitley , Coventry , United Kingdom Key people Dr Ralf Speth ( CEO ) Ian Callum ( Chief design officer of Jaguar ) Gerry McGovern ( Chief design officer of Land Rover ) Products Luxury vehicles , off - road vehicles Brands Jaguar Land Rover Production output 439,749 ( Land Rover ) 174,560 ( Jaguar ) ( 2017 -- 18 ) Revenue £ 25.8 billion ( 2017 -- 18 ) Operating income £ 1.5 billion ( 2017 -- 18 ) Net income £ 1.1 billion ( 2017 -- 18 ) Total assets £ 26.8 billion ( 2017 -- 18 ) Total equity £ 9.98 billion ( 2017 -- 18 ) Number of employees 43,224 ( 2018 ) Parent Tata Motors Subsidiaries Jaguar Land Rover Holdings Limited Jaguar Land Rover Limited Chery Jaguar Land Rover ( 50 % ) Jaguar Land Rover India Website www.jaguarlandrover.com Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC is the holding company of Jaguar Land Rover Limited , a British multinational automotive company with its headquarters in Whitley , Coventry , United Kingdom , and a subsidiary of Indian automotive company Tata Motors . The principal activity of Jaguar Land Rover Limited is the design , development , manufacture and sale of vehicles bearing the Jaguar and Land Rover marques . Both marques have long and complex histories prior to their merger -- Jaguar going back to the 1930s and Land Rover to the 1940s -- first coming together in 1968 as part of the ill - fated British Leyland conglomerate , later again independent of each other , and then as subsidiaries of BMW ( in the case of Land Rover ) , and Ford Motor Company ( Jaguar ) . Ford acquired Land Rover from BMW in 2000 following the break - up of the former Rover Group , which was effectively the remainder of the British Leyland car producing companies . Jaguar Land Rover has been a subsidiary of Tata Motors since they founded it for the acquisition of Jaguar Cars Limited and Land Rover from Ford in 2008 . On 1 January 2013 the operations of Jaguar Cars Limited and Land Rover were merged as Jaguar Land Rover Limited and the parent was renamed to Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC . Contents 1 History 2 Investment and expansion 3 Corporate affairs 3.1 Board of directors 3.2 Financial data 4 Operations 5 Products 5.1 Future electrification 5.2 Current Jaguar products 5.3 Current Land Rover products 6 Sales 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Both businesses having been part of British Leyland for parts of their histories until 1984 , Jaguar Cars and Land Rover were eventually reunited into the same group again by the Ford Motor Company in 2002 . Ford had acquired Jaguar Cars in 1989 and Land Rover from BMW in 2000 . In 2006 , Ford purchased the Rover brand name from BMW for around £ 6 million . This reunited the Rover and Land Rover brands for the first time since the Rover group was broken up by BMW in 2000 . On 18 January 2008 , Tata Motors , a part of the Tata Group , established Jaguar Land Rover Limited as a British - registered , wholly owned subsidiary . The company was to be used as a holding company for the acquisition from Ford of the two businesses -- Jaguar Cars Limited and Land Rover . That acquisition was completed on 2 June 2008 . On 1 January 2013 , the group , which had been operating as two separate companies ( Jaguar Cars Limited and Land Rover ) , although on an integrated basis , underwent a fundamental restructuring . The parent company was renamed to Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC , Jaguar Cars Limited was renamed to Jaguar Land Rover Limited and the assets ( excluding certain Chinese interests ) of Land Rover were transferred to it . The consequence was that Jaguar Land Rover Limited became responsible in the UK for the design , manufacture and marketing of both Jaguar and Land Rover products . In addition to the Jaguar and Land Rover marques , JLR also owns the rights to the dormant Daimler , Lanchester and Rover marques . The latter was acquired by Land Rover , whilst still under Ford ownership , from BMW in the aftermath of the collapse of MG Rover Group ; BMW had retained ownership of the marque when it broke up Rover Group in 2000 , then licensed it to MG Rover . Investment and expansion ( edit ) In March 2011 , Jaguar Land Rover announced that it would hire an additional 1,500 staff at its Halewood plant , and signed over £ 2 billion of supply contracts with UK - based companies , to enable production of its new Range Rover Evoque model . In September 2011 , the company confirmed that it would be investing £ 355 million in the construction of a new engine plant at the i54 business park near Wolverhampton , central England , to manufacture a family of four - cylinder petrol and diesel engines . In November 2011 Jaguar Land Rover announced that it would be creating 1,000 new jobs at its Solihull plant , a 25 per cent increase in the size of the workforce at the site . In March 2012 , Jaguar Land Rover announced the creation of 1,000 new jobs at its Halewood plant , and a shift to 24 - hour production at the plant . In the same month , Jaguar Land Rover and the China - based carmaker Chery agreed to invest an initial US $2.78 billion in a new joint venture , the activities of which would include the manufacture of Jaguar and Land Rover vehicles and engines , the establishment of a research and development facility , the creation of a new automobile marque , and sales of vehicles produced by the company . Jaguar Land Rover planned to create 4,500 manufacturing and engineering jobs in the UK over the next five years . In late 2012 , the company announced a joint venture for Jaguars and Land Rovers to be built in China , now the world 's biggest car - market . The agreement was with Chery , China 's sixth largest auto manufacturer , and called for a new Chinese factory in Changshu to build vehicles starting in 2014 . Trial production at the facility began in April 2014 , with a potential capacity of 130,000 vehicles annually . The first production model by the Chery Jaguar Land Rover venture was the Evoque , with other models planned that also include modifications , such as longer wheelbases , to satisfy Chinese market demand . In September 2013 , Jaguar Land Rover announced an additional 1,700 jobs and £ 1.5 billion investment at its facility in Solihull . The money was to be spent on designing systems to allow the chassis of future models to be made out of aluminium ; the first of these would be a new mid-sized sports saloon car to be introduced in 2015 . The same month , the company announced plans to open a £ 100 million research and development centre called the National Automotive Innovation Campus at the University of Warwick , Coventry to create a new generation of vehicle technologies . Jaguar Land Rover was to invest £ 50 million in the facility with additional funding from Tata Motors , the University and the UK government . The carmaker said around 1,000 academics and engineers would work there and that construction would start in 2014 . Under its chief executive , Dr Ralf Speth , JLR has increased its investment in R&D significantly . In 2013 , according to Speth , it invested £ 3 billion in `` product creation '' and claimed to be the `` biggest R&D investor in the UK in the automotive business '' . In 2017 a plant for Ingenium engine production was added to the Chery Jaguar Land Rover facility in China . On 13 April 2018 , Jaguar Land Rover announced that it would be cutting 1,000 temporary contract jobs in the West Midlands , citing a slump in sales due to uncertainty over changes to taxes on diesel cars and Brexit . Corporate affairs ( edit ) Jaguar Land Rover Automotive is a public limited company incorporated under the laws of England and Wales ( Company No. 06477691 ) . The immediate parent of Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC is TML Holdings Pte. Ltd. , Singapore and the ultimate parent undertaking and controlling party is Tata Motors Limited of India . The Chairman of Tata Group , Ratan Tata , was the chairman and a director of Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC from 2008 to December 2012 . Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC 's principal active subsidiaries are : Jaguar Land Rover Holdings Limited Jaguar Land Rover Limited ( designs , manufactures and sells Jaguar and Land Rover vehicles ) Board of directors ( edit ) Name Position Year appointed Andrew M. Robb Director 2009 Dr. Ralf D. Speth Chief executive officer and director Financial data ( edit ) Year ending Turnover ( £ m ) EBITDA ( £ m ) Net income / ( loss ) before tax ( £ m ) 23 MAY 2017 24,300 1600 31 March 2015 21,866 4,132 2,614 31 March 2014 19,386 3,393 2,501 31 March 2013 15,785 2,402 1,674 31 March 2012 13,512 2,027 1,479 31 March 2011 9,870.7 1,501.7 1,115 31 March 2010 6,527.2 349.1 51.4 31 March 2009 4,949.5 ( 83.9 ) ( 375.7 ) Operations ( edit ) Halewood Body & Assembly Jaguar Land Rover has six main facilities for R&D , manufacturing and vehicle assembly , of which five are in the UK and one in India . Jaguar Land Rover invested a total of £ 1,411 million in research and development in the year ended 31 March 2015 . Jaguar Land Rover has three research and development facilities in the UK : Gaydon , Warwickshire -- an engineering and development facility . Formerly an RAF bomber base before being acquired by British Leyland and redeveloped as a vehicle design , development and testing centre . Part of this site is also the Aston Martin headquarters , development centre and factory . Whitley , Coventry -- an engineering and development site and headquarters of Jaguar Land Rover which was formerly the Jaguar Cars head office . This site was acquired from Peugeot in the 1980s , and was formerly a First World War airfield , an aircraft factory and then a missile factory before being sold to the Rootes Group ( later Chrysler Europe ) . JLR is a partner in the National Automotive Innovation Centre at the University of Warwick , Coventry . Vehicle Assembly plants : Castle Bromwich Assembly , Birmingham . Jaguar Land Rover 's main Jaguar assembly plant , producing the XF , XJ and F - Type ranges . Originally an aircraft factory during World War Two -- Spitfires were built here -- it was later acquired by Pressed Steel Fisher and became a vehicle body assembly works . It came under the auspices of Jaguar through the merger with BMC in the 1960s . Jaguar XE , Jaguar XF , Jaguar XJ , Jaguar F - Type Halewood Body & Assembly , Halewood , Merseyside . Used by Jaguar Land Rover for Land Rover production . Originally a Ford assembly plant ( the Ford Escort being its most prolific model ) it was given to Jaguar in 2000 for production of the X-Type . Ford still owns the transmission manufacturing operation at Halewood . Land Rover Discovery Sport , Range Rover Evoque Solihull plant , Solihull , West Midlands . Jaguar Land Rover 's principal Land Rover assembly plant . This was originally an aircraft engine plant during World War Two , being used for as a Rover plant after the war . In 2014 the Jaguar XE became the first Jaguar car to be assembled here , followed by the F - Pace in 2016 . Range Rover , Range Rover Sport , Range Rover Velar , Land Rover Discovery , Jaguar F - Pace Pune , India Jaguar XF , Jaguar XJ , Range Rover Evoque -- assembly of complete knock - down kits only Chery Jaguar Land Rover , Changsu , China Range Rover Evoque , Land Rover Discovery Sport , Jaguar XE , Jaguar XF JLR Brazil , Itatiaia , Brazil Range Rover Evoque SVO facility Ryton - on - Dunsmore , near Coventry -- where the Special Vehicle Operations development centre was created in 2016 . The site was previously used by Rootes for aircraft production plant for World War Two , and later became the Rootes / Chrysler / Peugeot car plant which was closed in 2006 and has since been demolished . Engine Assembly plants Engine Manufacturing Centre , Wolverhampton . A £ 500 million facility located at the i54 site in Staffordshire close to Wolverhampton where the Ingenium family of modular diesel and petrol engines are built . The plant was officially opened by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on Thursday 30 October 2014 . Chery Jaguar Land Rover , Changsu , China . Planned facilities JLR Slovakia , Nitra , Slovakia ( production planned to start in 2018 ) Software engineering facility , Shannon , Ireland Storage depot , Stone , Staffordshire Co-operations The Magna Steyr company in Graz , Austria builds the E-Pace ( from 2017 ) and the I - Pace ( from 2018 ) . Products ( edit ) Jaguar Land Rover currently sells vehicles under the Jaguar and Land Rover marques . Future electrification ( edit ) In September 2017 , Jaguar Land Rover announced that all new Jaguar and Land Rover models launched from the 2020 model year will have an all - electric or hybrid powertrain option , In October 2017 , JLR announced that their electrification programme will start with the Range Rover Sport P400e for the 2018 model year , a plug - in hybrid model due in the showrooms in late 2017 . and be followed by the launch of a plug - in hybrid Range Rover due in 2018 for the 2019 model year , Current Jaguar products ( edit ) Jaguar XE ( compact executive car ) Jaguar XF ( executive car & estate ) Jaguar XJ ( full - size luxury car ) Jaguar F - Type ( sports car ) Jaguar E-Pace ( subcompact luxury SUV ) Jaguar F - Pace ( compact luxury SUV ) Jaguar I - Pace ( compact luxury electric SUV ) Jaguar XE Jaguar XF Jaguar XJ Jaguar F - Type Jaguar E-Pace Jaguar F - Pace Jaguar I - Pace Current Land Rover products ( edit ) Land Rover Discovery Sport ( high end subcompact luxury SUV ) Land Rover Discovery ( mid-size luxury SUV ) Range Rover Evoque ( subcompact luxury SUV ) Range Rover Velar ( high end compact luxury SUV ) Range Rover Sport ( mid-size luxury SUV ) Range Rover ( full - size luxury SUV ) Land Rover Discovery Sport Land Rover Discovery Range Rover Evoque Range Rover Velar Range Rover Sport Range Rover Sales ( edit ) In the year ended 31 March 2013 , Jaguar Land Rover sold a total of 374,636 units , of which 316,043 were Land Rovers and 58,593 were Jaguars . In that period 21.6 % of sales were in Europe ( excluding the United Kingdom and Russia ) , 20.6 % in China , 19.3 % in the United Kingdom , 16.8 % in the United States , 4.8 % in Asia Pacific ( excluding China ) and 16.9 % in the rest of the world . In 2015 , Jaguar Land Rover became the biggest car manufacturer in UK , producing 489,923 cars and overtaking Nissan , the previous leader . In January 2014 , the Wall Street Journal reported that Jaguar Land Rover , sold a record 425,006 vehicles in 2013 as demand for its luxury vehicles increased in all major markets including in China , North America and Europe . It sold a total of 604,009 vehicles during 2017 , comprising 431,161 Land Rover vehicles and 172,848 Jaguar vehicles . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jaguar Land Rover Opens its new Global Headquarters Building '' . Jaguar Land Rover Ltd . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Callum Leadership About Jaguar '' . Jaguar.co.uk. 2015 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Gerry McGovern - Unstoppable Spirit - Land Rover UK '' . Landrover.co.uk. 2018 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2017 - 18 '' ( PDF ) . Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC . Retrieved 16 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Report 2017 - 18 '' ( PDF ) . Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC . Retrieved 16 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguar Land Rober Automotive plc : Annual Report 2017 / 18 '' ( PDF ) . Tata Motors . p. 3 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Superboss Dover takes over at Jaguar '' . Coventry Evening Telegraph . 9 November 2001 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Years 1989 to 1986 '' . Jaguar Cars Ltd . Archived from the original on 24 June 2009 . Retrieved 19 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BMW , Ford seal Land Rover deal '' . BBC . 24 May 2000 . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 / 2011 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Jaguar Land Rover PLC . p. 5 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2018 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Mike Rutherford ( 29 March 2008 ) . `` Mike Rutherford ponders Tata 's takeover of Land Rover and Jaguar '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 30 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2012 / 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC . p. 91 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2018 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Ruddick , Graham ( 23 April 2011 ) . `` Jaguar plans UK expansion set to create 1,000 jobs '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguar announces £ 2bn supply contracts for Evoque model '' . BBC News . 2 March 2011 . Retrieved 20 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tata 's Jaguar Land Rover picks UK for new plant '' . Reuters. 19 September 2011 . Retrieved 20 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Bowater , Donna ( 19 September 2011 ) . `` Jaguar Land Rover confirms new UK plant '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguar Land Rover to create 1,000 jobs at Solihull factory '' . The Telegraph . London . 10 November 2011 . Retrieved 10 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguar Land Rover creates more than 1,000 Solihull jobs '' . BBC . 10 November 2011 . Retrieved 10 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 13 March 2012 ) . `` Jaguar Land Rover creates 1,000 new jobs '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Land Rover to create 1,000 jobs at Halewood '' . BBC . 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Foy , Henry ( 21 March 2012 ) . `` Jaguar Land Rover seals JV with China 's Chery '' . Reuters . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguar Land Rover and Chery Automobile agree deal to sell vehicles in China '' . The Guardian . London . 21 March 2012 . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` JaguarLR to generate 4,500 jobs in UK '' . The Indian Express . 29 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Massey , Ray ( 19 November 2012 ) . `` Jaguar and Land Rovers to be built for first time in China under ' milestone ' £ 1billion deal to accelerate global sales '' . The Daily Mail . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguar Land Rover begins production trials at China assembly plant '' . Automotive News . 4 April 2014 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Noah ( 22 October 2014 ) . `` Jaguar Land Rover opens first overseas factory in China '' . autoblog . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguar Land Rover announce 1,700 jobs '' . Solihull Observer. 10 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 April 2015 . Retrieved 25 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NAIC Announcement '' . BBC News . 24 September 2013 . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Rueters ( 24 September 2013 ) . `` Jaguar Land Rover to open new £ 100 million R&D centre in UK in 2016 '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Online , AM . `` Jaguar Land Rover to build £ 100m Warwick research facility '' . Jump up ^ `` R&D Investment Makes Good Business Sense '' . Ingenia . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguar Land Rover 's first overseas engine plant opens in China '' . Automotive Logistics. 25 July 2017 . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguar Land Rover to shed 1,000 contract staff '' . BBC News . 13 April 2018 . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Farrell , Sean ( 13 April 2018 ) . `` Jaguar Land Rover to cut 1,000 jobs after ' slump due to Brexit ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 / 11 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Jaguar Land Rover Ltd. p. 31 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 September 2012 . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguar Land Rovewr Annual Report 2012 / 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguar Land Rover results for the year ended 31 March 2015 '' . Jaguar Land Rover Ltd . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguar Land Rover results for the year ended 31 March 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Jaguar Land Rover Ltd . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 August 2014 . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguar Land Rover Results Under IFRS for the year ended 31 March 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Jaguar Land Rover Ltd . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 August 2018 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguar Land Rover Results Under IFRS for the period ended 31 March 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Jaguar Land Rover Ltd . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 June 2012 . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2014 - 15 '' ( PDF ) . Jaguar Land Rover . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Christopher Ludwig ( 30 September 2016 ) . `` JLR part 1 : Ensuring logistics is not a victim of success '' . Automotive Logistics . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Christopher Ludwig ( 30 September 2016 ) . `` JLR part 2 : The big cat is hunting for outbound efficiencies '' . Automotive Logistics . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Land Rover assembly begins in India - Automotive Logistics '' . Automotivelogistics. media . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Chery JLR puts complex logistics plan into action - Automotive Logistics '' . Automotivelogistics. media . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguar Land Rover opens plant in Brazil for local supply - Automotive Logistics '' . Automotivelogistics. media . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://www.ft.com/content/2bfdae04-6d5f-11e7-bfeb-33fe0c5b7eaa Jump up ^ `` Jaguar Land Rover confirms Brazil car factory plans '' . BBC News . 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguar Land Rover to Start Making Cars in Brazil '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Jaguar Land Rover settles on Slovakia for new plant '' . Leftlanenews.com. 2015 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` JLR targets Slovakia for plant , citing supply chain and logistics benefits - Automotive Logistics '' . Automotivelogistics. media . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Magna will assemble vehicles for Jaguar Land Rover in Graz - Automotive Logistics '' . Automotivelogistics. media . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Every Jaguar and Land Rover Launched from 2020 will be Electrified '' ( Press release ) . Jaguar Land Rover . 7 September 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Glon , Ronan ( 4 October 2017 ) . `` Land Rover begins electrification push with plug - in Range Rover Sport P400e '' . Digital Trends . Designtechnica Corporation . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , Stephen ( 11 October 2017 ) . `` Land Rover continues its electrification push with a Range Rover plug - in hybrid '' . Yahoo ! Finance . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jaguar Land Rover Annual Report 2012 / 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Jaguar Land Rover . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguar Land Rover races past Nissan to become UK 's biggest carmaker '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguar Land Rover Posts Record Sales for 2013 '' . The Wall Street Journel. 12 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` JAGUAR LAND ROVER REPORTS STRONG FULL YEAR SALES FOR 2014 '' . Jaguar Land Rover . 12 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2015 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jaguar Land Rover . Official website Jaguar Land Rover Subsidiaries and divisions Jaguar Land Rover Chery Jaguar Land Rover ( Joint venture ) Facilities and places Browns Lane plant ( closed ) Castle Bromwich Assembly Gaydon Centre Halewood Body & Assembly Solihull plant Whitley plant Engine Manufacturing Centre Nitra plant Vehicles Current Jaguar models E-Pace F - Pace F - Type XE XF XJ Future Jaguar models I - Pace Historic Jaguar models 1935 -- 1948 21⁄2 Litre saloon 1935 -- 1949 11⁄2 Litre saloon 1937 -- 1948 31⁄2 Litre saloon 1948 -- 1954 XK120 1948 -- 1951 Mark V 1951 -- 1957 Mark VII ( & VIIM ) 1954 -- 1957 XK140 1950s C - Type 1950s D - Type 1955 -- 1959 Mark 1 1957 -- 1959 Mark VIII 1957 -- 1961 XK150 1959 -- 1961 Mark IX 1959 -- 1967 Mark 2 1961 -- 1966 Mark X 1961 -- 1974 E-Type 1960s E-Type Lightweight 1963 -- 1968 S - type 1966 -- 1970 420G 1966 -- 1968 420 1966 -- 1968 240 & 340 1968 -- 1987 XJ6 Series 1 , 2 & 3 1972 -- 1992 XJ12 1975 -- 1996 XJ - S 1985 -- 1992 XJR - 5 through XJR - 17 1992 -- 1994 XJ220 1997 -- 2006 XK8 / XKR ( X100 ) 1999 -- 2008 S - type 2001 -- 2009 X-type 2006 -- 2015 XK / XKR ( X150 ) Current Land Rover models Discovery Sport Discovery / LR4 Range Rover Evoque Range Rover Sport Range Rover Velar Range Rover RSOV Wolf LRPV Future Land Rover models Historic Land Rover models Defender Defender 130CC - R 101 Range Rover Classic Series I Series II Series III Other Daimler vehicles Jaguar vehicles Land Rover vehicles Category : Jaguar Land Rover Category : Tata Motors Links to related articles Tata Motors Tata Group Subsidiaries and divisions Jaguar Land Rover Daimler Jaguar Land Rover Tata Daewoo Tata Hispano Tata Motors Cars Joint ventures Chery Jaguar Land Rover ( 50 % ) Fiat India Automobiles ( 50 % ) Tata Marcopolo ( 51 % ) Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery ( 40 % ) Chairmen J.R.D. 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Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaguar_Land_Rover&oldid=866501864 '' Categories : Jaguar Land Rover Car manufacturers of the United Kingdom Coventry motor companies Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2008 2008 establishments in England 2008 establishments in the United Kingdom Tata Motors 2008 mergers and acquisitions British subsidiaries of foreign companies Hidden categories : EngvarB from November 2016 Use dmy dates from November 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Scots 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 18 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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Barberton, Ohio
Barberton , Ohio - Wikipedia Barberton , Ohio Jump to : navigation , search City in Ohio , United States Barberton , Ohio City Nickname ( s ) : The Magic City Location in Summit County and the state of Ohio . Coordinates : 41 ° 0 ′ 57 '' N 81 ° 36 ′ 21 '' W  /  41.01583 ° N 81.60583 ° W  / 41.01583 ; - 81.60583 Coordinates : 41 ° 0 ′ 57 '' N 81 ° 36 ′ 21 '' W  /  41.01583 ° N 81.60583 ° W  / 41.01583 ; - 81.60583 Country United States State Ohio County Summit Government Mayor Willam Judge ( D ) Area Total 9.26 sq mi ( 23.98 km ) Land 9.04 sq mi ( 23.41 km ) Water 0.22 sq mi ( 0.57 km ) Elevation 974 ft ( 297 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 26,550 Estimate ( 2012 ) 26,316 Density 2,936.9 / sq mi ( 1,133.9 / km ) Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP code 44203 Area code ( s ) 330 FIPS code 39 - 03828 GNIS feature ID 1037625 Website http://www.cityofbarberton.com Barberton is a city in Summit County , Ohio , United States . The population was 26,550 at the 2010 census . It is a commuter town adjacent to Akron and is part of the latter 's Metropolitan Statistical Area . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 3 Demographics 3.1 2010 census 3.2 2000 census 4 Notable people 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Barberton was founded in 1891 by industrialist Ohio Columbus Barber , who planned the town according to his vision of industry , progress and community . In 1894 he moved the manufacturing operations of the Diamond Match Company , which he formed from a merger of 11 companies , from Akron to Barberton . He soon was producing 250 million matches a day . In the valley running parallel to the Tuscarawas River and the Ohio & Erie Canal , he oversaw the construction of factories , residential neighborhoods and a compact commercial downtown . In the center of the new city was Lake Anna , named after Barber 's only daughter , Anna Laura Barber . Barberton became known as the `` Magic City '' because of its rapid population growth during its formative industrial years , at a time of waves of immigration from eastern and southern Europe . In 1891 , when Barberton was incorporated , the scattered farms that had originally characterized the landscape were transformed into a fledgling city of 1,800 . When an Akron Beacon Journal reporter revisited Barberton in 1893 , he noted that since 1891 , it had grown so quickly that it appeared to have grown by magic ( hence its nickname ) . Many new immigrants were attracted to its industrial jobs , which provided a path to assimilation . O.C. Barber stables In 1908 on a high hill on the east side of town , Barber began construction of an experimental farm and estate , which he called Anna Dean Farm . It included his 52 - room , French Renaissance Revival - style mansion , completed in 1909 , and lush gardens , dozens of barns and other structures in the same style , and greenhouses . Barber built 35 structures for the Anna Dean Farm , all in the French Renaissance Revival style . The farm covered 3500 acres . Believing farming could be as efficient as industry , Barber intended the farm to be the basis of an agricultural college , but he did not complete its financing before his death . He willed the farm to Case Western University . It later sold much of the property . Today , five of the eight primary buildings and associated property of the farm complex are owned by the Barberton Historical Society . These buildings are constructed of red brick edged in white concrete block , with royal blue trim and red tile roofing . The most significant of the remaining buildings is Barn No. 1 , the former Dairy Barn , restored in 1985 and now the world headquarters of the Yoder Brothers Corporation , horticulturists . The building has castle tower - like silos , visible from much of the east side of the city . The other barns have been structurally stabilized and at least partially restored . All but one may be renovated for other economic uses . The Creamery has been restored as a residence for the same family since 1943 , and served as the birthplace for the Apostolic Church of Barberton founded in 1950 . Vintage Barberton police car After sale by Case Western University following World War II , most of the 40 - acre Barber estate was broken up and redeveloped for suburban residential housing . The mansion was demolished in 1965 . `` The Magics '' became the mascot name of the Barberton High School athletic teams . As Barberton High School colors are purple and white , `` purple pride '' marks local enthusiasm for the school . The city 's schools have also improved academic performance since the 1980s . Barberton 's sources of news include daily newspapers from major cities , such as the Akron Beacon Journal and the Cleveland Plain Dealer , as well as the local weekly newspaper , the Barberton Herald . During the 1980s Barberton suffered a precipitous economic decline due to restructuring in heavy industry and job losses , similar to much of the rest of the industrial American Midwest . It was in many ways representative of a typical Rust Belt city . During this period , the city lost a large part of its economic base as factories shuttered and stores went vacant . The Magic City : Unemployment in a Working - Class Community ( Cornell University Press , 1989 ) documents the consequences of the migration of major industry from the region and the responses of residents to such dramatic changes . In 1985 , key business stakeholders and government leaders created the Barberton Community Development Corporation ( BCDC ) . The BCDC today functions through a Board of Directors of 20 stakeholders and city members , including the Mayor of Barberton . Led by Tom Anders as Chairman , and Executive Director Larry Lallo , it has facilitated the creation of over 2000 jobs , and in excess of $100 million in business expansion projects . They have stimulated the creation of three mini-industrial parks , and 25 new construction projects . The BCDC was originally funded through federal funds , and donations of real estate by the Babcock & Wilcox Company . With the creation of the Barberton Community Foundation in the late 1990s , the BCDC entered into a new level . It invested a portion of the Foundation 's assets in prime credit business expansion projects . The Barberton Community Foundation facilitated the construction of a new Barberton High School , located on reclaimed swampland in the northwest section of the city . Geography ( edit ) According to the 2010 census , the city has a total area of 9.26 square miles ( 24.0 km ) , of which 9.04 square miles ( 23.4 km ) ( or 97.62 % ) is land and 0.22 square miles ( 0.57 km ) ( or 2.38 % ) is water . Lake Anna , a glacial kettle lake , is a 1 - acre ( 4,000 m ) natural spring lake that lies in the center of the original village of Barberton . It is the center of a 21 - acre ( 85,000 m ) park named after it . Lake Anna is named for O.C. Barber 's daughter Anna Laura Barber . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1900 4,354 -- 1910 9,410 116.1 % 1920 18,811 99.9 % 1930 23,934 27.2 % 1940 24,028 0.4 % 1950 27,820 15.8 % 1960 33,805 21.5 % 1970 33,052 − 2.2 % 1980 29,732 − 10.0 % 27,623 − 7.1 % 2000 27,899 1.0 % 26,550 − 4.8 % Est. 2016 26,120 − 1.6 % Sources : 2010 census ( edit ) As of the census of 2010 , there were 26,550 people , 11,054 households , and 6,880 families residing in the city . The population density was 2,936.9 inhabitants per square mile ( 1,133.9 / km ) . There were 12,191 housing units at an average density of 1,348.6 per square mile ( 520.7 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 90.8 % White , 5.9 % African American , 0.3 % Native American , 0.3 % Asian , 0.4 % from other races , and 2.2 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4 % of the population . There were 11,054 households , of which 30.1 % had children under age 18 living with them , 39.9 % were married couples living together , 16.3 % had a female householder with no husband present , 6.0 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 37.8 % were non-families. 32.2 % of all households were made up of individuals and 13.8 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.97 . The median age in the city was 39.8 years . 23.5 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 8.2 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 24.8 % were from 25 to 44 ; 27.1 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 16.5 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 47.9 % male and 52.1 % female . 2000 Census ( edit ) As of the census of 2000 , there were 27,899 people , 11,523 households , and 7,443 families residing in the city . The population density was 3,095.2 people per square mile ( 1,195.5 / km2 ) . There were 12,163 housing units at an average density of 1,349.4 per square mile ( 521.2 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 92.43 % White , 5.33 % African American , 0.27 % Native American , 0.37 % Asian , 0.01 % Pacific Islander , 0.24 % from other races , and 1.36 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.64 % of the population . There were 11,523 households , of which 29.5 % had children under age 18 living with them , 44.9 % were married couples living together , 15.4 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 35.4 % were non-families. 30.1 % of all households were made up of individuals and 14.0 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.96 . In the city the population was spread out with 24.8 % under the age of 18 , 8.4 % from 18 to 24 , 28.3 % from 25 to 44 , 21.2 % from 45 to 64 , and 17.3 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 37 years . For every 100 females , there were 87.5 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 82.8 males . The median income for a household in the city was $32,178 , and the median income for a family was $39,387 . Males had a median income of $32,294 versus $21,778 for females . The per capita income for the city was $17,764 . About 11.5 % of families and 13.3 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 21.3 % of those under age 18 and 7.5 % of those age 65 or over . Notable people ( edit ) Glenn Davis , Olympic runner Derrick Dukes , professional wrestler David M. Kelley , founder of IDEO Joe Williams , American football player George Morgan , Country music singer Alvin Robertson , Basketball player Bo Schembechler , American Football coach Howard E. Woodford , Medal of Honor recipient See also ( edit ) Erie Depot ( Barberton , Ohio ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` For Barberton mayor : William Judge in the Democratic primary '' . Ohio.com. 25 August 2015 . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Population Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Barberton '' , Ohio History Central ^ Jump up to : Bob Bissler , `` Saving the Farm '' , Akron Magazine , Fall 2001 , hosted by permission on Anna Dean Farm Website , accessed 25 Sep 2010 Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census U.S. Gazetteer Files for Places -- Ohio '' . United States Census . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Number of Inhabitants : Ohio '' ( PDF ) . 18th Census of the United States . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio : Population and Housing Unit Counts '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets : Subcounty Population Estimates : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2012 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2013 . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barberton , Ohio . Official website ( hide ) Municipalities and communities of Summit County , Ohio , United States County seat : Akron Cities Akron Barberton Cuyahoga Falls Fairlawn Green Hudson Macedonia Munroe Falls New Franklin Norton ‡ Stow Tallmadge ‡ Twinsburg Villages Boston Heights Clinton Lakemore Mogadore ‡ Northfield Peninsula Reminderville Richfield Silver Lake Townships Bath Boston Copley Coventry Northfield Center Richfield Sagamore Hills Springfield Twinsburg CDPs Montrose - Ghent Pigeon Creek Portage Lakes Sawyerwood Twinsburg Heights Unincorporated communities Bath Boston Botzum Brandywine Copley Everett Ghent Greensburg Montrose Myersville Western Star ‡ Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barberton,_Ohio&oldid=841019433 '' Categories : Cities in Summit County , Ohio Populated places established in 1891 1891 establishments in Ohio Cities in Ohio Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Ido Italiano Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Malagasy Nederlands Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 15 : 29 . 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why is barberton ohio called the magic city
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Synoptic Gospels
Synoptic gospels - wikipedia Synoptic gospels Jump to : navigation , search The calming of the storm is recounted in each of the three synoptic gospels , but not in John . Part of a series on the Bible Canons and books ( show ) Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Christian biblical canons Hebrew Bible Old Testament ( OT ) New Testament ( NT ) Deuterocanon Antilegomena Chapters and verses Apocrypha Jewish OT NT Authorship and development ( show ) Authorship Dating Hebrew canon Old Testament canon New Testament canon Documentary hypothesis Mosaic authorship Pauline epistles Petrine epistles Johannine works Translations and manuscripts ( show ) Samaritan Torah Dead Sea scrolls Masoretic Text Targumim Peshitta Septuagint Vulgate Gothic Bible Vetus Latina Luther Bible English Bibles Biblical studies ( hide ) Archeology Artifacts Dating Historicity Internal consistency People Places Names Novum Testamentum Graece Documentary hypothesis Synoptic problem NT textual categories Biblical criticism Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation ( show ) Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Literalism Prophecy Inspiration Perspectives ( show ) Gnostic Islamic Qur'anic Muhammad Inerrancy Infallibility Criticism of the Bible Outline of Bible - related topics Bible book Bible portal The gospels of Matthew , Mark , and Luke are referred to as the Synoptic Gospels because they include many of the same stories , often in a similar sequence and in similar or sometimes identical wording . They stand in contrast to John , whose content is comparatively distinct . The term synoptic ( Latin : synopticus ; Greek : συνοπτικός , translit . synoptikós ) comes via Latin from the Greek σύνοψις , synopsis , i.e. `` ( a ) seeing all together , synopsis '' ; the sense of the word in English , the one specifically applied to these three gospels , of `` giving an account of the events from the same point of view or under the same general aspect '' is a modern one . This strong parallelism among the three gospels in content , arrangement , and specific language is widely attributed to literary interdependence . The question of the precise nature of their literary relationship -- the synoptic problem -- has been a topic of lively debate for centuries and has been described as `` the most fascinating literary enigma of all time '' . The longstanding majority view favors Marcan priority , in which both Matthew and Luke have made direct use of the Gospel of Mark as a source , and further holds that Matthew and Luke also drew from an additional hypothetical document , called Q . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Common features 1.2 The triple tradition 1.2. 1 Example 1.3 Relation to Mark 1.4 The double tradition 1.5 Special Matthew and Special Luke 2 The synoptic problem 2.1 Controversies 2.2 History 2.3 Theories 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) Over three - quarters of Mark 's content is found in Matthew , and much of Mark is similarly found in Luke . Additionally , Matthew and Luke have material in common that is not found in Mark . Common features ( edit ) Broadly speaking , the synoptic gospels are similar to John : all are composed in Koine Greek , have a similar length , and were completed within a century of Jesus ' death . They also differ from non-canonical sources , such as the Gospel of Thomas , in that they belong to the ancient genre of biography , collecting not only Jesus ' teachings , but recounting in an orderly way his origins , his ministry and miracles , and his passion and resurrection . In content and in wording , though , the synoptics diverge widely from John but have a great deal in common with each other . Though each gospel includes some unique material , the majority of Mark and roughly half of Matthew and Luke coincide in content , in much the same sequence , often nearly verbatim . This common material is termed the triple tradition . The triple tradition ( edit ) The triple tradition , the material included by all three synoptic gospels , includes many stories and teachings : John the Baptist Baptism and temptation of Jesus First disciples of Jesus Hometown rejection of Jesus Healing of Peter 's mother - in - law , demoniacs , a leper , and a paralytic Call of the tax collector New Wine into Old Wineskins Man with withered Hand Commissioning the twelve Apostles The Beelzebul controversy Teachings on the parable of the strong man , eternal sin , His true relatives , the parable of the sower , the lamp under a bushel , and the parable of the mustard seed Calming the storm The Gerasene demoniac The daughter of Jairus and the bleeding woman Feeding the 5000 Confession of Peter Transfiguration The demoniac boy The little children The rich young man Jesus predicts his death Blind near Jericho Palm Sunday Casting out the money changers Render unto Caesar Woes of the Pharisees Second Coming Prophecy The Last Supper , passion , crucifixion , and entombment The empty tomb and resurrected Jesus Great Commission Furthermore , the triple tradition 's pericopae ( passages ) tend to be arranged in much the same order in all three gospels . This stands in contrast to the material found in only two of the gospels , which is much more variable in order . The classification of text as belonging to the triple tradition ( or for that matter , double tradition ) is not always definitive , depending rather on the degree of similarity demanded . For example , Matthew and Mark report the cursing of the fig tree , clearly a single incident , despite some substantial differences of wording and content . Searching Luke , however , we find only the parable of the barren fig tree , in a different point of the narrative . Some would say that Luke has extensively adapted an element of the triple tradition , while others would regard it as a distinct pericope . Example ( edit ) Christ cleansing a leper by Jean - Marie Melchior Doze , 1864 . An illustrative example of the three texts in parallel is the healing of the leper : Mt 8 : 2 -- 3 Mk 1 : 40 -- 42 Lk 5 : 12 -- 13 Καὶ ἰδοὺ , λεπρὸς προσελθὼν προσεκύνει αὐτῷ λέγων Κύριε , ἐὰν θέλῃς δύνασαί με καθαρίσαι . καὶ ἐκτείνας τὴν χεῖρα ἥψατο αὐτοῦ λέγων Θέλω , καθαρίσθητι καὶ εὐθέως ἐκαθαρίσθη αὐτοῦ ἡ λέπρα . Καὶ ἔρχεται πρὸς αὐτὸν λεπρὸς παρακαλῶν αὐτὸν καὶ γονυπετῶν καὶ λέγων αὐτῷ ὅτι , Ἐὰν θέλῃς δύνασαί με καθαρίσαι . καὶ σπλαγχνισθεὶς ἐκτείνας τὴν χεῖρα αὐτοῦ ἥψατο καὶ λέγει αὐτῷ Θέλω , καθαρίσθητι καὶ εὐθὺς ἀπῆλθεν ἀπ _̓ αὐτοῦ ἡ λέπρα , καὶ ἐκαθαρίσθη . Καὶ ἰδοὺ , ἀνὴρ πλήρης λέπρας ἰδὼν δὲ τὸν Ἰησοῦν πεσὼν ἐπὶ πρόσωπον ἐδεήθη αὐτοῦ λέγων Κύριε , ἐὰν θέλῃς δύνασαί με καθαρίσαι . καὶ ἐκτείνας τὴν χεῖρα ἥψατο αὐτοῦ λέγων Θέλω , καθαρίσθητι καὶ εὐθέως ἡ λέπρα ἀπῆλθεν ἀπ _̓ αὐτοῦ . And behold , a leper came and worships him , saying : Lord , if you wish , I can be cleansed . And he stretched out his hand and touched him , saying : I wish it ; be cleansed . And immediately his leprosy was cleansed . And , calling out to him , there comes to him a leper and kneeling and saying to him : If you wish , I can be cleansed . And , moved with compassion , he stretched out his hand and touched him and says to him : I wish it ; be cleansed . And immediately the leprosy left him , and he was cleansed . And behold , a man full of leprosy . But , upon seeing Jesus , he fell upon his face and requested him , saying : Lord , if you wish , I can be cleansed . And he stretched out his hand and touched him , saying : I wish it ; be cleansed . And immediately the leprosy left him . More than half the wording in this passage is identical . Just as interesting , though , is that each gospel includes words absent in the other two and omits something included by the other two . Relation to Mark ( edit ) It has been observed that the triple tradition itself constitutes a complete gospel quite similar to the shortest gospel , Mark . Mark , unlike Matthew and Luke , adds relatively little to the triple tradition . Pericopae unique to Mark are scarce , notably two healings involving saliva and the naked runaway . Mark 's additions within the triple tradition tend to be explanatory elaborations ( e.g. , `` the stone was rolled back , for it was very large '' ) or Aramaisms ( e.g. , `` Talitha kum ! '' ) . The pericopae Mark shares with only Luke are also quite few : the Capernaum exorcism and departure from Capernaum , the strange exorcist , and the widow 's mites . A greater number , but still not many , are shared with only Matthew , most notably the so - called `` Great Omission '' from Luke of Mk 6 : 45 -- 8 : 26 . Most scholars take these observations as a strong clue to the literary relationship among the synoptics and Mark 's special place in that relationship . The hypothesis favored by most experts is Marcan priority , that Mark was composed first and that Matthew and Luke each used Mark and incorporated most of it , with adaptations , into their own gospels . A leading alternative hypothesis is Marcan posteriority , that Mark was formed primarily by extracting what Matthew and Luke shared in common . The double tradition ( edit ) The preaching of John the Baptist in Matthew and Luke , with differences rendered in black . Here the two texts agree verbatim , with an isolated exception , for a span of over sixty words . Mark has no parallel . An extensive set of material -- some two hundred verses or roughly half the length of the triple tradition -- are the pericopae shared between Matthew and Luke but absent in Mark . This is termed the double tradition . Parables and other sayings predominate in the double tradition , but it also includes narrative elements : Preaching of John the Baptist Temptation of Jesus ( which Mark summarizes in two verses ) The Sermon on the Mount ( Matthew ) or Plain ( Luke ) The Centurion 's servant Messengers from John the Baptist Woes to the unrepentant cities Jesus thanks His Father Return of the unclean spirit Parables of the leaven , the lost sheep , the great banquet , the talents , and the faithful servant Discourse against the scribes and Pharisees Lament over Jerusalem Unlike triple - tradition material , double - tradition material is very differently arranged in the two gospels . Matthew 's lengthy Sermon on the Mount , for example , is paralleled by Luke 's shorter Sermon on the Plain , with the remainder of its content scattered throughout Luke . This is consistent with the general pattern of Matthew collecting sayings into large blocks , while Luke does the opposite and intersperses them with narrative . Besides the double - tradition proper , Matthew and Luke often agree against Mark within the triple tradition to varying extents , sometimes including several additional verses , sometimes differing by a single word . These are termed the major and minor agreements ( the distinction is imprecise ) . One example is in the passion narrative , where Mark has simply , `` Prophesy ! '' while Matthew and Luke both add , `` Who is it that struck you ? '' The double - tradition 's origin , with its major and minor agreements , is a key facet of the synoptic problem . The simplest hypothesis is that Luke relied on Matthew 's work or vice versa . But many experts , on various grounds , maintain that neither Matthew nor Luke used the other 's work . If this is the case , they must have drawn from some common source , distinct from Mark , that provided the double - tradition material and overlapped with Mark 's content where major agreements occur . This hypothetical document is termed Q , for the German Quelle , meaning `` source '' . Special Matthew and Special Luke ( edit ) Matthew and Luke contain a large amount of material found in no other gospel . These materials are sometimes called Special Matthew or M and Special Luke or L . Both Special Matthew and Special Luke include distinct opening infancy narratives and distinct post-resurrection conclusions ( with Luke continuing the story in his second book Acts ) . In between , Special Matthew includes mostly parables , while Special Luke includes both parables and healings . Special Luke is notable for containing a greater concentration of Semitisms than any other gospel material . Luke gives some indication of how he composed his gospel in his prologue : Since many have undertaken to set down an orderly account of the events that have been fulfilled among us , just as they were handed on to us by those who from the beginning were eyewitnesses and servants of the word , I too decided , after investigating everything carefully from the very first , to write an orderly account for you , most excellent Theophilus , so that you may know the truth concerning the things about which you have been instructed . The synoptic problem ( edit ) The `` synoptic problem '' is the question of the specific literary relationship among the three synoptic gospels -- that is , the question as to the source upon which gospel depended when it was written . The texts of the three synoptic gospels often agree very closely in wording and order , both in quotations and in narration . Most scholars ascribe this to documentary dependence , direct or indirect , meaning the close agreements among synoptic gospels are due to one gospel 's drawing from the text of another , or from some written source that gospel also drew from . Controversies ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The synoptic problem hinges on several interrelated points of controversy : Priority : Which gospel was written first ? ( Clearly , where one text draws from another , the source must have been composed first . ) Successive dependence : Did each of the synoptic gospels draw from each of its predecessors ? ( If not , clearly the frequent agreements between the two independent gospels against the third must originate elsewhere . ) Lost written sources : Did any of the gospels draw from some earlier document that has not been preserved ( e.g. , the hypothetical `` Q '' , or an earlier edition of another gospel ) ? Oral sources : To what extent did each evangelist draw from personal knowledge , eyewitness accounts , liturgy , or other oral traditions to produce an original written account ? Translation : Jesus and others quoted in the gospels spoke primarily in Aramaic , but the gospels themselves are each written in Greek . Who performed the translation , and at what point ? Redaction : How and why did those who put the gospels in their final form expand , abridge , alter , or rearrange their sources ? Furthermore , some theories try to explain the relation of the synoptic gospels to John ; to non-canonical gospels such as Thomas , Peter , and Egerton ; to the Didache ; and to lost documents such as the Hebrew logia mentioned by Papias , the Jewish -- Christian gospels , and the Gospel of Marcion . History ( edit ) A page of Griesbach 's Synopsis Evangeliorum , in which the texts of the synoptic gospels are arranged in columns . Ancient sources are virtually unanimous in ascribing the synoptic gospels to the apostle Matthew , Peter 's interpreter Mark , and Paul 's companion Luke , hence their respective canonical names . A remark by Augustine at the turn of the fifth century presents the gospels as composed in their canonical order ( Matthew , Mark , Luke , John ) , with each evangelist thoughtfully building upon and supplementing the work of his predecessors -- the Augustinian hypothesis ( Matthew -- Mark ) . This view ( when any model of dependence was considered at all ) was seldom questioned until the late eighteenth century , when Johann Jakob Griesbach published a synopsis of the gospels . Instead of harmonizing them , he displayed them side by side , making both similarities and divergences apparent . Griesbach , noticing the special place of Mark in the synopsis , hypothesized Marcan posteriority and advanced ( as Henry Owen had a few years earlier ) the two - gospel hypothesis ( Matthew -- Luke ) . In the nineteenth century , the tools of literary criticism were applied to the synoptic problem in earnest , especially in German scholarship . Early work revolved around a hypothetical proto - gospel ( Ur - Gospel ) , possibly in Aramaic , underlying the synoptics . From this line of inquiry , however , a consensus emerged that Mark itself was the principal source for the other two gospels -- Marcan priority . In a theory first proposed by Weisse in 1838 , the double tradition was explained by Matthew and Luke independently using two sources -- thus , the two - source ( Mark - Q ) theory -- which were Mark and another hypothetical source consisting mostly of sayings . This additional source was at first seen as the logia ( sayings ) spoken of by Papias and thus called `` Λ '' , but later it became more generally known as `` Q '' , from the German Quelle , meaning source . This two - source theory eventually won wide acceptance and was seldom questioned until the late twentieth century ; most scholars simply took this new orthodoxy for granted and directed their efforts toward Q itself , and this is still largely the case . The theory is also well known in a more elaborate form set forth by Streeter in 1924 , which additionally hypothesized written sources `` M '' and `` L '' for Special Matthew and Special Luke , respectively -- hence , the influential four - document hypothesis . This exemplifies the prevailing scholarship of the time , in which the canonical gospels were seen as late products , from well into the second century , composed by unsophisticated cut - and - paste redactors out of a progression of written sources , derived in turn from oral traditions and folklore that had evolved in various communities . More recently , however , as this view has gradually fallen into disfavor , so too has the centrality of documentary interdependence and hypothetical documentary sources as an explanation for all aspects of the synoptic problem . In recent decades , weaknesses of the two - source theory have been more widely recognized , and debate has reignited . Many have independently argued that Luke did make some use of Matthew after all -- the Common Sayings Source . British scholars went further and dispensed with Q entirely , ascribing the double tradition to Luke 's direct use of Matthew -- the Farrer hypothesis . New attention is also being given to the Wilke hypothesis which , like Farrer , dispenses with Q but ascribes the double tradition to Matthew 's direct use of Luke . Meanwhile , the Augustinian hypothesis has also made a comeback , especially in American scholarship . The Jerusalem school hypothesis has also attracted fresh advocates , as has the Independence hypothesis , which denies documentary relationships altogether . On this collapse of consensus , Wenham observed : `` I found myself in the Synoptic Problem Seminar of the Society for New Testament Studies , whose members were in disagreement over every aspect of the subject . When this international group disbanded in 1982 they had sadly to confess that after twelve years ' work they had not reached a common mind on a single issue . '' Theories ( edit ) Nearly every conceivable theory has been advanced as a solution to the synoptic problem . The most notable theories are listed here : Notable synoptic theories Priority Theory Diagram Notes Marcan priority Two ‐ source ( Mark ‐ Q ) Most widely accepted theory . Matthew and Luke have independently used Q , taken to be a Greek document with sayings and narrative . Farrer ( Mark - Matthew ) Double tradition explained entirely by Luke 's use of Matthew . Three ‐ source ( Mark ‐ Q / Matthew ) A hybrid of Two - source and Farrer . Q may be limited to sayings , may be in Aramaic , may be also a source for Mark . Q+ / Papias Hypothesis ( Mark ‐ Q / Matthew ) Each document drew from each of its predecessors , including Logoi ( Q+ ) and Papias ' Exposition . Wilke ( Mark - Luke ) Double tradition explained entirely by Matthew 's use of Luke . Matthaean priority Two ‐ gospel ( Griesbach ) ( Matthew ‐ Luke ) Mark primarily has collected what Matthew and Luke share in common ( Marcan posteriority ) . Augustinian ( Matthew ‐ Mark ) The oldest known view , still advocated by some . Mark 's special place is neither priority nor posteriority , but as the intermediate between the other two gospels . Canonical order is based on this view having been assumed ( at the time when New Testament Canon was finalized ) . Lucan priority Jerusalem school ( Luke ‐ Q ) A Greek anthology ( A ) , translated literally from a Hebrew original , was used by each gospel . Luke also drew from an earlier lost gospel , a reconstruction ( R ) of the life of Jesus reconciling the anthology with yet another narrative work . Matthew has not used Luke directly . None Multi ‐ source Each gospel drew from a different combination of hypothetical earlier documents . Proto ‐ gospel The gospels each independently derive from a common proto - gospel ( Ur - Gospel ) , possibly in Hebrew or Aramaic . Independence Each gospel is an independent and original composition based upon oral history . See also ( edit ) Bible portal Aramaic primacy Authorship of the Gospels Biblical criticism Gospel harmony List of key episodes in the Canonical Gospels Source criticism Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Both Greek words , synoptikos and synopsis , derive from σύν syn ( prep . ) , meaning `` together , with '' , and etymologically related words pertaining to sight , vision , appearance , i.e. ὀπτικός optikos ( adj. ; cf . English optic ) , meaning `` of or for sight '' , and ὄψις opsis ( n . ) , meaning `` appearance , sight , vision , view '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` synoptic '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Harper , Douglas . `` synoptic '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Harper , Douglas . `` synopsis '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Harper , Douglas . `` optic '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . σύν , ὄπτός , ὀπτικός , ὄψις , συνοπτικός , σύνοψις . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project . Jump up ^ Goodacre , Mark ( 2001 ) . The Synoptic Problem : A Way Through the Maze . p. 16 . ISBN 0567080560 . Jump up ^ Goodacre ( 2001 ) , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Goodacre ( 2001 ) , pp. 20 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Bauckham , Richard ( 2006 ) . Jesus and the Eyewitnesses : The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony . p. 220 . ISBN 0802831621 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Pheme ( 2009 ) . Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels . pp. 2 -- 11 . ISBN 0802865534 . ^ Jump up to : Goodacre ( 2001 ) , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Neville , David ( 2002 ) . Mark 's Gospel -- Prior Or Posterior ? : A Reappraisal of the Phenomenon of Order . ISBN 1841272655 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ben C. ( 2009 ) . `` The healing of a leper '' . TextExcavation . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Stein , Robert H. ( 1992 ) . Luke : An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture . pp. 29 -- 30 . ISBN 0805401245 . Jump up ^ Kloppenborg , John S. ( 2000 ) . Excavating Q : The History and Setting of the Sayings Gospel . pp. 20 -- 28 . ISBN 1451411553 . Jump up ^ Goodacre ( 2001 ) , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Mt 3 : 7 -- 10 & Lk 3 : 7 -- 9 . Text from 1894 Scrivener New Testament . Jump up ^ Goodacre ( 2001 ) , pp. 39 ff . Jump up ^ Goodacre ( 2001 ) , pp. 40 -- 41 , 151 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Goodacre ( 2001 ) , pp. 124 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Goodacre ( 2001 ) , pp. 148 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Goodacre , Mark ( 2007 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Mark - Q Overlaps IV : Back to the Continuum '' . NT Blog . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Goodacre ( 2001 ) , pp. 145 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Goodacre ( 2001 ) , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Edwards , James R. ( 2009 ) . The Hebrew Gospel and the Development of the Synoptic Tradition . pp. 141 -- 48 . ISBN 0802862349 . Jump up ^ Bauckham ( 2006 ) , pp. 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Loveday ( 2005 ) . The Preface to Luke 's Gospel . ISBN 0521018811 . Jump up ^ Hengel , Martin ( 2000 ) . The four Gospels and the one Gospel of Jesus Christ : an investigation of the collection and origin of the Canonical Gospels . pp. 34 -- 115 . ISBN 1563383004 . Jump up ^ Dungan , David L. ( 1999 ) . A history of the synoptic problem : the canon , the text , the composition and the interpretation of the Gospels . pp. 112 -- 44 . ISBN 0385471920 . Jump up ^ Lührmann , Dieter ( 1995 ) . `` Q : Sayings of Jesus or Logia ? '' . In Piper , Ronald Allen . The Gospel Behind the Gospels : Current Studies on Q. pp. 97 -- 102 . ISBN 9004097376 . Jump up ^ Goodacre ( 2001 ) , pp. 160 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Wenham , John ( 1992 ) . Redating Matthew , Mark , & Luke . p. xxi . ISBN 0830817603 . Jump up ^ Carlson ( September 2004 ) . `` Synoptic Problem '' . Hypotyposeis.org . Carlson lists over twenty of the major ones , with citations of the literature . Jump up ^ Though eponymous and some haphazard structural names are prevalent in the literature , a systematic structural nomenclature is advocated by Carlson and Smith , and these names are also provided . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Synoptic theories . 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Toddler
Toddler - wikipedia Toddler Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia 's layout guidelines . Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on Human growth and development Stages Human embryogenesis Fetus Infant Toddler Early childhood Child Preadolescence Adolescence Adult Middle age Old age Biological milestones Fertilization Childbirth Walking Language acquisition Puberty Menopause Ageing Death Development and psychology Pre - and perinatal Infant and child Adolescent Youth Young adult Adult Maturity Developmental stage theories Attachment Ecological Psychosocial Psychosexual development Moral Cognitive Cultural - historical Evolutionary Human body portal Vincent van Gogh , First Steps , after Millet Toddlers in a kibbutz A toddler is a child 12 to 36 months old . The toddler years are a time of great cognitive , emotional and social development . The word is derived from `` to toddle '' , which means to walk unsteadily , like a child of this age . Contents ( hide ) 1 Developmental milestones 2 One year old 2.1 Physical and motor skills 2.2 Sensory and cognitive development 3 Two years old 4 Two and half years old 5 Motor development 5.1 14 months 5.2 18 months 5.3 Two years 6 Vocalization and socialization 6.1 15 months 6.2 18 months 6.3 Two years 6.4 21⁄2 years 7 Major learning events 7.1 Toilet training 7.2 Play ( parallel play ) 8 Squatting 9 Language 10 Emotions and self - image 11 Overview 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Developmental milestones Learning to walk pushing a wheeled toy Normal vital parameters of toddlers Blood Pressure ( mmHg ) Systolic 80 -- 110 Diastolic 50 -- 80 Heart rate ( BPM ) 90 -- 140 Respiratory rate 20 -- 40 Toddler development can be broken down into a number of interrelated areas . There is reasonable consensus about what these areas may include : Physical : growth or an increase in size . Gross motor : the control of large muscles which enable walking , running , jumping and climbing . Fine motor : the ability to control small muscles ; enabling the toddler to feed themselves , draw and manipulate objects . Vision : the ability to see near and far and interpret what is seen . Hearing and speech : the ability to hear and receive information and listen ( interpret ) , and the ability to understand and learn language and use it to communicate effectively . Social : the ability to interact with the world through playing with others , taking turns and fantasy play . Although it is useful to chart defined periods of development , it is also necessary to recognize that development exists on a continuum , with considerable individual differences between children . There is a wide range of what may be considered ' normal ' development . However , according to experts , there are specific milestones that should be achieved by certain ages and stages in life in order to properly grow and develop . One year old 12 - month - old toddler sitting in a bucket At one year of age , the typical toddler will be able to display the following skills : Physical and motor skills A typical one - year - old toddler 's body proportions Triple the birth weight Grow to a height of 50 % over birth length Have a head circumference equal to that of the chest Have one to eight teeth Pull to stand Walk with help or alone Sit down without help Bang two blocks together Turn through the pages of a book by flipping many pages at a time Have a pincer grasp Sleep 8 -- 10 hours a night and take one to two naps Sensory and cognitive development Learning to eat independently Follows a fast moving object Can respond to sounds Responds to his or her name Understands several words Can say mama , papa , and at least one or two other words Understands simple commands Tries to imitate animal sounds Connects names with objects Understands that objects continue to exist , even when they are not seen ( object permanence ) Points to objects with index finger Waves bye bye May develop attachment to a toy or object Experiences separation anxiety and may cling to parents May make brief journeys away from parents to explore in familiar settings Two years old Weight : about 11 -- 13 kg Height : about 80 -- 82 cm Teeth : 12 temporary Two and half years old Learning to ride a toy car Teeth : full set of 20 temporary Decreased need for naps Becoming inquisitive Motor development Running and falling 14 months Using a spoon Walks well alone with wide based gait Creeps upstairs Builds with blocks Drinks from a cup , uses spoon Enjoys throwing objects and picking them up 18 months Walks sideways and backwards , runs well , falls easily Climbs stairs or up on furniture Scribbles vigorously , attempting a straight line Drinks well from a cup , still spills with a spoon Two years Gross motor skills are quite well refined , can walk up and down stairs on both feet with one step at a time while holding on to a rail Builds tower of five cubes Control of spoon well - developed Toilet trained during day time Vocalization and socialization 15 months Can use 10 - 15 words Says `` no '' ( see holophrasis ) Indicates when diaper is wet 18 months Uses phrases composed of adjectives and nouns Begins to have temper tantrums Very ritualistic , has favorite toy or blanket Thumb sucking may be at peak Two years Vocabulary of about 350 words Obeys simple commands Helps undress self and put on simple clothes Shows sign of increased autonomy and individuality Does not share possessions -- everything `` mine '' as in the `` Toddler 's Creed '' : `` If I want it , it 's mine . If I give it to you and change my mind later , it 's mine . If I can take it away from you , it 's mine . If I had it a little while ago , it 's mine . If it 's mine it will never belong to anyone else , no matter what . If we are building something together , all the pieces are mine . If it looks like mine , it 's mine . '' -- Burton L. White in his Raising a Happy , Unspoiled Child 21⁄2 years Begins to see self as separate individual ; still sees other children as `` objects '' Major learning events Toilet training Psychological readiness Process training Parental response Play ( parallel play ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Child plays alongside other children but not with them Mostly free and spontaneous , no rules or regulations Attention span very short and change of toys occurs at frequent intervals Imitation and make - believe play begins by end of the second year Games : throwing and retrieving objects Suggested toys : Play furniture , dishes , cooking utensils , play telephone , puzzles with large pieces , pedal propelled toys , rocking horse , clay crayons , finger paints , pounding toys , blocks , push - pull toys , balls Squatting Main article : Squatting position Young child playing at ease in a squatting position Young children squat instinctively as a continuous movement from standing up whenever they want to lower themselves to ground level . One - and two - year - olds can commonly be seen playing in a stable squatting position , with feet wide apart and bottom not quite touching the floor , although at first they need to hold on to something to stand up again . Language Talking is the next milestone of which parents are typically aware . A toddler 's first word most often occurs around 12 months , but again this is only an average . The child will then continue to steadily add to his or her vocabulary until around the age of 18 months when language increases rapidly . He or she may learn as many as 7 -- 9 new words a day . Around this time , toddlers generally know about 50 words . At 21 months is when toddlers begin to incorporate two word phrases into their vocabulary , such as `` I go '' , `` mama give '' , and `` baby play '' . Before going to sleep they often engage in a monologue called crib talk in which they practice conversational skills . At this age , children are becoming very proficient at conveying their wants and needs to their parents in a verbal fashion . Emotions and self - image 23 - month - old crying girl There are several other important milestones that are achieved in this time period that parents tend not to emphasize as much as walking and talking . Gaining the ability to point at whatever it is the child wants you to see shows huge psychological gains in a toddler . This generally happens before a child 's first birthday . This age is sometimes referred to as `` the terrible twos '' , because of the temper tantrums for which they are famous . This stage can begin as early as nine months old depending on the child and environment . Toddlers tend to have temper tantrums because they have such strong emotions but do not know how to express themselves the way that older children and adults do . They also throw tantrums to let others know that they are free and can do what they want . The toddler is discovering that they are a separate being from their parent and are testing their boundaries in learning the way the world around them works . Although the toddler is in their exploratory phase , it is also important to understand that the methods used by the parents for communicating with the toddler can either set off a tantrum or calm the situation . Research has shown that parents with histories of maltreatment , violence exposure , and related psychopathology may have particular difficulty in responding sensitively and in a developmentally appropriate manner to their toddlers ' tantrums and thus may benefit from parent - child mental health consultation . This time between the ages of two and five when they are reaching for independence repeats itself during adolescence . Self - awareness is another milestone that helps parents understand how a toddler is reacting . Around 18 months of age , a child will begin to recognize himself or herself as a separate physical being with his / her own thoughts and actions . A parent can test if this milestone has been reached by noticing if the toddler recognizes that their reflection in a mirror is in fact themselves . One way to test this is the rouge test : putting lipstick on the child 's face and showing them their own reflection . Upon seeing the out - of - the - ordinary mark , if the child reaches to his or her own face , the child has achieved this important milestone . Along with self recognition comes feelings of embarrassment and pride that the child had not previously experienced . Overview The toddler developmental timeline shows what an average toddler can do at what age . Times vary greatly from child to child . It is common for some toddlers to master certain skills such as walking well before other skills , like talking . Even close siblings can vary greatly in the time taken to achieve each key milestone . Age Physical Mental Emotional 12 -- 14 months Walk alone well . Drink from a cup ( poorly ) . Turn pages in a book ( a few at a time ) . Play ball by rolling or tossing it . Uses one or two syllable words such as `` ball '' or `` cookie '' Can follow a simple command with an associated gesture , such as : bringing a cup to you when you point at it and saying `` Please bring me the cup '' . Use gestures or words to convey objects , such as : Pointing at a book , raising arms to be picked up , or saying `` cup '' . Mimic actions such as covering eyes while playing Peekaboo . 15 -- 18 months Hold a crayon well enough to scribble . Lift cup up to mouth for drinking . Climb onto furniture . Uses 10 -- 20 words . May be able to follow a command without a gesture . Stack two blocks . Address others with greetings . Mimic parental activities such as cleaning up or talking on a telephone . 19 -- 24 months Feed self with a spoon . Run . Climb into a small chair . Walk up steps . Helps with dressing : Likes to dress and undress self . Speaks 20 -- 50 words ; understands many more Stack six blocks Understands non-physical relationships such as turning on lights or pushing buttons . Sorting toys . Searching for hidden objects . Problem solving through experimentation . Wants to be independent at times . Will throw a tantrum or possibly say `` No ! '' . Mimics social behavior such as hugging a teddy bear or feeding a doll . Self recognition . Displays attachment . Separation anxiety . Can play turn - taking games . Begins to be ready for toilet learning 25 -- 36 months Advanced mobility and climbing skills . Increased dexterity with small objects , puzzles . Able to dress oneself . Speaking in sentences . Ability to be independent to primary care giver . Easily learns new words , places and people 's names . Anticipates routines . Toilet learning continues Plays with toys in imaginative ways . Attempts to sing in - time with songs . Knows boys from girls . Shows preferences , such as clothes and entertainment . Knows how to play different games . See also Child development stages Early childhood Early childhood education Sign language in infants and toddlers References Jump up ^ `` toddler '' . The Free Dictionary . Jump up ^ Barker , Robin ( 2001 ) The Mighty Toddler : The essential guide to the toddler years , Pan Macmillan Australia , Sydney , p1 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , Alicia F , ( 1993 ) The Emotional Life of the Toddler , The Free Press , New York , p1 . Jump up ^ Brown , Stephanie ( December 19 , 2015 ) . `` What Is the Definition of a Toddler ? '' . verywell.com , an About.com site . About , Inc . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . The term toddler comes from the way that children first walk , which is at first unsteady and more like a toddle than actual walking . ^ Jump up to : PEDIATRIC AGE SPECIFIC , page 6 . Revised 6 / 10 . By Theresa Kirkpatrick and Kateri Tobias . UCLA Health System Jump up ^ Barker , Robin ( 2001 ) The Mighty Toddler : The essential guide to the toddler years , Pan Macmillan Australia , Sydney , p19 . Jump up ^ Toddler growth , Gold Learners Jump up ^ Feigelman S . The first year . In : Kliegman RM , Behrman RE , Jenson HB , Stanton BF , eds . Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics . 18th ed . Philadelphia , Pa : Saunders Elsevier ; 2007 : chapter 8 quoted in Developmental milestones record - 12 months MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia ^ Jump up to : Burton L. White , Raising a Happy , Unspoiled Child ( Simon and Schuster ( Fireside Book ) , 1995 ) , 161 . Jump up ^ Slentz K , Krogh S Early Childhood Development and Its Variations ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ `` The Terrible Twos Explained - Safe Kids ( UK ) '' . Safe Kids . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Kuersten - Hogan , Regina ; McHale , James P. ( 1998 ) . `` Talking About Emotions During the Toddler Years and Beyond : Mothers ' and Fathers ' Coaching of Children 's Emotion Understanding '' . Infant Behavior and Development . 21 : 514 . doi : 10.1016 / s0163 - 6383 ( 98 ) 91727 - 1 . ISSN 0163 - 6383 . Jump up ^ Fields - Olivieri , Margaret A. ; Cole , Pamela M. ; Maggi , Mirella C. `` Toddler Emotional States , Temperamental Traits , and their Interaction : Associations with Mothers ' and Fathers ' Parenting '' . Journal of Research in Personality . 67 : 106 -- 119 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jrp. 2016.05. 007 . ISSN 0092 - 6566 . Jump up ^ `` Toddlers World '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Gudmundson , Jessica A. ; Leerkes , Esther M. `` Links Between Mothers ' Coping Styles , Toddler Reactivity , and Sensitivity to Toddler 's Negative Emotions '' . Infant Behavior and Development . 35 ( 1 ) : 158 -- 166 . doi : 10.1016 / j. infbeh. 2011.07. 004 . ISSN 0163 - 6383 . Jump up ^ Schechter DS , Moser D , Wang Z , Marsh R , Hao XJ , Duan Y , Yu S , Gunter B , Murphy D , McCaw J , Kangarlu A , Willheim E , Myers M , Hofer M , Peterson BS ( 2012 ) . `` An fMRI Study of the Brain Responses of Traumatized Mothers to Viewing their Toddlers During Separation and Play '' . Journal of Social , Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 7 ( 8 ) : 969 -- 79 . doi : 10.1093 / scan / nsr069 . External Links The dictionary definition of toddle at Wiktionary Media related to Toddlers at Wikimedia Commons Preceded by Infancy Stages of human development Toddlerhood Succeeded by Childhood ( hide ) Human biological and psychological development Before birth Embryo Fetus After birth Infant Toddler Early childhood Childhood Child Preadolescence Adolescence Adulthood Middle age Old age Definitions Minor Age of majority Events and phases Gestational age Prenatal development Birth Child development stages Cognitive development of infants Human development Adult development Puberty Ageing Senescence Death Developmental psychology Antenatal Positive youth development Young adult Positive adult development Maturity Theorists and theories Freud ( 1856 -- 1939 ) ( Psychosexual development ) Piaget ( 1896 -- 1980 ) ( Theory of cognitive development ) Vygotsky ( 1896 -- 1934 ) ( Cultural - historical psychology ) Erikson ( 1902 -- 1994 ) ( Psychosocial development ) Bowlby ( 1907 -- 1990 ) ( Attachment theory ) Bronfenbrenner ( 1917 -- 2005 ) ( Ecological systems theory ) Kohlberg ( 1927 -- 1987 ) ( Stages of moral development ) Commons ( b . 1939 ) , Fischer ( b . 1943 ) , Kegan ( b . 1946 ) , Demetriou ( b . 1950 ) , and others ( Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development ) Evolutionary developmental psychology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toddler&oldid=831701704 '' Categories : Childhood Squatting position Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from April 2013 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from April 2013 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from April 2013 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles needing additional references from December 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia मराठी Nederlands Polski Русский Sicilianu Simple English Svenska Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 21 : 00 . 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when does a baby turn to a toddler
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Holiday Road
Holiday Road - wikipedia Holiday Road Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Holiday Road '' European picture sleeve Single by Lindsey Buckingham from the album National Lampoon 's Vacation Original Motion Picture Sound Track B - side `` The Trip ( Theme from Vacation ) '' Released June 24 , 1983 Format 7 '' Genre Rock Length 2 : 11 Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Lindsey Buckingham Producer ( s ) Lindsey Buckingham , Richard Dashut Lindsey Buckingham singles chronology `` It Was I '' ( 1981 ) `` Holiday Road '' ( 1983 ) `` Go Insane '' ( 1984 ) `` It Was I '' ( 1981 ) `` Holiday Road '' ( 1983 ) `` Go Insane '' ( 1984 ) Audio sample file help `` Holiday Road '' is a 1983 single written and recorded by Fleetwood Mac guitarist Lindsey Buckingham . The song was featured in the 1983 film National Lampoon 's Vacation . The song was also used in the sequels National Lampoon 's European Vacation , Vegas Vacation and Vacation . While the song only peaked at No. 82 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , it has since become one of Buckingham 's best known songs . Buckingham released a live version of the song on his 2008 album Live at the Bass Performance Hall . In July 2015 , a remastered edition of `` Holiday Road '' was re-released on the Vacation soundtrack album and as a digital download along with `` Dancin ' Across the USA '' from the original National Lampoon 's Vacation soundtrack . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cover versions 2 Personnel 3 References 4 External links Cover versions ( edit ) The song has been covered by pop punk bands Limp , the Dahlmans , the Aquabats , Whippersnapper , Die Coverlire , Marble , Matt Pond PA , and Dirt Bike Annie . The indie rock band the Walkmen performed a version of the song in November 2010 for The A.V. Club 's Holiday Undercover series . In 2015 , country group the Zac Brown Band covered the song for the soundtrack to the sequel Vacation . In 2013 , `` Holiday Road '' was adopted as the unofficial playoff victory song of the 2013 Chicago Blackhawks , who went on to win the Stanley Cup on June 24 , the 30th anniversary of the song 's release . In 2014 , the song was used as the music on television advertising for Teletext Holidays , a British travel agency . Personnel ( edit ) Lindsey Buckingham -- guitar , bass guitar , keyboards , percussion , drum programming , vocals References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Trust , Gary . `` Mac Attack : Five Fleetwood Mac Solo Hits '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Walkmen cover `` Holiday Road '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Baffoe , Tim ( 24 June 2013 ) . `` A Guide To Celebrating A Blackhawks Win Tonight '' . CBS Chicago . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Our TV Ad '' . Teletextholidays.co.uk . Retrieved 31 December 2014 . External links ( edit ) Holiday Road Lyrics National Lampoon 's Vacation Films National Lampoon 's Vacation ( 1983 ) National Lampoon 's European Vacation ( 1985 ) National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation ( 1989 ) Vegas Vacation ( 1997 ) Vacation ( 2015 ) Other `` Holiday Road '' National Lampoon National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation 2 ( 2003 ) Hotel Hell Vacation ( 2010 ) Lindsey Buckingham Studio albums Law and Order Go Insane Out of the Cradle Under the Skin Gift of Screws Seeds We Sow Live albums Live at the Bass Performance Hall Songs from the Small Machine : Live in L.A. One Man Show Singles `` Trouble '' `` It Was I '' `` Holiday Road '' `` Go Insane '' Related Buckingham Nicks Lindsey Buckingham / Christine McVie Fleetwood Mac Chicago Blackhawks Founded in 1926 Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks Records Award winners Seasons Current season History Original Six Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owner Wirtz Corporation ( Rocky Wirtz , chairman ) General manager Stan Bowman Head coach Joel Quenneville Team captain Jonathan Toews Current roster Arenas Chicago Coliseum Chicago Stadium United Center Rivalries St. Louis Blues Detroit Red Wings Affiliates AHL Rockford IceHogs ECHL Indy Fuel Media Broadcasters NBC Sports Chicago WGN Sports WGN Radio Hawkvision FSN Chicago Culture and lore Ashland Green / Pink Line Station `` Chelsea Dagger '' Curse of Muldoon Eddie Olczyk Gene Honda `` Here Come the Hawks '' `` Holiday Road '' Jim Cornelison The `` Madhouse on Madison '' Nancy Faust Pat Foley Sudden Death Wayne Messmer 86th Infantry Division The Dilemma 17 seconds 2009 NHL Winter Classic 2014 NHL Stadium Series 2015 NHL Winter Classic 2016 NHL Stadium Series 2017 NHL Winter Classic Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holiday_Road&oldid=773189216 '' Categories : 1983 songs 1983 singles Chicago Blackhawks Songs written for films Songs written by Lindsey Buckingham National Lampoon 's Vacation ( film series ) Lindsey Buckingham songs Song recordings produced by Richard Dashut Warner Bros. Records singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 March 2017 , at 21 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sang the theme song for national lampoon vacation
[ "\n\n\"Holiday Road\"\n\n\n\nEuropean picture sleeve\n\n\n\nSingle by Lindsey Buckingham\n\n\nfrom the album National Lampoon's Vacation Original Motion Picture Sound Track\n\n\nB-side\n\"The Trip (Theme from Vacation)\"\n\n\nReleased\nJune 24, 1983\n\n\nFormat\n7\"\n\n\nGenre\nRock\n\n\nLength\n2:11\n\n\nLabel\nWarner Bros.\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nLindsey Buckingham\n\n\nProducer(s)\nLindsey Buckingham, Richard Dashut\n\n\nLindsey Buckingham singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"It Was I\"\n(1981)\n\"Holiday Road\"\n(1983)\n\"Go Insane\"\n(1984)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"It Was I\"\n(1981)\n\"Holiday Road\"\n(1983)\n\"Go Insane\"\n(1984)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAudio sample\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nfile\nhelp\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "Lindsey Buckingham" ]
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The Birth of the Clinic
The Birth of the Clinic - wikipedia The Birth of the Clinic Jump to : navigation , search The Birth of the Clinic Cover of the first edition Author Michel Foucault Original title Naissance de la clinique Translator Alan Sheridan Country France Language French Published 1963 ( Presses Universitaires de France ) 1973 ( in English ) Media type Print OCLC 12214239 Preceded by Madness and Civilization Followed by The Order of Things The Birth of the Clinic : An Archaeology of Medical Perception ( French : Naissance de la clinique : une archéologie du regard médical ) is a 1963 book by the French philosopher Michel Foucault . First published in French in 1963 , the work was published in English translation by Alan Sheridan Smith in the United States in 1973 , followed in the UK in 1976 by Tavistock Publications as part of the series World of Man edited by R.D. Laing . In continuous publication since 1963 , the book has become a locus classicus of the history of medicine , with admirers and critics in equal measure . Developing the themes explored in his previous work , Madness and Civilization , Foucault traces the development of the medical profession , and specifically the institution of the clinique ( translated as `` clinic '' , but here largely referring to teaching hospitals ) . Its central points are the concept of the medical regard ( `` medical gaze '' ) and the sudden re-organisation of knowledge at the end of the 18th century , which would be expanded in his next major work , The Order of Things . Contents ( hide ) 1 The medical gaze 2 The epistemic change 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Further reading The medical gaze ( edit ) Foucault coined the term `` medical gaze '' to denote the dehumanizing medical separation of the patient 's body from the patient 's person ( identity ) . He uses the term in a genealogy describing the creation of a field of knowledge of the body . The material and intellectual structures that made possible the analysis of the body were mixed with power interests : in entering the field of knowledge , the human body also entered the field of power , becoming a possible target for manipulation . Originally , the term `` medical gaze '' was confined to post-modern and post-structuralist academic use , but it is now frequently used in graduate medical and social work courses . Foucault also argued that the French and American revolutions that spawned modernity also created a `` meta - narrative '' of scientific discourse that held scientists , specifically medical doctors , as sages who would in time abolish sickness and so solve all of humanity 's problems . For the nineteenth - century moderns , medical doctors replaced the discredited medieval clergy ; physicians save bodies , not souls . This myth was part of the greater discourse of the humanist and Enlightenment schools of thought that believed the human body to be the sum of a person : biological reductionism that became a powerful tool of the new sages : through thorough examination ( gazing ) of a body , a doctor deduces symptom , illness , and cause , therefore achieving unparalleled understanding of the patient -- hence , the doctor 's medical gaze was believed to penetrate surface illusions , in near - mystical discovery of hidden truth . The epistemic change ( edit ) Foucault 's understanding of the development of the clinique is primarily opposed to those histories of medicine and the body that consider the late 18th century to be the dawning of a new `` supposed '' empirical system , `` based on the rediscovery of the absolute values of the visible '' . In Foucault 's view , the birth of modern medicine was not a commonsensical movement towards simply seeing what was already there ( and therefore a science without a philosophy ) , but rather a decisive shift in the structure of knowledge . That is to say , modern medicine is not a mere progression from the late 18th century wherein an understanding of the true nature of the body and disease is gradually acquired . Foucault recommends a view of the history of medicine , and clinical medicine in particular , as an epistemological rupture , rather than result of a number of great individuals discovering new ways of seeing and knowing the truth : The clinic -- constantly praised for its empiricism , the modesty of its attention , and the care with which it silently lets things surface to the observing gaze without disturbing them with discourse -- owes its real importance to the fact that it is a reorganization in depth , not only of medical discourse , but of the very possibility of a discourse about disease . Thus the empiricism of the 18th and 19th centuries is not a naive or naked act of looking and noting down what is before the doctor 's eyes . The relationship between subject and object is not just the one who knows and the one who tells ; the contact between the doctor and their individual patient does not pre-exist discourse as `` mindless phenomenologies '' would suggest . Rather , the clinical science of medicine came to exist as part of a wider structure of organising knowledge that allowed the articulation of medicine as a discipline , making possible `` the domain of its experience and the structure of its rationality '' . In other words , the observations and analysis of an object ( for instance a diseased organ ) depended entirely upon the accepted practices as outlined in the contemporary organisation of knowledge . Investigation , diagnosis and treatment all followed that contemporary organisation , in which case the criteria that distinguishes a diseased organ from a healthy one is thoroughly historical . Foucault would later formalise this notion in the episteme , where one epistemological era gives way to another , thus allowing one concept of what is scientific to move aside for another . In this case , as outlined in The Order of Things , the taxonomic era gave way to the organic historical era ; thus , the clinic was not simply founded upon the observation of truth , and therefore more correct than any preceding medicinal practice , but rather an artefact of a theory of knowledge inserted within a specific discursive period . The authority of the clinician relies on a relationship to the then current organisation of knowledge , instead of a relationship to a non-discursive state of affairs ( ' reality ' ) . Because of this , an early 18th - century doctor could observe an organ with exactly the same disease as a 19th - century doctor , with both doctors coming to vastly different conclusions about what caused the disease and how to treat it . Despite this difference , both accounts would be ' true ' , since they were both spoken in an episteme that considered such statements to be true . This means that anatomists like Morgagni and Bichat were not students of the same discipline , even though their work was only thirty years apart . The epistemic change meant that the bodies , diseases , tissues and pathologies that each cut open and explored were articulated in completely different and discontinuous discourses from one another . Thus anatomy 's claim to be a privileged empirical science that can observe and determine a true bodily schema can not stand when its beginnings were not in a discovery of a way of coming to know what was real , but rather emerged amongst a new philosophical way of granting meaning and organising certain objects . Hence the use of `` birth '' in the title ; the clinic had no origins , but simply and suddenly arrived . See also ( edit ) The Archaeology of Knowledge Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Foucault , Michel ( 1973 ) . The Birth of the Clinic . New York : Pantheon Books . Jump up ^ Foucault , Michel ( 1976 ) . The Birth of the Clinic . London : Tavistock Publications Ltd . ISBN 0422761907 . Jump up ^ Jones , Colin ; Porter , Roy , eds. ( 1994 ) . Reassessing Foucault : power , medicine , and the body . London : Routledge . ISBN 0415075424 . Jump up ^ St. Godard , E.E. ( 2005 ) . `` A better reading '' . Canadian Medical Association Journal . 173 ( 9 ) : 1072 -- 1073 . doi : 10.1503 / cmaj. 051067 . Jump up ^ Michel Foucault , The Birth of the Clinic : An Archaeology of Medical Perception ( London , 1973 ) , p. xii . Jump up ^ Foucault , Birth of the Clinic , p. xix . Jump up ^ Foucault , Birth of the Clinic , p. xiv . Jump up ^ Foucault , Birth of the Clinic , p. xv . Jump up ^ Foucault , Birth of the Clinic , pp. 128 - 133 Further reading ( edit ) Gutting , Gary ( 1989 ) . Michel Foucault 's Archaeology of Scientific Reason . Cambridge : CUP . ISBN 9780521366984 . Starobinski , Jean ( 1976 ) . `` Gazing at Death ( review of Birth of the Clinic ) '' . New York Review of Books ( January 22nd ) . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . ( hide ) Michel Foucault Books Mental Illness and Psychology ( 1954 ) Madness and Civilization ( 1961 ) The Birth of the Clinic ( 1963 ) Death and the Labyrinth ( 1963 ) The Order of Things ( 1966 ) This is Not a Pipe ( 1968 ) The Archaeology of Knowledge ( 1969 ) Discipline and Punish ( 1975 ) The History of Sexuality ( 1976 -- 1984 ) Essays , lectures , dialogues and anthologies Introduction to Kant 's Anthropology ( 1964 ) `` What Is an Author ? '' ( 1969 ) Foucault 's lectures at the Collège de France I , Pierre Riviere , Having Slaughtered my Mother , my Sister and my Brother ( 1973 ) Language , Counter-Memory , Practice ( 1977 ) Sexual Morality and the Law ( 1978 ) Herculine Barbin ( 1978 ) Power / Knowledge ( 1980 ) Remarks on Marx ( 1980 ) Le Désordre des familles ( 1982 ) The Foucault Reader ( 1984 ) Politics , Philosophy , Culture ( 1988 ) Foucault Live ( 1996 ) The Politics of Truth ( 1997 ) Society Must Be Defended ( 1997 ) Ethics : Subjectivity and Truth ( Essential Works Volume 1 ) ( 1997 ) Aesthetics , Method , Epistemology ( Essential Works Volume 2 ) ( 1998 ) Abnormal ( 1999 ) Power ( Essential Works Volume 3 ) ( 2000 ) Fearless Speech ( 2001 ) The Hermeneutics of the Subject ( 2001 ) The Essential Foucault ( 2003 ) Psychiatric Power ( 2003 ) Security , Territory , Population ( 2004 ) The Birth of Biopolitics ( 2004 ) The Government of Self and Others ( 2008 ) The Courage of Truth ( 2009 ) Lectures on the Will to Know ( 2011 ) On the Government of the Living ( 2012 ) Subjectivity and Truth ( 2012 ) Wrong - Doing , Truth - Telling ( 2013 ) On the Punitive Society ( 2015 ) Concepts Anti-psychiatry Author function Biopolitics Biopower Carceral archipelago Cultural imperialism Disciplinary institution Discontinuity Discourse analysis Dispositif Ecogovernmentality Episteme Genealogy Governmentality Heterotopia Interdiscourse Limit - experience Panopticism Panopticon Parrhesia Power ( social and political ) Postsexualism Sapere aude Influence Cogito and the History of Madness ( Derrida ) Foucauldian discourse analysis Foucault ( Deleuze ) The Passion of Michel Foucault ( Miller ) Giorgio Agamben Gary Gutting Thomas Lemke James Miller Paul Rabinow Claude Raffestin Nikolas Rose Related articles Bibliography Foucault -- Habermas debate Chomsky -- Foucault debate Daniel Defert François Ewald Alan Sheridan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Birth_of_the_Clinic&oldid=811458941 '' Categories : 1963 books Books about discourse analysis Philosophy books Presses Universitaires de France books Works by Michel Foucault Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Italiano Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 November 2017 , at 19 : 16 . 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the birth of the clinic an archaeology of medical perception
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Planetary habitability
Planetary habitability - wikipedia Planetary habitability Jump to : navigation , search `` Habitable planet '' redirects here . For a list of potentially habitable planets found to date , see List of potentially habitable exoplanets . Understanding planetary habitability is partly an extrapolation of the conditions on Earth , as this is the only planet known to support life . Space colonization Core concepts Planetary habitability Space and survival Space habitat Terraforming Interplanetary travel Interstellar travel Intergalactic travel Colonization targets Colonization of the Moon Colonization of Mars Colonization of Venus Colonization of Mercury Colonization of the asteroids Colonization of Ceres Colonization of the outer Solar System Colonization of Europa Colonization of Titan Colonization of trans - Neptunian objects Terraforming targets Terraforming of Mars Terraforming of Venus Organizations Mars Society National Space Society The Planetary Society This box : view talk edit Planetary habitability is the measure of a planet 's or a natural satellite 's potential to have habitable environments hospitable to life , or its ability to generate life endogenously . A planet in the habitable zone has no guarantee of actually being habitable , and habitable environments do not need to contain life . Life may develop directly on a planet or satellite or be transferred to it from another body , a hypothetical process known as panspermia . As the existence of life beyond Earth is unknown , planetary habitability is largely an extrapolation of conditions on Earth and the characteristics of the Sun and Solar System which appear favorable to life 's flourishing -- in particular those factors that have sustained complex , multicellular organisms and not just simpler , unicellular creatures . Research and theory in this regard is a component of planetary science and the emerging discipline of astrobiology . An absolute requirement for life is an energy source , and the notion of planetary habitability implies that many other geophysical , geochemical , and astrophysical criteria must be met before an astronomical body can support life . In its astrobiology roadmap , NASA has defined the principal habitability criteria as `` extended regions of liquid water , conditions favorable for the assembly of complex organic molecules , and energy sources to sustain metabolism '' . Habitability indicators and biosignatures must be interpreted within a planetary and environmental context . In determining the habitability potential of a body , studies focus on its bulk composition , orbital properties , atmosphere , and potential chemical interactions . Stellar characteristics of importance include mass and luminosity , stable variability , and high metallicity . Rocky , wet terrestrial - type planets and moons with the potential for Earth - like chemistry are a primary focus of astrobiological research , although more speculative habitability theories occasionally examine alternative biochemistries and other types of astronomical bodies . The idea that planets beyond Earth might host life is an ancient one , though historically it was framed by philosophy as much as physical science . The late 20th century saw two breakthroughs in the field . The observation and robotic spacecraft exploration of other planets and moons within the Solar System has provided critical information on defining habitability criteria and allowed for substantial geophysical comparisons between the Earth and other bodies . The discovery of extrasolar planets , beginning in the early 1990s and accelerating thereafter , has provided further information for the study of possible extraterrestrial life . These findings confirm that the Sun is not unique among stars in hosting planets and expands the habitability research horizon beyond the Solar System . The chemistry of life may have begun shortly after the Big Bang , 13.8 billion years ago , during a habitable epoch when the Universe was only 10 -- 17 million years old . According to the panspermia hypothesis , microscopic life -- distributed by meteoroids , asteroids and other small Solar System bodies -- may exist throughout the Universe . Nonetheless , Earth is the only place in the Universe known to harbor life . Estimates of habitable zones around other stars , along with the discovery of hundreds of extrasolar planets and new insights into the extreme habitats here on Earth , suggest that there may be many more habitable places in the Universe than considered possible until very recently . On 4 November 2013 , astronomers reported , based on Kepler space mission data , that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth - sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun - like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way . 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun - like stars . The nearest such planet may be 12 light - years away , according to the scientists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Suitable star systems 1.1 Spectral class 1.2 A stable habitable zone 1.3 Low stellar variation 1.4 High metallicity 2 Planetary characteristics 2.1 Mass 2.2 Orbit and rotation 2.3 Geochemistry 2.4 Microenvironments and extremophiles 2.5 Ecological factors 3 Alternative star systems 3.1 Binary systems 3.2 Red dwarf systems 3.2. 1 Size 3.2. 2 Other factors limiting habitability 3.2. 3 Longevity and ubiquity 3.3 Massive stars 4 Four classes of habitable planets 5 The galactic neighborhood 6 Other considerations 6.1 Alternative biochemistries 6.2 `` Good Jupiters '' 6.3 Life 's impact on habitability 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Suitable star systems ( edit ) An understanding of planetary habitability begins with the host star . The classical HZ is defined for surface conditions only ; but a metabolism that does not depend on the stellar light , can still exist outside the HZ , thriving in the interior of the planet where liquid water is available . Under the auspices of SETI 's Project Phoenix , scientists Margaret Turnbull and Jill Tarter developed the `` HabCat '' ( or Catalogue of Habitable Stellar Systems ) in 2002 . The catalogue was formed by winnowing the nearly 120,000 stars of the larger Hipparcos Catalogue into a core group of 17,000 `` HabStars '' , and the selection criteria that were used provide a good starting point for understanding which astrophysical factors are necessary to habitable planets . According to research published in August 2015 , very large galaxies may be more favorable to the formation and development of habitable planets than smaller galaxies , like the Milky Way galaxy . However , the question of what makes a planet habitable is much more complex than having a planet located at the right distance from its host star so that water can be liquid on its surface : various geophysical and geodynamical aspects , the radiation , and the host star 's plasma environment can influence the evolution of planets and life , if it originated . Liquid water is a necessary but not sufficient condition for life as we know it , as habitability is a function of a multitude of environmental parameters Spectral class ( edit ) The spectral class of a star indicates its photospheric temperature , which ( for main - sequence stars ) correlates to overall mass . The appropriate spectral range for `` HabStars '' is considered to be `` late F '' or `` G '' , to `` mid-K '' . This corresponds to temperatures of a little more than 7,000 K down to a little more than 4,000 K ( 6,700 ° C to 3,700 ° C ) ; the Sun , a G2 star at 5,777 K , is well within these bounds . This spectral range probably accounts for between 5 % and 10 % of stars in the local Milky Way galaxy . `` Middle - class '' stars of this sort have a number of characteristics considered important to planetary habitability : They live at least a few billion years , allowing life a chance to evolve . More luminous main - sequence stars of the `` O '' , `` B '' , and `` A '' classes usually live less than a billion years and in exceptional cases less than 10 million . They emit enough high - frequency ultraviolet radiation to trigger important atmospheric dynamics such as ozone formation , but not so much that ionisation destroys incipient life . Liquid water may exist on the surface of planets orbiting them at a distance that does not induce tidal locking . K - type stars may be able to support life far longer than the Sun . Whether fainter late K and M class red dwarf stars are also suitable hosts for habitable planets is perhaps the most important open question in the entire field of planetary habitability given their prevalence ( habitability of red dwarf systems ) . Gliese 581 c , a `` super-Earth '' , has been found orbiting in the `` habitable zone '' ( HZ ) of a red dwarf and may possess liquid water . However it is also possible that a greenhouse effect may render it too hot to support life , while its neighbor , Gliese 581 d , may be a more likely candidate for habitability . In September 2010 , the discovery was announced of another planet , Gliese 581 g , in an orbit between these two planets . However , reviews of the discovery have placed the existence of this planet in doubt , and it is listed as `` unconfirmed '' . In September 2012 , the discovery of two planets orbiting Gliese 163 was announced . One of the planets , Gliese 163 c , about 6.9 times the mass of Earth and somewhat hotter , was considered to be within the habitable zone . A recent study suggests that cooler stars that emit more light in the infrared and near infrared may actually host warmer planets with less ice and incidence of snowball states . These wavelengths are absorbed by their planets ' ice and greenhouse gases and remain warmer . A stable habitable zone ( edit ) Main article : Habitable zone The habitable zone is a shell - shaped region of space surrounding a star in which a planet could maintain liquid water on its surface . The concept was first proposed by astrophysicist Su - Shu Huang in 1959 , based on climatic constraints imposed by the host star . After an energy source , liquid water is considered the most important ingredient for life , considering how integral it is to all life systems on Earth . This may reflect the known dependence of life on water ; however , if life is discovered in the absence of water , the definition of an HZ may have to be greatly expanded . The inner edge of the HZ is the distance where runaway greenhouse effect vaporize the whole water reservoir and , as a second effect , induce the photodissociation of water vapor and the loss of hydrogen to space . The outer edge of the HZ is the distance from the star where a maximum greenhouse effect fails to keep the surface of the planet above the freezing point , and by CO condensation . A `` stable '' HZ implies two factors . First , the range of an HZ should not vary greatly over time . All stars increase in luminosity as they age , and a given HZ thus migrates outwards , but if this happens too quickly ( for example , with a super-massive star ) planets may only have a brief window inside the HZ and a correspondingly smaller chance of developing life . Calculating an HZ range and its long - term movement is never straightforward , as negative feedback loops such as the CNO cycle will tend to offset the increases in luminosity . Assumptions made about atmospheric conditions and geology thus have as great an impact on a putative HZ range as does stellar evolution : the proposed parameters of the Sun 's HZ , for example , have fluctuated greatly . Second , no large - mass body such as a gas giant should be present in or relatively close to the HZ , thus disrupting the formation of Earth - size bodies . The matter in the asteroid belt , for example , appears to have been unable to accrete into a planet due to orbital resonances with Jupiter ; if the giant had appeared in the region that is now between the orbits of Venus and Mars , Earth would almost certainly not have developed in its present form . However a gas giant inside the HZ might have habitable moons under the right conditions . In the Solar System , the inner planets are terrestrial , and the outer ones are gas giants , but discoveries of extrasolar planets suggest that this arrangement may not be at all common : numerous Jupiter - sized bodies have been found in close orbit about their primary , disrupting potential HZs . However , present data for extrasolar planets is likely to be skewed towards that type ( large planets in close orbits ) because they are far easier to identify ; thus it remains to be seen which type of planetary system is the norm , or indeed if there is one . Low stellar variation ( edit ) Main article : Variable star Changes in luminosity are common to all stars , but the severity of such fluctuations covers a broad range . Most stars are relatively stable , but a significant minority of variable stars often undergo sudden and intense increases in luminosity and consequently in the amount of energy radiated toward bodies in orbit . These stars are considered poor candidates for hosting life - bearing planets , as their unpredictability and energy output changes would negatively impact organisms : living things adapted to a specific temperature range could not survive too great a temperature variation . Further , upswings in luminosity are generally accompanied by massive doses of gamma ray and X-ray radiation which might prove lethal . Atmospheres do mitigate such effects , but their atmosphere might not be retained by planets orbiting variables , because the high - frequency energy buffeting these planets would continually strip them of their protective covering . The Sun , in this respect as in many others , is relatively benign : the variation between its maximum and minimum energy output is roughly 0.1 % over its 11 - year solar cycle . There is strong ( though not undisputed ) evidence that even minor changes in the Sun 's luminosity have had significant effects on the Earth 's climate well within the historical era : the Little Ice Age of the mid-second millennium , for instance , may have been caused by a relatively long - term decline in the Sun 's luminosity . Thus , a star does not have to be a true variable for differences in luminosity to affect habitability . Of known solar analogs , one that closely resembles the Sun is considered to be 18 Scorpii ; unfortunately for the prospects of life existing in its proximity , the only significant difference between the two bodies is the amplitude of the solar cycle , which appears to be much greater for 18 Scorpii . High metallicity ( edit ) See also : Metallicity While the bulk of material in any star is hydrogen and helium , there is a significant variation in the amount of heavier elements ( metals ) . A high proportion of metals in a star correlates to the amount of heavy material initially available in the protoplanetary disk . A smaller amount of metal makes the formation of planets much less likely , under the solar nebula theory of planetary system formation . Any planets that did form around a metal - poor star would probably be low in mass , and thus unfavorable for life . Spectroscopic studies of systems where exoplanets have been found to date confirm the relationship between high metal content and planet formation : `` Stars with planets , or at least with planets similar to the ones we are finding today , are clearly more metal rich than stars without planetary companions . '' This relationship between high metallicity and planet formation also means that habitable systems are more likely to be found around stars of younger generations , since stars that formed early in the universe 's history have low metal content . Planetary characteristics ( edit ) The moons of some gas giants could potentially be habitable . Habitability indicators and biosignatures must be interpreted within a planetary and environmental context . Whether a planet will emerge as habitable depends on the sequence of events that led to its formation , which could include the production of organic molecules in molecular clouds and protoplanetary disks , delivery of materials during and after planetary accretion , and the orbital location in the planetary system . The chief assumption about habitable planets is that they are terrestrial . Such planets , roughly within one order of magnitude of Earth mass , are primarily composed of silicate rocks , and have not accreted the gaseous outer layers of hydrogen and helium found on gas giants . The possibility that life could evolve in the cloud tops of giant planets has not been decisively ruled out , though it is considered unlikely , as they have no surface and their gravity is enormous . The natural satellites of giant planets , meanwhile , remain valid candidates for hosting life . In February 2011 the Kepler Space Observatory Mission team released a list of 1235 extrasolar planet candidates , including 54 that may be in the habitable zone . Six of the candidates in this zone are smaller than twice the size of Earth . A more recent study found that one of these candidates ( KOI 326.01 ) is much larger and hotter than first reported . Based on the findings , the Kepler team estimated there to be `` at least 50 billion planets in the Milky Way '' of which `` at least 500 million '' are in the habitable zone . In analyzing which environments are likely to support life , a distinction is usually made between simple , unicellular organisms such as bacteria and archaea and complex metazoans ( animals ) . Unicellularity necessarily precedes multicellularity in any hypothetical tree of life , and where single - celled organisms do emerge there is no assurance that greater complexity will then develop . The planetary characteristics listed below are considered crucial for life generally , but in every case multicellular organisms are more picky than unicellular life . Mass ( edit ) Mars , with its rarefied atmosphere , is colder than the Earth would be if it were at a similar distance from the Sun . Low - mass planets are poor candidates for life for two reasons . First , their lesser gravity makes atmosphere retention difficult . Constituent molecules are more likely to reach escape velocity and be lost to space when buffeted by solar wind or stirred by collision . Planets without a thick atmosphere lack the matter necessary for primal biochemistry , have little insulation and poor heat transfer across their surfaces ( for example , Mars , with its thin atmosphere , is colder than the Earth would be if it were at a similar distance from the Sun ) , and provide less protection against meteoroids and high - frequency radiation . Further , where an atmosphere is less dense than 0.006 Earth atmospheres , water can not exist in liquid form as the required atmospheric pressure , 4.56 mm Hg ( 608 Pa ) ( 0.18 inch Hg ) , does not occur . The temperature range at which water is liquid is smaller at low pressures generally . Secondly , smaller planets have smaller diameters and thus higher surface - to - volume ratios than their larger cousins . Such bodies tend to lose the energy left over from their formation quickly and end up geologically dead , lacking the volcanoes , earthquakes and tectonic activity which supply the surface with life - sustaining material and the atmosphere with temperature moderators like carbon dioxide . Plate tectonics appear particularly crucial , at least on Earth : not only does the process recycle important chemicals and minerals , it also fosters bio-diversity through continent creation and increased environmental complexity and helps create the convective cells necessary to generate Earth 's magnetic field . `` Low mass '' is partly a relative label : the Earth is low mass when compared to the Solar System 's gas giants , but it is the largest , by diameter and mass , and the densest of all terrestrial bodies . It is large enough to retain an atmosphere through gravity alone and large enough that its molten core remains a heat engine , driving the diverse geology of the surface ( the decay of radioactive elements within a planet 's core is the other significant component of planetary heating ) . Mars , by contrast , is nearly ( or perhaps totally ) geologically dead and has lost much of its atmosphere . Thus it would be fair to infer that the lower mass limit for habitability lies somewhere between that of Mars and that of Earth or Venus : 0.3 Earth masses has been offered as a rough dividing line for habitable planets . However , a 2008 study by the Harvard - Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics suggests that the dividing line may be higher . Earth may in fact lie on the lower boundary of habitability : if it were any smaller , plate tectonics would be impossible . Venus , which has 85 % of Earth 's mass , shows no signs of tectonic activity . Conversely , `` super-Earths '' , terrestrial planets with higher masses than Earth , would have higher levels of plate tectonics and thus be firmly placed in the habitable range . Exceptional circumstances do offer exceptional cases : Jupiter 's moon Io ( which is smaller than any of the terrestrial planets ) is volcanically dynamic because of the gravitational stresses induced by its orbit , and its neighbor Europa may have a liquid ocean or icy slush underneath a frozen shell also due to power generated from orbiting a gas giant . Saturn 's Titan , meanwhile , has an outside chance of harbouring life , as it has retained a thick atmosphere and has liquid methane seas on its surface . Organic - chemical reactions that only require minimum energy are possible in these seas , but whether any living system can be based on such minimal reactions is unclear , and would seem unlikely . These satellites are exceptions , but they prove that mass , as a criterion for habitability , can not necessarily be considered definitive at this stage of our understanding . A larger planet is likely to have a more massive atmosphere . A combination of higher escape velocity to retain lighter atoms , and extensive outgassing from enhanced plate tectonics may greatly increase the atmospheric pressure and temperature at the surface compared to Earth . The enhanced greenhouse effect of such a heavy atmosphere would tend to suggest that the habitable zone should be further out from the central star for such massive planets . Finally , a larger planet is likely to have a large iron core . This allows for a magnetic field to protect the planet from stellar wind and cosmic radiation , which otherwise would tend to strip away planetary atmosphere and to bombard living things with ionized particles . Mass is not the only criterion for producing a magnetic field -- as the planet must also rotate fast enough to produce a dynamo effect within its core -- but it is a significant component of the process . Orbit and rotation ( edit ) As with other criteria , stability is the critical consideration in evaluating the effect of orbital and rotational characteristics on planetary habitability . Orbital eccentricity is the difference between a planet 's farthest and closest approach to its parent star divided by the sum of said distances . It is a ratio describing the shape of the elliptical orbit . The greater the eccentricity the greater the temperature fluctuation on a planet 's surface . Although they are adaptive , living organisms can stand only so much variation , particularly if the fluctuations overlap both the freezing point and boiling point of the planet 's main biotic solvent ( e.g. , water on Earth ) . If , for example , Earth 's oceans were alternately boiling and freezing solid , it is difficult to imagine life as we know it having evolved . The more complex the organism , the greater the temperature sensitivity . The Earth 's orbit is almost wholly circular , with an eccentricity of less than 0.02 ; other planets in the Solar System ( with the exception of Mercury ) have eccentricities that are similarly benign . Habitability is also influenced by the architecture of the planetary system around a star . The evolution and stability of these systems are determined by gravitational dynamics , which drive the orbital evolution of terrestrial planets . Data collected on the orbital eccentricities of extrasolar planets has surprised most researchers : 90 % have an orbital eccentricity greater than that found within the Solar System , and the average is fully 0.25 . This means that the vast majority of planets have highly eccentric orbits and of these , even if their average distance from their star is deemed to be within the HZ , they nonetheless would be spending only a small portion of their time within the zone . A planet 's movement around its rotational axis must also meet certain criteria if life is to have the opportunity to evolve . A first assumption is that the planet should have moderate seasons . If there is little or no axial tilt ( or obliquity ) relative to the perpendicular of the ecliptic , seasons will not occur and a main stimulant to biospheric dynamism will disappear . The planet would also be colder than it would be with a significant tilt : when the greatest intensity of radiation is always within a few degrees of the equator , warm weather can not move poleward and a planet 's climate becomes dominated by colder polar weather systems . If a planet is radically tilted , seasons will be extreme and make it more difficult for a biosphere to achieve homeostasis . The axial tilt of the Earth is higher now ( in the Quaternary ) than it has been in the past , coinciding with reduced polar ice , warmer temperatures and less seasonal variation . Scientists do not know whether this trend will continue indefinitely with further increases in axial tilt ( see Snowball Earth ) . The exact effects of these changes can only be computer modelled at present , and studies have shown that even extreme tilts of up to 85 degrees do not absolutely preclude life `` provided it does not occupy continental surfaces plagued seasonally by the highest temperature . '' Not only the mean axial tilt , but also its variation over time must be considered . The Earth 's tilt varies between 21.5 and 24.5 degrees over 41,000 years . A more drastic variation , or a much shorter periodicity , would induce climatic effects such as variations in seasonal severity . Other orbital considerations include : The planet should rotate relatively quickly so that the day - night cycle is not overlong . If a day takes years , the temperature differential between the day and night side will be pronounced , and problems similar to those noted with extreme orbital eccentricity will come to the fore . The planet also should rotate quickly enough so that a magnetic dynamo may be started in its iron core to produce a magnetic field . Change in the direction of the axis rotation ( precession ) should not be pronounced . In itself , precession need not affect habitability as it changes the direction of the tilt , not its degree . However , precession tends to accentuate variations caused by other orbital deviations ; see Milankovitch cycles . Precession on Earth occurs over a 26,000 - year cycle . The Earth 's Moon appears to play a crucial role in moderating the Earth 's climate by stabilising the axial tilt . It has been suggested that a chaotic tilt may be a `` deal - breaker '' in terms of habitability -- i.e. a satellite the size of the Moon is not only helpful but required to produce stability . This position remains controversial . Geochemistry ( edit ) Main article : Geochemistry It is generally assumed that any extraterrestrial life that might exist will be based on the same fundamental biochemistry as found on Earth , as the four elements most vital for life , carbon , hydrogen , oxygen , and nitrogen , are also the most common chemically reactive elements in the universe . Indeed , simple biogenic compounds , such as very simple amino acids such as glycine , have been found in meteorites and in the interstellar medium . These four elements together comprise over 96 % of Earth 's collective biomass . Carbon has an unparalleled ability to bond with itself and to form a massive array of intricate and varied structures , making it an ideal material for the complex mechanisms that form living cells . Hydrogen and oxygen , in the form of water , compose the solvent in which biological processes take place and in which the first reactions occurred that led to life 's emergence . The energy released in the formation of powerful covalent bonds between carbon and oxygen , available by oxidizing organic compounds , is the fuel of all complex life - forms . These four elements together make up amino acids , which in turn are the building blocks of proteins , the substance of living tissue . In addition , neither sulfur , required for the building of proteins , nor phosphorus , needed for the formation of DNA , RNA , and the adenosine phosphates essential to metabolism , is rare . Relative abundance in space does not always mirror differentiated abundance within planets ; of the four life elements , for instance , only oxygen is present in any abundance in the Earth 's crust . This can be partly explained by the fact that many of these elements , such as hydrogen and nitrogen , along with their simplest and most common compounds , such as carbon dioxide , carbon monoxide , methane , ammonia , and water , are gaseous at warm temperatures . In the hot region close to the Sun , these volatile compounds could not have played a significant role in the planets ' geological formation . Instead , they were trapped as gases underneath the newly formed crusts , which were largely made of rocky , involatile compounds such as silica ( a compound of silicon and oxygen , accounting for oxygen 's relative abundance ) . Outgassing of volatile compounds through the first volcanoes would have contributed to the formation of the planets ' atmospheres . The Miller -- Urey experiment showed that , with the application of energy , simple inorganic compounds exposed to a primordial atmosphere can react to synthesize amino acids . Even so , volcanic outgassing could not have accounted for the amount of water in Earth 's oceans . The vast majority of the water -- and arguably carbon -- necessary for life must have come from the outer Solar System , away from the Sun 's heat , where it could remain solid . Comets impacting with the Earth in the Solar System 's early years would have deposited vast amounts of water , along with the other volatile compounds life requires onto the early Earth , providing a kick - start to the origin of life . Thus , while there is reason to suspect that the four `` life elements '' ought to be readily available elsewhere , a habitable system probably also requires a supply of long - term orbiting bodies to seed inner planets . Without comets there is a possibility that life as we know it would not exist on Earth . Micro-environments and extremophiles ( edit ) The Atacama Desert in South America provides an analog to Mars and an ideal environment to study the boundary between sterility and habitability . One important qualification to habitability criteria is that only a tiny portion of a planet is required to support life . Astrobiologists often concern themselves with `` micro-environments '' , noting that `` we lack a fundamental understanding of how evolutionary forces , such as mutation , selection , and genetic drift , operate in micro-organisms that act on and respond to changing micro-environments . '' Extremophiles are Earth organisms that live in niche environments under severe conditions generally considered inimical to life . Usually ( although not always ) unicellular , extremophiles include acutely alkaliphilic and acidophilic organisms and others that can survive water temperatures above 100 ° C in hydrothermal vents . The discovery of life in extreme conditions has complicated definitions of habitability , but also generated much excitement amongst researchers in greatly broadening the known range of conditions under which life can persist . For example , a planet that might otherwise be unable to support an atmosphere given the solar conditions in its vicinity , might be able to do so within a deep shadowed rift or volcanic cave . Similarly , craterous terrain might offer a refuge for primitive life . The Lawn Hill crater has been studied as an astrobiological analog , with researchers suggesting rapid sediment infill created a protected microenvironment for microbial organisms ; similar conditions may have occurred over the geological history of Mars . Earth environments that can not support life are still instructive to astrobiologists in defining the limits of what organisms can endure . The heart of the Atacama desert , generally considered the driest place on Earth , appears unable to support life , and it has been subject to study by NASA and ESA for that reason : it provides a Mars analog and the moisture gradients along its edges are ideal for studying the boundary between sterility and habitability . The Atacama was the subject of study in 2003 that partly replicated experiments from the Viking landings on Mars in the 1970s ; no DNA could be recovered from two soil samples , and incubation experiments were also negative for biosignatures . Ecological factors ( edit ) The two current ecological approaches for predicting the potential habitability use 19 or 20 environmental factors , with emphasis on water availability , temperature , presence of nutrients , an energy source , and protection from solar ultraviolet and galactic cosmic radiation . Some habitability factors Water Activity of liquid water Past or future liquid ( ice ) inventories Salinity , pH , and Eh of available water Chemical environment Nutrients : C , H , N , O , P , S , essential metals , essential micronutrients Fixed nitrogen Availability / mineralogy Toxin abundances and lethality : Heavy metals ( e.g. Zn , Ni , Cu , Cr , As , Cd , etc. ; some are essential , but toxic at high levels ) Globally distributed oxidizing soils Energy for metabolism Solar ( surface and near - surface only ) Geochemical ( subsurface ) Oxidants Reductants Redox gradients Conducive physical conditions Temperature Extreme diurnal temperature fluctuations Low pressure ( is there a low - pressure threshold for terrestrial anaerobes ? ) Strong ultraviolet germicidal irradiation Galactic cosmic radiation and solar particle events ( long - term accumulated effects ) Solar UV - induced volatile oxidants , e.g. O , O , H O , O Climate and its variability ( geography , seasons , diurnal , and eventually , obliquity variations ) Substrate ( soil processes , rock microenvironments , dust composition , shielding ) High CO concentrations in the global atmosphere Transport ( aeolian , ground water flow , surface water , glacial ) Alternative star systems ( edit ) In determining the feasibility of extraterrestrial life , astronomers had long focused their attention on stars like the Sun . However , since planetary systems that resemble the Solar System are proving to be rare , they have begun to explore the possibility that life might form in systems very unlike our own . Binary systems ( edit ) Main article : Habitability of binary star systems Typical estimates often suggest that 50 % or more of all stellar systems are binary systems . This may be partly sample bias , as massive and bright stars tend to be in binaries and these are most easily observed and catalogued ; a more precise analysis has suggested that the more common fainter stars are usually singular , and that up to two thirds of all stellar systems are therefore solitary . The separation between stars in a binary may range from less than one astronomical unit ( AU , the average Earth -- Sun distance ) to several hundred . In latter instances , the gravitational effects will be negligible on a planet orbiting an otherwise suitable star and habitability potential will not be disrupted unless the orbit is highly eccentric ( see Nemesis , for example ) . However , where the separation is significantly less , a stable orbit may be impossible . If a planet 's distance to its primary exceeds about one fifth of the closest approach of the other star , orbital stability is not guaranteed . Whether planets might form in binaries at all had long been unclear , given that gravitational forces might interfere with planet formation . Theoretical work by Alan Boss at the Carnegie Institution has shown that gas giants can form around stars in binary systems much as they do around solitary stars . One study of Alpha Centauri , the nearest star system to the Sun , suggested that binaries need not be discounted in the search for habitable planets . Centauri A and B have an 11 AU distance at closest approach ( 23 AU mean ) , and both should have stable habitable zones . A study of long - term orbital stability for simulated planets within the system shows that planets within approximately three AU of either star may remain rather stable ( i.e. the semi-major axis deviating by less than 5 % during 32 000 binary periods ) . The HZ for Centauri A is conservatively estimated at 1.2 to 1.3 AU and Centauri B at 0.73 to 0.74 -- well within the stable region in both cases . Red dwarf systems ( edit ) Main article : Habitability of red dwarf systems Relative star sizes and photospheric temperatures . Any planet around a red dwarf such as the one shown here ( Gliese 229A ) would have to huddle close to achieve Earth - like temperatures , probably inducing tidal locking . See Aurelia . Credit : MPIA / V. Joergens . Determining the habitability of red dwarf stars could help determine how common life in the universe might be , as red dwarfs make up between 70 and 90 % of all the stars in the galaxy . Size ( edit ) Astronomers for many years ruled out red dwarfs as potential abodes for life . Their small size ( from 0.08 to 0.45 solar masses ) means that their nuclear reactions proceed exceptionally slowly , and they emit very little light ( from 3 % of that produced by the Sun to as little as 0.01 % ) . Any planet in orbit around a red dwarf would have to huddle very close to its parent star to attain Earth - like surface temperatures ; from 0.3 AU ( just inside the orbit of Mercury ) for a star like Lacaille 8760 , to as little as 0.032 AU for a star like Proxima Centauri ( such a world would have a year lasting just 6.3 days ) . At those distances , the star 's gravity would cause tidal locking . One side of the planet would eternally face the star , while the other would always face away from it . The only ways in which potential life could avoid either an inferno or a deep freeze would be if the planet had an atmosphere thick enough to transfer the star 's heat from the day side to the night side , or if there was a gas giant in the habitable zone , with a habitable moon , which would be locked to the planet instead of the star , allowing a more even distribution of radiation over the planet . It was long assumed that such a thick atmosphere would prevent sunlight from reaching the surface in the first place , preventing photosynthesis . An artist 's impression of GJ 667 Cc , a potentially habitable planet orbiting a red dwarf constituent in a trinary star system . This pessimism has been tempered by research . Studies by Robert Haberle and Manoj Joshi of NASA 's Ames Research Center in California have shown that a planet 's atmosphere ( assuming it included greenhouse gases CO and H O ) need only be 100 mbs , or 10 % of Earth 's atmosphere , for the star 's heat to be effectively carried to the night side . This is well within the levels required for photosynthesis , though water would still remain frozen on the dark side in some of their models . Martin Heath of Greenwich Community College , has shown that seawater , too , could be effectively circulated without freezing solid if the ocean basins were deep enough to allow free flow beneath the night side 's ice cap . Further research -- including a consideration of the amount of photosynthetically active radiation -- suggested that tidally locked planets in red dwarf systems might at least be habitable for higher plants . Other factors limiting habitability ( edit ) Size is not the only factor in making red dwarfs potentially unsuitable for life , however . On a red dwarf planet , photosynthesis on the night side would be impossible , since it would never see the sun . On the day side , because the sun does not rise or set , areas in the shadows of mountains would remain so forever . Photosynthesis as we understand it would be complicated by the fact that a red dwarf produces most of its radiation in the infrared , and on the Earth the process depends on visible light . There are potential positives to this scenario . Numerous terrestrial ecosystems rely on chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis , for instance , which would be possible in a red dwarf system . A static primary star position removes the need for plants to steer leaves toward the sun , deal with changing shade / sun patterns , or change from photosynthesis to stored energy during night . Because of the lack of a day - night cycle , including the weak light of morning and evening , far more energy would be available at a given radiation level . Red dwarfs are far more variable and violent than their more stable , larger cousins . Often they are covered in starspots that can dim their emitted light by up to 40 % for months at a time , while at other times they emit gigantic flares that can double their brightness in a matter of minutes . Such variation would be very damaging for life , as it would not only destroy any complex organic molecules that could possibly form biological precursors , but also because it would blow off sizeable portions of the planet 's atmosphere . For a planet around a red dwarf star to support life , it would require a rapidly rotating magnetic field to protect it from the flares . A tidally locked planet rotates only very slowly , and so can not produce a geodynamo at its core . The violent flaring period of a red dwarf 's life cycle is estimated to only last roughly the first 1.2 billion years of its existence . If a planet forms far away from a red dwarf so as to avoid tidal locking , and then migrates into the star 's habitable zone after this turbulent initial period , it is possible that life may have a chance to develop . However , given its age , at 7 -- 12 billion years of age , Barnard 's Star is considerably older than the Sun . It was long assumed to be quiescent in terms of stellar activity . Yet , in 1998 , astronomers observed an intense stellar flare , surprisingly showing that Barnard 's Star is , despite its age , a flare star . Longevity and ubiquity ( edit ) There is , however , one major advantage that red dwarfs have over other stars as abodes for life : they live a long time . It took 4.5 billion years before humanity appeared on Earth , and life as we know it will see suitable conditions for 1 to 2.3 billion years more . Red dwarfs , by contrast , could live for trillions of years because their nuclear reactions are far slower than those of larger stars , meaning that life would have longer to evolve and survive . While the odds of finding a planet in the habitable zone around any specific red dwarf are slim , the total amount of habitable zone around all red dwarfs combined is equal to the total amount around Sun - like stars given their ubiquity . Furthermore , this total amount of habitable zone will last longer , because red dwarf stars live for hundreds of billions of years or even longer on the main sequence . Massive stars ( edit ) Recent research suggests that very large stars , greater than ~ 100 solar masses , could have planetary systems consisting of hundreds of Mercury - sized planets within the habitable zone . Such systems could also contain brown dwarfs and low - mass stars ( ~ 0.1 -- 0.3 solar masses ) . However the very short lifespans of stars of more than a few solar masses would scarcely allow time for a planet to cool , let alone the time needed for a stable biosphere to develop . Massive stars are thus eliminated as possible abodes for life . However , a massive - star system could be a progenitor of life in another way -- the supernova explosion of the massive star in the central part of the system . This supernova will disperse heavier elements throughout its vicinity , created during the phase when the massive star has moved off of the main sequence , and the systems of the potential low - mass stars ( which are still on the main sequence ) within the former massive - star system may be enriched with the relatively large supply of the heavy elements so close to a supernova explosion . However , this states nothing about what types of planets would form as a result of the supernova material , or what their habitability potential would be . Four classes of habitable planets ( edit ) In a review of the factors which are important for the evolution of habitable Earth - sized planets , Lammer et al. proposed a classification of four water - dependant habitat types : Class I habitats are planetary bodies on which stellar and geophysical conditions allow liquid water to be available at the surface , along with sunlight , so that complex multicellular organisms may originate . Class II habitats include bodies which initially enjoy Earth - like conditions , but do not keep their ability to sustain liquid water on their surface due to stellar or geophysical conditions . Mars , and possibly Venus are examples of this class where complex life forms may not develop . Class III habitats are planetary bodies where liquid water oceans exist below the surface , where they can interact directly with a silicate - rich core . Such a situation can be expected on water - rich planets located too far from their star to allow surface liquid water , but on which subsurface water is in liquid form because of the geothermal heat . Two examples of such an environment are Europa and Enceladus . In such worlds , not only is light not available as an energy source , but the organic material brought by meteorites ( thought to have been necessary to start life in some scenarios ) may not easily reach the liquid water . If a planet can only harbor life below its surface , the biosphere would not likely modify the whole planetary environment in an observable way , thus , detecting its presence on an exoplanet would be extremely difficult . Class IV habitats have liquid water layers between two ice layers , or liquids above ice . If the water layer is thick enough , water at its base will be in solid phase ( ice polymorphs ) because of the high pressure . Ganymede and Callisto are likely examples of this class . Their oceans are thought to be enclosed between thick ice layers . In such conditions , the emergence of even simple life forms may be very difficult because the necessary ingredients for life will likely be completely diluted . The galactic neighborhood ( edit ) Along with the characteristics of planets and their star systems , the wider galactic environment may also impact habitability . Scientists considered the possibility that particular areas of galaxies ( galactic habitable zones ) are better suited to life than others ; the Solar System in which we live , in the Orion Spur , on the Milky Way galaxy 's edge is considered to be in a life - favorable spot : It is not in a globular cluster where immense star densities are inimical to life , given excessive radiation and gravitational disturbance . Globular clusters are also primarily composed of older , probably metal - poor , stars . Furthermore , in globular clusters , the great ages of the stars would mean a large amount of stellar evolution by the host or other nearby stars , which due to their proximity may cause extreme harm to life on any planets , provided that they can form . It is not near an active gamma ray source . It is not near the galactic center where once again star densities increase the likelihood of ionizing radiation ( e.g. , from magnetars and supernovae ) . A supermassive black hole is also believed to lie at the middle of the galaxy which might prove a danger to any nearby bodies . The circular orbit of the Sun around the galactic center keeps it out of the way of the galaxy 's spiral arms where intense radiation and gravitation may again lead to disruption . Thus , relative isolation is ultimately what a life - bearing system needs . If the Sun were crowded amongst other systems , the chance of being fatally close to dangerous radiation sources would increase significantly . Further , close neighbors might disrupt the stability of various orbiting bodies such as Oort cloud and Kuiper belt objects , which can bring catastrophe if knocked into the inner Solar System . While stellar crowding proves disadvantageous to habitability , so too does extreme isolation . A star as metal - rich as the Sun would probably not have formed in the very outermost regions of the Milky Way given a decline in the relative abundance of metals and a general lack of star formation . Thus , a `` suburban '' location , such as the Solar System enjoys , is preferable to a Galaxy 's center or farthest reaches . Other considerations ( edit ) Alternative biochemistries ( edit ) Main article : Hypothetical types of biochemistry While most investigations of extraterrestrial life start with the assumption that advanced life - forms must have similar requirements for life as on Earth , the hypothesis of other types of biochemistry suggests the possibility of lifeforms evolving around a different metabolic mechanism . In Evolving the Alien , biologist Jack Cohen and mathematician Ian Stewart argue astrobiology , based on the Rare Earth hypothesis , is restrictive and unimaginative . They suggest that Earth - like planets may be very rare , but non-carbon - based complex life could possibly emerge in other environments . The most frequently mentioned alternative to carbon is silicon - based life , while ammonia and hydrocarbons are sometimes suggested as alternative solvents to water . The astrobiologist Dirk Schulze - Makuch and other scientists have proposed a Planet Habitability Index whose criteria include `` potential for holding a liquid solvent '' that is not necessarily restricted to water . More speculative ideas have focused on bodies altogether different from Earth - like planets . Astronomer Frank Drake , a well - known proponent of the search for extraterrestrial life , imagined life on a neutron star : submicroscopic `` nuclear molecules '' combining to form creatures with a life cycle millions of times quicker than Earth life . Called `` imaginative and tongue - in - cheek '' , the idea gave rise to science fiction depictions . Carl Sagan , another optimist with regards to extraterrestrial life , considered the possibility of organisms that are always airborne within the high atmosphere of Jupiter in a 1976 paper . Cohen and Stewart also envisioned life in both a solar environment and in the atmosphere of a gas giant . `` Good Jupiters '' ( edit ) `` Good Jupiters '' are gas giants , like the Solar System 's Jupiter , that orbit their stars in circular orbits far enough away from the habitable zone not to disturb it but close enough to `` protect '' terrestrial planets in closer orbit in two critical ways . First , they help to stabilize the orbits , and thereby the climates of the inner planets . Second , they keep the inner stellar system relatively free of comets and asteroids that could cause devastating impacts . Jupiter orbits the Sun at about five times the distance between the Earth and the Sun . This is the rough distance we should expect to find good Jupiters elsewhere . Jupiter 's `` caretaker '' role was dramatically illustrated in 1994 when Comet Shoemaker -- Levy 9 impacted the giant . However , the evidence is not quite so clear . Research has shown that Jupiter 's role in determining the rate at which objects hit Earth is significantly more complicated than once thought . The role of Jupiter in the early history of the Solar System is somewhat better established , and the source of significantly less debate . Early in the Solar System 's history , Jupiter is accepted as having played an important role in the hydration of our planet : it increased the eccentricity of asteroid belt orbits and enabled many to cross Earth 's orbit and supply the planet with important volatiles such as water and carbon dioxide . Before Earth reached half its present mass , icy bodies from the Jupiter -- Saturn region and small bodies from the primordial asteroid belt supplied water to the Earth due to the gravitational scattering of Jupiter and , to a lesser extent , Saturn . Thus , while the gas giants are now helpful protectors , they were once suppliers of critical habitability material . In contrast , Jupiter - sized bodies that orbit too close to the habitable zone but not in it ( as in 47 Ursae Majoris ) , or have a highly elliptical orbit that crosses the habitable zone ( like 16 Cygni B) make it very difficult for an independent Earth - like planet to exist in the system . See the discussion of a stable habitable zone above . However , during the process of migrating into a habitable zone , a Jupiter - size planet may capture a terrestrial planet as a moon . Even if such a planet is initially loosely bound and following a strongly inclined orbit , gravitational interactions with the star can stabilize the new moon into a close , circular orbit that is coplanar with the planet 's orbit around the star . Life 's impact on habitability ( edit ) A supplement to the factors that support life 's emergence is the notion that life itself , once formed , becomes a habitability factor in its own right . An important Earth example was the production of molecular oxygen gas ( O ) by ancient cyanobacteria , and eventually photosynthesizing plants , leading to a radical change in the composition of Earth 's atmosphere . This environmental change is called the Great Oxygenation Event . This oxygen proved fundamental to the respiration of later animal species . The Gaia hypothesis , a scientific model of the geo - biosphere pioneered by James Lovelock in 1975 , argues that life as a whole fosters and maintains suitable conditions for itself by helping to create a planetary environment suitable for its continuity . Similarly , David Grinspoon has suggested a `` living worlds hypothesis '' in which our understanding of what constitutes habitability can not be separated from life already extant on a planet . Planets that are geologically and meteorologically alive are much more likely to be biologically alive as well and `` a planet and its life will co-evolve . '' This is the basis of Earth system science . See also ( edit ) Space portal Astrobiology portal Circumstellar habitable zone Class M planet ( fiction ) Darwin ( spacecraft ) Earth analog Exoplanetology Extraterrestrial liquid water Habitability of natural satellites Habitable Planets for Man List of potentially habitable exoplanets Neocatastrophism Rare Earth hypothesis Space colonization Superhabitable planet Terraforming Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This article is an analysis of planetary habitability from the perspective of contemporary physical science . A historical viewpoint on the possibility of habitable planets can be found at Beliefs in extraterrestrial life and Cosmic pluralism . For a discussion of the probability of alien life see the Drake equation and Fermi paradox . Habitable planets are also a staple of fiction ; see Planets in science fiction . Jump up ^ Life appears to have emerged on Earth approximately 500 million years after the planet 's formation . `` A '' class stars ( which shine for between 600 million and 1.2 billion years ) and a small fraction of `` B '' class stars ( which shine 10 + million to 600 million ) fall within this window . At least theoretically life could emerge in such systems but it would almost certainly not reach a sophisticated level given these time - frames and the fact that increases in luminosity would occur quite rapidly . Life around `` O '' class stars is exceptionally unlikely , as they shine for less than ten million years . Jump up ^ In Evolving the Alien , Jack Cohen and Ian Stewart evaluate plausible scenarios in which life might form in the cloud - tops of Jovian planets . Similarly , Carl Sagan suggested that the clouds of Jupiter might host life . Jump up ^ There is an emerging consensus that single - celled micro-organisms may in fact be common in the universe , especially since Earth 's extremophiles flourish in environments that were once considered hostile to life . The potential occurrence of complex multi-celled life remains much more controversial . In their work Rare Earth : Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe , Peter Ward and Donald Brownlee argue that microbial life is probably widespread while complex life is very rare and perhaps even unique to Earth . Current knowledge of Earth 's history partly buttresses this theory : multi-celled organisms are believed to have emerged at the time of the Cambrian explosion close to 600 million years ago , but more than 3 billion years after life first appeared . That Earth life remained unicellular for so long underscores that the decisive step toward complex organisms need not necessarily occur . Jump up ^ There is a `` mass - gap '' in the Solar System between Earth and the two smallest gas giants , Uranus and Neptune , which are 13 and 17 Earth masses . This is probably just chance , as there is no geophysical barrier to the formation of intermediate bodies ( see for instance OGLE - 2005 - BLG - 390Lb and Super-Earth ) and we should expect to find planets throughout the galaxy between two and twelve Earth masses . If the star system is otherwise favorable , such planets would be good candidates for life as they would be large enough to remain internally dynamic and to retain an atmosphere for billions of years but not so large as to accrete a gaseous shell which limits the possibility of life formation . Jump up ^ According to prevailing theory , the formation of the Moon commenced when a Mars - sized body struck the Earth in a glancing collision late in its formation , and the ejected material coalesced and fell into orbit ( see giant impact hypothesis ) . 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Jump up ^ Wiegert , Paul A. ; Holman , Matt J. ( April 1997 ) . `` The stability of planets in the Alpha Centauri system '' . The Astronomical Journal . 113 ( 4 ) : 1445 -- 1450 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9609106 . Bibcode : 1997AJ ... 113.1445 W . doi : 10.1086 / 118360 . Jump up ^ `` Habitable zones of stars '' . NASA Specialized Center of Research and Training in Exobiology . University of Southern California , San Diego . Archived from the original on 21 November 2000 . Retrieved 11 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Joshi , M.M. ; Haberle , R.M. ; Reynolds , R.T. ( October 1997 ) . `` Simulations of the Atmospheres of Synchronously Rotating Terrestrial Planets Orbiting M Dwarfs : Conditions for Atmospheric Collapse and the Implications for Habitability '' ( PDF ) . Icarus . 129 ( 2 ) : 450 -- 465 . Bibcode : 1997Icar ... 129 ... 450J . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 1997.5793 . Jump up ^ Heath , Martin J. ; Doyle , Laurance R. ; Joshi , Manoj M. ; Haberle , Robert M. ( 1999 ) . `` Habitability of Planets Around Red Dwarf Stars '' ( PDF ) . Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere. 29 ( 4 ) : 405 -- 424 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1006596718708 . PMID 10472629 . Retrieved 11 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Croswell , Ken ( 27 January 2001 ) . `` Red , willing and able '' ( Full reprint ) . New Scientist . Retrieved 5 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Cain , Fraser ; Gay , Pamela ( 2007 ) . `` AstronomyCast episode 40 : American Astronomical Society Meeting , May 2007 '' . Universe Today . Retrieved 17 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Croswell , Ken ( November 2005 ) . `` A Flare for Barnard 's Star '' . Astronomy Magazine . Kalmbach Publishing Co . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Hines , Sandra ( 13 January 2003 ) . `` ' The end of the world ' has already begun , UW scientists say '' ( Press release ) . University of Washington . Retrieved 5 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Li , King - Fai ; Pahlevan , Kaveh ; Kirschvink , Joseph L. ; Yung , Yuk L. ( 2009 ) . `` Atmospheric pressure as a natural climate regulator for a terrestrial planet with a biosphere '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 106 ( 24 ) : 9576 -- 9579 . Bibcode : 2009PNAS ... 106.9576 L . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0809436106 . PMC 2701016 . PMID 19487662 . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` M Dwarfs : The Search for Life is On , Interview with Todd Henry '' . Astrobiology Magazine . 29 August 2005 . Retrieved 5 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Cain , Fraser ( 4 February 2009 ) . `` Red Dwarf Stars '' . Universe Today . Jump up ^ Kashi , Amit ; Soker , Noam ( 2011 ) . `` The outcome of the protoplanetary disk of very massive stars , January 2011 '' . New Astronomy . 16 : 27 -- 32 . arXiv : 1002.4693 . Bibcode : 2011NewA ... 16 ... 27K . doi : 10.1016 / j. newast. 2010.06. 003 . Jump up ^ Stellar mass # Age Jump up ^ Forget , François ( July 2013 ) . `` On the probability of habitable planets '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Astrobiology. 12 ( 3 ) : 177 -- 185 . arXiv : 1212.0113 . Bibcode : 2013IJAsB ... 12 ... 177F . doi : 10.1017 / S1473550413000128 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Mullen , Leslie ( 18 May 2001 ) . `` Galactic Habitable Zones '' . Astrobiology Magazine . Retrieved 5 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Ward , pp. 26 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Dorminey , Bruce ( July 2005 ) . `` Dark Threat '' . Astronomy . 33 : 40 -- 45 . Bibcode : 2005Ast ... 33g ... 40D . Jump up ^ Alan Boyle ( 2011 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Which alien worlds are most livable ? '' . NBC News . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Dirk Schulze - Makuch ; et al. ( Dec 2011 ) . `` A Two - Tiered Approach to Assessing the Habitability of Exoplanets '' . Astrobiology. 11 ( 10 ) : 1041 -- 1052 . Bibcode : 2011AsBio ... 11.1041 S . doi : 10.1089 / ast. 2010.0592 . PMID 22017274 . Jump up ^ Drake , Frank ( 1973 ) . `` Life on a Neutron Star '' . Astronomy . 1 ( 5 ) : 5 . Jump up ^ Darling , David . `` Neutron star , life on '' . The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology , Astronomy , and Spaceflight . Retrieved 5 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Bortman , Henry ( 29 September 2004 ) . `` Coming Soon : `` Good '' Jupiters `` . Astrobiology Magazine . Retrieved 5 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Horner , Jonathan ; Jones , Barrie ( December 2010 ) . `` Jupiter -- Friend or Foe ? An answer '' . Astronomy and Geophysics. 51 ( 6 ) : 16 -- 22 . Bibcode : 2010A&G ... 51f ... 16H . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 4004.2010. 51616. x . Jump up ^ Horner , Jonathan ; Jones , B.W. ( October 2008 ) . `` Jupiter -- Friend or Foe ? I : The Asteroids '' . International Journal of Astrobiology. 7 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 251 -- 261 . arXiv : 0806.2795 . Bibcode : 2008IJAsB ... 7 ... 251H . doi : 10.1017 / S1473550408004187 . Jump up ^ Horner , Jonathan ; Jones , B.W. ( April 2009 ) . `` Jupiter -- friend or foe ? II : the Centaurs '' . International Journal of Astrobiology. 8 ( 2 ) : 75 -- 80 . arXiv : 0903.3305 . Bibcode : 2009IJAsB ... 8 ... 75H . doi : 10.1017 / S1473550408004357 . Jump up ^ Horner , Jonathan ; Jones , B.W. ; Chambers , J. ( January 2010 ) . `` Jupiter -- friend or foe ? III : the Oort cloud comets '' . International Journal of Astrobiology. 9 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 10 . arXiv : 0911.4381 . Bibcode : 2010IJAsB ... 9 ... 1H . doi : 10.1017 / S1473550409990346 . Jump up ^ Lunine , Jonathan I. ( 30 January 2001 ) . `` The occurrence of Jovian planets and the habitability of planetary systems '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 98 ( 3 ) : 809 -- 814 . Bibcode : 2001PNAS ... 98 ... 809L . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 98.3. 809 . PMC 14664 . PMID 11158551 . Jump up ^ Porter , Simon B. ; Grundy , William M. ( July 2011 ) , `` Post-capture Evolution of Potentially Habitable Exomoons '' , The Astrophysical Journal Letters , 736 ( 1 ) : L14 , arXiv : 1106.2800 , Bibcode : 2011ApJ ... 736L ... 14P , doi : 10.1088 / 2041 - 8205 / 736 / 1 / L14 Jump up ^ `` The Living Worlds Hypothesis '' . Astrobiology Magazine . 22 September 2005 . Retrieved 6 August 2007 . Bibliography ( edit ) Ward , Peter ; Brownlee , Donald ( 2000 ) . Rare Earth : Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe . Springer . ISBN 0 - 387 - 98701 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Cohen , Jack and Ian Stewart . Evolving the Alien : The Science of Extraterrestrial Life , Ebury Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 187927 - 2 Dole , Stephen H. ( 1965 ) . Habitable Planets for Man ( 1st ed . ) . Rand Corporation . ISBN 0 - 444 - 00092 - 5 . Fogg , Martyn J. , ed . `` Terraforming '' ( entire special issue ) Journal of the British Interplanetary Society , April 1991 Fogg , Martyn J. Terraforming : Engineering Planetary Environments , SAE International , 1995 . ISBN 1 - 56091 - 609 - 5 Gonzalez , Guillermo and Richards , Jay W . The Privileged Planet , Regnery , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 89526 - 065 - 4 Grinspoon , David . Lonely Planets : The Natural Philosophy of Alien Life , HarperCollins , 2004 . Lovelock , James . Gaia : A New Look at Life on Earth . ISBN 0 - 19 - 286218 - 9 Schmidt , Stanley and Robert Zubrin , eds . Islands in the Sky , Wiley , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 13561 - 5 Webb , Stephen If The Universe Is Teeming With Aliens ... Where Is Everybody ? Fifty Solutions to the Fermi Paradox and the Problem of Extraterrestrial Life New York : January 2002 Springer - Verlag ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 95501 - 8 External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Planetary habitability '' dated 2006 - 01 - 22 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Planetary Sciences and Habitability Group , Spanish Research Council The Habitable Zone Gallery Planetary Habitability Laboratory ( PHL / UPR Arecibo ) The Habitable Exoplanets Catalog ( PHL / UPR Arecibo ) David Darling encyclopedia General interest astrobiology Sol Station Astrobiology Disciplines Astrochemistry Astrophysics Biochemistry Evolutionary biology Exoplanetology Microbiology Paleontology Planetary science Main topics Allan Hills 84001 Biomolecule Biosignature Drake equation Earliest known life forms Earth analog Extraterrestrial life Extremophiles Hypothetical types of biochemistry List of microorganisms tested in outer space Molecules detected in outer space Ocean planet Origin of life Panspermia Search for extraterrestrial intelligence ( SETI ) Yamato meteorite Planetary habitability Habitability of binary star systems Habitability of K - type main - sequence star systems Habitability of natural satellites Habitability of red dwarf systems Circumstellar habitable zone Earth analog List of potentially habitable exoplanets Extraterrestrial liquid water Galactic habitable zone Space missions Earth orbit Biolab Bion BIOPAN Biosatellite program E-MIST ERA EXOSTACK EXPOSE O / OREOS OREOcube Tanpopo VEGGIE Mars missions Beagle 2 ExoMars ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter Schiaparelli EDM lander Fobos - Grunt Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity Phoenix Viking Planned BioSentinel Dragonfly Europa Clipper ExoMars ExoMars rover ExoMars 2020 surface platform Mars 2020 Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover Proposed Biological Oxidant and Life Detection CAESAR Enceladus Explorer Enceladus Life Finder ‎ Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability Europa Lander ExoLance Explorer of Enceladus and Titan Icebreaker Life Journey to Enceladus and Titan Laplace - P Life Investigation For Enceladus Mars sample return mission MELOS Northern Light Oceanus THEO Cancelled Astrobiology Field Laboratory Beagle 3 Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment Mars Astrobiology Explorer - Cacher Red Dragon Terrestrial Planet Finder Institutions and programs Astrobiology Society of Britain Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets Breakthrough Initiatives Breakthrough Listen Breakthrough Message Breakthrough Starshot Carl Sagan Institute NASA Astrobiology Institute Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Ocean Worlds Exploration Program Portal Extraterrestrial life Events and objects ALH84001 Cells in the stratosphere CI1 fossils Murchison meteorite Nakhla meteorite Polonnaruwa meteorite Red rain in Kerala Shergotty meteorite Viking lander biological experiments Yamato 000593 Signals of interest CP 1919 ( misidentified pulsar ) CTA - 102 ( misidentified quasar ) Fast radio burst ( unknown origin ) Wow ! signal ( inconclusive ) KIC 8462852 ( unusual light fluctuations ) SHGb02 + 14a ( radio source ) HD 164595 signal ( unknown origin ) Life in the Universe Earliest known life forms Life on Enceladus Life on Europa Life on Mars Life on Titan Life on Venus Planetary habitability Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems Circumstellar habitable zone Earth analog Extraterrestrial liquid water Galactic habitable zone Habitability of binary star systems Habitability of orange dwarf systems Habitability of red dwarf systems Natural satellite habitability Planetary habitability Space missions Beagle 2 Biological Oxidant and Life Detection BioSentinel Curiosity Darwin Enceladus Explorer Enceladus Life Finder Europa Clipper ExoMars ExoLance EXPOSE Foton - M3 Icebreaker Life Journey to Enceladus and Titan Laplace - P Life Investigation For Enceladus Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment Mars Geyser Hopper Mars sample return mission Mars 2020 Northern Light Opportunity SpaceX Red Dragon Spirit Tanpopo Titan Mare Explorer Venus In Situ Explorer Viking 1 Viking 2 Interstellar communication Active SETI Allen Telescope Array Arecibo message Arecibo Observatory Berkeley SETI Research Center Bracewell probe Breakthrough Initiatives Breakthrough Listen Breakthrough Message Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence Gauss 's Pythagorean right triangle proposal Lincos language NIROSETI Pioneer plaque Project Cyclops Project Ozma Project Phoenix SERENDIP Search for extraterrestrial intelligence SETI@home setiQuest Voyager Golden Record Water hole Xenolinguistics Exhibitions The Science of Aliens Hypotheses Ancient astronauts Aurelia and Blue Moon Cosmic pluralism Directed panspermia Drake equation Extraterrestrial hypothesis Fermi paradox Great Filter Hypothetical types of biochemistry Interplanetary contamination Kardashev scale Mediocrity principle Neocatastrophism Panspermia Planetarium hypothesis Rare Earth hypothesis Sentience quotient Zoo hypothesis Related topics Astrobiology Astroecology Biosignature Rejection of Earth - based abiogenesis ( Fred Hoyle ) Brookings Report Planetary protection Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact Exotheology Extraterrestrials in fiction Extremophile Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Noogenesis San Marino Scale Technosignature UFO religion Xenoarchaeology Exoplanetology Planet Definition IAU Planetary science Main topics Exoplanet Methods of detecting exoplanets Planetary system Sizes and types Terrestrial Carbon planet Coreless planet Desert planet Dwarf planet Ice planet Iron planet Lava planet Mega-Earth Ocean planet Sub-Earth Super-Earth Gaseous Chthonian planet Eccentric Jupiter Gas dwarf Helium planet Hot Jupiter Hot Neptune Ice giant Mini-Neptune Super-Neptune Super-Jupiter Other types Brown dwarf Circumbinary planet Double planet Mesoplanet Planemo Planet / Brown dwarf boundary Planetesimal Protoplanet Pulsar planet Sub-brown dwarf Ultra-cool dwarf Ultra-short period planets ( USP ) Formation and evolution Accretion Merging stars Nebular hypothesis Planetary migration Systems Exocomet Exomoon Interstellar comet Mean - motion resonances Retrograde planet Rogue planet Titius -- Bode laws Trojan planet Host stars Binary star Brown dwarfs Extragalactic planet F / Yellow - white dwarfs G / Yellow dwarfs Herbig Ae / Be K / Orange dwarfs M / Red dwarfs Planets in globular clusters Pulsar Red giant Subdwarf B Subgiant T Tauri White dwarfs Yellow giant Detection Astrometry Direct imaging list Microlensing list Polarimetry Pulsar timing list Radial velocity list Transit method list Transit - timing variation Habitability Astrobiology Circumstellar habitable zone Earth analog Extraterrestrial liquid water Habitability of natural satellites Superhabitable planet Catalogues Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems Exoplanet Data Explorer Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia NASA Exoplanet Archive NASA Star and Exoplanet Database Lists Exoplanetary systems Host stars Multiplanetary systems Stars with proplyds Exoplanets List of exoplanets Discoveries Extremes Firsts Nearest Largest Most massive Terrestrial candidates Kepler Potentially habitable Discovered exoplanets by year before 2000 2000 -- 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Other Carl Sagan Institute Exoplanet phase curves Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Planets in science fiction Sudarsky 's gas giant classification Discoveries of exoplanets Search projects Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planetary_habitability&oldid=828152736 '' Categories : Astrobiology Space colonization Planetary habitability Exoplanetology Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2015 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 21 : 36 . 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describe two ways in which radiation from the sun supports life on earth
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Dick Parry
Dick Parry - wikipedia Dick Parry Jump to : navigation , search Dick Parry ( 1942 - 12 - 22 ) 22 December 1942 ( age 74 ) Kentford , Suffolk , England Occupation ( s ) Saxophonist Instruments Tenor saxophone , baritone saxophone Years active 1964 -- present Associated acts Pink Floyd David Gilmour Jokers Wild Dick Parry playing with Pink Floyd , 1973 ( second from right ) Richard ' Dick ' Parry ( born 22 December 1942 in Kentford , Suffolk , England ) is an English saxophonist . He has appeared as a session musician on various albums by modern bands and artists , and is probably best known for his solo parts on the Pink Floyd songs `` Money '' , `` Us and Them '' , `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond '' and `` Wearing the Inside Out '' . He also played on the Bloodstone album Riddle of the Sphinx . Career ( edit ) Parry started his career as a friend of Pink Floyd guitarist David Gilmour . He was part of a mid-1960s band also including Gilmour called Joker 's Wild . From there , Gilmour persuaded him to play on Pink Floyd studio albums , including The Dark Side of the Moon , Wish You Were Here , and The Division Bell , as well as on every Pink Floyd live performance between 1973 and 1977 , and the 1994 world tour . He also toured as part of The Who 's brass section on their 1979 -- 1980 tours . He played saxophone on `` Celestine '' for the 1997 album Big Men Cry by Banco de Gaia . Parry appeared on Gilmour 's live dates in 2001 and 2002 , one performance of which was released as David Gilmour in Concert . He also played on the 2006 On An Island tour in Europe , the United States , and Canada , performing saxophone on `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond '' , `` Wearing the Inside Out '' , and `` Then I Close My Eyes '' . Shows from the Royal Albert Hall in London , and from the Shipyard in Gdańsk , Poland were released as the DVDs Remember That Night and Live in Gdańsk , respectively . He appeared at the Pink Floyd reunion at Live 8 , where he played his saxophone part on `` Money '' . In 2009 , he toured Europe and South Africa with the Violent Femmes . Selected discography as saxophonist ( edit ) 1970 : J.J. Jackson 's Dilemma - J.J. Jackson 1971 : Quiver - Quiver 1971 : Bring it back home - Mike Vernon with Rory Gallagher and Pete Wingfield 1972 : Let 's Make Up and Be Friendly - Bonzo Dog Doo - Dah Band 1972 : Transatlantic - Jimmy Dawkins 1972 : Mick the Lad - Mick Grabham ( Procol Harum ) 1972 : London Gumbo - Lightnin ' Slim 1973 : The Dark Side of the Moon - Pink Floyd 1973 : I 'm the Worst Partner I Know - Kazimierz Lux 1973 : Urban Cowboy - Andy Roberts ( on the track `` Elaine '' ) 1975 : Wish You Were Here - Pink Floyd ( on `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond ( Part V ) '' ) 1974 : First of the Big Bands - Paice Ashton Lord 1974 : Riddle of the Sphinx - Bloodstone 1975 : Mad Dog - John Entwistle ( The Who ) 1975 : Live 1971 - 1975 - Les Humphries Singers 1975 : Love is a Five Letter Word - Jimmy Witherspoon 1975 : Fingertips - Duster Bennett 1982 : Jinx - Rory Gallagher 1993 : BBC Radio One live in concert - Paice Ashton Lord 1994 : The Division Bell - Pink Floyd ( `` Wearing the Inside Out '' ) 1995 : Pulse - Pink Floyd 1998 : Big Men Cry - Banco de Gaia ( on the track `` Celestine '' ) 2002 : David Gilmour In Concert - David Gilmour - DVD 2008 : Duchess - Deborah Bonham References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dick Parry on tour '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lloyd Grossman The Dark Side of the Moon -- album review rollingstone.com , 24 May 1973 Jump up ^ `` Dick Parry Credits '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Pink Floyd Syd Barrett David Gilmour Nick Mason Roger Waters Richard Wright Studio albums The Piper at the Gates of Dawn A Saucerful of Secrets More Ummagumma Atom Heart Mother Meddle Obscured by Clouds The Dark Side of the Moon Wish You Were Here Animals The Wall The Final Cut A Momentary Lapse of Reason The Division Bell The Endless River Live albums Ummagumma Delicate Sound of Thunder Pulse Is There Anybody Out There ? The Wall Live 1980 -- 81 Singles `` Arnold Layne '' / `` Candy and a Currant Bun '' `` See Emily Play '' / `` The Scarecrow '' `` Flaming '' / `` The Gnome '' ( US ) `` Apples and Oranges '' / `` Paint Box '' ( UK ) `` It Would Be So Nice '' / `` Julia Dream '' `` Let There Be More Light '' / `` Remember a Day '' ( US ) `` Point Me at the Sky '' / `` Careful with That Axe , Eugene '' ( UK ) `` One of These Days '' / `` Fearless '' ( US ) `` Free Four '' `` Money '' / `` Any Colour You Like '' ( US ) `` Time '' / `` Us and Them '' ( US ) `` Have a Cigar '' / `` Welcome to the Machine '' ( US ) or `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond Part I '' ( Europe ) `` Another Brick in the Wall ( Part II ) '' / `` One of My Turns '' `` Run Like Hell '' / `` Do n't Leave Me Now '' ( Europe / some US ) or `` Comfortably Numb '' ( later US ) `` Comfortably Numb '' / `` Hey You '' ( US ) `` Pink Floyd The Wall - Music From The Film '' ( `` When the Tigers Broke Free '' / `` Bring the Boys Back Home '' ) `` Not Now John '' / `` The Hero 's Return ( Parts 1 and 2 ) '' `` Learning to Fly '' / `` Terminal Frost '' and / or `` One Slip '' `` On the Turning Away '' / `` Run Like Hell ( live ) '' ( UK ) `` One Slip '' / `` Terminal Frost '' / `` The Dogs of War '' ( UK ) `` Take It Back '' / `` Astronomy Domine ( live ) '' ( US ) `` High Hopes '' / `` Keep Talking '' / `` Marooned '' `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' / `` Coming Back to Life ( live ) / `` Keep Talking ( live ) '' ( UK ) `` Louder than Words '' Compilations The Best of the Pink Floyd / Masters of Rock Relics A Nice Pair A Collection of Great Dance Songs Works 1967 : The First Three Singles Echoes : The Best of Pink Floyd The Best of Pink Floyd : A Foot in the Door 1965 : Their First Recordings Box sets Shine On Oh , by the Way Discovery The Early Years 1965 -- 1972 Films Concerts London ' 66 -- ' 67 Live at Pompeii Delicate Sound of Thunder Pulse Narratives The Wall The Final Cut Documentaries The Pink Floyd and Syd Barrett Story London ' 66 -- ' 67 The Story of Wish You Were Here Soundtracks San Francisco The Committee Tonite Lets All Make Love in London More Zabriskie Point Obscured by Clouds Pink Floyd -- The Wall La Carrera Panamericana Tours World Tour 1968 The Man and The Journey Tour Atom Heart Mother World Tour Meddle Tour Dark Side of the Moon Tour Wish You Were Here Tour In the Flesh The Wall Tour A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour The Division Bell Tour Related media and tributes 19367 Pink Floyd The Amazing Pudding The Australian Pink Floyd Show Barn Jams Brit Floyd The Dark Side of the Moo `` Embryo '' Inside Out : A Personal History of Pink Floyd The Man and The Journey Music from The Body Pinkfloydia Proper Education Synalpheus pinkfloydi Umma gumma Their Mortal Remains Other topics Discography Videography Song list Unreleased material Bootleg recordings The 14 Hour Technicolor Dream Azimuth Co-ordinator Blackhill Enterprises Britannia Row Studios Dark Side of the Rainbow EMS Synthi A Games for May Midsummer High Weekend Pink Floyd pigs Publius Enigma Why Pink Floyd ... ? Book Portal VIAF : 29185936 ISNI : 0000 0000 4605 1613 GND : 134480457 MusicBrainz : 5bb61f52 - 7168 - 43d7 - b910 - 2fa9500cb71b Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dick_Parry&oldid=797357453 '' Categories : 1942 births Living people English rock saxophonists Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2012 Use British English from March 2012 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk More About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano ქართული Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 15 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played sax on money by pink floyd
[ "Richard 'Dick' Parry (born 22 December 1942 in Kentford, Suffolk, England) is an English saxophonist. He has appeared as a session musician on various albums by modern bands and artists, and is probably best known for his solo parts on the Pink Floyd songs \"Money\", \"Us and Them\", \"Shine On You Crazy Diamond\" and \"Wearing the Inside Out\".[1][2] He also played on the Bloodstone album Riddle of the Sphinx." ]
[ "Richard 'Dick' Parry" ]
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List of PAW Patrol episodes
List of PAW Patrol episodes - wikipedia List of PAW Patrol episodes Jump to : navigation , search PAW Patrol is a Spin Master Entertainment production for TVOKids and Nickelodeon , with animation provided by Guru Studio . As of February 2018 , five seasons of the series have been produced . Additionally , Spin Master has confirmed that the sixth season is in development . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2015 -- 17 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 3 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 26 August 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 12 ) August 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) 26 August 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 13 ) December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) 26 November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 26 February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) February 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 03 ) 5 26 February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled PAW Patrol ( season 1 ) . ( Discuss ) ( February 2018 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by U.S. air date Canadian air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 1a 1a `` Pups Make a Splash '' Jamie Whitney Scott Kraft November 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) August 27 , 2013 101 1.74 When Cap'n Turbot 's boat runs aground , Zuma , Skye , and Rocky must team up to save it before it sinks . 1b 1b `` Pups Fall Festival '' Jamie Whitney Kim Duran November 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) August 27 , 2013 101 1.74 It is nearing winter and the pups must help bring in crops at the farm before they freeze . 2a 2a `` Pups Save the Sea Turtles '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan August 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) August 27 , 2013 102 2.11 The pups discover a nest of baby sea turtles hatching across the street and make sure the turtles safely reach the ocean . 2b 2b `` Pups and the Very Big Baby '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan August 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) August 27 , 2013 102 2.11 Cap'n Turbot finds a beached baby whale and needs the pups to help him get it back out to sea . 3a 3a `` Pups and the Kitty - tastrophe '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan August 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 12 ) August 30 , 2013 103 2.02 While Chase and Rubble are playing Frisbee on the beach , they notice a kitten floating away on a toy boat to the open ocean . 3b 3b `` Pups Save a Train '' Jamie Whitney Franklin Young August 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 12 ) August 30 , 2013 103 2.02 Katie and Cali 's train must be saved from a rockslide . 4a 4a `` Pup Pup Boogie '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan August 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 19 ) September 5 , 2013 104 2.16 Chase and Rubble have to repair the train tracks after a wreck so a train carrying the latest version of Pup Pup Boogie can get through . 4b 4b `` Pups in a Fog '' Jamie Whitney Carolyn Hay August 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 19 ) September 5 , 2013 104 2.16 Cap'n Turbot is unable to lead a cruise ship away from Seal Island when the lighthouse goes dark , causing the pups to come to the rescue . 5a 5a `` Pup Pup Goose '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan August 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 22 ) September 6 , 2013 105 2.01 Marshall befriends a young gosling named Fuzzy . 5b 5b `` Pup Pup and Away '' Jamie Whitney Kim Duran August 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 22 ) September 6 , 2013 105 2.01 Adventure Bay 's Mayor Goodway competes against Foggy Bottom 's Mayor Humdinger in a hot - air balloon race . 6a 6a `` Pups on Ice '' Jamie Whitney Franklin Young January 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 08 ) September 9 , 2013 106 2.05 The pups decide to go snowboarding on a snowy day . 6b 6b `` Pups and the Snow Monster '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan January 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 08 ) September 9 , 2013 106 2.05 The pups are alerted to sightings of a mysterious snow creature and strange footprints in the snow near the ski resort . The pups investigates to prove that it does not exist . 7a 7a `` Pups Save the Circus '' Jamie Whitney Carolyn Hay August 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 21 ) September 10 , 2013 107 1.95 When a circus elephant goes missing , it is up to the pups to find her . 7b 7b `` Pup a Doodle Do '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan August 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 21 ) September 10 , 2013 107 1.95 Marshall , and Chase must rescue Chickaletta , and get taped for ' Hello Adventure Bay ' in the process . 8a 8a `` Pups Pit Crew '' Jamie Whitney Franklin Young August 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 26 ) September 11 , 2013 108 1.68 The pups help a young boy named Alex fix his broken tricycle and teach him a valuable lesson of taking new things slow . 8b 8b `` Pups Fight Fire '' Jamie Whitney Kim Duran August 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 26 ) September 11 , 2013 108 1.68 The pups helps Marshall prepare for a firefighting obstacle course to win the fastest fire pup trophy . 9a 9a `` Pups Save the Treats '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan September 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 30 ) September 12 , 2013 109 1.31 Zuma and Chase must save a food truck after it slides onto some thin ice . 9b 9b `` Pups Get a Lift '' Jamie Whitney Kim Duran September 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 30 ) September 12 , 2013 109 1.31 The chair lift at the ski resort breaks down . Everyone is able to evacuate the lift except for Katie and Cali who are stuck high above the snow . Ryder and the pups must help rescue Katie and Cali and repair the chair lift . 10 10 `` Pups and the Ghost Pirate '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan October 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 23 ) September 13 , 2013 110 2.08 Cap'n Turbot holds a Halloween party on a pirate ship , but it mysteriously drifts off along with a boat - load of passengers and a series of unexplained ghostly actions . the pups must board the ship and try to make sense of all the unexplained ghostly actions . 11 11 `` Pups Save Christmas '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan December 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 12 ) December 24 , 2013 111 2.60 When Santa 's Sleigh crashes and the reindeer run off , the pups have to help Santa finish delivering presents and save Christmas . 12a 12a `` Pups Get a Rubble '' Jamie Whitney Carolyn Hay September 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 18 ) September 17 , 2013 112 1.55 This episode is a flashback story of how Rubble was found , and how he joined the PAW Patrol . 12b 12b `` Pups Save a Walrus '' Jamie Whitney Scott Albert September 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 18 ) September 17 , 2013 112 1.55 Wally the Walrus gets tangled in an old fishing net after trying to complete a trick for Cap'n Turbot . 13a 13a `` Pups Save the Bunnies '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan August 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) September 18 , 2013 113 2.06 The pups are called to relocate a group of rabbits that have invaded a farmer 's carrot patch . 13b 13b `` Pup - tacular '' Jamie Whitney Kim Duran August 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) September 18 , 2013 113 2.06 Katie wants to enter one of the Pups in the Puptaclar Dog Show but has trouble when each pup she plans to enter is called to help in rescuing Mayor Goodway and Chickaletta who have gotten swept out to sea on a rowboat , leaving Rocky as the only pup who can enter in time for the show . To help Katie , Rocky is forced to confront his fear of water in order to take a bath to be ready for dog show . 14a 14a `` Pups Save the Bay '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan September 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 16 ) October 21 , 2013 114 1.36 Cap'n Turbot needs the help of Katie and the pups to clean up a whale who has been coated in oil . 14b 14b `` Pups Save a Goodway '' Jamie Whitney Simon Nicholson September 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 16 ) October 21 , 2013 114 1.36 Cap'n Turbot accidentally allows for the statue of Mayor Goodway 's great - great - grandfather to fall to the sea floor . 15a 15a `` Pups Save a Hoedown '' Jamie Whitney Sheila Dinsmore October 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 02 ) October 28 , 2013 115 1.77 Out - of - towner Farmer Al 's herd of cows escape from their train car during Adventure Bay 's Western Town Hoedown . It is up to the pups to wrangle them up before the train leaves . 15b 15b `` Pups Save Alex '' Jamie Whitney Scott Albert October 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 02 ) October 28 , 2013 115 1.77 The pups must rescue Cali when she finds herself stuck on top of a silo . 16a 16a `` Pups Save a School Day '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan November 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 12 ) October 29 , 2013 116 1.54 It is the first day of school for a little boy named Alex . However , he lost his backpack , so the pups agree to help him find it . Easier said than done when Alex says that his backpack could be in many places around Adventure Bay , prompting all the pups to be deployed to all corners of the city . Not to mention they have limited time before the school bus arrives . 16b 16b `` Pups Turn on the Lights '' Jamie Whitney Scott Albert November 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 12 ) October 29 , 2013 116 1.54 Everyone is planning a surprise birthday party for Chase at Katie 's vet clinic . However , the party is put on delay because of a major wind storm that breaks one of the power windmills , leaving a chunk of Adventure Bay in a blackout . Rocky and Marshall are deployed to the windmills to fix them while the rest continue with preparing for Chase 's surprise party . 17a 17a `` Pups Save a Pool Day '' Jamie Whitney John Van Bruggen November 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 13 ) October 30 , 2013 117 1.89 Katie and a group of younger children are disappointed when the pool is empty . 17b 17b `` Circus Pup Formers '' Jamie Whitney Kim Duran November 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 13 ) October 30 , 2013 117 1.89 When the animals do n't show up in time for the circus to start , the pups step in to help . 18 18 `` Pups Save the Easter Egg Hunt '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan April 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 14 ) April 19 , 2014 118 2.12 It is Adventure Bay 's annual Easter Egg Hunt and the pups are excited to help with the egg decorating . The hunt for a very special egg leads the pups on an exciting adventure . 19a 19a `` Pups Save a Super Pup '' Jamie Whitney Kim Duran January 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 10 ) August 2 , 2014 119 1.81 Rubble gets into trouble while pretending to be like his favorite super hero , Apollo the Super Pup . 19b 19b `` Pups Save Ryder 's Robot '' Jamie Whitney Scott Albert January 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 10 ) August 2 , 2014 119 1.81 Ryder 's new robotic pup malfunctions after its antenna breaks . 20a 20a `` Pups Go All Monkey '' Jamie Whitney Scott Albert March 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) February 8 , 2014 120 2.05 Katie , and the pups chase after an escaped baby monkey named Mandy . 20b 20b `` Pups Save a Hoot '' Jamie Whitney Simon Nicholson March 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) February 8 , 2014 120 2.05 Chase befriends a baby owl and with the pups helps rescue its mother who is trapped in the knothole of a fallen tree . 21a 21a `` Pups Save a Bat '' Jamie Whitney Kim Duran March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) February 15 , 2014 121 2.17 A bat becomes separated from his colony and falls asleep on City Hall Bell , which Mayor Goodway need to ring in order to wake Chickaletta from her nap . The pups must return the bat to its colony but have to deal with an eagle who has made its nest near the bat 's cave , which was preventing the bat from entering the cave . 21b 21b `` Pups Save a Toof '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) February 15 , 2014 121 2.17 Chase finds he has a loose tooth , but is terrified of going to the dentist to have it examined . He is taught later that everyone has fears , and decides to face his . 22a 22a `` Pups Save the Camping Trip '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan May 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 22 ) February 22 , 2014 122 N / A Skye and Rocky are excited to go on their Pup Scouts camping trip , and the rest of the pups join in when Chickaletta falls into a crevice . 22b 22b `` Pups and the Trouble with Turtles '' Jamie Whitney Franklin Young May 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 22 ) February 22 , 2014 122 N / A The Lookout is invaded by a group of cute freshwater turtles . 23a 23a `` Pups and the Beanstalk '' Jamie Whitney Kim Duran May 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 20 ) March 1 , 2014 123 1.75 Rubble has a wondrous dream , similar to `` Jack and the Beanstalk , '' in which Marshall grows a giant beanstalk . 23b 23b `` Pups Save the Turbots '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan May 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 20 ) March 1 , 2014 123 1.75 Francois gets involved in Cap'n Turbot 's quest to take a picture of the rare blue - footed booby bird . 24a 24a `` Pups and the Lighthouse Boogie '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan May 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) March 8 , 2014 124 1.57 Cap'n Turbot has accidentally locked himself inside the lighthouse , so it is up to the pups to rescue a rowboat drifting out to sea . 24b 24b `` Pups Save Ryder '' Jamie Whitney Scott Albert May 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) March 8 , 2014 124 1.57 When Ryder and a goat named Garbi are trapped on a ledge at Big View Trail , it is up to the pups to save them . 25a 25a `` Pups Great Race '' Jamie Whitney Kim Duran May 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 08 ) March 15 , 2014 125 1.75 The pups want to race each other to see who is the fastest . 25b 25b `` Pups Take the Cake '' Jamie Whitney Kim Duran May 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 08 ) March 15 , 2014 125 1.75 The pups help build an entry for the Biggest and Tastiest Cake Contest . 26 26 `` Pups and the Pirate Treasure '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan August 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) March 22 , 2014 126 N / A The pups searches for the treasure of the infamous Pirate Captain Blackfur after Cap'n Turbot accidentally ends up in Blackfur 's secret pirate cave . Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled PAW Patrol ( season 2 ) . ( Discuss ) ( February 2018 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by U.S. air date Canadian air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 27a 1a `` Pups Save the Penguins '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan August 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 22 ) August 27 , 2014 201 N / A A group of penguins has been stealing items from Cap'n Turbot 's boat , and it is up to the Pups to stop them and bring them back to the South Pole . ( This episode marks the debut of Chase 's super spy equipment . ) 27b 1b `` Pups Save a Dolphin Pup '' Jamie Whitney Kim Duran August 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 22 ) August 27 , 2014 201 N / A The pups and Cap'n Turbot help a baby dolphin who has wandered into a narrow stream get back to the bay . 28a 2a `` Pups Save the Space Alien '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan August 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 13 ) August 29 , 2014 202 2.04 An alien inadvertently crash - lands on Earth , and the pups try to repair his spaceship so he can return home . 28b 2b `` Pups Save a Flying Frog '' Jamie Whitney Kim Duran August 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 13 ) August 29 , 2014 202 2.04 Marshall gets a pet frog , and it jumps into a helicopter prior to a big frog - jumping competition . 29a 3a `` Pups Save Jake '' Jamie Whitney Kacey Arnold September 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 16 ) August 27 , 2014 203 N / A The pups must rescue a skier named Jake when his ankle gets stuck between some fallen rocks . ( This episode marks the debut of Marshall 's EMT equipment . ) 29b 3b `` Pups Save the Parade '' Jamie Whitney Amy Keating Rogers September 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 16 ) August 27 , 2014 203 N / A Katie 's bathtub float flies away , and the pups must retrieve it . 30a 4a `` Pups Save the Diving Bell '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan September 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 17 ) October 4 , 2014 204 1.45 Cap'n Turbot and Francois get stuck at the bottom of the ocean in their new diving bell . 30b 4b `` Pups Save the Beavers '' Jamie Whitney Scott Albert September 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 17 ) October 4 , 2014 204 1.45 The pups helps out when a storm washes away a local beaver dam . 31a 5a `` Pups Save a Ghost '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan October 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 20 ) November 22 , 2014 205 1.43 Marshall 's sleepwalking begins to cause trouble around the Lookout . 31b 5b `` Pups Save a Show '' Jamie Whitney Kim Duran October 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 20 ) November 22 , 2014 205 1.43 Marshall 's medieval - themed performance is put at risk when Cap'n Turbot 's castle prop collapses on top of him . However , Marshall has been selected to be King Arthur after Chase falls ill . 32 6 `` The New Pup '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan November 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 14 ) October 18 , 2014 206 1.63 The pups journeys to the South Pole , where they meet a husky named Everest . 33a 7a `` Pups ' Jungle Trouble '' Jamie Whitney Kacey Arnold November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) November 15 , 2014 207 1.24 The pups chases after a monkey who is lost in a temple . 33b 7b `` Pups Save a Herd '' Jamie Whitney Kim Duran November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) November 15 , 2014 207 1.24 Chase participates in a herding competition . 34a 8a `` Pups and the Big Freeze '' Jamie Whitney Franklin Young November 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 20 ) February 11 , 2015 208 N / A A wintertime storm causes trouble all over Adventure Bay . 34b 8b `` Pups Save a Basketball Game '' Jamie Whitney Kim Duran November 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 20 ) February 11 , 2015 208 N / A Marshall is nervous about playing in the PAW Patrol basketball team . Chase lets Marshall sit out , but when Zuma and Rocky get injured , Marshall is forced to take over . 35a 9a `` Pups Save an Ace '' Jamie Whitney Kim Duran October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) November 8 , 2014 209 1.24 Skye and the Pups must save Skye 's favorite stunt pilot and her plane before it sinks into the ocean . 35b 9b `` Pups Save a Wedding '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) November 8 , 2014 209 1.24 The pups rebuilds the farmhouse when it is destroyed by a storm . 36a 10a `` Pups Save a Talent Show '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) February 13 , 2015 210 N / A The pups becomes a band and performs at the Adventure Bay Talent Show . 36b 10b `` Pups Save the Corn Roast '' Jamie Whitney Amy Keating Rogers January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) February 13 , 2015 210 N / A The pups must find Chickaletta when she is trapped inside a corn maze filled with popcorn . 37a 11a `` Pups Leave Marshall Home Alone '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan January 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 08 ) February 7 , 2015 211 1.87 Katie calls with an emergency while Marshall is the only pup available . 37b 11b `` Pups Save the Deer '' Jamie Whitney Amy Keating Rogers January 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 08 ) February 7 , 2015 211 1.87 Cap'n Turbot goes ice fishing and finds a family of deer stranded out on the ice . 38a 12a `` Pups Save the Parrot '' Jamie Whitney Scott Albert March 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 02 ) February 14 , 2015 212 1.54 The gang travels to a jungle to look for a missing parrot . 38b 12b `` Pups Save the Queen Bee '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan March 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 02 ) February 14 , 2015 212 1.54 Cap'n Turbot finds a beehive inside his lighthouse . 39 13 `` Pups Save a Mer - Pup '' Jamie Whitney Amy Keating Rogers March 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 20 ) February 18 , 2015 213 1.90 Cap'n Turbot tells of a mystical sea creature known as a mer - pup , and it turns out that the animal truly exists . 40a 14a `` Pups Save an Elephant Family '' Jamie Whitney Elizabeth Keyishian March 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 06 ) February 19 , 2015 214 1.69 Cap'n Turbot and Francois want to take a picture of the jungle 's wildlife , and end up reuniting a family of elephants with the help of the pups . 40b 14b `` Pups and the Mischievous Kittens '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan March 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 06 ) February 19 , 2015 214 1.69 A group of rowdy kittens wreak havoc on the town . 41a 15a `` Pups Save a Friend '' Jamie Whitney Kim Duran February 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) March 7 , 2015 215 1.38 A misunderstanding results in Marshall feeling as if he can not do anything right . 41b 15b `` Pups Save a Stowaway '' Jamie Whitney Scott Albert February 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) March 7 , 2015 215 1.38 Cali tags along with the PAW Patrol on their road trip . 42a 16a `` Pups Adventures In Babysitting '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler Sullivan March 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) March 14 , 2015 216 1.39 The pups babysit the mayor 's twin niece and nephew . 42b 16b `` Pups Save the Fireworks '' Jamie Whitney Kim Duran March 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) March 14 , 2015 216 1.39 Adventure Bay is putting on a firework show . Mayor Goodway receives a package of piglets instead of the fireworks she was expecting . Now the pups must sort out the mailing issue and get the fireworks to Cap'n Turbot 's boat before the show starts . 43a 17a `` Pups Save a Sniffle '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler - Sullivan April 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 07 ) March 21 , 2015 217 1.93 Katie takes care of Chase , Zuma and Skye when they catch a cold and start sneezing . 43b 17b `` Pups and the Ghost Cabin '' Jamie Whitney Scott Albert April 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 07 ) March 21 , 2015 217 1.93 The pups believe that an old cabin is haunted . 44a 18a `` Pups Save an Adventure '' Jamie Whitney Scott Albert April 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 09 ) May 27 , 2015 218 N / A Marshall is able to use his vast knowledge of fire safety at a campsite . 44b 18b `` Pups Save a Surprise '' Jamie Whitney Kim Duran April 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 09 ) May 27 , 2015 218 N / A All of Adventure Bay surprises the pups with an appreciation party , which they set up as the pups help Cap'n Turbot find Wally . 45 19 `` Pup - Fu ! '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler - Sullivan October 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 16 ) September 1 , 2015 219 1.68 The pups must retrieve an ancient scroll that has been stolen . 46a 20a `` Pups Save the Mayor 's Race '' Jamie Whitney Kim Duran May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) TBA 220 1.34 The pups helps out at the Annual Mayor 's Race and discovers that Mayor Humdinger is cheating . 46b 20b `` Pups Save an Outlaw 's Loot '' Jamie Whitney Franklin Young May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) TBA 220 1.34 The pups tries to find a treasure chest and add it to the Adventure Bay Museum . 47a 21a `` Pups Save Walinda '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler - Sullivan May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) TBA 221 1.35 Cap'n Turbot is concerned when Wally the Walrus does not show up at his party . 47b 21b `` Pups Save a Big Bone '' Jamie Whitney Scott Albert May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) TBA 221 1.35 Cap'n Turbot and Francois uncover the final bone of a dinosaur skeleton . 48a 22a `` Pups Save a Floundering Francois '' Jamie Whitney Scott Albert May 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 29 ) TBA 222 1.30 Francois is lost at sea during a storm after he takes Cap'n Turbot 's boat . 48b 22b `` Pups Save the Pop - Up Penguins '' Jamie Whitney Kim Duran May 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 29 ) TBA 222 1.30 The pups must find a group of stowaway penguins and return them to their home . 49a 23a `` Pups Save a Snowboard Competition '' Jamie Whitney Elizabeth Keyishian December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) September 3 , 2015 223 1.23 The course for a snowboard competition is covered in snow . 49b 23b `` Pups Save a Chicken of the Sea '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler - Sullivan December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) September 3 , 2015 223 1.23 Cap'n Turbot upgrades his diving bell with a talking computer named Seabee , who is able to follow commands . 50a 24a `` Pups Save a Pizza '' Jamie Whitney Kim Duran August 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 24 ) August 27 , 2015 224 1.49 The pups must rescue a van full of pizza that has rolled onto the ice . 50b 24b `` Pups Save Skye '' Jamie Whitney Kim Duran August 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 24 ) August 27 , 2015 224 1.49 Skye crash - lands in the snow and she loses her pup tag . 51a 25a `` Pups Save the Woof and Roll Show '' Jamie Whitney Kim Duran September 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 18 ) September 15 , 2015 225 1.17 A music star visits Adventure Bay . 51b 25b `` Pups Save an Eagle '' Jamie Whitney Scott Albert September 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 18 ) September 15 , 2015 225 1.17 Skye must get over her fear of eagles when an eagle needs help . 52 26 `` Pups Bark with Dinosaurs '' Jamie Whitney Ursula Ziegler - Sullivan October 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 02 ) September 16 , 2015 226 1.19 Cap'n Turbot and the pups head to the jungle to look for dinosaur fossils . Season 3 ( 2015 -- 17 ) ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled PAW Patrol ( season 3 ) . ( Discuss ) ( February 2018 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by U.S. air date Canadian air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 53a 1a `` Pups Find a Genie '' Jamie Whitney Kim Duran November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) November 28 , 2015 301 1.40 Rubble finds an old brass jack - in - the - box with a genie inside who grants him three wishes . 53b 1b `` Pups Save a Tightrope Walker '' Jamie Whitney Charles Johnston November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) November 28 , 2015 301 1.40 Francois tries to walk a tightrope from Adventure Bay 's bridge to the Lookout . 54a 2a `` Pups Save a Goldrush '' Jamie Whitney Scott Albert April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) January 9 , 2016 302 1.22 The pups search for gold using Rocky 's makeshift sifting tools . 54b 2b `` Pups Save the PAW Patroller '' Jamie Whitney Scott Albert April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) January 9 , 2016 302 1.22 The pups take a break from washing the PAW Patroller . When they return , the PAW Patroller is missing . 55a 3a `` Pups Save the Soccer Game '' Jamie Whitney Hugh Duffy January 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 22 ) January 16 , 2016 303 1.56 The pups discover that their opponents in a soccer match are cheating . 55b 3b `` Pups Save a Lucky Collar '' Jamie Whitney Alex Ganetakos January 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 22 ) January 16 , 2016 303 1.56 Marshall wins a supposedly lucky collar , leading him to take unnecessary risks while helping Cap'n Turbot save an owl . 56a 4a `` Pups Save Alex 's Mini-Patrol '' Jamie Whitney Michael Stokes March 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) February 18 , 2016 304 1.33 The pups prepare for Adventure Bay 's Tree Dedication Ceremony and end up receiving help from Alex Porter 's newly - formed `` mini-patrol . '' 56b 4b `` Pups Save a Lost Tooth '' Jamie Whitney Kim Duran March 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) February 18 , 2016 304 1.33 The pups ' boat ride with Cap'n Turbot is postponed when they must track down a lost tooth . 57 5 `` Air Pups '' Jamie Whitney Scott Albert January 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 29 ) February 13 , 2016 305 1.61 The pups use their new Air Patroller to find a family of monkeys working with Cap'n Turbot and Francois . 58 6 `` Pups Save Friendship Day '' Jamie Whitney Michael Stokes February 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 12 ) March 5 , 2016 306 1.39 The pups help deliver cards to everyone in Adventure Bay . 59a 7a `` Pups Save Apollo '' Charles E. Bastien Charles Johnston May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) March 31 , 2016 307 1.34 Rubble dreams about saving his idol , Apollo the Super-Pup , from an evil spider king . 59b 7b `` Pups Save the Hippos '' Charles E. Bastien Jeff Sweeney May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) March 31 , 2016 307 1.34 Zuma feels left out when he can not assist in a mission involving a trio of circus hippos . 60a 8a `` Pups Save Daring Danny X '' Charles E. Bastien Hugh Duffy March 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 24 ) April 16 , 2016 308 1.73 Chase uses the Air Patroller to save a wannabe daredevil . 60b 8b `` Pups in a Fix '' Charles E. Bastien Jeff Sweeney March 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 24 ) April 16 , 2016 308 1.73 Cap'n Turbot 's boat , the Flounder , is tuned up by Ryder 's robotic pup . 61a 9a `` Pups Save a Dragon '' Charles E. Bastien Kim Duran April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) April 30 , 2016 309 1.21 The pups performs a play in which Katie is a princess in a tower . 61b 9b `` Pups Save the Three Little Pigs '' Charles E. Bastien Alex Ganetakos April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) April 30 , 2016 309 1.21 Rubble builds a brick house for three pigs on a farm . 62a 10a `` Pups Save a Stinky Flower '' Charles E. Bastien Hugh Duffy October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) May 12 , 2016 310 1.06 Rocky turns his recycling truck into a boat so that he can bring a foul - smelling plant across the bay . 62b 10b `` Pups Save a Monkey - naut '' Charles E. Bastien Kim Duran October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) May 12 , 2016 310 1.06 A monkey 's space mission turns into a rescue after Cap'n Turbot finds out that the spaceship 's hatch is broken . 63a 11a `` Pups Save the Polar Bears '' Charles E. Bastien Kim Duran May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) May 19 , 2016 311 1.32 While on a trip to the Arctic , Cap'n Turbot needs the pups ' help to get a family of polar bears back together . 63b 11b `` A Pup in Sheep 's Clothing '' Charles E. Bastien Steven Sullivan May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) May 19 , 2016 311 1.32 Marshall puts on a sheep costume to find missing lambs on a farm . 64a 12a `` Pups Save a School Bus '' Charles E. Bastien Andrew Guerdat May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) May 26 , 2016 312 1.44 Rocky uses his tools to repair the tires on a school bus . 64b 12b `` Pups Save the Songbirds '' Charles E. Bastien Kim Duran May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) May 26 , 2016 312 1.44 Chase try to find Adventure Bay 's famous singing songbirds after the birds go missing . 65a 13a `` Pups Save Old Trusty '' Charles E. Bastien Jeff Sweeney and James Backshall May 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 26 ) July 23 , 2016 313 1.21 The pups discover that Adventure Bay 's geyser , Old Trusty , has been plugged up by a boulder . 65b 13b `` Pups Save a Pony '' Charles E. Bastien Scott Albert May 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 26 ) July 23 , 2016 313 1.21 The PAW Patroller gets stuck while the pups try to find a lost horse . 66a 14a `` Pups Save a Robo - Saurus '' Charles E. Bastien Steven Sullivan October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) June 23 , 2016 314 1.54 The pups set out to recover a missing robotic dinosaur . 66b 14b `` Pups Save a Film Festival '' Charles E. Bastien Jeff Sweeney and James Backshall October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) August 20 , 2016 314 1.54 The pups have trouble filming their entry for a film festival . 67 15 `` Tracker Joins the Pups ! '' Charles E. Bastien Andrew Guerdat and Steven Sullivan September 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) August 13 , 2016 315 1.59 The PAW Patrol 's newest member , Tracker , helps find an ancient crown . 68a 16a `` Pups Bear - ly Save Danny '' Charles E. Bastien Steven Sullivan October 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) August 14 , 2016 316 1.04 The boy from `` Pups Save Daring Danny X '' returns and tries to outperform Everest at snowboarding . 68b 16b `` Pups Save the Mayor 's Tulips '' Charles E. Bastien Kim Duran October 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) August 14 , 2016 316 1.04 Chase and Rocky are left in charge of guarding Mayor Goodway 's tulips . 69a 17a `` All Star Pups ! '' Charles E. Bastien Andrew Guerdat August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) August 20 , 2016 317 1.22 The pups compete against a team of monkeys as part of a charity kickball game . 69b 17b `` Pups Save Sports Day '' Charles E. Bastien Scott Albert August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) June 23 , 2016 317 1.22 The pups build a halfpipe ramp so that Everest can compete in a sporting event . 70a 18a `` Pups in a Jam '' Charles E. Bastien James Backshall and Jeff Sweeney November 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) August 21 , 2016 318 1.95 The pups take care of an ant infestation on the day of Adventure Bay 's jam festival . 70b 18b `` Pups Save a Windsurfing Pig '' Charles E. Bastien Kim Duran November 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) August 21 , 2016 318 1.95 Zuma tracks down a pig on a windsurfing board . 71a 19a `` Pups Get Growing '' Charles E. Bastien James Backshall and Jeff Sweeney November 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 08 ) September 17 , 2016 319 1.43 The pups must stop overgrown tomatoes from rolling around Adventure Bay . 71b 19b `` Pups Save a Space Toy '' Charles E. Bastien Andrew Guerdat November 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 08 ) September 17 , 2016 319 1.43 Marshall is beamed into the sky by space aliens . 72a 20a `` Pups Get Skunked '' Charles E. Bastien Charles Johnston December 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) September 24 , 2016 320 1.25 The pups ' hunt for berries is cut short when Everest is sprayed by a skunk . 72b 20b `` Pups and a Whale of a Tale '' Charles E. Bastien Andrew Guerdat December 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) September 24 , 2016 320 1.25 During a whale watching trip , Cap'n Turbot finds a baby whale trapped under an ice sheet . 73a 21a `` Parroting Pups '' Charles E. Bastien Andy Guerdat September 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) December 3 , 2016 321 1.52 Rocky loses his voice while visiting Tracker in the jungle , so a talkative parrot helps him fulfill his PAW Patrol duties . 73b 21b `` Merpups Save the Turbots '' Charles E. Bastien Scott Albert September 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) December 3 , 2016 321 1.52 Cap'n Turbot and Francois try to catch magical mer - pups on film . When they accidentally lure a giant sea slug on top of their diving bell in the process , the mer - pups must rescue them . 74 22 `` The Pups ' Winter Wonder Show '' Charles E. Bastien James Backshall and Jeff Sweeney December 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 02 ) December 1 , 2016 322 1.50 Tracker helps out when the pups need to find Cap'n Turbot 's skating penguins , who have gone missing during a blizzard . 75a 23a `` Pups Save the Gliding Turbots '' Charles E. Bastien Charles Johnston November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) December 17 , 2016 323 1.31 Cap'n Turbot and Francois break their hang glider while doing research on albino monkeys . 75b 23b `` Pups Save a Plane '' Charles E. Bastien Charles Johnston November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) December 17 , 2016 323 1.31 A flock of seagulls damages a wing flap on a plane that the mayor is piloting . 76a 24a `` Pups Save a Giant Plant '' Charles E. Bastien Steve Sullivan January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) December 31 , 2016 324 1.51 Tracker 's new Venus flytrap grows at an unexpected rate after being planted in an unsuitable area . 76b 24b `` Pups Get Stuck '' Charles E. Bastien James Backshall and Jeff Sweeney January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) December 31 , 2016 324 1.51 Rubble 's electromagnet falls into Marshall 's fire truck , magnetizing the vehicle and causing problems around the town . 77a 25a `` Pups Raise the PAW Patroller '' Charles E. Bastien Andrew Guerdat January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) January 7 , 2017 325 1.53 The pups must find a way to save their waterlogged 18 - wheeler after it sinks to the bottom of Adventure Bay . 77b 25b `` Pups Save the Crows '' Charles E. Bastien James Backshall and Jeff Sweeney January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) January 7 , 2017 325 1.53 Two crows start to steal objects from around Adventure Bay , including hats needed for the town 's `` Hat - a-palooza '' event . 78a 26a `` Pups Save Their Floating Friends '' Charles E. Bastien Scott Albert January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) January 14 , 2017 326 1.34 A `` floating ray '' from outer space causes the people of Adventure Bay to float in mid-air . 78b 26b `` Pups Save a Satellite '' Charles E. Bastien Alex Ganetakos January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) January 14 , 2017 326 1.34 The pups must stop an out - of - orbit satellite from crashing in time to catch Rubble 's favourite TV show . Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled PAW Patrol ( season 4 ) . ( Discuss ) ( February 2018 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by U.S. air date Canadian air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 79a 1a `` Pups Save a Blimp '' Charles E. Bastien Steve Sullivan and Andy Guerdat February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) March 4 , 2017 401 1.41 Cap'n Turbot grows attached to his new invention , a computerized weather blimp named `` Blimpie . '' 79b 1b `` Pups Save a Chili Cook - Off '' Charles E. Bastien Alex Ganetakos February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) March 4 , 2017 401 1.41 The pups sing a country song and make `` cowboy chili '' for Adventure Bay 's chili cook - off . 80a 2a `` Pups Save a Teeny Penguin '' Charles E. Bastien Andy Guerdat and Steve Sullivan February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) March 11 , 2017 402 1.54 After her effort to save a stranded penguin fails , Everest needs to be rescued herself . 80b 2b `` Pups Save the Cat Show '' Charles E. Bastien James Backshall and Jeff Sweeney February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) March 11 , 2017 402 1.54 The pups try to locate a group of cats after Adventure Bay 's cat show is sabotaged . 81a 3a `` Pups Save a Playful Dragon '' Charles E. Bastien Charles Johnston April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) March 18 , 2017 403 1.58 After reading a fantasy book , Rubble dreams that the dragon from the story comes to life . 81b 3b `` Pups Save the Critters '' Charles E. Bastien Charles Johnston April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) March 18 , 2017 403 1.58 Francois is preparing to give an animal presentation at school when the creatures in his truck escape . 82 `` Mission PAW : Quest for the Crown '' Charles E. Bastien Steve Sullivan and Andy Guerdat March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) March 25 , 2017 404 1.89 Ryder launches a rescue mission after Chase goes missing . 83a 5a `` Pups Save a Sleepover '' Charles E. Bastien Steve Sullivan and Andy Guerdat April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) May 6 , 2017 405 1.16 The pups set up a sleepover for a group of barn animals . 83b 5b `` Pups Save the Carnival '' Charles E. Bastien Louise Moon April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) May 6 , 2017 405 1.16 The pups investigate the disappearance of prizes at a carnival . 84a 6a `` Pups Save Jake 's Cake '' Charles E. Bastien Steve Sullivan and Andy Guerdat April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) May 13 , 2017 406 1.44 The pups must bring an enormous ice cream cake to the top of a mountain . 84b 6b `` Pups Save a Wild Ride '' Charles E. Bastien James Backshall and Jeff Sweeney April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) May 13 , 2017 406 1.44 The pups use special `` I - Do , You Do '' bracelets to help them learn dance moves . 85a 7a `` Mission PAW : Royally Spooked ! '' Charles E. Bastien Steve Sullivan and Andy Guerdat April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) May 20 , 2017 407 1.94 The pups returns to Barkingburg to investigate a seemingly haunted castle . 85b 7b `` Pups Save Monkey - Dinger '' Charles E. Bastien Scott Albert April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) May 20 , 2017 407 1.94 The PAW Patrol works to return a stolen monkey mask to a jungle temple . 86a 8a `` Pups Save the Flying Food '' Charles E. Bastien Steve Sullivan and Andy Guerdat May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) May 27 , 2017 408 1.40 The pups must stop out - of - control delivery drones from dropping meals across Adventure Bay . 86b 8b `` Pups Save a Ferris Wheel '' Charles E. Bastien Charles Johnston May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) May 27 , 2017 408 1.40 Ryder uses the Air Patroller to stop a runaway ferris wheel and return it to City Hall . 87a 9a `` Pups Save a Sleepwalking Bear '' Charles E. Bastien Louise Moon October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) June 17 , 2017 409 1.11 One of the entries at the Adventure Bay snow sculpture festival turns out to be a real bear covered in snow . 87b 9b `` Pups Save Dude Ranch Danny '' Charles E. Bastien Steve Sullivan and Andy Guerdat October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) June 17 , 2017 409 1.11 The PAW Patrol takes a trip to a dude ranch , where they embark on a Western trail ride . 88 10 `` Mission PAW : Pups Save the Royal Throne '' Charles E. Bastien Steve Sullivan and Andy Guerdat May 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 26 ) June 24 , 2017 410 1.55 The pups must come to the rescue when Sweetie plans to steal the royal throne so that she can rule . 89a 11a `` Pups Save Big Hairy '' Charles E. Bastien James Backshall and Jeff Sweeney August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) July 1 , 2017 411 1.25 A giant monkey follows the PAW Patrol home after a trip to the jungle . 89b 11b `` Pups Save a Flying Kitty '' Charles E. Bastien Al Schwartz August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) July 1 , 2017 411 1.25 While birdwatching , Marshall and Cap'n Turbot spot a kitten stuck in a mountainside tree . 90a 12a `` Pups Party with Bats '' Charles E. Bastien Louise Moon November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) July 8 , 2017 412 1.21 Rubble prepares to be a disc jockey at an Adventure Bay dance party . 90b 12b `` Pups Save Sensei Yumi '' Charles E. Bastien Scott Albert November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) July 8 , 2017 412 1.21 A windstorm interrupts Marshall 's `` Pup - Fu '' training , allowing him to use his skills in real life . 91 13 `` Sea Patrol : Pups Save a Baby Octopus '' Charles E. Bastien James Backshall and Jeff Sweeney July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) September 9 , 2017 413 2.50 Cap'n Turbot 's boat , the Flounder , is sunk by a large pink octopus . 92a 14a `` Pups Save the Runaway Kitties '' Charles E. Bastien Steve Sullivan and Andy Guerdat August 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 21 ) September 16 , 2017 414 1.40 The PAW Patrol tracks down six floating kittens . 92b 14b `` Pups Save Tiny Marshall '' Charles E. Bastien Tom Berger August 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 21 ) September 16 , 2017 414 1.40 Marshall takes a nap after a game of `` pupball '' and dreams that he has been shrunk down to the size of an ant . 93a 15a `` Pups Chill Out '' Charles E. Bastien Louise Moon August 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 23 ) September 23 , 2017 415 1.34 The pups are treated to frozen `` puppy pops '' during a heatwave . 93b 15b `` Pups Save Farmer Alex '' Charles E. Bastien Al Schwartz August 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 23 ) September 23 , 2017 415 1.34 Cap'n Turbot and Francois set up their own `` Tour de Turbot '' race , but stampeding farm animals threaten the event . 94a 16a `` Sea Patrol : Pups Save a Shark '' Charles E. Bastien Scott Albert September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) September 30 , 2017 416 1.44 The PAW Patrol investigates after reports of a shark near Adventure Beach . 94b 16b `` Sea Patrol : Pups Save the Pier '' Charles E. Bastien Al Schwartz September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) September 30 , 2017 416 1.44 Francois sculpts a statue of himself using jelly , attracting hungry animals to the pier . 95a 17a `` Pups Save a Space Rock '' Charles E. Bastien Louise Moon September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) October 7 , 2017 417 1.33 Cap'n Turbot and Francois discover a rock - like space alien in the forest . 95b 17b `` Pups Save a Good Mayor '' Charles E. Bastien James Backshall and Jeff Sweeney September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) October 7 , 2017 417 1.33 Problems arise all over Adventure Bay and the city 's mayor is nowhere to be found . 96a 18a `` Pups Save a City Kitty '' Charles E. Bastien Andy Guerdat and Steve Sullivan September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) October 14 , 2017 418 1.06 Everest holds a sleepover with Cali the cat in her mountain cabin , but Cali becomes homesick and runs off . 96b 18b `` Pups Save a Cloud Surfer '' Charles E. Bastien James Backshall and Jeff Sweeney September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) October 14 , 2017 418 1.06 Cap'n Turbot calls in the Air Patroller to save a surfer who has been thrust into the air by strong winds . 97 19 `` Sea Patrol : Pirate Pups to the Rescue '' Charles E. Bastien Steve Sullivan and Andy Guerdat October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) October 21 , 2017 419 1.07 While searching for buried treasure , Tracker becomes stuck in a booby trap on a desert island . 98a 20a `` Pups Save the Mail '' Charles E. Bastien Al Schwartz October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) February 10 , 2018 420 1.51 A mail truck gets stuck in mud , allowing a group of monkeys to make off with a present made by Tracker . 98b 20b `` Pups Save a Frog Mayor '' Charles E. Bastien Louise Moon October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) February 10 , 2018 420 1.51 Rubble takes a nap and dreams that the mayor has turned into a frog . 99a 21a `` Pups Save the Runaway Turtles '' Charles E. Bastien Scott Albert November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) February 17 , 2018 421 1.03 Sea turtle eggs are about to hatch and Cap'n Turbot hopes to take a picture of the newborns . 99b 21b `` Pups Save the Shivering Sheep '' Charles E. Bastien James Backshall and Jeff Sweeney November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) February 17 , 2018 421 1.03 Ryder and Rocky build a sheep - shearing machine , but it malfunctions after the Kitten Catastrophe Crew gets ahold of it . 100a 22a `` Sea Patrol : Pups Save a Frozen Flounder '' Charles E. Bastien Scott Albert November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) January 6 , 2018 422 1.13 Cap'n Turbot and Francois get carried away with thumb wars and accidentally leave the Flounder unattended , letting it freeze over . 100b 22b `` Sea Patrol : Pups Save a Narwhal '' Charles E. Bastien Louise Moon November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) January 6 , 2018 422 1.13 Cap'n Turbot identifies a lone narwhal near Adventure Beach and the Sea Patrol must help the animal to return to its pod . 101a 23a `` Pups Save Luke Stars '' Charles E. Bastien Louise Moon March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) January 13 , 2018 423 1.03 Ryder and Marshall come to the aid of a pop star who has gotten stuck on a ledge . 101b 23b `` Pups Save Chicken Day '' Charles E. Bastien Jason McKenzie March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) January 13 , 2018 423 1.03 Chickaletta the chicken disappears shortly before a celebration in her honor . 102a 24a `` Pups Save Francois the Penguin '' Charles E. Bastien Al Schwartz January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) January 20 , 2018 424 1.25 Francois puts on a penguin costume while trying to photograph macaroni penguins . 102b 24b `` Pups Save Daring Danny 's Hippo '' Charles E. Bastien Andy Guerdat and Steve Sullivan January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) January 20 , 2018 424 1.25 The pups get a chance to perform at a circus after they help track down one of the show 's missing hippos . 103a 25a `` Pups Save Baby Humdinger '' Charles E. Bastien Hugh Duffy February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) January 27 , 2018 425 1.09 During a trip to Adventure Bay , Tracker takes a nap and dreams that Mayor Humdinger has become a baby . 103b 25b `` Pups Save a Piñata '' Charles E. Bastien Hugh Duffy February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) January 27 , 2018 425 1.09 While helping out with decorations for a townwide party , the pups discover that the celebration 's piñata has disappeared . 104 26 `` Sea Patrol : Pups Save Puplantis '' Charles E. Bastien Louise Moon January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) February 3 , 2018 426 1.95 Cap'n Turbot , Ryder , and the pups visit the merpups ' undersea kingdom . Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled PAW Patrol ( season 5 ) . ( Discuss ) ( February 2018 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by U.S. air date Canadian air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 105a 1a `` Pups Save the Kitty Rescue Crew '' Charles E. Bastien Louise Moon February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) TBA 501 1.21 The Kitten Catastrophe Crew tries to upstage the PAW Patrol by creating their own rescue missions . 105b 1b `` Pups Save an Ostrich '' Charles E. Bastien James Backshall and Jeff Sweeney February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) TBA 501 1.21 Cap'n Turbot brings an ostrich named Oscar to Adventure Bay , and the bird is soon adopted . 106a 2a `` Pups Save Big Paw '' Charles E. Bastien Louise Moon February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) TBA 502 1.03 Tracker and Skye investigate the disappearance of a golden relic . 106b 2b `` Pups Save a Hum - Mover '' Charles E. Bastien Michael Stokes February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) TBA 502 1.03 Rocky builds a transportation system for Mayor Goodway 's rival , Mayor Humdinger . 107a 3a `` Sea Patrol : Pups Save the Sunken Sloop '' Charles E. Bastien Hugh Duffy February 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 19 ) TBA 503 1.33 A pirate named Sid Swashbuckle tries to steal treasure from a submerged ship in the bay . 107b 3b `` Sea Patrol : Pups Save a Wiggly Whale '' Charles E. Bastien James Backshall and Jeff Sweeney February 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 19 ) TBA 503 1.33 Cap'n Turbot and Francois are chased by an unhappy whale with driftwood stuck in its teeth . 108a 4a `` Pups Save a High Flying Skye '' Charles E. Bastien Michael Stokes March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) TBA 504 1.43 A thunderstorm causes a power outage in Adventure Bay while Skye is in the middle of a mission . 108b 4b `` Pups Go for the Gold '' Charles E. Bastien Andy Guerdat and Steve Sullivan March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) TBA 504 1.43 Rubble sets up a barricade to stop an out - of - control mine cart . 109a 5a `` Pups Save an Extreme Lunch '' Charles E. Bastien Scott Albert March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) TBA 505 1.30 The pups set up their own restaurant , `` The Puppy Cafe '' . 109b 5b `` Pups Save a Cat Burglar '' Charles E. Bastien Al Schwartz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) TBA 505 1.30 The pups are preparing for Adventure Bay 's Pie Swap Day when a bear walks into town , following the pies ' scent . 110a 6a `` Sea Patrol : Pups Save the Flying Diving Bell '' Charles E. Bastien Louise Moon April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) TBA 506 1.02 Cap'n Turbot and Francois use their diving bell to detect a newly - formed submarine volcano that is about to erupt . 110b 6b `` Sea Patrol : Pups Save a Soggy Farm '' Charles E. Bastien Andy Guerdat and Steve Sullivan April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) TBA 506 1.02 The pups investigate a flooded farm and discover that a storm drain has been blocked . 111a 7a `` Pups Save the Bookmobile '' Charles E. Bastien Michael Stokes May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) TBA TBA 0.92 Everest calls Ryder to alert him of an out - of - control book truck . 111b 7b `` Pups Save Heady Humdinger '' Charles E. Bastien Michael Stokes May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) TBA TBA 0.92 Rubble builds a ramp out of rocks to get the Kitten Catastrophe Crew 's bulldozer down from a cliff . 112a 8a `` Pups Save the Butterflies '' Charles E. Bastien Michael Stokes May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) TBA TBA TBD Skye uses her super-sonic wings to find out where a group of butterflies is coming from . 112b 8b `` Pups Save an Underground Chicken '' Charles E. Bastien Hugh Duffy May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) TBA TBA TBD The PAW Patrol investigates the disappearance of Adventure Bay 's Chickaletta statue . 113 9 `` Sea Patrol : Pups Save the Pirated Sea Patroller '' TBA TBA May 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) TBA TBA TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Page 18 - Spin Master Corp . Fiscal 2016 Third Quarter Results Conference Call '' ( PDF ) . Spin Master . November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Picks Up Second Season of PAW Patrol , TV 's Number - One Preschool Series '' ( PDF ) . Nickelodeon Press . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Renews 4 Animated Series as Part of Growing Preschool Slate ( Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol '' . Screener / Zap2it . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z -- paw patrol on nickelodeon '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( November 23 , 2013 ) . `` Son Of the Bronx : Nickelodeon , Nick Jr. , NickToons , TeenNick and Nick at Nite ratings ( November 11 -- 17 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondology , Amanda ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Catfish ' , ' The Game ' , & ' Amish Mafia ' Tie for Top Spot + ' The Legend of Shelby the Swamp Man ' , ' Suits ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : The Futon Critic , Staff ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : `` Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta , '' `` Major Crimes '' Remain on Top `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( August 31 , 2013 ) . `` Nickelodeon ratings ( August 19 -- 25 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Wins Night , ' My Strange Addiction ' , ' Psych ' , ' Real World Ex-Plosion ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondology , Amanda ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Dominates + ' Modern Dads ' , ' Deal With It ' , ' Here Comes Honey Boo Boo ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( September 7 , 2013 ) . `` Nickelodeon ratings ( August 19 -- 25 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` Nickelodeon , Nick Jr. , NickToons , TeenNick and Nick at Nite ratings ( September 30 -- October 6 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Leads Night + ' American Horror Story ' , ' South Park ' , ' Million Dollar Listing ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Ground Floor ' , ' Project Runway All Stars ' , ' Mob Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( September 28 , 2013 ) . `` Nickelodeon , Nick Jr. , NickToons , TeenNick and Nick at Nite ratings ( September 16 -- 22 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondology , Amanda ( August 29 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Dominates + ' Modern Dads ' , ' Here Comes Honey Boo Boo ' , ' Futurama ' , ' The Challenge : Rivals II ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Teen Mom 3 ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Wins Night , ' Bad Ink ' , ' South Park ' , ' Miley : The Movement ' , ' The Bridge ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Wins Night , ' South Park ' , ' Key & Peele ' , ' Extreme Cheapskates ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Archer ' , ' Dallas ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( January 18 , 2014 ) . `` Nickelodeon , Nick Jr. , NickToons , TeenNick and Nick at Nite ratings ( January 6 -- 12 , 2014 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Blogger . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Wins Night , ' Wahlburgers ' , ' Workaholics ' , ' Real World ' , ' Psych ' , ' The Americans ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 10 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Wins Night + ' WWE Friday Night Smackdown ' , NBA Basketball , ' Game of Stones ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Conference Finals Lead Night + ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Ink Master ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night + ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NFL Draft Coverage Rules Night + ' SportsCenter ' , NBA Playoffs , ' The Challenge : Free Agents ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Tops Night + ' Zombie Sharks ' , ' Spawn of Jaws ' , ' Teen Mom II ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night , ' The Daily Show ' , ' The Bridge ' , ' Couples Therapy ' , ' Impact Wrestling ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Night + ' SportsCenter ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Love & Hip Hop Hollywood ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Tops Night + ' Friday Night SmackDown ' , ' Edge of Alaska ' , NBA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + College Basketball , ' Anarchy Afterword ' , ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Tops Night + ' Key & Peele ' , ' Melissa & Joey ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Archer ' Wins Night , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' The First 48 ' , ' Ridiculousness ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Nationals : Fox 's ' The Following ' Returns with Mixed Results '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Note : Pertinent information found in comments . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : NCAA Basketball Dominates Night + ' Bring It ! ' , ' Children 's Hospital ' , ' Newsreaders ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Tops Night + ' Gold Rush : The Dirt ' , ' Bring It ! ' , NBA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Nationals : CBS Leads in Viewers as ABC Wins Among Adults 18 -- 49 '' . TV Media Insights . Cross Mediaworks . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Nationals : Modest Start to ' CSI : Cyber ' on CBS , ' Empire ' on Fox Rises for 8th Straight Week '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Note : Pertinent information found in comments . ^ Jump up to : Baron , Steve ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' Tops Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Friday cable ratings : ' Gold Rush ' premiere tops a quiet evening , plus ' Girl Meets World , ' Adult Swim '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 5.12. 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 5.14. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 5.29. 2015 '' . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.4. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.24. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Friday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : 9.18. 2015 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pups Bark with Dinosaurs '' . Zap2it . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 10.2. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.locatetv.com/tv/paw-patrol/9510811 ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Friday cable ratings : Golden State Warriors and ' Gold Rush ' lead the way '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Vikings ' ticks up , ' WWE Smackdown ' stays steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILYS - Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Fixer Upper ' ticks up , ' If Loving You is Wrong ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 01.22. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILYS - Top 50 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finalese : 2.12. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : NBA Playoffs win the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.24. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' If Loving You is Wrong ' stays steady , ' Deadliest Catch ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved Oct 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.5. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.24. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.26. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.10. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Friday cable ratings : ' The Eric Andre Show ' ticks back up '' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.20. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Friday cable ratings : ' Gold Rush ' wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : Highest election - night ratings in cable news history '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' returns on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Friday cable ratings : ' Gold Rush ' returns to the top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' holds steady , ' Fixer Upper ' premieres on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Friday cable ratings : Donald Trump Inauguration dominates the day '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The New Edition Story ' scores BET 's biggest premiere in 5 years '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' The New Edition Story ' rises with its final episode '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop , ' ' Monday Night Raw ' stay on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Legion ' premiere brings in strong numbers , ' The Magicians ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/tv/paw-patrol/episode-guide/EP01764916?aid=zap2it ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 - 05 - 06 on TVO '' . Archive.is . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 - 05 - 13 on TVO '' . Archive.is . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 - 05 - 20 on TVO '' . Archive.is . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 - 05 - 27 on TVO '' . Archive.is . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 - 06 - 17 on TVO '' . Archive.is . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol - Episode Guide '' . TWC Central . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 06 - 24 on TVO '' . Archive.is . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 - 01 on TVO '' . Archive.is . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 - 07 - 08 on TVO '' . Archive.is . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 09 - 09 on TVO '' . Archive.is . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 - 09 - 16 on TVO '' . Archive.is . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 - 09 - 23 on TVO '' . Archive.is . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 - 09 - 30 on TVO '' . Archive.is . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 - 10 - 07 on TVO '' . Archive.is . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 - 10 - 14 on TVO '' . Archive.is . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 10 - 21 on TVO '' . Archive.is . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 - 02 - 10 on TVO '' . Archive.is . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.27. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 - 02 - 17 on TVO '' . Archive.is . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.7. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 - 01 - 06 on TVO '' . Archive.is . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.6. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 - 01 - 13 on TVO '' . Archive.is . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 3.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 - 01 - 20 on TVO '' . Archive.is . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals and Network Finals : 1.30. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 - 01 - 27 on TVO '' . Archive.is . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals and Network Finals : 2.1. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 - 02 - 03 on TVO '' . Archive.is . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.15. 2018 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals and Network Finals : 2.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals and Network Finals '' : 2.8. 2018 `` . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals : 2.19. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals : 3.8. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals and Network Finals : 3.30. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals and Network Finals : 4.20. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals and Network Finals : 4.20. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_PAW_Patrol_episodes&oldid=843664892 '' Categories : Lists of Nickelodeon television series episodes Lists of Canadian children 's animated television series episodes Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles to be split from February 2018 All articles to be split Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Português Русский Suomi 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 16 : 45 . 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Millie Bobby Brown
Millie Bobby Brown - wikipedia Millie Bobby Brown British actress Millie Bobby Brown Brown at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con ( 2004 - 02 - 19 ) 19 February 2004 ( age 14 ) Marbella , Andalusia , Spain Nationality British Occupation Actress model Years active 2013 -- present Millie Bobby Brown ( born 19 February 2004 ) is a British actress and model . She rose to prominence for her role as Eleven in the Netflix science fiction drama series Stranger Things , for which she earned a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series at age 13 . She is also the youngest person ever to feature on TIME 100 list of the 100 most influential people . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Films 3.2 Television 3.3 Music videos 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Early life Brown was born at HC International Hospital in Marbella , Andalusia , Spain , the third of four children of English parents Kelly and Robert Brown . The family moved to Bournemouth , Dorset , when Brown was around four years old , and then to Orlando , Florida , four years later . Brown resides in London and Atlanta , Georgia . Career In 2013 , Brown made her acting debut as a guest star in the ABC fantasy drama series Once Upon a Time in Wonderland , a spin - off of Once Upon a Time , portraying the role of Young Alice . In 2014 , she had a starring role in the BBC America paranormal drama - thriller series Intruders as Madison O'Donnell . She then made guest appearances in the CBS police procedural drama NCIS , the ABC sitcom Modern Family , and the ABC medical drama series Grey 's Anatomy . In 2016 , Brown played Eleven in the Netflix science fiction drama series Stranger Things . Her portrayal received critical acclaim and she was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . She won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series with her co-stars , and won the 43rd Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series . In November 2016 , Brown starred in the music video for Sigma and Birdy 's single `` Find Me '' . Since November 2016 , she has appeared in commercial advertisements for Citigroup . In January 2017 , she made her modelling debut in Calvin Klein 's By Appointment campaign . The following month , she was signed to the agency IMG Models . Brown will make her feature film debut in the Godzilla sequel , Godzilla : King of the Monsters . In January 2018 , Brown was cast to star and produce the film adaptation of Enola Holmes Mysteries . On 20 April 2018 , Brown became the youngest person ever to be included in TIME magazine 's list of the 100 most influential people in the world . Filmography Brown at the 2016 Phoenix Comic Fest Films Year Title Role Notes 2019 Godzilla : King of the Monsters Madison Russell Post-production Television Year Title Role Notes 2013 Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Young Alice 2 episodes 2014 Intruders Madison O'Donnell Main role ; 8 episodes 2014 NCIS Rachel Barnes Episode : `` Parental Guidance Suggested '' 2015 Modern Family Lizzie Episode : `` Closet ? You 'll Love It ! '' 2015 Grey 's Anatomy Ruby Episode : `` I Feel the Earth Move '' 2016 -- present Stranger Things Eleven / Jane Main role Music videos Year Title Artist Ref . 2016 `` Find Me '' Sigma featuring Birdy 2017 `` I Dare You '' The xx 2018 `` Girls Like You '' Maroon 5 featuring Cardi B 2018 `` Girls Like You '' ( Vertical Video ) 2018 `` In My Feelings '' Drake Awards and nominations Year Nominated work Award Result Ref . 2017 Stranger Things Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Young Actress Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Won Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best TV Actress Won Saturn Awards Best Younger Actor in a Television Series Won MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Actor in a Show Won Best Hero Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout TV Star Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Supporting Actress Nominated Breakthrough Performer of the Year Won IGN People 's Choice Award Best Dramatic TV Performance Won Herself NME Awards Hero of the Year Nominated 2018 Stranger Things Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated Empire Awards Best Actress in a TV Series Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Actress Won Saturn Awards Best Younger Actor in a Television Series Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Performance in a Show Won Best Kiss ( with Finn Wolfhard ) Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Pending References Jump up ^ `` Where is Millie Bobby Brown from and where did she grow up ? '' . Metro. 8 October 2017 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Millie Bobby Brown - Biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved 10 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ( 19 July 2016 ) . `` Meet ' Stranger Things ' Breakout Millie Bobby Brown , aka Lucky Number Eleven '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Sedano , Jon ; de los Ríos , Ángel ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Los orígenes marbellíes de Millie Bobby Brown , la joven estrella de ' Stranger Things ' '' . Diario Sur . Vocento . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Belloni , Matthew ( 4 October 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Star 's Father Demands Cash From Agents to Represent Her ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Gregory E. ( 15 September 2017 ) . `` At 13 , ' Stranger Things ' star Millie Bobby Brown is an icon in the making '' . New York Post . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( 31 October 2017 ) . `` How ' Stranger Things ' Star Millie Bobby Brown Made Eleven ' Iconic ' and Catapulted Into Pop Culture '' . Variety . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Simm and Mira Sorvino Start Filming BBC AMERICA 's Intruders as James Frain , Tory Kittles , and Millie Brown Join Cast '' . BBC Worldwide . 24 February 2014 . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 20 August 2016 ) . `` Duffer Bros. Netflix Supernatural Drama Series Sets Young Cast , Gets Title '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( 4 November 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Cast Photo Reveals Who Returns From The Upside Down '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Latchem , John ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` Star Wars among top winners 43rd Saturn Awards '' . Homemedia magazine . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Citi Launches Digital Campaign To Spark a Nationwide Conversation About Money '' . Business Wire. 21 November 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Overdeep , Meghan ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Star Millie Bobby Brown Is Officially a Calvin Klein Model '' . InStyle . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , Emily ( 13 February 2017 ) . `` Millie Bobby Brown Officially Signs with a Major Modeling Agency '' . People . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 27 January 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Breakout Millie Bobby Brown Set to Star in ' Godzilla ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stranger Things ' Millie Bobby Brown In Legendary Film Deal To Produce & Star In Enola Holmes Mysteries '' . Deadline Hollywood . 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Millie Bobby Brown becomes youngest person ever on Time 100 list '' . The independent . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Stone , Natalie ( 3 November 2016 ) . `` Watch Stranger Things ' Millie Bobby Brown Star in Birdy and Sigma 's New Music Video ' Find Me ' '' . People . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Nordstrom , Leigh ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Paris Jackson , Millie Bobby Brown Wear Calvin Klein for The xx New Music Video '' . Women 's Wear Daily . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Idika , Nicky ( 31 May 2018 ) . `` Maroon 5 ' Girls Like You ' : A Complete List Of All The Women That Star In The Video '' . PopBuzz . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . `` These are all the women in Maroon 5 's Girls Like You video in order of appearance . '' ( ... ) Millie Bobby Brown ( actress ) ( ... ) Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 - Girls Like You ft . Cardi B ( Vertical Video ) '' . YouTube . August 27 , 2018 . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 38th Annual Awards '' . Young Artist Association . Archived from the original on 7 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees Set '' . Deadline Hollywood . ^ Jump up to : Nolfi , Joely ( 14 December 2016 ) . `` SAG Awards nominations 2017 : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2017 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . Fangoria. 7 February 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Get Out Leads the Nominations for MTV 's First Ever Movie & TV Awards '' . People . 6 April 2017 . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : The Complete List '' . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Emmy ® Awards Nominations for Programs Airing June 1 , 2016 -- May 31 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . 13 July 2017 . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Daniel Montgomery , Chris Beachum , Marcus James ( 7 September 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards winners : ' Big Little Lies ' and ' SNL ' sweep , while ' Stranger Things ' takes Best Drama '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 '' . IGN. 2017 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Trendell , Andrew ( 15 February 2017 ) . `` Here 's the full list of VO5 NME Awards winners 2017 '' . NME . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra . `` SAG Awards nominations 2018 : The complete list '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Travis , Ben ( 18 January 2018 ) . `` Star Wars The Last Jedi and Thor Ragnarok Lead Empire Awards 2018 Nominations '' . Empire . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( 26 February 2018 ) . `` Nickelodeon Unveils 2018 Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 15 March 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 15 March 2018 . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( 3 May 2018 ) . `` MTV Movie & TV Awards : ' Black Panther , ' ' Stranger Things ' Top Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 3 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Mathews , Liam ( 13 June 2018 ) . `` 2018 Teen Choice Awards Nominees '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys Nominations List 2018 -- Variety '' . Variety . 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Millie Bobby Brown . Millie Bobby Brown on IMDb Millie Bobby Brown at Rotten Tomatoes Awards for Millie Bobby Brown Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series Chandler Riggs ( 2013 ) Maisie Williams ( 2014 ) Chandler Riggs ( 2015 ) Millie Bobby Brown ( 2016 ) Chandler Riggs ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 2010 : Boardwalk Empire , season 1 Antonacci Buscemi Coleman Graham de la Huerta Laciura Macdonald Mol Palladino Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Weiner Whigham 2011 : Boardwalk Empire , season 2 Buscemi Chianese Clohessy Coleman Cox J. Gallina L. Gallina Graham Huston Laciura Lind Macdonald D. McTigue R. McTigue Mol B. Noon C. Noon O'Rourke Palladino Pennewill Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Van Wagner Whigham Williams Yusef 2012 : Downton Abbey , series 2 Bonneville Boyle Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Findlay Finneran Froggatt Glen Howes James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Nuttall Robb Smith Stevens Wilton 2013 : Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II Bowen Brandt Cranston Crawford Fletcher Fraser Gunn Metzler Mitte Norris Odenkirk Paul Plemons Quezada Rankin Sane 2014 : Downton Abbey , series 4 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Milne Robb Smith Speleers Theobold Wilton 2015 : Downton Abbey , series 5 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Cassidy Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Ovenden Smith Wilton 2016 : Stranger Things , season 1 M.B. Brown Buono Chrest Dyer Harbour Heaton Keery Matarazzo McLaughlin Modine Morgan Reynolds Ryder Schnapp Steger Wolfhard 2017 : This Is Us , season 1 / season 2 Baker Breckenridge S.K. Brown Chavis Hartley Herman Jones Metz Moore Sullivan Ventimiglia Watson Zeile Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) LCCN : no2017143450 VIAF : 53151050090433412004 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Millie_Bobby_Brown&oldid=857057916 '' Categories : 2004 births 21st - century English actresses Living people English child actresses English female models English television actresses English emigrants to the United States People from Bournemouth People from Marbella IMG Models models Hidden categories : Articles with short description Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from August 2018 Use British English from September 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 08 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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Crash/ride cymbal
Crash / ride cymbal - Wikipedia Crash / ride cymbal Jump to : navigation , search Paiste Rude 16 '' crash / ride The drum kit ( 1 ) Bass drum ( 2 ) Floor tom ( 3 ) Snare drum ( 4 ) Hanging / Rack toms ( 5 ) Hi - hat ( 6 ) Crash cymbal ( 7 ) Ride cymbal ( 8 ) Splash cymbal ( 9 ) China cymbal Not shown sizzle cymbal swish cymbal crash / ride cymbal cowbell wood block tambourine rototom octoban temple block gong triangle See also drum hardware drum stick traps case electronic drum drum machine A crash / ride cymbal is a medium weight , slightly tapered cymbal , normally in the 18 -- 22 - inch ( 460 -- 560 mm ) range , designed to serve in a drum kit as both a crash and a ride cymbal . A ride / crash cymbal is similar in design and function to a crash / ride , but slightly heavier and / or less tapered to optimise the ride rather than the crash function . It is far less common than the crash / ride . Crash / ride and ride / crash cymbals have several uses : In a very small kit , one may be the only suspended cymbal , used as both crash and ride . Some beginners ' cymbal packs have only three cymbals : A pair of hi - hats , and a crash / ride . However most cymbal packs even at entry level have separate ride and crash cymbals , and the drum hardware packs sold with most drum kits include stands for two suspended cymbals . Many early drum kits had only one tom and one cymbal , both mounted on the bass drum . This cymbal would nowadays be called a crash / ride ; At the time it would simply have been called a medium , if anything . In a large kit , they bridge the gap between the largest crash cymbal and the smallest ride . At very soft volumes , one will provide a more conventional ride tone than a full - sized ride cymbal . At very loud volumes , they provide fuller and longer crashes than conventional crash cymbals , which may sound for too short a time . Three - piece kit with one suspended cymbal , 1959 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` B8 2 - Pack Set 14 '' Catalog ID 45002 14 '' Hats , 18 '' Crash Ride `` . Sabian Ltd . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 03 . This article relating to percussion instruments is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crash/ride_cymbal&oldid=625488847 '' Categories : Cymbals Percussion instrument stubs Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2012 All stub articles Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia This page was last edited on 14 September 2014 , at 06 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the difference between ride and crash cymbals
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Habeas corpus
Habeas corpus - wikipedia Habeas corpus Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the legal term . For other uses , see Habeas corpus ( disambiguation ) . Prerogative writs Certiorari / Review Habeas corpus Mandamus / Mandate ( peremptory ) Procedendo Prohibito / Prohibition Quo warranto Habeas corpus ( / ˈheɪbiəs ˈkɔːpəs / ; Medieval Latin meaning literally `` that you have the body '' ) is a recourse in law through which a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment to a court and request that the court order the custodian of the person , usually a prison official , to bring the prisoner to court , to determine whether the detention is lawful . The writ of habeas corpus is known as `` the great and efficacious writ in all manner of illegal confinement '' , being a remedy available to the meanest against the mightiest . It is a summons with the force of a court order ; it is addressed to the custodian ( a prison official , for example ) and demands that a prisoner be taken before the court , and that the custodian present proof of authority , allowing the court to determine whether the custodian has lawful authority to detain the prisoner . If the custodian is acting beyond his or her authority , then the prisoner must be released . Any prisoner , or another person acting on his or her behalf , may petition the court , or a judge , for a writ of habeas corpus . One reason for the writ to be sought by a person other than the prisoner is that the detainee might be held incommunicado . Most civil law jurisdictions provide a similar remedy for those unlawfully detained , but this is not always called habeas corpus . For example , in some Spanish - speaking nations , the equivalent remedy for unlawful imprisonment is the amparo de libertad ( `` protection of freedom '' ) . Habeas corpus has certain limitations . Though a writ of right , it is not a writ of course . It is technically only a procedural remedy ; it is a guarantee against any detention that is forbidden by law , but it does not necessarily protect other rights , such as the entitlement to a fair trial . So if an imposition such as internment without trial is permitted by the law , then habeas corpus may not be a useful remedy . In some countries , the writ has been temporarily or permanently suspended under the pretext of war or state of emergency . The right to petition for a writ of habeas corpus has nonetheless long been celebrated as the most efficient safeguard of the liberty of the subject . The jurist Albert Venn Dicey wrote that the British Habeas Corpus Acts `` declare no principle and define no rights , but they are for practical purposes worth a hundred constitutional articles guaranteeing individual liberty '' . The writ of habeas corpus is one of what are called the `` extraordinary '' , `` common law '' , or `` prerogative writs '' , which were historically issued by the English courts in the name of the monarch to control inferior courts and public authorities within the kingdom . The most common of the other such prerogative writs are quo warranto , prohibito , mandamus , procedendo , and certiorari . The due process for such petitions is not simply civil or criminal , because they incorporate the presumption of non-authority . The official who is the respondent must prove his authority to do or not do something . Failing this , the court must decide for the petitioner , who may be any person , not just an interested party . This differs from a motion in a civil process in which the movant must have standing , and bears the burden of proof . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 1.1 Examples 1.2 Similarly named writs 2 Origins in England 3 Other jurisdictions 3.1 Australia 3.2 Canada 3.3 France 3.4 Germany 3.5 India 3.6 Ireland 3.7 Italy 3.8 Malaysia 3.9 New Zealand 3.10 Pakistan 3.11 The Philippines 3.12 Scotland 3.13 Spain 3.14 United States 4 Equivalent remedies 4.1 Poland 4.2 Roman - Dutch law 5 World habeas corpus 6 International human rights standards 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 Further reading Etymology ( edit ) From Latin habeas , 2nd person singular present subjunctive active of habere , `` to have '' , `` to hold '' ; and corpus , accusative singular of corpus , `` body '' . In reference to more than one person , habeas corpora . Literally , the phrase means `` ( we command ) that you have the ( detainee 's ) body ( brought to court ) . '' The complete phrase habeas corpus ad subjiciendum means `` that you have the person for the purpose of subjecting him / her to ( examination ) '' . These are the opening words of writs in 14th century Anglo - French documents requiring a person to be brought before a court or judge , especially to determine if that person is being legally detained . Praecipimus tibi quod corpus A.B. in prisona nostra sub custodia tua detentum , ut dicitur , una cum die et causa captionis et detentionis suae , quocumque nomine praedictus A.B. censeatur in eadem , habeas coram nobis ... ad subjiciendum et recipiendum ea quae curia nostra de eo adtunc et ibidem ordinare contigerit in hac parte . Et hoc nullatenus omittatis periculo incumbente . Et habeas ibi hoc breve . We command you , that the body of A.B. in Our prison under your custody detained , as it is said , together with the day and cause of his taking and detention , by whatever name the said A.B. may be known therein , you have at our Court ... to undergo and to receive that which our Court shall then and there consider and order in that behalf . Hereof in no way fail , at your peril . And have you then there this writ . Examples ( edit ) VICTORIA by the Grace of God , of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen , Defender of the Faith , To J.K. , Keeper of our Gaol of Jersey , in the Island of Jersey , and to J.C. Viscount of said Island , Greeting . We command you that you have the body of C.C.W. detained in our prison under your custody , as it is said , together with the day and cause of his being taken and detained , by whatsoever name he may be called or known , in our Court before us , at Westminster , on the 18th day of January next , to undergo and receive all and singular such matters and things which our said Court shall then and there consider of in this behalf ; and have there then this Writ . United States of America , Second Judicial Circuit , Southern District of New York , ss. : We command you that the body of Charles L. Craig , in your custody detained , as it is said , together with the day and cause of his caption and detention , you safely have before Honorable Martin T. Manton , United States Circuit Judge for the Second Judicial Circuit , within the circuit and district aforesaid , to do and receive all and singular those things which the said judge shall then and there consider of him in this behalf ; and have you then and there this writ . Similarly named writs ( edit ) The full name of the writ is often used to distinguish it from similar ancient writs , also named habeas corpus . These include : Habeas corpus ad deliberandum et recipiendum : a writ for bringing an accused from a different county into a court in the place where a crime had been committed for purposes of trial , or more literally to return holding the body for purposes of `` deliberation and receipt '' of a decision . ( `` Extradition '' ) Habeas corpus ad faciendum et recipiendum ( also called habeas corpus cum causa ) : a writ of a superior court to a custodian to return with the body being held by the order of a lower court `` with reasons '' , for the purpose of `` receiving '' the decision of the superior court and of `` doing '' what it ordered . Habeas corpus ad prosequendum : a writ ordering return with a prisoner for the purpose of `` prosecuting '' him before the court . Habeas corpus ad respondendum : a writ ordering return to allow the prisoner to `` answer '' to new proceedings before the court . Habeas corpus ad testificandum : a writ ordering return with the body of a prisoner for the purposes of `` testifying '' . Origins in England ( edit ) Further information : English law Habeas corpus originally stems from the Assize of Clarendon , a re-issuance of rights during the reign of Henry II of England . In the 17th century , the foundations for habeas corpus were `` wrongly thought '' to have originated in Magna Carta . This charter declared that : No Freeman shall be taken or imprisoned , or be disseized of his Freehold , or Liberties , or free Customs , or be outlawed , or exiled , or any other wise destroyed ; nor will We not pass upon him , nor condemn him , but by lawful judgment of his Peers , or by the Law of the land . William Blackstone cites the first recorded usage of habeas corpus ad subjiciendum in 1305 , during the reign of King Edward I . However , other writs were issued with the same effect as early as the reign of Henry II in the 12th century . Blackstone explained the basis of the writ , saying `` ( t ) he king is at all times entitled to have an account , why the liberty of any of his subjects is restrained , wherever that restraint may be inflicted . '' The procedure for issuing a writ of habeas corpus was first codified by the Habeas Corpus Act 1679 , following judicial rulings which had restricted the effectiveness of the writ . A previous law ( the Habeas Corpus Act 1640 ) had been passed forty years earlier to overturn a ruling that the command of the King was a sufficient answer to a petition of habeas corpus . The cornerstone purpose of the ' ' writ of habeas corpus ' ' was to limit the King 's Chancery 's ability to undermine the surety of law by allowing courts of justice decisions to be overturned in favor and application of ' ' equity ' ' , a process managed by the Chancelor ( a bishop ) with the King 's authority . The 1679 codification of habeas corpus took place in the context of a sharp confrontation between King Charles II and the Parliament , which was dominated by the then sharply oppositional , nascent Whig Party . The Whig leaders had good reasons to fear the King moving against them through the courts ( as indeed happened in 1681 ) and regarded habeas corpus as safeguarding their own persons . The short - lived Parliament which made this enactment came to be known as the Habeas Corpus Parliament - being dissolved by the King immediately afterwards . Then , as now , the writ of habeas corpus was issued by a superior court in the name of the Sovereign , and commanded the addressee ( a lower court , sheriff , or private subject ) to produce the prisoner before the royal courts of law . A habeas corpus petition could be made by the prisoner him or herself or by a third party on his or her behalf and , as a result of the Habeas Corpus Acts , could be made regardless of whether the court was in session , by presenting the petition to a judge . Since the 18th century the writ has also been used in cases of unlawful detention by private individuals , most famously in Somersett 's Case ( 1772 ) , where the black slave Somersett was ordered to be freed . In that case these famous words are said to have been uttered : `` The air of England has long been too pure for a slave , and every man is free who breathes it '' . During the Seven Years ' War and later conflicts , the Writ was used on behalf of soldiers and sailors pressed into military and naval service . The Habeas Corpus Act 1816 introduced some changes and expanded the territoriality of the legislation . The privilege of habeas corpus has been suspended or restricted several times during English history , most recently during the 18th and 19th centuries . Although internment without trial has been authorised by statute since that time , for example during the two World Wars and the Troubles in Northern Ireland , the habeas corpus procedure has in modern times always technically remained available to such internees . However , as habeas corpus is only a procedural device to examine the lawfulness of a prisoner 's detention , so long as the detention is in accordance with an Act of Parliament , the petition for habeas corpus is unsuccessful . Since the passage of the Human Rights Act 1998 , the courts have been able to declare an Act of Parliament to be incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights , but such a declaration of incompatibility has no legal effect unless and until it is acted upon by the government . The wording of the writ of habeas corpus implies that the prisoner is brought to the court for the legality of the imprisonment to be examined . However , rather than issuing the writ immediately and waiting for the return of the writ by the custodian , modern practice in England is for the original application to be followed by a hearing with both parties present to decide the legality of the detention , without any writ being issued . If the detention is held to be unlawful , the prisoner can usually then be released or bailed by order of the court without having to be produced before it . With the development of modern public law , applications for habeas corpus have been to some extent discouraged , in favour of applications for judicial review . The writ , however , maintains its vigour , and was held by the UK Supreme Court to be available in respect of a prisoner captured by British forces in Afghanistan , albeit that the Secretary of State made a valid return to the writ justifying the detention of the claimant . Other jurisdictions ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) The writ of habeas corpus as a procedural remedy is part of Australia 's English law inheritance . In 2005 , the Australian parliament passed the Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005 . Some legal experts questioned the constitutionality of the act , due in part to limitations it placed on habeas corpus . Canada ( edit ) Habeas corpus rights are part of the British legal tradition inherited by Canada . The rights exist in the common law but have been enshrined in the Constitution Act 1982 , under Section Ten of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms . This states that `` Everyone has the right on arrest or detention ... ( c ) to have the validity of the detention determined by way of habeas corpus and to be released if the detention is not lawful '' . Suspension of the writ in Canadian history occurred famously during the October Crisis , during which the War Measures Act was invoked by the Governor General of Canada on the constitutional advice of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau , who had received a request from the Quebec Cabinet . The Act was also used to justify German , Slavic , and Ukrainian Canadian internment during the First World War , and the internment of German - Canadians , Italian - Canadians and Japanese - Canadians during the Second World War . The writ was suspended for several years following the Battle of Fort Erie ( 1866 ) during the Fenian Rising , though the suspension was only ever applied to suspects in the Thomas D'Arcy McGee assassination . The writ is available where there is no other adequate remedy . However , a superior court always has the discretion to grant the writ even in the face of an alternative remedy ( see May v Ferndale Institution ) . Under the Criminal Code the writ is largely unavailable if a statutory right of appeal exists , whether or not this right has been exercised . France ( edit ) A fundamental human right in the `` 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man '' drafted by Lafayette in cooperation with Thomas Jefferson , the guarantees against arbitrary detention are enshrined in the French Constitution and regulated by the Penal Code . The safeguards are equivalent to those found under the Habeas - Corpus provisions found in Germany , the United States and several Commonwealth countries . The French system of accountability prescribes severe penalties for ministers , police officers and civil and judiciary authorities who either violate or fail to enforce the law . `` Article 7 of ( 1789 ) Declaration also provides that ' No individual may be accused , arrested , or detained except where the law so prescribes , and in accordance with the procedure it has laid down . ' ... The Constitution further states that ' No one may be arbitrarily detained . The judicial authority , guardian of individual liberty , ensures the observance of this principle under the condition specified by law . ' Its article 5 provides that everyone has the right to liberty and sets forth permissible circumstances under which people may be deprived of their liberty and procedural safeguards in case of detention . In particular , it states that ' anyone deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention shall be entitled to take proceedings by which the lawfulness of his detention shall be decided speedily by a court and his release ordered if the detention is not lawful ' . '' France and the United States played a synergistic role in the international team , led by Eleanor Roosevelt , which crafted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . The French judge and Nobel Peace Laureate René Cassin produced the first draft and argued against arbitrary detentions . René Cassin and the French team subsequently championed the habeas corpus provisions enshrined in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms . Germany ( edit ) Germany has constitutional guarantees against improper detention and these have been implemented in statutory law in a manner that can be considered as equivalent to writs of habeas corpus . Article 104 , paragraph 1 of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany provides that deprivations of liberty may be imposed only on the basis of a specific enabling statute that also must include procedural rules . Article 104 , paragraph 2 requires that any arrested individual be brought before a judge by the end of the day following the day of the arrest . For those detained as criminal suspects , article 104 , paragraph 3 specifically requires that the judge must grant a hearing to the suspect in order to rule on the detention . Restrictions on the power of the authorities to arrest and detain individuals also emanate from article 2 paragraph 2 of the Basic Law which guarantees liberty and requires a statutory authorization for any deprivation of liberty . In addition , several other articles of the Basic Law have a bearing on the issue . The most important of these are article 19 , which generally requires a statutory basis for any infringements of the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Basic Law while also guaranteeing judicial review ; article 20 , paragraph 3 , which guarantees the rule of law ; and article 3 which guarantees equality . In particular , a constitutional obligation to grant remedies for improper detention is required by article 19 , paragraph 4 of the Basic Law , which provides as follows : `` Should any person 's right be violated by public authority , he may have recourse to the courts . If no other jurisdiction has been established , recourse shall be to the ordinary courts . '' India ( edit ) The Indian judiciary , in a catena of cases , has effectively resorted to the writ of habeas corpus to secure release of a person from illegal detention . For example , in October 2009 , the Karnataka High Court heard a habeas corpus petition filed by the parents of a girl who married a Muslim boy from Kannur district and was allegedly confined in a madrasa in Malapuram town . Usually , in most other jurisdictions , the writ is directed at police authorities . The extension to non-state authorities has its grounds in two cases : the 1898 Queen 's Bench case of Ex Parte Daisy Hopkins , wherein the Proctor of Cambridge University did detain and arrest Hopkins without his jurisdiction , and Hopkins was released and that of Somerset v Stewart , in which an African slave whose master had moved to London was freed by action of the writ . The Indian judiciary has dispensed with the traditional doctrine of locus standi , so that if a detained person is not in a position to file a petition , it can be moved on his behalf by any other person . The scope of habeas relief has expanded in recent times by actions of the Indian judiciary . In 1976 , the habeas writ was used in the Rajan case , a student victim of torture in local police custody during the nationwide Emergency in India . On 12 March 2014 , Subrata Roy 's counsel approached the Chief Justice moving a habeas corpus petition . It was also filed by the Panthers Party to protest the imprisonment of Anna Hazare , a social activist . Ireland ( edit ) In the Republic of Ireland the writ of habeas corpus is available at common law and under the Habeas Corpus Acts of 1782 and 1816 . A remedy equivalent to habeas corpus is also guaranteed by Article 40 of the 1937 constitution . The article guarantees that `` no citizen shall be deprived of his personal liberty save in accordance with law '' and outlines a specific procedure for the High Court to enquire into the lawfulness of any person 's detention . It does not mention the Latin term , habeas corpus , but includes the English phrase `` produce the body '' . Article 40.4. 2 ° provides that a prisoner , or anyone acting on his behalf , may make a complaint to the High Court ( or to any High Court judge ) of unlawful detention . The court must then investigate the matter `` forthwith '' and may order that the defendant bring the prisoner before the court and give reasons for his detention . The court must immediately release the detainee unless it is satisfied that he is being held lawfully . The remedy is available not only to prisoners of the state , but also to persons unlawfully detained by any private party . However the constitution provides that the procedure is not binding on the Defence Forces during a state of war or armed rebellion . The full text of Article 40.4. 2 ° is as follows : Upon complaint being made by or on behalf of any person to the High Court or any judge thereof alleging that such person is being unlawfully detained , the High Court and any and every judge thereof to whom such complaint is made shall forthwith enquire into the said complaint and may order the person in whose custody such person is detained to produce the body of such person before the High Court on a named day and to certify in writing the grounds of his detention , and the High Court shall , upon the body of such person being produced before that Court and after giving the person in whose custody he is detained an opportunity of justifying the detention , order the release of such person from such detention unless satisfied that he is being detained in accordance with the law . ( Italics added ) The writ of habeas corpus continued as part of the Irish law when the state seceded from the United Kingdom in 1922 . A remedy equivalent to habeas corpus was also guaranteed by Article 6 of the Constitution of the Irish Free State , enacted in 1922 . That article used similar wording to Article 40.4 of the current constitution , which replaced it 1937 . The relationship between the Article 40 and the Habeas Corpus Acts of 1782 and 1816 is ambiguous , and Forde and Leonard write that `` The extent if any to which Art 40.4 has replaced these Acts has yet to be determined '' . In The State ( Ahern ) v Cotter ( 1982 ) Walsh J opined that the ancient writ referred to in the Habeas Corpus Acts remains in existence in Irish law as a separate remedy from that provided for in Article 40 . In 1941 , the Article 40 procedure was restricted by the Second Amendment . Prior to the amendment , a prisoner had the constitutional right to apply to any High Court judge for an enquiry into her detention , and to as many High Court judges as she wished . If the prisoner successfully challenged her detention before the High Court she was entitled to immediate , unconditional release . The Second Amendment provided that a prisoner has only the right to apply to a single judge , and , once a writ has been issued , the President of the High Court has authority to choose the judge or panel of three judges who will decide the case . If the High Court finds that the prisoner 's detention is unlawful due to the unconstitutionality of a law the judge must refer the matter to the Supreme Court , and until the Supreme 's Court 's decision is rendered the prisoner may be released only on bail . The power of the state to detain persons prior to trial was extended by the Sixteenth Amendment , in 1996 . In 1965 , the Supreme Court ruled in the O'Callaghan case that the constitution required that an individual charged with a crime could be refused bail only if she was likely to flee or to interfere with witnesses or evidence . Since the Sixteenth Amendment , it has been possible for a court to take into account whether a person has committed serious crimes while on bail in the past . Italy ( edit ) The right to freedom from arbitrary detention is guaranteed by Article 13 of the Constitution of Italy , which states : Personal liberty is inviolable . No one may be detained , inspected , or searched nor otherwise subjected to any restriction of personal liberty except by order of the Judiciary stating a reason and only in such cases and in such manner as provided by the law . In exceptional circumstances and under such conditions of necessity and urgency as shall conclusively be defined by the law , the police may take provisional measures that shall be referred within 48 hours to the Judiciary for validation and which , in default of such validation in the following 48 hours , shall be revoked and considered null and void . Any act of physical and moral violence against a person subjected to restriction of personal liberty shall be punished . The law shall establish the maximum duration of preventive detention . Malaysia ( edit ) In Malaysia , the remedy of habeas corpus is guaranteed by the federal constitution , although not by name . Article 5 ( 2 ) of the Constitution of Malaysia provides that `` Where complaint is made to a High Court or any judge thereof that a person is being unlawfully detained the court shall inquire into the complaint and , unless satisfied that the detention is lawful , shall order him to be produced before the court and release him '' . As there are several statutes , for example , the Internal Security Act 1960 , that still permit detention without trial , the procedure is usually effective in such cases only if it can be shown that there was a procedural error in the way that the detention was ordered . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand , habeas corpus may be invoked against the government or private individuals . In 2006 , a child was allegedly kidnapped by his maternal grandfather after a custody dispute . The father began habeas corpus proceedings against the mother , the grandfather , the grandmother , the great grandmother , and another person alleged to have assisted in the kidnap of the child . The mother did not present the child to the court and so was imprisoned for contempt of court . She was released when the grandfather came forward with the child in late January 2007 . Pakistan ( edit ) Issuance of a writ is an exercise of an extraordinary jurisdiction of the superior courts in Pakistan . A writ of habeas corpus may be issued by any High Court of a province in Pakistan . Article 199 of the 1973 Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan , specifically provides for the issuance of a writ of habeas corpus , empowering the courts to exercise this prerogative . Subject to the Article 199 of the Constitution , `` A High Court may , if it is satisfied that no other adequate remedy is provided by law , on the application of any person , make an order that a person in custody within the territorial jurisdiction of the Court be brought before it so that the Court may satisfy itself that he is not being held in custody without a lawful authority or in an unlawful manner '' . The hallmark of extraordinary constitutional jurisdiction is to keep various functionaries of State within the ambit of their authority . Once a High Court has assumed jurisdiction to adjudicate the matter before it , justiciability of the issue raised before it is beyond question . The Supreme Court of Pakistan has stated clearly that the use of words `` in an unlawful manner '' implies that the court may examine , if a statute has allowed such detention , whether it was a colorable exercise of the power of authority . Thus , the court can examine the malafides of the action taken . The Philippines ( edit ) In the Bill of Rights of the Philippine constitution , habeas corpus is guaranteed in terms almost identically to those used in the U.S. Constitution . in Article 3 , Section 15 of the Constitution of the Philippines states that `` The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of invasion or rebellion when the public safety requires it '' . In 1971 , after the Plaza Miranda bombing , the Marcos administration , under Ferdinand Marcos , suspended habeas corpus in an effort to stifle the oncoming insurgency , having blamed the Filipino Communist Party for the events of August 21 . Many considered this to be a prelude to martial law . After widespread protests , however , the Arroyo administration decided to reintroduce the writ . In December 2009 , habeas corpus was suspended in Maguindanao as the province was placed under martial law . This occurred in response to the Maguindanao massacre . In 2016 , President Rodrigo Duterte said he was planning on suspending the habeas corpus . On May 23 , 2017 at 10 pm Philippine time , President Rodrigo Duterte declared martial law in the whole island of Mindanao including Sulu and Tawi - tawi for the period of 60 days due to the series of attacks mounted by the Maute group , an ISIS - linked terrorist organization . The declaration suspends the writ . Scotland ( edit ) The Parliament of Scotland passed a law to have the same effect as habeas corpus in the 18th century . This is now known as the Criminal Procedure Act 1701 c. 6 . It was originally called `` the Act for preventing wrongful imprisonment and against undue delays in trials '' . It is still in force although certain parts have been repealed . Spain ( edit ) In 1526 , the Fuero Nuevo of the Señorío de Vizcaya established a form of habeas corpus in the territory of the Señorío de Vizcaya . The present Constitution of Spain states that `` A habeas corpus procedure shall be provided for by law to ensure the immediate handing over to the judicial authorities of any person illegally arrested '' . The statute which regulates the procedure is the Law of Habeas Corpus of 24 May 1984 , which provides that a person imprisoned may , on her or his own or through a third person , allege that she or he is imprisoned unlawfully and request to appear before a judge . The request must specify the grounds on which the detention is considered to be unlawful , which can be , for example , that the custodian holding the prisoner does not have the legal authority , that the prisoner 's constitutional rights have been violated , or that he has been subjected to mistreatment . The judge may then request additional information if needed , and may issue a habeas corpus order , at which point the custodian has 24 hours to bring the prisoner before the judge . United states ( edit ) Main article : Habeas corpus in the United States The United States inherited habeas corpus from the English common law . In England , the writ was issued in the name of the monarch . When the original thirteen American colonies declared independence , and became a republic based on popular sovereignty , any person , in the name of the people , acquired authority to initiate such writs . The U.S. Constitution specifically includes the habeas procedure in the Suspension Clause ( Clause 2 ) , located in Article One , Section 9 . This states that `` The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended , unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it '' . Section 9 is under Article 1 which states , `` legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in the Congress of the United States '' . The writ of habeas corpus ad subjiciendum is a civil , not criminal , ex parte proceeding in which a court inquires as to the legitimacy of a prisoner 's custody . Typically , habeas corpus proceedings are to determine whether the court that imposed sentence on the defendant had jurisdiction and authority to do so , or whether the defendant 's sentence has expired . Habeas corpus is also used as a legal avenue to challenge other types of custody such as pretrial detention or detention by the United States Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement pursuant to a deportation proceeding . Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses Grant suspended habeas corpus during the Civil War and Reconstruction for some places or types of cases . During World War II , President Franklin D. Roosevelt suspended habeas corpus . Following the September 11 attacks , President George W. Bush attempted to place Guantanamo Bay detainees outside of the jurisdiction of habeas corpus , but the Supreme Court of the United States overturned this action in Boumediene v. Bush . Equivalent remedies ( edit ) Poland ( edit ) In 1430 , King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland granted the Privilege of Jedlnia , which proclaimed , Neminem captivabimus nisi iure victum ( `` We will not imprison anyone except if convicted by law '' ) . This revolutionary innovation in civil libertarianism gave Polish citizens due process - style rights that did not exist in any other European country for another 250 years . Originally , the Privilege of Jedlnia was restricted to the nobility ( the szlachta ) , but it was extended to cover townsmen in the 1791 Constitution . Importantly , social classifications in the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth were not as rigid as in other European countries ; townspeople and Jews were sometimes ennobled . The Privilege of Jedlnia provided broader coverage than many subsequently enacted habeas corpus laws because Poland 's nobility constituted an unusually large percentage of the country 's total population , which was Europe 's largest . As a result , by the 16th century , it was protecting the liberty of between five hundred thousand and a million Poles . Roman - Dutch law ( edit ) In South Africa and other countries whose legal systems are based on Roman - Dutch law , the interdictum de homine libero exhibendo is the equivalent of the writ of habeas corpus . In South Africa , it has been entrenched in the Bill of Rights , which provides in section 35 ( 2 ) ( d ) that every detained person has the right to challenge the lawfulness of the detention in person before a court and , if the detention is unlawful , to be released . World habeas corpus ( edit ) In the 1950s , American lawyer Luis Kutner began advocating an international writ of habeas corpus to protect individual human rights . In 1952 , he filed a petition for a `` United Nations Writ of Habeas Corpus '' on behalf of William N. Oatis , an American journalist jailed the previous year by the Communist government of Czechoslovakia . Alleging that Czechoslovakia had violated Oatis 's rights under the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and that the United Nations General Assembly had `` inherent power '' to fashion remedies for human rights violations , the petition was filed with the United Nations Commission on Human Rights . The Commission forwarded the petition to Czechoslovakia , but no other United Nations action was taken . Oatis was released in 1953 . Kutner went on to publish numerous articles and books advocating the creation of an `` International Court of Habeas Corpus '' . International Human Rights standards ( edit ) Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides that `` everyone has the right to life , liberty and security of person '' . Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights goes further and calls for persons detained to have the right to challenge their detention , providing at article 5.4 : Everyone who is deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention shall be entitled to take proceedings by which the lawfulness of his detention shall be decided speedily by a court and his release ordered if the detention is not lawful . See also ( edit ) Enemy Combatant Detainees : Habeas Corpus Challenges in Federal Court Arbitrary arrest and detention corpus delicti -- other Latin legal term using corpus , here meaning the fact of a crime having been committed , not the body of the person being detained nor ( as sometimes inaccurately used ) the body of the victim Habeas corpus petitions of Guantanamo Bay detainees Habeas Corpus ( play ) , by the English writer and playwright Alan Bennett . Habeas Corpus Restoration Act of 2007 Habeas Data Edward Hyde , 1st Earl of Clarendon Habeas Corpus Parliament List of legal Latin terms Military Commissions Act of 2006 Murder conviction without a body Neminem captivabimus Philippine Habeas Corpus Cases Remand ( detention ) # Detention before charge Security of person Recurso de amparo ( Writ of amparo ) Subpoena ad testificandum Subpoena duces tecum Writ of Habeas Corpus and Indian Constitution Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` habeas corpus '' . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Larson , Aaron ( 24 July 2016 ) . `` What is Habeas Corpus '' . ExpertLaw . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Venn Dicey , Albert . Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution . Jump up ^ Anthony Wright ( 1994 ) Citizens and subjects : an essay on British politics , Routledge , 1994 Jump up ^ `` habeas corpus '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Rollin Carlos Hurd ( 1858 ) . `` Treatise on the Right of Personal Liberty , and on the Writ of Habeas Corpus and the Practice Connected with it : With a View of the Law of Extradition of Fugitives , Volume 3 '' . p. 232 . W.C. Little and Company Jump up ^ Venn Dicey , Albert . Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution ( 1915 ) . Jump up ^ `` Assize of Clarendon , 1166 '' . 1 December 1998 . Jump up ^ Turner , Ralph V. Magna Carta Pearson ( 2003 ) p162 and p219 Jump up ^ Blackstone , William ( 1768 ) . Commentaries on the Laws of England : A Facsimile of the First Edition of 1765 - 1769 , vol. 3 , pp. 129 - 37 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press ( 1979 ) , reproduced in The Founders ' Constitution , Volume 3 , Article 1 , Section 9 , Clause 2 , Document 4 . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Maxwell . Habeas Corpus Cum Causa - The Emergence of the Modern Writ - II . Can . B. Rev. 18 ( 1940 ) : 172 , 174 - 175 . Jump up ^ Landman , James . `` Understanding Habeas Corpus '' ( PDF ) . American Bar Association . Jump up ^ Frederick Charles Moncreiff ( 2006 ) . `` The Wit and Wisdom of the Bench and Bar '' , pp. 85 -- 86 . The Lawbook Exchange , Ltd . Jump up ^ George Birkbeck Hil ( 2004 ) Life of Johnson , Volume 3 Kessinger Publishing , 2004 Jump up ^ Costello , Kevin , Habeas Corpus and Military and Naval Impressment 1756 -- 1816 , The Journal of Legal History 29.2 215 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Joint Committee On Human Rights Sixteenth Report Jump up ^ Re ( Habeas Corpus ) ( 1996 ) QB 599 ; Re B ( 1991 ) 1 FLR 106 Jump up ^ Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs v Rahmatullah ( 2012 ) UKSC 48 Jump up ^ Clark , David and Gerard McCoy ( 1998 ) , `` Habeas Corpus '' ( Federation Press ) Jump up ^ `` A Human Rights Guide to Australia 's Counter-Terrorism Laws '' . Australian Human Rights Commission . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National security and anti-terrorism laws in Australia '' . The News Manual . UNESCO . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Rix , Mark ( 2006 ) . `` Australia 's Anti-Terrorism Legislation - The national security state and the community legal sector '' . Research Online - University of Wollongong . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution Act , 1982 ; Part I , Section 10 ( c ) : Legal Rights '' . Canadian Department of Justice . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ David A. Wilson . `` The Fenians in Canada '' ( PDF ) . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 2 October 2013 . Jump up ^ May v Ferndale Institution 2005 SCC 82 , ( 2005 ) 3 SCR 809 ( 22 December 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Marquis de Lafayette '' . Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia . 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Habeas Corpus Rights : France - Author - Nicole Atwill , Senior Foreign Law Specialist '' . U.S. Library of Congress . 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` '' A World Made New , Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' de Mary Ann GLENDON - Author Emmanuel Decaux `` . Le Centre de recherche sur les droits de l'homme et le droit humanitaire , CRDH , Université Panthéon - Assas . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Universal Declaration of Human Rights : History of The Document '' . The United Nations . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` René Cassin and Human Rights : From the Great War to the Universal Declaration - Authors - Jay Winter , Antoine Prost '' . Cambridge University Press . June 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Habeas Corpus Rights : Germany Law Library of Congress '' . Loc.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Baxi , Pratiksha ( April 2009 - Reprint 2012 ) . `` Habeas Corpus Juridical Narratives of Sexual Governance '' ( PDF ) . Centre for the Study of Law and Governance Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 October 2016 . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Love Jihad ' : court unhappy with probe '' . The Hindu . 27 Oct 2009 . Jump up ^ Exparte , Hopkins ( Daisy ) ( 1891 ) 56 JP 262 ; 61 LJQB 240 Jump up ^ `` Writ Of Habeas Corpus For Securing Liberty - Author - ABS - CBN News '' . Legalserviceindia.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Michael Forde , David Leonard , Constitutional Law of Ireland , 2013 , pp. 371 - 372 . Jump up ^ `` The Italian Constitution '' ( PDF ) . The official website of the Presidency of the Italian Republic . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Herald newspaper '' . Nzherald.co.nz. 2006 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Habeas Corpus Rights : Pakistan '' . loc.gov . Jump up ^ andoybarrios on Sat , 12 / 05 / 2009 - 23 : 08 ( 2009 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Arroyo proclaims martial law in Maguindanao - ABS - CBN News Online '' . Abs-cbnnews.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Duterte to suspend writ of habeas corpus if ' forced ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Duterte declares martial law in Mindanao '' . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ See Full text of the Act . This law was given its current short title by the Statute Law Revision ( Scotland ) Act 1964 Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln 's 1862 Proclamation Suspending Habeas Corpus '' . Usgovinfo.about.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ulysses S. Grant : Proclamation 204 -- Suspending the Writ of Habeas Corpus in the County of Union , South Carolina '' . Presidency.ucsb.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Poland 's 1997 Constitution in Its Historical Context ; Daniel H. Cole , Indiana University School of Law , September 22 , 1998 Jump up ^ Watney , Murdoch ( 2011 ) . `` Arrest , detention and the interdictum de homine libero exhibendo '' ( PDF ) . Journal of South African Law ( 3 ) : 555 -- 562 . Jump up ^ The petition was titled `` United Nations Ex Rel. , Luis Kutner , For and on Behalf of William N. Oatis , Petitioner , v. Czechoslovakia , Respondent - Petition of Luis Kutner For and on Behalf of William N. Oatis , For a United Nations Writ of Habeas Corpus . '' See Vicki C. Jackson , `` World Habeas Corpus '' , 91 Cornell Law Review 303 , 309 ( January 2006 ) . ( PDF ) ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Vicki C. ( January 2006 ) . `` World Habeas Corpus '' ( PDF ) . cornelllawreview.org. 91 Cornell Law Review 303 , 309 - 314 . Jump up ^ His first article was `` A Proposal for a United Nations Writ of Habeas Corpus and International Court of Human Rights '' , Tulane Law Review , 28 ( June 1954 ) : 417 - 441 . See also , Luis Kutner , World Habeas Corpus , Dobbs Ferry , NY : Oceana , 1962 , p. 266 , for his draft of a `` Treaty - Statute of the International Court of Habeas Corpus '' . Jump up ^ per Blackstone Jump up ^ The applicant must make out a prima facie case . However , once he does that , he is entitled to the writ as of right , which is then granted to him ex debito justitae ( `` from a debt of justice '' , that is , as a matter of right ) Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Habeas corpus . Asha Bandele . `` Habeas Corpus is a legal Entitlement '' , a poem in Absence in the Palms of My Hands & Other Poems . New York : Harlem River Press . 1996 . A.H. Carpenter . `` Habeas Corpus in the Colonies '' , The American Historical Review . Vol. 8. , No. 1 ( October 1902 ) , pages 18 -- 27 . Louis Fisher . 2003 . Nazi Saboteurs on Trial : A Military Tribunal and American Law . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1238 - 6 . Michael Dobbs. 2004 . Saboteurs : The Nazi Raid on America . Vintage . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 3042 - 0 . Charles Doyle . 2006 . Federal Habeas Copus : A Brief Legal Overview . Congressional Research Service . Peter Irons . 1999 . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 87006 - 4 . Political context for Ex Parte Milligan explained on Pp. 186 -- 189 . Helen A. Nutting . `` The Most Wholesome Law -- The Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 '' , The American Historical Review . Vol. 65. , No. 3 ( April 1960 ) , pages 527 -- 543 . Geoffrey R. Stone . 2004 . Perilous Times , Free Speech in Wartime From the Sedition Act to the War on Terrorism . Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05880 - 8 . Cary Federman. 2006 . The Body and the State : Habeas Corpus and American Jurisprudence . SUNY . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 6703 - 1 . Eric M. Freedman. 2001 . Habeas Corpus : Rethinking the Great Writ of Liberty ( NYU Press ) ISBN 0 - 8147 - 2717 - 4 Lisa M. Seghetti and Nathan James . 2006 . Federal Habeas Corpus Relief : Background , Legislation , and Issues . Congressional Research Service . Donald E. Wilkes Jr , The Georgia Death Penalty Habeas Corpus Reform Act of 1995 ( 1995 ) & Habeas Corpus : The Great Writ Hit ( 2006 ) & Habeas Corpus Uncorpsed ( 2008 ) & Habeas Corpus and Baseball ( 2006 ) & The Writ of Habeas Corpus in Georgia ( 2007 ) & Writ of Habeas Corpus , from The New Georgia Encyclopedia ( 2009 ) . Robert S. Walker Ph. D. , The Constitutional and Legal Development of Habeas Corpus , vol. 57 , no. 9 , Arts and Sciences Studies , Oklahoma State University ( 1960 ) . Library of Congress Catalog : H31. 053 , no. 3 . Robert Searles Walker Ph. D. , Habeas Corpus - Writ of Liberty : English and American Origins and Development ( Revised edition 2006 , Amazon Books ) Library of Congress Control Number 200690611 , ISBN 1 - 4196 - 4478 - 5 Petition for Habeas Corpus April 16 , 1843 From The Newton Gresham Library Digital Collections This American Life : 331 : Habeas Schmabeas 2007 Criminal procedure ( investigation ) Criminal investigation Arrest warrant Search warrant Probable cause Knock - and - announce Exigent circumstance Reasonable suspicion Search and seizure Search of persons Arrest Detention Right to silence Miranda warning Arguido Suspect Criminal prosecution Statute of limitations Nolle prosequi Bill of attainder Precognition Grand jury Indictment Ex post facto law Criminal jurisdiction Deferred prosecution agreement Extradition Habeas corpus Bail Inquisitorial system Adversarial system Charges and pleas Alford plea Arraignment Information Indictment Plea Peremptory plea Nolo contendere Plea bargain Presentence investigation Related areas Criminal defenses Criminal law Evidence Legal abuse Criminal justice portal Law portal Wiktionary Wikibooks Wikiquote WikiSource Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiversity Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habeas_corpus&oldid=840167518 '' Categories : Constitutional law Emergency laws Habeas corpus Human rights Latin legal terminology Latin words and phrases Liberalism Philosophy of law Prerogative writs Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Afrikaans Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Українська 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 04 : 40 . 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what is the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus
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Kick the bucket
Kick the bucket - wikipedia Kick the bucket Jump to : navigation , search To kick the bucket is an English idiom , considered a euphemistic , informal , or slang term meaning ' to die ' . Its origin remains unclear , though there have been several theories . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin theories 2 American variations 3 See also 4 References Origin theories ( edit ) A common theory is that the idiom refers to hanging , either as a method of execution or suicide . However , there is no evidence to support this . Its earliest appearance is in the Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue ( 1785 ) , where it is defined as ' to die ' . In John Badcock 's slang dictionary of 1823 , the explanation is given that `` One Bolsover having hung himself from a beam while standing on a pail , or bucket , kicked this vessel away in order to pry into futurity and it was all UP with him from that moment : Finis '' . The theory favoured by the OED relates to the alternative definition of a bucket as a beam or yoke that can be used to hang or carry things on . The `` bucket '' may refer to the beam on which slaughtered pigs are suspended . The animals may struggle on the bucket , hence the expression . The word `` bucket '' still can be used today to refer to such a beam in the Norfolk dialect . It is thought that this definition came from the French word trébuchet or buque , meaning balance . William Shakespeare used the word in this sense in his play Henry IV Part II where he says : Swifter than he that gibbets on the Brewers Bucket . -- William Shakespeare , Henry IV Part II A third theory suggests that the origin of the phrase comes from the Catholic custom of holy - water buckets : After death , when a body had been laid out ... the holy - water bucket was brought from the church and put at the feet of the corpse . When friends came to pray ... they would sprinkle the body with holy water ... it is easy to see how such a saying as `` kicking the bucket '' came about . Many other explanations of this saying have been given by persons who are unacquainted with Catholic custom -- The Right Reverend Abbot Horne , Relics of Popery Alternatively , in the moment of death a person stretches his legs ( in Spanish Estirar la pata means ' to die ' ) and so might kick the bucket placed there . Yet another theory seeks to extend the saying beyond its earliest use in the 16th century with reference to the Latin proverb Capra Scyria , the goat that is said to kick over the pail after being milked ( 920 in Erasmus ' Adagia ) . Thus a promising beginning is followed by a bad ending or , as Andrea Alciato phrased it in the Latin poem accompanying the drawing in his Emblemata ( 1524 ) , ' Because you have spoilt your fine beginnings with a shameful end and turned your service into harm , you have done what the she - goat does when she kicks the bucket that holds her milk and with her hoof squanders her own riches ' . Here it is the death of one 's reputation that is in question . American variations ( edit ) At one time the American and Caribbean expression ' kickeraboo ' used to be explained as a deformed version of ' kick the bucket ' . The expression occurs as the title of a mid-19th century American minstrel ballad with the ending ' Massa Death bring one bag and we Kickeraboo ' . However , it is now thought that it may have derived from a native word in one of the West African creoles . The expression ' kek ( e ) rebu ' is first recorded in 1721 with the meaning ' to die ' in the Krio language of Sierra Leone . Earlier still ' Kickativoo ' is recorded in Ghana ( then known as the Gold or Slave Coast ) . In 1680 it referred to the capsizing of a canoe but also had the meaning ' to die ' . Whatever African American usage might have been in the 19th century , by the 20th century they were using the idiom ' kick the bucket ' . It occurs in the jazz classic Old Man Mose , recorded by Louis Armstrong in the US in 1935 , and in the West Indies it figured in the title of the reggae hit `` Long Shot kick de bucket '' , recorded by The Pioneers in 1969 . In the case of the latter , the song refers to the death of a horse . In North America , a variation of the idiom is ' kick off ' . A related phrase is to `` hand in one 's dinner pail '' , a bucket that contains a worker 's dinner . Another variation , ' bucket list ' , or a list of things to do before one dies , is derived from to kick the bucket , popularized by the 2007 film The Bucket List . See also ( edit ) List of expressions related to death References ( edit ) Look up kick the bucket in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Jump up ^ Oxford Advanced Dictionary of Current English , 4th Ed . ( 1989 ) ^ Jump up to : The Phrase Finder Jump up ^ Slang : a dictionary of the turf , the ring , the chase , the pit , of bon - ton , and the varieties of life , London 1823 , p. 18 ^ Jump up to : `` Bucket . '' The Oxford English Dictionary . 2nd ed. 1989 . ^ Jump up to : Oxford Dictionary of Idioms , p. 159 Jump up ^ `` Relics of Popery '' , Catholic Truth Society London Jump up ^ Emblem 160 Jump up ^ John Camden Hotton , The Slang Dictionary , London 1865 , pp. 164 -- 65 Jump up ^ Lubrano broadside ballad collection 68 Jump up ^ On the Anglophone Creole item kekrebu , American English 30 / 3 , 1985 , pp. 281 -- 83 Jump up ^ Magnus Huber , Ghanaian Pidgin English in Its West African Context , John Benjamins Publishing Co. 1999 , p. 24 Jump up ^ Cambridge Advanced Learner 's Dictionary , p. 787 Jump up ^ `` Definition of bucket list '' . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 21 March 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kick_the_bucket&oldid=818831352 '' Categories : English phrases English - language idioms Cultural aspects of death Euphemisms Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 21 : 17 . About Wikipedia
the meaning of the idiom kick the bucket
[ "To kick the bucket is an English idiom, considered a euphemistic, informal, or slang term meaning 'to die'.[1] Its origin remains unclear, though there have been several theories." ]
[ "'to die'" ]
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Charge of the Light Brigade
Charge of the Light Brigade - wikipedia Charge of the Light Brigade Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the military manoeuvre . For the poem , see The Charge of the Light Brigade ( poem ) . For other uses , see Charge of the Light Brigade ( disambiguation ) . Charge of the Light Brigade Part of Battle of Balaclava , Crimean War The Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaklava by William Simpson ( 1855 ) , illustrating the Light Brigade 's charge into the `` Valley of Death '' from the Russian perspective . Date 25 October 1854 Location 44 ° 32 ′ 16 '' N 33 ° 37 ′ 27 '' E  /  44.53778 ° N 33.62417 ° E  / 44.53778 ; 33.62417 Result Russian victory Belligerents British Empire French Empire Russian Empire Commanders and leaders James Brudenell , 7th Earl of Cardigan Armand - Octave - Marie d'Allonville Pavel Liprandi Strength About 670 ( Adkin : 668 ; Brighton : `` at least '' 666 ) Unknown Casualties and losses 110 killed 161 wounded Unknown The Charge of the Light Brigade was a charge of British light cavalry led by Lord Cardigan against Russian forces during the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October 1854 in the Crimean War . Lord Raglan , overall commander of the British forces , had intended to send the Light Brigade to prevent the Russians from removing captured guns from overrun Turkish positions , a task well - suited to light cavalry . However , there was miscommunication in the chain of command , and the Light Brigade was instead sent on a frontal assault against a different artillery battery , one well - prepared with excellent fields of defensive fire . They reached the battery under withering direct fire and scattered some of the gunners , but they were forced to retreat immediately . Thus , the assault ended with very high British casualties and no decisive gains . The events were the subject of Alfred , Lord Tennyson 's narrative poem `` The Charge of the Light Brigade '' ( 1854 ) , published just six weeks after the event . Its lines emphasise the valour of the cavalry in bravely carrying out their orders , regardless of the obvious outcome . Blame for the miscommunication has remained controversial , as the original order itself was vague , and the officer who delivered the written orders with some verbal interpretation died in the first minute of the assault . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 The charge 2.1 New information found in 2016 3 Aftermath 4 Survivor postscript 5 Remembrance 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Charge of the Light Brigade by Richard Caton Woodville , Jr . The charge was made by the Light Brigade of the British cavalry , which consisted of the 4th and 13th Light Dragoons , 17th Lancers , and the 8th and 11th Hussars , under the command of Major General James Brudenell , 7th Earl of Cardigan . Also present that day was the Heavy Brigade , commanded by Major General James Yorke Scarlett , who was a past Commanding Officer of the 5th Dragoon Guards . The Heavy Brigade was made up of the 4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards , the 5th Dragoon Guards , the 6th Inniskilling Dragoons and the Scots Greys . The two brigades were the only British cavalry force at the battle . The Light Brigade were the British light cavalry force . It mounted light , fast horses which were unarmoured . The men were armed with lances and sabres . Optimized for maximum mobility and speed , they were intended for reconnaissance and skirmishing . They were also ideal for cutting down infantry and artillery units as they attempted to retreat . The Heavy Brigade under James Scarlett was the British heavy cavalry force . It mounted large , heavy chargers . The men were equipped with metal helmets and armed with cavalry swords for close combat . They were intended as the primary British shock force , leading frontal charges in order to break enemy lines . Overall command of the British cavalry resided with Lieutenant General George Bingham , 3rd Earl of Lucan . Cardigan and Lucan were brothers - in - law who disliked each other intensely . Lucan received an order from the army commander Lord Raglan stating : `` Lord Raglan wishes the cavalry to advance rapidly to the front , follow the enemy , and try to prevent the enemy carrying away the guns . Troop horse artillery may accompany . French cavalry is on your left . Immediate . '' Raglan wanted the light cavalry to prevent the Russians from successfully withdrawing the naval guns from the redoubts they had captured on the reverse side of the Causeway Heights , the hill forming the south side of the valley . This was an optimum task for the Light Brigade , as their superior speed would ensure the Russians would be forced to either quickly abandon the cumbersome guns or be cut down en masse while they attempted to flee with them . Raglan could see what was happening from his high vantage point on the west side of the valley . However , the lie of the land around Lucan and the cavalry prevented him from seeing the Russians ' efforts to remove the guns from the redoubts and retreat . The order was drafted by Brigadier Richard Airey and carried by Captain Louis Edward Nolan . Nolan carried the further oral instruction that the cavalry was to attack immediately . When Lucan asked what guns were referred to , Nolan is said to have indicated with a wide sweep of his arm -- not the causeway redoubts -- but the mass of Russian guns in a redoubt at the end of the valley , around a mile away . His reasons for the misdirection are unknown because he was killed in the ensuing battle . In response to the order , Lucan instructed Cardigan to lead his command of about 670 troopers of the Light Brigade straight into the valley between the Fedyukhin Heights and the Causeway Heights . In his poem , `` The Charge of the Light Brigade '' ( 1854 ) , Tennyson dubbed this hollow `` The Valley of Death '' . The opposing Russian forces were commanded by Pavel Liprandi and included approximately 20 battalions of infantry supported by over 50 artillery pieces . These forces were deployed on both sides and at the opposite end of the valley . Lucan himself was to follow with the Heavy Brigade . Although the Heavy Brigade was better armoured and intended for frontal assaults on infantry positions , neither force was remotely equipped for a frontal assault on a fully dug - in and alerted artillery battery -- much less one with an excellent line of sight over a mile in length and supported on two sides by artillery batteries providing enfilading fire from elevated ground . The semi-suicidal nature of this charge was surely evident to the troopers of the Light Brigade , but if there were any objection to the orders , it was not recorded . The charge The Timeline of the Charge taken from Forgotten Heroes : The Charge of the Light Brigade ( 2007 ) . Contemporary map showing line of the charge -- `` Charge des Anglais '' The charge was from left to right , with the Russian batteries at the extreme right The Light Brigade set off down the valley with Cardigan out in front , riding Ronald , leading the charge . Almost at once Nolan was seen to rush across the front , passing in front of Cardigan . It may be that he then realised the charge was aimed at the wrong target and was attempting to stop or turn the brigade , but he was killed by an artillery shell , and the cavalry continued on its course . Captain Godfrey Morgan ( subsequently 1st Viscount Tredegar ) , who was close by and saw what happened , later recounted : The first shell burst in the air about 100 yards in front of us . The next one dropped in front of Nolan 's horse and exploded on touching the ground . He uttered a wild yell as his horse turned round , and , with his arms extended , the reins dropped on the animal 's neck , he trotted towards us , but in a few yards dropped dead off his horse . I do not imagine that anybody except those in the front line of the 17th Lancers ( 13th Light Dragoons ) saw what had happened . We went on . When we got about two or three hundred yards the battery of the Russian Horse Artillery opened fire . I do not recollect hearing a word from anybody as we gradually broke from a trot to a canter , though the noise of the striking of men and horses by grape and round shot was deafening , while the dust and gravel struck up by the round shot that fell short was almost blinding , and irritated my horse so that I could scarcely hold him at all . But as we came nearer I could see plainly enough , especially when I was about a hundred yards from the guns . I appeared to be riding straight on to the muzzle of one of the guns , and I distinctly saw the gunner apply his fuse . I shut my eyes then , for I thought that settled the question as far as I was concerned . But the shot just missed me and struck the man on my right full in the chest . In another minute I was on the gun and the leading Russian 's grey horse , shot , I suppose , with a pistol by somebody on my right , fell across my horse , dragging it over with him and pinning me in between the gun and himself . A Russian gunner on foot at once covered me with his carbine . He was just within reach of my sword , and I struck him across his neck . The blow did not do much harm , but it disconcerted his aim . At the same time a mounted gunner struck my horse on the forehead with his sabre . Spurring `` Sir Briggs , '' he half jumped , half blundered , over the fallen horses , and then for a short time bolted with me . I only remember finding myself alone among the Russians trying to get out as best I could . This , by some chance , I did , in spite of the attempts of the Russians to cut me down . Despite withering fire from three sides that devastated their force on the ride , the Light Brigade was able to engage the Russian forces at the end of the valley and force them back from the redoubt , but it suffered heavy casualties and was soon forced to retire . The surviving Russian artillerymen returned to their guns and opened fire once again , with grape and canister , indiscriminately at the mêlée of friend and foe before them . Captain Godfrey Morgan continues : When clear again of the guns I saw two or three of my men making their way back , and as the fire from both flanks was still heavy it was a matter of running the gauntlet again . I have not sufficient recollection of minor incidents to describe them , as probably no two men who were in that charge would describe it in the same way . When I was back pretty nearly where we started from I found that I was the senior officer of those not wounded , and , consequently , in command , there being two others , both juniors to me , in the same position -- Lieut . Wombwell and Cornet Cleveland ( afterwards killed at Inkerman ) . Lucan failed to provide any support for Cardigan , and it was speculated that he was motivated by an enmity for his brother - in - law that had lasted some 30 years and had been intensified during the campaign up to that point . The troops of the Heavy Brigade entered the mouth of the valley but did not advance further . Lucan 's subsequent explanation was that he saw no point in having a second brigade mown down , and he was best positioned where he was to render assistance to Light Brigade survivors returning from the charge . The French light cavalry , the Chasseurs d'Afrique , was more effective in that it cleared the Fedyukhin Heights of the two half batteries of guns , two infantry battalions , and Cossacks to ensure the Light Brigade would not be hit by fire from that flank , and it later provided cover for the remaining elements of the Light Brigade as they withdrew . The Chasseurs d'Afrique , led by General d'Allonville , clearing Russian artillery from the Fedyukhin Heights . War correspondent William Russell , who witnessed the battle , declared `` our Light Brigade was annihilated by their own rashness , and by the brutality of a ferocious enemy . '' Cardigan survived the battle . Although stories circulated afterwards that he was not actually present , he led the charge from the front and , never looking back , did not see what was happening to the troops behind him . He reached the Russian guns , took part in the fight , and then returned alone up the valley without bothering to rally or even find out what had happened to the survivors . He afterwards said all he could think about was his rage against Captain Nolan , who he thought had tried to take over the leadership of the charge from him . After riding back up the valley , he considered he had done all that he could and then , with considerable sang - froid , left the field and went on board his yacht in Balaclava harbour , where he ate a champagne dinner . He subsequently described the engagement in a speech delivered at the Mansion House in London that was afterwards quoted in length in the House of Commons : We advanced down a gradual descent of more than three - quarters of a mile , with the batteries vomiting forth upon us shells and shot , round and grape , with one battery on our right flank and another on the left , and all the intermediate ground covered with the Russian riflemen ; so that when we came to within a distance of fifty yards from the mouths of the artillery which had been hurling destruction upon us , we were , in fact , surrounded and encircled by a blaze of fire , in addition to the fire of the riflemen upon our flanks . As we ascended the hill , the oblique fire of the artillery poured upon our rear , so that we had thus a strong fire upon our front , our flank , and our rear . We entered the battery -- we went through the battery -- the two leading regiments cutting down a great number of the Russian gunners in their onset . In the two regiments which I had the honour to lead , every officer , with one exception , was either killed or wounded , or had his horse shot under him or injured . Those regiments proceeded , followed by the second line , consisting of two more regiments of cavalry , which continued to perform the duty of cutting down the Russian gunners . Then came the third line , formed of another regiment , which endeavoured to complete the duty assigned to our brigade . I believe that this was achieved with great success , and the result was that this body , composed of only about 670 men , succeeded in passing through the mass of Russian cavalry of -- as we have since learned -- 5,240 strong ; and having broken through that mass , they went , according to our technical military expression , `` threes about , '' and retired in the same manner , doing as much execution in their course as they possibly could upon the enemy 's cavalry . Upon our returning up the hill which we had descended in the attack , we had to run the same gauntlet and to incur the same risk from the flank fire of the Tirailleur as we had encountered before . Numbers of our men were shot down -- men and horses were killed , and many of the soldiers who had lost their horses were also shot down while endeavouring to escape . But what , my Lord , was the feeling and what the bearing of those brave men who returned to the position . Of each of these regiments there returned but a small detachment , two - thirds of the men engaged having been destroyed ? I think that every man who was engaged in that disastrous affair at Balaklava , and who was fortunate enough to come out of it alive , must feel that it was only by a merciful decree of Almighty Providence that he escaped from the greatest apparent certainty of death which could possibly be conceived . New information found in 2016 Captain Louis Nolan A newspaper report on 11 December 2016 revealed another version of what happened : `` More than 160 years on '' ( i.e. after 2014 ) a letter was found in the British Library , written by Lieutenant Frederick Maxse , who was on Lord Raglan 's staff at Balaklava . It said that Lord Raglan had sent an order for the Light Brigade to `` follow the enemy and try to prevent the enemy from carrying away the guns '' ; those guns were some British artillery guns which were at risk . Raglan sent the order via 36 - year - old Captain Louis Nolan . Nolan , instead of passing on the order verbatim complete as given , passed it on to Lord Lucan orally as `` There , my lord , is your enemy ! There are your guns ! '' , and added the word `` attack '' when Raglan had intended merely a show of force . Nolan 's version of the order and accompanying gesture were misunderstood , causing the disaster described above . Nolan rode with the charge and died in it . Maxse 's letter said that Nolan was annoyed at how little the Light Brigade had done previously and that Nolan was angry against Lord Lucan . Nigel Kingscote ( another of Raglan 's staff officers ) agreed that the fault was Nolan 's , and said that Nolan , if he had lived , would have been `` broke by court martial '' . Aftermath Initial London Gazette dispatches , addressed to the Duke of Newcastle , in which the event was first reported . Raglan blamed Lucan in the dispatch , igniting significant controversy . Officers and men of the 13th Light Dragoons , survivors of the charge , photographed by Roger Fenton The brigade was not completely destroyed , but did suffer terribly , with 118 men killed , 127 wounded , and about 60 taken prisoner . After regrouping , only 195 men were still with horses . The futility of the action and its reckless bravery prompted the French Marshal Pierre Bosquet to state : `` C'est magnifique , mais ce n'est pas la guerre . '' ( `` It is magnificent , but it is not war . '' ) He continued , in a rarely quoted phrase : `` C'est de la folie '' -- `` It is madness . '' The Russian commanders are said to have initially believed that the British soldiers must have been drunk . Somerset Calthorpe , aide - de-camp to Lord Raglan , wrote a letter to a friend three days after the charge . He detailed casualty numbers but did not distinguish between those killed and those taken prisoner : `` Killed and missing . Wounded . 9 Officers 12 14 Sergeants 9 Trumpeters 129 Rank and file 98 156 Total 122 278 casualties ; -- besides 335 horses killed in action , or obliged afterwards to be destroyed from wounds . It has since been ascertained that the Russians made a good many prisoners ; the exact number is not yet known . '' The reputation of the British cavalry was significantly enhanced as a result of the charge , though the same can not be said for their commanders . Slow communications meant that news of the disaster did not reach the British public until three weeks after the action . The British commanders ' dispatches from the front were published in an extraordinary edition of the London Gazette of 12 November 1854 . Raglan blamed Lucan for the charge , claiming that `` from some misconception of the order to advance , the Lieutenant - General ( Lucan ) considered that he was bound to attack at all hazards , and he accordingly ordered Major - General the Earl of Cardigan to move forward with the Light Brigade . '' Lucan was furious at being made a scapegoat : Raglan claimed he should have exercised his discretion , but throughout the campaign up to that date Lucan considered Raglan had allowed him no independence at all and required that his orders be followed to the letter . Cardigan , who had merely obeyed orders , blamed Lucan for giving those orders . He returned home a hero and was promoted to Inspector General of the Cavalry . Grave of Charles Macaulay , former Sergeant 8th KRI Hussars `` One of the Six Hundred '' in Woodhouse Cemetery , Leeds Lucan attempted to publish a letter refuting point by point Raglan 's London Gazette dispatch , but his criticism of his superior was not tolerated , and Lucan was recalled to England in March 1855 . The Charge of the Light Brigade became a subject of considerable controversy and public dispute on his return . He strongly rejected Raglan 's version of events , calling it `` an imputation reflecting seriously on my professional character . '' In an exchange of public correspondence printed in the pages of The Times , Lucan blamed Raglan and his deceased aide - de-camp Captain Nolan , who had been the actual deliverer of the disputed order . Lucan subsequently defended himself with a speech in the House of Lords on 19 March . Lucan evidently escaped blame for the charge , as he was made a member of the Order of the Bath in July of that same year . Although he never again saw active duty , he reached the rank of general in 1865 and was made a field marshal in the year before his death . The charge continues to be studied by modern military historians and students as an example of what can go wrong when accurate military intelligence is lacking and orders are unclear . Prime Minister Winston Churchill , who was a keen military historian and a former cavalryman , insisted on taking time out during the Yalta Conference in 1945 to see the battlefield for himself . One research project used a mathematical model to examine how the charge might have turned out if conducted differently . The analysis suggested that a charge toward the redoubt on the Causeway Heights , as Raglan had apparently intended , would have led to even higher British casualties . By contrast , the charge might have succeeded if the Heavy Brigade had accompanied the Light Brigade along the valley , as Lucan had initially directed . According to Norman Dixon , 19th - century accounts of the charge tended to focus on the bravery and glory of the cavalrymen , much more than the military blunders involved , with the perverse effect that it `` did much to strengthen those very forms of tradition which put such an incapacitating stranglehold on military endeavor for the next eighty or so years , '' i.e. , until after World War I . The fate of the surviving members of the charge was investigated by Edward James Boys , a military historian , who documented their lives from leaving the army to their deaths . His records are described as being the most definitive project of its kind ever undertaken . Edwin Hughes , who died on 14 May 1927 , aged 96 , was the last survivor . Souvenir picture of the 1904 survivors ' reunion In October 1875 , survivors of the charge met at the Alexandra Palace in London to celebrate its 21st anniversary . The celebrations were fully reported in the Illustrated London News of 30 October 1875 , which included the recollections of several of the survivors , including those of Edward Richard Woodham , the Chairman of the Committee that organised the celebration . Tennyson was invited , but could not attend . Lucan , the senior commander surviving , was not present , but attended a separate celebration , held later in the day , with other senior officers at the fashionable Willis 's Rooms , St James 's Square . Reunion dinners were held for a number of years . On 2 August 1890 , trumpeter Martin Leonard Landfried , from the 17th Lancers , who may ( or may not ) have sounded the bugle charge at Balaclava , made a recording on an Edison cylinder that can be heard here , with a bugle which had been used at Waterloo in 1815 . ( Landfried 's name is misspelled as `` Landfrey '' on the Edison cylinder recording ) . In 2004 , on the 150th anniversary of the charge , a commemoration of the event was held at Balaklava . As part of the anniversary , a monument dedicated to the 25,000 British participants of the conflict was unveiled by Prince Michael of Kent . Survivor postscript A survivor , John Penn , who died in Dunbar in 1886 , left a personal account of his military career including the Charge written for a friend . This survives and is held by East Lothian Council Archives . A number of individuals who died during 1916 - 17 were thought to be the ' last ' survivor of the Charge of the Light Brigade . Sergeant James A. Mustard of the 17th Lancers , aged 85 , had his funeral with military honours at Twickenham in early February 1916 . In the Abergavenny Chronicle news report published on 11 February it was stated : He was one of thirty - eight men of the 145 of the 17th Lancers that came out of the charge led by Cardigan , and was always of the opinion that no one sounded the charge at all . He was in the battles of Alma and Mackenzie 's Farm , and the storming and taking of Sebastopol , and before leaving for Varna marched with his regiment from Hampton Court to Portsmouth . In The Cambrian News of 30 June 1916 the passing of another ' last ' was noted , Thomas Warr , aged 85 , at Dorchester : At the meeting of the Royal Patriotic Fund Corporation in London last week Mr. Hayes Fisher , M.P. , who presided , said that the last pensioned survivor of the Charge of the Light Brigade died on the previous day . His name was Thomas Warr . The last survivor was Edwin Hughes of the 13th Light Dragoons , who died on the 18th May 1927 at the age of 96 . Remembrance Main article : The Charge of the Light Brigade ( poem ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Charge of the Light Brigade Alfred , Lord Tennyson , the then Poet Laureate , wrote evocatively about the battle in his poem `` The Charge of the Light Brigade '' . Tennyson 's poem , written 2 December 1854 and , published six weeks after the event on 9 December 1854 , in The Examiner , praises the Brigade ( `` When can their glory fade ? O the wild charge they made ! '' ) while trenchantly mourning the appalling futility of the charge ( `` Not tho ' the soldier knew , someone had blunder 'd ... Charging an army , while all the world wonder 'd '' ) . Tennyson wrote the poem inside only a few minutes after reading an account of the battle in The Times , according to his grandson Sir Charles Tennyson . It immediately became hugely popular , and even reached the troops in the Crimea , where it was distributed in pamphlet form . Nearly 36 years later Kipling wrote `` The Last of the Light Brigade '' ( 1890 ) , commemorating a visit by the last 20 survivors to Tennyson ( then aged 80 ) to reproach him gently for not writing a sequel about the way in which England was treating its old soldiers . Some sources treat the poem as an account of a real event , but other commentators class the destitute old soldiers as allegorical , with the visit invented by Kipling to draw attention to the poverty in which the real survivors were living , in the same way that he evoked Tommy Atkins in `` The Absent - Minded Beggar '' ( 1899 ) . See also Back to the Army Again for a poem by Rudyard Kipling about a discharged soldier who re-joins the army under a false name as the only way to get away from long - term unemployment . References Jump up ^ Woodham Smith , Cecil ( 1953 ) . The Reason Why . Constable . p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Correspondent ( 14 November 1854 ) . `` The Cavalry Action at Balaclava 25 October '' . The Times ( 21898 ) . pp. 7 -- 8 . Although unnamed , the correspondent was William Howard Russell Jump up ^ Woodham Smith , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Russell 's report in The Times recorded that just short of 200 men were sick or for other reasons left behind in camp on the day , leaving `` 607 sabres '' to take part in the charge . Jump up ^ Dutton , Roy ( 2007 ) . Forgotten Heroes : The Charge of the Light Brigade . InfoDial Ltd . ISBN 0 - 9556554 - 0 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Lieutenant - Colonel ( later Lieutenant - General ) James Thomas Brudenell , 7th Earl of Cardigan , 11th ( Prince Albert 's Own ) Hussars , 1854 '' , Online Collection National Army Museum , London Jump up ^ Undated issue of Saddle & Bridle ISSN 0036 - 2271 , St Louis , MO , quoted in Ronald , Heroic War Horse of the Charge of the Light Brigade , Muncie , IN : Horse Show Central , retrieved 3 March 2009 Jump up ^ `` Earl Cardigan 's Cavalry Horses '' , The Era , London : Frederick Ledger ( 852 ) , 21 January 1855 ^ Jump up to : Morgan , Godfrey Charles ( 4 November 1897 ) . `` The Charge of the Light Brigade . Lord Tredegar Interviewed '' . Flintshire Observer , Mining Journal and General Advertiser , for the Counties of Flint and Denbigh , 43 ( 1,827 ) . p. 6 , c. 2 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Battles : Charge of the Light Brigade '' . History of war . Jump up ^ Woodham Smith , p. 258 . ^ Jump up to : Woodham Smith , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Sunday Telegraph Sunday 11 December 2016 , p. 12 Jump up ^ `` Letter sheds light on who was to blame for ' blunder ' which sent Light Brigade into the Valley of Death '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 2016 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Raugh , Harold E. ( 2004 ) . The Victorians at War , 1815 -- 1914 : An Encyclopedia of British Military History . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC CLIO . p. 93 . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 926 - 0 . Jump up ^ Calthorpe , Somerset John Gough ( 1857 ) . Letters from Headquarters : Or , The Realities of the War in the Crimea , by an Officer on the Staff . London : John Murray . p. 132 . Jump up ^ `` No. 21624 '' . The London Gazette. 12 November 1854 . p. 3456 . Jump up ^ Connors D. ; Armstrong , M.J. & Bonnett , J. ( 2015 ) . `` A counterfactual study of the Charge of the Light Brigade '' . Historical Methods. 48 ( 2 ) : 80 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Norman ( 1976 ) . On the Psychology of Military Incompetence . London : Jonathan Cape . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 224 - 01161 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The E.J. Boys Archive online '' . ChargeOfTheLightBrigade.com . Jump up ^ `` Edwin Hughes '' . BBC . 27 July 2009 . Retrieved 24 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Calaclava '' ( PDF ) . Julienco.com . Jump up ^ `` The Officers ' Dinner '' . Illustrated London News . 67 ( 1890 ) : 6 . 30 October 1875 . Jump up ^ Dutton lists them , and the attendees where known Jump up ^ Greenwood , Hilary ( October 2012 ) . `` '' Martin Leonard Landfried `` '' . Shoreham Fort . Friends of Shoreham Fort . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Later Landfried became famous as the man who sounded the charge of the Light Brigade but it is not clear whether this was his responsibility or not . Taking part in the charge were 17 men listed as trumpeters on the muster rolls ... including William Brittain who rode with Lord Cardigan in the Charge . ( ... ) There is much argument about whether the ' charge ' was actually sounded at all ( ... ) William Brittain , it is agreed , sounded the ' walk , trot , gallop ' and he may have sounded the ' charge . ' It may be that one or more of the other trumpeters sounded the charge . Jump up ^ Hilary Greenwood ( 22 June 2004 ) . `` Trumpeter Landfrey 's Charge of the Light Brigade '' . Internet Archive . Internet Archive . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Martin Landfried retired as bandmaster for the 1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers at Shoreham Fort , West Sussex , UK . He left the army in 1865 ( ... ) At the time of his death he was living in Portland Road Hove and his grave is Hove Cemetery . The recording was made and distributed by the Light Brigade Relief Fund . The aim was to benefit the remaining veterans and inform the public about the bad times some of them had fallen on . ( ... ) Researched by Hilary Greenwood , Shoreham Fort historian Jump up ^ `` Remembering Together : Sevastopol In The Crimean War '' . The quarterly magazine of the British Embassy in Kyiv . Archived from the original on 8 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Name * . `` You searched for '' . John Gray Centre . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Anon. ( 11 February 1916 ) . `` Last Balaclava Hero '' . Abergavenny Chronicle , Monmouthshire Advertiser , Brynmawr , Blaenavon , Tredegar , Abersychan , Crickhowell , Pontypool , Usk , Raglan , Monmouth , Longtown , Pontrilas , Grosmont and Skenfrith Record , 80 . p. 2 , c. 3 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Anon. ( 30 June 1916 ) . `` Brevities '' . The Cambrian News , Merionethshire Standard and Welsh Farmers ' Gazette , ( 2,891 ) . p. 3 , c. 5 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Adkin ( 30 April 2017 ) . The Charge : The Real Reason Why the Light Brigade Was Lost . Pen and Sword . p. 259 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5267 - 0722 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kipling , Rudyard ( 28 April 1890 ) . `` The Last of the Light Brigade '' . St James 's Gazette . London . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( 2 November 1913 ) . `` Last `` Light Brigade '' officer dies ; Kipling poem discovered `` . New York Times . p . SM8 . Retrieved 7 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Brighton , Terry ( 2004 ) . Hell riders : the true story of the charge of the Light Brigade . New York : Henry Holt . pp. 229 -- 34 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7722 - 7 . Jump up ^ Lootens , Tricia ( 2000 ) . `` Victorian poetry and patriotism '' . In Bristow , Joseph . The Cambridge companion to Victorian poetry . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . pp. 269 -- 70 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 64115 - 2 . Further reading The Reason Why , Story of the Fatal Charge of the Light Brigade , Cecil Woodham - Smith , Penguin Books , ISBN 0 - 14 - 139031 - X , first published in 1953 by Constable for the Book Society . Hell Riders : The True Story of the Charge of the Light Brigade , Terry Brighton , Henry Holt and Co , ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7722 - 7 , published 2 November 2004 . Forgotten Heroes : The Charge of the Light Brigade , Roy Dutton , InfoDial Ltd. , ISBN 0 - 9556554 - 0 - 4 , published 25 October 2007 . The Charge of the Light Brigade Contemporary eyewitness account from journalist William Howard Russell . Illustrated London News 30 October 1875 , reporting the celebration at Alexandra Palace of the survivors of the Charge and some of their recollections including those of Edward Richard Woodham the Chairman of the Committee that organised the celebration The Charge . The Real Reason Why the Light Brigade was Lost , Mark Adkin , Leo Cooper , London 1996 , ISBN 0 - 85052 - 469 - 5 , ( also : Pimlico , London 2004 , ISBN 1 - 84413 - 734 - 1 ) . `` New Accounts Emerge of Charge of the Light Brigade '' , Jasper Copping , The Telegraph , London , Apr. 20 , 2014 . External links ( 1 ) , Confirmed Chargers : Forgotten Heroes Charge of the Light Brigade Wikisource has original text related to this article : `` The Times '' account of The Charge of the Light Brigade Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charge of the Light Brigade . Charge of the Light Brigade on In Our Time at the BBC . Nationalarchives.gov.uk , The National Archives : Charge of the Light Brigade Eserver.org , The Charge of the Light Brigade by Lord Alfred Tennyson Virginia. eud , A copy of the poem hand - written by Tennyson BBC.co.uk , illustrated history of the Charge of the Light Brigade Loc.gov , Roger Fenton photographs Kipling.org.uk , The Last of the Light Brigade by Rudyard Kipling Plus.com , Casualty list NPR.org , Retelling the Tale of the Light Brigade The monument to the charge in Ukraine at Find a Grave www.archive.org Trumpeter Martin Landfrey ( or Lanfried ) plays the charge he sounded at the Charge of the Light Brigade . He uses a bugle which was previously used by Wellington 's forces at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 . Edison cylinder recording , 2 August 1890 , London . Julienco.com , Illustrated London News Article dated 30 October 1875 about the 21st Anniversary Reunion dinner at Alexandra Palace on 25 October 1875 . 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who fought in the charge of the light brigade
[ "\n\nCharge of the Light Brigade\n\n\nPart of Battle of Balaclava, Crimean War\n\n\n\nThe Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaklava by William Simpson (1855), illustrating the Light Brigade's charge into the \"Valley of Death\" from the Russian perspective.\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n25 October 1854\n\n\nLocation\n44°32′16″N 33°37′27″E / 44.53778°N 33.62417°E / 44.53778; 33.62417\n\n\nResult\nRussian victory\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n\n\n\n British Empire\n\n\n French Empire\n Russian Empire\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n\n\n\n James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan\n\n\n Armand-Octave-Marie d’Allonville\n Pavel Liprandi\n\n\nStrength\n\n\nAbout 670 (Adkin: 668; Brighton: \"at least\" 666)\nUnknown\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n110 killed\n161 wounded\nUnknown\n\n", "\n\nCharge of the Light Brigade\n\n\nPart of Battle of Balaclava, Crimean War\n\n\n\nThe Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaklava by William Simpson (1855), illustrating the Light Brigade's charge into the \"Valley of Death\" from the Russian perspective.\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n25 October 1854\n\n\nLocation\n44°32′16″N 33°37′27″E / 44.53778°N 33.62417°E / 44.53778; 33.62417\n\n\nResult\nRussian victory\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n\n\n\n British Empire\n\n\n French Empire\n Russian Empire\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n\n\n\n James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan\n\n\n Armand-Octave-Marie d’Allonville\n Pavel Liprandi\n\n\nStrength\n\n\nAbout 670 (Adkin: 668; Brighton: \"at least\" 666)\nUnknown\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n110 killed\n161 wounded\nUnknown\n\n", "\n\nCharge of the Light Brigade\n\n\nPart of Battle of Balaclava, Crimean War\n\n\n\nThe Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaklava by William Simpson (1855), illustrating the Light Brigade's charge into the \"Valley of Death\" from the Russian perspective.\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n25 October 1854\n\n\nLocation\n44°32′16″N 33°37′27″E / 44.53778°N 33.62417°E / 44.53778; 33.62417\n\n\nResult\nRussian victory\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n\n\n\n British Empire\n\n\n French Empire\n Russian Empire\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n\n\n\n James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan\n\n\n Armand-Octave-Marie d’Allonville\n Pavel Liprandi\n\n\nStrength\n\n\nAbout 670 (Adkin: 668; Brighton: \"at least\" 666)\nUnknown\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n110 killed\n161 wounded\nUnknown\n\n" ]
[ "British Empire", "French Empire", "Russian Empire" ]
-7491220010485001559
Elections in Nigeria
Elections in Nigeria - Wikipedia Elections in Nigeria Jump to : navigation , search Nigeria This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Nigeria Constitution Human rights President ( list ) Muhammadu Buhari Vice President Yemi Osinbajo Cabinet Federal Parastatals National Assembly Senate House of Representatives Supreme Court Subdivisions States State governors Local Government Areas Recent elections Presidential : 2011 2015 Parliamentary : 2011 2015 Political parties Foreign relations Nigeria portal Other countries Atlas Elections in Nigeria are forms of choosing representatives to the Nigerian federal government and the various states in Nigeria . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 2007 elections 3 2011 elections 4 2015 elections 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Nigeria elects on the federal level a head of state ( the President of Nigeria ) and a legislature ( the National Assembly ) . The president is elected by the people . The National Assembly has two chambers . The House of Representatives has 360 members , elected for a four - year term in single - seat constituencies . The Senate has 109 members , elected for a four - year term : each of the 36 states are divided into 3 senatorial districts , each of which is represented by one senator ; the Federal Capital Territory is represented by only one senator . Nigeria has a multi-party system , with two or three strong parties and a third party that is electorally successful . However , members of the People 's Democratic Party ( PDP ) had controlled the presidency since elections were resumed in 1999 until 2015 when Muhammadu Buhari won the presidential election . 2007 elections ( edit ) Main article : Nigerian general election , 2007 The Nigerian general elections of 2007 were held on 14 April and 21 April 2007 . Governorship and state assembly elections were held on 14 April , while the presidential and national assembly elections were held a week later on 21 April . Umaru Yar'Adua won the highly controversial election for the ruling People 's Democratic Party ( PDP ) and was sworn in on 29 May . The ruling PDP won 26 of the 32 states , according to INEC , including Kaduna State and Katsina State , where the results were contested by the local population . Following the presidential election , groups monitoring the election gave it a dismal assessment . Chief European Union observer Max van den Berg reported that the handling of the polls had `` fallen far short '' of basic international standards , and that `` the process can not be considered to be credible . '' A spokesman for the United States Department of State said it was `` deeply troubled '' by election polls , calling them `` flawed '' , and said it hoped the political parties would resolve any differences over the election through peaceful , constitutional means . 2011 elections ( edit ) Main articles : Nigerian presidential election , 2011 and Nigerian parliamentary election , 2011 This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( November 2013 ) A parliamentary election was held in Nigeria on 9 April 2011 . The election was originally scheduled to be held on 2 April , but was later postponed to 4 April . A presidential election was held in Nigeria on 16 April 2011 , postponed from 9 April 2011 . The election follows controversy as to whether a Muslim or Christian should be allowed to become president given the tradition of rotating the top office between the religions and following the death of Umaru Yar'Adua , who was a Muslim , and Goodluck Jonathan , a Christian , assuming the interim presidency . Following the election widespread violence took place in the northern parts of the country . Goodluck Jonathan was declared the winner on 19 April . The elections was reported in the international media as having run smoothly with relatively little violence or voter fraud in contrast to previous elections , in particular the widely disputed 2007 election . The United States State Department said the election was `` successful '' and a `` substantial improvement '' over 2007 , although it added that vote rigging and fraud also took place . 2015 elections ( edit ) Main article : Nigerian general election , 2015 The 2015 general elections was originally scheduled to hold 14 February but was later postponed to 28 March ( Presidential , Senatorial and House of Representatives ) and 11 April 2015 ( Governorship and state house of Assembly ) . General Muhammadu Buhari of the All Progressive Party emerged as the winner of the Presidential elections and was sworn in on 29 May 2015 . it was the first time in the history of Nigeria that an incumbent President was overthrown . Goodluck Ebele Johnathan of the People Democratic Party lost his seat to Muhammadu Buhari of the All Progressive Congress . See also ( edit ) Electoral calendar Electoral system Open ballot system References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ola Awoniyi : `` Nigeria sets date for elections '' , Mail & Guardian . 29 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Barry Moody , `` Nigeria court clears way for late presidential bid '' , Reuters ( Alertnet.org ) , 16 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria election ' worst ever seen ' '' , SMH News , 24 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Huge win for Nigeria 's Yar'Adua '' , BBC News , 23 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria 's General Elections Postponed From January To April As A New Voter Registration Software Is Released By The Inec - West African News '' . Allwestafrica.com. 2010 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria to hold presidential election on 9 April '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2010 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ the CNN Wire Staff . `` Nigeria postpones parliamentary election - CNN.com '' . Edition.cnn.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria to hold presidential election on 9 April '' . BBC News . 23 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Nigeria 's General Elections Postponed From January To April As A New Voter Registration Software Is Released By The Inec - All West Africa News Jump up ^ `` Nigeria Elections postponed for second time '' . Aljazeera News . 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jonathan rival rejects vote result as thousands flee Nigeria unrest '' . Daily Nation . Kenya. 20 April 2011 . Retrieved 21 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Purefoy , Christian ( 19 April 2011 ) . `` Widespread election violence erupts in Nigeria '' . CNN . Retrieved 20 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Nossiter , Adam ( 16 April 2011 ) . `` Nigerians Vote in Presidential Election '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Recent Elections in Nigeria '' . External links ( edit ) African Elections Database Adam Carr 's Election Archive Elections in Nigeria Presidential elections 1979 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 House elections 1923 1928 1933 1938 1943 1947 1954 1959 1964 1979 1992 1998 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 Senate elections 1979 1992 1998 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 Regional elections 1951 1953 1954 1956 − 57 1960 − 61 1964 British Cameroons : 1959 1961 Local elections 1950 1953 Referendums 1959 1961 Nigeria articles History Kingdoms Empires Aro Benin Fulani Kanem - Bornu Nri Oyo Timeline Northern Nigeria Southern Nigeria Civil War Islamist insurgency Communal conflicts in Nigeria Niger Delta conflict 2016 Biafra conflict Geography Adamawa Plateau Cities Ecoregions Environmental issues Islands Jos Plateau Mountains National parks Niger Delta Rivers Niger Benue Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Cabinet Constitution Elections Federal Executive Council Foreign relations Human rights Law enforcement LGBT history Military National Assembly House of Representatives Senate Political parties PDP APC President Vice-President Supreme Court Economy Agriculture Central Bank Economic history Energy Mining Naira ( currency ) Petroleum Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Capital punishment Corruption Demographics Diaspora Education Ethnic groups MASSOB MOSOP Oodua Peoples Congress Health Languages Organized crime Poverty Rankings Refugees Water supply and sanitation Culture Anthem Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Demonyms Flag List of Nigerians Literature Media Newspapers Radio TV Music Public holidays Religion Smoking Sport Video gaming Outline Index Portal Elections in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / ( see also plazas de soberanía ) ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Western Sahara Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Nigeria&oldid=787304651 '' Categories : Elections in Nigeria Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2015 Use dmy dates from June 2015 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2013 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Ελληνικά Galego Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 June 2017 , at 16 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
during any election the nigerian electoral system gives voting rights to
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-2510210941716622378
Rural banks in Ghana
Rural banks in Ghana - wikipedia Rural banks in Ghana Jump to : navigation , search This is the list of rural banks in Ghana . Rural banks were first established in Ghana in 1976 to provide banking services to the rural population , providing credit to small - scale farmers and businesses and supporting development projects , with the first being in Agona Nyakrom in Central Region . The banks are locally owned and managed . By 2002 115 rural banks had been established . They are supervised by the clearing bank ARB Apex Bank under the regulation of the Bank of Ghana , which owns shares in the banks . Contents ( hide ) 1 See also 2 References 3 External links 4 Further reading See also ( edit ) Atwima Rural Bank Economy of Ghana Bank of Ghana References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tsamenyi , Matthew ; Shazad Uddin ( 2008 ) . `` The Case of Rural Banks in Ghana '' . Corporate Governance in Less Developed and Emerging Economies . Emerald Group Publishing . pp. 311 -- 334 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84855 - 252 - 4 . Jump up ^ Huq , M.M. ( 1989 ) . The economy of Ghana : the first 25 years since independence . Macmillan . p. 190 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 47049 - 7 . Jump up ^ Russell , Nathan C. ( 1993 ) . Sustainable Food Production in Sub-Saharan Africa : Constraints and opportunities . International Institute of Tropical Agriculture . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 978 - 131 - 096 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ghana , handbook of commerce and industry . Ministry of Trade ( Ghana ) . 1988 . p. 185 . OCLC 83335993 . Jump up ^ Ghana : Selected Issues . International Monetary Fund . 2007 . p. 33 . OCLC 472599516 . Jump up ^ Immigration Appeal Reports . The Stationery Office . 2006 . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 11 - 783200 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gallardo , Joselito S. ( 2005 ) . Comparative review of microfinance regulatory framework issues in Benin , Ghana , and Tanzania . World Bank Publications . p. 27 . OCLC 62703733 . Jump up ^ Page , Sheila ( 1993 ) . Monetary policy in developing countries . Routledge . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 08822 - 0 . Jump up ^ Brydon , Lynne ; Karen Legge ( 1996 ) . Adjusting society : the World Bank , the IMF , and Ghana . I.B. Tauris . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 000 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ansah , Mark Owusu ( 1999 ) . Nsoatreman Rural Bank , Ghana . World Bank . pp. 1 -- 29 . OCLC 43522371 . Jump up ^ Djurfeldt , Göran ; Hans Holmén ; Magnus Jirstroml ( 2005 ) . The African food crisis : lessons from the Asian Green Revolution . CABI . p. 225 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85199 - 998 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lentz , Carola ( 2006 ) . Ethnicity and the making of history in northern Ghana . Edinburgh University Press . p. 229 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 2401 - 0 . Jump up ^ Baker , Judy L. ( 2000 ) . Evaluating the impact of development projects on poverty : a handbook for practitioners . World Bank Publications . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8213 - 4697 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Official website of the Bank of Ghana Further reading ( edit ) Anin , T.E. ( 2000 ) . `` Rural Banks '' . Banking in Ghana . Woeli Publishing Services . pp. 176 ff . ISBN 978 - 9964 - 978 - 67 - 9 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rural_banks_in_Ghana&oldid=774754955 '' Categories : Banks of Ghana Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 April 2017 , at 13 : 55 . About Wikipedia
how many rural banks do we have in ghana
[ "This is the list of rural banks in Ghana. Rural banks were first established in Ghana in 1976 to provide banking services to the rural population, providing credit to small-scale farmers and businesses and supporting development projects,[1] with the first being in Agona Nyakrom in Central Region.[2][3] The banks are locally owned and managed.[4] By 2002 115 rural banks had been established.[5] They are supervised by the clearing bank ARB Apex Bank[6] under the regulation of the Bank of Ghana,[7] which owns shares in the banks.[8][9][10][11][12][13]" ]
[ "115" ]
-8138315036639328930
War of the Worlds (2005 film)
War of the Worlds ( 2005 film ) - wikipedia War of the Worlds ( 2005 film ) Jump to : navigation , search For the Byron Haskin film , see The War of the Worlds ( 1953 film ) . For other films released in 2005 , see H.G. Wells ' The War of the Worlds ( Timothy Hines film ) and H.G. Wells ' War of the Worlds ( David Michael Latt film ) . War of the Worlds North American theatrical release poster Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Kathleen Kennedy Colin Wilson Screenplay by Josh Friedman David Koepp Based on The War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells Starring Tom Cruise Dakota Fanning Justin Chatwin Miranda Otto Tim Robbins Narrated by Morgan Freeman Music by John Williams Cinematography Janusz Kamiński Edited by Michael Kahn Production company Amblin Entertainment Cruise / Wagner Productions Distributed by Paramount Pictures DreamWorks Pictures Release date June 28 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 28 ) ( Kuwait ) June 29 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 29 ) ( United States ) Running time 116 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $132 million Box office $591.7 million War of the Worlds is a 2005 American science fiction horror film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Josh Friedman and David Koepp , loosely based on the novel of the same title by H.G. Wells . It stars Tom Cruise , Dakota Fanning , Justin Chatwin , Miranda Otto and Tim Robbins , with narration by Morgan Freeman . In the film , an American dock worker is forced to look after his children , from whom he lives separately , as he struggles to protect them and reunite them with their mother when extraterrestrials invade the Earth and devastate cities with towering war machines . The film was shot in 73 days , using five different sound stages as well as locations in California , Connecticut , New Jersey , New York , and Virginia . The film was surrounded by a secrecy campaign so few details would be leaked before its release . Tie - in promotions were made with several companies , including Hitachi . The film was released in the United States on June 29 and in United Kingdom on July 1 . War of the Worlds received positive reviews from critics and was a box office success , becoming 2005 's fourth most successful film both domestically , with $234 million in North America , and $591 million overall . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Design and visual effects 3.4 Music 3.5 Themes 4 Release 4.1 Secrecy 4.2 Marketing and home media releases 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reaction 5.3 Accolades 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) An opening narration based on the opening of Wells ' novel explains that humans were unaware that a race of extraterrestrials was making plans to occupy Earth . Ray Ferrier is a divorced crane operator longshoreman who works at a dock in Brooklyn , New York and lives in Bayonne , New Jersey . Ray is estranged from his children . His former wife , Mary Ann , later drops off the children , 10 - year - old daughter Rachel and teenage son Robbie , at Ray 's house on her way to visit her parents in Boston . Unexplained changes in the weather occur , with lightning that strikes multiple times in the middle of an intersection and disrupts all electricity . Ray joins the crowd at the scene of the lightning strikes , where a massive `` Tripod '' war machine emerges from the ground and uses powerful weaponry to destroy the area , disintegrating most of the witnesses into a grey dust and leaving only their empty clothes behind . Ray collects his children , steals a car that had just been repaired , and drives to Mary Ann 's empty home in suburban New Jersey to take refuge . The next morning , he finds that a Boeing 747 has crashed in the street . A news team scavenging for food and surveying the wreckage explain that there are multiple Tripods that have attacked major cities including New York City , Paris , Washington , D.C. , and London , and have force shields to protect them from human weapons . They also explain the Tripods ' pilots traveled to Earth within the lightning as a way to enter their war machines , which had been buried here millions of years prior . Ray decides to take the kids to Boston to be with their mother . The three are forced to abandon their car after a mob sees that it 's working and swarms the vehicle . They later survive a Tripod attack which causes a Hudson River ferry to sink . During a desperate battle between U.S. Marines and the aliens , Ray is forced to choose between being separated from Rachel and preventing Robbie from joining the fight : he lets Robbie go with the Marines , to what appears to be certain death . While escaping , Ray and Rachel are offered shelter in the basement of a farmhouse by a man named Harlan Ogilvy . The three remain undetected for two days , even as a probe and a group of aliens themselves explore the basement . They discover that the aliens are cultivating a strange red - colored growth ( known as `` Red weed '' ) across the landscape and it is quickly spreading , covering trees and making its way into the basement : the group deduces the aliens are modifying Earth to be more like their home planet . The next morning , Ogilvy suffers a mental breakdown after witnessing a Tripod harvesting human blood and tissue to fertilize the alien vegetation . Convinced that Ogilvy 's mad shouting will alert the Martians to their location , Ray reluctantly kills him . The basement hideout is eventually exposed when a second probe catches the Ferriers sleeping . Rachel is abducted by a nearby Tripod and Ray allows himself to be abducted as well , after picking up a belt of grenades from an abandoned military vehicle . Ray and a number of other abductees use the grenades to destroy the Tripod from within , freeing them all . Ray and Rachel arrive in a devastated Boston , where they discover the alien vegetation is shriveling up and most of the Tripods have collapsed . When an active Tripod appears , Ray notices birds landing on it , indicating that its shields are offline . Ray alerts the soldiers escorting the fleeing crowd , and they shoot it down with anti-tank missiles . As the soldiers advance on the downed Tripod , a hatch opens and a sickly alien struggles halfway out before dying . Ray and Rachel reach Mary Ann 's parents ' house , where they are reunited with Mary Ann and Robbie , who is alive after all . A closing narration explains that the aliens ' immune systems could not handle the countless billions of microbes that inhabit the Earth , and that humanity has `` earned '' the right to the planet by virtue of naturally coexisting with the rest of its biosphere . Cast ( edit ) Tom Cruise and Dakota Fanning portray the two main characters of the film . Tom Cruise as Ray Ferrier Dakota Fanning as Rachel Ferrier Justin Chatwin as Robbie Ferrier Miranda Otto as Mary Ann Ferrier Tim Robbins as Harlan Ogilvy Rick Gonzalez as Vincent Yul Vázquez as Julio Lenny Venito as Manny the Mechanic Lisa Ann Walter as Cheryl Ann Robinson as Grandmother ( she played the lead role of Sylvia van Buren in the 1953 film ) Gene Barry as Grandfather ( he played lead role of Dr. Clayton Forrester in the 1953 film ) David Alan Basche as Tim Roz Abrams as Herself Camillia Sanes as News Producer Amy Ryan as Neighbor with Toddler Danny Hoch as Policeman Morgan Freeman as the Narrator ( voice ) Dee Bradley Baker as Alien Vocals ( uncredited ) Columbus Short as Soldier ( uncredited ) Channing Tatum as Boy in Church Scene ( scene cut ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) After collaborating in 2002 's Minority Report , Steven Spielberg and Tom Cruise were interested in working together again . Spielberg stated about Cruise , `` He 's such an intelligent , creative partner , and brings such great ideas to the set that we just spark each other . I love working with Tom Cruise . '' Cruise met with Spielberg during the filming of Spielberg 's Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) and gave three options of films to create together , one of them being an adaptation of The War of the Worlds . Spielberg chose The War of the Worlds and stated , `` We looked at each other and the lights went on . As soon as I heard it , I said ' Oh my God ! War of the Worlds -- absolutely . ' That was it . '' The film is Spielberg 's third on the subject of alien visitation , along with Close Encounters of the Third Kind and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial . Producer and longtime collaborator Kathleen Kennedy notes that with War of the Worlds , Spielberg had the opportunity to explore the antithesis of the characters brought to life in E.T. and Close Encounters of the Third Kind . `` When we first started developing E.T. , it was a much edgier , darker story and it actually evolved into something that was more benign . I think that the edgier , darker story has always been somewhere inside him . Now , he 's telling that story . '' Spielberg stated that he just thought it would be fun to make a `` really scary film with really scary aliens '' , something which he had never done before . Spielberg was intent on telling a contemporary story , with Kennedy stating the story was created as a fantasy , but depicted in a hyper - realistic way . `` For the first time in my life I 'm making an alien picture where there is no love and no attempt at communication . '' -- Steven Spielberg J.J. Abrams was asked by Spielberg and Cruise to write the script but had to turn down the film as he was working on the pilot for his television series Lost . Josh Friedman delivered a screenplay , which was then rewritten by David Koepp . After re-reading the novel , Koepp decided to do the script following a single narrator , `` a very limited point of view , from someone on the very periphery of events rather than someone involved in events '' , and created a list of elements he would not use due to being `` cliché '' , such as the destruction of landmark buildings . Some aspects of the book were heavily adapted and condensed : Tim Robbins ' character was an amalgam of two characters in the book , with the name borrowed from a third . While changing the setting from 19th century to present day , Koepp also tried to `` take the modern world back to the 1800s '' , with the characters being devoid of electricity and modern techniques of communication . Spielberg accepted the script after finding it had several similarities to his personal life , including the divorce of his parents ( Ray and Mary Ann 's divorce ) , and because the plight of the fictional survivors reflects his own uncertainty after the devastation of the September 11 attacks . For Spielberg , the characters ' stories of survival needed to be the main focus , as they featured the American mindset of never giving up . Spielberg described War of the Worlds as `` a polar opposite '' to Close Encounters , with that movie featuring a man leaving family to travel with aliens , while War of the Worlds focused on keeping the family together . At the same time , the aliens and their motivations would not be much explored , as `` we just experience the results of these nefarious plans to replace us with themselves '' . Although accepting the script , Spielberg asked for several changes . Spielberg had been against the idea of the aliens arriving in spaceships , since every alien invasion movie used such a vehicle . The original Martian cylinders were discarded , where Spielberg replaced the origins of the Tripods with stating they were buried underground in the Earth long ago . Spielberg had Miranda Otto in mind for the part of Mary Ann , but at the time he called her she was pregnant and thought the opportunity would be missed . Spielberg then decided to incorporate Otto 's pregnancy into the film , changing the part for her . Lawrence Brown wrote : `` Spielberg 's decision to present the invaders ' fighting machines as having been there all along , buried deep under the Earth , raises questions which did not exist in the original Wells book . In Spielberg 's version , these invaders had been here before , long ago , in prehistoric times . They had set up their machines deep underground , and departed . Why ? Why not take over the Earth right there and then ? Spielberg does not provide an answer , and the characters are too busy surviving to wonder about this . An answer suggests itself - a very chilling answer . The invaders were interested in humans as food animals . When they came here before , humans were very scarce . The aliens left their hidden machines and departed , patiently observing the Earth until humans would multiply to the requisite numbers - and then they came back , to take over . Under this interpretation , all of us - all humans over the whole of history - have been livestock living in an alien food farm , destined to be ' harvested ' '' . Filming ( edit ) Destroyed Boeing 747 used on the War of the Worlds set . Currently , visitors can view the destroyed airliner set during the Universal Studios Hollywood 's Studio Tour . Filming took place in Virginia , Connecticut , New Jersey , California , and New York . The film shooting lasted an estimated 72 days . Spielberg originally intended to shoot War of the Worlds after Munich , but Tom Cruise liked David Koepp 's script so much that he suggested Spielberg postpone the former while he would do the same with Mission : Impossible III . Most of Munich 's crew was brought in to work on War of the Worlds as well . In 2004 , the production crews quickly were set up on both coasts to prepare for the start date , scouting locations up and down the Eastern Seaboard and preparing stages and sets which would be used when the company returned to Los Angeles after the winter holiday . Pre-production took place in only three months , essentially half the amount of time normally allotted for a film of similar size and scope . Spielberg notes , however , `` This was n't a cram course for War of the Worlds . This was my longest schedule in about 12 years . We took our time . '' Spielberg collaborated with crews at the beginning of pre-production with the use of previsualization , considering the tight schedule . The scene depicting the first appearance of the Tripods was filmed at the intersection of Ferry Street , Merchart Street , and Wilson Avenue , in Newark , New Jersey . Later , Spielberg filmed several scenes in Virginia . The continuous scene was filmed in California . The ferry scene was filmed in the New York town of Athens , and Mary Ann 's parents ' house was located in Brooklyn ( but was featured in the film in Boston ) . For the neighborhood plane crash scene , the production crew bought a retired Boeing 747 , with transportation costs of $2 million , destroyed it into pieces , and built houses around them . The destroyed plane was kept for the Universal Studios back - lot tour . Ray 's house was filmed in Bayonne , New Jersey ( with a soundstage doubling the interior ) ; meanwhile , the valley war sequence was filmed in Lexington , Virginia and Mystery Mesa in California . The scene where the tripod is shot down and crashes through a factory was filmed in Naugatuck , Connecticut at the since dismantled Naugatuck Chemical . The scene of the bodies floating down the river was filmed on the Farmington River in Windsor , Connecticut by a second unit using a stand in for Dakota Fanning ( the back of her character ) with the portion showing the faces of the credited actors cut in later . Some filming was shot on the Korean War Veterans Parkway in Staten Island , NY . The film used six sound stages , spread over three studio lots . Principal photography began on November 8 and Principal photography wrapped ending on March 7 , 2005 . Design and Visual effects ( edit ) Industrial Light & Magic was the main special effects company for the movie . While Spielberg had used computers to help visualize sequences in pre-production before , Spielberg said , `` This is the first film I really tackled using the computer to animate all the storyboards . '' He decided to employ the technique extensively after a visit to his friend George Lucas . In order to keep the realism , the usage of computer - generated imagery shots and bluescreen was limited , with most of the digital effects being blended with miniature and live - action footage . The design of the Tripods was described by Spielberg as `` graceful , '' with artist Doug Chiang replicating aquatic life forms . At the same time , the director wanted a design that would be iconic while still providing a tribute to the original Tripods , as well as intimidating so the audience would not be more interested about the aliens inside than on the vehicle itself . The visual effects crew tried to blend organic and mechanical elements in the Tripods depiction , and made extensive studies for the movements of the vehicle to be believable , considering the `` contradiction '' of having a large tank - like head being carried by thin and flexible legs . Animator Randal M. Dutra considered the movements themselves to have a `` terrestrial buoyance '' , in that they were walking on land but had an aquatic flow , and Spielberg described the Tripods as moving like `` scary ballet dancers '' . Most of the alien elements revolved around the number three -- the Tripod had three eyes , and both the vehicle and the aliens had three main limbs with three fingers each . Visual effects supervisor Pablo Helman considered depicting the scale of the Tripod as challenging , considering `` Steven wanted to make sure that these creatures were 150 feet tall '' , as it was the height described by Wells in the novel . The aliens themselves had designs based on jellyfish , with movements inspired by red - eyed tree frogs , and an amphibian quality particularly on the wet skin . A styrofoam alien was used as a stand - in to guide the actors in the basement scene . Spielberg did not want any blood or gore during the Heat - Ray deaths ; in the words of Helman , `` this was going to be a horror movie for kids '' . So the effects crew came up with the vaporization of the bodies , and considering it could not be fully digital due to both the complexity of the effect and the schedule , live - action dust was used alongside the CGI ray assimilation and particles . Digital birds followed the Tripods in most scenes to symbolize the presence of death , which Chiang compared to vultures and added that `` you do n't know if these birds are going to the danger or away from it , if you should follow them or run away . '' During the scene where Ray 's stolen minivan is attacked by a mob , Janusz Kaminski and Spielberg wanted a lot of interactive lights , so they added different kinds of lights , including Coleman lamps , oil lanterns , flashlights and Maglights . The IL&M crew admitted that the destruction of the Bayonne Bridge was the toughest scene to be made with heavy usage mix of CGI effects and live action elements , and a four - week deadline so the shot could be used in a Super Bowl trailer . The scene originally had only a gas station exploding , but then Spielberg suggested blowing up the bridge as well . The scene involved Tripods shooting a Heat - Ray towards the minivan and minivan escapes from it involved a lot of CGI layers to work out . Over 500 CGI effects were used in the film . Costume designer Joanna Johnston created 60 different versions of Ray 's leather jacket , to illustrate the degrees to which he is weathered from the beginning of the journey to the end . `` He begins with the jacket , a hoodie , and two t - shirts , '' explains Johnston . One piece of Dakota Fanning 's costume that takes on a special importance is her lavender horse purse : `` I wanted her to have something that made her feel safe , some little thing that she could sleep with and put over her face , '' Johnston notes . `` That was the lavender horse purse . We tied it up on a ribbon and Dakota hung it on her body , so it was with her at all times . '' Johnston dressed Robbie for an unconscious emulation of his father , `` They 're more alike than they realize , with great tension on the surface , '' Johnston says . Music ( edit ) War of the Worlds : Music from the Motion Picture Film score by John Williams Released June 13 , 2005 Studio Sony Pictures Studios Genre Soundtrack Length 61 : 01 Label Decca Records Producer John Williams John Williams chronology Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith 2005 War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Memoirs of a Geisha 2005 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Filmtracks ScoreNotes C+ SoundtrackNet Longtime Spielberg collaborator John Williams composed the music score of War of the Worlds . It was the first time Williams had to compose with an incomplete Spielberg film , as only the first six reels , totalling sixty minutes , were ready for him to use as reference . He considered the score `` a very serious piece , '' which had to combine `` necessary frightening atmosphere '' with `` propulsively rhythmic drive for the action scenes '' -- the music would be symbolically `` pulling forward '' vehicles in chase scenes such as Ray driving out of Bayonne or the Tripod attacking the Hudson ferry . Williams added small nods to classic monster movie scores by having orchestras doing a `` grand gesture '' in scenes overlooking Tripods . To increase the scariness , Williams added a female chorus with a crescendo resembling a shriek -- which would `` humanize '' the track representing `` victims that go out without saying an ' ouch ' -- they 're gone before they can say that '' -- for the Tripod attacks , and a nearly inaudible male choir -- which Williams compared to `` Tibetan monks , the lowest known pitch our bodies can make '' -- for the aliens exploring the basement . The only deviation from orchestras were electronic sounds for the opening and closing narrations . A soundtrack album was released by Decca Records , that featured the film 's music and Morgan Freeman 's opening and closing narration . The songs `` Little Deuce Coupe '' and `` Hushabye Mountain '' are also featured in the movie , the former sung by Tom Cruise , and the latter by Dakota Fanning . War of the Worlds : Music from the Motion Picture No . Title Length 1 . `` Prologue '' 2 : 52 2 . `` The Ferry Scene '' 5 : 49 3 . `` Reaching the Country '' 3 : 24 4 . `` The Intersection Scene '' 4 : 13 5 . `` Ray and Rachel '' 2 : 41 6 . `` Escape from the City '' 3 : 49 7 . `` Probing the Basement '' 4 : 12 8 . `` Refugee Status '' 3 : 50 9 . `` The Attack on the Car '' 2 : 44 10 . `` The Separation of the Family '' 2 : 36 11 . `` The Confrontation with Ogilvy '' 4 : 34 12 . `` The Return to Boston '' 4 : 29 13 . `` Escape from the Basket '' 9 : 21 14 . `` The Reunion '' 3 : 16 15 . `` Epilogue '' 3 : 11 Total length : 61 : 01 Themes ( edit ) The film was described as an anti-war film , as civilians run and only try to save themselves and their family instead of fighting back against the alien Tripods . Debra J. Saunders of San Francisco Chronicle described the film as `` If aliens invade , do n't fight back . Run . '' Saunders compared the film to Independence Day , where the civilians do run , but they support the military efforts . Many reviewers considered the film tried to recreate the atmosphere of the September 11 attacks , with bystanders struggling to survive and the usage of missing - persons displays . Spielberg declared to Reader 's Digest that beside the work being a fantasy , the threat represented was real : `` They are a wake - up call to face our fears as we confront a force intent on destroying our way of life . '' Screenwriter David Koepp stated that he tried not to put explicit references to September 11 or the Iraq War , but said that the inspiration for the scene where Robbie joins the Marines was teenagers fighting in the Gaza Strip -- `` I was thinking of teenagers in Gaza throwing bottles and rocks at tanks , and I think that when you 're that age you do n't fully consider the ramifications of what you 're doing and you 're very much caught up in the moment and passion , whether that 's a good idea or not . '' Retained from the novel is the aliens being defeated , not by men 's weapons , but the planet 's smallest creatures , bacteria , which Koepp described as `` nature , in a way , knowing a whole lot more than we do '' . Release ( edit ) War of the Worlds premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre on June 23 , 2005 . There , Tom Cruise revealed his relationship with Katie Holmes . Six days later , on June 29 , the film was released in approximately 3,908 theaters across America . The home video was subsequently released on November 22 , 2005 . Secrecy ( edit ) Spielberg kept most of the parts secret in the filmmaking , as the cast and crew were left confused about how the aliens looked . When asked about the secrecy of the screenplay , David Koepp answered , `` ( Spielberg ) would n't give ( the screenplay ) to anybody '' . Koepp explained he would e-mail it to him , and he would give a section of the script that was relating to whatever somebody was doing . Miranda Otto thought of not even discussing the story with her family and friends . Otto said , `` I know some people who always say , ' Oh , everything 's so secret . ' I think it 's good . In the old days people did n't get to know much about movies before they came out and nowadays there 's just so much information . I think a bit of mystery is always really good . You do n't want to blow all of your cards beforehand . '' Spielberg admitted after keeping things secret for so long , there is in the end the temptation to reveal too much to the detriment of the story at the press conference of War of the Worlds . So , Spielberg only revealed the hill scene , where Ray tries to stop his son from leaving , stating `` to say more would reveal too much . '' The secrecy caused The Sun to claim the film would surpass Titanic 's US $200 million budget , which at the time held the record for the most expensive film ever made . The actual budget of the film was $132 million . According to Vanity Fair , Spielberg 's relations with Cruise were `` poor '' during the film 's release because Spielberg believed Cruise 's `` antics '' at the time ( such as an erratic appearance on the Oprah Winfrey show ) had `` hurt '' the film . Marketing and home media releases ( edit ) Paramount Pictures Interactive Marketing debuted a human survival online game on its official website , ( www.waroftheworlds.com ) , on April 14 to promote the film . Hitachi collaborated with Paramount Pictures for a worldwide promotional campaign , under the title of `` The Ultimate Visual Experience '' . The agreement was announced by Kazuhiro Tachibana , general manager of Hitachi 's Consumer Business Group . Kazuhiro stated , `` Our ' The Ultimate Visual Experience ' campaign is a perfect match between Spielberg and Cruise 's pursuit of the world 's best in film entertainment and Hitachi 's commitment to the highest picture quality through its digital consumer electronic products . '' The film was released on VHS and DVD on November 22 , 2005 , with both a single - disc edition and a two - disc special edition which included production featurettes , documentaries and various trailers . The film grossed $113,000,000 in DVD sales , bringing its total film gross to $704,745,540 , ranking tenth place in the 2005 DVD sales chart . Paramount released the film on Blu - ray Disc on June 1 , 2010 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) On June 29 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 29 ) , the film grossed approximately US $81 million worldwide , and earned the thirty - eighth biggest opening week by grossing $98,826,764 in 3,908 theatres , averaging out to $25,288 in each theater . Meanwhile , on Independence Day weekend , War of the Worlds grossed $64,878,725 in 3908 theatres also , giving an average of $16,601 . This is the third - biggest film opening on Independence Day weekend . The film earned $200 million in 24 days , ranking thirty - seventh place in the list of fastest films to gross $200 million . The film has grossed $704,745,540 including DVD sales , making it the fourth highest grossing film of 2005 , and the 66th highest grossing film worldwide . Critical reaction ( edit ) The film received generally positive reviews from critics . Review aggregator website Metacritic gave the film an average score of 73 based on 40 reviews . Rotten Tomatoes gives War of the Worlds a 74 % `` fresh '' rating based on 251 reviews and the critical consensus : `` Steven Spielberg 's adaptation of War of the Worlds delivers on the thrill and paranoia of H.G. Wells ' classic novel while impressively updating the action and effects for modern audiences . '' Many people praised the film 's beginning while criticizing the ending . James Berardinelli praised the acting and considered that focusing the narrative on the struggle of one character made the film more effective , but described the ending as weak , even though Spielberg `` does the best he can to make it cinematically dramatic '' . Total Film 's review gave War of the Worlds 4 out of 5 stars , considering that `` Spielberg finds fresh juice in a tale already adapted for film , TV , stage , radio and record '' , and describing the film as having many `` startling images '' , comparing the first Tripod attack to the Omaha Beach landing from Saving Private Ryan . Los Angeles Times ' Kenneth Turan , who felt the special effects were unusual , stated that Spielberg may actually have done his job in War of the Worlds `` better than he realizes '' , showing how fragile the world is . Turan claimed Spielberg raised a most provocative question : `` Is the ultimate fantasy an invasion from outer space , or is it the survival of the human race ? '' However , Broomfield Enterprise 's Dan Marcucci and Nancy Serougi did not share Berardinelli and Turan 's opinion . They felt that Morgan Freeman 's narration was unnecessary , and that the first half was `` great '' but the second half `` became filled with clichés , riddled with holes , and tainted by Tim Robbins '' . Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune gave the film three and a half stars ( out of four ) , saying `` War of the Worlds definitely wins its battle , but not the war . '' Wilmington stated the film brought the viewers on a wild journey through two sides of Spielberg : the dark and the light . He also said the film contained a core sentiment similar to that of Spielberg 's E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial . About.com 's Rebecca Murray gave a positive review , stating , `` Spielberg almost succeeds in creating the perfect alien movie '' , with criticism only for the ending . Jonathan Rosenbaum of Chicago Reader praised the special effects and Cruise 's performance . Roger Ebert criticized the `` retro design '' and considered that despite the big budget , the alien invasion was `` rudimentary '' and `` not very interesting '' , regarding the best scenes as Ray walking among the airliner wreckage and a train running in flames , declaring that `` such scenes seem to come from a kind of reality different from that of the tripods . '' The French film magazine Cahiers du cinéma ranked the film as 8th place in its list of best films of the 2000s . Japanese film director Kiyoshi Kurosawa listed the film as the best film of 2000 - 2009 . Accolades ( edit ) War of the Worlds was nominated for three Academy Awards , including Visual Effects ( Pablo Helman ) , Sound Mixing ( Andy Nelson , Anna Behlmer and Ron Judkins ) , and Sound Editing , losing all to King Kong . The film was nominated for six Saturn Awards , and won Best Performance by a Younger Actor ( Dakota Fanning ) . The film won a Golden Reel Award for Sound Effects & Foley , a World Soundtrack Award for Best Original Soundtrack , and three VES Awards for its special effects , and was nominated for three Empire Awards , three Satellite Awards , and an MTV Movie Award . See also ( edit ) The War of the Worlds , 1953 film References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` War of the Worlds Production Notes ( 2005 ) '' . Paramount Pictures . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony Breznican ( June 23 , 2005 ) . `` Spielberg 's family values '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steven Spielberg Goes To War '' . Empire . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( December 29 , 2009 ) . `` ' Lost ' : The ' M : I 3 ' Connection '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ; McNary , Davy ( March 16 , 2004 ) . `` ' War ' meets its maker '' . Variety . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` War Of The Worlds : Script by David Koepp & Josh Friedman ( 2005 ) '' . The War of the Worlds . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Freer , Ian . `` David Koepp on War of the Worlds '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Designing the Enemy : Tripods and Aliens . War of the Worlds DVD : Paramount Home Entertainment . 2005 . Jump up ^ Lawrence C. Brown , `` H.G. Wells ' Enduring Influence '' in Mark Smythe ( ed . ) `` Old and New trends in 21st Century Popular Culture '' ^ Jump up to : `` Close Encounters of the Worst Kind '' . Wired . June 2005 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James Wray ( October 9 , 2004 ) . `` More on War of the Worlds Filing in New Jersey '' . Monsters and Critics . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2012 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Spielberg to film in Shenandoah Valley '' . USA Today . November 29 , 2004 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mark Schatzker ( June 20 , 2005 ) . `` Worlds Collide '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Malloy , Betsy ( May 27 , 2007 ) . `` Universal Studios Picture -- War of the Worlds Set : '' . About.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Turner , Rachel ( October 20 , 2004 ) . `` '' War of the Worlds '' scouts out Lexington `` . The Trident . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` War of the Worlds '' . Frank Rose . June 2005 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2010 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Freer , Ian . `` Pablo Helman On War of the Worlds '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Desowitz , Bill ( July 7 , 2005 ) . `` War of the Worlds : A Post 9 / 11 Digital Attack '' . VFXWorld . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Claudia Kienzle . `` Industrial Light & Magic '' ( PDF ) . Autodesk . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Johnny Betts . `` War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) -- Odds & Ends '' . The Movie Mark . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Allmusic review ^ Jump up to : Scoring War of the Worlds . War of the Worlds DVD : Paramount Home Entertainment . 2005 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( November 29 , 2005 ) . `` Master class '' . Variety . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) '' . Soundtrack Info . June 28 , 2005 . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) '' . Ricard L. Befan . John Williams Fan Network . June 6 , 2007 . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jason Cook . `` War of the Worlds Review ( 2005 ) '' . The Spinning Image . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` War of the Worlds '' . Premiere . June 29 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2009 . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Saunders , Debra ( July 10 , 2005 ) . `` Spielberg 's anti-war ' War of the Worlds ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Steven D. Greydanus . `` War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) '' . Decent Films . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Spielberg and Tom Cruise : The Fascinating Truth Behind `` War of the Worlds '' `` . Reader 's Digest . June 2005 . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Donna Freydkin ( June 23 , 2005 ) . `` Cruise , Holmes step out '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Head ( June 24 , 2005 ) . `` Headgame 7 : War of the Worlds '' . IGN . p. 1 . Retrieved September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Steve Head ( June 24 , 2005 ) . `` Headgame 7 : War of the Worlds '' . IGN . p. 2 . Retrieved September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Press Conference of War of the Worlds . Tom Cruise , Steven Spielberg . June 23 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The costliest film ever '' . The Sun . UK . August 17 , 2004 . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Budgets '' . The Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burrough , Bryan . `` Showdown at Fort Sumner '' . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Pictures Interactive Marketing to Place Online Gamers Into the Action With ' War of the Worlds ' Online Game '' . PR Newswire. April 12 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitachi goes global for ' War of the Worlds ' '' . Hitachi . April 20 , 2005 . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Netherby , Jennifer ( September 12 , 2005 ) . `` DW has big War plans '' . Video Business . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Sales Chart ( 2005 ) '' . Lee 's Movie Info . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Opening Day Records '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Opening Weeks '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Opening Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Independence Day Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest Movies to Hit $200 million at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . July 22 , 2005 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo. 2005 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` War of the Worlds '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` War of the Worlds '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` War of the Worlds '' . Reel Views . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` War Of The Worlds ( 12A ) '' . Total Film . July 1 , 2005 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( June 29 , 2005 ) . `` War of the Worlds '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Marcucci , Dan ; Serougi , Nancy ( October 27 , 2005 ) . `` A basic rule of thumb is -- if you see Tim Robbins , you 've stayed too long '' . Broomfield Enterprise ( in Rotten Tomatoes ) . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilmington , Michael ( August 24 , 2007 ) . `` Movie review : ' War of the Worlds ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2008 . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca . `` '' War of the Worlds '' Movie Review `` . About.com . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2009 . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rosenbaum , Jonathan . `` War of the Worlds '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` War of the Worlds '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` PALMARES 2000 '' . Cahiers du cinéma ( in French ) . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2010 . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Aoyama , Shinji ; Hasumi , Shigehiko ; Kurosawa , Kiyoshi ( 2011 ) . Eiga Nagabanashi ( in Japanese ) . Little More . p. 271 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 89815 - 313 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The 78th Academy Awards ( 2006 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SITH Leads Nomination List for 32nd Annual Saturn Awards '' . Mania Entertainment . February 15 , 2006 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2010 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Golden Reel Award Nominees & Recipients : Feature Films '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Soundtrack Awards 2005 '' . World Soundtrack Academy . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 4th Annual VES Awards '' . Visual Effects Society . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to War of the Worlds ( 2005 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : War of the Worlds ( 2005 film ) Official Dreamworks website War of the Worlds on IMDb War of the Worlds at AllMovie War of the Worlds at Facebook War of the Worlds at the TCM Movie Database War of the Worlds at Rotten Tomatoes War of the Worlds at Box Office Mojo War of the Worlds at Metacritic Steven Spielberg Filmography Awards and nominations Films directed Firelight ( 1964 ) Slipstream ( 1967 ) Amblin ' ( 1968 ) Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment , 1969 ) L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) Duel ( 1971 ) Something Evil ( 1972 ) Savage ( 1973 ) The Sugarland Express ( 1974 , also wrote ) Jaws ( 1975 ) Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 , also wrote ) 1941 ( 1979 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment , 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Always ( 1989 ) Hook ( 1991 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Amistad ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 , also wrote ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) The Terminal ( 2004 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) Munich ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) The Post ( 2017 ) Ready Player One ( 2018 ) Films written Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies ( 1973 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 , also produced ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Films produced An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Super 8 ( 2011 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) Television Amazing Stories ( 1985 -- 87 ) High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) See also Steven Spielberg bibliography Amblin Partners Amblin Entertainment Amblin Television DreamWorks Television Amblimation DreamWorks USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education H.G. Wells 's The War of the Worlds ( 1897 ) Related texts : `` The Crystal Egg '' Star Begotten Concepts Black smoke Embankment machine Fighting machine Flying machine Handling machine HMS Thunder Child Heat - Ray Red weed Characters Doctor Clayton Forrester Martians Derivative works Novels Fighters from Mars Edison 's Conquest of Mars Sherlock Holmes 's War of the Worlds The Space Machine War of the Worlds : New Millennium The Martian War War of the Worlds : Retaliation The Massacre of Mankind Radio The War of the Worlds ( 1938 ) The War of the Worlds ( 1968 ) Films The War of the Worlds ( 1953 ) The Night That Panicked America The War of the Worlds : Next Century H.G. Wells ' The War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) H.G. Wells ' War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) War of the Worlds 2 : The Next Wave War of the Worlds : Goliath Comics Killraven Superman : War of the Worlds The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen , Volume II Scarlet Traces H.G. Wells ' The War of the Worlds Music Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds `` Forever Autumn '' Highlights from Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds -- The New Generation Television `` The Night America Trembled '' The Great Martian War 1913 -- 1917 War of the Worlds episodes Mor - Tax Mor - Taxans Video games War of the Worlds ( 1982 ) The War of the Worlds ( 1984 ) Jeff Wayne 's The War of the Worlds ( 1998 ) Jeff Wayne 's The War of the Worlds ( 1999 ) Short fiction War of the Worlds : Global Dispatches `` Mars : The Home Front '' `` To Mars and Providence '' Rainbow Mars Works by H.G. Wells Novels The Time Machine ( 1895 ) The Wonderful Visit ( 1895 ) The Island of Doctor Moreau ( 1896 ) The Wheels of Chance ( 1896 ) The Invisible Man ( 1897 ) The War of the Worlds ( 1898 ) When the Sleeper Wakes ( 1899 ) Love and Mr Lewisham ( 1900 ) The First Men in the Moon ( 1901 ) The Sea Lady ( 1902 ) The Food of the Gods and How It Came to Earth ( 1904 ) Kipps ( 1905 ) A Modern Utopia ( 1905 ) In the Days of the Comet ( 1906 ) The War in the Air ( 1908 ) Tono - Bungay ( 1909 ) Ann Veronica ( 1909 ) The History of Mr Polly ( 1910 ) The Sleeper Awakes ( 1910 ) The New Machiavelli ( 1911 ) Marriage ( 1912 ) The Passionate Friends ( 1913 ) The Wife of Sir Isaac Harman ( 1914 ) The World Set Free ( 1914 ) Bealby : A Holiday ( 1915 ) Boon ( 1915 ) The Research Magnificent ( 1915 ) Mr Britling Sees It Through ( 1916 ) The Soul of a Bishop ( 1917 ) Joan and Peter : The Story of an Education ( 1918 ) The Undying Fire ( 1919 ) The Secret Places of the Heart ( 1922 ) Men Like Gods ( 1923 ) The Dream ( 1924 ) Christina Alberta 's Father ( 1925 ) The World of William Clissold ( 1926 ) Meanwhile ( 1927 ) Mr. Blettsworthy on Rampole Island ( 1928 ) The Autocracy of Mr. Parham ( 1930 ) The Bulpington of Blup ( 1932 ) The Shape of Things to Come ( 1933 ) The Croquet Player ( 1936 ) Brynhild ( 1937 ) Star Begotten ( 1937 ) The Camford Visitation ( 1937 ) Apropos of Dolores ( 1938 ) The Brothers ( 1938 ) The Holy Terror ( 1939 ) Babes in the Darkling Wood ( 1940 ) All Aboard for Ararat ( 1940 ) You Ca n't Be Too Careful ( 1941 ) Nonfiction Anticipations Certain Personal Matters Crux Ansata The Discovery of the Future An Englishman Looks at the World ( U.S. title : Social Forces in England and America ) Experiment in Autobiography The Fate of Man First and Last Things Floor Games The Future in America : A Search After Realities God the Invisible King Great Ghost Stories ( 1998 ) In the Fourth Year Little Wars Mankind in the Making Mind at the End of Its Tether Mr. Belloc Objects to `` The Outline of History '' The New America : The New World The New World Order New Worlds for Old The Open Conspiracy The Outline of History Russia in the Shadows The Science of Life A Short History of the World The Story of a Great Schoolmaster This Misery of Boots Travels of a Republican Radical in Search of Hot Water War and the Future ( North America : Italy , France and Britain at War ) The Way the World is Going The Work , Wealth and Happiness of Mankind World Brain A Year of Prophesying Collections The Country of the Blind and Other Stories The Plattner Story and Others Select Conversations with an Uncle The Stolen Bacillus and Other Incidents Tales of Space and Time Twelve Stories and a Dream Short stories `` Æpyornis Island '' `` The Argonauts of the Air '' `` The Beautiful Suit '' `` The Chronic Argonauts '' `` The Cone '' `` The Country of the Blind '' `` The Crystal Egg '' `` A Deal in Ostriches '' `` The Diamond Maker '' `` A Dream of Armageddon '' `` The Empire of the Ants '' `` In the Abyss '' `` The Land Ironclads '' `` Mr. Ledbetter 's Vacation '' `` The Lord of the Dynamos '' `` The Man Who Could Work Miracles '' `` The New Accelerator '' `` The Pearl of Love '' `` The Queer Story of Brownlow 's Newspaper '' `` The Red Room '' `` The Sea Raiders '' `` The Star '' `` The Stolen Body '' `` A Story of the Days to Come '' `` A Story of the Stone Age '' `` Triumphs of a Taxidermist '' `` The Truth About Pyecraft '' `` A Vision of Judgment '' Screenplays Things to Come The Man Who Could Work Miracles BNF : cb146624237 ( data ) GND : 7549177 - 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List of minor The Mighty Boosh characters
List of minor the Mighty Boosh characters - wikipedia List of minor the Mighty Boosh characters Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of minor characters from The Mighty Boosh , including characters from the television series , the radio series , and the various stage shows . For significant recurring characters see List of recurring characters from The Mighty Boosh . Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Aboriginal shaman ( edit ) In the episode `` Killeroo '' , he appears in a dream to Vince to show him how Howard can beat Killeroo . Played by Peter Kyriacou . ( The Blue king ) ( edit ) Appears in `` Fountain of Youth '' . He is the diminutive leader of the native Xooberon tribe . His head extends upwards under his hat . He is balding , but wears a rather pathetic comb - over . He kills anyone who comes searching for the Fountain of Youth . Howard and Vince are spared as Vince has the amulet , making him the Chosen One . He possesses a lustful obsession for the Chosen One , going so far as to cut off his own hand , gift - wrapping it and giving it to Vince as a present . Howard , on the other hand , was made a slave after mocking his short stature . After Howard loses the amulet , He buries them to their necks in the desert sand . Played by Rich Fulcher on his knees . ( Kodiak Jack ) ( edit ) Appears in `` Call of the Yeti '' . He delivers The Global Explorer magazine which Howard subscribes to . He asks for an autograph from Vince for `` his wife '' ( `` Make it out to Alan '' ) after Vince is featured on the cover . An irate Howard then runs him over with a van . Played by Rich Fulcher . Anthrax ( edit ) Appears in `` Nanageddon '' . One of the goth girls that Howard and Vince attempt to impress . Played by Dee Plume . Ape of death ( edit ) Appears in `` Bollo '' . Vince teaches The Ape of Death about hair products in exchange for Howard 's soul . Played by Rich Fulcher . Barry ( edit ) Appears in `` Call of the Yeti '' . A Welsh shaman , whom Naboo meets in Shamansbury 's , a spoof on Sainsbury 's . Barry has recently upgraded his familiar from a black cat to a bat named Chrissie . Played by Noel Fielding . Banoo ( edit ) Appears in `` Fountain of Youth '' . The fittest , strongest and fastest in the land , Banoo was originally intended to go to Earth from Xooberon instead of Naboo . Unfortunately , he always arrives slightly too late . Played by Ramon Tikaram . The Betamax bandit ( edit ) Appears in `` The Priest and The Beast '' . A bandit that has been terrorising a small desert town , killing all the men and having his way with the women . An obsolete format , he is seeking revenge because Spider slept with his wife . The Betamax Bandit consists primarily of unwound Betamax video tape . He sends out tendrils of tape to ensnare his victims , then winds them into himself . He is allergic to peanut butter . Played by Rich Fulcher . Biggie Shackleton ( edit ) Appears in `` Tundra '' , an arctic explorer who found the Egg of Mantumbi before being frozen by Black Frost . His surname is derived from real - life polar explorer Ernest Shackleton . Bingo caller ( edit ) Appears in `` Nanageddon '' . The caller at the local bingo hall who uses unorthodox rhymes while calling , including that he was 43 when he lost his virginity . The bingo calling style is continued in the page numbering of The Mighty Book of Boosh . Played by Rich Fulcher . The Blue mcenroes ( edit ) Appear in `` The Chokes '' . A performance group blending the Blue Man Group with John McEnroe . Also mentioned in The Mighty Book of Boosh . Black Frost ( edit ) Appears in `` Tundra '' . An evil creature who inhabits the Arctic . Is presumably killed , or knocked unconscious by the polar bear befriended by Vince . Releases freezing blasts from his codpiece . Played by Dave Brown . The Black Tubes ( edit ) Appear in `` The Chokes '' . A band portrayed by The Horrors . Their singer was killed by Bollo and Naboo . Vince auditioned for the vacant position of lead singer , but the role eventually went to Sammy the Crab , due to their skinny legs policy . The Horrors include Faris Badwan , Rhys Webb , Joe Spurgeon , Joshua Hayward and Tom Cowan . Booblay ( edit ) A futuristic pleasurebot . It is programmed to `` poke and suck off anything in sight '' . Appears in Boosh Live . Played by Rich Fulcher Blob ( edit ) Appears in `` The Strange tale Of The Crack Fox '' , Sitting next to the Crack Fox on the train , and saying , `` We 're On A Train '' . Breakfast Bob ( edit ) Appears in `` The Nightmare of Milky Joe '' . A man made of eggs and sausages who runs away when Vince suggests they should eat him as opposed to each other . Played by Noel Fielding . Chris deBurgh ( edit ) A paarody of Chris deBurgh , appearing in the series two episode `` The Priest and the Beast '' , and the series three episode `` Party '' . He spent at least ten years searching for the new sound in the desert . Played by Ray Fielding ( Noel and Mike Fielding 's father ) . Charlie ( edit ) Appears in `` Charlie '' . The protagonist of Vince 's books , made of used bubblegum . He has a moustache and bowler hat . He is actually real ( within the show ) despite Howard 's scorn and arrives at the zoo to take revenge on Dixon Bainbridge and Hamilton Cork . Also featured in The Mighty Book of Boosh . Played by Peter Kyriacou . Colin ( edit ) Appears in `` The Legend of Old Gregg '' . Colin is the barman at the local pub owned by Jeff . Colin will only serve good honest fisherman 's drinks ( such as maggot cider ) and food ( such as maggot bhuna ) . He is also known to hand out pipes and beards to those he respects . Played by James Bachman . Colin the reaper ( edit ) Appears in `` Bollo '' . He works as the receptionist in Limbo . His wife is dead , but apparently is alright . Played by Rich Fulcher . Hamilton Cork ( edit ) Appears in `` Charlie '' . A famous publisher who Vince tries to get to publish his Charlie stories . His head resembles a large conker . Played by Simon Farnaby . The Crack Fox ( edit ) Appears in `` The Strange Tale of the Crack Fox '' . A fox who traveled to London from Cambridge in search of fortune , but has fallen on hard times . The fox was called Jerome , living in the woods , in Elderberry wood of England . He spent his days punting down the lazy rivers of Cambridge town , occasionally sitting under Mr. Willow the tree to eat a cucumber sandwich . One day he found a copy of Cheekbone Magazine and he read an article about London life . He read it over and over , and over , and over again , and over . Against his friends ' wishes , the wilful little fox goes to the city and gets off his tiny face in a gay bar -- fun , fun times for him . But the days of partying burned the fox out as he ends up on the streets homeless , begging for cheese in Dalston . The Crack Fox takes up residence in the pile of bin bags behind the Nabootique . During the episode he tricks Vince into letting him inside , farts in Vince 's face and then steals Naboo 's shaman juice to enact his scheme to take over the world . After absorbing the magic juice through his syringe fingers in the light of the full moon , which makes the juice all activated , he becomes incredibly powerful ( demonstrating telekinesis ) before being stopped by a tramp that Vince had befriended -- a tramp who had never been given anything prior to being given a wondrous cape . He was going to rape Vince and leave him in a bin , but subsequently decided he was née . The Crack Fox is later crushed to death in a garbage truck while pursuing Vince and Howard who took the shaman juice back during the struggle . It is also implied that the Crack Fox fancies Vince Noir . He also stated having two friends called Nicholas the Tennis Rat and Dante the racist Badger , who hates bloody whites . The Crack Fox is played by Julian Barratt . Curly Jefferson ( edit ) Appears in `` The Legend of Old Gregg '' . A corpse stuck to the roof of Old Gregg 's underwater cave . It is believed that Old Gregg killed him because Jefferson did not love him . Curly Jefferson is also the name of a conference room in Mason , OH . Diane ( edit ) A member of the board of shaman , and is a green witch in appearance . Played by Noel and Mike Fielding 's mother , Diane . Spider dijon ( edit ) Appears in `` The Priest and the Beast '' . A fellow Bongo Brother of Rudi van DiSarzio , Spider is a highly sexually charged drummer with a heavy Mexican accent , having trouble with English idioms . Spider had an affair with Rudi 's wife during the 60s , an ongoing source of tension between them . He has come to the attention of Carlos Santana , who tries to recruit him . He defeats Betamax by rewinding him using his newly acquired door . He was named by Rudi after the love of mustard he demonstrated as a child , and the fact that he has `` eight of something '' . Played by Noel Fielding . Lance dior and harold boom ( edit ) Appears in `` The Power of the Crimp '' . Almost complete copies of Howard and Vince , calling themselves The Flighty Zeus . They are somehow able to copy everything Howard and Vince do and somehow know how to play The Boosh 's song `` Future Sailors '' after only hearing a few seconds of it . They are beaten by The Boosh in a crimp - off at the Velvet Onion . Despite this they continue to attempt to steal the Boosh 's limelight , vandalising copies of their recent book . Played by Tom Meeten and Simon Farnaby . Donni ( edit ) Appears in season 3 `` The Strange Tale of the Crack Fox '' . A homeless man who assists Vince in finding Howard ( whom he refers to as ' shrimp eyes ' ) . Vince gives Donni a ' wondrous cape ' which prompts him to admit that he had planned on raping Vince and leaving him in a bin but then gives his own life to save the lives of Howard and Vince . Drinks cans of extra-strong lager , which he refers to as `` electric soup '' . Drinking them turns him into `` The Electric Superman . '' He fights the Crack Fox at the end of the episode , in repayment for Vince giving him the aforementioned ' wondrous cape ' , giving Howard and Vince time to escape the sewer . Played by Steve Oram . Ebola ( edit ) Appears in `` Nanageddon '' . One of the goth girls that Howard and Vince attempt to impress . Played by Sue Denim . Eleanor ( edit ) Appears in `` Eels '' . A `` woman '' who pays Howard for sexual favours ( which he does due to Vince being distracted ) so that he can pay the Hitcher . She later arrives in the shop to stop the Hitcher from killing Howard . While speaking some syllables are extremely elongated , including on her business card . Played by Rich Fulcher . Evil tree ( edit ) Appears in `` The Fountain of Youth '' , is a tree that is summoned by The Hitcher and told to `` go about your wicked foul business '' , he then attempts to attack Howard , Vince , Naboo and Bollo , but is foiled by Sandstorm and sanded down into a table . Played by Rich Fulcher . Extreme sports calendar ( edit ) Subject of a `` gather round everyone ... '' joke . Played by Dave Brown . Bryan ferry ( edit ) Appears in `` Hitcher '' . Lives in the forest , where he raised the young Vince . Played by Julian Barratt . Fire ( edit ) Appears in `` Jungle '' . Subject of a `` gather round everyone ... '' joke . Played by Dave Brown . The Funk ( edit ) Appears in `` The Legend of Old Gregg '' . Described as ' a funky ball of tits from outer space ' . Howard steals it from Old Gregg and achieves The Funk . Played by Noel Fielding Montgomery Flange ( edit ) Appears in `` The Chokes '' . A legendary actor who coaches Howard in his secret woodland acting dojo . Dies at the end of the episode of a heart attack . Played by Noel Fielding . This character is an homage to Peter Sellers ' Warrington Minge from his interview with Parkinson in 1974 . Gary numan ( edit ) Numan appeared as himself in `` The Power of the Crimp '' in a closet that Howard opened to reveal him in order to comfort Vince . Jürgen haabermaaster ( edit ) Appears in `` The Chokes '' . A famous avant - garde director whose works include The Doctor and The Pencil . He is idolised by Howard . In the episode he plans to make an advert about `` The angry crab of trapped wind . '' Initially looks to hire Sammy the Crab but eventually recruits Howard instead . Played by Julian Barratt . His name is a parody on German philosopher Jürgen Habermas . Mr. hopkins ( edit ) Appears in `` The Legend of Old Gregg '' . He is the only man who has survived an encounter with Old Gregg . When asked about this , he replies by screaming loudly . J ( edit ) Jack cooper ( edit ) Is a Glaswegian fox at the Zooniverse and appears in `` Bollo '' . Jeff ( edit ) Mentioned but not seen in `` The Legend of Old Gregg '' . He owns the bar in the village , and drinks maggot cider and eats maggot bhunas . He only allows these to be sold in his bar . Jimmy the reach ( edit ) Appears in `` Killeroo '' . One of the boxers at the gym . Has exceptionally long arms . He always gets his man . Played by Olly Ralfe . Joey moose ( edit ) Appears in `` Killeroo '' and `` Mutants '' . An Australian zookeeper at the Zooniverse , whose death prompts Howard and Vince to investigate Bainbridge 's experiments . Played by Dave Brown . Jupiter ( edit ) Appears in `` The Power of the Crimp '' to eat the Moon 's imposter . He is mentioned on many other occasions . Unlike the Moon , Jupiter has no song . Played by Rich Fulcher . Killeroo ( edit ) Appears in `` Killeroo '' . A boxing kangaroo that Howard fights in order to gain the affections of Mrs. Gideon . Is defeated by Howard Moon after Vince Noir grabs the Killeroo 's testicles . Kodiak Jack ( edit ) Appears in `` Call of the Yeti '' . A grizzled hunter who owns the cabin The Boosh stay in . Gives Howard a map to the Yeti 's home in exchange for spending the night with Vince . When he attempts to give Vince a `` Grizzly Adams bumming '' , Vince burns his nose with a straightening iron . Kodiak Jack is later set upon by the Yeti after rescuing the others . Played by Rich Fulcher . Jacques LeCube ( edit ) One of Vince 's friends ; appears in the episode `` Party '' . He 's French , and he 's a cube . Played by Dave Brown Leroy ( edit ) A frequently - mentioned but mostly unseen friend of Howard and Vince . Often mentioned by Vince to back up his arguments with Howard . Played acoustic guitar for Vince 's glam - folk band . It has been said that Leroy works at the laser copy center , but it has also been said that he works at the ice rink and `` sells slush puppies . '' The locksmith ( edit ) Appears in `` Jungle '' . Appears when summoned mistakenly by Vince using a magic flute given to him by Rudi Van DiSarzio . Played by Martin Trenaman . Lucien ( edit ) Appears in `` The Legend of Old Gregg '' . Lucien is a weathered fisherman who now spends his time telling tales rather than fishing . He warns Vince about Old Gregg after Howard has gone out on Black Lake at full moon . Played by Julian Barratt . Simon mcfarnaby ( edit ) Appears in `` Charlie '' . He is the prior incarnation of the character `` Hamilton Cork '' who was featured in the intro of the show . He is the supposedly struggling actor , with a head that resembles a conker , that plays `` Hamilton Cork '' . Played by Simon Alexander Farnaby . Methuselah ( edit ) Appears in `` Party '' . The wife of Dennis and an extreme sports calendar model . She attempts to seduce Vince in order to make her husband jealous . Played by Dolly Wells . Mickey the fist ( edit ) Appears in `` Killeroo '' . One of the boxers at the gym . His face appears to consist entirely of human fists . Milky Joe ( edit ) Appears in `` The Nightmare of Milky Joe '' . He is the product of Howard 's feverish imagination when cast away on a desert island . He is a good listener , but Howard ultimately tires of his boring lectures . Milky Joe composes a hit song called `` Isolation '' with his band , Milky Joe and the Coconuts . Monkey ( edit ) Appears in `` The Priest & The Beast '' . Seems to take an interest in Rudi and tells him about Betamax . Monkey has visions , drinks her own urine and smells of peanuts . Because of this , she is spurned by the other women . She is described by Spider as ' the woollen bullet ' . Played by Alice Lowe . Mutants ( edit ) Appear in `` Mutants '' . A race of mutated animals created by Dixon Bainbridge 's splicing experiments . Vince and Howard give them their freedom . They appear to be led by a mutant with a squid for a head , who considers himself the prettiest . Nanatoo ( edit ) Appears in `` Nanageddon '' . A demon summoned by Howard and Vince to impress goth girls . An exceptionally dangerous creature , she has a five - star rating , kills people using a bus pass and knitting needles and is also capable of quickly creating knitting to bind her victims . Played by Margaret John . Naan Bread ( edit ) Subject of a `` gather round everyone ... '' joke . Played by Dave Brown Neon ( edit ) Appears in `` Electro '' . A performer in the band Kraftwork Orange , a band that Vince and Howard join . Also appears in The Mighty Book of Boosh . After leaving the band she co-founds Orange Work - Kraft . Played by Dee Plume . Pete Neon ( edit ) Appears in `` Eels '' . Lead singer of the Neon Needles , a pop star that Vince is attempting to tag . Has legs similar to a flamingo and flies away when startled . Played by Anthony Rossomando of Dirty Pretty Things . Neville ( edit ) Appears in `` The Legend of Old Gregg '' . He appears briefly after being mentioned by Lucien because he has never been fishing . Neville bamshoot ( edit ) Is mentioned but not seen in `` Eels '' . Vince plays him in Howard 's improvisational attempt to prove to Vince that his elbow patches are useful . Peppo ( edit ) In the episode `` Fountain of Youth '' , Peppo is the greatest artist ever produced by the Blue - skinned tribe of Xooberon . Peppo paints a portrait of Vince as `` the chosen one '' . When Vince comments that the fringe is a bit short , Peppo kills himself . Played by Tom Meeten . Pete ( edit ) A friend of Naboo 's who works in Dixons , he is first seen in `` Bollo '' in Naboo 's kiosk , he is not a shaman but he does accompany the shaman on a stag weekend in `` Eels '' . He is played by Peter Kyriacou Phil the reaper ( edit ) Appears in `` Bollo '' `` . A grim reaper that comes to collect Bollo 's soul , but takes Howard by mistake . Has a similar voice to the Hitcher . Played by Noel Fielding . The Piper twins ( edit ) Henchmen of The Hitcher . Named Jim and Jackie Piper . In `` Hitcher '' they both appear . In `` The Fountain of Youth '' , the Hitcher 's second appearance , only one appears . And in `` Eels '' , his final appearance , none of them appear . They also appear in the 2006 and 2009 stage shows with the Hitcher . Played by Rich Fulcher and Dave Brown . Plan pony ( edit ) A picture of a horse Vince Noir draws in `` The Strange Tale of the Crack Fox '' that helps him find the `` Crack Fox '' . Precious Lilywhite ( edit ) The second coconut girl to appear in `` The Nightmare of Milky Joe '' . She is accidentally murdered by Howard Moon . Ramsay ( edit ) Appears in `` The Legend of Old Gregg '' . An artist who befriends Howard and Vince . He rents them his boat so they can go fishing on Black Lake . Ramsay 's art consists of sticking shells to things , including his wife Matilda . Played by Rich Fulcher . Razorlight ( edit ) Appear in `` The Priest and The Beast '' as themselves using a metal detector trying to find the `` new sound '' . Red blood cells ( edit ) Appear in `` Journey to the Centre of the Punk '' . Vince 's red blood cells are attacked by the Spirit of Jazz . They are easily lured by promise of beauty products and other such things . Played by Noel Fielding . Roger daltrey ( edit ) Appears at the end of `` The Priest and The Beast '' as himself , vacuuming the ground in reference to an earlier joke about Woodstock . Ruby ( edit ) The first coconut girl to appear in `` The Nightmare of Milky Joe '' . She is Vince 's `` girlfriend '' while on the island . Sammy the Crab ( edit ) An extremely violent and unstable actor . He joins the Black Tubes at the end of `` The Chokes '' . Sammy is the rival of Montgomery Flange . Sandstorm ( edit ) Appears in `` The Fountain of Youth '' . Has cursed the Xooberon for hundreds of tens of years . Being made entirely from sandpaper , he is incapable of touching or loving anything without wearing it down . Vince gives him gloves so he can `` love himself '' without being harmed . In return he gives Vince a horn that can be used to summon him . He is summoned at the end of the episode to deal with Evil Tree . Played by Julian Barratt . Lachlan scott ( edit ) One of Vince 's friends ; appears in the episode `` Party '' . Appears regularly in background alongside Louisa Daish . Serge ( edit ) Appears in `` The Nightmare of Milky Joe '' . Serge is one of the coconuts that Howard and Vince imagine whilst stranded on the deserted island . He is the cameraman at Vince 's Calypso Party and later , he films the death of Precious Lilywhite . Sunflash ( edit ) Appears in The Mighty Boosh Live : Future Sailors Tour . Sunflash is a he she , half man - half unicorn from the future . Comes from Camden . Speaks Chavese , a mix between Chinese and Chav . Played by Noel Fielding . Mr. susan ( edit ) Appears in `` Bollo '' . Guardian of the mirror world ( a small room containing `` over 17 mirrors '' ) from which you must choose the correct mirror in order to escape . Upon choosing the wrong mirror , you are trapped forever ( something which Vince sees as a positive because he can see his hair from all angles ) . His body consists of chamois cloths and two mirror balls . Cries `` Look at them shine '' while spraying cleaning fluid on his many mirrors . Played by Julian Barratt . Tiny Robert ( edit ) A `` Voodoo shaman '' who transferred the blood of Howlin Jimmy Jefferson onto the record `` Voodoo Scat '' . Tiny Robert got ball cancer but spotted it early and had it removed . Tiny Robert was one of the only characters who taught us a valuable lesson , check your balls , twice a week . Townswoman ( edit ) Leads Spider to her town populated entirely by `` women , desperate for the men '' . Played by Lucy Montgomery . Tommy nooka ( edit ) The Cheese - headed freak and former owner of the Zooniverse who appeared in Jungle . Played by Rich Fulcher . Johnny two - hats ( edit ) Appears in `` Electro '' . He quits as a member of Kraftwork Orange after Vince joins and irritates him . He is first seen wearing two hats although he is next seen wearing 4 after a remark from Vince earlier in the episode . Played by Dan Clark . U ( edit ) Ultra ( edit ) Appears in `` Electro '' . A performer in the band Kraftwork Orange , a band that Vince and Howard join . After leaving the band she co-founds Orange Work - Kraft . Played by Sue Denim . Uncle pedro ( edit ) Appears in The Mighty Boosh Radio Series Episode 5 - `` Tundra '' . Pedro is Howard 's Spanish Uncle . He is a figure of legend in Spain as he once , according to Howard `` built a zoo as big as a house '' but he has trouble dealing with his fame and will revert to yelling curses if someone brings it up . For this reason he has become `` the Shadow '' , a masked , caped bandit who is feared by the locals . As well as building the zoo , he once drank an entire litre of water in two days . He is also known by many other names , these include : `` Captain Margeret the fantastic dealer of Wounds '' and `` Fire Boy - watch him go with his legs all over '' . When he meets Vince he somehow knows that Howard is having a bad time in the Arctic . He is voiced by Julian Barratt . White blood cells ( edit ) Appear in `` Journey to the Centre of The Punk '' . Vince 's white blood cells attempt to stop Howard and Lester from reaching the brain , but are convinced by Howard that they are trying to help when Howard performs a crimp with them about `` the time we had those pancakes '' . Despite all of them sharing Vince 's likeness , one of them claims to be athlete Roger Black . Played by Noel Fielding . Wilbur Fossil ( edit ) Appeared once in the Radio series , in episode 6 ( `` The Hitcher '' ) . Howard and Vince are tasked with delivering Tony the Prawn ( a `` psychological killer '' ) to Wilbur Fossil 's ( Bob Fossil 's brother , the only character who calls Bob `` Robert '' ) zoo for animal offenders . After Vince and Howard are `` trapped in a box by a cockney nutjob '' ( The Hitcher ) , Bob Fossil saves them . The people who live in the box have been trapped there for centuries , living by `` the book '' , which tells them not to open the only door , for the greatest evil lies on the other side . When Bob opens the door , a garden is on the other side , with Wilbur and `` Mrs. Fossil '' ( Fossil 's mother ) . Wilbur threatened Fossil that if he was late , he would tell their mother that Fossil was still alive , and that he did n't die in Vietnam as a war hero . The episode ends with Fossil shouting `` It is the greatest evil ! Everyone get back in the freakin ' box ! '' . Wilbur is constantly referred to as `` anal '' by Bob , especially over lateness . Y ( edit ) Yeti ( edit ) Appear in `` Call of the Yeti '' . A tribe of rare creatures who live around Piney Ridge . While normally hibernating , they come out every 25 years to look for a man to breed with . They send their victims into a hippy trance with music and are afraid of malt loaf . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Killeroo '' . The Mighty Boosh . Series 1 . Episode 1 . 2004 - 05 - 18 . BBC Three . ^ Jump up to : `` Fountain of Youth '' . The Mighty Boosh . Series 2 . Episode 4 . 2005 - 08 - 16 . BBC Three . ^ Jump up to : `` Call of the Yeti '' . The Mighty Boosh . Series 2 . Episode 1 . 2005 - 06 - 26 . BBC Three . ^ Jump up to : `` Nanageddon '' . The Mighty Boosh . Series 2 . Episode 3 . 2005 - 08 - 09 . BBC Three . ^ Jump up to : `` Bollo '' . The Mighty Boosh . Series 1 . Episode 3 . 2004 - 06 - 01 . BBC Three . ^ Jump up to : `` The Priest & the Beast '' . The Mighty Boosh . Series 2 . Episode 2 . 2005 - 08 - 02 . BBC Three . ^ Jump up to : `` The Chokes '' . The Mighty Boosh . Series 3 . Episode 6 . 2007 - 12 - 20 . BBC Three . Jump up ^ `` Tundra '' . The Mighty Boosh . Series 1 . Episode 4 . 2004 - 06 - 08 . BBC Three . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nightmare of Milky Joe '' . The Mighty Boosh . Series 2 . Episode 6 . 2005 - 08 - 30 . BBC Three . ^ Jump up to : `` The Legend of Old Gregg '' . The Mighty Boosh . Series 2 . Episode 5 . 2005 - 08 - 23 . BBC Three . Jump up ^ `` Charlie '' . The Mighty Boosh . Series 1 . Episode 6 . 2004 - 06 - 22 . BBC Three . ^ Jump up to : `` The Strange Tale of the Crack Fox '' . The Mighty Boosh . Series 3 . Episode 4 . 2007 - 12 - 06 . BBC Three . ^ Jump up to : Barratt , Julian ; Fielding , Noel ( 2008 ) . The Mighty Book of Boosh . Canongate Books Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1847673220 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Power of the Crimp '' . The Mighty Boosh . Series 3 . Episode 3 . 2007 - 11 - 29 . BBC Three . Jump up ^ ' The Strange Tale of the Crack Fox ' Jump up ^ Steve Oram ^ Jump up to : `` Eels '' . The Mighty Boosh . Series 3 . Episode 1 . 2007 - 11 - 15 . BBC Three . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitcher '' . The Mighty Boosh . Series 1 . Episode 8 . 2004 - 06 - 06 . BBC Three . ^ Jump up to : `` Jungle '' . The Mighty Boosh . Series 1 . Episode 5 . 2004 - 06 - 15 . BBC Three . ^ Jump up to : `` Mutants '' . The Mighty Boosh . Series 1 . Episode 2 . 2004 - 05 - 25 . BBC Three . Jump up ^ `` Party '' . The Mighty Boosh . Series 3 . Episode 5 . 2007 - 12 - 13 . BBC Three . ^ Jump up to : `` Electro '' . The Mighty Boosh . Series 1 . Episode 7 . 2004 - 06 - 29 . BBC Three . ^ Jump up to : `` Journey to the Centre of the Punk '' . The Mighty Boosh . Series 3 . Episode 2 . 2007 - 11 - 22 . BBC Three . Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z The Mighty Boosh Julian Barratt Noel Fielding TV series Radio series The Boosh Stage productions The Mighty Boosh Arctic Boosh Autoboosh The Mighty Boosh Live The Mighty Boosh Live : Future Sailors Tour Books The Mighty Book of Boosh Related articles List of recurring characters List of minor characters Unnatural Acts Sweet Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_minor_The_Mighty_Boosh_characters&oldid=822035539 '' Categories : BBC - related lists Lists of minor fictional characters The Mighty Boosh Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 01 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played the crack fox in the mighty boosh
[ "The Crack Fox takes up residence in the pile of bin bags behind the Nabootique. During the episode he tricks Vince into letting him inside, farts in Vince's face and then steals Naboo's shaman juice to enact his scheme to take over the world. After absorbing the magic juice through his syringe fingers in the light of the full moon, which makes the juice all activated, he becomes incredibly powerful (demonstrating telekinesis) before being stopped by a tramp that Vince had befriended – a tramp who had never been given anything prior to being given a wondrous cape. He was going to rape Vince and leave him in a bin, but subsequently decided he was née. The Crack Fox is later crushed to death in a garbage truck while pursuing Vince and Howard who took the shaman juice back during the struggle. It is also implied that the Crack Fox fancies Vince Noir. He also stated having two friends called Nicholas the Tennis Rat and Dante the racist Badger, who hates bloody whites. The Crack Fox is played by Julian Barratt." ]
[ "Julian Barratt" ]
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Triple H
Triple H - wikipedia Triple H Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Triple H ( disambiguation ) . Triple H Triple H in April 2016 Paul Michael Levesque ( 1969 - 07 - 27 ) July 27 , 1969 ( age 48 ) Nashua , New Hampshire , United States Residence Weston , Connecticut , United States Occupation Executive Vice President of Talent , Live Events and Creative for WWE Professional wrestler Years active 1992 -- present Employer WWE Salary $2.8 million ( 2016 ) Title Executive Vice President of Talent , Live Events and Creative ( 2013 -- present ) Spouse ( s ) Stephanie McMahon ( m . 2003 ) Children Family McMahon Website WWE Corporate Bio Professional wrestling career Ring name ( s ) Hunter Hearst Helmsley Jean - Paul Lévesque Terra Ryzing Terra Risin ' Terror Rising Triple H Billed height 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) Billed weight 255 lb ( 116 kg ) Billed from Boston , Massachusetts ( as Terror Risin ' / Terra Ryzing / Terror Rising ) Greenwich , Connecticut ( as Hunter Hearst Helmsley / Triple H ) Sainte - Mere - Eglise , France ( as Jean - Paul Lévesque ) Trained by Killer Kowalski Debut March 24 , 1992 Paul Michael Levesque ( born July 27 , 1969 ) , better known by the ring name Triple H ( an abbreviation of his original WWE ring name Hunter Hearst Helmsley ) , is an American business executive and professional wrestler . Levesque is the Executive Vice President of Talent , Live Events and Creative for WWE , as well as being the founder and senior producer of NXT and the creator of the television series NXT . Levesque commenced his professional wrestling career in the International Wrestling Federation ( IWF ) in 1992 under the ring name Terra Ryzing . In 1994 , he joined World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , where he was soon repackaged as Jean - Paul Lévesque , a French Canadian aristocrat . In 1995 , Levesque moved to the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) , where he became Hunter Hearst Helmsley and later Triple H. In 1997 , he co-founded the influential D - Generation X stable , which became a major element of the WWF 's `` Attitude Era '' . After winning his first WWF Championship and beginning a storyline marriage with Stephanie McMahon in 1999 , Triple H became widely regarded as the best wrestler in North America and a fixture of the company 's main event scene . Over the next two decades , Triple H won a total of 14 world championships and led stables The McMahon - Helmsley Faction , Evolution and The Authority . After legitimately marrying McMahon in 2003 , he became a member of the McMahon family , which maintains majority ownership of WWE . Since 2011 , Triple H has curtailed his in - ring appearances as he has taken on a greater behind - the - scenes role within WWE . In the course of his career , Levesque has held a total of 25 championships including nine reigns as WWF / WWE Champion and five as WWE 's World Heavyweight Champion . Triple H was also the winner of the 1997 King of the Ring tournament and the 2002 and 2016 Royal Rumbles . He has headlined WrestleMania , WWE 's flagship pay - per - view , a record seven times , tied with Hulk Hogan . Despite these accolades , Triple H was named by UGO editors in 2011 as the most overrated wrestler of all time . Outside of professional wrestling , Levesque has made numerous guest appearances in film and on television , including the lead role in the 2011 WWE Studios production The Chaperone . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Professional wrestling career 2.1 Early career ( 1992 -- 1994 ) 2.2 World Championship Wrestling ( 1994 -- 1995 ) 2.3 World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment / WWE 2.3. 1 Intercontinental Champion ( 1995 -- 1997 ) 2.3. 2 D - Generation X ( 1997 -- 1999 ) 2.3. 3 McMahon - Helmsley Era ( 2000 -- 2001 ) 2.3. 4 Evolution ( 2002 -- 2005 ) 2.3. 5 D - Generation X reunion ( 2006 -- 2007 ) 2.3. 6 Record - breaking WWE Champion ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 2.3. 7 Final run with D - Generation X ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 2.3. 8 Chief Operating Officer ( 2011 -- 2013 ) 2.3. 9 The Authority ( 2013 -- 2016 ) 2.3. 10 Feud with Seth Rollins ( 2016 -- 2017 ) 3 Business career 4 Philanthropy 5 Personal life 6 Bibliography 7 Filmography 8 In wrestling 9 Championships and accomplishments 10 Other awards and honors 11 Luchas de Apuestas record 12 Notes 13 References 14 Sources 15 External links Early life Levesque was born in Nashua , New Hampshire . He watched wrestling for the first time when he was five , a match involving Chief Jay Strongbow . Levesque began to take up bodybuilding at the age of 14 , because he wanted to look like professional wrestlers . Levesque attended Nashua South High School , where he played baseball and basketball . Following his graduation from high school in 1987 , Levesque continued to enter several bodybuilding competitions , and was crowned Mr. Teenage New Hampshire in 1988 at the age of 19 . While working as a manager at Gold 's Gym in Nashua , New Hampshire , Levesque was introduced to world champion powerlifter , Ted Arcidi , who at the time was employed with the WWE . Eventually , after numerous attempts , Levesque persuaded Arcidi to introduce him to former pro wrestler and trainer , Killer Kowalski , who owned and ran a professional wrestling training school based in Malden , Massachusetts . In early 1992 , Levesque enrolled in Kowalski 's wrestling school , where he began to train as a professional wrestler . Professional Wrestling career Early career ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Levesque was trained to wrestle by Killer Kowalski at his school in Malden , Massachusetts . His classmates included fellow future WWF wrestlers Chyna and Perry Saturn . Levesque made his professional debut on March 24 , 1992 in Kowalski 's promotion , the International Wrestling Federation ( IWF ) , performing as Terra Ryzing . In July 1992 , he defeated Mad Dog Richard to win the IWF Heavyweight Championship . Levesque wrestled for various promotions on the East Coast independent circuit until 1994 and during this period he was managed by John Rodeo . World Championship Wrestling ( 1994 -- 1995 ) In early 1994 , Levesque signed a one - year contract with World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) . In his first televised match , Levesque debuted as a villain named Terror Risin ' , defeating Keith Cole . His ring name was soon modified to Terra Ryzing , which he used until mid-1994 , when he was renamed Jean - Paul Lévesque . This gimmick referred to his surname 's French origins and he was asked to speak with a French accent , as he could not speak French . During this time , he began using his finishing maneuver , the Pedigree . Lévesque had a brief feud with Alex Wright that ended at Starrcade with Wright pinning him . Between late 1994 and early 1995 , Lévesque briefly teamed with Lord Steven Regal , whose upper class British persona was similar to Lévesque 's character . However , the team was short - lived , as Levesque left for the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) in January 1995 after WCW turned down his request to be promoted as a singles competitor . World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment / WWE Intercontinental Champion ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Helmsley wore a tailcoat suit and carried a traditional spray bottle to highlight his effete snobbishness In a modified version of his gimmick in WCW , Levesque started his WWF career as a `` Connecticut Blueblood '' . According to Levesque , JJ Dillion originally gave him the name of Reginald DuPont Helmsley , but Levesque asked for a name to play with the first letters and management ultimately agreed to his suggestion of Hunter Hearst Helmsley . He appeared in taped vignettes , in which he talked about how to use proper etiquette , up until his wrestling debut on the April 30 , 1995 episode of Wrestling Challenge . Helmsley made his WWF pay - per - view debut at SummerSlam , where he defeated Bob Holly . In the fall of 1995 , Helmsley began a feud with the hog farmer Henry O. Godwinn , culminating in an infamous Hog Pen match at In Your House 5 : Seasons Beatings , where Helmsley was victorious . Although Helmsley was highly promoted in the first few months after his debut , his career stalled during 1996 , starting off with a feud with Duke `` The Dumpster '' Droese following a loss during the Free for All at 1996 Royal Rumble . Up until that event , his angle included appearing on television each week with a different female valet ( which included Playboy Playmates Shae Marks and Tylyn John ) . Sable was his valet at WrestleMania XII and after his loss to The Ultimate Warrior , as part of the storyline , he took his aggressions out on her . The debuting Marc Mero -- her real - life husband -- came to her rescue , starting a feud between the two wrestlers . On June 1 , 1996 , Helmsley appeared on an episode of Superstars in a match against Marty Garner . When he attempted to perform the Pedigree , Garner mistook the maneuver for a double underhook suplex and tried to jump up with the move , causing him to land squarely on top of his head and suffer neck damage . Garner sued the WWF , eventually settling out of court and later discussed the incident in an appearance on The Montel Williams Show . The MSG Incident Levesque was known backstage as one of the members of The Kliq , a stable of wrestlers including ; Shawn Michaels , Kevin Nash , Sean Waltman and Scott Hall , who were known for influencing Vince McMahon and the WWF creative team . It has been claimed that he was scheduled to win the 1996 King of the Ring tournament , but the victory was instead awarded to Stone Cold Steve Austin after the Madison Square Garden Incident , in which the Kliq broke character after a match to say goodbye to the departing Nash and Hall . Despite the punishment , Helmsley did have success following the MSG Incident . Mr. Perfect became his manager and he won the Intercontinental Championship for the first time on October 21 , 1996 , defeating Marc Mero . When Mr. Perfect left the WWF , his departure was explained to be a result of Helmsley turning his back on his manager as soon as he won the Intercontinental Championship . Helmsley held the title for nearly four months before dropping it to Rocky Maivia on the February 13 , 1997 special episode of Monday Night Raw , called Thursday Raw Thursday . For a very brief time , Helmsley was accompanied by Mr. Hughes , who was his storyline bodyguard reminiscent of Ted DiBiase and Virgil . After losing the Intercontinental title , he feuded with Goldust , defeating him at WrestleMania 13 . During their feud , Chyna debuted as his new bodyguard . D - Generation X ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Main article : D - Generation X Helmsley was being highlighted again in 1997 , winning the 1997 King of the Ring tournament by defeating Mankind in the finals . Later that year , Shawn Michaels , Helmsley , Chyna and Rick Rude formed D - Generation X ( DX ) . This stable became known for pushing the envelope , as Michaels and Helmsley made risqué promos -- using the catchphrase `` Suck It '' and a `` crotch chop '' hand motion , -- and sarcastically derided Bret Hart and Canada . By that point , Helmsley had fully dropped the `` blueblood snob '' gimmick , appearing in T - shirts and leather jackets . During this period , his ring name was shortened to simply Triple H , even though he would still be referred for a while as Helmsley from time to time and Hunter for the rest of his career . Even after the DX versus Hart Foundation storyline ended , he continued to feud with the sole remaining Hart family member Owen over the European Championship . This ended in a match between the two at WrestleMania XIV , with the stipulation that Chyna had to be handcuffed to then - Commissioner Sgt . Slaughter . Triple H won after Chyna threw powder into Slaughter 's eyes , momentarily `` blinding '' him and allowing her to interfere in the match . Triple H and Chyna in April 1999 After WrestleMania , Michaels was forced into temporary retirement due to a legitimate back injury sustained at the Royal Rumble , with Triple H taking over the leadership position in DX , claiming that his now - former associate had `` dropped the ball '' . He introduced the returning X-Pac the night after WrestleMania and joined forces with The New Age Outlaws . As 1998 went along , DX became more popular , turning the group from villains to fan favorites . During this time , he adopted an entrance gimmick of asking the crowd `` Are you ready ? I said , are you ready ? '' , followed by a parody of rival promotion WCW 's ring announcer Michael Buffer 's famous catch - phrase , `` Let 's get ready to rumble '' , substituting the word `` rumble '' with the DX slogan , `` suck it '' . Also during this time , Triple H began a feud with the leader of the Nation of Domination and rising WWF villain , The Rock . This storyline rivalry eventually led to a feud over the Intercontinental Championship , which Triple H won in a ladder match at SummerSlam . He did not hold the title long , however , as he was sidelined with a legitimate knee injury . When The Rock won the WWF Championship at Survivor Series , the rivalry between the two continued , as DX fought The Corporation stable of which The Rock was the main star and Triple H received a shot at the WWF Championship on the January 25 , 1999 Raw Is War in an `` I Quit '' match , but the match ended when Triple H was forced to quit or see his aide Chyna chokeslammed by Kane . This began a new angle for Triple H , as Chyna betrayed him by attacking him after the match and joining The Corporation . At WrestleMania XV , Triple H lost to Kane after Chyna interfered on his behalf and she was thought to have rejoined DX . Later on in the night , he betrayed his long - time friend and fellow DX member X-Pac by helping Shane McMahon retain the European Championship and joined The Corporation . turning heel in the process . In April , he started to move away from his DX look , taping his fists for matches , sporting new and shorter wrestling trunks and adopting a shorter hairstyle . His gimmick changed as he fought to earn a WWF Championship opportunity . After failed attempts at winning the championship , Triple H and Mankind challenged then WWF Champion Stone Cold Steve Austin to a triple threat match at SummerSlam , which featured Jesse `` The Body '' Ventura as the special guest referee . Mankind won the match by pinning Austin . The following night on Raw Is War , Triple H defeated Mankind to win his first WWF Championship . He dropped the WWF Championship to Mr. McMahon on the September 16 , 1999 episode of SmackDown ! before regaining it at Unforgiven in a Six - Pack Challenge that included Davey Boy Smith , Big Show , Kane , The Rock and Mankind . He defeated Stone Cold Steve Austin at No Mercy before dropping the title to Big Show at Survivor Series . Triple H then continued his feud with Mr. McMahon by marrying his daughter Stephanie McMahon and defeating McMahon at Armageddon . As a result of the feud , an angle with Triple H and Stephanie began which carried the WWF throughout the next seventeen months ; together they were known as The McMahon - Helmsley Faction . McMahon - Helmsley Era ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Main articles : The McMahon - Helmsley Faction and The Power Trip By January 2000 , Triple H had dubbed himself `` The Game '' , implying that he was on top of the wrestling world ( as in not merely the `` best in the game '' , but that he was in fact `` the game '' ) and was nicknamed `` The Cerebral Assassin '' by Jim Ross ( `` The Game '' nickname was originally intended for Owen Hart , with Triple H adopting the nickname in honor of Owen ) . On the January 3 episode of Raw Is War , Triple H defeated Big Show to win his third WWF championship . Triple H feuded with Mick Foley in early 2000 . They both fought at the Royal Rumble in a Street Fight Match for the WWF Championship , which Triple H won after performing two Pedigrees on Foley . The feud ended at No Way Out in a Hell in a Cell , where Triple H retained the title and forced Foley to retire . Triple H pinned The Rock at WrestleMania 2000 to retain the title , but lost it at Backlash to The Rock , thus ending his reign at 118 days . He regained it three weeks later , in an Iron Man match at Judgment Day , only to lose it back to The Rock at King of the Ring . Triple H then entered a storyline with Chris Jericho , who upset Triple H by defeated him for the WWF Championship on the April 17 episode of Raw Is War before the title was returned to Triple H because of a fast count made by referee Earl Hebner , and Jericho 's reign is not being recognized . Their feud culminated in a Last Man Standing match at Fully Loaded which was won by Triple H. Afterwards , Triple H entered a feud with Kurt Angle , initially over the WWF Championship , but then as a love triangle between himself , Angle , and Stephanie . Both Triple H and Angle wrestled for the WWF Championship against The Rock at SummerSlam , but The Rock retained the title after Angle received a legit concussion during a botched Pedigree on a commentary table by Triple H. The feud culminated at Unforgiven , where Triple H defeated Angle with a Pedigree after a low blow from McMahon . After a brief run as a face that saw him defeating Chris Benoit at No Mercy , Triple H reverted to his heel persona and restarted his feud with Stone Cold Steve Austin when it emerged that Triple H had paid off Rikishi to run down Austin at Survivor Series , causing him to take a year off . While in the storyline Triple H said he had done it in order to shield Austin from the WWF Championship and end his career , in reality Austin 's previous neck injuries started bothering him again , forcing him to have surgery . In November 2000 , Triple H and Austin had a match at Survivor Series that ended when Triple H tried to trick Austin into coming into the parking lot to run him over again , only to have Austin lift his car up with a forklift and flip the car onto its roof 10 feet high . Triple H returned a few weeks later to attack Austin , and their feud continued into 2001 and ended in a Three Stages of Hell match in which Triple H defeated Austin . In 2001 , Triple H also feuded with The Undertaker , who defeated him at WrestleMania X-Seven . The night after WrestleMania , Triple H interfered in a steel cage match between Austin ( who had just won the WWF Championship ) and The Rock where he joined forces with Austin and double teamed on The Rock , forming a tag team called The Two - Man Power Trip . Triple H then defeated Chris Jericho for his third Intercontinental Championship on the April 5 SmackDown ! , and won it for a fourth time two weeks later by defeating Jeff Hardy . Triple H then became a world tag team champion by winning the WWF Tag Team Championship for the first time at Backlash when he and Austin defeated Kane and The Undertaker in a `` Winner Take All '' tag team match . As Triple H was still Intercontinental Champion , the win made him a double champion . During the May 21 , 2001 episode of Raw Is War , he suffered a legitimate and career - threatening injury . In the night 's main event , he and Austin were defending the WWF Tag Team Championship against Chris Jericho and Chris Benoit . At one point , Jericho had Austin trapped in the Walls of Jericho and Triple H ran in to break it up , but just as he did , he suffered a tear in his left quadriceps muscle , causing it to come completely off the bone . Despite his inability to place any weight on his leg , Triple H was able to complete the match . He even allowed Jericho to put him in the Walls of Jericho , a move that places considerable stress on the quadriceps . The tear required an operation , which was performed by orthopedic surgeon Dr. James Andrews . This injury brought an abrupt end to the McMahon - Helmsley Era , as the rigorous rehabilitation process kept Triple H out of action for over eight months , completely missing The Invasion storyline . Evolution ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Main article : Evolution Triple H after he won the Undisputed WWF Championship at WrestleMania X8 Triple H returned to Raw as a face on January 7 , 2002 at Madison Square Garden . He won the Royal Rumble and received an Undisputed WWF Championship match at WrestleMania X8 , where Triple H defeated Chris Jericho for the Undisputed WWF Championship . After holding the title for a month , Triple H dropped it to Hulk Hogan at Backlash . Triple H then became exclusive to the SmackDown ! roster due to the WWF draft lottery and continued to feud with Jericho , culminating in a Hell in a Cell match at Judgment Day , which Triple H won . On the June 6 , 2002 episode of SmackDown ! , Triple H defeated Hogan in a # 1 contender match for the Undisputed WWE Championship at the King of the Ring against The Undertaker , but was unsuccessful at the event . In the interim , between the Royal Rumble and WrestleMania , the McMahon - Helmsley Faction was brought to an official on - screen conclusion . By the time he returned , Triple H 's on - screen marriage to Stephanie McMahon was faltering , so Stephanie faked a pregnancy in order to get him back on her side . When he learned that it was fake , he dumped her publicly on Raw when they were supposed to renew their wedding vows . Stephanie aligned with Jericho afterward , but she was forced to leave after losing a triple threat match on Raw the night after WrestleMania when she was pinned by Triple H. The divorce , and thus the storyline , was finalized at Vengeance . Meanwhile , Shawn Michaels had made his return to WWE and joined the New World Order ( nWo ) . Michaels and Kevin Nash planned to bring Triple H over to Raw in order to put him into the group . Mr. McMahon , however , disbanded the nWo following several backstage complications and brought in Eric Bischoff as the Raw general manager . One of Bischoff 's first intentions was to follow up on the nWo 's plan and bring Triple H over to the Raw roster . Triple H went to the Raw brand , reuniting with Michaels , but on July 22 he turned on Michaels by performing a Pedigree on him during what was supposed to be a DX reunion , turning heel once again . The following week , Triple H smashed Michaels ' face into a car window to prove that Michaels was weak . These events led to the beginning of a long storyline rivalry between the former partners and an eventual `` Unsanctioned Street Fight '' at SummerSlam , in which Michaels came out of retirement to win . Afterwards , however , Triple H attacked him with a sledgehammer and Michaels was carried out of the ring . Before September 2 , 2002 , WWE recognized only one world champion , the WWE Undisputed Champion , for both the Raw and SmackDown ! brands . After SummerSlam , then WWE Undisputed Champion Brock Lesnar became exclusive to SmackDown ! , leaving Raw without a world champion . Raw general manager Eric Bischoff then awarded Triple H the World Heavyweight Championship , represented by the Big Gold Belt ( which previously had been used to represent the NWA World Heavyweight Championship and WCW World Heavyweight Championship ) , making him the first World Heavyweight Champion . Triple H retained his title against Rob Van Dam at Unforgiven when Ric Flair hit Van Dam with a sledgehammer . In October 2002 , Triple H would begin a controversial feud with Kane , leading to a match at No Mercy on October 20 in which both Kane 's Intercontinental Championship and Triple H 's World Heavyweight Championship were at stake . In the weeks preceding the match , Triple H claimed that , several years earlier , Kane had an unrequited relationship with a woman named Katie Vick . He went on to claim that , after Vick was killed in a car crash , Kane ( the driver ) raped her corpse . Triple H later threatened to show video footage of Kane committing the act in question ; however , the footage that finally aired showed Triple H ( dressed as Kane ) simulating necrophilia with a mannequin in a casket ; Kane 's tag team partner The Hurricane responded the following week by showing a video of Triple H ( rather , someone wearing a Triple H series of masks ) getting an enema . The angle was very unpopular with fans , and was de-emphasized before the title match . Triple H went on to defeat Kane at No Mercy , unifying the two titles . Triple H eventually lost the World Heavyweight Championship to Shawn Michaels in the first Elimination Chamber match at Survivor Series . He defeated Van Dam to earn a title shot at Armageddon with Michaels as the special guest referee . He regained the title from Michaels in a Three Stages of Hell match at Armageddon . Triple H in April 2005 In January 2003 , Triple H formed a stable known as Evolution with Ric Flair , Randy Orton , and Batista . Triple H and Flair challenged Rob Van Dam and Kane for the World Tag Team Championship , but they lost the match . The group was pushed on Raw from 2003 to 2004 and the height of their dominance occurred after Armageddon , where every member of Evolution left the pay - per - view holding a title . Triple H held the World Heavyweight Championship for most of 2003 , defending it at a match against Booker T at WrestleMania XIX in an angle with racist undertones . He lost the title after 280 days in September 2003 at Unforgiven to Bill Goldberg , in a match with the stipulation that had Goldberg lost , he would have to retire . After a failed attempt to win back the title from Goldberg in a rematch at the Survivor Series , he finally regained the championship against Goldberg in a triple threat match at Armageddon which also involved Kane . At the 2004 Royal Rumble , Triple H and Shawn Michaels fought in a Last Man Standing match to a double countout , so Triple H retained the title as a result . Triple H dropped the title to Chris Benoit at WrestleMania XX . Triple H was drafted to the SmackDown ! brand on March 22 episode of Raw and failed to capture the WWE Championship from Eddie Guerrero . Triple H was drafted back to Raw without competing on SmackDown ! and unsuccessfully tried to reclaim the World Heavyweight title from Chris Benoit in subsequent rematches , including a rematch from WrestleMania between Triple H , Benoit , and Shawn Michaels at Backlash , but came out unsuccessful . He then ended his feud with Michaels , defeating him in a Hell in a Cell match at Bad Blood , which became the longest Hell in a Cell match in history . After another failed attempt , losing to Benoit at Vengeance , he focused on Eugene , beating him at SummerSlam . Triple H then regained the title from former associate Randy Orton at Unforgiven . Following a triple threat World Heavyweight title defense against Benoit and Edge on the November 29 , 2004 episode of Raw , the World Heavyweight Championship became vacant for the first time . At New Year 's Revolution , Triple H won the Elimination Chamber to begin his tenth world title reign . At WrestleMania 21 , Triple H lost the championship to Batista , and subsequently lost two rematches at Backlash and Vengeance . After Vengeance , Triple H took a hiatus from WWE due to suffering from minor neck problems . After four - month hiatus , Triple H returned to Raw on October 3 , 2005 as part of WWE Homecoming . He teamed with fellow Evolution member Flair to defeat Chris Masters and Carlito . After the match , Triple H turned on Flair hitting Flair with a sledgehammer , sparking a feud between the duo . Flair defeated Triple H in a steel cage match at Taboo Tuesday for Flair 's Intercontinental Championship . Subsequently , Triple H defeated Flair in a non-title Last Man Standing match at Survivor Series to end their feud . D - Generation X reunion ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Although Triple H failed to win the Royal Rumble match at the Royal Rumble , another championship opportunity arose for him in the Road to WrestleMania Tournament . He won the tournament , granting him a match for the WWE Championship at WrestleMania 22 , where Triple H and John Cena fought in the main event for the title , which Triple H lost via submission . Later that month at Backlash , Triple H was involved in another WWE Championship match , fighting Edge and Cena in a triple threat match , where he lost again . Angered at his loss , a bloodied Triple H used his sledgehammer to attack both Edge and Cena and then performed a number of DX crotch chops . Triple H unsuccessfully attempted to win the WWE title from Cena on numerous occasions , blaming his shortcomings on Vince McMahon , which eventually led to a feud between the McMahons and Triple H . DX striking their signature pose Shawn Michaels returned on the June 12 episode of Raw and soon reunited with Triple H to re-form D - Generation X , turning Triple H into a fan favorite once again for the first time since 2002 . DX defeated The Spirit Squad at Vengeance in a 5 - on - 2 handicap match . They continued their feud with Mr. McMahon , Shane McMahon and The Spirit Squad for several weeks . They then defeated The Spirit Squad again on the July 18 , 2006 episode of Saturday Night 's Main Event in a 5 - on - 2 elimination match . They then again defeated the McMahons at SummerSlam , withstanding the attack of several wrestlers who assaulted them before the match as directed by Mr. McMahon . At Unforgiven , D - Generation X then defeated the McMahons and ECW World Champion Big Show in a 3 - on - 2 handicap Hell in a Cell match . During the match , DX embarrassed Vince by shoving his face in between Big Show 's buttocks , and DX won when Triple H broke a sledgehammer over the shoulders of Mr. McMahon after Michaels performed a Sweet Chin Music on him . At Cyber Sunday during DX 's feud with Rated - RKO , special guest referee Eric Bischoff allowed the illegal use of a weapon to give Rated - RKO the win . At Survivor Series , DX got their revenge when their team defeated Edge and Orton 's team in a clean sweep during their five - on - five elimination match . In January 2007 , at New Year 's Revolution , DX and Rated - RKO fought to a no contest after Triple H suffered a legitimate torn right quadriceps ( similar to the one he suffered in 2001 in his other leg ) 15 minutes into the match . Surgery was successfully performed on January 9 , 2007 by Dr. James Andrews . Record - breaking WWE Champion ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Triple H made his return at SummerSlam , where he defeated King Booker . Two months later at No Mercy , Triple H was originally scheduled to face Umaga in a singles match . However , at the start of the night , Triple H decided to challenge newly named WWE Champion Randy Orton , reigniting his rivalry with Orton that had been interrupted following his injury . Triple H won the match , winning his eleventh world championship and sixth WWE Championship , and then defended his title against Umaga in his regularly scheduled match after Mr. McMahon declared the match to be for the WWE title . After that McMahon gave Orton a rematch against Triple H in a Last Man Standing match in the main event , and Triple H lost after an RKO on a broadcast table . Triple H 's title reign at No Mercy is the fifth shortest reign in WWE history , only lasting through the duration of the event . After winning the Raw Elimination Chamber match at No Way Out , Triple H gained a WWE Championship match by outlasting five other men , last eliminating Jeff Hardy after a Pedigree on a steel chair . However , at WrestleMania XXIV , Orton retained after punting Triple H and pinning John Cena following Triple H 's Pedigree on Cena . A month later , at Backlash , Triple H won the title in a fatal four - way elimination match against Orton , Cena , and John `` Bradshaw '' Layfield , tying the record for most WWE Championship reigns with The Rock . Triple H then retained the title against Orton at Judgment Day in a steel cage match and again at One Night Stand in a Last Man Standing match . Orton suffered a legitimate collarbone injury during the match , thus ending the feud prematurely . Triple H as WWE Champion in November 2008 Triple H then went on to defeat cleanly John Cena to successfully defend the WWE Championship at Night of Champions . On the June 23 episode of Raw , Triple H was drafted to the SmackDown brand as a part of the 2008 WWE draft , in the process making the WWE Championship exclusive to SmackDown . He defended the championship over the summer by defeating the likes of Edge at The Great American Bash and The Great Khali at SummerSlam , and was the only champion to retain his title at Unforgiven 's Championship Scramble matches . After this , he successfully defended it against Jeff Hardy both at No Mercy and Cyber Sunday . At Survivor Series , Triple H was scheduled to defend the championship against Vladimir Kozlov and Jeff Hardy , but Hardy was kept out of the match after a scripted attack and injury . During the match , SmackDown general manager Vickie Guerrero announced that Edge had returned and introduced him into the contest . Hardy interfered and hit Triple H with a steel chair meant for Edge , thus costing him the title after a 210 days reign and resulting in Edge winning his sixth world title . After failing to regain the title at Armageddon , Triple H entered seventh in the 2009 Royal Rumble , but was last eliminated by Randy Orton . In February at Elimination Chamber , Triple H won the WWE Championship in the SmackDown Elimination Chamber match , setting the record for most reigns at eight . That record stood until 2011 when John Cena won his ninth WWE Championship . On the February 16 episode of Raw , Triple H made an appearance aiding Stephanie and Shane McMahon , after they were attacked by Randy Orton . On the February 20 episode of SmackDown , Triple H was interviewed by Jim Ross ; in the interview , footage was shown highlighting the events that occurred on the February 16 episode of Raw . Ross asked Triple H how he felt seeing that footage , in response , he broke character ( after 5 years of marriage ) by admitting that Vince McMahon is his father - in - law , that Shane is his brother - in - law , and that Stephanie is his wife , thus creating a rivalry between Triple H and Orton . On the February 23 episode of Raw , Triple H confronted Orton , before attacking him , Ted DiBiase , and Cody Rhodes ( a group known as The Legacy ) with a sledgehammer and chasing them from the arena . At WrestleMania XXV , Triple H defeated Orton to retain the title . He teamed with Shane McMahon and Batista against Orton and The Legacy in a six - man tag match for the WWE Championship at Backlash , which they lost after Orton pinned Triple H following a Punt Kick . After six weeks off of TV , selling the injury , he lost a Three Stages of Hell title match to Orton at The Bash . At Night of Champions , he again lost a title match to Orton in a triple threat match also involving John Cena . Final run with D - Generation X ( 2009 -- 2010 ) On the August 10 episode of Raw , Triple H met with Michaels at an office cafeteria in Texas where Michaels was working as a chef ; throughout the show , Triple H tried to convince Michaels to return to WWE from hiatus . After several incidents ( including grease grill burgers on fire and Michaels shouting at a little girl ) , Michaels agreed to team with Triple H to face The Legacy at SummerSlam , superkicked the girl , and quit his chef job . On the August 17 episode of Raw , Triple H and Michaels officially reunited as DX , but as they were in the process of their in - ring promo , The Legacy attacked them both . Their first match after reuniting was against The Legacy at SummerSlam , which they won . At Breaking Point , however , they lost to The Legacy in the first ever Submissions Count Anywhere match in WWE history . At Hell in a Cell , DX defeated The Legacy in a Hell in a Cell match . DX unsuccessfully challenged John Cena for the WWE Championship in a triple threat match at Survivor Series , after which they remained friends and partners . On December 13 at TLC : Tables , Ladders and Chairs , DX defeated Jeri - Show ( Chris Jericho and Big Show ) to win the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship in a Tables , Ladders , and Chairs match . This was their first tag team championship reign together . Triple H at the Tribute to the Troops in December 2010 On December 21 , Triple H announced that Hornswoggle was the new DX mascot . This came about after Hornswoggle sued DX for emotional and physical distress due to them not allowing him to join DX . After being taken to court where they were ruled guilty by a jury and judge consisting of dwarves , Michaels told Triple H that Hornswoggle could be the mascot . Triple H agreed to it only if the charges were dropped , which Hornswoggle agreed to . On January 11 , 2010 episode of Raw , Mike Tyson , who was the Raw guest host for the night , teamed with Jericho to face DX ; however , at the end of the bout , Tyson turned on Jericho and aligned himself with Triple H and Michaels . On the February 8 episode of Raw , DX lost the Unified Tag Team Championship to ShoMiz ( The Miz and Big Show ) in a triple threat elimination tag match , also involving The Straight Edge Society ( CM Punk and Luke Gallows ) . On the March 1 episode of Raw , they lost a rematch for the title . This was their last televised match before Michaels retired . Michaels and Triple H had a non-wrestling reunion at the 2010 Tribute to the Troops . On February 21 , Triple H eliminated then WWE Champion Sheamus from the Elimination Chamber match , though he did not win the title himself . Sheamus attacked him weeks later , setting up a match at WrestleMania XXVI , which Triple H won . Also at WrestleMania , Michaels lost to The Undertaker and was forced to retire . While giving a farewell speech the next night , Sheamus attacked him and set up a rematch at Extreme Rules . Sheamus attacked Triple H at the start of the show , before later winning the match . Triple H then took time off to recover from injuries . Triple H made an untelevised appearance on October 30 at the WWE Fan Appreciation Event and also at the 2010 Tribute to the Troops . Chief Operating Officer ( 2011 -- 2013 ) On the February 21 , 2011 episode of Raw , Triple H returned , interrupting the return of The Undertaker and challenging him to a match at WrestleMania XXVII , which later became a No Holds Barred match . A week later , he attacked Sheamus with a Pedigree through a broadcast table in retaliation for Sheamus giving him a ten - month injury . At WrestleMania XXVII , Triple H lost , which extended Undertaker 's undefeated streak to 19 -- 0 ; Undertaker was carried from the ring on a stretcher whereas Triple H left on his own accord . At the end of the July 18 episode of Raw , Triple H returned on behalf of WWE 's board of directors to relieve his father - in - law Vince McMahon of his duties . This was followed by the announcement that he had been assigned to take over as Chief Operating Officer ( COO ) of the WWE . This was during a storyline where CM Punk had won the WWE Championship and left the company . Though a new champion was crowned , Triple H helped re-sign Punk and upheld both championship reigns . He announced he would referee a match to unify both WWE Championships at SummerSlam . Although he counted a pinfall for CM Punk to win , John Cena 's leg was on the ropes , which would break the pin . Regardless , Triple H 's longtime friend Kevin Nash attacked Punk immediately after the match to allow Alberto Del Rio to become the new champion . Though Nash and Punk demanded a match against each other , Triple H fired Nash for insubordination and booked himself in a No Disqualification match at Night of Champions with his position of COO on the line . He won the match despite interference from John Laurinaitis , Nash , The Miz and R - Truth . After repeated attacks from these wrestlers in various matches , the majority of WWE 's on - screen staff gave Triple H a vote of no confidence . Mr. McMahon returned to relieve him of his duties on Raw , though he remained the COO . He was replaced as general manager of Raw by Laurinaitis , who booked him in a tag team match against Miz and R - Truth at Vengeance . During the match , Nash once again attacked him and did so the following night on the October 24 episode of Raw , hospitalizing him ( kayfabe ) . WWE later announced that Triple H had sustained a fractured vertebra , and would be out of action . He returned on December 12 , as part of the Slammy Awards . On December 18 , he defeated Nash at Tables , Ladders , and Chairs in sledgehammer ladder match , after attacking him with a sledgehammer . Triple H being taunted by The Undertaker ahead of their second consecutive WrestleMania match Triple H returned on the January 30 , 2012 episode of Raw to evaluate Laurinaitis ' performance as general manager . Before he could announce the decision , he was interrupted by the returning Undertaker . After initially refusing the rematch as he did not want to tarnish The Undertaker 's legacy , Triple H accepted the challenge after being called a coward who lives in Shawn Michaels ' shadow , on the condition their rematch be contested inside Hell in a Cell . Triple H went on to lose this match at WrestleMania XXVIII . Triple H returned on the April 30 episode of Raw , when he refused to give in to Brock Lesnar 's unreasonable contract demands , resulting in Lesnar attacking him and storyline breaking his arm . Upon his return two weeks later , Triple H was confronted by Lesnar 's legal representative , Paul Heyman , who announced Lesnar was filing a lawsuit against WWE for breach of contract . After he accosted Heyman , Heyman threatened another lawsuit against Triple H for assault and battery . At the No Way Out in June , Triple H challenged Lesnar , who was not present , to a match at SummerSlam , which Heyman refused on Lesnar 's behalf the following night on Raw . At Raw 1000 , Stephanie McMahon goaded Heyman into Triple H 's challenge against Lesnar . To anger Triple H , Lesnar broke Michaels 's arm on the August 13 episode of Raw . Six days later at SummerSlam , Triple H lost to Lesnar after submitting to the Kimura Lock , breaking his arm again in storyline . On the August 27 episode of Raw , Triple H was supposed to address his potential retirement , but did not make a definitive decision . On the December 17 episode of Raw , Triple H made a non-wrestling appearance for the 2012 Slammy Awards debuting with his new haircut . Triple H returned on the February 25 , 2013 episode of Raw , brawling with Brock Lesnar after he attempted to attack Mr. McMahon . The brawl resulted in Lesnar having his head split open and requiring 18 stitches . The following week , Triple H issued a challenge to Lesnar , requesting a rematch with him at WrestleMania 29 , which Lesnar accepted on the condition that he could choose the stipulation . The following week , after Triple H signed the contract and assaulted Heyman , the stipulation was revealed as No Holds Barred with Triple H 's career on the line . At WrestleMania , Triple H defeated Lesnar after a Pedigree onto the steel steps . On the April 15 episode of Raw , Heyman challenged Triple H to face Lesnar in a steel cage match at Extreme Rules , which Triple H accepted the following week . Triple H ended up losing the match at the pay - per - view on May 19 thanks to interference from Heyman , and he also injured his jaw . The next night on Raw , Triple H wrestled Heyman 's newest client , Curtis Axel . He suffered a storyline concussion and was deemed to have forfeited . Despite being medically cleared to wrestle before the June 3 episode of Raw , Vince and Stephanie McMahon did not allow Triple H to wrestle Axel , citing concerns for his well - being and the safety of his children . In response , Triple H stormed out the arena and vowed to return to the ring the next week on Raw . On that episode , he lost to Axel when McMahon dubiously disqualified him , ordered Axel to leave the ring , then stole the bell and microphone to prevent the match from being restarted . The Authority ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Main article : The Authority Triple H and Stephanie McMahon as The Authority On the August 12 episode of Raw , Triple H announced that he would be the special guest referee of the SummerSlam main event : the WWE Championship match between champion John Cena and Daniel Bryan before attacking Brad Maddox with a Pedigree . At the event , after Bryan won the match and the title , Triple H attacked Bryan with a Pedigree , allowing Randy Orton to cash in his Money in the Bank and win the title , turning heel for the first time since 2006 . Along with his wife Stephanie , they created The Authority , with The Shield as his enforcers and later Kane joining as the Director of Operations . Over the coming weeks he set up handicap matches against any wrestlers who questioned his decisions , such as Big Show and Dolph Ziggler , even firing Cody Rhodes in retaliation for the latter 's insolence . On the October 7 episode of Raw , after `` firing '' Big Show , Show knocked him out in retaliation and was carried out by officials out of the arena . At the 2013 Slammy Awards , Triple H immediately performed a Pedigree on Orton after Bryan shoved him into Stephanie McMahon , despite Orton 's shock . Triple H 's grand entrance at WrestleMania XXX At WrestleMania XXX , Triple H lost to Bryan , thereby granting Bryan a part in the subsequent title match against Batista and champion Randy Orton . Triple H assaulted Bryan after the match and later attempted to prevent Bryan from winning the title by interfering and recruiting Scott Armstrong as a crooked referee , but these attempts were unsuccessful as Bryan won the title by making Batista submit . In order to end Bryan 's title reign , Triple H re-formed Evolution with Orton and Batista on the April 18 episode of SmackDown , but Bryan remained champion due to The Shield turning on The Authority . At Extreme Rules , Evolution lost to The Shield and again at Payback in a No Holds Barred elimination match . On the June 2 episode of Raw , Batista would leave the group after Triple H refused to grant him his shot at the WWE World Heavyweight Championship . Triple H would then resort to `` Plan B '' , which would be Seth Rollins turning on The Shield and rejoining The Authority . On the October 27 episode of Raw , Triple H would offer John Cena a chance to join forces with The Authority , which Cena refused . This led to Triple H announcing a five - on - five tag team elimination match for Survivor Series , with a team representing The Authority facing a team captained by Cena . On the November 3 episode of Raw , Mr. McMahon announced that if Team Authority would lose , they would be removed from power . On the November 21 episode of SmackDown , Triple H announced that if Team Cena lost , all of Team Cena , except Cena himself , would be fired . At Survivor Series , Big Show joined The Authority by betraying Cena , but Sting made his WWE debut , attacking crooked referee Scott Armstrong and Triple H , and assisted Dolph Ziggler in pinning Rollins to give Team Cena the victory , putting the Authority out of power . Triple H making his Terminator Genisys inspired grand entrance at WrestleMania 31 After being out of power for a month , Rollins coaxed Cena into reinstating The Authority on the December 29 episode of Raw , by holding Raw guest host Edge hostage with Big Show . On the January 19 episode of Raw , Cena would defeat Rollins , Kane and Big Show in a handicap match when Sting distracted The Authority , allowing Cena to pin Rollins and win back the jobs of Ziggler , Ryback and Erick Rowan , who had been fired two weeks previously by Triple H and Stephanie . On January 26 , it was officially announced via WWE.com that Triple H challenged Sting to a `` face - to - face '' confrontation at Fastlane , which Sting accepted ; at the confrontation , Sting challenged Triple H to a match at WrestleMania 31 , which Triple H accepted . At WrestleMania , Triple H defeated Sting with interference from D - Generation - X , but shook hands with Sting after the match . After his match with Sting , he and Stephanie McMahon were later confronted by The Rock and Ronda Rousey during a promo regarding the record crowd at the event . Throughout 2015 , Triple H maintained his role as the leader of The Authority , and was involved in mediating issues between Seth Rollins and Kane . Over the summer , Triple H began to test Rollins by having him defend the championship against Roman Reigns , Brock Lesnar , John Cena , and Sting . After Rollins suffered a legitimate severe knee injury at a live event , the WWE World Heavyweight Championship was vacated and it was announced that there would be a tournament to determine a new champion at Survivor Series . On the November 9 episode of Raw , Triple H offered to give Reigns a bye to the finals of the tournament if he joined The Authority , but Reigns refused . At Survivor Series , Reigns defeated Dean Ambrose in the tournament finals to become WWE World Heavyweight Champion . Triple H came out and attempted to congratulate Reigns , but was instead hit with a spear . This allowed Sheamus to cash in his Money in the Bank contract and quickly defeat Reigns to win the championship , resulting in Sheamus aligning with The Authority . The Authority made a rematch between Reigns and Sheamus for the title on the November 30 episode of Raw , with the stipulation that Dean Ambrose and The Usos would lose their Intercontinental Championship and WWE Tag Team Championship title shots if Reigns failed to win the match in under 5 minutes and 15 seconds ( which was the length Reigns ' title reign at Survivor Series ) ; Reigns won by disqualification , allowing Ambrose and The Usos to keep their title shots . At TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs , Sheamus retained the WWE World Heavyweight Championship against Reigns due to interference from The League of Nations . After the match , Reigns `` snapped '' and viciously attacked Sheamus as well as Triple H , who had come to calm Reigns . Due to the injuries ( kayfabe ) suffered from Reigns , Triple H took a hiatus from television . Triple H returned at the 2016 Royal Rumble match for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship , as the unannounced 30th entrant . After eliminating the defending champion , Roman Reigns , he then eliminated Dean Ambrose to secure his second Royal Rumble win and 14th world championship overall . After breaking Reigns ' nose in storyline , Triple H was then challenged by Ambrose , whom he defeated at Roadblock to defend the title , before dropping it back to Reigns -- who had become the # 1 contender for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship by defeating Dean Ambrose and Brock Lesnar in a triple threat match at Fastlane -- at WrestleMania 32 , ending his reign at 70 days . After WrestleMania 32 , with The Authority now disbanded , Triple H competed in the WWE Live tour of the United Kingdom in late April before taking a hiatus from WWE television , whilst occasionally appearing at NXT and Cruiserweight Classic events . He was present for the finales of the Cruiserweight Classic and the United Kingdom Championship Tournament , awarding the titles to T.J. Perkins and Tyler Bate , respectively . Feud with Seth Rollins ( 2016 -- 2017 ) On the August 29 episode of Raw , Triple H made his return by interfering in the main event for the recently vacated and established WWE Universal Championship . Firstly , he attacked rival Roman Reigns with a Pedigree , allowing former Authority stable member Seth Rollins to eliminate him , before attacking Rollins with a Pedigree , allowing Kevin Owens to win the title . Triple H appeared at Clash of Champions on September 25 , escorting his wife Stephanie McMahon from the building , after Owens successfully defended the Universal Championship against Rollins . On the January 23 , 2017 episode of Raw , in an match between Rollins and Sami Zayn , Triple H 's music hit , providing the distraction which led to Zayn defeating Rollins and , in the process , stealing Rollins ' place in the Royal Rumble . On January 28 at NXT TakeOver : San Antonio , Rollins would `` takeover '' the show and called out Triple H , who appeared and summoned security guards to escort Rollins out of the arena . On January 30 , Triple H made his first appearance on Raw since August 2016 , supposedly to finally accept Rollins ' challenge for a match . However , he did not , labelling Rollins as an abject failure , despite all the chances he was given . He called Rollins out to come and meet his destroyer , which he does so , only for him to be jumped by Samoa Joe . Rollins suffered a legitimate knee injury in the ambush , casting doubt over the potential match with Triple H , which led to a non-sanctioned match at WrestleMania 33 on April 2 , where Triple H lost to Rollins . Business career In 2010 , Levesque 's role as an Executive Senior Advisor was officially formalized as he was given an office at WWE headquarters in Stamford , Connecticut . Levesque was named Executive Vice President , Talent and Live events in 2011 . In this role he oversees the talent relations and talent development departments , training of performers and management of worldwide recruitment . Levesque 's role within the company has been under much criticism since 2003 , as many fans and some wrestlers view it as a way to keep him on top on - screen and to give him more television time . Levesque has spoken against this criticism and has denied all of it . Additionally , Levesque has been credited for losing in high - profile matches that helped elevate the careers of younger wrestlers including John Cena , Randy Orton , Batista , Jeff Hardy , Brock Lesnar , Daniel Bryan and Roman Reigns . As the founder of NXT since its inception in 2012 , Levesque has been widely praised for helping cultivate the brand , recruiting fresh new talent , and helping guide the brand to various levels of success including sold - out shows , increased respect for women 's wrestling , and international expansion . In 2013 , his title was elevated to Executive Vice-president of Talent , Live Events and Creative where he also works with WWE creative direction and storylines of WWE 's programming . In 2013 , Levesque earned a combined salary of just over $1.5 million ( U.S. ) from his front office job and as a wrestler . He also owns just over $1.5 million ( U.S. ) in WWE stock . Philanthropy In 2014 , Levesque and his wife Stephanie created the `` Connor 's Cure '' cancer fund in honor of Connor `` The Crusher '' Michalek , a WWE fan who died of cancer at the age of eight . Personal life Levesque sharing a joke with his father - in - law Vince McMahon , in December 2016 What began as an on - screen storyline marriage in 2000 blossomed into a real - life romance when Levesque began dating Stephanie McMahon . They married on October 25 , 2003 . They have three daughters . He had previously been in a long - term relationship with former WWF wrestler Joanie Laurer , better known as Chyna , later breaking up with her over her personal demons as well as Laurer not being interested in having children . He has a sister named Lynn . In late 2004 , Levesque released a book titled Making the Game : Triple H 's Approach to a Better Body . Mostly devoted to bodybuilding advice , the book also includes some autobiographical information , memoirs , and opinions . Levesque is a fan of the band Motörhead ( which has performed three different entrance themes for Triple H over his career ) , and was good friends with lead singer Lemmy . To pay homage to both Lemmy and the band , Levesque wore Lemmy - inspired facial hair during a large portion of his career . After Lemmy died on December 28 , 2015 , Levesque attended his funeral on January 9 , 2016 , where he spoke about the gift of sound that Lemmy and Motörhead have given to him and the friendship they had over the years . During an interview with ITV London in December 2015 , Levesque said that he is a supporter of the English football team West Ham United FC . Bibliography Paul Levesque ; Robert Caprio ( 2006 ) Making the Game : Triple H 's Approach to a Better Body . WWE Books . Triple H ; Shawn Michaels ; Aaron Williams ( 2009 ) The Unauthorized History of DX . WWE Books . Filmography Year Title Role Notes 1998 Pacific Blue Triple H 1998 The Drew Carey Show The Disciplinarian 2001 MADtv Himself Blade : Trinity Jarko Grimwood 2005 The Bernie Mac Show Triple H 2006 Relative Strangers Wrestler Uncredited 2009 Robot Chicken Himself / Werewolf Voice 2011 The Chaperone Raymond `` Ray Ray '' Bradstone 2011 Inside Out Arlo `` AJ '' Jayne 2014 Scooby - Doo ! WrestleMania Mystery Himself Voice 2014 WWE Power Series Himself Fitness video 2016 Scooby - Doo ! and WWE : Curse of the Speed Demon Himself Voice In Wrestling Triple H setting up the Pedigree on John Cena Triple H with his sledgehammer Triple H performing his signature ring entrance pose on the middle rope Finishing moves Pedigree ( Double underhook facebuster ) -- 1995 -- present Pedigree Pandemonium / Pedigree Perfection ( Cutter ) -- 1994 -- 1995 ; adopted from Diamond Dallas Page Inverted Indian deathlock -- WCW ; rarely used as regular move in WWF / E Sledgehammer shot Signature moves Abdominal stretch Arm - trap crossface -- rarely used Blatant choke Chop block Facebreaker knee smash , often used as a back body drop counter Figure four leglock Flowing DDT High knee Jumping knee drop , rarely performed from the second / third rope . Mounted punches Running clothesline Running neckbreaker Short - arm clothesline Sleeper hold Spinning spinebuster , often used as a counter to an upcoming opponent Managers Chyna The Court Jester Hornswoggle John Rodeo Mr. Majestic Mr. Perfect Ric Flair Rick Rude Shawn Michaels Stephanie McMahon / Stephanie McMahon - Helmsley Vito Carlucci Wrestlers managed Seth Rollins Shawn Michaels Snitsky Nicknames `` The Cerebral Assassin '' `` The Connecticut Blue Blood '' `` The Game '' `` The King of Kings '' Entrance themes World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment / WWE `` Blue Blood '' by Jim Johnston ( April 28 , 1995 -- December 15 , 1996 ) `` Symphony No. 9 in D minor with the final chorus on Friedrich Schiller 's Ode to Joy , Op. 125 : IV . Presto . Allegro assai . Alla Marcia . Andante maestoso . Allegro energico , ... '' by Paul Kletzki and Czech Philharmonic Orchestra ( December 15 , 1996 -- November 10 , 1997 ) `` Break It Down '' by The DX Band ( November 10 , 1997 -- April 5 , 1999 ; June 19 , 2006 -- April 2007 ; August 24 , 2009 -- March 1 , 2010 ; July 23 , 2012 ) `` Corporate Player '' by Jim Johnston ( April 25 , 1999 -- May 10 , 1999 ) `` Higher Brain Pattern '' by Jim Johnston ( May 16 , 1999 -- June 21 , 1999 , December 10 , 2000 ) `` My Time '' by The DX Band ( June 27 , 1999 -- December 10 , 2000 ) `` The Kings '' by Run -- D.M.C. ( March 17 , 2000 -- July 2000 ) `` The Game '' by The DX Band ( December 10 , 2000 ; used only once at Armageddon 2000 and sometimes in promos ) `` The Game '' by Motörhead ( January 8 , 2001 -- present ) `` The Game '' by Drowning Pool ( March 17 , 2002 ; used only once at WrestleMania X8 ) `` King of Kings '' by Motörhead ( April 2 -- 3 , 2006 , 2011 , August 18 , 2013 -- present ; used as leader of The Authority , and non-wrestling appearances ) `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' by Metallica ( April 3 , 2011 ; used only once at WrestleMania 27 as an intro ) `` Terminator Theme '' by Brad Fiedel ( March 29 , 2015 ; used only once at WrestleMania 31 as an intro ) Championships and accomplishments Triple H making his entrance with the WWE Championship , which he has won nine times Triple H is also a five - time World Heavyweight Champion -- totaling being a 14 - time world champion overall in WWE International Wrestling Federation IWF Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) IWF Tag Team Champions ( 1 time ) -- with Perry Saturn Pro Wrestling Illustrated Feud of the Year ( 2000 ) vs. Kurt Angle Feud of the Year ( 2004 ) vs. Chris Benoit Feud of the Year ( 2009 ) vs. Randy Orton Feud of the Year ( 2013 ) vs. Daniel Bryan -- as a member of The Authority Match of the Year ( 2004 ) vs. Chris Benoit and Shawn Michaels at WrestleMania XX Match of the Year ( 2012 ) vs. The Undertaker in a Hell in a Cell match at WrestleMania XXVIII Most Hated Wrestler of the Decade ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Most Hated Wrestler of the Year ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Most Hated Wrestler of the Year ( 2013 ) -- as a member of The Authority Most Hated Wrestler of the Year ( 2014 ) -- with Stephanie McMahon Wrestler of the Decade ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Wrestler of the Year ( 2008 ) Ranked No. 1 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2000 and 2009 Ranked No. 139 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the PWI Years in 2003 World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment / WWE Unified WWE Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) -- with Shawn Michaels World Heavyweight Championship ( 5 times ) WWF / WWE Championship ( 9 times ) WWF / WWE Intercontinental Championship ( 5 times ) WWF European Championship ( 2 times ) WWF Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) -- with Stone Cold Steve Austin ( 1 ) and Shawn Michaels ( 1 ) King of the Ring ( 1997 ) Royal Rumble ( 2002 , 2016 ) Road to Wrestlemania Tournament ( 2006 ) Seventh Triple Crown Champion Second Grand Slam Champion Slammy Awards ( 3 times ) Best Hair ( 1997 ) Match of the Year ( 2012 ) -- vs. The Undertaker in a Hell in a Cell match at WrestleMania XXVIII OMG Moment of the Year ( 2011 ) -- Triple H performing a Tombstone Piledriver on The Undertaker and The Undertaker kicking out at WrestleMania XXVII Wrestling Observer Newsletter Best Booker ( 2015 ) with Ryan Ward Feud of the Year ( 2000 ) vs. Mick Foley Feud of the Year ( 2004 ) vs. Chris Benoit and Shawn Michaels Feud of the Year ( 2005 ) vs. Batista Wrestler of the Year ( 2000 ) Most Disgusting Promotional Tactic ( 2002 ) Accusing Kane of murder and necrophilia ( Katie Vick ) Most Overrated ( 2002 -- 2004 , 2009 ) Readers ' Least Favorite Wrestler ( 2002 , 2003 ) Worst Feud of the Year ( 2002 ) vs. Kane Worst Feud of the Year ( 2006 ) with Shawn Michaels vs. Vince McMahon and Shane McMahon Worst Feud of the Year ( 2011 ) vs. Kevin Nash Worst Worked Match of the Year ( 2003 ) vs. Scott Steiner at Royal Rumble Worst Worked Match of the Year ( 2008 ) vs. Edge and Vladimir Kozlov at Survivor Series Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame ( class of 2005 ) Other awards and honors Boys & Girls Clubs of America Hall of Fame ( 2017 ) International Sports Hall of Fame Class of 2015 Metal Hammer Magazine Metal Hammer 's Spirit of Lemmy Award ( 2016 ) Luchas de apuestas record See also : Luchas de Apuestas Winner ( wager ) Loser ( wager ) Location Event Date Notes Triple H ( championship ) Cactus Jack ( career ) Hartford , Connecticut No Way Out 000000002000 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 2000 This was a Hell in a Cell match . Triple H ( championship ) Kane ( mask ) San Antonio , Texas Raw 000000002003 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2003 Goldberg ( career ) Triple H ( championship ) Hershey , Pennsylvania Unforgiven 000000002003 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2003 Notes Jump up ^ Triple H headlined WrestleMania 2000 , WrestleMania X8 , WrestleMania XX , WrestleMania 21 , WrestleMania 22 , WrestleMania XXV and WrestleMania 32 . Jump up ^ Triple H 's fifth reign was as Undisputed WWF Champion . His next three were as simply WWE Champion , while his ninth reign was as WWE World Heavyweight Champion . Jump up ^ Triple H 's reign with Shawn Michaels was when the title , then known as World Tag Team Championship , was unified with the WWE Tag Team Championship and known as Unified WWE Tag Team Championship . References ^ Jump up to : `` HHH salary and job title '' . 411 Mania . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Triple H ; Robert Caprio ( May 11 , 2010 ) . Triple H Making the Game : Triple H 's Approach to a Better Body . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 2175 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jason Skog ( 2012 ) . Triple H : At the Top of His Game . Capstone Press . p. 8 pp. ISBN 978 - 1429686778 . ^ Jump up to : `` Triple H Bio '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved April 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Triple H Bio '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Milner , John ; Clevett , Jason ; Kamchen , Richard ( December 5 , 2004 ) . `` Hunter Hearst Helmsley '' . Canoe.ca . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved July 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wrestler snapshot : Triple H '' . Wrestling Digest . August 2002 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Moore , Michael ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` A guide to collecting WrestleMania 's biggest stars from WrestleMania 1 to 27 '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raw -- June 12 , 2006 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` W.W.W.F. / W.W.F. / W.W.E. World Heavyweight Title '' . Wrestling-Titles.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Heavyweight Title ( W.W.E. Smackdown ! ) '' . Wrestling-Titles.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` List This ! Greatest Match - ups That Have n't Happened '' . WWE . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Hogan headlined seven WrestleManias . Jump up ^ Sitterson , Aubrey ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` The Top 25 Most Overrated Wrestlers '' . UGO . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Famous People From New Hampshire '' . NH Tour Guide . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` An Interview With WWE Star Triple H Paul Levesque '' . ^ Jump up to : Triple H and Chyna ( 1999 ) . It 's Our Time ( VHS ) . World Wrestling Federation . ^ Jump up to : Peter McGough ( July 2002 ) . `` Coming to grips with Triple H '' . Flex . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Full interview with Triple H from the Flex Magazine '' . ^ Jump up to : `` John Rodeo Interview '' . JohnRodeo.com . September 16 , 2001 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvez , Alex ( April 2001 ) . `` Triple Threat '' . Wrestling Digest . p. 2 . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Baer , Randy and R.D. Reynolds . Wrestlecrap : The Very Worst of Pro Wrestling ( p. 204 ) ^ Jump up to : Marvez , Alex ( April 2001 ) . `` Triple Threat ( p. 3 ) '' . Wrestling Digest . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Starrcade 1994 results '' . Pro Wrestling History . Retrieved July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Podcast is Jericho Ep71 '' . Podcastone . Jump up ^ `` Wrestling Challenge Results '' . The History of WWE . 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Jump up ^ Jericho , Chris . `` Triple H Making the Game : Triple H 's Approach to a Better Body ( Wwe ) ( 9780743478885 ) : Triple H , Robert Caprio , James Rosenthal : Books '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Triple H and Motorhead '' . MTV . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` HHH Lemmystache '' . Photobucket . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Triple H 's speech at Lemmy Kilmister 's funeral ( 9 / 1 / 16 ) '' . January 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Wrestler Triple H backs West Ham and tips Andy Carroll as possible grappling future star '' . ITV.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff ( TFC ) ( February 3 , 2005 ) . `` Triple H Brings His Game to ' The Bernie Mac Show ' Friday , March 11 , on Fox '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Levesque '' . IMDb . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CALDWELL 'S WWE NIGHT OF CHAMPIONS PPV REPORT 6 / 29 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV `` . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Desjardins , Curtis ( February 3 , 1999 ) . `` The Official RSP - W Finishing Moves List '' . rec. sport. pro-wrestling . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Triple H 's Wwf / Wwe Debut 1995 '' . YouTube . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Triple H 's first ever appearance on Raw '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Diamond Dallas Page DDP shoots on Triple H HHH Jump up ^ `` Triple H Unleashed Article '' . WOW Magazine . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2007 . After a successful debut and a string of victories -- all courtesy of the inverted Indian deathlock leglock finisher taught to him by Kowalski Jump up ^ Linder , Zach & Melok , Bobby . `` What a maneuver ! 15 moves that really exist '' . WWE.com . WWE . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2013 . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Triple H destroyes Umaga with a SledgeHammer '' . YouTube . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Golden , Hunter ( October 30 , 2006 ) . `` Raw Results -- 10 / 30 / 06 -- Moline , IL ( Orton vs HHH , Cena vs ? -- more ) '' . WrestleView . Retrieved October 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Grimaldi , Michael C. ( August 26 , 2008 ) . `` Early Smackdown TV report for August 29 '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Retrieved September 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Trionfo , Richard . `` COMPLETE WWE RAW REPORT : RYBACK HAS NEW WHEELS ; THE SHIELD FACE THEIR OPPONENTS FROM SUNDAY ; A NEW HEYMAN GUY ... AND HE IS PERFECT IN THE RING ; WHEN THE DOCTOR SAYS YOU CANNOT WRESTLE ... YOU LISTEN TO THEM '' . PWInsider . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Entourage `` Triple H `` Wrestlers Database `` CAGEMATCH -- The Internet Wrestling Database '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ lashleydominate ( August 24 , 2007 ) . `` batista vs snitsky '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Anderson , Steve ( October 2001 ) . `` Breaking The Mold '' . Wrestling Digest . Retrieved May 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pro Wrestling Illustrated Award Winners Feud of the Year '' . Wrestling Information Archive . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The PWI Awards '' . Pro Wrestling Illustrated . 34 ( 2 ) : 34 -- 35 . 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Wrestling Illustrated Award Winners Match of the Year '' . Wrestling Information Archive . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Wrestling Illustrated Award Winners Most Hated Wrestler of the Year '' . Wrestling Information Archive . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The PWI Awards '' . Pro Wrestling Illustrated . 34 ( 2 ) : 38 -- 39 . 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The PWI Awards '' . Pro Wrestling Illustrated . 36 ( 2 ) : 26 -- 27 . 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 PWI 500 edition of Pro Wrestling Illustrated -- cover '' . Pro Wrestling Illustrated . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2007 . Retrieved September 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Eck , Kevin ( August 2009 ) . `` The PWI 500 '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved September 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Wrestling Illustrated Top 500 -- PWI Years '' . Wrestling Information Archive . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Title History : WWE Tag Team : D - Generation X '' . WWE.com . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved December 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Title History : World Heavyweight Championship '' . WWE.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Title History : WWE Championship '' . WWE.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Title History : Intercontinental '' . WWE.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Title History : European '' . WWE.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Title History : World Tag Team : Stone Cold & Triple H '' . WWE.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Title History : World Tag Team : D - Generation X '' . WWE.com . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved December 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Dave ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` January 25 , 2016 Wrestling Observer Newsletter : 2015 Observer Awards Issue '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Campbell , California : 45 . ISSN 1083 - 9593 . ^ Jump up to : Meltzer , Dave ( January 26 , 2011 ) . `` Biggest issue of the year : The 2011 Wrestling Observer Newsletter Awards Issue '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Campbell , CA : 1 -- 40 . ISSN 1083 - 9593 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Dave ( January 30 , 2012 ) . `` Jan 30 Wrestling Observer Newsletter : Gigantic year - end awards issue , best and worst in all categories plus UFC on FX 1 , death of Savannah Jack , ratings , tons and tons of news '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Campbell , CA . ISSN 1083 - 9593 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/WWE/status/862335540171079680 Jump up ^ `` TRIPLE H HEADED INTO THE HALL OF FAME - PWInsider.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Triple H honored '' . Jump up ^ `` WWE Raw Results - June 23 , 2003 '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Sources Professional wrestling portal Paul Levesque ; Robert Caprio ( 2010 ) . Making the Game : Triple H 's Approach to a Better Body . WWE Books . ISBN 9780743483612 . Mick Foley ( 2000 ) . Have a Nice Day : A Tale of Blood and Sweatsocks . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 103101 - 1 . PWI Staff ( 2007 ) . `` Pro Wrestling Illustrated presents : 2007 Wrestling almanac & book of facts '' . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' . Kappa Publishing . Baer , Randy & R.D. Reynolds ( 2003 ) . Wrestlecrap : The Very Worst of Pro Wrestling . ECW Press . ISBN 1 - 55022 - 584 - 7 . Laurer , Joanie ( 2001 ) . If They Only Knew . ReaganBooks . ISBN 0 - 06 - 109895 - 7 . 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Carr Fire
Carr Fire - wikipedia Carr Fire This article documents a current wildfire . Information regarding it may change rapidly as more information becomes available ; news reports and other primary sources may be unreliable . The last updates to this article may not reflect the most current information about this wildfire for all areas . This wildfire is still actively burning and has not been 100 percent contained or fully controlled . Please refer to your local fire department or media outlets for the latest information pertaining to a specific area . Please feel free to improve this article or discuss changes on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Not to be confused with Car fire . Carr Fire The Carr Fire on July 28 , 2018 Location Whiskeytown -- Shasta -- Trinity National Recreation Area , California , United States Coordinates 40 ° 39 ′ 15 '' N 122 ° 37 ′ 25 '' W  /  40.6543 ° N 122.6236 ° W  / 40.6543 ; - 122.6236 Coordinates : 40 ° 39 ′ 15 '' N 122 ° 37 ′ 25 '' W  /  40.6543 ° N 122.6236 ° W  / 40.6543 ; - 122.6236 Statistics Cost Unknown Date ( s ) July 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 23 ) -- present ( ) National disaster declared on August 4 Burned area 202,976 acres ( 821 km ) Cause Sparks from mechanical failure of a vehicle Buildings destroyed 1,599 Fatalities 8 Non-fatal injuries 11 Map Location of fire in California ( Full screen ) Point of ignition of Carr Fire Perimeter of the Carr Fire based on orbital remote sensing The Carr Fire is a wildfire burning in Shasta and Trinity Counties in California , United States . As of August 12 , 2018 , the fire had burned 202,976 acres ( 821 km ; 317 sq mi ) and is 61 % contained . It is the sixth-most destructive fire in California history . The fire was reported on the afternoon of July 23 , 2018 , at the intersection of Highway 299 and Carr Powerhouse Road in the Whiskeytown district of the Whiskeytown -- Shasta -- Trinity National Recreation Area . The fire was started when a flat tire on a vehicle caused the wheel 's rim to scrape against the asphalt , thus creating sparks . On July 26 , the fire jumped the Sacramento River , making its way into the city of Redding , causing the evacuation of 38,000 people . Evacuations also took place in Summit City , Keswick , Lewiston , Shasta Lake City , Igo , Ono and French Gulch . The fire has destroyed 1,599 buildings , at least 1,077 of which were homes , and damaged another 282 , with over 500 structures remaining threatened . Eight people have died in the fire , including three firefighters ( a plow driver , fire inspector and one fireman who died in a head - on collision en route to fight said fire ) , a great - grandmother and her two great - grandchildren , and an employee of Pacific Gas and Electric Company ( PG&E ) . Three firefighters have also been injured . Contents 1 Timeline 1.1 July 1.1. 1 Redding fire whirl 1.2 August 2 Impact 2.1 Evacuation 2.2 Recreation 2.3 Transportation 2.4 Resources 2.5 Cultural 2.6 Air quality 3 Fatalities 4 Fire growth and containment progress 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Timeline ( edit ) July ( edit ) The Carr Fire was reported on the afternoon of July 23 , 2018 , at the intersection of Highway 299 and Carr Powerhouse Road , in the Whiskeytown district of the Whiskeytown -- Shasta -- Trinity National Recreation Area , in Shasta County , California , near French Gulch . The fire was believed to have been started by a vehicle having mechanical failures , which ignited the ground and quickly spread . Hot conditions and steep , inaccessible terrain caused challenges for fire crews as they strengthened containment lines . Highway 299 was closed and French Gulch was placed under mandatory evacuation . Overnight from July 25 to 26 , the fire grew to 20,000 acres ( 81 km ) in total burned land . As of the evening of July 26 , the fire had burned 28,763 acres ( 116 km ) and was 10 percent contained . It was reported to have destroyed 15 buildings and damaged 5 , while remaining a threat to 496 buildings . The fire jumped the Sacramento River and portions of the western area of Redding were put under mandatory evacuation orders . Power to residents in North Redding was shut off by Redding Electric Utility . A state of emergency was declared by Governor Jerry Brown . The evacuation center at Shasta High School was relocated to Shasta College . A firefighter was killed while operating a bulldozer . The National Guard was called in to help fight the fire on the night of July 26 . The fire remained active overnight , with fire crews continuing to build containment lines . However , crews were stalled in their work due to the fire 's extreme behavior . Just after midnight , evacuation orders were put in place for Shasta Dam , Summit City , and neighborhoods in western Redding . A second firefighter , Jeremy Stoke of the Redding Fire Department , was killed and it was reported that three firefighters from Marin County sustained burns . They were defending a structure when a heat blast from the flames came towards them . All three were released , with one being evaluated at the University of California Davis Burn Center for burns on his face , hands and ears . By the evening of July 27 , the fire had destroyed 500 structures and threatened almost 5,000 . CrossPointe Community Church was named the third evacuation place . Amtrak announced that their Coast Starlight service would stop in Sacramento and Klamath Falls with alternative transportation being provided . Containment lines remained the priority for firefighters overnight . Red flag warnings and heat advisories were put in place for the area . By the next morning , over 38,000 individuals had been evacuated . The Shasta College evacuation center reached capacity by July 28 and two more shelters operated by the Red Cross , and one at Grace Baptist Church , were opened . President Donald Trump declared a state of emergency for the state of California due to this fire and other fires burning in the state . The communities of Happy Valley and Anderson , as well as other areas , were put under mandatory evacuation in the mid-morning . A woman and two children , who were reported missing on July 26 due to the fire , were reported dead . More buildings were evaluated for damage , bringing the total up to 536 destroyed and 117 damaged . Winds were erratic , fueled by hot weather , which created spot fires throughout the fire area . Weaverville Elementary School was closed as an evacuation center and a new center was opened at Trinity High School . In the evening , new evacuation orders were put in place for Highway 299 at Trinity Dam Road west to Douglas City and other nearby subdivisions . A sixth fatality was reported on July 29 , as the fire moved from densely populated areas and into rural parts of Shasta and Trinity Counties . The community of Lewiston was evacuated . By the evening , fire containment had grown from 5 to 17 percent . The National Guard was assigned to Redding to monitor for looting in evacuated neighborhoods . The next day , repopulation began of areas of western Redding , Shasta Lake , and Happy Valley that had previously been evacuated . Overnight , strengthening containment lines remained a priority as east and west winds converged and created challenges for firefighters . Repopulation efforts continued , starting on the morning of July 31 for areas of western Redding , Summit City , Buckeye and Happy Valley . Celebrity chef Guy Fieri provided food for evacuees in Redding . By the evening of July 31 , the fire had burned 112,888 acres ( 457 km ) and was 30 percent contained . Crews were challenged by the fire along the western edge , where the fire burned in high terrain with strong winds and dry fuels . Redding Fire whirl ( edit ) A powerful fire whirl with winds estimated in excess of 143 mph ( 230 km / h ) -- equivalent to an EF3 tornado -- developed within the Carr Fire in Redding , California , on July 26 . Remaining on the ground from 7 : 30 -- 8 : 00 p.m. , the fire whirl reached an estimated height of 18,000 ft ( 5,500 m ) and caused extensive tornado - like damage while spreading the fire . The winds toppled transmission towers , shredded foliage , and debarked and uprooted trees . The smoke plume from the whirl `` dominated '' the majority of the wildfire . Substantial damage occurred in areas untouched by fire , including signs of ground scouring . Three people were killed inside their Redding home after the structure 's walls were blown out and the roof collapsed on the occupants . Several other homes suffered significant roof damage . August ( edit ) The fire grew over 2,000 acres ( 8 km ) and to 35 percent containment as the fire burned into August 1 . Late morning , evacuation orders were lifted for the Mary Lake Subdivision and , later in the day , residents were allowed back to Plateau Road . The City of Redding shut down their Carr Fire - related missing persons hotline as all missing people were accounted for . Shasta College , which served as an evacuation center , resumed normal services . Six people were reported as arrested for alleged looting or illegally being in evacuated areas . The area west of Lakehead , California , was closed to public access to allow for fire crews ' safety . Thus far , the fire had destroyed 1,546 structures , including 1,058 residential and 13 commercial . Over 1,600 structures remained threatened due to the fire as of August 2 . It continued to grow as the terrain , wind and dry fuels continued to create challenges for fire crews . The Sunset West , Sunset Terrace , Ranch Land Acres , Middletown Park neighborhoods and Centerville were reopened to population in the morning . As of the morning of August 2 , the fire was 125,842 acres ( 509 km ) and remained 35 percent contained . By August 4 , the fire grew to 145,015 acres ( 587 km ) and to 41 percent containment . California Governor Jerry Brown toured the site and announced that he had requested a major disaster declaration , which provides federal assistance . Later that day , President Donald Trump approved the request for Shasta County . A seventh fatality was reported when a PG&E employee died in a vehicle incident . By August 9 , the fire grew to 178,752 acres ( 723 km ) and to 49 percent containment . Early that morning a Cal Fire heavy equipment mechanic was killed in a traffic incident , bringing the number of fatalities to eight . Impact ( edit ) The Carr Fire is currently the sixth most destructive in California history . It caused evacuations of over 36,000 people in the communities of French Gulch , Igo , Ono , Lewiston , Douglas City , Shasta , Shasta Lake City , Summit City , and the City of Redding , and caused closures of portions of California State Route 299 . The fire directly impacted the water sources Keswick Dam and Shasta Dam . Evacuation ( edit ) The community of French Gulch was evacuated due to the Carr Fire . The following areas , as of August 1 , were under mandatory evacuation : Shasta County Wiskeytown Park Rainbow Lake Trinity County Trinity / Shasta County Line at Buckhorn Summit Road West to Trinity Dam Road : All roads within this area north of Route 299 Deadwood Road east of Trinity Dam Boulevard Lewiston Turn Pike East of Trinity Dam Boulevard Trinity Dam at Trinity Dam Boulevard Evacuation centers are located at Shasta College and Trinity High School . Recreation ( edit ) The fire affected recreational activities . At early stages , the access to Whiskeytown -- Shasta -- Trinity National Recreation Area was halted , specifically in Shasta County , including access to Whiskey Creek and Whiskeytown Lake . The area surrounding Shasta Dam and the dam 's visitors center were evacuated and closed . Lake Redding Park and the adjacent golf course were closed due to the fire after it jumped the Sacramento River , destroying close to 40 homes in the surrounding neighborhood . The Bureau of Land Management closed trails in western Redding . Transportation ( edit ) Amtrak service on the Coast Starlight was disrupted between Sacramento and Klamath Falls , Oregon . Amtrak arranged alternative transportation for travelers between those two cities . Large portions of Highway 299 were closed as a result of the fire . Many sections of the highway 's route through Redding were closed , including the North Market Street Bridge which connects downtown Redding to the Benton Tract neighborhood . Highway 273 was closed in many areas . Resources ( edit ) Access to Keswick Dam was restricted and the surrounding areas were evacuated as a result of the fire . Cultural ( edit ) Access to the remains of the historic ghost town of Gas Point was restricted due to the fire . A 2008 fire had destroyed the historic town . The historic town of French Gulch was evacuated and closed . This was the second time the community had been evacuated due to a fire , the prior evacuation taking place in August 2004 , in which 103 structures burned in the community . The Shasta State Historic Park was also affected , where the 1920s schoolhouse was destroyed and other buildings were damaged . Artifacts had been removed before the fire . Air quality ( edit ) The fire affected air quality throughout Northern California and the Central Valley down to Bakersfield , Oregon , Washington and Nevada . Smoke reached as far north as Seattle , Washington , and Boise , Idaho . Fatalities ( edit ) Two firefighters have been killed in the Carr Fire . One was a contract firefighter who was driving a bulldozer when he died . The second was Redding - based fire inspector Jeremy Stoke . On July 28 , a great - grandmother and her two great - grandchildren were found dead , as they did not have a car and were unable to evacuate . A sixth fatality was reported on July 29 . An evacuation order was issued to the victim , but they did not evacuate . The victim was recovering from heart surgery , which possibly prevented him from leaving . On August 4 , a PG&E employee was killed in a vehicle incident . On August 9 , a Cal Fire heavy equipment mechanic was killed in a traffic incident . Fire growth and containment progress ( edit ) Fire containment status Gray : contained ; Red : active ; % : percent contained ; Date Area burned acres ( km ) Containment Jul 23 1,500 ( 6 ) 0 % Jul 24 3,126 ( 13 ) 24 % Jul 25 6,773 ( 27 ) 10 % Jul 26 28,763 ( 116 ) 6 % Jul 27 48,312 ( 196 ) 5 % Jul 28 83,800 ( 339 ) 5 % Jul 29 95,368 ( 386 ) 17 % Jul 30 103,772 ( 420 ) 23 % Jul 31 112,888 ( 457 ) 30 % Aug 1 121,049 ( 490 ) 35 % Aug 2 126,913 ( 514 ) 37 % Aug 3 133,924 ( 542 ) 39 % Aug 4 145,015 ( 587 ) 41 % Aug 5 160,049 ( 648 ) 43 % Aug 6 164,413 ( 665 ) 47 % Aug 7 172,055 ( 696 ) 47 % Aug 8 176,069 ( 713 ) 47 % Aug 9 178,752 ( 723 ) 49 % Aug 10 183,633 ( 743 ) 53 % Aug 11 190,873 ( 772 ) 57 % Aug 12 201,680 ( 816 ) 61 % Aug 13 202,976 ( 821 ) 61 % See also ( edit ) 2018 California wildfires List of California wildfires Thomas Fire References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Carr Fire - Incident Update '' . CALFIRE . State of California . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bransford , Scott ; Caron , Christina . `` Woman and 2 of Her Great - Grandchildren Die in Carr Fire , Family Says '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire becomes 6th most destructive fire in California state history '' . FOX40. 31 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Hutzler , Alexandra ( August 4 , 2018 ) . `` A flat tire caused California 's deadly Carr wildfire , hundreds of thousands of acres burned '' . Newsweek . Retrieved August 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Nicole ( July 29 , 2018 ) . `` Carr Fire in California is so hot it 's creating its own weather system '' . CNN . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Incident fact sheet '' ( PDF ) . CALFIRE . State of California . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire incident update '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . State of California . Retrieved 27 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan , Sam Stanton , Kellen Browning And Claire ( 26 July 2018 ) . `` Redding residents making emergency evacuations as Carr Fire jumps the Sacramento River '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved 27 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Additional Evacuation Orders Issued Due to Carr Fire '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . State of California . Retrieved 27 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ravani , Sarah ( 27 July 2018 ) . `` Deadly Carr Fire kills two firefighters , widespread evacuations ordered '' . SFGate . San Francisco Chroncile . Retrieved 27 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` National Guard called as deadly wildfire roars into Redding '' . KPIX. 26 July 2018 . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire Incident Update '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . State of California . Retrieved 27 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Additional evacuation orders issued due to Carr Fire '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . State of California . Retrieved 27 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Herrera , Julianne ( 27 July 2018 ) . `` Bay Area firefighters burned while helping battle Carr Fire in Shasta Co '' . KRON . Retrieved 27 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Northern California 's deadly Carr Fire doubles in size as family searches for missing children and great - grandmother '' . KTLA. 28 July 2018 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire Incident Update '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . State of California . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amtrak Advisory Service Disrupted between Sacramento , CA and Klamath Falls , OR due to Wildfire '' . Amtrak . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire incident update '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . State of California . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Mike . `` Carr Fire : sheriff says 14 people are missing in Shasta County '' . Redding Record Searchlight . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Trump declares emergency in California wildfires '' . US News . San Francisco Chronicle. 28 July 2018 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire incident update '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . State of California . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire evacuation centers update '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . State of California . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Additional evacuation orders issued due to Carr Fire '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . State of California . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kasler , Dale ; Sullivan , Molly ; Bizjak , Tony ; Sabalow , Ryan ( 29 July 2018 ) . `` Carr Fire : another fatality , fire spills into Trinity County , evacuations remain in Redding '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire Repopulation '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . State of California . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire Repopulation '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . State of California . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire Repopulation '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . State of California . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire Repopulation '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . State of California . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire Repopulation '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . State of California . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Ruth . `` Guy Fieri and others provide aid during Carr Fire '' . Community News . Record - Bee . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cal Fire Incident Update '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . State of California . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Erdman ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` The giant fire whirl from California 's Carr Fire produced damage similar to an EF3 tornado in Redding , an NWS survey found '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved August 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NWS : Redding fire whirl reached EF - 3 tornado wind speeds '' . KCRA . August 2 , 2018 . Retrieved August 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A tornado of fire killed 3 members of one family in Redding '' . Q13 Fox . August 3 , 2018 . Retrieved August 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Schultz , Jim ; Chapman , Mike . `` UPDATE : All missing people accounted for , hotline to shut down '' . Redding Record Searchlight . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire Updates August 1 5 : 45 PM '' . A News Cafe . Retrieved 2 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Officials close roads in Shasta - Trinity National Forest due to Carr Fire '' . Redheaded Blackbelt . Retrieved 2 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carr Fire incident update '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . State of California . Retrieved 2 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Schultz , Jim ; Chapman , Mike . `` Update : Sunset West , Sunset Terrace neighborhoods re-opened for residents '' . Redding Record Searchlight . Retrieved 2 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Brown calls disasters like Carr Fire the ' new normal , ' requests major disaster declaration '' . Redding Record Searchlight . Retrieved 5 August 2018 . Jump up ^ California , State of . `` Governor Brown announces federal approval of presidential major disaster declaration for Shasta County '' . www.gov.ca.gov . Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr . Retrieved 5 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` PG&E employee becomes seventh Carr Fire fatality '' . Redding Record Searchlight . Retrieved 5 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Browning , Kellen ( 9 August 2018 ) . `` Eighth person dies in relation to Carr Fire '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Northern California wildfire raging into its fourth day '' . KSTP . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carr Fire incident update '' ( PDF ) . CalFire . August 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carr Fire incident information '' . CalFire. 23 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Kim , Daniel . `` See the devastation from the Carr Fire on Harlan Drive in the Lake Redding Estates '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Benda , David . `` Gas Point ghost town destroyed '' . Record Searchlight . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire kills two firefighters near Redding , destroys 500 structures '' . SFChronicle.com. 28 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ NWS Boise ( @ NWSBoise ) ( 2018 - 07 - 29 ) . `` Today 's simulated wildfire smoke forecast across the West . Smoke will increase on Monday across our region as upper level winds shift to the southwest , bringing wildfire smoke from the CA wildfires . # orwx # idwx '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Smoke predicted to blow out of Seattle , Western Washington , Seattle : KOMO News , July 30 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Two Missing Kids , Great - Grandmother in Redding Found Dead : Family '' . NBC Bay Area . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Woman remembers brother who died in Carr Fire : ' He needed help to get out of there ' '' . Redding Record Searchlight . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Incident information - Carr Fire '' . CalFire . Jump up ^ `` Incident fact sheet '' ( PDF ) . CalFire . July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Incident fact sheet '' ( PDF ) . CalFire . July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire incident update '' ( PDF ) . CalFire . July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire incident update '' ( PDF ) . CalFire . July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire incident update '' ( PDF ) . CalFire . July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire incident update '' ( PDF ) . CalFire . July 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire incident update '' ( PDF ) . CalFire . July 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire incident update '' ( PDF ) . CalFire . July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire incident update '' ( PDF ) . CalFire . August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire incident update '' ( PDF ) . CalFire . August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire incident update '' ( PDF ) . CalFire . August 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire incident update '' ( PDF ) . CalFire . August 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire incident update '' ( PDF ) . CalFire . August 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire incident update '' ( PDF ) . CalFire . August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire incident update '' ( PDF ) . CalFire . August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire incident update '' ( PDF ) . CalFire . August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire incident update '' ( PDF ) . CalFire . August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire incident update '' ( PDF ) . CalFire . August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire incident update '' ( PDF ) . CalFire . August 13 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carr Fire . Office of Emergency Service Fire Map Live Audio : Cal Fire SHU Scanner Google Crisis Response Map : Carr Fire California 's Viral Fire Tornado Has Scientists Searching For Answers 2018 wildfires Americas British Columbia California Montana Oregon Washington Asia Russia Europe Attica ( Greece ) Sweden United Kingdom Oceania Australia California wildfires Pre-2000 Santiago Canyon ( 1889 ) Berkeley ( 1923 ) Matilija ( 1932 ) Griffith Park ( 1933 ) Rattlesnake ( 1953 ) Bel Air ( 1961 ) Laguna ( 1970 ) Marble Cone ( 1977 ) Agoura - Malibu firestorm ( 1978 ) Panorama ( 1980 ) Painted Cave ( 1990 ) Oakland Hills ( 1991 ) Mount Vision ( 1995 ) 2002 Biscuit McNally 2003 Old Simi Cedar Rumsey 2005 Labor Day Topanga 2006 Sawtooth Complex Day Esperanza 2007 Island Angora Zaca Moonlight October 2007 wildfires Harris Witch Buckweed Santiago Rice Corral 2008 Summit Indians Basin Complex Klamath Theater Complex Gap Sesnon Tea Sayre Freeway Complex 2009 Jesusita La Brea Lockheed Station Cottonwood Guiberson Bull West Crown 2011 Lion Comanche Complex 2012 Barry Point Rush Ponderosa 2013 Summit Springs Powerhouse Mountain Silver Rim Clover 2014 Colby Etiwanda May 2014 wildfires Bernardo Tomahawk Poinsettia Cocos Shirley Bully Happy Camp Complex Meadow King Boles 2015 Round Lake North Wragg Rocky River Complex Frog Rough Dodge Jerusalem Cuesta Butte Valley Tassajara Solimar 2016 Pony Sherpa Border Pine San Gabriel Complex Erskine Trailhead Deer Curry Sage Roblar Sand Soberanes Goose Cold Pilot Mineral Chimney Clayton Blue Cut Cedar Rey Gap Bogart Willard Owens River Canyon Sawmill Marshes Loma 2017 Gate Holcomb Schaeffer Salmon August Complex Manzanita Hill Winters Alamo Wall Whittier Detwiler Empire Parker 2 Young Pier Railroad Ponderosa Mud Slinkard Helena La Tuna Palmer Mission October 2017 wildfires Atlas Tubbs Canyon 2 December 2017 wildfires Thomas Creek Rye Skirball Lilac 2018 Lions Lane Pawnee Waverly County Klamathon Georges Valley Ferguson Carr Cranston Mendocino Complex Whaleback Holy Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carr_Fire&oldid=854756518 '' Categories : Current wildfires 2018 California wildfires July 2018 events in the United States August 2018 events in the United States Natural history of Shasta County , California Wildfires in Shasta County , California Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Pages with graphs Pages with maps Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 15 : 26 ( UTC ) . 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what is the location of the carr fire
[ "The Carr Fire is a wildfire burning in Shasta and Trinity Counties in California, United States. As of August 12, 2018, the fire had burned 202,976 acres (821 km2; 317 sq mi) and is 61% contained. It is the sixth-most destructive fire in California history.[3] The fire was reported on the afternoon of July 23, 2018, at the intersection of Highway 299 and Carr Powerhouse Road in the Whiskeytown district of the Whiskeytown–Shasta–Trinity National Recreation Area. The fire was started when a flat tire on a vehicle caused the wheel's rim to scrape against the asphalt, thus creating sparks.[4]\n" ]
[ "Shasta and Trinity Counties in California, United States" ]
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Pretty Little Liars (season 1)
Pretty Little Liars ( season 1 ) - wikipedia Pretty Little Liars ( season 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search Pretty Little Liars ( season 1 ) Season 1 DVD cover Starring Troian Bellisario Ashley Benson Holly Marie Combs Lucy Hale Ian Harding Bianca Lawson Laura Leighton Chad Lowe Shay Mitchell Sasha Pieterse Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network ABC Family Original release June 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 08 ) -- March 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 21 ) Season chronology Next → Season 2 List of Pretty Little Liars episodes The first season of Pretty Little Liars , based on the books of the same name by Sara Shepard , premiered on June 8 , 2010 and concluded on March 21 , 2011 on ABC Family . The show premiered to 2.47 million viewers and retained a regular audience of 2.5 million viewers during its summer run . The summer finale scored 3.07 million viewers , achieving a series high . The show went on hiatus and returned with its winter premiere on January 3 , 2011 , with 4.20 million viewers , becoming one of ABC Family 's top telecasts to date . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Special guest cast 2.3 Recurring cast 2.4 Guest cast 3 Episodes 4 Development and production 5 Casting 6 Ratings 6.1 Live + SD ratings 7 DVD release 8 References Overview ( edit ) Best friends Aria Montgomery , Emily Fields , Hanna Marin , and Spencer Hastings grow apart when their clique leader and ' queen bee ' Alison DiLaurentis goes missing . A year later they all begin receiving messages from the mysterious `` A '' who threatens to reveal their darkest secrets . Aria has just returned from Iceland after a year or so with her family and still feels unable to forgive her father who cheated on her mother , who 's still unaware of it ; she also discovers that her new English teacher ( Ezra Fitz ) is the same guy she met and made out with at a bar the day before . Hanna is now the `` it '' girl of the school , along with former geek Mona Vanderwaal . Both girls indulge in shoplifting ; later , Hanna gets in trouble , forcing her mother to sleep with a detective for her release . Spencer has feelings for her sister 's fiancé ( Wren Kingston ) . Emily befriends a girl named Maya St. Germain , who 's just moved into Alison 's old house . Later , Alison 's body is found buried in her old backyard . Realizing that ' A ' would n't be Alison , the girls began searching for clues . Their initial suspect was Toby Cavanaugh , who took the fall for an incident the girls refer to as ' The Jenna Thing ' . After an attack from her boyfriend , Ben , Emily bonds with Toby . Emily begins to believe Toby may not be Alison 's killer , later confessing to him that she is a lesbian . Emily then starts going out with Maya , later developing a relationship with her . Emily later confesses to her parents about Maya and her sexuality , leading to a conflict between her and her mother . Maya was later sent to juvenile detention following the discovery of marijuana in her bag by Emily 's mother . Toby is arrested for Alison 's murder , but claims that he met Alison the night she disappeared to thank her for what she did . It is revealed that Jenna , Toby 's stepsister , forced him into a sexual relationship . Emily decides to hold a memorial for Alison ; however , the memorial was later destroyed , and a picture of her at its remains made her a suspect . Emily subsequently reveals her feelings towards Alison , after Detective Wilden tries to pin Alison 's murder on her . Meanwhile , Aria attempts to tell the truth about her father to her mother , but ' A ' tells her mother before she could . This led to her parents ' separation and her brother , Mike 's , change in behavior . Meanwhile , Melissa breaks up the engagement with Wren after seeing him kissing Spencer , leading to a conflict between the two sisters . Hanna attempts to make her boyfriend , Sean , forget the old her , but it backfires . The girls ' next suspect was Noel , after Hanna is hit by a car while spying outside Mona 's birthday party . Hanna witnesses Noel writing a message at the back of a car , owned by Ezra . Noel blackmails Ezra about his relationship with Aria , but is later framed by ' A ' for cheating on exams . Hanna and Sean later break up , after Hanna dances with Lucas at the dance - a-thon fundraiser ( as ' A ' demanded ) . Ian returns in town , later reconciling and eloping with Melissa , to the surprise of the girls . Hanna later enlists Caleb 's help to work on Emily 's phone in order to talk to Maya . She eventually sympathizes with him after discovering his poor home life and develops a relationship with him . However , she breaks it off after she discovered that he was working for Jenna . Emily comes across Paige , a teammate of hers who began making homophobic remarks to Emily , though she later reveals herself as a lesbian . She and Emily later began dating , although Paige wants to keep things a secret . She and Emily later break up , and Emily dates Samara . The girls discover that Ian was the guy Alison was seeing the night she disappeared and suspect he was the one who killed her . After finding more clues , the girls , with Garett 's help , set up a plan to blackmail Ian , but this backfires when Ian sends someone to meet them in his place . Spencer is confronted by Ian at the church . He corners her at the bell tower , attempting to kill Spencer . However , a mysterious figure pushes Ian off the tower , presumably killing him . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Pretty Little Liars characters Main cast ( edit ) Troian Bellisario as Spencer Hastings Ashley Benson as Hanna Marin Holly Marie Combs as Ella Montgomery Lucy Hale as Aria Montgomery Ian Harding as Ezra Fitz Bianca Lawson as Maya St. Germain Laura Leighton as Ashley Marin Chad Lowe as Byron Montgomery Shay Mitchell as Emily Fields Nia Peeples as Pam Fields Sasha Pieterse as Alison DiLaurentis Special guest cast ( edit ) Sara Shepard as Ms. Shepard Recurring cast ( edit ) Keegan Allen as Toby Cavanaugh Tammin Sursok as Jenna Marshall Janel Parrish as Mona Vanderwaal Torrey DeVitto as Melissa Hastings Ryan Merriman as Ian Thomas Chuck Hittinger as Sean Ackard Tyler Blackburn as Caleb Rivers Brendan Robinson as Lucas Gottesman Brant Daugherty as Noel Kahn Lesley Fera as Veronica Hastings Cody Allen Christian as Mike Montgomery Lindsey Shaw as Paige McCullers Bryce Johnson as Darren Wilden Diego Boneta as Alex Santiago Guest cast ( edit ) Julian Morris as Wren Kingston Nolan North as Peter Hastings Jim Titus as Officer Barry Maple Yani Gellman as Garrett Reynolds Eric Steinberg as Wayne Fields Jill Holden as Mrs. Welch Amanda Schull as Meredith Sorenson Carlson Young as Amber Victorino Parker Bagley as Jason DiLaurentis Anne Marie DeLuise as Jessica DiLaurentis Roark Critchlow as Tom Marin Tilky Jones as Logan Reed Patrick J. Adams as Hardy ^ Note 1 : Bianca Lawson is credited as a series regular up until episode 13 . From episode 14 onwards she is no longer credited . ^ Note 2 : Nia Peeples is credited as a series regular in episode 1 . From episode 2 onwards she is credited as a guest star . ^ Note 3 : Sasha Pieterse is credited as a guest star in episode 1 . From episode 2 onwards she is credited as a series regular . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Pretty Little Liars episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) `` Pilot '' Lesli Linka Glatter I. Marlene King June 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 08 ) 2.47 Friends Aria Montgomery , Emily Fields , Hanna Marin , and Spencer Hastings grow apart when their clique leader Alison DiLaurentis goes missing . A year later they all begin receiving messages from the mysterious `` A '' , who threatens to reveal their darkest secrets . Aria has just returned from Iceland after a year with her family and still feels unable to forgive her father who cheated on her mother , who 's still unaware of it ; she also discovers that her new English teacher ( Ezra Fitz ) is the same guy she met and made out with at a bar the day before . Hanna is now the `` it '' girl of the school and indulges in shoplifting , which gets her in trouble and forces her mother to sleep with a detective for her release ; Spencer has feelings for her sister 's fiancé ( Wren Kingston ) ; Emily befriends a girl named Maya , who 's just moved into Alison 's house . They soon suspect that Alison is `` A '' , until her body is finally found . There 's a funeral , at which the quartet are seated together and they all get worried after seeing Jenna , a classmate who was blinded in an incident involving the four girls and Alison ( multiple times through the episode , there were references to the `` Jenna thing '' ) . The girls receive one more text : I 'm still here bitches . And I know everything - A . `` The Jenna Thing '' Liz Friedlander I. Marlene King June 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 15 ) 2.48 With Jenna 's return to Rosewood and to school , the girls are forced to face an unpleasant incident from their past in which with Alison they played a terrible prank ( by setting a fire on a garage ) on Jenna 's step - brother Toby which went horribly wrong , leaving Jenna blind . They thought this dark secret has been sealed forever but `` A '' wo n't let them forget it . Meanwhile , questions about the night of Alison 's disappearance begin to arise , as the events of that fateful night continue to haunt them . Aria applies for the transference from Ezra 's class but her application is rejected . They later make out in his car after Ezra drives by Aria after she gets caught in the rain . Spencer 's sister breaks up with her fiancé when she catches him kissing Spencer . Hanna 's mom is still reluctantly involved with the detective Wilden , who still does n't have faith over the girls ' description of that night . Maya has moved in with Emily for few days and Emily feels herself attracted to her , which makes her feel guilty because she has a boyfriend ( Ben ) . Aria 's father wants to resolve the issues between them ; which actually works out positively . `` To Kill a Mocking Girl '' Elodie Keene Oliver Goldstick June 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 22 ) 2.74 The girls try to pay tribute to Alison 's memory , but they are still faced with unresolved issues . Toby , Jenna 's stepbrother , has come back to school . Aria has an unpleasant encounter with her father 's former mistress . Spencer faces a vengeful Melissa after her kiss with Wren . Hanna tries to get Sean to forget the ' old Hanna ' . Toby and Ben , Emily 's boyfriend , have a fight and Emily breaks up with Ben . Emily and Maya get closer and Spencer copies her sister 's essay and puts it as her own when she ca n't think of anything to write . The girls realize that leaving the past behind is much harder than they first thought . ' A ' ending : ' A ' listens to jazz music as they print copies of the pictures of Emily and Maya in the Photo Booth . `` Can You Hear Me Now ? '' Norman Buckley Joseph Dougherty June 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 29 ) 2.09 The girls block e-mails and text messages from all unknown users in an attempt to stop `` A , '' but their problems are far from over . One girl receives a surprise visit , while another receives a surprise gift in class . Hanna meets her dad after a while and realizes that he has a fiance . Aria tries to tell her mom about her dad cheating on her before they went to Iceland , but it looks likes `` A '' beats her to it . Emily is still confused about Toby and her kiss with Maya . Spencer 's Russian article ( the one she copied from Melissa ) , gets entered in a contest and she is still confused about Wren . And just when things could n't get any more complicated , the girls find out that trying to keep `` A '' away comes with a price . Spencer arrives home with Hanna to find that somebody has been in her house , leaving a grave on her table and a message on her mirror . 5 5 `` Reality Bites Me '' Wendey Stanzler Bryan M. Holdman July 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 06 ) 2.62 Aria forgets her cell phone in Ezra 's apartment , and after he reads a message from A , he decides to break up with her ( thinking that she told someone ) rather than risk being fired . Hanna has to work in a dentist office to pay for the damage she did to Sean 's car and gets some new information from A about one of her friends . She sees Jenna at the office building wearing the same lipstick , just like the writing on Spencer 's mirror . Emily hides her budding friendship with Toby due to the girls ' suspicion about him , hurting his feelings . Spencer 's father tells her to throw a tennis match against a possible client and his daughter . Ella deals with her husband 's cheating , which makes things worse for Aria and Mike . 6 6 `` There 's No Place Like Homecoming '' Norman Buckley Maya Goldsmith July 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 13 ) 2.69 Emily accepts an offer to go to Homecoming with Toby , despite Hanna presuming she wanted to go with Maya . Spencer gets ready for Homecoming with Alex as her date , but will things go as she planned them to ? Hanna meets Lucas when she joins the ' Real Love Waits ' celibacy club with Sean . Aria is still reeling over her breakup with Ezra and the tension between her parents . Spencer asks Hanna to collect Jenna 's psychotherapy file , with a shocking twist . ' A ' ending : ' A ' sprayes over the town sign and changes the population census to one less number . 7 7 `` The Homecoming Hangover '' Chris Grismer Tamar Laddy July 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 20 ) 2.55 Aria 's brother , Mike , does n't take it very well that his parents are separating , which leads to him fighting in school after his mother decides to not watch his game , as Mike and Aria 's father will be there . Emily decides to try dating Maya . Hanna and Sean make - up , but she 's more interested in Lucas . Spencer and Alex have some fun in the country 's club kitchen . At last , A has still one more creepy message to deliver to the girls , which makes them assume that Toby might be dead . Sara Shepard , writer of the Pretty Little Liars book series , makes a special appearance in the episode as a substitute teacher at Rosewood High School . ' A ' ending : ' A ' fishes up the documents the girls threw in the river , containing files of Toby Cavanaugh . 8 8 `` Please , Do Talk About Me When I 'm Gone '' Arlene Sanford Joseph Dougherty July 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 27 ) 2.52 As new evidences about the day that Alison died comes to the surface , Spencer gets some damaging information from Alison 's brother , Jason . Aria agrees to go out on a double date with Sean 's friend Noel , and the evening takes an interesting road once Aria realizes that Noel is way more than just a pretty face . Emily and Maya 's relationship blossoms when Emily asks Maya on a date . Due to the Marin 's financial problems , Hanna 's credit card gets declined , so she decides to put a lot of her old clothes and handbags up for auction online with the help of new ally Lucas . Meanwhile , the girls begin to prepare themselves for Alison 's memorial day , but once they find out that Jenna will be the one to deliver a speech about Alison , they all get scared . Later that night , a mystery person comes out and destroys Alison 's memorial . 9 9 `` The Perfect Storm '' Jamie Babbit Oliver Goldstick August 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 03 ) 2.55 A terrible storm comes to Rosewood , and all of the students are trapped in school . Emily reveals a secret after she 's accused of killing Alison . Just as Aria is about to give dating Noel a chance , Ezra returns . Byron leans on Ashley for advice as his relationship with Ella only gets worse . Meanwhile , Spencer discovers something that her mother has been keeping from her . And at the end of the episode , Lucas tries to tell Hanna something . We see his shoes are dirty , suggesting that he was at Alison 's memorial . ' A ' ending : ' A ' sends a file containing video footage of Alison the day she disappeared , to Rosewood Police Department . 10 10 `` Keep Your Friends Close '' Ron Lagomarsino I. Marlene King August 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 10 ) 3.07 When new evidence leads the FBI to believe that Toby killed Alison , he tries to tell Emily his side of the story yet she rats him out . Spencer tries to mend fences with her sister Melissa , just as her ex-boyfriend Ian returns . Emily 's dad comes back from his deployment and her mother was sent a picture of Emily and Maya kissing . Aria begins to develop feelings for Noel , which complicates her relationship with Ezra even more , until Ezra admits his feelings for her and they kiss with Hanna watching as she keeps post to find out who `` A '' is . Ashley 's financial problems are bringing her to the brink . Meanwhile , the girls go `` glamping '' for Mona 's birthday in hopes of closing in on `` A '' , but when `` A '' 's identity is revealed to Hanna , `` A '' runs her over with a car before she gets a chance to tell the others . ' A ' ending : ' A ' looks at the video of Alison at the Kissing Rock and it is revealed that Ian Thomas was with her . 11 11 `` Moments Later '' Norman Buckley Joseph Dougherty January 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 03 ) 4.20 Hanna is now in the hospital and remembers who A is . She tells the girls it was Noel Kahn because she saw him write ' I see you ' on the back on Ezra 's car while Aria and Ezra were kissing . But the girls are starting to question if the person who killed Alison and ' A ' are two different people . Meanwhile , Melissa and Ian elope . Also Lucas admits his feelings for Hanna , but is both angry and heartbroken when she tells him she only likes him as a friend , and tells her that she deserves a better boyfriend than Sean . The girls find out that ' A ' wrote on Hanna 's leg cast which is , `` Sorry for losing my temper , my bad , '' which could have been anyone who entered Hanna 's room while she was asleep . Also , Emily finally has enough courage and comes out to her parents ; her father accepts it because she 's his daughter and he loves her , but her mother has a much harder time accepting it . ' A ' ending : ' A ' burns the part of the tree which had the carving of Alison and Ian 's name on it . 12 12 `` Salt Meets Wound '' Norman Buckley Oliver Goldstick January 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 10 ) 3.21 Hanna mends in a wheelchair upon her release from the hospital , and Mona throws a surprise party for her . At the end of the party , Ashley and Hanna realize someone has stolen the bank loan in the lasagna box . Meanwhile , Aria is struggling to tell Ezra that Noel knows about their relationship ; Spencer 's romance with Alex hits a snag and Emily invites Maya to dinner with her family ; Surprises haunt the Liars as `` A '' continues the game . It is also revealed that Lucas destroyed Alison 's memorial and Jenna was the one who told the police where Toby was . ' A ' ending : ' A ' puts the hundred dollar bills into a clown piggy bank . 13 13 `` Know Your Frenemies '' Ron Lagomarsino I. Marlene King January 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 17 ) 2.99 `` A '' makes Hanna eat cupcakes , making her think about being bulimic again . `` A '' saves Aria 's and Ezra 's relationship . Emily 's mom finds drugs in Maya 's bag , and brings the bag to Maya 's parents , thus sending her to juvie . Spencer unravels the Ali murder , thinking Ian is the killer . She also finds out that her sister , Melissa , is trying to get pregnant . In the end , a video of Ali and Ian is shown , the camera falls , leaving the watchers hearing someone choking someone . A body is thrown to the ground , Ali 's hand appearing in front of the screen . Her name bracelet brings the girls to think Ian killed Ali . 14 14 `` Careful What U Wish 4 '' Norman Buckley Tamar Laddy January 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 24 ) 3.17 As the school gets ready for the dance - a-thon , Aria , Emily , Hanna and Spencer have more on their minds than raising money for the school trip to Washington , D.C. Hanna and her mother are having a financial crisis , but when ' A ' leaves her an offer that would potentially break Lucas 's heart but get her out of money troubles , will she be able to refuse ? Emily can only think of Maya and is desperate to speak to her -- so much so that she enlists the help of Caleb , the new bad boy in the school . And as an important piece of property goes missing , Spencer finds being in close quarters with her new brother - in - law , Ian , more difficult than ever . Meanwhile , Aria 's former babysitter , Simone ( Alona Tal ) , comes back to town for a surprise visit . But what should be a happy reunion quickly becomes a nightmare for Aria when Simone sets her sights on Ezra . ' A ' ending : ' A ' receives their black jacket and gloves from Ella Montgomery at the dance - a-thon . 15 15 `` If at First You Do n't Succeed , Lie , Lie Again '' Ron Lagomarsino Maya Goldsmith January 31 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 31 ) 3.19 The girls try to resume a sense of normalcy in their lives , but even the simple tasks of dating and extra-curricular activities meet with strife . Emily must deal with a jealous teammate ( Lindsey Shaw ) who is threatened by Emily 's return to the pool , as Aria and Ezra plan their first date out in the open . And Hanna is still stuck playing `` A 's '' game , but the next hurdle might just have complications for another Liar . With `` A '' pulling the strings and making matters worse , will the girls be able to weather the storm and lie their way out of it , or will they have to face the ugly truths ? Meanwhile , Spencer turns to Ali 's brother , Jason , for information about the night they believe Alison died , only to have to face part of her unpleasant past with Ali . ' A ' ending : ' A ' visits the bead lady and receives a cup of tea as the lady tells her she has done what ' A ' told her to do . 16 16 `` Je Suis Une Amie '' Chris Grismer Bryan M. Holdman February 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 07 ) 3.14 A crucial swim meet for the Rosewood Sharks is the setting for Aria , Emily , Hanna and Spencer to experience a lot of turmoil . Emily and Paige go for round two , as they are pitted against each other to compete for the anchor leg of the big race . And Caleb calls in his favor with a guilty Hanna as she tries to deter Aria from asking too many questions about Ella 's ticket to the museum opening . Meanwhile , Spencer takes on the task of tutoring Toby in French to try to get some answers . ' A ' ending : ' A ' listens to a French tutorial while arranging different objects . 17 17 `` The New Normal '' Michael Grossman Joseph Dougherty February 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 14 ) 2.35 Aria 's dad has a parent - teacher interview with Ezra . Meanwhile Toby and Spencer start to get closer . And Spencer and the girls realized what the note means . Hanna 's mom gets in trouble when Mrs. Potter 's alleged nephew tries to access Mrs. Potter 's safety deposit . Paiges ' father shows up at the school and makes a huge scene in the school cafeteria , demanding an answer to why Emily is the swim team captain and not his daughter . He thinks Emily is getting special treatment because she is gay . Later , when Emily is in her car , Paige shows up and kisses her . She quickly leaves saying , `` Do n't tell . '' ' A ' ending : ' A ' places flowers on top of Mrs. Esther Marie Potter 's grave . 18 18 `` The Badass Seed '' Paul Lazarus Oliver Goldstick & Francesca Rollins February 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 21 ) 2.90 The girls are doing a play together ; when they finish rehearsing they find a trophy with blood on it , making them think its Alison 's blood ... but it turns out to be rat 's blood ; they all revisit memories about when they crashed a frat party ; Aria uses the play to get closer to Mr. Fitz ; Hanna and Caleb kiss ; the police come after the girls at the end with some questions . ' A ' ending : Four cages are shown in ' A 's ' house with a rat in each of them with the name of the Liars . The cage with the rat named Spencer is missing . 19 19 `` A Person of Interest '' Ron Lagomarsino I. Marlene King & Jonell Lennon February 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 28 ) 2.69 After a shocking revelation from the police , the spotlight is turned on the four little liars who look to be crying wolf . But with everything pointing to Ian , how could the girls be wrong ? Or could this be just another game `` A '' is playing with them ? With the cops now demanding answers from Aria , Emily , Hanna and Spencer , will the girls come clean about `` A , '' or are some secrets better left buried ? The police take a special interest in Spencer , who accuses Ian of murder . The truth surrounding what happened in Hilton Head is revealed . Meanwhile , secret relationships take a toll on some of the Liars while others blossom . Hanna loses her virginity to Caleb . Love is not for the faint of heart . At the end of the episode Toby and Spencer kiss . When she gets home the cops are there , the secret is revealed that her and Ian were hooking up . ' A ' ending : ' A ' watches a footage of the girls receiving ' A 's ' texts while eating popcorn , and replays the video . 20 20 `` Someone to Watch Over Me '' Arlene Sanford Joseph Dougherty March 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 07 ) 2.95 As the heat is turned up on the suspicions surrounding Spencer , the girls must come to the reality that they are n't the only ones hiding secrets in Rosewood . Emily and Aria overhear Caleb arguing with someone on the phone about Hanna . They tell Hanna they believe it was a girl , and soon they see Jenna with a pendant Hanna thought Caleb intended for her -- and which turns out to be a flash drive . Hanna confronts Caleb , who says he 's been spying for Jenna and she kicks him out of the house for good . Later , Hanna runs into Jenna in the school restroom and slaps her . Jenna cries , and this is the second time we see her face . Aria 's mom finds out Aria is dating someone , and tries to find out whom . Aria 's dad soon joins in the investigation and nearly finds out about Ezra , until Aria 's parents fight over whether they should pry into Aria 's life , reversing their reconciliation . Ian encourages Spencer to run away , and Toby asks her not to . Spencer 's mother tells Spencer that the police have new evidence against her , but that she thinks Spencer is innocent . Emily and Paige reconcile after Paige reconciles herself to being gay . ' A ' ending : ' A ' smashes a glass heart with Hanna 's name on it , and puts it in a box with a letter to Hanna . 21 21 `` Monsters in the End '' Chris Grismer Oliver Goldstick March 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 14 ) 2.94 Everyone has something to hide -- whether it be a secret romance , who they really are and what their true intentions are . For Mr. Fitz , he 's hiding an old romance with a girl he met in college , Jackie Molina , whom he had been engaged to but never married , which makes Aria suspicious and Hanna aids her in creating a fake account and friending her to find out more about her . Paige gets hurt when Emily cancels a date with her to the Founders Festival ; Emily is tired of being Paige 's secret . Emily finds a storage key , the one Jenna has been looking for , in a snow globe Ali gave her after she admitted Emily was the `` only person she could be completely honest with '' . Caleb comes to the Marins ' home to drop off a letter for Hanna and let Ashley know that he is leaving Rosewood to go to Arizona for good , but when Ashley suggests he deliver the letter to Hanna at the festival in person , Mona has her own way with the letter . Spencer finds out some more information about Ian , Melissa , and Alison at Hilton Head while preparing for the festival ; and a meet with Toby at the festival at night goes wrong when someone traps Spencer in a scary funhouse . However , Ian rescues her , but when they start to leave , Spencer runs up to Toby and they lock each other in a loving embrace and kiss , to which Spencer 's family sees this . Garrett confronts Ezra ( after seeing Aria leave his place ) and sees the props Aria and Ezra used for a couple photo ( out of a fit of jealousy about Jackie and Ezra 's old couple photo in Italy . ) The girls visit the storage room , where they see Ali 's old lunchbox with a flash drive in it . They realize that someone has been recording a video of and watching Alison , Aria , Emily , Spencer , and Hanna all this time and wonder who could have been spying on them . ' A ' ending : ' A ' swipes the key from underneath Ezra 's doormat . 22 22 `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' Lesli Linka Glatter I. Marlene King March 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 21 ) 3.64 Now that Aria , Emily , Hanna , and Spencer are in possession of the information that Alison left them , the girls decide that it 's time to finally put an end to `` A '' and the mystery surrounding their friend . They turn to Jenna , finding out what Alison spoke to her about in the hospital ; how she threatened Jenna with the video if she did n't keep their secret . Hanna is confused when she is told by her mother that Caleb was going to the festival to give her a letter before he left town . Mona tries covering it up but when she is having a mysterious phone call about Hanna 's well - being , Lucas tells her she 's wrong and Hanna deserves to be happy . Spencer buys a prepaid phone to tell Ian that they found the video and to come to the park with $10,000 . Aria 's mother has a get together with all of the teachers , but Aria is shocked to see Ezra 's past love show up . Spencer is shunned when she cracks a joke about Melissa 's baby 's christening , but regrets it since the baby is just Ian 's spawn , not Ian . Jenna is shown worrying about the repercussions of the video getting out into society , and it is revealed that she is secretly dating Garret , who consoles her and promises to keep her safe . When Melissa ( stood up at the church by Ian ) senses something wrong and can not find her phone , Spencer offers to drive her to the church to find her phone , but they get into a car accident , leaving Melissa 's baby in danger . After Emily , Hanna , Aria , and Garret go to the park to find Ian , a messenger shows up giving them the money instead of Ian . Back at the church searching for Melissa 's phone , Spencer finds Ian instead . He chases her up the stairs and attacks her , revealing that it was Ian who said he pushed Alison knocking her unconscious , even though Spencer knows Alison died of suffocation . Ian pushes Spencer but she latches onto his leg , screaming for help . A hooded figure comes up to them , and Ian questions why he / she is there . The figure pushes Ian , making him plummet to his death . When the police show up to get the body , they think the girls are lying because Ian is nowhere to be found . But without certain proof , they can not justify that he was actually there attempting to murder Spencer . As the girls walk out of the church , still shaken about the near death experience , they receive a text from A stating , `` It 's not over until I say it is . Sleep tight while you still can , bitches . - A . '' Development and production ( edit ) Originally developed as a television series by book packaging company Alloy Entertainment , the idea was described as `` Desperate Housewives for teens . '' Alloy met with author Shepard , and gave her the property to develop into a book series . With Alloy and Warner Horizon interested in producing a Pretty Little Liars television series for years , it was first planned for The WB in 2005 with a different writer . The first novel was published by HarperTeen in October 2006 . In June 2008 , Alloy noted that it was developing a Pretty Little Liars television pilot for ABC Family . The novels are being adapted for television by I. Marlene King . Casting ( edit ) ABC Family began casting for a Pretty Little Liars television pilot in October 2009 . Lucy Hale was cast as Aria Montgomery in the project , followed by Troian Bellisario and Ian Harding ( as Spencer Hastings and Ezra Fitz , respectively ) in November 2009 . In December 2009 The Futon Critic confirmed the casting of Ashley Benson as Hanna Marin and Shay Mitchell as Emily Fields , as well as the addition of Laura Leighton as Ashley Marin , Alexis Denisof as Byron Montgomery , Bianca Lawson as Maya , as well as Jean Louisa Kelly and Nia Peeples . The Hollywood Reporter also noted that Torrey DeVitto and Sasha Pieterse landed recurring roles in the pilot . The Alloy website later confirmed that Pieterse would be playing Alison DiLaurentis and DeVitto would be Melissa Hastings , also noting Janel Parrish as Mona Vanderwaal and Cody Allen Christian , as Mike Montgomery . In April 2010 , Chad Lowe replaced Alexis Denisof as Aria 's father , Byron Montgomery . Also in April , Holly Marie Combs was cast as Ella Montgomery . Ratings ( edit ) Live + SD ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) `` Pilot '' June 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 08 ) Tuesdays 8 : 00 p.m. 0.9 2.47 `` The Jenna Thing '' June 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 15 ) 1.0 2.48 `` To Kill a Mocking Girl '' June 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 22 ) 1.0 2.74 `` Can You Hear Me Now ? '' June 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 29 ) 0.7 2.08 5 5 `` Reality Bites Me '' July 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 06 ) 1.0 2.62 6 6 `` There 's No Place Like Homecoming '' July 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 13 ) 0.9 2.69 7 7 `` The Homecoming Hangover '' July 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 20 ) 0.9 2.55 8 8 `` Please , Do Talk About Me When I 'm Gone '' July 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 27 ) 0.9 2.52 9 9 `` The Perfect Storm '' August 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 03 ) 0.9 2.55 10 10 `` Keep Your Friends Close '' August 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 10 ) 1.1 3.07 11 11 `` Moments Later '' January 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 03 ) Mondays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.5 4.20 12 12 `` Salt Meets Wound '' January 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 10 ) 1.1 3.21 13 13 `` Know Your Frenemies '' January 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 17 ) 1.2 2.99 14 14 `` Careful What You Wish For '' January 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 24 ) 1.2 3.17 15 15 `` If at First You Do n't Succeed , Lie , Lie Again '' January 31 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 31 ) 1.2 3.19 16 16 `` Je Suis Une Amie '' February 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 07 ) 1.1 3.14 17 17 `` The New Normal '' February 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 14 ) 0.9 2.35 18 18 `` The Badass Seed '' February 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 21 ) 1.0 2.90 19 19 `` A Person of Interest '' February 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 28 ) 1.0 2.69 20 20 `` Someone to Watch Over Me '' March 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 07 ) 1.1 2.95 21 21 `` Monsters in the End '' March 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 14 ) 1.1 2.94 22 22 `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' March 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 21 ) 1.3 3.64 DVD release ( edit ) The Complete First Season Set details Special features 22 episodes 963 minutes ( Region 1 ) ; 940 minutes ( Region 2 ) ; 925 minutes ( Region 4 ) 6 - disc set 1.85 : 1 aspect ratio Languages : English ( Dolby Digital 2.0 Surround ) Subtitles : English , and French ( Region 1 ) English , Spanish , Danish , French , Arabic , Dutch , Norwegian , Swedish , English for the Hearing Impaired ( Regions 2 and 4 ) Deleted scenes : Episodes : 2 , 3 , 5 , 8 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 19 Pretty Little Liars : Two Truths and a Lie - The girls take turns revealing three things about themselves , not all of the true . It All Started with a Little Lie : Making Pretty Little Liars - The making of Pretty Little Liars Little Secrets from the Set - The cast and crew reveal some juicy behind - the - scenes secrets from the Pretty Little Liars set Release dates United States United Kingdom Australia June 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 07 ) September 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) November 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 02 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : Justified Finale & Law & Order : CI Flat , Plus Deadliest Catch , The Hills , WWE NXT & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Bucks the Trend '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( June 23 , 2010 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Hits Series Highs in Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : Deadliest Catch , Pretty Little Liars , Law & Order : CI , The Hills , Memphis Beat & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( July 8 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : Deadliest Catch , Pretty Little Liars , Memphis Beat , Law & Order : CI Finale & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( July 14 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : Deadliest Catch Soars , Plus White Collar , Covert Affairs , Memphis Beat , The Hills Finale Ratings & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : Deadliest Catch , Plus White Collar , Pretty Little Liars , Warehouse 13 , Teen Mom & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : Deadliest Catch , Covert Affairs , White Collar , Pretty Little Liars , Teen Mom & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( August 4 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : Warehouse 13 , Pretty Little Liars , Memphis Beat , Teen Mom & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( August 11 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Goes Over 3 Million in Finale + Covert Affairs , Warehouse 13 , Teen Mom & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : Bowl Games , ' Jersey Shore , ' ' The Closer ' Top Weekly Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Pretty Little Liars , Greek , Hoarders , Men of a Certain Age & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Jersey Shore , ' Special ; Plus ' Skins , ' ' Being Human ' Premieres , ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Pawn Stars , ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Being Human , ' ' Pawn Stars ' Rise ; ' Skins ' Falls & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Up Again ; ' Pretty Little Liars ' Steady ; ' Being Human , ' ' Skins ' Fall & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 8 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Leads Again ; ' Pretty Little Liars ' Steady - ish ; ' Skins ' Still Falling & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Leads Again ; ' Pretty Little Liars ' Slips ; ' Skins ' Keeps Falling & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : WWE Raw Leads Night ; ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Skins ' Rises + ' Big Time Rush , ' ' Being Human ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Leads Night ; ' Skins , ' ' Being Human ' Rise + ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Cake Boss ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( March 8 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Leads Night ; ' Skins Drops ; ' Stargate SGU ' Returns + ' Greek ' Finale , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Leads Night ; ' Skins ; ' Stargate SGU ' + ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( March 22 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars Tops Night ; Plus ' RAW , ' ' Skins , ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' Rise ; ' Stargate SGU , ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Maughan , Shannon ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Moving On Up : Pretty Little Liars '' . PublishersWeekly.com/Reed Elsevier Inc . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 19 , 2009 ) . `` ABC Family nears Little Liars pickup '' . HollywoodReporter.com . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : Reviews and Product Details '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 11 , 2009 ) . `` ABC Family fills comedy , Liars roles '' . HollywoodReporter.com . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family announces additional casting for its upcoming pilots '' ( Press release ) . ABC Family . December 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( December 7 , 2009 ) . `` Laura Leighton joins Pretty Little Liars '' . HollywoodReporter.com . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Pretty Little Truth : Pretty Little Liars on TV ! '' . Blogs.alloyentertainment.com ( Official site ) . January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` Chad Lowe joins ABC Family series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Return of 2010 's Breakout Hit Series `` Pretty Little Liars '' Becomes ABC Family 's No. 2 Telecast Ever in Women 18 - 34 / Females 12 - 34 `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.amazon.com/Pretty-Little-Liars-Season-1/dp/B003R4ZMJU Jump up ^ Pretty Little Liars - Press Release for ' The Complete 2nd Season ' DVDs of the ABC Family Show - tvshowsondvd.com Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars - Season 1 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars - The Complete 1st Season ( 5 Disc Set ) '' . ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . ( hide ) Sara Shepard 's Pretty Little Liars Pretty Little Liars ( 2006 ) Characters `` A '' Alex Drake Alison DiLaurentis Aria Montgomery Charlotte Drake Emily Fields Hanna Marin Jenna Marshall Mary Drake Melissa Hastings Mona Vanderwaal Red Coat Sara Harvey Spencer Hastings Sydney Driscoll TV series Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' Season 2 `` UnmAsked '' Season 3 `` It Happened ' That Night ' '' Season 4 `` ' A ' Is for A-l-i-v-e '' `` Grave New World '' `` Free Fall '' `` A Is for Answers '' Season 5 `` Miss Me × 100 '' `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' Season 6 `` Game On , Charles '' `` Game Over , Charles '' `` Of Late I Think of Rosewood '' `` Charlotte 's Web '' `` Where Somebody Waits For Me '' `` Hush , Hush , Sweet Liars '' Season 7 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' `` Bedlam '' `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' `` Along Comes Mary '' `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' `` Original G'A'ngsters '' `` Exes and OMGs '' `` The Wrath of Kahn '' `` The DArkest Knight '' `` Playtime '' `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' `` Hold Your Piece '' `` Power Play '' `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' `` Driving Miss Crazy '' `` Choose or Lose '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Miscellaneous Rosewood , Pennsylvania Ravenswood Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists Pretty Dirty Secrets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretty_Little_Liars_(season_1)&oldid=808663819 '' Categories : 2010 American television seasons 2011 American television seasons Pretty Little Liars Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 09 : 39 . 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when do you find out who a is season 1
[ "\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nU.S. viewers\n(million)\n\n\n1\n1\n\"Pilot\"\nLesli Linka Glatter\nI. Marlene King\nJune 8, 2010 (2010-06-08)\n2.47[1]\n\n\nFriends Aria Montgomery, Emily Fields, Hanna Marin, and Spencer Hastings grow apart when their clique leader Alison DiLaurentis goes missing. A year later they all begin receiving messages from the mysterious \"A\", who threatens to reveal their darkest secrets. Aria has just returned from Iceland after a year with her family and still feels unable to forgive her father who cheated on her mother, who's still unaware of it; she also discovers that her new English teacher (Ezra Fitz) is the same guy she met and made out with at a bar the day before. Hanna is now the \"it\" girl of the school and indulges in shoplifting, which gets her in trouble and forces her mother to sleep with a detective for her release; Spencer has feelings for her sister's fiancé (Wren Kingston); Emily befriends a girl named Maya, who's just moved into Alison's house. They soon suspect that Alison is \"A\", until her body is finally found. There's a funeral, at which the quartet are seated together and they all get worried after seeing Jenna, a classmate who was blinded in an incident involving the four girls and Alison (multiple times through the episode, there were references to the \"Jenna thing\"). The girls receive one more text: I'm still here bitches. And I know everything -A.\n\n\n2\n2\n\"The Jenna Thing\"\nLiz Friedlander\nI. Marlene King\nJune 15, 2010 (2010-06-15)\n2.48[2]\n\n\nWith Jenna's return to Rosewood and to school, the girls are forced to face an unpleasant incident from their past in which with Alison they played a terrible prank (by setting a fire on a garage) on Jenna's step-brother Toby which went horribly wrong, leaving Jenna blind. They thought this dark secret has been sealed forever but \"A\" won't let them forget it. Meanwhile, questions about the night of Alison's disappearance begin to arise, as the events of that fateful night continue to haunt them. Aria applies for the transference from Ezra's class but her application is rejected. They later make out in his car after Ezra drives by Aria after she gets caught in the rain. Spencer's sister breaks up with her fiancé when she catches him kissing Spencer. Hanna's mom is still reluctantly involved with the detective Wilden, who still doesn't have faith over the girls' description of that night. Maya has moved in with Emily for few days and Emily feels herself attracted to her, which makes her feel guilty because she has a boyfriend (Ben). Aria's father wants to resolve the issues between them; which actually works out positively.\n\n\n3\n3\n\"To Kill a Mocking Girl\"\nElodie Keene\nOliver Goldstick\nJune 22, 2010 (2010-06-22)\n2.74[3]\n\n\n\nThe girls try to pay tribute to Alison's memory, but they are still faced with unresolved issues. Toby, Jenna's stepbrother, has come back to school. Aria has an unpleasant encounter with her father's former mistress. Spencer faces a vengeful Melissa after her kiss with Wren. Hanna tries to get Sean to forget the 'old Hanna'. Toby and Ben, Emily's boyfriend, have a fight and Emily breaks up with Ben. Emily and Maya get closer and Spencer copies her sister's essay and puts it as her own when she can't think of anything to write. The girls realize that leaving the past behind is much harder than they first thought.\n\n'A' ending: 'A' listens to jazz music as they print copies of the pictures of Emily and Maya in the Photo Booth.\n\n\n4\n4\n\"Can You Hear Me Now?\"\nNorman Buckley\nJoseph Dougherty\nJune 29, 2010 (2010-06-29)\n2.09[4]\n\n\nThe girls block e-mails and text messages from all unknown users in an attempt to stop \"A,\" but their problems are far from over. One girl receives a surprise visit, while another receives a surprise gift in class. Hanna meets her dad after a while and realizes that he has a fiance. Aria tries to tell her mom about her dad cheating on her before they went to Iceland, but it looks likes \"A\" beats her to it. Emily is still confused about Toby and her kiss with Maya. Spencer's Russian article (the one she copied from Melissa), gets entered in a contest and she is still confused about Wren. And just when things couldn't get any more complicated, the girls find out that trying to keep \"A\" away comes with a price. Spencer arrives home with Hanna to find that somebody has been in her house, leaving a grave on her table and a message on her mirror.\n\n\n5\n5\n\"Reality Bites Me\"\nWendey Stanzler\nBryan M. Holdman\nJuly 6, 2010 (2010-07-06)\n2.62[5]\n\n\nAria forgets her cell phone in Ezra's apartment, and after he reads a message from A, he decides to break up with her (thinking that she told someone) rather than risk being fired. Hanna has to work in a dentist office to pay for the damage she did to Sean's car and gets some new information from A about one of her friends. She sees Jenna at the office building wearing the same lipstick, just like the writing on Spencer's mirror. Emily hides her budding friendship with Toby due to the girls' suspicion about him, hurting his feelings. Spencer's father tells her to throw a tennis match against a possible client and his daughter. Ella deals with her husband's cheating, which makes things worse for Aria and Mike.\n\n\n6\n6\n\"There's No Place Like Homecoming\"\nNorman Buckley\nMaya Goldsmith\nJuly 13, 2010 (2010-07-13)\n2.69[6]\n\n\n\nEmily accepts an offer to go to Homecoming with Toby, despite Hanna presuming she wanted to go with Maya. Spencer gets ready for Homecoming with Alex as her date, but will things go as she planned them to? Hanna meets Lucas when she joins the 'Real Love Waits' celibacy club with Sean. Aria is still reeling over her breakup with Ezra and the tension between her parents. Spencer asks Hanna to collect Jenna's psychotherapy file, with a shocking twist.\n\n'A' ending: 'A' sprayes over the town sign and changes the population census to one less number.\n\n\n7\n7\n\"The Homecoming Hangover\"\nChris Grismer\nTamar Laddy\nJuly 20, 2010 (2010-07-20)\n2.55[7]\n\n\n\nAria's brother, Mike, doesn't take it very well that his parents are separating, which leads to him fighting in school after his mother decides to not watch his game, as Mike and Aria's father will be there. Emily decides to try dating Maya. Hanna and Sean make-up, but she's more interested in Lucas. Spencer and Alex have some fun in the country's club kitchen. At last, A has still one more creepy message to deliver to the girls, which makes them assume that Toby might be dead. Sara Shepard, writer of the Pretty Little Liars book series, makes a special appearance in the episode as a substitute teacher at Rosewood High School.\n\n'A' ending: 'A' fishes up the documents the girls threw in the river, containing files of Toby Cavanaugh.\n\n\n8\n8\n\"Please, Do Talk About Me When I'm Gone\"\nArlene Sanford\nJoseph Dougherty\nJuly 27, 2010 (2010-07-27)\n2.52[8]\n\n\nAs new evidences about the day that Alison died comes to the surface, Spencer gets some damaging information from Alison's brother, Jason. Aria agrees to go out on a double date with Sean's friend Noel, and the evening takes an interesting road once Aria realizes that Noel is way more than just a pretty face. Emily and Maya's relationship blossoms when Emily asks Maya on a date. Due to the Marin's financial problems, Hanna's credit card gets declined, so she decides to put a lot of her old clothes and handbags up for auction online with the help of new ally Lucas. Meanwhile, the girls begin to prepare themselves for Alison's memorial day, but once they find out that Jenna will be the one to deliver a speech about Alison, they all get scared. Later that night, a mystery person comes out and destroys Alison's memorial.\n\n\n9\n9\n\"The Perfect Storm\"\nJamie Babbit\nOliver Goldstick\nAugust 3, 2010 (2010-08-03)\n2.55[9]\n\n\n\nA terrible storm comes to Rosewood, and all of the students are trapped in school. Emily reveals a secret after she's accused of killing Alison. Just as Aria is about to give dating Noel a chance, Ezra returns. Byron leans on Ashley for advice as his relationship with Ella only gets worse. Meanwhile, Spencer discovers something that her mother has been keeping from her. And at the end of the episode, Lucas tries to tell Hanna something. We see his shoes are dirty, suggesting that he was at Alison's memorial.\n\n'A' ending: 'A' sends a file containing video footage of Alison the day she disappeared, to Rosewood Police Department.\n\n\n10\n10\n\"Keep Your Friends Close\"\nRon Lagomarsino\nI. Marlene King\nAugust 10, 2010 (2010-08-10)\n3.07[10]\n\n\n\nWhen new evidence leads the FBI to believe that Toby killed Alison, he tries to tell Emily his side of the story yet she rats him out. Spencer tries to mend fences with her sister Melissa, just as her ex-boyfriend Ian returns. Emily's dad comes back from his deployment and her mother was sent a picture of Emily and Maya kissing. Aria begins to develop feelings for Noel, which complicates her relationship with Ezra even more, until Ezra admits his feelings for her and they kiss with Hanna watching as she keeps post to find out who \"A\" is. Ashley's financial problems are bringing her to the brink. Meanwhile, the girls go \"glamping\" for Mona's birthday in hopes of closing in on \"A\", but when \"A\"'s identity is revealed to Hanna, \"A\" runs her over with a car before she gets a chance to tell the others.\n\n'A' ending: 'A' looks at the video of Alison at the Kissing Rock and it is revealed that Ian Thomas was with her.\n\n\n11\n11\n\"Moments Later\"\nNorman Buckley\nJoseph Dougherty\nJanuary 3, 2011 (2011-01-03)\n4.20[11]\n\n\n\nHanna is now in the hospital and remembers who A is. She tells the girls it was Noel Kahn because she saw him write 'I see you' on the back on Ezra's car while Aria and Ezra were kissing. But the girls are starting to question if the person who killed Alison and 'A' are two different people. Meanwhile, Melissa and Ian elope. Also Lucas admits his feelings for Hanna, but is both angry and heartbroken when she tells him she only likes him as a friend, and tells her that she deserves a better boyfriend than Sean. The girls find out that 'A' wrote on Hanna's leg cast which is, \"Sorry for losing my temper, my bad,\" which could have been anyone who entered Hanna's room while she was asleep. Also, Emily finally has enough courage and comes out to her parents; her father accepts it because she's his daughter and he loves her, but her mother has a much harder time accepting it.\n\n'A' ending: 'A' burns the part of the tree which had the carving of Alison and Ian's name on it.\n\n\n12\n12\n\"Salt Meets Wound\"\nNorman Buckley\nOliver Goldstick\nJanuary 10, 2011 (2011-01-10)\n3.21[12]\n\n\n\nHanna mends in a wheelchair upon her release from the hospital, and Mona throws a surprise party for her. At the end of the party, Ashley and Hanna realize someone has stolen the bank loan in the lasagna box. Meanwhile, Aria is struggling to tell Ezra that Noel knows about their relationship; Spencer's romance with Alex hits a snag and Emily invites Maya to dinner with her family; Surprises haunt the Liars as \"A\" continues the game. It is also revealed that Lucas destroyed Alison's memorial and Jenna was the one who told the police where Toby was.\n\n'A' ending: 'A' puts the hundred dollar bills into a clown piggy bank.\n\n\n13\n13\n\"Know Your Frenemies\"\nRon Lagomarsino\nI. Marlene King\nJanuary 17, 2011 (2011-01-17)\n2.99[13]\n\n\n\"A\" makes Hanna eat cupcakes, making her think about being bulimic again. \"A\" saves Aria's and Ezra's relationship. Emily's mom finds drugs in Maya's bag, and brings the bag to Maya's parents, thus sending her to juvie. Spencer unravels the Ali murder, thinking Ian is the killer. She also finds out that her sister, Melissa, is trying to get pregnant. In the end, a video of Ali and Ian is shown, the camera falls, leaving the watchers hearing someone choking someone. A body is thrown to the ground, Ali's hand appearing in front of the screen. Her name bracelet brings the girls to think Ian killed Ali.\n\n\n14\n14\n\"Careful What U Wish 4\"\nNorman Buckley\nTamar Laddy\nJanuary 24, 2011 (2011-01-24)\n3.17[14]\n\n\n\nAs the school gets ready for the dance-a-thon, Aria, Emily, Hanna and Spencer have more on their minds than raising money for the school trip to Washington, D.C. Hanna and her mother are having a financial crisis, but when 'A' leaves her an offer that would potentially break Lucas's heart but get her out of money troubles, will she be able to refuse? Emily can only think of Maya and is desperate to speak to her -- so much so that she enlists the help of Caleb, the new bad boy in the school. And as an important piece of property goes missing, Spencer finds being in close quarters with her new brother-in-law, Ian, more difficult than ever. Meanwhile, Aria's former babysitter, Simone (Alona Tal), comes back to town for a surprise visit. But what should be a happy reunion quickly becomes a nightmare for Aria when Simone sets her sights on Ezra.\n\n'A' ending: 'A' receives their black jacket and gloves from Ella Montgomery at the dance-a-thon.\n\n\n15\n15\n\"If at First You Don't Succeed, Lie, Lie Again\"\nRon Lagomarsino\nMaya Goldsmith\nJanuary 31, 2011 (2011-01-31)\n3.19[15]\n\n\n\nThe girls try to resume a sense of normalcy in their lives, but even the simple tasks of dating and extra-curricular activities meet with strife. Emily must deal with a jealous teammate (Lindsey Shaw) who is threatened by Emily's return to the pool, as Aria and Ezra plan their first date out in the open. And Hanna is still stuck playing \"A’s\" game, but the next hurdle might just have complications for another Liar. With \"A\" pulling the strings and making matters worse, will the girls be able to weather the storm and lie their way out of it, or will they have to face the ugly truths? Meanwhile, Spencer turns to Ali's brother, Jason, for information about the night they believe Alison died, only to have to face part of her unpleasant past with Ali.\n\n'A' ending: 'A' visits the bead lady and receives a cup of tea as the lady tells her she has done what 'A' told her to do.\n\n\n16\n16\n\"Je Suis Une Amie\"\nChris Grismer\nBryan M. Holdman\nFebruary 7, 2011 (2011-02-07)\n3.14[16]\n\n\n\nA crucial swim meet for the Rosewood Sharks is the setting for Aria, Emily, Hanna and Spencer to experience a lot of turmoil. Emily and Paige go for round two, as they are pitted against each other to compete for the anchor leg of the big race. And Caleb calls in his favor with a guilty Hanna as she tries to deter Aria from asking too many questions about Ella's ticket to the museum opening. Meanwhile, Spencer takes on the task of tutoring Toby in French to try to get some answers.\n\n'A' ending: 'A' listens to a French tutorial while arranging different objects.\n\n\n17\n17\n\"The New Normal\"\nMichael Grossman\nJoseph Dougherty\nFebruary 14, 2011 (2011-02-14)\n2.35[17]\n\n\n\nAria's dad has a parent-teacher interview with Ezra. Meanwhile Toby and Spencer start to get closer. And Spencer and the girls realized what the note means. Hanna's mom gets in trouble when Mrs. Potter's alleged nephew tries to access Mrs. Potter's safety deposit. Paiges' father shows up at the school and makes a huge scene in the school cafeteria, demanding an answer to why Emily is the swim team captain and not his daughter. He thinks Emily is getting special treatment because she is gay. Later, when Emily is in her car, Paige shows up and kisses her. She quickly leaves saying, \"Don't tell.\"\n\n'A' ending: 'A' places flowers on top of Mrs. Esther Marie Potter's grave.\n\n\n18\n18\n\"The Badass Seed\"\nPaul Lazarus\nOliver Goldstick & Francesca Rollins\nFebruary 21, 2011 (2011-02-21)\n2.90[18]\n\n\n\nThe girls are doing a play together; when they finish rehearsing they find a trophy with blood on it, making them think its Alison's blood... but it turns out to be rat's blood; they all revisit memories about when they crashed a frat party; Aria uses the play to get closer to Mr. Fitz; Hanna and Caleb kiss; the police come after the girls at the end with some questions.\n\n'A' ending: Four cages are shown in 'A's' house with a rat in each of them with the name of the Liars. The cage with the rat named Spencer is missing.\n\n\n19\n19\n\"A Person of Interest\"\nRon Lagomarsino\nI. Marlene King & Jonell Lennon\nFebruary 28, 2011 (2011-02-28)\n2.69[19]\n\n\n\nAfter a shocking revelation from the police, the spotlight is turned on the four little liars who look to be crying wolf. But with everything pointing to Ian, how could the girls be wrong? Or could this be just another game \"A\" is playing with them? With the cops now demanding answers from Aria, Emily, Hanna and Spencer, will the girls come clean about \"A,\" or are some secrets better left buried? The police take a special interest in Spencer, who accuses Ian of murder. The truth surrounding what happened in Hilton Head is revealed. Meanwhile, secret relationships take a toll on some of the Liars while others blossom. Hanna loses her virginity to Caleb. Love is not for the faint of heart. At the end of the episode Toby and Spencer kiss. When she gets home the cops are there, the secret is revealed that her and Ian were hooking up.\n\n'A' ending: 'A' watches a footage of the girls receiving 'A's' texts while eating popcorn, and replays the video.\n\n\n20\n20\n\"Someone to Watch Over Me\"\nArlene Sanford\nJoseph Dougherty\nMarch 7, 2011 (2011-03-07)\n2.95[20]\n\n\n\nAs the heat is turned up on the suspicions surrounding Spencer, the girls must come to the reality that they aren't the only ones hiding secrets in Rosewood. Emily and Aria overhear Caleb arguing with someone on the phone about Hanna. They tell Hanna they believe it was a girl, and soon they see Jenna with a pendant Hanna thought Caleb intended for her -- and which turns out to be a flash drive. Hanna confronts Caleb, who says he's been spying for Jenna and she kicks him out of the house for good. Later, Hanna runs into Jenna in the school restroom and slaps her. Jenna cries, and this is the second time we see her face. Aria's mom finds out Aria is dating someone, and tries to find out whom. Aria's dad soon joins in the investigation and nearly finds out about Ezra, until Aria's parents fight over whether they should pry into Aria's life, reversing their reconciliation. Ian encourages Spencer to run away, and Toby asks her not to. Spencer's mother tells Spencer that the police have new evidence against her, but that she thinks Spencer is innocent. Emily and Paige reconcile after Paige reconciles herself to being gay.\n\n'A' ending: 'A' smashes a glass heart with Hanna's name on it, and puts it in a box with a letter to Hanna.\n\n\n21\n21\n\"Monsters in the End\"\nChris Grismer\nOliver Goldstick\nMarch 14, 2011 (2011-03-14)\n2.94[21]\n\n\n\nEveryone has something to hide – whether it be a secret romance, who they really are and what their true intentions are. For Mr. Fitz, he's hiding an old romance with a girl he met in college, Jackie Molina, whom he had been engaged to but never married, which makes Aria suspicious and Hanna aids her in creating a fake account and friending her to find out more about her. Paige gets hurt when Emily cancels a date with her to the Founders Festival; Emily is tired of being Paige's secret. Emily finds a storage key, the one Jenna has been looking for, in a snow globe Ali gave her after she admitted Emily was the \"only person she could be completely honest with\". Caleb comes to the Marins' home to drop off a letter for Hanna and let Ashley know that he is leaving Rosewood to go to Arizona for good, but when Ashley suggests he deliver the letter to Hanna at the festival in person, Mona has her own way with the letter. Spencer finds out some more information about Ian, Melissa, and Alison at Hilton Head while preparing for the festival; and a meet with Toby at the festival at night goes wrong when someone traps Spencer in a scary funhouse. However, Ian rescues her, but when they start to leave, Spencer runs up to Toby and they lock each other in a loving embrace and kiss, to which Spencer's family sees this. Garrett confronts Ezra (after seeing Aria leave his place) and sees the props Aria and Ezra used for a couple photo (out of a fit of jealousy about Jackie and Ezra's old couple photo in Italy.) The girls visit the storage room, where they see Ali's old lunchbox with a flash drive in it. They realize that someone has been recording a video of and watching Alison, Aria, Emily, Spencer, and Hanna all this time and wonder who could have been spying on them.\n\n'A' ending: 'A' swipes the key from underneath Ezra's doormat.\n\n\n22\n22\n\"For Whom the Bell Tolls\"\nLesli Linka Glatter\nI. Marlene King\nMarch 21, 2011 (2011-03-21)\n3.64[22]\n\n\nNow that Aria, Emily, Hanna, and Spencer are in possession of the information that Alison left them, the girls decide that it's time to finally put an end to \"A\" and the mystery surrounding their friend. They turn to Jenna, finding out what Alison spoke to her about in the hospital; how she threatened Jenna with the video if she didn't keep their secret. Hanna is confused when she is told by her mother that Caleb was going to the festival to give her a letter before he left town. Mona tries covering it up but when she is having a mysterious phone call about Hanna's well-being, Lucas tells her she's wrong and Hanna deserves to be happy. Spencer buys a prepaid phone to tell Ian that they found the video and to come to the park with $10,000. Aria's mother has a get together with all of the teachers, but Aria is shocked to see Ezra's past love show up. Spencer is shunned when she cracks a joke about Melissa's baby's christening, but regrets it since the baby is just Ian's spawn, not Ian. Jenna is shown worrying about the repercussions of the video getting out into society, and it is revealed that she is secretly dating Garret, who consoles her and promises to keep her safe. When Melissa (stood up at the church by Ian) senses something wrong and cannot find her phone, Spencer offers to drive her to the church to find her phone, but they get into a car accident, leaving Melissa's baby in danger. After Emily, Hanna, Aria, and Garret go to the park to find Ian, a messenger shows up giving them the money instead of Ian. Back at the church searching for Melissa's phone, Spencer finds Ian instead. He chases her up the stairs and attacks her, revealing that it was Ian who said he pushed Alison knocking her unconscious, even though Spencer knows Alison died of suffocation. Ian pushes Spencer but she latches onto his leg, screaming for help. A hooded figure comes up to them, and Ian questions why he/she is there. The figure pushes Ian, making him plummet to his death. When the police show up to get the body, they think the girls are lying because Ian is nowhere to be found. But without certain proof, they cannot justify that he was actually there attempting to murder Spencer. As the girls walk out of the church, still shaken about the near death experience, they receive a text from A stating, \"It's not over until I say it is. Sleep tight while you still can, bitches. -A.\"\n\n" ]
[ "March 21, 2011" ]
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History of the Church of England
History of the Church of England - wikipedia History of the Church of England Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chair of St. Augustine , the archiepiscopal throne in Canterbury Cathedral , Kent The formal history of the Church of England is traditionally dated by the Church to the Gregorian mission to England by Saint Augustine of Canterbury in AD 597 . As a result of Augustine 's mission , Christianity in England , from Anglican ( English ) perspective , came under the authority of the Pope . However , in 1534 King Henry VIII declared himself to be supreme head of the Church of England . This resulted in a schism with the Papacy . As a result of this schism , many non-Anglicans consider that the Church of England only existed from the 16th century Protestant Reformation . However , Christianity arrived in the British Isles around AD 47 during the Roman Empire according to Gildas 's De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae . Archbishop Restitutus and others are known to have attended the council of Arles in 314 . Christianity developed roots in Sub-Roman Britain and later Ireland , Scotland , and Pictland . The Anglo - Saxons ( Germanic pagans who progressively seized British territory ) during the 5th , 6th and 7th centuries , established a small number of kingdoms and evangelisation of the Anglo - Saxons was carried out by the successors of the Gregorian mission and by Celtic missionaries from Scotland . The church in Wales remained isolated and was only brought within the jurisdiction of English bishops several centuries later . The Church of England became the established church by an Act of Parliament in the Act of Supremacy , beginning a series of events known as the English Reformation . During the reign of Queen Mary I and King Philip , the church was fully restored under Rome in 1555 . However , the pope 's authority was again explicitly rejected after the accession of Queen Elizabeth I when the Act of Supremacy 1558 was passed . Catholic and Reformed factions vied for determining the doctrines and worship of the church . This ended with the 1558 Elizabethan Settlement , which developed the understanding that the church was to be `` both Catholic and Reformed '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Roman and Sub-Roman Christianity in the British Isles 2 Augustine and the Anglo - Saxon period 3 Medieval consolidation 4 Separation from Papal authority 4.1 Reformation 4.1. 1 King Henry VIII of England 4.1. 2 Cranmer , Parker and Hooker 5 Reunion with Rome 6 Second schism 6.1 King James Bible 6.2 English Civil War 6.3 Restoration and beyond 6.3. 1 Glorious Revolution and Act of Toleration 7 18th century 7.1 Spread of Anglicanism outside England 8 19th century and after 8.1 1801 -- 1914 8.1. 1 Prime ministers and the Queen 8.2 1914 -- 1970 8.3 1970 -- present 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Further reading 12 External links Roman and Sub-Roman Christianity in the British Isles ( edit ) The Celtic cross in Knock Co . Mayo , Ireland Main article : Celtic Christianity According to medieval traditions , Christianity arrived in Britain in the 1st or 2nd century , although stories involving Joseph of Arimathea , King Lucius , and Fagan are now usually accounted as pious forgeries . The earliest historical evidence of Christianity among the native Britons is found in the writings of such early Christian Fathers as Tertullian and Origen in the first years of the 3rd century , although the first Christian communities probably were established some decades earlier . Three Romano - British bishops , including Restitutus , metropolitan bishop of London , are known to have been present at the Council of Arles in 314 . Others attended the Council of Sardica in 347 and that of Ariminum in 360 . A number of references to the church in Roman Britain are also found in the writings of 4th century Christian fathers . Britain was the home of Pelagius , who opposed Augustine of Hippo 's doctrine of original sin . The first recorded Christian martyr in Britain , St Alban , is thought to have lived in the early 4th century , and his prominence in English hagiography is reflected in the number of parish churches of which he is patron . Irish Anglicans trace their origins back to the founding saint of Irish Christianity ( St Patrick ) who is believed to have been a Roman Briton and pre-dated Anglo - Saxon Christianity . Anglicans also consider Celtic Christianity a forerunner of their church , since the re-establishment of Christianity in some areas of Great Britain in the 6th century came via Irish and Scottish missionaries , notably followers of St Patrick and St Columba . Augustine and the Anglo - Saxon period ( edit ) Main article : Christianization of the Anglo - Saxon Kingdoms The Anglo - Saxon church at Escomb , County Durham St Mary 's Church , Stow - in - Lindsey , Lincolnshire ( partly Anglo - Saxon and partly Norman ) Typical rural Church of England church , Wiltshire , Easter 2007 Hereford is one of the church 's forty - three cathedrals , many with histories stretching back many centuries Anglicans traditionally date the origins of their Church to the arrival in the Kingdom of Kent of the Gregorian mission to the pagan Anglo - Saxons led by the first Archbishop of Canterbury , St Augustine , at the end of the 6th century . Alone among the kingdoms then existing Kent was Jutish , rather than Anglian or Saxon . However , the origin of the Church in the British Isles extends farther back ( see above ) . Æthelberht of Kent 's queen Bertha , daughter of Charibert , one of the Merovingian kings of the Franks , had brought a chaplain ( Liudhard ) with her . Bertha had restored a church remaining from Roman times to the east of Canterbury and dedicated it to Saint Martin of Tours , the patronal saint of the Merovingian royal family . This church , Saint Martin 's , is the oldest church in England still in use today . Æthelberht himself , though a pagan , allowed his wife to worship God in her own way , at St Martin 's . Probably influenced by his wife , Æthelberht asked Pope Gregory I to send missionaries , and in 596 the Pope dispatched Augustine , together with a party of monks . Augustine had served as praepositus ( prior ) of the monastery of Saint Andrew in Rome , founded by Gregory . His party lost heart on the way and Augustine went back to Rome from Provence and asked his superiors to abandon the mission project . The pope , however , commanded and encouraged continuation , and Augustine and his followers landed on the Island of Thanet in the spring of 597 . Æthelberht permitted the missionaries to settle and preach in his town of Canterbury , first in Saint Martin 's Church and then nearby at what later became St Augustine 's Abbey . By the end of the year he himself had been converted , and Augustine received consecration as a bishop at Arles . At Christmas 10,000 of the king 's subjects underwent baptism . Augustine sent a report of his success to Gregory with certain questions concerning his work . In 601 Mellitus , Justus and others brought the pope 's replies , with the pallium for Augustine and a present of sacred vessels , vestments , relics , books , and the like . Gregory directed the new archbishop to ordain as soon as possible twelve suffragan bishops and to send a bishop to York , who should also have twelve suffragans . Augustine did not carry out this papal plan , nor did he establish the primatial see at London ( in the Kingdom of the East Saxons ) as Gregory intended , as the Londoners remained heathen . Augustine did consecrate Mellitus as bishop of London and Justus as bishop of Rochester . Pope Gregory issued more practicable mandates concerning heathen temples and usages : he desired that temples become consecrated to Christian service and asked Augustine to transform pagan practices , so far as possible , into dedication ceremonies or feasts of martyrs , since `` he who would climb to a lofty height must go up by steps , not leaps '' ( letter of Gregory to Mellitus , in Bede , i , 30 ) . Augustine re-consecrated and rebuilt an old church at Canterbury as his cathedral and founded a monastery in connection with it . He also restored a church and founded the monastery of St Peter and St Paul outside the walls . He died before completing the monastery , but now lies buried in the Church of St Peter and St Paul . In 616 Æthelberht of Kent died . The kingdom of Kent and those Anglo - Saxon kingdoms over which Kent had influence relapsed into heathenism for several decades . During the next 50 years Celtic missionaries evangelised the kingdom of Northumbria with an episcopal see at Lindisfarne and missionaries then proceeded to some of the other kingdoms to evangelise those also . Mercia and Sussex were among the last kingdoms to undergo Christianization . The Synod of Whitby in 664 forms a significant watershed in that King Oswiu of Northumbria decided to follow Roman rather than Celtic practices . The Synod of Whitby established the Roman date for Easter and the Roman style of monastic tonsure in Britain . This meeting of the ecclesiastics with Roman customs and local bishops following Celtic ecclesiastical customs was summoned in 664 at Saint Hilda 's double monastery of Streonshalh ( Streanæshalch ) , later called Whitby Abbey . It was presided over by King Oswiu , who did not engage in the debate but made the final ruling . A later archbishop of Canterbury , the Greek Theodore of Tarsus , also contributed to the organisation of Christianity in England , reforming many aspects of the church 's administration . Medieval consolidation ( edit ) As in other parts of medieval Europe , tension existed between the local monarch and the Pope about civil judicial authority over clerics , taxes and the wealth of the Church , and appointments of bishops , notably during the reigns of Henry II and John . As begun by Alfred the Great in 871 and consolidated under William the Conqueror in 1066 , England became a politically unified entity at an earlier date than other European countries . One of the effects was that the units of government , both of church and state , were comparatively large . England was divided between the Province of Canterbury and the Province of York under two archbishops . At the time of the Norman Conquest , there were only 15 diocesan bishops in England , increased to 17 in the 12th century with the creation of the sees of Ely and Carlisle . This is far fewer than the numbers in France and Italy . A further four medieval dioceses in Wales came within the Province of Canterbury . Following the depredations of the Viking invasions of the 9th century , most English monasteries had ceased to function and the cathedrals were typically served by small communities of married priests . King Edgar and his Archbishop of Canterbury Dunstan instituted a major reform of cathedrals at a synod at Winchester in 970 , where it was agreed that all bishops should seek to establish monasticism in their cathedrals following the Benedictine rule , with the bishop as abbot . Excavations have demonstrated that the reformed monastic cathedrals of Canterbury , Winchester , Sherborne and Worcester were rebuilt on a lavish scale in the late 10th century . However , renewed Viking attacks in the reign of Ethelred , stalled the progress of monastic revival . In 1072 , following the Norman Conquest , William the Conqueror and his archbishop Lanfranc sought to complete the programme of reform . Durham and Rochester cathedrals were refounded as Benedictine monasteries , the secular cathedral of Wells was moved to monastic Bath , while the secular cathedral of Lichfield was moved to Chester , and then to monastic Coventry . Norman bishops were seeking to establish an endowment income entirely separate from that of their cathedral body , and this was inherently more difficult in a monastic cathedral , where the bishop was also titular abbot . Hence , following Lanfanc 's death in 1090 , a number of bishops took advantage of the vacancy to obtain secular constitutions for their cathedrals -- Lincoln , Sarum , Chichester , Exeter and Hereford ; while the major urban cathedrals of London and York always remained secular . Furthermore , when the bishops ' seats were transferred back from Coventry to Lichfield , and from Bath to Wells , these sees reverted to being secular . Bishops of monastic cathedrals , tended to find themselves embroiled in long - running legal disputes with their respective monastic bodies ; and increasingly tended to reside elsewhere . The bishops of Ely and Winchester lived in London as did the Archbishop of Canterbury . The bishops of Worcester generally lived in York , while the bishops of Carlisle lived at Melbourne in Derbyshire . Monastic governance of cathedrals continued in England , Scotland and Wales throughout the medieval period ; whereas elsewhere in western Europe it was found only at Monreale in Sicily and Downpatrick in Ireland . The shrine of St Swithun in Winchester Cathedral ( in the background is Fedorev 's iconostasis in the retroquire ) An important aspect in the practice of medieval Christianity was the veneration of saints , and the associated pilgrimages to places where the relics of a particular saint were interred and the saint 's tradition honoured . The possession of the relics of a popular saint was a source of funds to the individual church as the faithful made donations and benefactions in the hope that they might receive spiritual aid , a blessing or a healing from the presence of the physical remains of the holy person . Among those churches to benefit in particular were : St. Alban 's Abbey , which contained the relics of England 's first Christian martyr ; Ripon , with the shrine of its founder St. Wilfrid ; Durham , which was built to house the body of Saints Cuthbert of Lindisfarne and Aidan ; Ely , with the shrine of St. Etheldreda ; Westminster Abbey , with the magnificent shrine of its founder St. Edward the Confessor ; and Chichester , which held the honoured remains of St. Richard . All these saints brought pilgrims to their churches , but among them the most renowned was Thomas Becket , the late Archbishop of Canterbury , who was assassinated by henchmen of King Henry II in 1170 . As a place of pilgrimage Canterbury was , in the 13th century , second only to Santiago de Compostela . Separation from papal authority ( edit ) The beginning of the Gospel of John in a manuscript of Wycliffe 's English translation ( MS . Hunter 191 ) ( first line : ' In þe bigynnyng was / þe word & þe word / was at god / & god was / þe word . ' ) John Wycliffe ( about 1320 -- 31 December 1384 ) was an English theologian and an early dissident against the Roman Catholic Church during the 14th century . He founded the Lollard movement , which opposed a number of practices of the Church . He was also against papal encroachments on secular power . Wycliffe was associated with statements indicating that the Church in Rome is not the head of all churches , nor did St Peter have any more powers given to him than other disciples . These statements were related to his call for a reformation of its wealth , corruption and abuses . Wycliffe , an Oxford scholar , went so far as to state that `` ... The Gospel by itself is a rule sufficient to rule the life of every Christian person on the earth , without any other rule . '' The Lollard movement continued with his pronouncements from pulpits even under the persecution that followed with Henry IV up to and including the early years of the reign of Henry VIII . The first break with Rome ( subsequently reversed ) came when Pope Clement VII refused , over a period of years , to annul Henry 's marriage to Catherine of Aragon , not purely as a matter of principle , but also because the Pope lived in fear of Catherine 's nephew , Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor , as a result of events in the Italian Wars . Henry first asked for an annulment in 1527 . After various failed initiatives he stepped up the pressure on Rome , in the summer of 1529 , by compiling a manuscript from ancient sources arguing that , in law , spiritual supremacy rested with the monarch and also against the legality of Papal authority . In 1531 Henry first challenged the Pope when he demanded 100,000 pounds from the clergy in exchange for a royal pardon for what he called their illegal jurisdiction . He also demanded that the clergy should recognise him as their sole protector and supreme head . The church in England recognised Henry VIII as supreme head of the Church of England on 11 February 1531 . Nonetheless , he continued to seek a compromise with the Pope , but negotiations ( which had started in 1530 and ended in 1532 ) with the papal legate Antonio Giovanni da Burgio failed . Efforts by Henry to appeal to Jewish scholarship concerning the contours of levirate marriage were unavailing as well . In May 1532 the Church of England agreed to surrender its legislative independence and canon law to the authority of the monarch . In 1533 the Statute in Restraint of Appeals removed the right of the English clergy and laity to appeal to Rome on matters of matrimony , tithes and oblations . It also gave authority over such matters to the Archbishops of Canterbury and York . This finally allowed Thomas Cranmer , the new Archbishop of Canterbury , to issue Henry 's annulment ; and upon procuring it , Henry married Anne Boleyn . Pope Clement VII excommunicated Henry VIII in 1533 . In 1534 the Act of Submission of the Clergy removed the right of all appeals to Rome , effectively ending the Pope 's influence . The first Act of Supremacy confirmed Henry by statute as the Supreme Head of the Church of England in 1536 . ( Due to clergy objections the contentious term `` Supreme Head '' for the monarch later became `` Supreme Governor of the Church of England '' -- which is the title held by the reigning monarch to the present . ) Such constitutional changes made it not only possible for Henry to have his marriage annulled but also gave him access to the considerable wealth that the Church had amassed . Thomas Cromwell , as Vicar General , launched a commission of enquiry into the nature and value of all ecclesiastical property in 1535 , which culminated in the Dissolution of the Monasteries ( 1536 -- 1540 ) . Reformation ( edit ) Main article : English Reformation King Henry VIII was excommunicated by the pope ( portrait of King Henry by Hans Holbein the Younger , 1540s ? ) Many Roman Catholics consider the separation of the Church in England from Rome in 1534 to be the true origin of the Church of England , rather than dating it from the mission of St. Augustine in AD 597 . While Anglicans acknowledge that Henry VIII 's repudiation of papal authority caused the Church of England to become a separate entity , they believe that it is in continuity with the pre-Reformation Church of England . Apart from its distinct customs and liturgies ( such as the Sarum rite ) , the organizational machinery of the Church of England was in place by the time of the Synod of Hertford in 672 -- 673 , when the English bishops were first able to act as one body under the leadership of the Archbishop of Canterbury . Henry 's Act in Restraint of Appeals ( 1533 ) and the Acts of Supremacy ( 1534 ) declared that the English crown was `` the only Supreme Head in earth of the Church of England , called Ecclesia Anglicana , '' in order `` to repress and extirpate all errors , heresies , and other enormities and abuses heretofore used in the same . '' The development of the Thirty - Nine Articles of religion and the passage of the Acts of Uniformity culminated in the Elizabethan Religious Settlement . By the end of the 17th century , the English church described itself as both Catholic and Reformed , with the English monarch as its Supreme Governor . MacCulloch commenting on this situation says that it `` has never subsequently dared to define its identity decisively as Protestant or Catholic , and has decided in the end that this is a virtue rather than a handicap . '' King Henry VIII of England ( edit ) The English Reformation was initially driven by the dynastic goals of Henry VIII , who , in his quest for a consort who would bear him a male heir , found it expedient to replace papal authority with the supremacy of the English crown . The early legislation focused primarily on questions of temporal and spiritual supremacy . The Institution of the Christian Man ( also called The Bishops ' Book ) of 1537 was written by a committee of 46 divines and bishops headed by Thomas Cranmer . The purpose of the work , along with the Ten Articles of the previous year , was to implement the reforms of Henry VIII in separating from the Roman Catholic Church and reforming the Ecclesia Anglicana . `` The work was a noble endeavor on the part of the bishops to promote unity , and to instruct the people in Church doctrine . '' The introduction of the Great Bible in 1538 brought a vernacular translation of the Scriptures into churches . The Dissolution of the Monasteries and the seizure of their assets by 1540 brought huge amounts of church land and property under the jurisdiction of the Crown , and ultimately into the hands of the English nobility . This simultaneously removed the greatest centres of loyalty to the pope and created vested interests which made a powerful material incentive to support a separate Christian church in England under the rule of the Crown . Cranmer , Parker and Hooker ( edit ) By 1549 , the process of reforming the ancient national church was fully spurred on by the publication of the first vernacular prayer book , the Book of Common Prayer , and the enforcement of the Acts of Uniformity , establishing English as the language of public worship . The theological justification for Anglican distinctiveness was begun by the Thomas Cranmer , Archbishop of Canterbury , the principal author of the first prayer book , and continued by others such as Matthew Parker , Richard Hooker and Lancelot Andrewes . Cranmer had worked as a diplomat in Europe and was aware of the ideas of Reformers such as Andreas Osiander and Friedrich Myconius as well as the Roman Catholic theologian Desiderius Erasmus . Thomas Cranmer ( 1489 -- 1556 ) , Archbishop of Canterbury and principal author of the first two Books of Common Prayer During the short reign of Edward VI , Henry 's son , Cranmer and others moved the Church of England significantly towards a more reformed position , which was reflected in the development of the second prayer book ( 1552 ) and in the Forty - Two Articles . This reform was reversed abruptly in the reign of Queen Mary , a Roman Catholic who re-established communion with Rome following her accession in 1553 . In the 16th century , religious life was an important part of the cement which held society together and formed an important basis for extending and consolidating political power . Differences in religion were likely to lead to civil unrest at the very least , with treason and foreign invasion acting as real threats . When Queen Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 , a solution was thought to have been found . To minimise bloodshed over religion in her dominions , the religious settlement between the factions of Rome and Geneva was brought about . It was compellingly articulated in the development of the 1559 Book of Common Prayer , the Thirty - Nine Articles , the Ordinal , and the two Books of Homilies . These works , issued under Archbishop Matthew Parker , were to become the basis of all subsequent Anglican doctrine and identity . The new version of the prayer book was substantially the same as Cranmer 's earlier versions . It would become a source of great argument during the 17th century , but later revisions were not of great theological importance . The Thirty - Nine Articles were based on the earlier work of Cranmer , being modelled after the Forty - Two Articles . The bulk of the population acceded to Elizabeth 's religious settlement with varying degrees of enthusiasm or resignation . It was imposed by law , and secured Parliamentary approval only by a narrow vote in which all the Roman Catholic bishops who were not imprisoned voted against . As well as those who continued to recognise papal supremacy , the more militant Protestants , or Puritans as they became known , opposed it . Both groups were punished and disenfranchised in various ways and cracks in the facade of religious unity in England appeared . Part of a series on Reformation Ninety - five Theses Precursors ( show ) Arnold of Brescia and Arnoldists Peter Waldo and Waldensians Girolamo Savonarola John Wycliffe and Lollardy William Tyndale Jan Hus and Hussites Beginning ( show ) Ninety - five Theses Diet of Worms Luther Bible Iconoclasm Magisterials Radicals Contributing factors ( show ) Western Schism Avignon Papacy Bohemian Reformation Northern Renaissance Humanism Johann Reuchlin German mysticism Johannes Gutenberg and his printing press Erasmus Propaganda Art Theologies of seminal figures ( show ) Theology of Martin Luther Theology of Huldrych Zwingli Theology of John Calvin Protestant Reformers ( show ) Martin Luther Philip Melanchthon Huldrych Zwingli John Calvin Martin Bucer Theodore Beza Heinrich Bullinger Peter Martyr Vermigli William Farel John Knox Roger Williams Thomas Müntzer Balthasar Hubmaier Andreas Karlstadt Menno Simons Thomas Cranmer Richard Hooker Many others Major political leaders ( show ) Henry VIII of England Elizabeth I of England Oliver Cromwell James VI and I William the Silent Gaspard II de Coligny Henry IV of France Jeanne d'Albret Stephen Bocskai Gabriel Bethlen Gustav II Adolf Frederick V , Elector Palatine Philip I of Hesse Frederick III , Elector of Saxony John Frederick I , Elector of Saxony By location ( show ) Germany Switzerland ( Geneva / Zürich ) England Scotland Netherlands Czech Lands Slovakia Hungary Romania Slovenia Denmark -- Norway and Holstein Sweden and Finland Iceland Estonia and Latvia Austria France Italy Poland - Lithuania Ireland Political and religious conflicts ( show ) Thirty Years ' War French Wars of Religion Eighty Years ' War War of the Three Kingdoms German Peasants ' War Wars of Kappel Schmalkaldic War Opposition ( show ) Catholic Church Council of Trent Anti-Protestantism Criticism of Protestantism Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor Conclusion ( show ) Peace of Westphalia Rise of Pietism No end thesis Commemoration ( show ) Reformation Day Reformation Wall Lutheran commemorations Anglican commemorations Protestantism Despite separation from Rome , the Church of England under Henry VIII remained essentially Catholic rather than Protestant in nature . Pope Leo X had earlier awarded to Henry himself the title of fidei defensor ( defender of the faith ) , partly on account of Henry 's attack on Lutheranism . Some Protestant - influenced changes under Henry included a limited iconoclasm , the abolition of pilgrimages , and pilgrimage shrines , chantries , and the extinction of many saints ' days . However , only minor changes in liturgy occurred during Henry 's reign , and he carried through the Six Articles of 1539 which reaffirmed the Catholic nature of the church . All this took place , however , at a time of major religious upheaval in Western Europe associated with the Reformation ; once the schism had occurred , some reform probably became inevitable . Only under Henry 's son Edward VI ( reigned 1547 -- 1553 ) did the first major changes in parish activity take place , including translation and thorough revision of the liturgy along more Protestant lines . The resulting Book of Common Prayer , issued in 1549 and revised in 1552 , came into use by the authority of the Parliament of England . Reunion with Rome ( edit ) Following the death of Edward , his half - sister the Roman Catholic Mary I ( reigned 1553 -- 1558 ) came to the throne . She renounced the Henrician and Edwardian changes , first by repealing her brother 's reforms then by re-establishing unity with Rome . The Marian Persecutions of Protestants and dissenters took place at this time . The queen 's image after the persecutions turned into that of an almost legendary tyrant called Bloody Mary . This view of Bloody Mary was mainly due to the widespread publication of Foxe 's Book of Martyrs during her successor Elizabeth I 's reign . Nigel Heard summarises the persecution thus : `` It is now estimated that the 274 religious executions carried out during the last three years of Mary 's reign exceeded the number recorded in any Catholic country on the continent in the same period . '' Second schism ( edit ) The second schism , from which the present Church of England originates , came later . Upon Mary 's death in 1558 , her half - sister Elizabeth I ( reigned 1558 -- 1603 ) came to power . Elizabeth became a determined opponent of papal control and re-introduced separatist ideas . In 1559 , Parliament recognised Elizabeth as the Church 's supreme governor , with a new Act of Supremacy that also repealed the remaining anti-Protestant legislation . A new Book of Common Prayer appeared in the same year . Elizabeth presided over the `` Elizabethan Settlement '' , an attempt to satisfy the Puritan and Catholic forces in England within a single national Church . Elizabeth was eventually excommunicated on 25 February 1570 by Pope Pius V , finally breaking communion between Rome and the Anglican Church . King James Bible ( edit ) Main article : Authorised King James Version Shortly after coming to the throne , James I attempted to bring unity to the Church of England by instituting a commission consisting of scholars from all views within the Church to produce a unified and new translation of the Bible free of Calvinist and Popish influence . The project was begun in 1604 and completed in 1611 becoming de facto the Authorised Version in the Church of England and later other Anglican churches throughout the communion until the mid-20th century . The New Testament was translated from the Textus Receptus ( Received Text ) edition of the Greek texts , so called because most extant texts of the time were in agreement with it . The Old Testament was translated from the Masoretic Hebrew text , while the Apocrypha was translated from the Greek Septuagint ( LXX ) . The work was done by 47 scholars working in six committees , two based in each of the University of Oxford , the University of Cambridge , and Westminster . They worked on certain parts separately ; then the drafts produced by each committee were compared and revised for harmony with each other . This translation had a profound effect on English literature . The works of famous authors such as John Milton , Herman Melville , John Dryden and William Wordsworth are deeply inspired by it . The Authorised Version is often referred to as the King James Version , particularly in the United States . King James was not personally involved in the translation , though his authorisation was legally necessary for the translation to begin , and he set out guidelines for the translation process , such as prohibiting footnotes and ensuring that Anglican positions were recognised on various points . A dedication to James by the translators still appears at the beginning of modern editions . English civil War ( edit ) Cromwell and the corpse of Charles I For the next century , through the reigns of James I and Charles I , and culminating in the English Civil War and the protectorate of Oliver Cromwell , there were significant swings back and forth between two factions : the Puritans ( and other radicals ) who sought more far - reaching reform , and the more conservative churchmen who aimed to keep closer to traditional beliefs and practices . The failure of political and ecclesiastical authorities to submit to Puritan demands for more extensive reform was one of the causes of open warfare . By continental standards the level of violence over religion was not high , but the casualties included a king , Charles I and an Archbishop of Canterbury , William Laud . For about a decade ( 1647 -- 1660 ) , Christmas was another casualty as Parliament abolished all feasts and festivals of the Church to rid England of outward signs of Popishness . Under the Protectorate of the Commonwealth of England from 1649 to 1660 , Anglicanism was disestablished , presbyterian ecclesiology was introduced as an adjunct to the Episcopal system , the Articles were replaced with a non-Presbyterian version of the Westminster Confession ( 1647 ) , and the Book of Common Prayer was replaced by the Directory of Public Worship . Despite this , about one quarter of English clergy refused to conform . In the midst of the apparent triumph of Calvinism , the 17th century brought forth a Golden Age of Anglicanism . The Caroline Divines , such as Andrewes , Laud , Herbert Thorndike , Jeremy Taylor , John Cosin , Thomas Ken and others rejected Roman claims and refused to adopt the ways and beliefs of the Continental Protestants . The historic episcopate was preserved . Truth was to be found in Scripture and the bishops and archbishops , which were to be bound to the traditions of the first four centuries of the Church 's history . The role of reason in theology was affirmed . Restoration and beyond ( edit ) Main article : English Restoration With the Restoration of Charles II , Anglicanism too was restored in a form not far removed from the Elizabethan version . One difference was that the ideal of encompassing all the people of England in one religious organisation , taken for granted by the Tudors , had to be abandoned . The 1662 revision of the Book of Common Prayer became the unifying text of the ruptured and repaired Church after the disaster that was the civil war . When the new king Charles II reached the throne in 1660 , he actively appointed his supporters who had resisted Cromwell to vacancies . He translated the leading supporters to the most prestigious and rewarding sees . He also considered the need to reestablish episcopal authority and to reincorporate `` moderate dissenters '' in order to effect Protestant reconciliation . In some cases turnover was heavy -- he made four appointments to the diocese of Worcester in four years 1660 - 63 , moving the first three up to better positions . Glorious Revolution and Act of Toleration ( edit ) James II was overthrown by William of Orange in 1688 , and the new king moved quickly to ease religious tensions . Many of his supporters had been Nonconformist non-Anglicans . With the Act of Toleration enacted on 24 May 1689 , Nonconformists had freedom of worship . That is , those Protestants who dissented from the Church of England such as Baptists , Congregationalists and Quakers were allowed their own places of worship and their own teachers and preachers , subject to acceptance of certain oaths of allegiance . These privileges expressly did not apply to Catholics and Unitarians , and it continued the existing social and political disabilities for dissenters , including exclusion from political office . The religious settlement of 1689 shaped policy down to the 1830s . The Church of England was not only dominant in religious affairs , but it blocked outsiders from responsible positions in national and local government , business , professions and academe . In practice , the doctrine of the divine right of kings persisted Old animosities had diminished , and a new spirit of toleration was abroad . Restrictions on Nonconformists were mostly either ignored or slowly lifted . The Protestants , including the Quakers , who worked to overthrow King James II were rewarded . The Toleration Act of 1689 allowed nonconformists who have their own chapels , teachers , and preachers , censorship was relaxed . The religious landscape of England assumed its present form , with an Anglican established church occupying the middle ground , and Roman Catholics and those Puritans who dissented from the establishment , too strong to be suppressed altogether , having to continue their existence outside the national church rather than controlling it . 18th century ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2010 ) Spread of Anglicanism outside England ( edit ) See also : History of the Anglican Communion An Anglican chapel at Sheffield Cathedral The history of Anglicanism since the 17th century has been one of greater geographical and cultural expansion and diversity , accompanied by a concomitant diversity of liturgical and theological profession and practice . At the same time as the English reformation , the Church of Ireland was separated from Rome and adopted articles of faith similar to England 's Thirty - Nine Articles . However , unlike England , the Anglican church there was never able to capture the loyalty of the majority of the population ( who still adhered to Roman Catholicism ) . As early as 1582 , the Scottish Episcopal Church was inaugurated when James VI of Scotland sought to reintroduce bishops when the Church of Scotland became fully presbyterian ( see Scottish reformation ) . The Scottish Episcopal Church enabled the creation of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America after the American Revolution , by consecrating in Aberdeen the first American bishop , Samuel Seabury , who had been refused consecration by bishops in England , due to his inability to take the oath of allegiance to the English crown prescribed in the Order for the Consecration of Bishops . The polity and ecclesiology of the Scottish and American churches , as well as their daughter churches , thus tends to be distinct from those spawned by the English church -- reflected , for example , in their looser conception of provincial government , and their leadership by a presiding bishop or primus rather than by a metropolitan or archbishop . The names of the Scottish and American churches inspire the customary term Episcopalian for an Anglican ; the term being used in these and other parts of the world . See also : American Episcopalians , Scottish Episcopalians At the time of the English Reformation the four ( now six ) Welsh dioceses were all part of the Province of Canterbury and remained so until 1920 when the Church in Wales was created as a province of the Anglican Communion . The intense interest in the Christian faith which characterised the Welsh in the 18th and 19th centuries was not present in the sixteenth and most Welsh people went along with the church 's reformation more because the English government was strong enough to impose its wishes in Wales rather than out of any real conviction . Consecrated in 1612 , Saint Peter 's Church , in St George 's , Bermuda , is the oldest Church of England ( now Anglican ) church outside the British Isles , and the oldest Protestant church in the New World . Anglicanism spread outside of the British Isles by means of emigration as well as missionary effort . The 1609 wreck of the flagship of the Virginia Company , the Sea Venture , resulted in the settlement of Bermuda by that Company . This was made official in 1612 , when the town of St George 's , now the oldest surviving English settlement in the New World , was established . It is the location of St Peter 's Church , the oldest - surviving Anglican church outside the British Isles ( Britain and Ireland ) , and the oldest surviving non-Roman Catholic church in the New World , also established in 1612 . It remained part of the Church of England until 1978 , when the Anglican Church of Bermuda separated . The Church of England was the state religion in Bermuda and a system of parishes was set up for the religious and political subdivision of the colony ( they survive , today , as both civil and religious parishes ) . Bermuda , like Virginia , tended to the Royalist side during the Civil War . The conflict in Bermuda resulted in the expulsion of Independent Puritans from the island ( the Eleutheran Adventurers , who settled Eleuthera , in the Bahamas ) . The church in Bermuda , before the Civil War , had a somewhat Presbyterian flavour , but mainstream Anglicanism was asserted afterwards ( although Bermuda is also home to the oldest Presbyterian church outside the British Isles ) . Bermudians were required by law in the 17th century to attend Church of England services , and proscriptions similar to those in England existed on other denominations . English missionary organisations such as USPG -- then known as the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts , the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge ( SPCK ) and the Church Missionary Society ( CMS ) were established in the 17th and 18th centuries to bring Anglican Christianity to the British colonies . By the 19th century , such missions were extended to other areas of the world . The liturgical and theological orientations of these missionary organisations were diverse . The SPG , for example , was in the 19th century influenced by the Catholic Revival in the Church of England , while the CMS was influenced by the Evangelicalism of the earlier Evangelical Revival . As a result , the piety , liturgy , and polity of the indigenous churches they established came to reflect these diverse orientations . 19th century and after ( edit ) 1801 -- 1914 ( edit ) Church at Blaston , Leicestershire , rebuilt in a simple Gothic style in 1878 Crucifix on the rood screen at Blisland , Cornwall The Plymouth Brethren seceded from the established church in the 1820s . The church in this period was affected by the Evangelical revival and the growth of industrial towns in the Industrial Revolution . There was an expansion of the various Nonconformist churches , notably Methodism . From the 1830s the Oxford Movement became influential and occasioned the revival of Anglo - Catholicism . From 1801 the Church of England and the Church of Ireland were unified and this situation lasted until the disestablishment of the Irish church in 1871 ( by the Irish Church Act , 1869 ) . The growth of the twin `` revivals '' in 19th century Anglicanism - -- Evangelical and Catholic - -- was hugely influential . The Evangelical Revival informed important social movements such as the abolition of slavery , child welfare legislation , prohibition of alcohol , the development of public health and public education . It led to the creation of the Church Army , an evangelical and social welfare association and informed piety and liturgy , most notably in the development of Methodism . The Catholic Revival had a more penetrating impact by transforming the liturgy of the Anglican Church , repositioning the Eucharist as the central act of worship in place of the daily offices , and reintroducing the use of vestments , ceremonial , and acts of piety ( such as Eucharistic adoration ) that had long been prohibited in the English church and ( to a certain extent ) in its daughter churches . It influenced Anglican theology , through such Oxford Movement figures as John Henry Newman , Edward Pusey , as well as the Christian socialism of Charles Gore and Frederick Maurice . Much work was done to introduce a more medieval style of church furnishing in many churches . Neo-Gothic in many different forms became the norm rather than the earlier Neo-Classical forms . Both revivals led to considerable missionary efforts in parts of the British Empire . Prime ministers and the Queen ( edit ) Patronage continued to play a central role in Church affairs . Not since Newcastle , over a century before , did a prime minister pay as much attention to church vacancies as William Ewart Gladstone . He annoyed Queen Victoria by making appointments she did not like . He worked to match the skills of candidates to the needs of specific church offices . He supported his party by favouring Liberals who would support his political positions . His counterpart , Disraeli , favoured Conservative bishops to a small extent , but took care to distribute bishoprics so as to balance various church factions . He occasionally sacrificed party advantage to choose a more qualified candidate . On most issues Disraeli and Queen Victoria were close , but they frequently clashed over church nominations because of her aversion to high churchmen . 1914 -- 1970 ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2010 ) The old and new Coventry Cathedrals in the Diocese of Coventry ( the new cathedral was built next to the ruins of the old , which had been bombed in the Second World War ) The altar in St Mary 's Anglican Church , Redcliffe , Bristol : showing the effects of 20th century liturgical reform the altar stands at the east end of the nave Ilkeston Parish Church , Derbyshire : the interior after the family communion service on Christmas Day , 2007 The current form of military chaplain dates from the era of the First World War . A chaplain provides spiritual and pastoral support for service personnel , including the conduct of religious services at sea or in the field . The Army Chaplains Department was granted the prefix `` Royal '' in recognition of the chaplains ' wartime service . The Chaplain General of the British Army was Bishop John Taylor Smith who held the post from 1901 to 1925 . An attempt to revise the Book of Common Prayer in 1928 was nullified by opposition in the House of Commons . During the Second World War the head of chaplaincy in the British Army was an ( Anglican ) chaplain - general , the Very Revd Charles Symons ( with the military rank of major - general ) , who was formally under the control of the Permanent Under - Secretary of State . An assistant chaplain - general was a chaplain 1st class ( full colonel ) , and a senior chaplain was a chaplain 2nd class ( lieutenant colonel ) . A movement towards unification with the Methodist Church in the 1960s failed to pass through all the required stages on the Anglican side , being rejected by the General Synod in 1972 . This was initiated by the Methodists and welcomed on the part of the Anglicans but full agreement on all points could not be reached . 1970 -- present ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2010 ) The Church Assembly was replaced by the General Synod in 1970 . On 12 March 1994 the Church of England ordained its first female priests . On 11 July 2005 a vote was passed by the Church of England 's General Synod in York to allow women 's ordination as bishops . Both of these events were subject to opposition from some within the church who found difficulties in accepting them . Adjustments had to be made in the diocesan structure to accommodate those parishes unwilling to accept the ministry of women priests . ( See women 's ordination ) The first black archbishop of the Church of England , John Sentamu , formerly of Uganda , was enthroned on 30 November 2005 as Archbishop of York . In 2006 the Church of England at its General Synod made a public apology for the institutional role it played as a historic owner of slave plantations in Barbados and Barbuda . The Reverend Simon Bessant recounted the history of the church on the island of Barbados , West Indies , where through a charitable bequest received in 1710 by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel , thousands of sugar plantation slaves had been appallingly treated and branded using red - hot irons as the property of the `` society '' . In 2010 , for the first time in the history of the Church of England , more women than men were ordained as priests ( 290 women and 273 men ) . See also ( edit ) Anglicanism portal England portal See also : Anglo - Saxon Christianity , History of the Scottish Episcopal Church , Church of Ireland § History , Anglican Communion , Anglicanism , Religion in the United Kingdom , Rowan Williams , and Church Army Notes ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ The Chair of St Augustine is the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury and in his role as head of the Anglican Communion . Archbishops of Canterbury are enthroned twice : firstly as diocesan Ordinary ( and Metropolitan and Primate of the Church of England ) in the archbishop 's throne , by the Archdeacon of Canterbury ; and secondly as leader of the worldwide church in the Chair of St Augustine by the senior ( by length of service ) Archbishop of the Anglican Communion . The stone chair is therefore of symbolic significance throughout Anglicanism . Jump up ^ Ecclesia anglicana is a Medieval Latin phrase dating to at least 1246 meaning the `` English Church '' . Jump up ^ He wrote Assertio septem sacramentorum in response to Luther 's ideas on the sacraments . Citations Jump up ^ Delaney , John P. ( 1980 ) . Dictionary of Saints ( Second ed . ) . Garden City , NY : Doubleday . pp. 67 -- 68 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 13594 - 8 . Jump up ^ The English Reformation by Professor Andrew Pettegree . Bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Canons of the Church of England '' ( PDF ) . Church of England . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez 1984 . Jump up ^ Clifton - Taylor 1967 . ^ Jump up to : Cross & Livingstone 1997 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ MacCulloch 1990 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ `` Anglicanism '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Blunt , J. ( 1869 ) . The Reformation of the Church of England -- its history , principles and results ( A.D. 1514 -- 1547 ) . London , Oxford , and Cambridge : Rivingtons . pp. 444 -- 445 . Jump up ^ Heard 2000 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ R.A. Beddard , `` A Reward for Services Rendered : Charles II and the Restoration Bishopric of Worcester , 1660 - 1663 . '' Midland History 29.1 ( 2004 ) : 61 - 91 . Jump up ^ Julian Hoppit , A land of liberty ? England 1689 - 1727 ( Oxford UP , 2002 pp 30 - 39 . Jump up ^ Sheridan Gilley and William J. Sheils , eds . A history of religion in Britain : practice and belief from pre-Roman times to the present . ( 1994 ) , 168 - 274 . Jump up ^ J.C.D. Clark , English Society 1688 - 1832 : ideology , social structure and political practice in the ancien regime ( 1985 ) , pp 119 - 198 Jump up ^ George Clark , Later Stuarts : 1616 - 1714 ( 2nd ed. 1956 ) pp 153 - 60 . Jump up ^ Donald G. Barnes , `` The Duke of Newcastle , Ecclesiastical Minister , 1724 - 54 , '' Pacific Historical Review 3 # 2 pp. 164 - 191 Jump up ^ William Gibson , `` ' A Great Excitement ' Gladstone And Church Patronage 1860 - 1894 . '' Anglican and Episcopal History 68 # 3 ( 1999 ) : 372 - 396 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ William T. Gibson , `` Disraeli 's Church Patronage : 1868 - 1880 . '' Anglican and Episcopal History 61 # 2 ( 1992 ) : 197 - 210 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Snape 2008 , p. vi . Jump up ^ John G. Maiden , `` English Evangelicals , Protestant National Identity , and Anglican Prayer Book Revision , 1927 -- 1928 . '' Journal of Religious History 34 # 4 ( 2010 ) : 430 - 445 . Jump up ^ Brumwell 1943 . Jump up ^ `` Church apologises for slave trade '' . BBC . 8 February 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` More new women priests than men for first time '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 2012 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Further reading ( edit ) Chadwick , Owen . The Victorian Church , Part One : 1829 - 1859 ( 1966 ) Chadwick , Owen . The Victorian Church , Part Two : 1860 - 1901 ( 1970 ) Hunt , William ( 1899 ) . The English Church from Its Foundation to the Norman Conquest ( 597 - 1066 ) . Vol I. Macmillan & Company . Gonzalez , Justo L. ( 1984 ) . The Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 063315 - 8 . Clifton - Taylor , Alec ( 1967 ) . The Cathedrals of England . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 20062 - 9 . Cross , F.L. ; Livingstone , E. A , eds. ( 1997 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press , USA . MacCulloch , Diarmaid ( 1990 ) . The Later Reformation in England , 1547 - 1603 . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 92139 - 5 . Hardwick , Joseph . An Anglican British world : The Church of England and the expansion of the settler empire , c. 1790 -- 1860 ( Manchester UP , 2014 ) . Heard , Nigel ( 2000 ) . Edward VI and Mary : A Mid-Tudor Crisis ? . Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 74317 - 1 . Kirby , James . Historians and the Church of England : Religion and Historical Scholarship , 1870 -- 1920 ( 2016 ) online at DOI : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780198768159.001. 0001 Lawson , Tom . God and War : The Church of England and Armed Conflict in the Twentieth Century ( Routledge , 2016 ) . Maughan Steven S. Mighty England Do Good : Culture , Faith , Empire , and World in the Foreign Missions of the Church of England , 1850 -- 1915 ( 2014 ) . Norman , Edward R. Church and society in England 1770 - 1970 : a historical study ( Oxford UP , 1976 ) . Picton , Hervé . A Short History of the Church of England : From the Reformation to the Present Day . Newcastle upon Tyne : Cambridge Scholars Publishing , 2015 . 180 p . Snape , Michael Francis ( 2008 ) . The Royal Army Chaplains ' Department , 1796 - 1953 : Clergy Under Fire . Boydell Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 346 - 8 . Tapsell , Grant . The later Stuart Church , 1660 -- 1714 ( 2012 ) . Brumwell , Percy Middleton ( 1943 ) . The Army Chaplain : The Royal Army Chaplains ' Department : the Duties of Chaplains , and Moral . Adam & Charles Black . Walsh , John ; Haydon , Colin ; Taylor , Stephen ( 1993 ) . The Church of England C. 1689 - c. 1833 : From Toleration to Tractarianism . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 41732 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Project Canterbury , Documenting Anglican History Online A Covenant between the Methodist Church in Britain and the Church of England was signed on 1 November 2003 ( hide ) History of Christianity Centuries : 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st Ministry of Jesus and Apostolic Age Jesus Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Holy Spirit Leadership Apostles Seventy disciples Paul the Apostle Council of Jerusalem Great Commission New Testament Background Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Ante - Nicene Period Judaism split Justin Martyr Ignatius Persecution Fathers Irenaeus Marcionism Canon Tertullian Montanism Origen Late ancient Constantine Monasticism Councils : Nicaea I Creed Athanasius Arianism Jerome Augustine Constantinople I Ephesus I Chalcedon Eastern Christianity Eastern Orthodoxy Church of the East Oriental Orthodoxy Chrysostom Nestorianism Iconoclasm Great Schism Fall of Constantinople Armenia Georgia Greece Egypt Syria Ethiopia Bulgaria Ottoman Empire Russia America Middle Ages Pelagianism Gregory I Celtic Germanic Scandinavian Kievan Rus ' Investiture Anselm Abelard Bernard of Clairvaux Bogomils Cathars Crusades Waldensians Inquisition Scholasticism Dominic Francis Bonaventure Aquinas Wycliffe Avignon Papal Schism Bohemian Reformation Hus Conciliarism Catholicism Primacy development Papacy Timeline Lateran IV Trent Counter-Reformation Thomas More Leo X Guadalupe Jesuits Jansenists Xavier Monastery dissolution Wars Teresa Vatican I and II Modernism Reformation Protestantism Erasmus Five solae Eucharist Calvinist v. Arminian Arminianism Dort Wars Lutheranism Martin Luther 95 Theses Diet of Worms Melanchthon Orthodoxy Eucharist Book of Concord Calvinism Zwingli Calvin Presbyterianism Scotland Knox TULIP Dort Three Forms of Unity Westminster Anglicanism Timeline Henry VIII Cranmer Settlement 39 Articles Common Prayer Puritans Civil War Anabaptism Radical Reformation Grebel Swiss Brethren Müntzer Martyrs ' Synod Menno Simons Smyth 1640 -- 1789 Revivalism English denominations Baptists Congregationalism Great Awakening Methodism Millerism Pietism Neo - and Old Lutherans 1789 -- present Camp meeting Holiness movement Independent Catholic denominations Second Great Awakening Restoration Movement Jehovah 's Witnesses Mormonism Seventh - day Adventist Adventism Third Great Awakening Azusa Revival Fundamentalism Ecumenism Evangelicalism Jesus movement Mainline Protestant Pentecostalism Charismatics Liberation theology Christian right Christian left Genocide by ISIL Timeline Missions Timeline Martyrs Theology Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Protestantism Catholicism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Church_of_England&oldid=809900234 '' Categories : History of the Church of England Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text Use British English from February 2013 Use dmy dates from February 2013 Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles to be expanded from September 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles to be expanded from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 November 2017 , at 05 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who started the church of england and why
[ "The formal history of the Church of England is traditionally dated by the Church to the Gregorian mission to England by Saint Augustine of Canterbury in AD 597.[1] As a result of Augustine's mission, Christianity in England, from Anglican (English) perspective, came under the authority of the Pope. However, in 1534 King Henry VIII declared himself to be supreme head of the Church of England. This resulted in a schism with the Papacy. As a result of this schism, many non-Anglicans consider that the Church of England only existed from the 16th century Protestant Reformation." ]
[ "King Henry VIII" ]
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Lesley Gore: It's My Party
Lesley Gore : It 's My Party - wikipedia Lesley Gore : It 's My Party Jump to : navigation , search Leslie Gore : It 's My Party Box set by Lesley Gore Released June 21 , 1994 Genre Pop Label Bear Family Lesley Gore chronology `` The Lesley Gore Anthology '' ' ( 1986 ) Leslie Gore : It 's My Party ( 1994 ) `` Sunshine , Lollipops , and Rainbows : The Best of Lesley Gore '' ' ( 1998 ) Lesley Gore : It 's My Party is a five disc box set from Bear Family Records released June 21 , 1994 , that includes every Mercury Records release by Gore between 1963 and 1969 . It also includes foreign language versions and never - released songs . Track listing ( edit ) Disc one Hello Young Lover ( You Ai n't Gonna Get My Heart ) Something Wonderful It 's My Party Danny The Party 's Over Judy 's Turn to Cry Just Let Me Cry Misty Cry Me a River I Would No More Tears ( Left to Cry ) Cry and You Cry Alone I Understand Cry Sunshine , Lollipops and Rainbows What Kind of Fool Am I ? If That 's the Way You Want It She 's a Fool I 'll Make It up to You The Old Crowd I Struck a Match Consolation Prize Run Bobby Run Young and Foolish Fools Rush In My Foolish Heart That 's the Way the Ball Bounces After He Takes Me Home ( Single voice ) After He Takes Me Home ( Two - voice overdub ) You Do n't Own Me ( Mono single version with single voice ) You Do n't Own Me ( Stereo album version with 2 - voice overdub ) Time to Go You Name It Disc two That 's the Way Boys Are Boys I 'm Coolin ' No Foolin ' Do n't Deny It I Do n't Wanna Be a Loser It 's Gotta Be You Leave Me Alone Do n't Call Me Look of Love ( Single version ) Look of Love ( Album version ) Wonder Boy Secret Love Maybe I Know Live and Learn Sometimes I Wish I Were a Boy Hey Now I Died Inside Movin ' Away It 's Just About That Time Little Girl Go Home Say Goodbye You 've Come Back That 's the Boy All of My Life What 's a Girl Supposed To Do Before and After I Cannot Hope for Anyone I Do n't Care You Did n't Look ' Round Disc three Baby That 's Me No Matter What You Do Sunshine , Lollipops and Rainbows What Am I Gonna Do With You It 's All in The Game Love Look Away Let It Be Me When Sunny Gets Blue What Am I Gonna Do With You A Girl in Love Just Another Fool My Town My Guy and Me Let Me Dream The Things We Did Last Summer Start the Party Again I Can Tell I Wo n't Love You Anymore I Just Ca n't Get Enough of You Only Last Night Any Other Girl I Can Tell To Know Him is to Love Him Young Love Too Young Will You Love Me Tomorrow We Know We 're in Love Yeah Yeah Yeah That Boy of Mine That 's What I 'll Do Lilacs and Violets Off and Running Happiness Is Just Around the Corner Disc four Hold Me Tight Cry Like a Baby Treat Me Like a Lady Maybe Now The Bubble Broke California Nights I 'm Going Out ( The Same Way I Came In ) Bad Love Goes on Forever Summer and Sandy I 'm Fallin ' Down Brink of Disaster On A Day Like Today Where Can I Go You Sent Me Silver Bells I 'm Fallin ' Down He Wo n't See the Light Magic Colors How Can I Be Sure To Sir With Love It 's A Happening World Small Talk Say What You See He Gives Me Love ( La La La ) Brand New Me I Ca n't Make It Without You Look The Other Way Take Good Care ( Of My Heart ) I 'll Be Standing By Disc five Ride A Tall White Horse 98.6 / Lazy Day Summer Symphony All Cried Out One By One Wedding Bell Blues Got To Get You Into My Life Goodbye Tony Musikant So Sind Die Boys Alle Nur Du Allein Hab Ich Das Verdient Der Erste Tanz Little Little Liebling Sieben Girls Tu T'En Vas Je Ne Sais Plus Je N'ose Pas Si Ton Coeur Le Desire Je Sais Qu'Un Jour C'Est Trop Tard Eh ! Non Te Voila Judy 's Turn to Cry ( Italian ) You Do n't Own Me ( Italian ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eder , Bruce . `` It 's My Party ! '' . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Lesley Gore Studio albums I 'll Cry If I Want To Lesley Gore Sings of Mixed - Up Hearts Boys , Boys , Boys Girl Talk My Town , My Guy , and Me Lesley Gore Sings All About Love California Nights Someplace Else Now Love Me by Name The Canvas Can Do Miracles Ever Since Compilations Lesley Gore : It 's My Party Singles `` It 's My Party '' `` Judy 's Turn to Cry '' `` She 's a Fool '' `` You Do n't Own Me '' `` That 's the Way Boys Are '' `` I Do n't Wanna Be a Loser '' `` Maybe I Know '' `` Look of Love '' `` Sunshine , Lollipops and Rainbows '' `` California Nights '' Related articles Discography Michael Gore Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lesley_Gore:_It%27s_My_Party&oldid=794649727 '' Categories : Lesley Gore albums 1994 compilation albums Bear Family Records compilation albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 August 2017 , at 07 : 45 . About Wikipedia
lesley gore it's my party bear family
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Bryce Johnson
Bryce Johnson - wikipedia Bryce Johnson Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bryce Johnson Bryce Owen Johnson ( 1977 - 04 - 18 ) April 18 , 1977 ( age 41 ) Reno , Nevada , United States Occupation Actor Years active 1999 -- present Spouse ( s ) Dawn Joanne Shand ( m . 2003 ) Website brycejohnsonactor.com Bryce Owen Johnson ( born April 18 , 1977 ) is an American actor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Web 3.4 Video games 4 References 5 External links Early Life ( edit ) Johnson was born in Reno , Nevada . He has an older brother , Brendon , and a younger brother , Brett . He moved to Denver , Colorado , at the age of five . He graduated from high school in 1995 . Afterwards , the family relocated to Sioux City , Iowa , where Bryce attended acting classes at the local community college before deciding to embark on his acting career . Career ( edit ) He headed for Hollywood at 19 after his mother encouraged him not to join the Navy . While working odd - jobs to pay the bills he searched around looking for auditions and enrolled at Pasadena 's American Academy of Dramatic Arts . He was receiving minor work until his big break came in 1999 when he was cast as Josh Ford in The WB 's Popular . Also in that year he was part of the cast of MTV series Undressed . After the show ended in 2001 , he continued on the platform of more teen - oriented projects with minor guest roles on Dawson 's Creek , Gilmore Girls and other teenage shows . By the time he approached his mid 20s , he said he wanted to branch into more adult and challenging roles trying to stay clear of the teen genre . 2004 saw him playing a cheerleader in Bring It On Again and starring in two films screened at the Sundance Film Festival , Home of Phobia and the Harry + Max . In 2003 he returned to television in an unaired series , Still Life , and made appearances on What I Like About You , Nip / Tuck , and House while doing voice - over work for video games . In 2006 he starred in another controversial film , Sleeping Dogs Lie , with Melinda Page Hamilton which also screened at the Sundance Film Festival . He is a series regular on Lone Star portraying Drew Thatcher , and also had a recurring role as Detective Darren Wilden on Pretty Little Liars . In 2011 , Johnson starred in MTV 's Death Valley as UTF police officer Billy Pierce . That same year , he played a supporting role as Chad in the dark romantic comedy Hit List . He guest - starred in the Glee episode `` Previously Unaired Christmas '' in December 2013 , playing Cody Tolentino . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Puzzled Dominick 2003 Chasing Papi Bellboy Bring It On Again Greg Direct - to - video Harry + Max Harry Home of Phobia Tazwell Skulls III , The The Skulls III Roger Lloyd Direct - to - video 2006 Sleeping Dogs Lie 2006 Becoming Bardo Shucks Short film 2007 Doctor Strange : The Sorcerer Supreme Doctor Strange ( voice ) Direct - to - video 2008 Trucker Rick 2008 Man Maid Bobby `` Big Time '' Billings 2008 Blue Tooth Virgin , The The Blue Tooth Virgin David 2008 Private Valentine : Blonde & Dangerous Derek O'Grady 2009 Hulk Vs Bruce Banner ( voice ) Direct - to - video 2011 God Bless America Co-worker 2011 Hit List Chad 2013 Willow Creek Jim 2014 Something , Anything Mark 2014 North of Hell Lanny Kelso 2014 Lucky Dog Travis 2014 Broadtrip Cop Short film 2014 Deadly Daycare Daniel 2015 Visions Ben 2015 Home Sweet Hell Lanny Kelso 2017 Darkness Rising Jake Film Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Undressed Cliff 5 episodes 1999 -- 2001 Popular Josh Ford Main cast ; 43 episodes 2001 Gilmore Girls Paul Episode : `` Run Away , Little Boy '' 2001 Dawson 's Creek Library guy Episode : `` Four Scary Stories '' 2005 What I Like About You Chris Episode : `` Girls Gone Wild '' 2005 House James Episode : `` Acceptance '' 2005 Nip / Tuck Corporal Oliver Brandt Episode : `` Abby Mays '' 2006 Standoff Krista 's boyfriend Episode : `` Pilot '' 2006 Shark Josh Carpenter Episode : `` In the Grasp '' 2007 Without a Trace Nick Edberg Episode : `` Desert Springs '' 2007 Side Order of Life Adam Episode : `` What Price Truth ? '' 2008 Mentalist , The The Mentalist Ranger Kyle Episode : `` Redwood '' 2009 Drop Dead Diva Eric Hayes Episode : `` Grayson 's Anatomy '' 2009 CSI : NY Nick `` Cool '' Emerson Episode : `` Battle Scars '' 2009 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Mark Baker Episode : `` Death and the Maiden '' NCIS Navy Lieutenant David Shankton Episode : `` Mother 's Day '' 2010 -- 16 Pretty Little Liars Detective Darren Wilden 23 episodes Lone Star Drew Thatcher Main cast ; 2 episodes 2011 Death Valley Officer Billy Pierce Main cast ; 12 episodes 2013 Client List , The The Client List Detective Dunbar 2 episodes 2013 Anger Management Mike Episode : `` Charlie Dates Crazy , Sexy , Angry '' 2013 Glee Cody Tolentino Episode : `` Previously Unaired Christmas '' 2013 NCIS Eddie Macklin Episode : `` Devil 's Triad '' 2014 Supernatural Sal Lassiter Episode : `` Bloodlines '' 2014 Hot in Cleveland Dylan Episode : `` Naked and Afraid '' Web ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 -- 12 Simian Undercover Detective Squad Various 5 episodes 2012 Dating Rules from My Future Self Brendan Burke 6 episodes 2012 Hi - Life , The The Hi - Life The customer 2 episodes Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 Call of Duty 2 N / A Voice 2005 Call of Duty 2 : Big Red One N / A Voice 2005 Gun Port , additional voices Voice 2006 Justice League Heroes Aquaman Voice 2009 Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen Protoform Voice 2012 Resistance : Burning Skies Tom Riley Voice References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Johnson , Bryce ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` '' @ rach92g : What does the `` O '' stand for in @ BryceOJohnson ? '' My middle name is # Owen `` . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Bryce ( June 16 , 2013 ) . `` Yup , it 's my # Birthday ! ! '' . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bryce Johnson Thrives on Challenges '' . Interview with MovieInsider 9 July 2004 . Retrieved August 27 , 2006 . External links ( edit ) Official website Bryce Johnson on IMDb BNF : cb155842884 ( data ) GND : 137784457 ISNI : 0000 0001 1494 3083 LCCN : no2006049569 VIAF : 81921861 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bryce_Johnson&oldid=837453672 '' Categories : 1977 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors Living people Male actors from Denver Male actors from Nevada Actors from Reno , Nevada Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from April 2018 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 22 : 39 . 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who plays the detective in pretty little liars
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2018 College Football Playoff National Championship
2018 College football Playoff national championship - wikipedia 2018 College football Playoff national championship Jump to : navigation , search 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship Alabama Crimson Tide Georgia Bulldogs ( 12 -- 1 ) ( 13 -- 1 ) SEC SEC 26 23 Head coach : Nick Saban Head coach : Kirby Smart AP Coaches CFP AP Coaches CFP OT Total Alabama 0 0 10 10 6 26 Georgia 0 13 7 0 23 Date January 8 , 2018 Season 2017 Stadium Mercedes - Benz Stadium Location Atlanta , Georgia MVP Offensive : # 13 QB Tua Tagovailoa , Fr . Alabama Defensive : # 94 DT Da'Ron Payne , Jr . Alabama Favorite Alabama by 3.5 National anthem Zac Brown Band Referee Dan Capron ( Big Ten ) Halftime show Georgia Redcoat Marching Band Million Dollar Band Attendance 77,430 United States TV coverage Network ESPN / ESPN Radio / ESPN Deportes Announcers Chris Fowler , Kirk Herbstreit , Maria Taylor and Tom Rinaldi ( ESPN ) Sean McDonough , Todd Blackledge , Holly Rowe and Ian Fitzsimmons ( ESPN Radio ) College Football Playoff National Championship < 2017 2019 > The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship was a college football bowl game that determined the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2017 season . The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Georgia Bulldogs 26 -- 23 in overtime . Alabama overcame a 13 -- 0 deficit at halftime . Tua Tagovailoa and Da'Ron Payne were respectively named the offensive and defensive players of the game . The College Football Playoff selection committee chose the semifinalists following the conclusion of the 2017 regular season . Alabama and Georgia advanced to the national championship after winning the semifinal games hosted by the Sugar Bowl and the Rose Bowl , respectively , on January 1 , 2018 . The championship game was played at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia on January 8 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 2018 College Football Playoff 3 Teams 3.1 Alabama 3.2 Georgia 4 Game summary 4.1 Scoring summary 4.2 Statistics 5 Broadcasting 6 Dispute 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship took place at Mercedes - Benz Stadium The Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia was announced as the host site for the fourth College Football National Championship on November 4 , 2015 . 2018 College football Playoff ( edit ) Semifinals Championship January 1 -- Sugar Bowl Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans 1 Clemson 6 4 Alabama 24 January 8 -- National Championship Mercedes - Benz Stadium , Atlanta 4 Alabama ( OT ) 26 January 1 -- Rose Bowl Rose Bowl , Pasadena 3 Georgia 23 2 Oklahoma 48 3 Georgia ( 2OT ) 54 This bracket : view talk edit The College Football Playoff ( CFP ) selected four teams to advance to the playoff : the Clemson Tigers , Oklahoma Sooners , Georgia Bulldogs , and Alabama Crimson Tide . Teams ( edit ) Alabama ( edit ) See also : 2017 Alabama Crimson Tide football team The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Clemson Tigers in the 2018 Sugar Bowl by a score of 24 -- 6 to reach the championship game . The Tide had a 12 -- 1 season , becoming the SEC West Division co-champions with the Auburn Tigers . The Crimson Tide were coached by Nick Saban . Georgia ( edit ) See also : 2017 Georgia Bulldogs football team The Georgia Bulldogs defeated the Oklahoma Sooners in the 2018 Rose Bowl by a score of 54 -- 48 in double overtime to reach the championship game . The Bulldogs had a 13 -- 1 season claiming their 13th Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) championship with a win over Auburn Tigers , 28 -- 7 . The Bulldogs were coached by Kirby Smart . Game summary ( edit ) After winning the coin toss , Alabama deferred to the second half and Georgia received the ball to begin the game . After two plays , quarterback Jake Fromm attempted a pass downfield and was intercepted by Tony Brown . Alabama began their first drive of the game , and , after eleven plays , that drive ended with kicker Andy Pappanastos missing a 40 - yard field goal . The teams each had three - and - outs for the game 's first two punts . During Georgia 's ensuing drive , the quarter ended , with no score . After a failed third down conversion , on the second play of the second quarter , Georgia kicker Rodrigo Blankenship hit a 41 - yard field goal to open the scoring and put Georgia in the lead by three . Alabama 's ensuing drive went nowhere , as they gained four yards on three plays and punted . Georgia took the ball and drove down the field , and found themselves with a first and goal at the Alabama 10 - yard - line ; the Tide defense held , however , and the Bulldogs settled for a second field goal and took a 6 -- 0 lead with just over seven and a half minutes until half . On Alabama 's next drive , the Georgia defense held yet again and Alabama 's JK Scott punted for the third time . Just prior to the punt , Georgia wide receiver Javon Wims was shown walking to the locker room , reportedly with a left shoulder injury . Both defenses then forced punts , and Georgia took back over with 1 : 19 remaining in the half on their own 31 - yard - line . Nine plays later , on Alabama 's 1 - yard - line , Mecole Hardman took a direct snap , faked a handoff , and ran into the end zone for the game 's first touchdown , putting Georgia up 13 -- 0 going into halftime . Because they deferred the coin toss , Alabama received the ball first in the second half . They started their drive on their own 22 - yard - line . Tua Tagovailoa , Alabama 's backup quarterback , started the second half for the Tide ; that drive quickly resulted in a three - and - out . The initial punt was blocked , but an offside call gave the Tide another chance to punt . Georgia started their drive on their own 36 - yard - line , but punted on 4th & 17 . Alabama took over on their own 44 - yard - line . The teams then traded touchdowns on consecutive drives ; Alabama scored their first points of the game on a 6 - yard pass from Tagovailoa to Ruggs , but Georgia immediately responded with an 80 - yard touchdown connection from Fromm to Mecole Hardman , putting Georgia up 20 -- 7 . On the second play of Alabama 's ensuing drive , Tagovailoa , while scrambling to the left , threw into traffic and was intercepted by Georgia 's Deandre Baker . Up 13 , the Bulldogs took over possession of the ball on Alabama 's 39 - yard - line . The Tide defense responded immediately , however , as Raekwon Davis intercepted a Jake Fromm pass on the first play of Georgia 's drive , returning the pick to the UGA 40 - yard - line . The Tide gained fifteen yards on six plays and kicker Andy Pappanastos avenged his earlier miss with a 43 - yard field goal that put Bama within ten . The teams then traded punts . Just prior to Alabama 's punt , it was announced that an Alabama defensive back , Kyriq McDonald , had collapsed on the sideline ; the situation was described as a `` serious medical emergency '' . He was loaded onto a medical stretcher awake and conscious . Georgia could not muster anything on offense that drive , and punted . The fourth quarter saw Tagovailoa lead the Tide to come back and tie the game at 20 with 3 : 49 . With three seconds remaining in the game , Andy Pappanastos missed a potential game - winning 36 - yard field goal to the left , sending the game to overtime . In overtime , Georgia scored on a 51 - yard field goal . On Alabama 's first offensive play in overtime , Tagovailoa was sacked for a 16 - yard loss , but immediately followed that with a game - winning 41 - yard touchdown pass to DeVonta Smith . Tagovailoa was named the offensive player of the game , and Da'Ron Payne was named the defensive player of the game . Scoring summary ( edit ) ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP Alabama Georgia 14 : 14 14 55 7 : 40 Georgia 41 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 0 7 : 33 13 70 5 : 19 Georgia 27 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 0 6 0 : 07 9 69 1 : 12 Georgia Mecole Hardman 1 - yard touchdown run , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 0 13 8 : 52 7 56 1 : 59 Alabama Henry Ruggs III 6 - yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa , Andy Pappanastos kick good 7 13 6 : 52 93 1 : 55 Georgia Mecole Hardman 80 - yard touchdown reception from Jake Fromm , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 7 20 5 : 20 6 15 1 : 06 Alabama 43 - yard field goal by Andy Pappanastos 10 20 9 : 24 8 71 2 : 15 Alabama 30 - yard field goal by Andy Pappanastos 13 20 3 : 49 8 66 3 : 21 Alabama Calvin Ridley 7 - yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa , Andy Pappanastos kick good 20 20 OT - 9 Georgia 51 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 20 23 OT 25 Alabama DeVonta Smith 41 - yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa 26 23 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 26 23 Statistics ( edit ) OT Total No. 4 Crimson Tide 0 0 10 10 6 26 No. 3 Bulldogs 0 13 7 0 23 Statistics Alabama Georgia First downs 20 22 Plays -- yards 71 -- 371 77 -- 365 Rushes -- yards 39 -- 184 45 -- 133 Passing yards 187 232 Passing : Comp -- Att -- Int 17 -- 32 -- 1 16 -- 32 -- 2 Time of possession 26 : 17 33 : 43 Sources : ESPN , StatBroadcast Team Player Statistics Alabama Passing Tua Tagovailoa 14 / 24 , 166 yds , 3 TD , 1 INT Rushing Najee Harris 6 car , 64 yds Receiving Calvin Ridley 4 rec , 32 yds , 1 TD Georgia Passing Jake Fromm 16 / 32 , 232 yds , 1 TD , 2 INT Rushing Sony Michel 14 car , 98 yds Receiving Riley Ridley 6 rec , 82 yds Sources : ESPN , StatBroadcast Broadcasting ( edit ) The game was televised nationally by ESPN . On January 8 , 2018 , the network announced that its broadcast would feature a live performance by Kendrick Lamar during halftime . This performance was separate from the event proper at Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( which featured a traditional halftime show with the marching bands of the participating teams ) , and originated from Centennial Olympic Park . Dispute ( edit ) Following an undefeated season in the American Athletic Conference and their victory over the Auburn Tigers in the 2018 Peach Bowl , the UCF Knights claimed the national championship by virtue of being the only undefeated team in the FBS level of college football . UCF held a victory parade at Disney World and hung a national championship banner at their stadium to celebrate this achievement . The school also paid national championship bonuses to all of its assistant coaches , many of whom left UCF after the Peach Bowl to follow head coach Scott Frost to his new head coaching job at Nebraska ; Frost himself ( who coached UCF in the game ) did not receive such a bonus because he had already been paid all of the bonuses allowed by his UCF contract . The selection committee controversially ranked undefeated UCF 12th at the end of the regular season , below a number of two - loss teams from the Power Five conferences , which left them out of the CFP . The AP Poll ranked Alabama No. 1 in its final poll , receiving 57 first - place votes , while UCF was ranked No. 6 and received four first - place votes -- the first time in the CFP era that the AP poll did not have a unanimous No. 1 team . Additionally , the Knights finished the 2017 football season as the No. 1 team in the Colley Bias Free Matrix Rankings . The Colley Matrix is recognized by the NCAA in its list of `` national champion major selections . '' See also ( edit ) College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kirshner , Alex ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` A Big Ten officiating crew is working the all - SEC National Championship '' . sbnation.com . SB Nation . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alex Scarbrough ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Atlanta , Santa Clara and New Orleans land CFP title games for 2018 -- 20 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selection Committee Rankings : Final Top 25 Rankings '' ( PDF ) . College Football Playoff . December 3 , 2017 . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama 's Sugar Bowl win against Clemson sets up all - SEC final : Final score , stats , analysis '' . nola.com . January 1 , 2018 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Seth ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` Georgia to play for national championship after Rose Bowl win in 2 OT '' . ajc.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Drape , Joe ; Tracy , Marc ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` National Championship Game : Georgia vs. Alabama Live Score '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` CFP players of the game : Alabama 's Tua Tagovailoa and Da'Ron Payne '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kendrick Lamar to Perform at College Football Playoff Title Game '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baker , Matt ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UCF is really claiming a national championship '' . tampabay.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` UCF Is Having a Parade at Disney World for National Championship Caliber Season '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gartland , Dan ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UCF Is Hanging a National Championship Banner at Its Stadium '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Chris ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UCF AD Says Coaches Will Be Paid National Championship Bonuses '' . SI.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ September 1 , 2018 ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Alabama is No. 1 in final AP poll for 11th time ; UCF 6th '' . Msn.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roger Simmons ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` National champions : UCF Knights finish season ranked No. 1 in Colley Matrix '' . orlandosentinel.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Media related to 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship at Wikimedia Commons College Football Playoff Championships Overview College Football Playoff National Championship Games 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 2020 -- 21 Semifinal Bowls Rose 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Sugar 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Orange 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Cotton 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Peach 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Fiesta 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Other List of College Football Playoff games New Year 's Six College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy NCAA Division I FBS champions Mythical national championship Plus - One system Power Five conferences Championship games for each season are played in January , while semifinal games are identified by season year , alternating between December and January Links to related articles 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl game season New Mexico ( Dec. 16 ) Las Vegas ( Dec. 16 ) Camellia ( Dec. 16 ) Cure ( Dec. 16 ) New Orleans ( Dec. 16 ) Boca Raton ( Dec. 19 ) Frisco ( Dec. 20 ) Gasparilla ( Dec. 21 ) Famous Idaho Potato ( Dec. 22 ) Bahamas ( Dec. 22 ) Armed Forces ( Dec. 23 ) Birmingham ( Dec. 23 ) Dollar General ( Dec. 23 ) Hawaii ( Dec. 24 ) Quick Lane ( Dec. 26 ) Heart of Dallas ( Dec. 26 ) Cactus ( Dec. 26 ) Independence ( Dec. 27 ) Pinstripe ( Dec. 27 ) Texas ( Dec. 27 ) Foster Farms ( Dec. 27 ) Military ( Dec. 28 ) Camping World ( Dec. 28 ) Alamo ( Dec. 28 ) Holiday ( Dec. 28 ) Belk ( Dec. 29 ) Cotton ( Dec. 29 ) Sun ( Dec. 29 ) Music City ( Dec. 29 ) Arizona ( Dec. 29 ) Fiesta ( Dec. 30 ) Liberty ( Dec. 30 ) Orange ( Dec. 30 ) TaxSlayer ( Dec. 30 ) Citrus ( Jan. 1 ) Outback ( Jan. 1 ) Peach ( Jan. 1 ) College Football Playoff games : Rose ( semifinal ) ( Jan. 1 ) Sugar ( semifinal ) ( Jan. 1 ) National Championship Game ( Jan. 8 ) All - Star Games East -- West Shrine Game ( Jan. 20 ) NFLPA Collegiate Bowl ( Jan. 20 ) Senior Bowl ( Jan. 27 ) NCAA Football Championship Games Division I FBS 2007 * 2008 * 2009 * 2010 * 2011 * 2012 * 2013 * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 * 2018 * 2019 * I-A 1993 * 1994 * 1995 * 1996 * 1997 * 1998 * 1999 * 2000 * 2001 * 2002 * 2003 * 2004 * 2005 * 2006 * FCS 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 * 2012 * 2013 * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 * 2018 * 2019 * I - AA 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 Division II 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Division III 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Games played in January are denoted by an asterisk Alabama Crimson Tide bowl games 1926 Rose Bowl 1927 Rose Bowl 1931 Rose Bowl 1935 Rose Bowl 1938 Rose Bowl 1942 Cotton Bowl Classic 1943 Orange Bowl 1945 Sugar Bowl 1946 Rose Bowl 1948 Sugar Bowl 1953 Orange Bowl 1954 Cotton Bowl Classic 1959 Liberty Bowl 1960 Bluebonnet Bowl 1962 Sugar Bowl 1963 Orange Bowl 1964 Sugar Bowl 1965 Orange Bowl 1966 Orange Bowl 1967 Sugar Bowl 1968 Cotton Bowl Classic 1968 Gator Bowl 1969 Liberty Bowl 1970 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1972 Orange Bowl 1973 Cotton Bowl Classic 1973 Sugar Bowl 1975 Orange Bowl 1975 Sugar Bowl 1976 Liberty Bowl 1978 Sugar Bowl 1979 Sugar Bowl 1980 Sugar Bowl 1981 Cotton Bowl Classic 1982 Cotton Bowl Classic 1982 Liberty Bowl 1983 Sun Bowl 1985 Aloha Bowl 1986 Sun Bowl 1988 Hall of Fame Bowl 1988 Sun Bowl 1990 Sugar Bowl 1991 Fiesta Bowl 1991 Blockbuster Bowl 1993 Sugar Bowl # 1993 Gator Bowl 1995 Florida Citrus Bowl 1997 Outback Bowl 1998 Music City Bowl 2000 Orange Bowl 2001 Independence Bowl 2004 Music City Bowl 2006 Cotton Bowl Classic 2006 Independence Bowl 2007 Independence Bowl 2009 Sugar Bowl 2010 BCS National Championship Game # 2011 Capital One Bowl 2012 BCS National Championship Game # 2013 BCS National Championship Game # 2014 Sugar Bowl 2015 Sugar Bowl / 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic ( Dec ) / 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship # 2016 Peach Bowl / 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship # 2018 Sugar Bowl / 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship # # denotes national championship game / denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game Georgia Bulldogs bowl games 1942 Orange Bowl 1943 Rose Bowl 1946 Oil Bowl 1947 Sugar Bowl 1948 Gator Bowl 1949 Orange Bowl 1950 Presidential Cup 1960 Orange Bowl 1964 Sun Bowl 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic 1967 Liberty Bowl 1969 Sugar Bowl 1969 Sun Bowl 1971 Gator Bowl 1973 Peach Bowl 1974 Tangerine Bowl 1976 Cotton Bowl Classic 1977 Sugar Bowl 1978 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1981 Sugar Bowl 1982 Sugar Bowl 1983 Sugar Bowl 1984 Cotton Bowl Classic 1984 Florida Citrus Bowl 1985 Sun Bowl 1986 Hall of Fame Bowl 1987 Liberty Bowl 1989 Gator Bowl 1989 Peach Bowl 1991 Independence Bowl 1993 Florida Citrus Bowl 1995 Peach Bowl 1998 Outback Bowl 1998 Peach Bowl 2000 Outback Bowl 2000 Oahu Bowl 2001 Music City Bowl 2003 Sugar Bowl 2004 Capital One Bowl 2005 Outback Bowl 2006 Sugar Bowl 2006 Chick - fil - A Bowl 2008 Sugar Bowl 2009 Capital One Bowl 2009 Independence Bowl 2010 Liberty Bowl 2012 Outback Bowl 2013 Capital One Bowl 2014 Gator Bowl 2014 Belk Bowl 2016 TaxSlayer Bowl 2016 Liberty Bowl 2018 Rose Bowl / 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship # # denotes national championship game / denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I championships Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Beach volleyball Bowling Cross country Fencing Field hockey Football ( FBS ) † Football ( FCS ) Men 's golf Women 's golf Men 's gymnastics Women 's gymnastics Men 's ice hockey Women 's ice hockey Indoor track and field Men 's lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Outdoor track and field Rifle Rowing Skiing Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Men 's swimming and diving Women 's swimming and diving Tennis Men 's volleyball Women 's volleyball Men 's water polo Women 's water polo Wrestling † Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship&oldid=835914368 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl games 2017 -- 18 College Football Playoff 2018 in sports in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Sports competitions in Atlanta American football in Georgia ( U.S. state ) 2010s in Atlanta Alabama Crimson Tide football bowl games Georgia Bulldogs football bowl games January 2018 sports events in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 15 : 04 . 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where's the alabama georgia game being played
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Photographic processing
Photographic processing - wikipedia Photographic processing Jump to : navigation , search Photographic processing or development is the chemical means by which photographic film or paper is treated after photographic exposure to produce a negative or positive image . Photographic processing transforms the latent image into a visible image , makes this permanent and renders it insensitive to light . All processes based upon the gelatin - silver process are similar , regardless of the film or paper 's manufacturer . Exceptional variations include instant films such as those made by Polaroid and thermally developed films . Kodachrome required Kodak 's proprietary K - 14 process . Kodachrome film production ceased in 2009 , and K - 14 processing is no longer available as of December 30 , 2010 . Ilfochrome materials use the dye destruction process . Contents ( hide ) 1 Common processes 1.1 Black and white negative processing 1.2 Black and white reversal processing 1.3 Colour processing 2 Further processing 3 Processing apparatus 3.1 Small scale processing 3.2 Commercial processing 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Common processes ( edit ) Key stages in production of Ag - based photographs . Two silver halide particles , one of which is impinged with light ( hν ) resulting in the formation of a latent image ( step 1 ) . The latent image is amplified using photographic developers , converting the silver halide crystal to an opaque particle of silver metal ( step 2 ) . Finally , the remaining silver halide is removed by fixing ( step 3 ) . All photographic processing use a series of chemical baths . Processing , especially the development stages , requires very close control of temperature , agitation and time . Black and white negative processing ( edit ) Black and white negative processing is the chemical means by which photographic film and paper is treated after photographic exposure to produce a negative or positive image . Photographic processing transforms the latent image into a visible image , makes this permanent and renders it insensitive to light . The film may be soaked in water to swell the gelatin layer , facilitating the action of the subsequent chemical treatments . The developer converts the latent image to macroscopic particles of metallic silver . A stop bath , typically a dilute solution of acetic acid or citric acid , halts the action of the developer . A rinse with clean water may be substituted . The fixer makes the image permanent and light - resistant by dissolving remaining silver halide . A common fixer is hypo , specifically ammonium thiosulfate . Washing in clean water removes any remaining fixer . Residual fixer can corrode the silver image , leading to discolouration , staining and fading . The washing time can be reduced and the fixer more completely removed if a hypo clearing agent is used after the fixer . Film may be rinsed in a dilute solution of a non-ionic wetting agent to assist uniform drying , which eliminates drying marks caused by hard water . ( In very hard water areas , a pre-rinse in distilled water may be required - otherwise the final rinse wetting agent can cause residual ionic calcium on the film to drop out of solution , causing spotting on the negative . ) Film is then dried in a dust - free environment , cut and placed into protective sleeves . Once the film is processed , it is then referred to as a negative . The negative may now be printed ; the negative is placed in an enlarger and projected onto a sheet of photographic paper . Many different techniques can be used during the enlargement process . Two examples of enlargement techniques are dodging and burning . Alternatively ( or as well ) , the negative may be scanned for digital printing or web viewing after adjustment , retouching , and / or manipulation . In modern automatic processing machines , the stop bath is replaced by mechanical squeegee or pinching rollers . These treatments remove much of the carried - over alkaline developer , and the acid , when used , neutralizes the alkalinity to reduce the contamination of the fixing bath with the developer . Black and white reversal processing ( edit ) This process has three additional stages : Following the stop bath , the film is bleached to remove the developed negative image . The film then contains a latent positive image formed from unexposed and undeveloped silver halide salts . The film is fogged , either chemically or by exposure to light . The remaining silver halide salts are developed in the second developer , converting them into a positive image . Finally , the film is fixed , washed , dried and cut . Colour processing ( edit ) Chromogenic materials use dye couplers to form colour images . Modern colour negative film is developed with the C - 41 process and colour negative print materials with the RA - 4 process . These processes are very similar , with differences in the first chemical developer . The C - 41 and RA - 4 processes consist of the following steps : The colour developer develops the silver negative image , and byproducts activate the dye couplers to form the colour dyes in each emulsion layer . A rehalogenising bleach converts the developed silver image into silver halides . A fixer removes the silver salts . The film is washed , stabilised , dried and cut . In the RA - 4 process , the bleach and fix are combined . This is optional , and reduces the number of processing steps . Transparency films , except Kodachrome , are developed using the E-6 process , which has the following stages : A black and white developer develops the silver in each image layer . Development is stopped with a rinse or a stop bath . The film is fogged in the reversal step . The fogged silver halides are developed and oxidized developing agents couple with the dye couplers in each layer . The film is bleached , fixed , stabilised and dried as described above . In some old processes , the film emulsion was hardened during the process , typically before the bleach . Such a hardening bath often used aldehydes , such as formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde . In modern processing , these hardening steps are unnecessary because the film emulsion is sufficiently hardened to withstand the processing chemicals . Further processing ( edit ) See also : photographic print toning Black and white emulsions both negative and positive , may be further processed . The image silver may be reacted with elements such as selenium or sulphur to increase image permanence and for aesthetic reasons . This process is known as toning . In selenium toning , the image silver is changed to silver selenide ; in sepia toning , the image is converted to silver sulphide . These chemicals are more resistant to atmospheric oxidising agents than silver . If colour negative film is processed in conventional black and white developer , and fixed and then bleached with a bath containing hydrochloric acid and potassium dichromate solution , the resultant film , once exposed to light , can be redeveloped in colour developer to produce an unusual pastel colour effect . Processing apparatus ( edit ) Before processing , the film must be removed from the camera and from its cassette , spool or holder in a light - proof room or container . Small scale processing ( edit ) A cut - away illustration of a typical light - trap tank used in small scale developing . In amateur processing , the film is removed from the camera and wound onto a reel in complete darkness ( usually inside a darkroom with the safelight turned off or a lightproof bag with arm holes ) . The reel holds the film in a spiral shape , with space between each successive loop so the chemicals may flow freely across the film 's surfaces . The reel is placed in a specially designed light - proof tank ( called daylight processing tank or a light - trap tank ) where it is retained until final washing is complete . Sheet films can be processed in trays , in hangers ( which are used in deep tanks ) , or rotary processing drums . Each sheet can be developed individually for special requirements . Stand development , long development in dilute developer without agitation , is occasionally used . Commercial processing ( edit ) In commercial processing , the film is removed automatically or by an operator handling the film in a light proof bag from which it is fed into the processing machine . The processing machinery is generally run on a continuous basis with films spliced together in a continuous line . All the processing steps are carried out within a single processing machine with automatically controlled time , temperature and solution replenishment rate . The film or prints emerge washed and dry and ready to be cut by hand . Some modern machines also cut films and prints automatically , sometimes resulting in negatives cut across the middle of the frame where the space between frames is very thin or the frame edge is indistinct , as in an image taken in low light . See also ( edit ) List of photographic processes Fogging Darkroom Cross processing Caffenol References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Karlheinz Keller et al. `` Photography '' in Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry , 2005 , Wiley - VCH , Weinheim . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a20_001 Jump up ^ Matt Warman ( December 31 , 2010 ) . `` Kodachrome film retires , aged 75 '' . London : Telegraph . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wall , 1890 , p. 30 -- 63 Jump up ^ Wall , 1890 , p. 88 -- 89 Jump up ^ Photographic Almanac , 1956 , p. 149 -- 155 ^ Jump up to : Langford , Michael ( 2000 ) . Basic Photography . Oxford : Focal Press . pp. 210 ; 215 -- 216 . ISBN 0 - 240 - 51592 - 7 . Jump up ^ Photographic Almanac , 1956 , p. 429 -- 423 Wall , E.J. ( 1890 ) . Dictionary of Photography . London : Hassel , Watson and Viney Ltd . The British Journal ( 1956 ) . Photographic Almanac . London : Henry Greenwood and Co Ltd . External links ( edit ) Kodak Processing manuals The Massive Dev Chart - film development times The Comprehensive Development Times Chart - Manufacturer 's film development times database Ilford guide to processing black & white film Photography Outline Terminology 35 mm equivalent focal length Angle of view Aperture Black and white Chromatic aberration Circle of confusion Color balance Color temperature Depth of field Depth of focus Exposure Exposure compensation Exposure value Zebra patterning F - number Film format Large Medium Film speed Focal length Guide number Hyperfocal distance Metering mode Orb ( optics ) Perspective distortion Photograph Photographic printing Photographic processes Reciprocity Red - eye effect Science of photography Shutter speed Sync Zone System Genres Abstract Aerial Architectural Astrophotography Banquet Conceptual Conservation Cloudscape Documentary Ethnographic Erotic Fashion Fine - art Fire Forensic Glamour High - speed Landscape Lomography Nature Neues Sehen Nude Photojournalism Pornography Portrait Post-mortem Selfie Social documentary Sports Still life Stock Street Vernacular Underwater Wedding Wildlife Techniques Afocal Bokeh Brenizer Burst mode Contre - jour Cyanotype ETTR Fill flash Fireworks Harris shutter HDRI High - speed Holography Infrared Intentional camera movement Kirlian Kite aerial Long - exposure Macro Mordançage Multiple exposure Night Panning Panoramic Photogram Print toning Redscale Rephotography Rollout Scanography Schlieren photography Sabatier effect Stereoscopy Stopping down Strip Slit - scan Sun printing Tilt -- shift Miniature faking Time - lapse Ultraviolet Vignetting Xerography Composition Diagonal method Framing Headroom Lead room Rule of thirds Simplicity Equipment Camera light - field field instant pinhole press rangefinder SLR still TLR toy view Darkroom enlarger safelight Film base format holder stock Filter Flash beauty dish cucoloris gobo hood hot shoe monolight Reflector snoot Softbox Lens Wide - angle lens Zoom lens Telephoto lens Manufacturers Monopod Movie projector Slide projector Tripod head Zone plate History Timeline of photography technology Analog photography Autochrome Lumière Box camera Calotype Camera obscura Daguerreotype Dufaycolor Heliography Painted photography backdrops Photography and the law Glass plate Visual arts Digital photography Digital camera D - SLR comparison MILC camera back Digiscoping Digital versus film photography Film scanner Image sensor CMOS APS CCD Three - CCD camera Foveon X3 sensor Image sharing Pixel Color photography Color Print film Reversal film Color management color space primary color CMYK color model RGB color model Photographic processing Bleach bypass C - 41 process Cross processing Developer Digital image processing Dye coupler E-6 process Fixer Gelatin silver process Gum printing Instant film K - 14 process Print permanence Push processing Stop bath Lists Most expensive photographs Photographers Norwegian Polish street women Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photographic_processing&oldid=815349430 '' Categories : Science of photography Photographic processes Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Suomi Svenska 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 08 : 32 . 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which chemical makes it possible for a photograph to be exposed to be open to white light
[ "\nThe film may be soaked in water to swell the gelatin layer, facilitating the action of the subsequent chemical treatments.\nThe developer converts the latent image to macroscopic particles of metallic silver.[3]\nA stop bath,† typically a dilute solution of acetic acid or citric acid, halts the action of the developer. A rinse with clean water may be substituted.\nThe fixer makes the image permanent and light-resistant by dissolving remaining silver halide. A common fixer is hypo, specifically ammonium thiosulfate.[4]\nWashing in clean water removes any remaining fixer. Residual fixer can corrode the silver image, leading to discolouration, staining and fading.[citation needed]\n" ]
[ "silver halide" ]
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Introduction to the Study of the Hindu doctrines
Introduction to the Study of the Hindu doctrines - wikipedia Introduction to the Study of the Hindu doctrines Jump to : navigation , search Introduction to the Study of the Hindu doctrines was René Guénon 's first major book . It was published by and endorsed by Catholic publishers and scholars , despite its sympathetic treatment of a non-Christian religion . The book is based on his Ph. D. thesis . His Ph. D. thesis was rejected by Indologist Sylvain Lévi because it did n't conform to the standard Indological scholarship of the time . The book , published in 1921 , some topics of which will be included in the lecture he will give at the Sorbonne , December 17 , 1925 ( `` Oriental Metaphysics '' ) , consists of four parts . The first part ( `` preliminary questions '' ) exposes the hurdles that prevented classical orientalism from a deep understanding of eastern doctrines ( without forgetting that René Guénon had of course in view the orientalism of his time ) : the `` classical prejudice '' which `` consists essentially in a predisposition to attribute the origin of all civilization to the Greeks and Romans '' , the ignorance of certain types of relationships between the ancient peoples , linguistic difficulties , and the confusions arising about certain questions related to chronology , these confusions being made possible through the ignorance of the importance of oral transmission which can precede , to a considerable and indeterminate extent , the written formulation . A fundamental example of that latter mistake being found in the orientalist 's attempts at providing a precise birth date to the Vedas sacred scriptures . The `` general characters of eastern thought '' part focuses on the principles of unity of the eastern civilizations , on the definition of the notions of `` tradition '' and `` metaphysics '' . René Guénon also proposes a rigorous definition of the term `` religion '' , and states the proper differences between `` tradition '' , `` religion '' , `` metaphysics '' and `` philosophical system '' . The relations between `` metaphysics '' and `` theology '' are also explored , and the fundamental terms of `` esoterism '' and `` exoterism '' are introduced . A chapter is devoted to the idea of `` metaphysical realization '' . The first two parts state , according to René Guénon , the necessary doctrinal foundations for a correct understanding of Hindu doctrines . The third part : `` the Hindu doctrines '' introduces some of the most fundamental ideas in Hindu doctrines : the traditional signification of the word `` hindu '' , the notions of orthodoxy and heterodoxy contemplated from the metaphysical perspective ( in comparison with their religious or theological counterparts ) , an exposition of the main sacred texts in Hinduism , the notions of `` darshana '' , Manu law , Sanâtana Dharma , the Vêdantâ , the Upanishads etc . The fourth and last part exposes what René Guénon calls the erroneous western interpretations . He describes some currents born in India under the conjugated influence of the British Empire , Anglo - Saxon missionary protestantism and H.P. Blavatsky 's theosophism : the Arya Samâj , the doctrines of Dayânanda Saraswatî and Vivekananda etc . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michel Valsan , in Tradition primordiale et culte axial , Études traditionnelles , Jan - Feb and Mar -- Apr issues 1965 ( in French ) , proposes a relation between the notion of Sanâtana Dharma and the Islamic idea of dîn al fitra which , in Islam , denotes the human being 's conformity with the Divine . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Introduction_to_the_Study_of_the_Hindu_doctrines&oldid=789778568 '' Categories : 1921 books Books by René Guénon Talk About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2017 , at 14 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
introduction to the study of the hindu doctrines pdf
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Form 4
Form 4 - wikipedia Form 4 Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the SEC filing . For the US ATF Form 4 , see Form 4 ( ATF ) . Form 4 is a United States SEC filing that relates to insider trading . Every director , officer or owner of more than 10 % of a class of equity securities registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 must file with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission a statement of ownership regarding such security . The initial filing is on Form 3 and changes are reported on Form 4 . The annual statement of beneficial ownership of securities is on Form 5 . The forms contain information on the reporting person 's relationship to the company and on purchases and sales of such equity securities . Form 4 is stored in SEC 's EDGAR database . A Form 4 must be filed before the end of the second business day following a change in ownership of securities or derivative securities ( including the exercise or grant of stock options ) for individuals subject to Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 . Transaction codes ( edit ) Each transaction listed on the Form 4 filing has a transaction code : General transaction codes P -- Open market or private purchase of securities S -- Open market or private sale of securities V -- Transaction voluntarily reported earlier than required Rule 16b - 3 transaction codes A -- Grant , award , or other acquisition D -- Sale ( or disposition ) back to the issuer of the securities F -- Payment of exercise price or tax liability by delivering or withholding securities I -- Discretionary transaction , which is an order to the broker to execute the transaction at the best possible price M -- Exercise or conversion of derivative security Derivative securities codes C -- Conversion of derivative security ( usually options ) E -- Expiration of short derivative position ( usually options ) H -- Expiration ( or cancellation ) of long derivative position with value received ( usually options ) O -- Exercise of out - of - the - money derivative securities ( usually options ) X -- Exercise of in - the - money or at - the - money derivatives securities ( usually options ) Other sections 16b exempt transactions and small acquisition codes G -- Bona fide gift form of any clauses L -- Small acquisition W -- Acquisition or disposition by will or laws of descent and distribution Z -- Deposit into or withdrawal from voting trust Other transaction codes J -- Other acquisition or disposition ( transaction described in footnotes ) K -- Transaction in equity swap or similar instrument U -- Disposition due to a tender of shares in a change of control transaction Resources ( edit ) Official SEC website External links ( edit ) Latest Form 4 filings Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Form_4&oldid=797671144 '' Categories : SEC filings Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 14 : 56 . About Wikipedia
when do you have to file a form 4
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Pawan Kumar Chamling
Pawan Kumar Chamling - wikipedia Pawan Kumar Chamling Jump to : navigation , search The Honourable Pawan Kumar Chamling 5th Chief Minister of Sikkim Incumbent Assumed office 12 December 1994 Preceded by Sanchaman Limboo Personal details ( 1950 - 09 - 22 ) 22 September 1950 ( age 67 ) Yangang , Kingdom of Sikkim ( now in Sikkim , India ) Nationality Indian Political party Sikkim Democratic Front Spouse ( s ) Dhan Maya Chamling Tika Maya Chamling Children 4 Sons 4 Daughters Bijoy , Bishal , Bikash and Bibek Chamling ( sons ) Sushila , Shiela , Sunita and Komal Chamling ( daughters ) Profession Farmer , Contractor Website pawanchamling.in Pawan Kumar Chamling ( born 22 September 1950 ) is the fifth and incumbent Chief minister of the Indian state of Sikkim . Chamling is the founder president of the Sikkim Democratic Front , which has governed the state for five successive terms since 1994 . Chamling is the longest standing current Chief minister of any state in India and the second longest serving Chief minister after India 's independence , behind Jyoti Basu . Prior to establishing the Sikkim Democratic Front , Chamling served as Minister for Industries , Information and Public Relations from 1989 to 1992 in the Nar Bahadur Bhandari cabinet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Political career 3 References 4 External links Personal life ( edit ) Chamling was born in Yangang , South Sikkim to Ashbahadur Chamling and Asharani Chamling . Chamling is also a Nepali language writer and recipient of the Bhanu Puraskar ( 2010 ) awarded by Sikkim Sahitya Parishad . He writes under the pen name Pawan Chamling Kiran . Mr. Chamling has 8 children , 4 sons and 4 daughters . Political career ( edit ) Chamling was elected as the president of Yangang Gram Panchayat in 1982 . In 1985 , he was elected to the Sikkim Legislative Assembly for the first time . After being elected for the second time from Damthang , he became the Minister for Industries , Information and Public Relations from 1989 to 1992 in the Nar Bahadur Bhandari cabinet . After a series of major political upheavals in Sikkim , Chamling formed the Sikkim Democratic Front on 4 March 1993 . Chamling is the second chief minister in India after Jyoti Basu , of West Bengal to govern a state five terms in a row , with his party Sikkim Democratic Front winning the 1994 , 1999 , 2004 , 2009 and 2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly elections . His party first came to power in Sikkim after winning the 1994 assembly elections . His popularity kept soaring in Sikkim due to his developmental work and for maintaining peace . In 2009 , his party Sikkim Democratic Front won all 32 assembly seats in Sikkim Legislative Assembly . Following win in 2014 assembly election , he was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Sikkim for the fifth consecutive time on May 21 , 2014 by Shriniwas Dadasaheb Patil , the Governor of Sikkim . He became the chief minister for a fifth time , a record previously held by Jyoti Basu who ruled West Bengal from 1977 to 2000 . His party SDF won 22 out of 32 assembly seats in the 2014 legislative assembly election . 18 months after the 2014 elections , on November 30 , 2015 , 7 out of 10 opposition MLAs joined the SDF party under the leadership of Pawan Chamling . Now the ruling front has 28 out of 32 assembly seats in the state . On 18 January 2016 Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi made a two - day visit to the state to declare Sikkim as the first and the only `` organic state '' in the country , as it has fully implemented organic farming statewide . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sikkim budget session from 25 June '' . Zee News. of insiaGangtok . PTI . June 13 , 2012 . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pawan Chamling -- The Fifth Chief Minister of Sikkim '' . National Informatics Centre . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sikkim CM wants BJP chief to step in '' . Jump up ^ `` Sikkim CM Pawan Kumar Chamling : We have been let down by West Bengal '' . Jump up ^ `` Chamling sworn in as Sikkim CM for record fifth time '' . The Indian Express . Gangtok . Press Trust of India . May 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sikkim becomes India 's first organic state '' . Daily News and Analysis . 16 January 2016 . External links ( edit ) Website of Sikkim Democratic Front Chief Minister 's website Pawan Chamling 's Speech Pawan Chamling in the program Satyameva Jayate on making Sikkim an Organic State Preceded by Sanchaman Limboo Chief Minister of Sikkim 12 December 1994 -- present Succeeded by incumbent Lists of chief ministers of Indian states ( and current incumbents ) Andhra Pradesh N. Chandrababu Naidu Arunachal Pradesh Pema Khandu Assam Sarbananda Sonowal Bihar Nitish Kumar Chhattisgarh Raman Singh Delhi Arvind Kejriwal Goa Manohar Parrikar Gujarat Vijay Rupani Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar Himachal Pradesh Jai Ram Thakur Jammu and Kashmir Mehbooba Mufti Jharkhand Raghubar Das Karnataka Siddaramaiah Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh Chouhan Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis Manipur N. Biren Singh Meghalaya Mukul Sangma Mizoram Lal Thanhawla Nagaland T.R. Zeliang Odisha Naveen Patnaik Puducherry V. Narayanasamy Punjab Amarinder Singh Rajasthan Vasundhara Raje Sikkim Pawan Kumar Chamling Tamil Nadu Edappadi K. Palaniswami Telangana K. Chandrasekhar Rao Tripura Manik Sarkar Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath Uttarakhand Trivendra Singh Rawat West Bengal Mamata Banerjee Women chief ministers From the Bharatiya Janata Party From the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Chief Ministers of Sikkim Kazi Lhendup Dorjee Nar Bahadur Bhandari B.B. Gurung Sanchaman Limboo Pawan Kumar Chamling VIAF : 40443224 GND : 12898595X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pawan_Kumar_Chamling&oldid=821042040 '' Categories : 1950 births Living people Chief Ministers of Sikkim Sikkim Democratic Front politicians People from South Sikkim district Indian people of Nepalese descent Nepali - language poets Indian National Congress politicians from Sikkim Hidden categories : Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली 日本 語 Polski Русский தமிழ் Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 02 : 32 . About Wikipedia
who is the longest serving cheif minister in india
[ "Chamling is the longest standing current Chief minister of any state in India and the second longest serving Chief minister after India's independence, behind Jyoti Basu. Prior to establishing the Sikkim Democratic Front, Chamling served as Minister for Industries, Information and Public Relations from 1989 to 1992 in the Nar Bahadur Bhandari cabinet." ]
[ "Chamling" ]
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Attack on Pearl Harbor
Attack on Pearl Harbor - wikipedia Attack on Pearl Harbor Coordinates : 21 ° 22 ′ N 157 ° 57 ′ W  /  21.367 ° N 157.950 ° W  / 21.367 ; - 157.950 Attack on Pearl Harbor Part of the Asia and the Pacific Theater of World War II Photograph of Battleship Row taken from a Japanese plane at the beginning of the attack . The explosion in the center is a torpedo strike on USS West Virginia . Two attacking Japanese planes can be seen : one over USS Neosho and one over the Naval Yard . Date December 7 , 1941 ; 76 years ago ( 1941 - 12 - 07 ) Location Primarily Pearl Harbor , Hawaii Territory , U.S. Result Major Japanese tactical victory ; precipitated the entrance of the United States into World War II See consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor Belligerents United States Japan Commanders and leaders ADM Husband E. Kimmel LTG Walter Short VADM Chūichi Nagumo ADM Isoroku Yamamoto CDR Mitsuo Fuchida Strength 8 battleships 8 cruisers 30 destroyers 4 submarines 3 USCG Cutters 47 other ships ≈ 390 aircraft Mobile Unit : 6 aircraft carriers 2 battleships 2 heavy cruisers 1 light cruiser 9 destroyers 8 tankers 23 fleet submarines 5 midget submarines 414 aircraft Casualties and losses 4 battleships sunk 4 battleships damaged 1 ex-battleship sunk 1 harbor tug sunk 3 cruisers damaged 3 destroyers damaged 3 other ships damaged 188 aircraft destroyed 159 aircraft damaged 2,335 killed 1,143 wounded 4 midget submarines sunk 1 midget submarine grounded 29 aircraft destroyed 64 killed 1 sailor captured Civilian casualties 68 killed 35 wounded 3 aircraft shot down Hawaiian Islands Campaign Pearl Harbor Niihau 1st Midway Johnston and Palmyra 2nd Midway 3rd Midway Japanese offensives , 1940 -- 1942 French Indochina Thailand Malaya Borneo Pearl Harbor Hong Kong Philippines Guam Wake Dutch East Indies New Guinea Singapore Burma Australia Indian Ocean Solomons Coral Sea North America Pacific War Central Pacific Hawaii Marshalls - Gilberts raids Doolittle Raid Coral Sea Midway RY Solomons Gilberts & Marshalls Marianas & Palau Volcano & Ryukyu Truk Southeast Asia Indochina ( 1940 ) Indian Ocean ( 1940 -- 45 ) Philippines 1941 -- 42 Franco - Thai War Thailand Dutch East Indies Malaya Hong Kong Singapore Indochina ( 1945 ) Malacca Strait Jurist Tiderace Zipper Strategic bombing ( 1944 -- 45 ) Burma Burma ( 1941 -- 42 ) Burma ( 1942 -- 43 ) Burma ( 1944 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) Southwest Pacific Dutch East Indies 1941 -- 42 Portuguese Timor Australia New Guinea Philippines 1944 -- 45 Borneo 1945 North America Ellwood Aleutian Islands Estevan Point Lighthouse Fort Stevens Lookout Air Raids Fire balloon Project Hula PX Japan Air raids Mariana Islands Volcano & Ryukyu Is Tokyo Starvation Naval bombardments Yokosuka Sagami Bay Kure Downfall Hiroshima & Nagasaki Kurils Karafuto Japanese surrender Manchuria Kantokuen Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mutanchiang Sakhalin Island Kuril Islands Shumshu Second Sino - Japanese War The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii Territory , on the morning of December 7 , 1941 . The attack , also known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor , led to the United States ' entry into World War II . The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI , and as Operation Z during its planning . Japan intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with its planned military actions in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , and the United States . Over the course of seven hours there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the U.S. - held Philippines , Guam and Wake Island and on the British Empire in Malaya , Singapore , and Hong Kong . The attack commenced at 7 : 48 a.m. Hawaiian Time ( 18 : 18 GMT ) . The base was attacked by 353 Imperial Japanese aircraft ( including fighters , level and dive bombers , and torpedo bombers ) in two waves , launched from six aircraft carriers . All eight U.S. Navy battleships were damaged , with four sunk . All but the USS Arizona were later raised , and six were returned to service and went on to fight in the war . The Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers , three destroyers , an anti-aircraft training ship , and one minelayer . One hundred eighty - eight U.S. aircraft were destroyed ; 2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded . Important base installations such as the power station , dry dock , shipyard , maintenance , and fuel and torpedo storage facilities , as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building ( also home of the intelligence section ) , were not attacked . Japanese losses were light : 29 aircraft and five midget submarines lost , and 64 servicemen killed . One Japanese sailor , Kazuo Sakamaki , was captured . The surprise attack came as a profound shock to the American people and led directly to the American entry into World War II in both the Pacific and European theaters . The following day , December 8 , the United States declared war on Japan , and several days later , on December 11 , Germany and Italy each declared war on the U.S. The U.S. responded with a declaration of war against Germany and Italy . Domestic support for non-interventionism , which had been fading since the Fall of France in 1940 , disappeared . There were numerous historical precedents for unannounced military action by Japan , but the lack of any formal warning , particularly while negotiations were still apparently ongoing , led President Franklin D. Roosevelt to proclaim December 7 , 1941 , `` a date which will live in infamy '' . Because the attack happened without a declaration of war and without explicit warning , the attack on Pearl Harbor was later judged in the Tokyo Trials to be a war crime . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background to conflict 1.1 Diplomatic background 1.2 Military planning 1.3 Objectives 2 Approach and attack 2.1 Submarines 2.2 Japanese declaration of war 2.3 First wave composition 2.4 Second wave composition 2.5 American casualties and damage 2.6 Japanese losses 2.7 Possible third wave 3 Ships lost or damaged 3.1 Battleships 3.2 Ex-battleship ( target / AA training ship ) 3.3 Cruisers 3.4 Destroyers 3.5 Auxiliaries 4 Salvage 5 Aftermath 5.1 Niihau Incident 5.2 Strategic implications 5.3 Retrospective debate on American intelligence 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background to conflict Main article : Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor Diplomatic background War between Japan and the United States had been a possibility that each nation had been aware of , and planned for , since the 1920s . However , tensions did not seriously grow until Japan 's invasion of Manchuria in 1931 . Over the next decade , Japan expanded into China , leading to the Second Sino - Japanese War in 1937 . Japan spent considerable effort trying to isolate China , and endeavored to secure enough independent resources to attain victory on the mainland . The `` Southern Operation '' was designed to assist these efforts . Pearl Harbor on October 30 , 1941 , looking southwest Starting in December 1937 , events such as the Japanese attack on USS Panay , the Allison incident , and the Nanking Massacre swung Western public opinion sharply against Japan . Fearing Japanese expansion , the United States , United Kingdom , and France assisted China with its loans for war supply contracts . In 1940 , Japan invaded French Indochina , attempting to stymie the flow of supplies reaching China . The United States halted shipments of airplanes , parts , machine tools , and aviation gasoline to Japan , which the latter perceived as an unfriendly act . The United States did not stop oil exports , however , partly because of the prevailing sentiment in Washington : given Japanese dependence on American oil , such an action was likely to be considered an extreme provocation . In mid-1940 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt moved the Pacific Fleet from San Diego to Hawaii . He also ordered a military buildup in the Philippines , taking both actions in the hope of discouraging Japanese aggression in the Far East . Because the Japanese high command was ( mistakenly ) certain any attack on the United Kingdom 's Southeast Asian colonies , including Singapore , would bring the U.S. into the war , a devastating preventive strike appeared to be the only way to prevent American naval interference . An invasion of the Philippines was also considered necessary by Japanese war planners . The U.S. War Plan Orange had envisioned defending the Philippines with an elite force of 40,000 men ; this option was never implemented due to opposition from Douglas MacArthur , who felt he would need a force ten times that size . By 1941 , U.S. planners expected to abandon the Philippines at the outbreak of war . Late that year , Admiral Thomas C. Hart , commander of the Asiatic Fleet , was given orders to that effect . The U.S. finally ceased oil exports to Japan in July 1941 , following the seizure of French Indochina after the Fall of France , in part because of new American restrictions on domestic oil consumption . Because of this decision , Japan proceeded with plans to take the oil - rich Dutch East Indies . On August 17 , Roosevelt warned Japan that America was prepared to take opposing steps if `` neighboring countries '' were attacked . The Japanese were faced with a dichotomy -- either withdraw from China and lose face , or seize new sources of raw materials in the resource - rich European colonies of Southeast Asia . Japan and the U.S. engaged in negotiations during 1941 , attempting to improve relations . In the course of these negotiations , Japan offered to withdraw from most of China and Indochina after making peace with the Nationalist government . It also proposed to adopt an independent interpretation of the Tripartite Pact and to refrain from trade discrimination , provided all other nations reciprocated . Washington rejected these proposals . Japanese Prime Minister Konoye then offered to meet with Roosevelt , but Roosevelt insisted on reaching an agreement before any meeting . The U.S. ambassador to Japan repeatedly urged Roosevelt to accept the meeting , warning that it was the only way to preserve the conciliatory Konoye government and peace in the Pacific . However , his recommendation was not acted upon . The Konoye government collapsed the following month , when the Japanese military rejected a withdrawal of all troops from China . Japan 's final proposal , delivered on November 20 , offered to withdraw from southern Indochina and to refrain from attacks in Southeast Asia , so long as the United States , United Kingdom , and Netherlands ceased aid to China and lifted their sanctions against Japan . The American counter-proposal of November 26 ( November 27 in Japan ) , the Hull note , required Japan completely evacuate China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with Pacific powers . On November 26 in Japan , the day before the note 's delivery , the Japanese task force left port for Pearl Harbor . Military planning Preliminary planning for an attack on Pearl Harbor to protect the move into the `` Southern Resource Area '' ( the Japanese term for the Dutch East Indies and Southeast Asia generally ) had begun very early in 1941 under the auspices of Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto , then commanding Japan 's Combined Fleet . He won assent to formal planning and training for an attack from the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff only after much contention with Naval Headquarters , including a threat to resign his command . Full - scale planning was underway by early spring 1941 , primarily by Rear Admiral Ryūnosuke Kusaka , with assistance from Captain Minoru Genda and Yamamoto 's Deputy Chief of Staff , Captain Kameto Kuroshima . The planners studied the 1940 British air attack on the Italian fleet at Taranto intensively . Over the next several months , pilots were trained , equipment was adapted , and intelligence was collected . Despite these preparations , Emperor Hirohito did not approve the attack plan until November 5 , after the third of four Imperial Conferences called to consider the matter . Final authorization was not given by the emperor until December 1 , after a majority of Japanese leaders advised him the `` Hull Note '' would `` destroy the fruits of the China incident , endanger Manchukuo and undermine Japanese control of Korea . '' By late 1941 , many observers believed that hostilities between the U.S. and Japan were imminent . A Gallup poll just before the attack on Pearl Harbor found that 52 % of Americans expected war with Japan , 27 % did not , and 21 % had no opinion . While U.S. Pacific bases and facilities had been placed on alert on many occasions , U.S. officials doubted Pearl Harbor would be the first target ; instead , they expected the Philippines would be attacked first . This presumption was due to the threat that the air bases throughout the country and the naval base at Manila posed to sea lanes , as well as to the shipment of supplies to Japan from territory to the south . They also incorrectly believed that Japan was not capable of mounting more than one major naval operation at a time . Objectives The Japanese attack had several major aims . First , it intended to destroy important American fleet units , thereby preventing the Pacific Fleet from interfering with Japanese conquest of the Dutch East Indies and Malaya and to enable Japan to conquer Southeast Asia without interference . Second , it was hoped to buy time for Japan to consolidate its position and increase its naval strength before shipbuilding authorized by the 1940 Vinson - Walsh Act erased any chance of victory . Third , to deliver a blow to America 's ability to mobilize its forces in the Pacific , battleships were chosen as the main targets , since they were the prestige ships of any navy at the time . Finally , it was hoped that the attack would undermine American morale such that the U.S. government would drop its demands contrary to Japanese interests , and would seek a compromise peace with Japan . Striking the Pacific Fleet at anchor in Pearl Harbor carried two distinct disadvantages : the targeted ships would be in very shallow water , so it would be relatively easy to salvage and possibly repair them ; and most of the crews would survive the attack , since many would be on shore leave or would be rescued from the harbor . A further important disadvantage -- this of timing , and known to the Japanese -- was the absence from Pearl Harbor of all three of the U.S. Pacific Fleet 's aircraft carriers ( Enterprise , Lexington , and Saratoga ) . IJN top command was attached to Admiral Mahan 's `` decisive battle '' doctrine , especially that of destroying the maximum number of battleships . Despite these concerns , Yamamoto decided to press ahead . Japanese confidence in their ability to achieve a short , victorious war also meant other targets in the harbor , especially the navy yard , oil tank farms , and submarine base , were ignored , since -- by their thinking -- the war would be over before the influence of these facilities would be felt . Approach and attack See also : Order of battle of the Attack on Pearl Harbor Route followed by the Japanese fleet to Pearl Harbor and back An Imperial Japanese Navy Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter on the aircraft carrier Akagi On November 26 , 1941 , a Japanese task force ( the Striking Force ) of six aircraft carriers -- Akagi , Kaga , Sōryū , Hiryū , Shōkaku , and Zuikaku -- departed Hittokapu Bay on Kasatka ( now Iterup ) Island in the Kurile Islands , en route to a position northwest of Hawaii , intending to launch its 408 aircraft to attack Pearl Harbor : 360 for the two attack waves and 48 on defensive combat air patrol ( CAP ) , including nine fighters from the first wave . The first wave was to be the primary attack , while the second wave was to attack carriers as its first objective and cruisers as its second , with battleships as the third target . The first wave carried most of the weapons to attack capital ships , mainly specially adapted Type 91 aerial torpedoes which were designed with an anti-roll mechanism and a rudder extension that let them operate in shallow water . The aircrews were ordered to select the highest value targets ( battleships and aircraft carriers ) or , if these were not present , any other high value ships ( cruisers and destroyers ) . First wave dive bombers were to attack ground targets . Fighters were ordered to strafe and destroy as many parked aircraft as possible to ensure they did not get into the air to intercept the bombers , especially in the first wave . When the fighters ' fuel got low they were to refuel at the aircraft carriers and return to combat . Fighters were to serve CAP duties where needed , especially over U.S. airfields . Before the attack commenced , two reconnaissance aircraft launched from cruisers Chikuma and Tone were sent to scout over Oahu and Maui and report on U.S. fleet composition and location . Reconnaissance aircraft flights risked alerting the U.S. , and were not necessary . U.S. fleet composition and preparedness information in Pearl Harbor was already known due to the reports of the Japanese spy Takeo Yoshikawa . A report of the absence of the U.S. fleet in Lahaina anchorage off Maui was received from the fleet submarine I - 72 . Another four scout planes patrolled the area between the Japanese carrier force ( the Kidō Butai ) and Niihau , to detect any counterattack . Submarines Fleet submarines I - 16 , I - 18 , I - 20 , I - 22 , and I - 24 each embarked a Type A midget submarine for transport to the waters off Oahu . The five I - boats left Kure Naval District on November 25 , 1941 . On December 6 , they came to within 10 nmi ( 19 km ; 12 mi ) of the mouth of Pearl Harbor and launched their midget subs at about 01 : 00 on December 7 . At 03 : 42 Hawaiian Time , the minesweeper Condor spotted a midget submarine periscope southwest of the Pearl Harbor entrance buoy and alerted the destroyer Ward . The midget may have entered Pearl Harbor . However , Ward sank another midget submarine at 06 : 37 in the first American shots in the Pacific Theater . A midget submarine on the north side of Ford Island missed the seaplane tender Curtiss with her first torpedo and missed the attacking destroyer Monaghan with her other one before being sunk by Monaghan at 08 : 43 . A third midget submarine , Ha - 19 , grounded twice , once outside the harbor entrance and again on the east side of Oahu , where it was captured on December 8 . Ensign Kazuo Sakamaki swam ashore and was captured by Hawaii National Guard Corporal David Akui , becoming the first Japanese prisoner of war . A fourth had been damaged by a depth charge attack and was abandoned by its crew before it could fire its torpedoes . Japanese forces received a radio message from a midget submarine at 00 : 41 on December 8 claiming damage to one or more large warships inside Pearl Harbor . In 1992 , 2000 , and 2001 , Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory 's submersibles found the wreck of the fifth midget submarine lying in three parts outside Pearl Harbor . The wreck was in the debris field where much surplus U.S. equipment was dumped after the war , including vehicles and landing craft . Both of its torpedoes were missing . This correlates with reports of two torpedoes fired at the light cruiser St. Louis at 10 : 04 at the entrance of Pearl Harbor , and a possible torpedo fired at destroyer Helm at 08 : 21 . Japanese declaration of war See also : Japanese war crimes The attack took place before any formal declaration of war was made by Japan , but this was not Admiral Yamamoto 's intention . He originally stipulated that the attack should not commence until thirty minutes after Japan had informed the United States that peace negotiations were at an end . However , the attack began before the notice could be delivered . Tokyo transmitted the 5000 - word notification ( commonly called the `` 14 - Part Message '' ) in two blocks to the Japanese Embassy in Washington . Transcribing the message took too long for the Japanese ambassador to deliver it on schedule ; in the event , it was not presented until more than an hour after the attack began . ( In fact , U.S. code breakers had already deciphered and translated most of the message hours before he was scheduled to deliver it . ) The final part is sometimes described as a declaration of war . While it was viewed by a number of senior U.S government and military officials as a very strong indicator negotiations were likely to be terminated and that war might break out at any moment , it neither declared war nor severed diplomatic relations . A declaration of war was printed on the front page of Japan 's newspapers in the evening edition of December 8 , but not delivered to the U.S. government until the day after the attack . For decades , conventional wisdom held that Japan attacked without first formally breaking diplomatic relations only because of accidents and bumbling that delayed the delivery of a document hinting at war to Washington . In 1999 , however , Takeo Iguchi , a professor of law and international relations at International Christian University in Tokyo , discovered documents that pointed to a vigorous debate inside the government over how , and indeed whether , to notify Washington of Japan 's intention to break off negotiations and start a war , including a December 7 entry in the war diary saying , `` ( O ) ur deceptive diplomacy is steadily proceeding toward success . '' Of this , Iguchi said , `` The diary shows that the army and navy did not want to give any proper declaration of war , or indeed prior notice even of the termination of negotiations ... and they clearly prevailed . '' In any event , even if the Japanese had decoded and delivered the 14 - Part Message before the beginning of the attack , it would not have constituted either a formal break of diplomatic relations or a declaration of war . The final two paragraphs of the message read : Thus the earnest hope of the Japanese Government to adjust Japanese - American relations and to preserve and promote the peace of the Pacific through cooperation with the American Government has finally been lost . The Japanese Government regrets to have to notify hereby the American Government that in view of the attitude of the American Government it can not but consider that it is impossible to reach an agreement through further negotiations . First wave composition The Japanese attacked in two waves . The first wave was detected by U.S. Army radar at 136 nautical miles ( 252 km ) , but was misidentified as USAAF bombers arriving from the American mainland Top : A. Ford Island NAS B. Hickam Field C. Bellows Field D. Wheeler Field E. Kaneohe NAS F. Ewa MCAS R - 1 . Opana Radar Station R - 2 . Kawailoa RS R - 3 . Kaaawa RS G. Haleiwa H. Kahuku I. Wahiawa J. Kaneohe K. Honolulu 0 . B - 17s from mainland 1 . First strike group 1 - 1 . Level bombers 1 -- 2 . Torpedo bombers 1 -- 3 . Dive bombers 2 . Second strike group 2 - 1 . Level bombers 2 - 1F . Fighters 2 - 2 . Dive bombers Bottom : A. Wake Island B. Midway Islands C. Johnston Island D. Hawaii D - 1 . Oahu 1 . USS Lexington 2 . USS Enterprise 3 . First Air Fleet < 21 feet ( 6.4 m ) 22 -- 23 feet ( 6.7 -- 7.0 m ) 29 feet ( 8.8 m ) 30 -- 32 feet ( 9.1 -- 9.8 m ) 33 -- 34 feet ( 10.1 -- 10.4 m ) 34 -- 35 feet ( 10.4 -- 10.7 m ) 36 -- 37 feet ( 11.0 -- 11.3 m ) 38 -- 39 feet ( 11.6 -- 11.9 m ) 40 -- 41 feet ( 12.2 -- 12.5 m ) 42 -- 48 feet ( 12.8 -- 14.6 m ) > 49 feet ( 14.9 m ) City Army base Navy base Attacked targets : 1 : USS California 2 : USS Maryland 3 : USS Oklahoma 4 : USS Tennessee 5 : USS West Virginia 6 : USS Arizona 7 : USS Nevada 8 : USS Pennsylvania 9 : Ford Island NAS 10 : Hickam field Ignored infrastructure targets : A : Oil storage tanks B : CINCPAC headquarters building C : Submarine base D: Navy Yard The first attack wave of 183 planes was launched north of Oahu , led by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida . Six planes failed to launch due to technical difficulties . It included : 1st Group ( targets : battleships and aircraft carriers ) 49 Nakajima B5N Kate bombers armed with 800 kg ( 1760 lb ) armor - piercing bombs , organized in four sections ( 1 failed to launch ) 40 B5N bombers armed with Type 91 torpedoes , also in four sections 2nd Group -- ( targets : Ford Island and Wheeler Field ) 51 Aichi D3A Val dive bombers armed with 550 lb ( 249 kg ) general - purpose bombs ( 3 failed to launch ) 3rd Group -- ( targets : aircraft at Ford Island , Hickam Field , Wheeler Field , Barber 's Point , Kaneohe ) 43 Mitsubishi A6M `` Zero '' fighters for air control and strafing ( 2 failed to launch ) As the first wave approached Oahu , it was detected by the U.S. Army SCR - 270 radar at Opana Point near the island 's northern tip . This post had been in training mode for months , but was not yet operational . The operators , Privates George Elliot Jr. and Joseph Lockard , reported a target . But Lieutenant Kermit A. Tyler , a newly assigned officer at the thinly manned Intercept Center , presumed it was the scheduled arrival of six B - 17 bombers from California . The Japanese planes were approaching from a direction very close ( only a few degrees difference ) to the bombers , and while the operators had never seen a formation as large on radar , they neglected to tell Tyler of its size . Tyler , for security reasons , could not tell the operators of the six B - 17s that were due ( even though it was widely known ) . As the first wave planes approached Oahu , they encountered and shot down several U.S. aircraft . At least one of these radioed a somewhat incoherent warning . Other warnings from ships off the harbor entrance were still being processed or awaiting confirmation when the attacking planes began bombing and strafing . Nevertheless , it is not clear any warnings would have had much effect even if they had been interpreted correctly and much more promptly . The results the Japanese achieved in the Philippines were essentially the same as at Pearl Harbor , though MacArthur had almost nine hours warning that the Japanese had already attacked Pearl Harbor . The air portion of the attack began at 7 : 48 a.m. Hawaiian Time ( 3 : 18 a.m. December 8 Japanese Standard Time , as kept by ships of the Kido Butai ) , with the attack on Kaneohe . A total of 353 Japanese planes in two waves reached Oahu . Slow , vulnerable torpedo bombers led the first wave , exploiting the first moments of surprise to attack the most important ships present ( the battleships ) , while dive bombers attacked U.S. air bases across Oahu , starting with Hickam Field , the largest , and Wheeler Field , the main U.S. Army Air Forces fighter base . The 171 planes in the second wave attacked the Army Air Forces ' Bellows Field near Kaneohe on the windward side of the island , and Ford Island . The only aerial opposition came from a handful of P - 36 Hawks , P - 40 Warhawks , and some SBD Dauntless dive bombers from the carrier Enterprise . A destroyed Vindicator at Ewa field , the victim of one of the smaller attacks on the approach to Pearl Harbor In the first wave attack , about eight of the forty - nine 800 kg ( 1760 lb ) armor - piercing bombs dropped hit their intended battleship targets . At least two of those bombs broke up on impact , another detonated before penetrating an unarmored deck , and one was a dud . Thirteen of the forty torpedoes hit battleships , and four torpedoes hit other ships . Men aboard U.S. ships awoke to the sounds of alarms , bombs exploding , and gunfire , prompting bleary - eyed men to dress as they ran to General Quarters stations . ( The famous message , `` Air raid Pearl Harbor . This is not drill . '' , was sent from the headquarters of Patrol Wing Two , the first senior Hawaiian command to respond . ) The defenders were very unprepared . Ammunition lockers were locked , aircraft parked wingtip to wingtip in the open to prevent sabotage , guns unmanned ( none of the Navy 's 5 `` / 38s , only a quarter of its machine guns , and only four of 31 Army batteries got in action ) . Despite this low alert status , many American military personnel responded effectively during the attack . Ensign Joe Taussig Jr. , aboard Nevada , commanded the ship 's antiaircraft guns and was severely wounded , but continued to be on post . Lt. Commander F.J. Thomas commanded Nevada in the captain 's absence and got her under way until the ship was grounded at 9 : 10 a.m. One of the destroyers , Aylwin , got underway with only four officers aboard , all ensigns , none with more than a year 's sea duty ; she operated at sea for 36 hours before her commanding officer managed to get back aboard . Captain Mervyn Bennion , commanding West Virginia , led his men until he was cut down by fragments from a bomb which hit Tennessee , moored alongside . Second wave composition The second planned wave consisted of 171 planes : 54 B5Ns , 81 D3As , and 36 A6Ms , commanded by Lieutenant - Commander Shigekazu Shimazaki . Four planes failed to launch because of technical difficulties . This wave and its targets comprised : 1st Group -- 54 B5Ns armed with 550 lb ( 249 kg ) and 132 lb ( 60 kg ) general - purpose bombs 27 B5Ns -- aircraft and hangars on Kaneohe , Ford Island , and Barbers Point 27 B5Ns -- hangars and aircraft on Hickam Field 2nd Group ( targets : aircraft carriers and cruisers ) 78 D3As armed with 550 lb ( 249 kg ) general - purpose bombs , in four sections ( 3 aborted ) 3rd Group -- ( targets : aircraft at Ford Island , Hickam Field , Wheeler Field , Barber 's Point , Kaneohe ) 35 A6Ms for defense and strafing ( 1 aborted ) The second wave was divided into three groups . One was tasked to attack Kāne ʻohe , the rest Pearl Harbor proper . The separate sections arrived at the attack point almost simultaneously from several directions . American casualties and damage Ninety minutes after it began , the attack was over . Two thousand and eight sailors were killed , and 710 others wounded ; 218 soldiers and airmen ( who were part of the Army until the independent U.S. Air Force was formed in 1947 ) were killed and 364 wounded ; 109 marines were killed and 69 wounded ; and 68 civilians were killed and 35 wounded . In total , 2,403 Americans died and 1,178 were wounded . Eighteen ships were sunk or run aground , including five battleships . All of the Americans killed or wounded during the attack were non-combatants , given the fact there was no state of war when the attack occurred . USS Arizona during the attack USS Nevada , on fire and down at the bow , attempting to leave the harbor before being deliberately beached Of the American fatalities , nearly half were due to the explosion of Arizona 's forward magazine after it was hit by a modified 16 - inch ( 410 mm ) shell . Already damaged by a torpedo and on fire amidships , Nevada attempted to exit the harbor . She was targeted by many Japanese bombers as she got under way and sustained more hits from 250 lb ( 113 kg ) bombs , which started further fires . She was deliberately beached to avoid blocking the harbor entrance . USS West Virginia was sunk by six torpedoes and two bombs during the attack California was hit by two bombs and two torpedoes . The crew might have kept her afloat , but were ordered to abandon ship just as they were raising power for the pumps . Burning oil from Arizona and West Virginia drifted down on her , and probably made the situation look worse than it was . The disarmed target ship Utah was holed twice by torpedoes . West Virginia was hit by seven torpedoes , the seventh tearing away her rudder . Oklahoma was hit by four torpedoes , the last two above her belt armor , which caused her to capsize . Maryland was hit by two of the converted 16 '' shells , but neither caused serious damage . Although the Japanese concentrated on battleships ( the largest vessels present ) , they did not ignore other targets . The light cruiser Helena was torpedoed , and the concussion from the blast capsized the neighboring minelayer Oglala . Two destroyers in dry dock , Cassin and Downes were destroyed when bombs penetrated their fuel bunkers . The leaking fuel caught fire ; flooding the dry dock in an effort to fight fire made the burning oil rise , and both were burned out . Cassin slipped from her keel blocks and rolled against Downes . The light cruiser Raleigh was holed by a torpedo . The light cruiser Honolulu was damaged , but remained in service . The repair vessel Vestal , moored alongside Arizona , was heavily damaged and beached . The seaplane tender Curtiss was also damaged . The destroyer Shaw was badly damaged when two bombs penetrated her forward magazine . This message denotes the first U.S. ship , St. Louis to clear Pearl Harbor . ( National Archives and Records Administration ) ( Note that this is in answer to question `` Is channel clear ? '' and faint writing at bottom concerning the answer being held until St. Louis had successfully cleared . ) Of the 402 American aircraft in Hawaii , 188 were destroyed and 159 damaged , 155 of them on the ground . Almost none were actually ready to take off to defend the base . Eight Army Air Forces pilots managed to get airborne during the attack and six were credited with downing at least one Japanese aircraft during the attack : 1st Lt. Lewis M. Sanders , 2nd Lt. Philip M. Rasmussen , 2nd Lt. Kenneth M. Taylor , 2nd Lt. George S. Welch , 2nd Lt. Harry W. Brown , and 2nd Lt. Gordon H. Sterling Jr . Sterling was shot down by Lt. Fujita over Kaneohe Bay and is listed as Body Not Recovered ( not Missing In Action ) . Lt. John L. Dains was killed by friendly fire returning from a victory over Kaawa . Of 33 PBYs in Hawaii , 24 were destroyed , and six others damaged beyond repair . ( The three on patrol returned undamaged . ) Friendly fire brought down some U.S. planes on top of that , including five from an inbound flight from Enterprise . Japanese attacks on barracks killed additional personnel . At the time of the attack , nine civilian aircraft were flying in the vicinity of Pearl Harbor . Of these , three were shot down . Japanese losses Fifty - five Japanese airmen and nine submariners were killed in the attack , and one was captured . Of Japan 's 414 available planes , 29 were lost during the battle ( nine in the first attack wave , 20 in the second ) , with another 74 damaged by antiaircraft fire from the ground . Possible third wave Several Japanese junior officers including Fuchida and Genda urged Nagumo to carry out a third strike in order to destroy as much of Pearl Harbor 's fuel and torpedo storage , maintenance , and dry dock facilities as possible . Genda , who had unsuccessfully advocated for invading Hawaii after the air attack , believed that without an invasion , three strikes were necessary to disable the base as much as possible . The captains of the other five carriers in the task force reported they were willing and ready to carry out a third strike . Military historians have suggested the destruction of these shore facilities would have hampered the U.S. Pacific Fleet far more seriously than the loss of its battleships . If they had been wiped out , `` serious ( American ) operations in the Pacific would have been postponed for more than a year '' ; according to Admiral Chester W. Nimitz , later Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet , `` it would have prolonged the war another two years . '' Nagumo , however , decided to withdraw for several reasons : American anti-aircraft performance had improved considerably during the second strike , and two thirds of Japan 's losses were incurred during the second wave . Nagumo felt if he launched a third strike , he would be risking three quarters of the Combined Fleet 's strength to wipe out the remaining targets ( which included the facilities ) while suffering higher aircraft losses . The location of the American carriers remained unknown . In addition , the admiral was concerned his force was now within range of American land - based bombers . Nagumo was uncertain whether the U.S. had enough surviving planes remaining on Hawaii to launch an attack against his carriers . A third wave would have required substantial preparation and turnaround time , and would have meant returning planes would have had to land at night . At the time , only the Royal Navy had developed night carrier techniques , so this was a substantial risk . The task force 's fuel situation did not permit him to remain in waters north of Pearl Harbor much longer , since he was at the very limit of logistical support . To do so risked running unacceptably low on fuel , perhaps even having to abandon destroyers en route home . He believed the second strike had essentially satisfied the main objective of his mission -- the neutralization of the Pacific Fleet -- and did not wish to risk further losses . Moreover , it was Japanese Navy practice to prefer the conservation of strength over the total destruction of the enemy . At a conference aboard his flagship the following morning , Yamamoto supported Nagumo 's withdrawal without launching a third wave . In retrospect , sparing the vital dockyards , maintenance shops , and the oil tank farm meant the U.S. could respond relatively quickly to Japanese activities in the Pacific . Yamamoto later regretted Nagumo 's decision to withdraw and categorically stated it had been a great mistake not to order a third strike . Ships lost or damaged Seventeen ships were damaged or lost in the attack , of which fourteen were repaired and returned to service . Battleships Arizona ( RADM Kidd 's flagship of Battleship Division One ) : hit by four armor - piercing bombs , exploded ; total loss . 1,177 dead . Oklahoma : hit by five torpedoes , capsized ; total loss . 429 dead . West Virginia : hit by two bombs , seven torpedoes , sunk ; returned to service July 1944 . 106 dead . California : hit by two bombs , two torpedoes , sunk ; returned to service January 1944 . 100 dead . Nevada : hit by six bombs , one torpedo , beached ; returned to service October 1942 . 60 dead . Pennsylvania ( ADM Kimmel 's flagship of the United States Pacific Fleet ) : in drydock with Cassin and Downes , hit by one bomb and debris from USS Cassin ; remained in service . 9 dead . Tennessee : hit by two bombs ; returned to service February 1942 . 5 dead . Maryland : hit by two bombs ; returned to service February 1942 . 4 dead ( including floatplane pilot shot down ) . Ex-battleship ( target / aa training ship ) Utah : hit by two torpedoes , capsized ; total loss . 64 dead . Cruisers Helena : hit by one torpedo ; returned to service January 1942 . 20 dead . Raleigh : hit by one torpedo ; returned to service February 1942 . Honolulu : Near miss , light damage ; remained in service . Destroyers Cassin : in drydock with Downes and Pennsylvania , hit by one bomb , burned ; returned to service February 1944 . Downes : in drydock with Cassin and Pennsylvania , caught fire from Cassin , burned ; returned to service November 1943 . Shaw : hit by three bombs ; returned to service June 1942 . Auxiliaries Oglala ( minelayer ) : Damaged by torpedo hit on Helena , capsized ; returned to service ( as engine - repair ship ) February 1944 . Vestal ( repair ship ) : hit by two bombs , blast and fire from Arizona , beached ; returned to service by August 1942 . Curtiss ( seaplane tender ) : hit by one bomb , one crashed Japanese aircraft ; returned to service January 1942 . 19 dead . Sotoyomo ( harbor tug ) : damaged by explosion and fires in Shaw ; sunk ; returned to service August 1942 . Salvage Captain Homer N. Wallin ( center ) supervises salvage operations aboard USS California , early 1942 After a systematic search for survivors , formal salvage operations began . Captain Homer N. Wallin , Material Officer for Commander , Battle Force , U.S. Pacific Fleet , was immediately ordered to lead salvage operations . `` Within a short time I was relieved of all other duties and ordered to full time work as Fleet Salvage Officer . '' Around Pearl Harbor , divers from the Navy ( shore and tenders ) , the Naval Shipyard , and civilian contractors ( Pacific Bridge and others ) began work on the ships that could be refloated . They patched holes , cleared debris , and pumped water out of ships . Navy divers worked inside the damaged ships . Within six months , five battleships and two cruisers were patched or refloated so they could be sent to shipyards in Pearl Harbor and on the mainland for extensive repair . Intensive salvage operations continued for another year , a total of some 20,000 man - hours under water . Oklahoma , while successfully raised , was never repaired , and capsized while under tow to the mainland in 1947 . Arizona and the target ship Utah were too heavily damaged for salvage , though much of their armament and equipment was removed and put to use aboard other vessels . Today , the two hulks remain where they were sunk , with Arizona becoming a war memorial . Aftermath Main article : Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signing declaration of war against Imperial Japan on December 8 , 1941 In the wake of the attack , 15 Medals of Honor , 51 Navy Crosses , 53 Silver Stars , four Navy and Marine Corps Medals , one Distinguished Flying Cross , four Distinguished Service Crosses , one Distinguished Service Medal , and three Bronze Star Medals were awarded to the American servicemen who distinguished themselves in combat at Pearl Harbor . Additionally , a special military award , the Pearl Harbor Commemorative Medal , was later authorized for all military veterans of the attack . The day after the attack , Roosevelt delivered his famous Infamy Speech to a Joint Session of Congress , calling for a formal declaration of war on the Empire of Japan . Congress obliged his request less than an hour later . On December 11 , Germany and Italy declared war on the United States , even though the Tripartite Pact did not require it . Congress issued a declaration of war against Germany and Italy later that same day . The UK actually declared war on Japan nine hours before the U.S. did , partially due to Japanese attacks on Malaya , Singapore and Hong Kong , and partially due to Winston Churchill 's promise to declare war `` within the hour '' of a Japanese attack on the United States . Pennsylvania , behind the wreckage of Downes and Cassin The attack was an initial shock to all the Allies in the Pacific Theater . Further losses compounded the alarming setback . Japan attacked the Philippines hours later ( because of the time difference , it was December 8 in the Philippines ) . Only three days after the attack on Pearl Harbor , the battleships Prince of Wales and Repulse were sunk off the coast of Malaya , causing British Prime Minister Winston Churchill later to recollect `` In all the war I never received a more direct shock . As I turned and twisted in bed the full horror of the news sank in upon me . There were no British or American capital ships in the Indian Ocean or the Pacific except the American survivors of Pearl Harbor who were hastening back to California . Over this vast expanse of waters Japan was supreme and we everywhere were weak and naked '' . Remember December 7th ! , by Allen Saalburg , propaganda issued in 1942 Throughout the war , Pearl Harbor was frequently used in American propaganda . One further consequence of the attack on Pearl Harbor and its aftermath ( notably the Niihau incident ) was that Japanese American residents and citizens were relocated to nearby Japanese - American internment camps . Within hours of the attack , hundreds of Japanese American leaders were rounded up and brought to high - security camps such as Sand Island at the mouth of Honolulu harbor and Kilauea Military Camp on the island of Hawaii . Eventually , more than 110,000 Japanese Americans , nearly all who lived on the West Coast , were forced into interior camps , but in Hawaii , where the 150,000 - plus Japanese Americans composed over one - third of the population , only 1,200 to 1,800 were interned . The attack also had international consequences . The Canadian province of British Columbia , bordering the Pacific Ocean , had long had a large population of Japanese immigrants and their Japanese Canadian descendants . Pre-war tensions were exacerbated by the Pearl Harbor attack , leading to a reaction from the Government of Canada . On February 24 , 1942 , Order - in - Council P.C. no . 1486 was passed under the War Measures Act allowing for the forced removal of any and all Canadians of Japanese descent from British Columbia , as well as the prohibiting them from returning to the province . On 4 March , regulations under the Act were adopted to evacuate Japanese - Canadians . As a result , 12,000 were interned in interior camps , 2,000 were sent to road camps and another 2,000 were forced to work in the prairies at sugar beet farms . Petty Officer Shigenori Nishikaichi 's aircraft shown ten days after it crashed Niihau incident Main article : Niihau incident The Japanese planners had determined that some means was required for rescuing fliers whose aircraft were too badly damaged to return to the carriers . The island of Niihau , only 30 minutes flying time from Pearl Harbor , was designated as the rescue point . The Zero flown by Petty Officer Shigenori Nishikaichi of Hiryu was damaged in the attack on Wheeler , so he flew to the rescue point on Niihau . The aircraft was further damaged on landing . Nishikaichi was helped from the wreckage by one of the native Hawaiians , who , aware of the tension between the United States and Japan , took the pilot 's maps and other documents . The island 's residents had no telephones or radio and were completely unaware of the attack on Pearl Harbor . Nishikaichi enlisted the support of three Japanese - American residents in an attempt to recover the documents . During the ensuing struggles , Nishikaichi was killed and a Hawaiian civilian was wounded ; one collaborator committed suicide , and his wife and the third collaborator were sent to prison . The ease with which the local ethnic Japanese residents had apparently gone to the assistance of Nishikaichi was a source of concern for many , and tended to support those who believed that local Japanese could not be trusted . Strategic implications Admiral Hara Tadaichi summed up the Japanese result by saying , `` We won a great tactical victory at Pearl Harbor and thereby lost the war . '' To a similar effect , see Isoroku Yamamoto 's alleged `` sleeping giant '' quote . While the attack accomplished its intended objective , it turned out to be largely unnecessary . Unbeknownst to Yamamoto , who conceived the original plan , the U.S. Navy had decided as far back as 1935 to abandon ' charging ' across the Pacific towards the Philippines in response to an outbreak of war ( in keeping with the evolution of Plan Orange ) . The U.S. instead adopted `` Plan Dog '' in 1940 , which emphasized keeping the IJN out of the eastern Pacific and away from the shipping lanes to Australia , while the U.S. concentrated on defeating Nazi Germany . Fortunately for the United States , the American aircraft carriers were untouched by the Japanese attack ; otherwise the Pacific Fleet 's ability to conduct offensive operations would have been crippled for a year or more ( given no diversions from the Atlantic Fleet ) . As it was , the elimination of the battleships left the U.S. Navy with no choice but to rely on its aircraft carriers and submarines -- the very weapons with which the U.S. Navy halted and eventually reversed the Japanese advance . While six of the eight battleships were repaired and returned to service , their relatively low speed and high fuel consumption limited their deployment , and they served mainly in shore bombardment roles ( their only major action being the Battle of Surigao Strait in October 1944 ) . A major flaw of Japanese strategic thinking was a belief that the ultimate Pacific battle would be fought by battleships , in keeping with the doctrine of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan . As a result , Yamamoto ( and his successors ) hoarded battleships for a `` decisive battle '' that never happened . The Japanese confidence in their ability to achieve a short , victorious war meant that they neglected Pearl Harbor 's navy repair yards , oil tank farms , submarine base , and old headquarters building . All of these targets were omitted from Genda 's list , yet they proved more important than any battleship to the American war efforts in the Pacific . The survival of the repair shops and fuel depots allowed Pearl Harbor to maintain logistical support to the U.S. Navy 's operations , such as the Battles of Coral Sea and Midway . It was submarines that immobilized the Imperial Japanese Navy 's heavy ships and brought Japan 's economy to a virtual standstill by crippling the transportation of oil and raw materials : by the end of 1942 , import of raw materials was cut to half of what it had been , `` to a disastrous ten million tons '' , while oil import `` was almost completely stopped '' . Lastly , the basement of the Old Administration Building was the home of the cryptanalytic unit which contributed significantly to the Midway ambush and the Submarine Force 's success . Retrospective debate on American intelligence Arizona Memorial Main article : Pearl Harbor advance - knowledge conspiracy theory Ever since the Japanese attack , there has been debate as to how and why the United States had been caught unaware , and how much and when American officials knew of Japanese plans and related topics . Military officers including Gen. Billy Mitchell had pointed out the vulnerability of Pearl to air attack . At least two naval war games , one in 1932 and another in 1936 , proved that Pearl was vulnerable to such an attack . Admiral James Richardson was removed from command shortly after protesting President Roosevelt 's decision to move the bulk of the Pacific fleet to Pearl Harbor . The decisions of military and political leadership to ignore these warnings has contributed to conspiracy theories . Several writers , including journalist Robert Stinnett and former United States Rear Admiral Robert Alfred Theobald , have argued that various parties high in the U.S. and British governments knew of the attack in advance and may even have let it happen or encouraged it in order to force the U.S. into war via the so - called `` back door '' . However , this conspiracy theory is rejected by mainstream historians . In popular culture Main article : Attack on Pearl Harbor in popular culture See also Battle of Taranto Operation K Air warfare of World War II Attack on Howland Island List of United States Navy ships present at Pearl Harbor , December 7 , 1941 List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Attack on Pearl Harbor Nagai Kita Edwin T. Layton National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day Pearl Harbor Survivors Association Winds Code References Informational notes Jump up ^ USCGC Taney ( WHEC - 37 ) , USCGC Reliance ( WSC - 150 ) , USCGC Tiger ( WSC - 152 ) . Jump up ^ Unless otherwise stated , all vessels listed were salvageable . ^ Jump up to : In 1941 , Hawaii was a half - hour different from the majority of other time zones . See UTC − 10 : 30 . Jump up ^ USS Utah ( AG - 16 , formerly BB - 31 ) ; Utah was moored in the space intended to have been occupied by the aircraft carrier Enterprise which , returning with a task force , had been expected to enter the channel at 0730 on December 7 ; delayed by weather , the task force did not reach Pearl Harbor until dusk the following day . Jump up ^ After it was announced in September that iron and steel scrap export would also be prohibited , Japanese Ambassador Horinouchi protested to Secretary Hull on October 8 , 1940 , warning this might be considered an `` unfriendly act . '' Jump up ^ This was mainly a Japanese Navy preference ; the Japanese Army would have chosen to attack the Soviet Union . Jump up ^ `` The Dorn report did not state with certainty that Kimmel and Short knew about Taranto . There is , however , no doubt that they did know , as did the Japanese . Lt. Cdr . Takeshi Naito , the assistant naval attaché to Berlin , flew to Taranto to investigate the attack first hand , and Naito subsequently had a lengthy conversation with Cdr . Mitsuo Fuchida about his observations . Fuchida led the Japanese attack on December 7 , 1941 . '' Jump up ^ `` A torpedo bomber needed a long , level flight , and when released , its conventional torpedo would plunge nearly a hundred feet deep before swerving upward to strike a hull . Pearl Harbor deep averages 42 feet . But the Japanese borrowed an idea from the British carrier - based torpedo raid on the Italian naval base of Taranto . They fashioned auxiliary wooden tail fins to keep the torpedoes horizontal , so they would dive to only 35 feet , and they added a breakaway `` nosecone '' of soft wood to cushion the impact with the surface of the water . '' Jump up ^ She was located by a University of Hawaii research submersible on August 28 , 2002 in 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) of water , 6 nmi ( 11 km ) outside the harbor . Jump up ^ While the nine sailors who died in the attack were quickly lionized by the Japanese government as Kyūgunshin ( `` The Nine War Heroes '' ) , the news of Sakamaki 's capture , which had been publicized in U.S. news broadcasts , was kept secret . Even after the war , however , he received recriminating correspondence from those who despised him for not sacrificing his own life . Jump up ^ The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor , Planning and Execution . First wave : 189 planes , 50 Kates w / bombs , 40 Kates with torpedoes , 54 Vals , 45 Zekes Second wave : 171 planes , 54 Kates w / bombs , 81 Vals , 36 Zekes . The Combat Air Patrol over the carriers alternated 18 plane shifts every two hours , with 18 more ready for takeoff on the flight decks and an additional 18 ready on hangar decks . Jump up ^ In the twenty - five sorties flown , USAF Historical Study No. 85 credits six pilots with ten planes destroyed : 1st Lt Lewis M. Sanders ( P - 36 ) and 2nd Lts Philip M Rasmussen ( P - 36 ) , Gordon H. Sterling Jr . ( P - 36 , killed in action ) , Harry W. Brown ( P - 36 ) , Kenneth M. Taylor ( P - 40 , 2 ) , and George S. Welch ( P - 40 , 4 ) . Three of the P - 36 kills were not verified by the Japanese and may have been shot down by naval anti-aircraft fire . Jump up ^ Odd though it may sound , `` not '' is correct , in keeping with standard Navy telegraphic practice . This was confirmed by Beloite and Beloite after years of research and debate . Jump up ^ The gunners that did get in action scored most of the victories against Japanese aircraft that morning , including the first of the attack by Tautog , and Dorie Miller 's Navy Cross-worthy effort . Miller was an African - American cook aboard West Virginia who took over an unattended anti-aircraft gun on which he had no training . He was the first African - American sailor to be awarded the Navy Cross . Jump up ^ The wreck has become a memorial to those lost that day , most of whom remain within the ship . She continues to leak small amounts of fuel oil , over 70 years after the attack . Jump up ^ USAAF pilots of the 46th and 47th Pursuit Squadrons , 15th Pursuit Group , claim to have destroyed 10 . Jump up ^ In the event , loss of these might have been a net benefit to the U.S. Blair , passim . Jump up ^ Wallin had been assigned to go to Massawa in East Africa . The harbor there was blocked by scuttled Italian and German ships , which prevented British use of the port . Commander Edward Ellsberg was sent instead . Jump up ^ The pact had one of its objectives limiting U.S. intervention in conflicts involving the three nations . Liddell Hart , B.H. ( 1970 ) History of the Second World War London : Weidenfeld Nicolson . p. 206 Shirer , William L. ( 1960 ) The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germsny New York : Simon and Shuster . p. 873 Keegan , John ( 1990 ) The Second World War New York : Viking . p. 130 . ISBN 0670823597 Jump up ^ In less than eleven months , most of Japan 's elite naval aviators who had been at Pearl Harbor were lost in subsequent battles . Lack of fuel and an inflexible training policy meant that they could not be replaced . Jump up ^ Gordon Prange specifically addresses some revisionist works , including Charles A. Beard . President Roosevelt and the Coming War 1941 ; William Henry Chamberlin , America 's Second Crusade ; John T. Flynn , The Roosevelt Myth ; George Morgenstern , Pearl Harbor ; Frederic R. Sanborn , Design for War ; Robert Alfred Theobald , The Final Secret of Pearl Harbor ; Harry E. Barnes , ed. , Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace and The Court Historians versus Revisionism ; Husband E. Kimmel , Admiral Kimmel 's Story . '' Citations Jump up ^ `` The Long Blue Line : The attack on Pearl Harbor -- '' a date that will live in infamy `` '' . coastguard.dodlive.mil . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . These units included high - endurance cutter Taney and patrol cutters Tiger and Reliance Jump up ^ `` U.S. COAST GUARD UNITS IN HAWAII '' ( PDF ) . media.defense.gov . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . USCGC Tiger ( WSC - 152 ) ; Commanding Officer : CWO William J. Mazzoni , USCG ; 125 - foot cutter Jump up ^ `` Active Class , U.S. Coast Guard Cutters '' . pwencycl.kgbudge.com . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ships and District Craft Present at Pearl Harbor , 0800 7 December 1941 U.S. Navy Historical Center '' . History.navy.mil . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CinCP report of damage to ships in Pearl Harbor from ibiblio.org/hyperwar . Jump up ^ `` Overview of The Pearl Harbor Attack , 7 December 1941 '' . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gilbert 2009 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Gailey 1995 Jump up ^ `` Pearl Harbor Casualty List '' . USSWestVirginia.org . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Conn 2000 , p. 194 Jump up ^ Morison 2001 , pp. 101 , 120 , 250 Jump up ^ Prange , Gordon W. , Goldstein , Donald , & Dillon , Katherine . The Pearl Harbor Papers ( Brassey 's , 2000 ) , p. 17ff ; Google Books entry on Prange et al . Jump up ^ For the Japanese designator of Oahu . Wilford , Timothy . `` Decoding Pearl Harbor '' , in The Northern Mariner , XII , # 1 ( January 2002 ) , p. 32fn81 . Jump up ^ Fukudome , Shigeru , `` Hawaii Operation '' . United States Naval Institute , Proceedings , 81 ( December 1955 ) , pp. 1315 -- 1331 Jump up ^ Gill , G. Hermon ( 1957 ) . Royal Australian Navy 1939 -- 1942 . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 2 -- Navy . 1 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . p. 485 . LCCN 58037940 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2009 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Prange et al. December 7 , 1941 , p. 174 . ^ Jump up to : Parillo 2006 , p. 288 Jump up ^ Thomas 2007 , pp. 57 -- 59 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Harbor Facts '' . About . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United States declares war '' . Abilene Reporter - News . December 8 , 1941 . p. 1 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) . `` How Pearl Harbor Shaped the Modern World '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Braumoeller , Bear F. ( 2010 ) `` The Myth of American Isolationism . '' Foreign Policy Analysis 6 : 349 -- 371 . ^ Jump up to : Yuma Totani ( April 1 , 2009 ) . The Tokyo War Crimes Trial : The Pursuit of Justice in the Wake of World War II . Harvard University Asia Center . p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen C. McCaffrey ( September 22 , 2004 ) . Understanding International Law . AuthorHouse . pp. 210 -- 229 . Jump up ^ Barnhart 1987 . Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl ( 2007 ) . Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 . Transaction Publishers . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 Jump up ^ GPO 1943 , p. 96 Jump up ^ GPO 1943 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Toland , Japan 's War . Jump up ^ Shift Of Our Fleet To Atlantic Studied , New York Times , June 23 , 1940 , `` Except for the Atlantic Battle Squadron , the entire fleet is now in the Pacific , based at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . '' Jump up ^ Harper , Tim ( 2009 - 09 - 07 ) . `` Japan 's gigantic second world war gamble '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Peattie 1997 Jump up ^ William Chalek ( 2002 ) , `` 8 . War Plan Orange '' , Guest of the Emperor , iUniverse , pp. 45 -- 52 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 23996 - 2 Jump up ^ Edward S. Miller ( 2007 ) , War Plan Orange : The U.S. Strategy to Defeat Japan , 1897 -- 1945 , Naval Institute Press , pp. 63 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 500 - 4 Jump up ^ GPO 1943 , p. 125 ^ Jump up to : Peattie 1997 ; Coox , Kobun . Jump up ^ Chapter IV The Showdown With Japan August -- December 1941 Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare , 1941 -- 1942 Jump up ^ Chapter IV : The Fatal Turn Morton , Louis . Strategy and Command : The First Two Years Jump up ^ Review of the Diplomatic Conversations REPORT OF THE JOINT COMMITTEE ON THE INVESTIGATION OF THE PEARL HARBOR ATTACK ( 1946 ) ^ Jump up to : Chapter V : The Decision for War Morton , Louis . Strategy and Command : The First Two Years Jump up ^ Gailey 1995 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Gailey 1995 , p. 70 Jump up ^ Lord , Walter ( 2012 ) . Day of Infamy . Open Road Media . p. 14 . ISBN 1 - 4532 - 3842 - 5 . Jump up ^ Borch & Martinez 2005 , pp. 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Hellions of the Deep : The Development of American Torpedoes in World War II . By Robert Gannon , Published by Penn State Press , 1996 , p. 49 . ISBN 0 - 271 - 01508 - X Jump up ^ Wetzler 1998 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Bix 2000 , p. 417 , citing the Sugiyama memo Jump up ^ The Canadian Institute of Public Opinion ( December 8 , 1941 ) . `` Gallup Poll Found 52 p.c. of Americans Expected War '' . Ottawa Citizen . p. 1 . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Noted by Arthur MacArthur in the 1890s . Manchester , William . American Caesar Jump up ^ Peattie & Evans , Kaigun ^ Jump up to : Willmott 1983 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Fukudome , Shigeru . Shikan : Shinjuwan Kogeki ( Tokyo , 1955 ) , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Gordon W. Prange , Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon , At Dawn We Slept : The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Alan Zimm , The Attack on Pearl Harbor : Strategy , Combat , Myths , Deceptions ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Kaigun ; Wilmott , Barrier and the Javelin ; Blair , Silent Victory ^ Jump up to : Willmott 1983 Jump up ^ Zimm 2011 , p. 132 Jump up ^ Peattie 2001 p. 145 . Jump up ^ Zimm 2011 , pp. 173 , 174 Jump up ^ Zimm 2011 , p. 153 ^ Jump up to : Tony DiGiulian . `` Order of Battle -- Pearl Harbor -- December 7 , 1941 '' . Navweaps.com . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stewart , A.J. , Lieutenant Commander , USN . `` Those Mysterious Midgets '' , United States Naval Institute Proceedings , December 1974 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Stewart , p. 56 Jump up ^ Goldstein 2000 , p. 146 Jump up ^ Stewart , `` Those Mysterious Midgets '' , p. 57 Jump up ^ Smith 1999 , p. 36 ^ Jump up to : Stewart , `` Those Mysterious Midgets '' , p. 58 Jump up ^ `` Japanese Midget Submarine '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stewart , pp. 59 -- 61 Jump up ^ Stewart , Those Mysterious Midgets , pp. 61 -- 62 Jump up ^ Ofstie , R.A. , Rear Admiral , USN . The Campaigns of the Pacific War ( United States Government Printing Office , 1946 ) , p. 19 Jump up ^ Zimm 2011 , pp. 330 -- 341 Jump up ^ Toland , Infamy Jump up ^ Prange , Goldstein , and Dillon , At Dawn We Slept , pp. 424 and 475 Jump up ^ Prange , Goldstein , and Dillon , At Dawn We Slept , pp. 493 -- 494 Jump up ^ Declaration of War handout Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Howard W. French ( December 9 , 1999 ) . `` Pearl Harbor Truly a Sneak Attack , Papers Show '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Kawabata , Tai , `` Historian seeks to clear embassy of Pearl Harbor ' sneak attack ' infamy '' , Japan Times , December 10 , 2014 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` Japanese ' Fourteen Part ' Message of December 7 , 1941 '' HyperWar Jump up ^ Shinsato , Douglas and Tadanori Urabe , For That One Day : The Memoirs of Mitsuo Fuchida , Commander of the Attack on Pearl Harbor , Chapters 19 and 20 , eXperience , inc. , Kamuela , Hawaii , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9846745 - 0 - 3 ^ Jump up to : `` Aircraft Attack Organization '' . Ibiblio.org . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : NavSource 2003 Jump up ^ Prange , Goldstein , Dillon . At Dawn We Slept . pages 730 -- 31 ' Short mishandled radar ... ' In his ( Short 's ) words ' ... more for training than any idea it would be real ' Jump up ^ Evans , Harold . The American Century London : Jonathan Cape , 1998 . p. 309 . Jump up ^ Prange 1988 , p. 98 ^ Jump up to : Prange et al. , At Dawn We Slept , p. 500 - 501 . Jump up ^ Symonds , Craig L. The Battle Of Midway , ( Oxford University Press , 2011 ) , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Hone , Thomas C. ( 1977 ) . `` The Destruction of the Battle Line at Pearl Harbor '' . Proceedings . United States Naval Institute . 103 ( 12 ) : 56&57 . ^ Jump up to : Parillo 2006 , p. 293 Jump up ^ Bonner , Kermit . Final Voyages p. 105 Jump up ^ Aylwin , Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Watson ( December 1 , 2007 ) . Watson 's Really Big WWII Almanac , Volume 2 : July to December . Xlibris Corporation . p. 592 . Jump up ^ GPO 1946 , pp. 64 -- 65 Jump up ^ Dennis W. Shepherd ( September 22 , 2004 ) . Returning Son : From Baghdad , Kentucky to Baghdad , Iraq ( and back ) . AuthorHouse . p. 57 . Jump up ^ USS Shaw ( DD - 373 ) Jump up ^ Dorr , Robert F. ; Fred L. Borch . `` Pyjama - clad pilot took on Japanese at Pearl Harbor '' . Army Times . United States Army . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` HyperWar : 7 December 1941 : The Air Force Story ( Chapter 4 ) '' . Ibiblio.org . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Potter , Lt Col Joseph V. ( Winter 1982 ) . `` A Handful of Pilots '' ( PDF ) . JOURNAL . American Aviation Historical Society . pp. 282 -- 285 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ofstie 1946 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Gailey 1997 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Caravaggio , Angelo N. ( Winter 2014 ) . `` '' Winning '' the Pacific War `` . Naval War College Review . 67 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 118 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Horn , Steve . The Second Attack on Pearl Harbor : Operation K and Other Japanese Attempts to Bomb America in World War II ( Annapolis : Naval Institute Press , 2005 ) , p. 16 Jump up ^ Willmott 1983 ; Blair , Silent Victory . Jump up ^ Gailey 1997 , pp. 97 -- 98 Jump up ^ Yergin , Daniel ( 1991 ) , The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil , Money & Power , New York : Simon & Schuster , ISBN 0 - 671 - 79932 - 0 p. 327 ^ Jump up to : Hoyt 2000 , p. 190 Jump up ^ Hoyt 2000 , p. 191 Jump up ^ Stephen , Martin ; Grove , Eric ( Ed ) ( 1988 ) , Sea Battles in Close - up : World War 2 , Volume 1 , Shepperton , Surrey : Ian Allan , pp. 34 -- 38 , ISBN 0 - 7110 - 1596 - 1 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Prange 1988 ^ Jump up to : Gailey 1997 , p. 97 Jump up ^ Willmott 1983 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Gailey 1997 , p. 98 Jump up ^ Courtney , Will Sabel ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` These 13 U.S. Navy Ships Rose from the Dead After Pearl Harbor '' . The Drive . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Prange , Goldstein , Dillon . At Dawn We Slept page 49 Jump up ^ Wallin , Homer . Pearl Harbor : Why , How Fleet Salvage and Final Appraisal . Naval History Division , 1968 Jump up ^ Commander Edward Ellsberg , O.B.E. Under the Red Sea Sun Dodd , Mead , and Co. , 1946 . Jump up ^ Raymer , E.C. Descent Into Darkness . Presidio Press , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Post-attack ship salvage 1942 -- 1944 '' . Geocities . October 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2009 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith 1999 , p. . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. At War , The Last Stage '' . Time . December 15 , 1941 . Jump up ^ Churchill , Winston ; Martin Gilbert ( 2001 ) , `` December 1941 '' , The Churchill War Papers : The Ever - Widening War , Volume 3 : 1941 , London , New York : W.W. Norton , pp. 1593 -- 1594 , ISBN 0 - 393 - 01959 - 4 Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , p. 257 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ `` World War II Internment in Hawai'i '' . Education through Cultural & Historical Organizations . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levine , E. ( 1995 ) . A Fence Away from Freedom : Japanese Americans and World War II . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . Pearl Harbor Oahu website , retrieved on November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Daniels , R. ( 1972 ) . Concentration camps USA : Japanese Americans and World War II . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , Inc . Jump up ^ `` New Mexico Office of the State Historian -- people '' . Jump up ^ Regulations made 4 March 1942 Jump up ^ War Measures Act Conference ( 1977 : McMaster University ) . ( 1978 ) . The Japanese Canadian experience : the October crisis ( proceedings ) . Wilfrid Laurier University Book Shelves : London , Ontario : P. Anas Pub . pp. 12 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Douglas Shinsato , Translator / Publisher of For That One Day : The Memoirs of Mitsuo Fuchida , Commander of the Attack on Pearl Harbor , 2011 , pp. 293 -- 294 Jump up ^ Haufler , Herve . Codebreaker 's Victory : How the Allied Cryptographers Won World War II ( New York : NAL , 2003 ) , quoted p. 127 . Jump up ^ Hakim 1995 Jump up ^ Willmott 1983 , War Plan Orange Jump up ^ `` Attack on Pearl Harbor Nihon Kaigun '' . Combinedfleet.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Harbor vet remembers Dec. 7 , 1941 , sneak attack '' . The Kalona News . April 17 , 2013 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blair , pp. 360 , 816 Jump up ^ Rehearsals for Pearl Harbor Jump up ^ Wallin , Vice Admiral , Homer N. ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` Pearl Harbor : Why , How , Fleet Salvage and Final Appraisal '' . Hyperwar . Jump up ^ Prange , Gordon W. ; Donald M. Goldstein ; Katherinve V. Dillon ( 1991 ) . Pearl Harbor : The Verdict of History . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0140159097 . Jump up ^ Prados , John ( 1995 ) . Combined Fleet Decoded : The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . pp. 161 -- 177 . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 431 - 8 . Jump up ^ Budiansky , Stephen ( 2002 ) . Battle of Wits : The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II . Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0743217347 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Richard W. `` New Light Shed on Churchill and Pearl Harbor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Prange , Gordon W. ; Goldstein , Donald M. ; Dillon , Katherine V. ( 1991 ) . At Dawn We Slept : The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor . New York : Penguin Books . p. 867 . ISBN 9780140157345 . Bibliography Books Barnhart , Michael A. ( 1987 ) , Japan prepares for total war : the search for economic security , 1919 -- 1941 , Cornell University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 1915 - 7 Bix , Herbert P. ( 2000 ) , Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan , Diane Pub Co , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7567 - 5780 - 9 Borch , Frederic L. ; Martinez , Daniel ( 2005 ) , Kimmel , Short , and Pearl Harbor : the final report revealed , Naval Institute Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 090 - 0 Conn , Stetson ; Fairchild , Byron ; Engelman , Rose C. ( 2000 ) , `` 7 -- The Attack on Pearl Harbor '' , Guarding the United States and Its Outposts , Washington D.C. : Center of Military History United States Army Gailey , Harry A. ( 1997 ) , War in the Pacific : From Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay , Presidio , ISBN 0 - 89141 - 616 - 1 Gilbert , Martin ( 2009 ) , The Second World War , Phoenix , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7538 - 2676 - 8 Goldstein , Donald M. ( 2000 ) , Goldstein , Donald M. ; Dillon , Katherine V. , eds. , The Pearl Harbor papers : inside the Japanese plans , Brassey 's , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 222 - 3 Hakim , Joy ( 1995 ) , A History of US : Book 9 : War , Peace , and All that Jazz , Oxford University Press , U.S. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509514 - 2 Hixson , Walter L. ( 2003 ) , The American Experience in World War II : The United States and the road to war in Europe , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 94029 - 0 Hoyt , Edwin P. ( 2000 ) , Pearl Harbor , G.K. Hall , ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9303 - 5 Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 2001 ) , History of United States Naval Operations in World War II : The rising sun in the Pacific , 1931 -- April 1942 , University of Illinois Press , ISBN 0 - 252 - 06973 - 0 Ofstie , Ralph , A. , RADM USN , Naval Analysis Division , United States Strategic Bombing Survey ( Pacific ) ( 1946 ) , The Campaigns of the Pacific War , United States Government Printing Office Peattie , Mark R. ; Evans , David C. ( 1997 ) , Kaigun : Strategy , Tactics , and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy , Naval Institute Press , ISBN 0 - 87021 - 192 - 7 Peattie , Mark R. ( 2001 ) , Sunburst : The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power , 1909 -- 1941 , Naval Institute Press , ISBN 1 - 59114 - 664 - X Parillo , Mark ( 2006 ) , `` The United States in the Pacific '' , in Higham , Robin ; Harris , Stephen , Why Air Forces Fail : the Anatomy of Defeat , The University Press of Kentucky , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2374 - 5 Prange , Gordon William ; Goldstein , Donald M. ; Dillon , Katherine V. ( 1988 ) . December 7 , 1941 : The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 050682 - 4 . Smith , Carl ( 1999 ) , Pearl Harbor 1941 : The Day of Infamy ; Osprey Campaign Series # 62 , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 1 - 85532 - 798 - 8 Stille , Mark E. ( 2011 ) , Tora ! Tora ! Tora ! : Pearl Harbor 1941 ; Osprey Raid Series # 26 , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84908 - 509 - 0 Thomas , Evan ( 2007 ) , Sea of Thunder : Four Commanders and the Last Great Naval Campaign 1941 -- 1945 , Simon and Schuster , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 5222 - 5 Willmott , H.P. ( 1983 ) , The barrier and the javelin : Japanese and Allied Pacific strategies , February to June 1942 , Naval Institute Press Zimm , Alan D. ( 2011 ) , Attack on Pearl Harbor : Strategy , Combat , Myths , Deceptions , Havertown , Pennsylvania : Casemate Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 61200 - 010 - 7 U.S. government documents `` Document text '' , U.S. Navy Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor , United States National Archives , Modern Military Branch , 1942 , archived from the original on January 13 , 2008 , retrieved December 25 , 2007 `` Document text '' , Peace and War , United States Foreign Policy 1931 -- 1941 , Washington D.C. : United States Government Printing Office , 1943 , retrieved December 8 , 2007 `` Damage to United States Naval Forces and Installations as a Result of the Attack '' , Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack , Washington D.C. : United States Government Printing Office , 1946 , retrieved December 8 , 2007 Magazine articles Rodgaard , John ; Peter Hsu ; Carroll Lucas & Captain Andrew Biach ( December 1999 ) , `` Pearl Harbor -- Attack from Below '' , Naval History , United States Naval Institute , 13 ( 6 ) , archived from the original on September 30 , 2006 ( requires subscription ) Wetzler , Peter ( 1998 ) , Hirohito and war : imperial tradition and military decision making in prewar Japan , University of Hawaii Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1925 - 5 Online sources Organization of the Japanese Air Attack Units December 7 , 1941 , NavSource Naval History , 2003 , archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 , retrieved December 8 , 2007 USS Shaw , destroyerhistory.org , archived from the original on June 17 , 2011 , retrieved January 5 , 2017 Homer N. Wallin , `` Pearl Harbor : Why , How , Fleet Salvage and Final Appraisal '' , Hyperwar , ibiblio.org , retrieved October 10 , 2011 Further reading Edwin T. Layton , Roger Pineau , and John Costello ( 1985 ) , And I Was There : Pearl Harbor and Midway -- Breaking the Secrets , New York : Morrow . Layton , Kimmel 's Combat Intelligence Officer , says that Douglas MacArthur was the only field commander who had received any substantial amount of Purple intelligence . George Edward Morgenstern . Pearl Harbor : The Story of the Secret War . ( The Devin - Adair Company , 1947 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 299 - 05736 - 4 . Conspiracy theory . James Dorsey . `` Literary Tropes , Rhetorical Looping , and the Nine Gods of War : ' Fascist Proclivities ' Made Real , '' in The Culture of Japanese Fascism , ed. by Alan Tansman ( Durham & London : Duke UP , 2009 ) , pp. 409 -- 431 . A study of Japanese wartime media representations of the submarine component of the attack on Pearl Harbor . McCollum memo A 1940 memo from a Naval headquarters staff officer to his superiors outlining possible provocations to Japan , which might lead to war ( declassified in 1994 ) . Gordon W. Prange , At Dawn We Slept ( McGraw - Hill , 1981 ) , Pearl Harbor : The Verdict of History ( McGraw - Hill , 1986 ) , and December 7 , 1941 : The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor ( McGraw - Hill , 1988 ) . This monumental trilogy , written with collaborators Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon , is considered the authoritative work on the subject . Larry Kimmett and Margaret Regis , The Attack on Pearl Harbor : An Illustrated History ( NavPublishing , 2004 ) . Using maps , photos , unique illustrations , and an animated CD , this book provides a detailed overview of the surprise attack that brought the United States into World War II . Walter Lord , Day of Infamy ( Henry Holt , 1957 ) is a very readable , and entirely anecdotal , re-telling of the day 's events . W.J. Holmes , Double - Edged Secrets : U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During World War II ( Naval Institute , 1979 ) contains some important material , such as Holmes ' argument that , had the U.S. Navy been warned of the attack and put to sea , it would have likely resulted in an even greater disaster . Michael V. Gannon , Pearl Harbor Betrayed ( Henry Holt , 2001 ) is a recent examination of the issues surrounding the surprise of the attack . Frederick D. Parker , Pearl Harbor Revisited : United States Navy Communications Intelligence 1924 -- 1941 ( Center for Cryptologic History , 1994 ) contains a detailed description of what the Navy knew from intercepted and decrypted Japan 's communications prior to Pearl . Henry C. Clausen and Bruce Lee , Pearl Harbor : Final Judgment , ( HarperCollins , 2001 ) , an account of the secret `` Clausen Inquiry '' undertaken late in the war by order of Congress to Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson . Robert A. Theobald , Final Secret of Pearl Harbor ( Devin - Adair Pub , 1954 ) ISBN 0 - 8159 - 5503 - 0 ISBN 0 - 317 - 65928 - 6 Foreword by Fleet Admiral William F. Halsey , Jr . Albert C. Wedemeyer , Wedemeyer Reports ! ( Henry Holt Co , 1958 ) ISBN 0 - 89275 - 011 - 1 ISBN 0 - 8159 - 7216 - 4 Hamilton Fish III , Tragic Deception : FDR and America 's Involvement in World War II ( Devin - Adair Pub , 1983 ) ISBN 0 - 8159 - 6917 - 1 John Toland , Infamy : Pearl Harbor and Its Aftermath ( Berkley Reissue edition , 1986 ISBN 0 - 425 - 09040 - X ) . Mary Ellen Condon - Rall , `` The U.S. Army Medical Department and the Attack on Pearl Harbor '' . ( The Journal of Medical History , January 1989 ) . PMID 11617401 . This article discusses the state of medical readiness prior to the attack , and the post-attack response by medical personnel . Robert Stinnett , Day of Deceit : The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor ( Free Press , 1999 ) A study of the Freedom of Information Act documents that led Congress to direct clearance of Kimmel and Short . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0129 - 9 Edward L. Beach , Jr. , Scapegoats : A Defense of Kimmel and Short at Pearl Harbor ISBN 1 - 55750 - 059 - 2 Andrew Krepinevich . `` Lighting the Path Ahead : Field Exercises and Transformation ( 186 KB ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . ( Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments ) contains a passage regarding the Yarnell attack , as well as reference citations . Roberta Wohlstetter , Pearl Harbor : Warning and Decision , ( Stanford University Press : 1962 ) . The most cited scholarly work on the intelligence failure at Pearl Harbor . Her introduction and analysis of the concept of `` noise '' persists in understanding intelligence failures . Roberta Wohlstetter , `` Cuba and Pearl Harbor : Hindsight and Foresight . '' Foreign Affairs 43.4 ( 1965 ) : 691 - 707 . online John Hughes - Wilson , Military Intelligence Blunders and Cover - Ups . Robinson , 1999 ( revised 2004 ) . Contains a brief but insightful chapter on the particular intelligence failures , and broader overview of what causes them . Douglas T. Shinsato and Tadanori Urabe , `` For That One Day : The Memoirs of Mitsuo Fuchida , Commander of the Attack on Pearl Harbor '' . ( eXperience : 2011 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 9846745 - 0 - 3 Horn , Steve ( 2005 ) . The Second Attack on Pearl Harbor : Operation K And Other Japanese Attempts to Bomb America in World War II . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 388 - 8 . Seki , Eiji. ( 2006 ) . Mrs. Ferguson 's Tea - Set , Japan and the Second World War : The Global Consequences Following Germany 's Sinking of the SS Automedon in 1940 . London : Global Oriental . ISBN 1 - 905246 - 28 - 5 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 905246 - 28 - 1 ( cloth ) Published by BRILL / Global Oriental , 2006 . Previously announced as Sinking of the SS Automedon and the Role of the Japanese Navy : A New Interpretation . Daniel Madsen , Resurrection - Salvaging the Battle Fleet at Pearl Harbor . U.S. Naval Institute Press . 2003 . Highly readable and thoroughly researched account of the aftermath of the attack and the salvage efforts from December 8 , 1941 through early 1944 . Takeo , Iguchi , Demystifying Pearl Harbor : A New Perspective From Japan , I - House Press , 2010 , ASIN : B003RJ1AZA . Haynok , Robert J. ( 2009 ) . How the Japanese Did It . Naval History Magazine . 23 . United States Naval Institute . Melber , Takuma , Pearl Harbor . Japans Angriff und der Kriegseintritt der USA . C.H. Beck , München 2016 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 406 - 69818 - 7 . A concise introduction with a good focus oo what came before the attack and on the Japanese perspective . Moorhead , John J. 1942 `` Surgical Experience at Pearl Harbor '' , The Journal of the American Medical Association . An overview of different surgical procedures at the hospital at the scene of the event . External links Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Attack on Pearl Harbor '' dated 2006 - 01 - 12 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pearl Harbor attack . Library resources about Attack on Pearl Harbor Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Navy History Heritage Command Official Overview History.com Account With Video About Education Account `` Remembering Pearl Harbor : The USS Arizona Memorial '' , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan Hawaii War Records Depository , Archives & Manuscripts Department , University of Hawaii at Manoa Library 7 December 1941 , The Air Force Story The `` Magic '' Background ( PDFs or readable online ) The Congressional investigation LTC Jeffrey J. Gudmens ; COL Timothy R. Reese ( 2009 ) . Staff Ride Handbook for the Attack on Pearl Harbor , 7 December 1941 : A Study of Defending America ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Combat Studies Institute . Accounts Guarding The United States And Its Outposts , in Guarding the United States and Its Outposts Official U.S. Army history of Pearl Harbor by the United States Army Center of Military History War comes to Hawaii Honolulu Star - Bulletin , Monday , September 13 , 1999 Media Video of first Newsreel from December 23 , 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor Bombing of Pearl Harbour -- 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor 1 , Nippon News , No. 82 . in the official website of NHK . Attack on Pearl Harbor 2 , Nippon News , No. 84 . in the official website of NHK . Historic footage of Pearl Harbor during and immediately following attack on December 7 , 1941 Historical documents WW2DB : U.S. Navy Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor Second World War -- USA Declaration of War on Japan . 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List of To Kill a Mockingbird characters
List of to Kill a Mockingbird characters - wikipedia List of to Kill a Mockingbird characters Jump to : navigation , search To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960 . It was instantly successful , winning the Pulitzer Prize , and has become a classic of modern American literature , widely read in US high schools and middle schools . The story takes place during three years of the Great Depression in the fictional Maycomb , Alabama . This is a list of the characters : Contents ( hide ) 1 Primary characters 1.1 Atticus Finch 1.2 `` Scout '' Finch 1.3 `` Jem '' Finch 1.4 Dill Harris 1.5 Calpurnia 1.6 ( Arthur ) Boo Radley 1.7 Judge John Taylor 1.8 Miss Maudie Atkinson 1.9 Bob Ewell 1.10 Mayella Ewell 1.11 Tom Robinson 1.12 Aunt Alexandra 2 Minor characters 2.1 Jack Finch 2.2 Francis Hancock 2.3 Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose 2.4 Mr. Heck Tate 2.5 Mr. Braxton Underwood 2.6 Mr. Horace Gilmer 2.7 Dr. Scott Reynolds 2.8 Dolphus Raymond 2.9 Link Deas 2.10 Miss Caroline Fisher 2.11 Reverend Sykes 2.12 Miss Stephanie Crawford 2.13 Miss Rachel Haverford 2.14 Helen Robinson 2.15 Nathan Radley 2.16 Jessie 2.17 Burris Ewell 2.18 Lula 2.19 Mrs. Grace Merriweather 2.20 Walter Cunningham , Jr . 2.21 Walter Cunningham , Sr . 2.22 Little Chuck Little 2.23 Mr. Dick Avery 2.24 Miss Gates 2.25 Eula May 2.26 Cecil Jacobs 2.27 Tim Johnson 2.28 Simon Finch 2.29 Maxwell Green 2.30 Mr. X Billups 2.31 The Barber Sisters ( Miss `` Tutti '' and Miss `` Frutti '' ) 2.32 Mrs. Gertrude Farrow 2.33 Mr. Conner 2.34 Zeebo 3 References Primary characters ( edit ) Atticus Finch ( edit ) Main article : Atticus Finch Atticus Finch is the middle - aged father of Jem and Scout Finch . He is a lawyer and was once known as `` the deadliest shot in Maycomb County '' . Although he was a good shot , he does not like to mention the fact as he does not like the thought of having an advantage over people . He appears to support racial equality and was appointed to represent Tom Robinson , a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman , Mayella Ewell . The town disapproves of him defending Tom especially when he makes clear his intent to defend Tom Robinson to the best of his abilities . He is portrayed by Gregory Peck in the film adaptation of To Kill a Mockingbird . `` Scout '' Finch ( edit ) Jean Louise `` Scout '' Finch is the narrator and To Kill a Mockingbird is told by an adult Scout who often comments on how she could not understand something at the time but now can appreciate it . Scout is considered bright for her age and loves to read . She gets in trouble with her teacher Miss Caroline because Miss Caroline expects Scout to learn reading and writing her way . She is a tomboy and spends the most of her time with her brother Jem and best friend Dill . She matures from age 6 to age 9 as the novel progresses but remains naive and idealistic , despite an increased understanding of human nature and racism in her town . At the beginning of the book , Scout is confused by some of the words and names she hears people directing towards her father , such as `` nigger - lover '' . Being only six , Scout does not know how to handle such situations so she tries to resolve her problems by fighting , or by talking to Atticus about what she has heard . By the end of the book , Scout realizes that racism does exist and comes to terms with its presence in her town . Scout also learns how to deal with others , including the Finch family housekeeper , Calpurnia , and her aunt , Alexandra . Scout is the only one of the novel 's primary three children ( Dill , Jem , and herself ) to see and speak to Boo Radley during the course of the novel and realize that he is harmless , despite her initial fear of him . She also stops a mob that is trying to lynch Tom Robinson by talking to the mob leader , Mr. Cunningham , about inviting his son , Walter , over for dinner . Mr. Cunningham then tells the other mob members to get back in their cars and leave them alone . The members listen , and Scout unintentionally saves Tom Robinson 's life . She is portrayed by Mary Badham in the film adaption of To Kill a Mockingbird . Notable quote : `` Until I feared I would lose it , I never loved to read . One does not love breathing . '' `` Jem '' Finch ( edit ) Jeremy Atticus `` Jem '' Finch is Atticus ' son and Scout 's older brother by four years . Jem matures greatly throughout the course of the novel , much more affected by events than Scout seems to be . Being four years Scout 's senior , Jem is seen to have a greater understanding of - and therefore greater difficulty in navigating - the obstacles thrown their way . Jem is seen explaining many things to Scout throughout the novel . Bob Ewell breaks Jem 's arm , subsequently resulting in it being shorter than it had been , in an attempt to protect his sister . He is portrayed by Phillip Alford in the film adaptation of To Kill a Mockingbird . Dill Harris ( edit ) Charles Baker `` Dill '' Harris is a short , smart boy who visits Maycomb every summer from Meridian , Mississippi , and stays with his Aunt Rachel ( Aunt Stephanie in the film ) . Dill is the best friend of both Jem and Scout , and his goal throughout the novel is to get Boo Radley to come out of his house . The children concoct many plans to lure Boo Radley out of his house for a few summers until Atticus tells them to stop . In chapter 5 of the novel , Dill promises to marry Scout and they become `` engaged '' . One night Dill runs away from his home in Meridian , arriving in Maycomb County where he hides under Scout 's bed . When she finds Dill , he tells both Scout and Atticus that he was chained to a wall in his father 's basement ; later , he confesses he actually ran away because he felt he was being replaced by his stepfather . Before Dill returned to Meridian after the summer , he went swimming with Jem at the Barker 's Eddy creek . Scout , unfortunately , was unable to participate , because both boys were doing it naked . Unlike Scout and Jem , Dill lacks the security of family support . He is unwanted and unloved by his mother and stepfather : `` They do get on a lot better without me , I can not help them any . '' As Francis ( a cousin of Jem and Scout ) says , `` He has n't got a home , he just gets passed around from relative to relative . '' Dill maintains he has no father ; he does n't know where his father might live , or if he will ever come back . He is played by John Megna in the film adaption of To Kill a Mockingbird . This character is believed to be based on author Truman Capote , a childhood friend of Harper Lee . Calpurnia ( edit ) Calpurnia , nicknamed Cal , is the Finch family 's African - American housekeeper , whom the children love and Atticus deeply respects ( he remarks in her defense that she `` never indulged ( the children ) like most colored nurses '' ) . She is highly regarded by Atticus . She is an important figure in Scout 's life , providing discipline , instruction , and love . She also fills the maternal role for the children after their mother 's death . Calpurnia is a mother herself and raised her son , Zeebo , to adulthood . Calpurnia is one of the few black characters in the novel who is able to read and write , and it is she who taught Scout to write . She learned how to read from Miss Maudie 's aunt , Miss Buford , who taught her how to read out of Blackstone 's Commentaries , a book given to her . Aunt Alexandra despised Calpurnia because Alexandra believed that Calpurnia was not a `` maternal figure '' for Jem and Scout , especially for Scout . Calpurnia is a member of the First Purchase M.E. African Church in Maycomb . While Scout always hears her speak proper English , she is surprised to learn that Calpurnia does not do so at church , especially with the uneducated members of the congregation . While everyone in the novel is filtered through Scout 's perception , Calpurnia in particular appears for a long time more as Scout 's idea of her than as a real person . At the beginning of the novel , Scout appears to think of Calpurnia as the wicked stepmother to Scout 's own Cinderella . However , towards the end of the book , Scout views Calpurnia as someone she can look up to , and realizes Calpurnia has only protected her over the years . She is played by Estelle Evans in the film . ( Arthur ) Boo Radley ( edit ) Arthur `` Boo '' Radley is a recluse in To Kill a Mockingbird who slowly reveals himself to Jem and Scout . Maycomb children believe he is a horrible person , due to the rumors spread about him and a trial he underwent as a teenager . It is implied during the story that Boo is a very lonely man who attempts to reach out to Jem and Scout for love and friendship , such as leaving them small gifts and figures in a tree knothole . Scout finally meets him at the very end of the book , when he saves the children 's lives from Bob Ewell . Scout describes him as being sickly white , with a thin mouth , thin and feathery hair , and grey eyes , almost as if he were blind . During the same night , when Boo whispers to Scout to walk him back to the Radley house , Scout takes a moment to picture what it would be like to be Boo Radley . While standing on his porch , she realizes his `` exile '' inside his house is really not that lonely . Boo Radley 's heroics in protecting the children from Bob Ewell are covered up by Atticus , Sheriff Tate , and Scout . This can be read as a wise refusal of fame . As Tate notes , if word got out that Boo killed Ewell , Boo would be inundated with gifts and visits , calamitous for him due to his reclusive personality . The precocious Scout recognizes the danger : renown would `` kill the mockingbird '' . Boo Radley is a ghost who haunts the book yet manifests himself at just the right moments in just the right way . He is , arguably , the most potent character in the whole book and as such , inspires the other key characters to save him when he needs saving . After the Tom Robinson trial , Jem and Scout have a different understanding of Boo Radley . `` Scout , I think I 'm beginning to understand something . I think I 'm beginning to understand why Boo Radley 's stayed shut up in the house all this time ... it 's because he wants to stay inside . '' ( 23.117 ) Having seen a sample of the horrible things their fellow townspeople can do , choosing to stay out of the mess of humanity does n't seem like such a strange choice . When Boo finally does come out , he has a good reason : Bob Ewell is trying to murder the Finch children . No one sees what happens in the scuffle , but at the end of it , Ewell is dead and Boo carries an unconscious Jem to the Finch house . Finally faced with Boo , Scout does n't recognize him at first , but suddenly realizes who he is . Boo Radley is played by Robert Duvall in the film . Judge John Taylor ( edit ) Judge John Taylor is a white - haired old man with a reputation for running his court in an informal fashion and an enjoyment of singing and dipping tobacco . He is unimportant to the children until he presides over the Tom Robinson trial , in which he shows great distaste for the Ewells and great respect for Atticus . Because of the judge 's sympathies for Tom , Bob Ewell breaks into the judge 's house while the judge 's wife is at church . After the trial , Miss Maudie points out to the children that the judge had tried to help Tom by appointing Atticus to the case instead of Maxwell Green , the new , untried lawyer who usually received court - appointed cases . Judge Taylor knew that Atticus was the only man who would stand a chance at acquitting Tom , or at least would be able to keep the jury thinking for more than a few minutes . By doing this , Judge Taylor was not giving in or supporting racism . He is portrayed in the film by Paul Fix . Miss Maudie Atkinson ( edit ) Miss Maude `` Maudie '' Atkinson lives across the street from the Finch family . She had known the Finches for many years , having been brought up on the Buford place , which was near the Finches ' ancestral home , Finch 's Landing . She is described as a woman of about 40 who enjoys baking and gardening ; her cakes are especially held in high regard . However , she is frequently harassed by devout `` Foot - Washing Baptists '' , who tell her that her enjoyment of gardening is a sin . Miss Maudie befriends Scout and Jem and tells them stories about Atticus as a boy . Also , she is one of the few adults that Jem and Scout hold in high regard and respect . She does not act condescendingly towards them , even though they are young children . During the course of the novel , her house burns down ; however , she shows remarkable courage throughout this ( even saying that she wanted to burn it down herself to make more room for her flowers ) . She is not prejudiced , though she talks caustically to Miss Stephanie Crawford , unlike many of her Southern neighbors , and teaches Scout important lessons about racism and human nature . It is important to note that Miss Maudie fully explains that `` it is a sin to kill a mockingbird '' , whereas Atticus Finch initially brings up the subject but does n't go into depth . When Jem gets older , and does n't want to be bothered by Scout , Miss Maudie keeps her from getting angry . Maudie is played by Rosemary Murphy in the film . Bob Ewell ( edit ) Robert E. Lee `` Bob '' Ewell is the main antagonist of To Kill a Mockingbird . He has a daughter named Mayella and a younger son named Burris , as well as six other unnamed children . He is an alcoholic , poaching game to feed his family because he spends whatever money they legally gain via government `` relief checks '' on alcohol . It is implied , and evidence suggests , that he was the one who abused his daughter Mayella , not Tom Robinson ( the African American man accused of doing so ) . Although most everybody in town knows that the Ewells are a disgrace and not to be trusted , it is made clear that Tom Robinson was convicted because he is a Negro whose accuser is white . Upon hearing of Tom 's death , Bob is absolutely gleeful , gloating about his success . After being humiliated at the trial , however , he goes on a quest for revenge , becoming increasingly violent . He begins by spitting in Atticus ' face , followed by a failed attempt to break into the home of Judge Taylor , then finally menacing Helen , the poor widow of Tom Robinson . Ewell later attempts to murder Jem and Scout Finch with a knife to complete his revenge . Fortunately , Boo Radley saves Jem and Scout and it is believed that he kills Ewell with the knife . Heck Tate , the sheriff , puts in the official report that Bob Ewell fell on his own knife and died after lying under a tree for 45 minutes . Ewell is played by James Anderson in the film . Mayella Ewell ( edit ) Mayella Violet Ewell , 19 , is the oldest of the eight Ewell children . Before the trial , Mayella is noted for growing red geraniums outside her otherwise dirty home in order to bring some beauty into her life . Due to her family 's living situation , Mayella has no opportunity for human contact or love . She eventually gets so desperate that she attempts to seduce a black man , Tom Robinson , by saving up nickels to send the children that play nearby to go get ice cream so that Mayella can be alone with Tom . Her father sees this through a window and in punishment he beats her . Ewell then finds the sheriff , Heck Tate , and tells him that his daughter has been raped and beaten by Tom . At the trial , Atticus points out that only the right side of Mayella 's face is injured , suggesting a left - handed assailant ; Tom 's left arm is mangled and useless , but Bob Ewell is left - handed . When Atticus asks her if she has any friends , she becomes confused because she does not know what a friend is . During her testimony she is confused by Atticus ' polite speech and thinks that his use of `` Miss Mayella '' is meant to mock her . She testifies against Tom Robinson . Mayella is played by Collin Wilcox in the film . Tom Robinson ( edit ) Thomas `` Tom '' Robinson is an African - American who is put on trial for the rape of a white woman , Mayella Ewell . Atticus is assigned to defend him , and stands up to a lynch mob intent on exacting their own justice against him before the trial begins . Tom 's left arm is crippled and useless , the result of an accident with a cotton gin when he was a child . Atticus uses this fact as the cornerstone of his defense strategy , pointing out that the nature of Mayella 's facial injuries strongly suggest a left - handed assailant . Tom testifies that he had frequently helped Mayella with household chores because he felt sorry for her and the family 's difficult life - a statement that shocks the all - white , male jury . Despite Atticus ' skilled defense , the jury 's racial prejudices lead them to find Tom guilty . Atticus plans to appeal the verdict , but before he can do so , Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape the prison where he is being held . Tom Robinson is played by Brock Peters . Aunt Alexandra ( edit ) Alexandra Hancock ( née Finch ) is Atticus ' and Jack 's sister , married to James `` Uncle Jimmy '' Hancock . She has a son named Henry and a very spoiled grandson named Francis . Around the middle of the book , Aunt Alexandra decides to leave her husband at Finch 's Landing , the Finch family homestead to come stay with the Finches . Aunt Alexandra does n't consider the black Calpurnia to be a very good motherly figure for Jem and Scout ; she disapproves of Scout being a tomboy and wants to make Scout into a southern belle ( encouraging her to act more ' lady like ' ) . This is the cause of many conflicts between Scout and Alexandra throughout the course of the novel . However , as the trial progresses , Scout comes to see how much her aunt cares for her father and what a strong woman she is . This is especially evidenced by a tea party when Scout is horrified by the racism displayed , and her aunt and Miss Maudie help her deal with her feelings . By the end of the book , it 's clear that Alexandra cares very much for her niece and nephew , though she and Scout will probably never really get along . Minor characters ( edit ) Jack Finch ( edit ) John Hale `` Jack '' Finch is Atticus ' and Alexandra 's younger brother . ( He is about 40 , which is 10 years younger than Atticus . ) Jack smells like alcohol and something sweet , and is said that he and Alexandra have similar features . Jack is a childless doctor who can always make Scout and Jem laugh , and they adore him . He and Miss Maudie are close to the same age ; he frequently teases her with marriage proposals , which she always declines . Jack also has a pet cat named Rose Aylmer , who is mentioned during the Christmas visit . Francis Hancock ( edit ) Francis Hancock is the spoiled grandson of Aunt Alexandra . ( The son of her son , Henry Hancock . ) Every Christmas , Henry and his wife drop Francis at Finch 's Landing , which is the only time Scout and Jem see him . Francis lives in Mobile , Alabama , and is a bit of a tattle - tale . He gets along well with Jem , but often spars with Scout . One Christmas , Francis calls Atticus a `` nigger - lover , '' as well as insisting that he was ruining the family and the likes , which infuriates Scout and causes them to get into a fight . Francis lies about his role in it , telling Uncle Jack that Scout started it by calling him a `` whore lady '' , and Jack therefore punishes Scout . However , she explains the full story and charitably persuades her uncle not to punish Francis about it , but to let Atticus think they had been fighting about something else ( although Atticus later discovers the truth ) . Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose ( edit ) Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose is an elderly woman who lives near the Finches . She is hated by the children , who run by her house to avoid her . Scout describes Mrs. Dubose as `` plain hell . '' A virulent racist , she calls Atticus a `` nigger - lover '' to his children 's faces , and Jem flies into a rage and ravages Mrs. Dubose 's camellia bushes . As a punishment , Jem is required to read to Mrs. Dubose each day for a month . As Jem reads , she experiences a fit of drooling and twitching and does not seem to pay any attention to the words . When an alarm rings , Jem is allowed to leave for the day . She extends the punishment for one extra week and dies shortly after letting Jem go for the last time . Atticus informs him that Mrs. Dubose was terminally ill and had become addicted to morphine . By reading to her , Jem had distracted her so that she could break the addiction . In thanks , she leaves him a candy box with a camellia flower in it ; Jem burns the box in anger , but is later seen by Scout admiring the flower . Atticus tells Jem that Mrs. Dubose was the bravest person he ever knew , and she was trying to teach Jem the importance of bravery and true courage to endure anything when the situation is hopeless , as in her morphine addiction . Mr. Heck Tate ( edit ) Mr. Heck Tate is a friend of Atticus and also the sheriff of Maycomb County . He believes in protecting the innocent although he does n't usually show it . When Tom has been locked in jail and a lynch mob turns up to kill him , the sheriff refuses to hand Tom over , instead dispersing the crowd . At the end of the book , the two men argue over whether Jem or Boo Radley should be held responsible for the death of Bob Ewell . Heck eventually persuades Atticus to accept the theory that Ewell accidentally fell on his own knife , thus saving the harmless , reclusive Boo from the public exposure of a criminal trial . Mr. Braxton Underwood ( edit ) Mr. Braxton Bragg Underwood is a news reporter and a friend of Atticus . He owns and also publishes The Maycomb Tribune . Being a racist , he disagrees with Atticus on principle . He also has a strong belief in justice , as exemplified when he defends Atticus from the Cunningham mob by having his double barrel shotgun loaded and ready to shoot them . He also demonstrates some humanity when he publishes a scathing editorial comparing the killing of Tom Robinson ( a cripple ) to `` the senseless slaughter of songbirds by hunters and children '' . Mr. Horace Gilmer ( edit ) Mr. Horace Gilmer is a lawyer from Abbottsville , and is the prosecuting attorney in the Tom Robinson case . Mr. Gilmer is between the ages of forty and sixty . Mr. Gilmer has a slight cast with one eye , which he uses to his advantage in trial . Mr. Gilmer appeared to be racist in his harsh cross-examination of Tom Robinson , but it is hinted at that he is in fact going easy on Tom . He and Atticus are not rivals and talk to each other during recesses during the case . Dr. scott Reynolds ( edit ) Dr. Reynolds is the Maycomb doctor . He is well known to Scout and Jem . Scout says that he `` had brought Jem and me into the world , had led us through every childhood disease known to man including the time Jem fell out of the tree house , and he had never lost our friendship . Dr. Reynolds said that if we were boil - prone things would have been different ... '' . He inspects Jem 's broken arm and Scout 's minor bruises after the attack from Bob Ewell under the tree . Dolphus Raymond ( edit ) Dolphus Raymond is a white landowner who is jaded by the hypocrisy of the white society and prefers to live among black folks . In fact , he has children with a black woman . Dolphus pretends he is an alcoholic so that the people of Maycomb will have an excuse for his behavior , but in fact he only drinks Coca Cola out of a paper bag to try to hide it . When Dill and Scout discover that he is not a drunk , they are amazed . He shows Scout how sometimes you can pretend to be someone you 're not so people will be more understanding of you . Link Deas ( edit ) Link Deas owns cotton fields and a store in Maycomb who employs Tom and later Helen because she does not get accepted by any other employers in the county due to Tom Robinson 's legal troubles . He announces to the court ( in defense of Tom ) at one point in the trial that he had n't `` had a speck o ' trouble outta him '' in the eight years Tom had been working for him , and gets sent out by Judge John Taylor for doing so . When Bob Ewell starts threatening Helen after the trial , Mr. Deas fiercely defends her and threatens several times to have Mr. Ewell arrested if he keeps bothering her . He is on Tom Robinson 's side during the trial and remains loyal to the family afterwards . Miss Caroline Fisher ( edit ) Miss Caroline Fisher is Scout 's first grade teacher and is new to Maycomb , Alabama and its ways . She attempts to teach the first grade class using a new system which she learned from taking certain college courses ( Jem mistakenly refers to it as the `` Dewey Decimal System '' , which is really how library books are organized . ) . She is upset by Scout 's advanced reading capabilities and believes that Scout is receiving lessons from Atticus . She feels as though Scout is trying to outsmart and mock her . In an effort to standardize the class , she forbids Scout from reading with her father . Atticus asks Scout to step into Miss Caroline 's skin . However , he continues to allow Scout to read with him at night so long as she continues to go to school . Miss Caroline has good intentions but proves quite incompetent as a teacher . When Scout tells Miss Fisher that she shamed a student ( Walter Cunningham , Jr . ) by giving him lunch money , she raps Scout 's palms with a ruler ( a punishment unheard of in Maycomb ) . She is also very sensitive and gets emotionally hurt quite easily , as seen when she cries after Burris Ewell yells at her , `` Report and be damned to ye ! Ai n't no snot - nosed slut of a schoolteacher ever born c'n make me do nothin ' ! You ai n't makin ' me go nowhere , missus . You just remember that , you ai n't makin ' me go nowhere ! '' After the Burris Ewell incident , Miss Caroline is seldom seen and soon forgotten . Reverend Sykes ( edit ) Reverend Sykes is the reverend of the First Purchase M.E. African Church in Maycomb County . This is the church Tom Robinson attended . Reverend Sykes forces the congregation to donate 10 dollars for Tom Robinson 's family since at the time , Tom 's wife , Helen , was having trouble finding work . During the trial , when the courtroom was too packed for the children to find seats , Reverend Sykes lets the kids sit with him up in the colored balcony and even saves their seats for them . Miss Stephanie Crawford ( edit ) Stephanie Crawford is the neighborhood gossip who claimed that she saw Boo Radley from her bedroom standing outside of her cleaned window one night . Crawford is one of the first on the scene after a loud gunshot is heard behind the Radley house . Because she is the neighborhood gossip , it is unwise to think of anything that she says as true , because most of the time it is not true at all . She is a friend of Alexandra Hancock . She lets Miss Maudie live with her when Miss Maudie 's house burns down , supposedly in order to steal Miss Maudie 's Lane cake recipe . She is thrilled to pass on gossip to the kids about Boo Radley . She claimed to have witnessed Bob Ewell 's threatening Atticus at the Post Office corner as she was returning from the local Jitney Jungle grocery store . In the film she takes the place of Rachel Haverford and is now Dill 's aunt . Miss Rachel Haverford ( edit ) Miss Rachel Haverford is Dill 's aunt and the Finches ' next door neighbor . She drank neat whiskey heavily after seeing a rattlesnake coiled in her closet , on her washing , when she hung her negligee up . Even though she can be very hard to deal with , she truly does love her nephew . Her family name , in the legends of Maycomb County , is synonymous with jackass . In the film , she is not a character and Miss Stephanie takes her place as Dill 's aunt . Helen Robinson ( edit ) Helen Robinson is the wife of Tom Robinson . She is spoken about many times . She has three children . Employed by Link Deas following the death of her husband , she is repeatedly harassed by Bob Ewell when traveling to work . Upon learning of this , Deas threatens Ewell , forcing him to stop . She is an example of how one person 's actions can have an effect on a lot of people and she elucidates the hardships that surround the Tom Robinson case . Nathan Radley ( edit ) Nathan Radley is the brother of Arthur `` Boo '' Radley and another difficult character to understand in To Kill a Mockingbird . When the children try to catch a view of `` Boo '' late one night through a window , he shoots over their heads with a shotgun ( albeit thinking he was aiming at a black person ) . Nathan also cements up the knothole in which Arthur leaves little gifts for the children . On the other hand , he helps Miss Maudie by saving some of her belongings when her house is on fire . He is more present than his brother , but equally mysterious . Jessie ( edit ) Jessie is Mrs. Dubose 's black nurse . She is the woman who shoos the children out when Mrs. Dubose has her fits , and she seems to care enormously for Mrs. Dubose . When Jem is forced to stay reading to Mrs. Dubose , Jessie kindly leads Jem and Scout to the door when Mrs. Dubose 's alarm goes off . The rumors about Mrs. Dubose concealing a gun about her person involves Jessie ; the book says `` and even if Mrs. Dubose missed , her girl Jessie would n't '' . Burris Ewell ( edit ) Burris Ewell is a son of Bob Ewell and a younger sibling of Mayella Ewell as well as the first antagonist of the novel . Burris is described as being chiefly antagonistic of Little Chuck Little and his teacher Miss Caroline Fisher . He comes to the first day of school , but departs just as everyone else in his family does . Burris is also poor . He has live lice in his hair . Burris also scared his teacher Caroline Fisher . He behaves rudely when she tells him to go home , wash his hair , and come back clean the next day . He refuses , and a student explains to Miss Caroline that Ewell children do n't attend school . All they do is show up for the first day , get marked down on the register , and then they miss the entire school year until the first day of the next year . His famous quote was , `` Report and be damned to ye ! Ai n't no snot - nosed slut of a schoolteacher ever born c'n make me do nothin ' ! You ai n't makin ' me go nowhere , missus . You just remember that , you ai n't makin ' me go nowhere ! '' As of Scout 's first year of school ( the first grade ) , Burris has repeated the first grade three times . Burris is also like his father and is very belligerent . Lula ( edit ) Lula is an African - American woman with a dislike for white people . She does n't like the idea of Calpurnia bringing Atticus Finch 's children , Jem and Scout , with her to church and tells her so but is overruled by the other congregants . According to James Zeebo , Calpurnia 's son , Lula 's said to be , `` a troublemaker from way back , with fancy ideas and haughty ways . '' She 's threatened with being `` churched '' ( subjected to church discipline ) by Reverend Sykes . Mrs. Grace Merriweather ( edit ) Mrs. Grace Merriweather is the producer of the play in which Scout plays as a ham . She tells Everett that `` the ladies of the South Maycomb Alabama Methodist Episcopal Church are behind him one hundred percent . '' She is mostly known for her devotion to the church and is widely held as the most devout lady in Maycomb ; however , like many of her peers , she is very hypocritical and loves to gossip with all the other women . Walter Cunningham , Jr ( edit ) Walter Cunningham , Jr is a child who is almost as old as Jem but is in Scout 's class . He is too poor to even pay off a 25 - cent debt because the Great Depression hit his poor family hard . Walter is not only too poor but also his family is too proud to take any money . He is invited over to the Finches ' house once , after engaging in a fight with Scout , where he covers up all of his dinner with molasses , much to Scout 's vocal dismay . This teaches Scout a lesson in humility and compassion . Walter Cunningham , Sr. ( edit ) Walter Cunningham , Sr. is Walter Cunningham Jr. 's father . He appears only twice , once at the beginning of the story when he has to pay off the debt to Atticus ( Walter Cunningham Sr. was his client ) by giving him firewood , vegetables and other supplies . He also leads the mob that comes to lynch Tom Robinson the night before the trial . Only when Scout talks to him about his son and how much he owes to Atticus does he reconsider and call off the mob . Scout innocently shames him because Scout reminds him of all the things that Atticus has done for him and for Maycomb County . After the verdict is given in the trial , Atticus tells Jem that one of the Cunninghams had changed his thoughts about Tom and pleaded that Tom was not guilty to the jury . Little Chuck Little ( edit ) Little Chuck Little is a student in Scout 's first grade class who has the mindset of an adult . His real name is Charles . He is depicted as chiefly antagonistic of Burris Ewell . He is presented in the novel when Miss Caroline is frightened by Burris ' lice . He warned Miss Caroline that if Burris was n't released from class , he might try something that would put their classmates at risk . When Burris starts advancing on Little Chuck after his warning / veiled insult , Little Chuck 's hand moved to his pocket ( implying that he was going to pull out a knife ) while saying , `` Watch your step , Burris . I 'd soon 's kill you as look at you . Now go home . '' Scared by Little Chuck 's bravery and his implied knife , Burris retreats . From this we see , through the narrative view of Scout , his gentlemanly attitude and how it calms Miss Caroline down . Little Chuck may be even more intelligent than originally meets the eye , as he easily could have been bluffing about the aforementioned implied knife to scare Burris into retreating . Mr. Dick Avery ( edit ) Mr. Dick Avery is an overweight neighbor who tells Jem and Scout that dramatic changes in the weather are caused by disobedient and misbehaving children . After it snows , they build a snowman that resembles him . Mr. Avery can also be seen in the story pushing a mattress out of a window when Miss Maudie 's house catches fire . The kids , including Jem and Scout , always waited for him to do something interesting . For instance , Jem claims that one night he urinated from his front porch in an impressive arc . Miss Gates ( edit ) Miss Gates is a third grade teacher at Scout 's school who insists that America is n't prejudiced like Hitler 's Germany . Despite this , Scout has heard her say that the blacks need to be taught a lesson after Tom 's trial . Eula May ( edit ) Eula May is Maycomb 's most prominent telephone operator . She sends out public announcements , invitations , and activates the fire alarm . She announced the closing of schools when it snowed and announced the rabid dog that entered Maycomb . Also , Eula May knows everybody in the town because of her unique job . Cecil Jacobs ( edit ) Cecil Jacobs teases Scout and Jem at school . Scout almost gets into a fight with Cecil over the trial of Tom Robinson . Scout beats up Cecil Jacobs because he says Atticus is a `` Nigger Lover . '' He gives a current event on Adolf Hitler and later frightens Scout and Jem on their way to the Halloween pageant . He and Scout then pair up at the carnival . At the Halloween pageant afterwards , Cecil was a cow . He hints that black people are not as good as white people while talking about Hitler during current events . He also tends to take jokes too far . However importantly he shows how prejudice is passed on from parent to child . Tim Johnson ( edit ) Tim Johnson is a dog belonging to Harry Johnson ( a character in the book who is mentioned once but is never seen ) . He is infected by rabies in chapter 10 and goes mad , putting everyone in the town at risk . Atticus is forced to shoot Tim Johnson before he reaches the Radley House or attacks anyone . When Atticus shoots the dog , his excellent marksmanship is revealed to Scout and Jem ( his nickname used to be One - Shot Finch ) . The dog 's body is collected by Zeebo . Simon Finch ( edit ) Simon Finch is the founder of Finch 's Landing . He is referred to in the first chapter of the book , being a direct ancestor of Atticus . He is a Cornish Methodist , and emigrated from England to avoid religious persecution , landing in Philadelphia before settling in Alabama . He was married , with one son , six daughters . He is also an apothecary . Maxwell Green ( edit ) Maxwell Green is the new lawyer in town . He is normally the judicially - assigned defense attorney but Judge Taylor assigned Tom Robinson 's case to Atticus to give Tom Robinson a better chance . Mr. X Billups ( edit ) Mr. X Billups who is seen only once in the book , going to the trial , is described as a `` funny man '' . X is his name , and not his initial . He was asked repeated times what his name was until he signed it . X was the name he had been given when he was born because his parents marked his birth certificate with an X instead of a name . The Barber sisters ( Miss `` Tutti '' and Miss `` Frutti '' ) ( edit ) The Barber Sisters ( Miss Sarah , nicknamed `` Tutti '' and Miss Frances , nicknamed `` Frutti '' ) are maiden sisters who live in the only house in Maycomb with a cellar . They were originally from Clanton , Alabama ; and are rumored to be Republicans . Besides their Yankee ways , both sisters are deaf ( Tutti completely deaf ; Frutti uses an ear trumpet ) , and had a Halloween prank pulled on them by some `` wicked '' schoolchildren ( Scout claims she was not included ) who put all of their furniture in their cellar . Mrs. gertrude Farrow ( edit ) Mrs. Farrow is a lady in the missionary society who visits the Finch house occasionally . Mr. Conner ( edit ) Mr. Conner is mentioned early on in the book . He was locked in an outhouse by `` Boo '' Radley and his friends . After taking the teenagers to court , Mr. Conner accused them of `` disorderly conduct , disturbing the peace , assault and battery , and using abusive and profane language in the presence and hearing of a female . '' He added the last charge after claiming that the teens had `` cussed so loud he was sure every lady in Maycomb heard them . '' Zeebo ( edit ) Zeebo is Calpurnia 's eldest son . He is one of just four people in First Purchase Church who can read , so he is the vocal leader , leading hymns in the Negro First Purchase Church by `` lining , '' reading a line of verse and having the congregation repeat it . Calpurnia taught Zeebo how to read . He is also the garbage man of Maycomb , and took away the dead rabid dog , Tim Johnson . When a fellow church member , a woman named Lula , tries to make the children feel bad for attending church with his mother , Zeebo welcomes Scout and Jem with open arms . He is kind but very quiet . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What Kids Are Reading : The Book Reading Habits of Students in American Schools '' , Renaissance Learning , Inc. , 2008 . Retrieved on July 11 , 2008 . See also `` What Kids Are Reading : The Book Reading Habits of Students in American Schools , Renaissance Learning , Inc. 2010 . Retrieved on May 1 , 2011 . where To Kill a Mockingbird appears at number 2 . Jump up ^ `` Edmond Public Schools - Edmond Public Schools '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Arthur Radley ( Boo ) in To Kill a Mockingbird '' . Jump up ^ Lee , Harper ( 1960 ) . To Kill a Mockingbird . United States of America : Warner Books . p. 81 . ( hide ) Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1960 ) Characters Atticus Finch Film To Kill a Mockingbird Prequel Go Set a Watchman Other characters popular culture Broken `` '' Hey , Boo `` : Harper Lee and To Kill A Mockingbird '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_characters&oldid=791703478 '' Categories : To Kill a Mockingbird Fictional characters from Alabama Lists of literary characters Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 July 2017 , at 23 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
name of attorney in to kill a mockingbird
[ "Atticus Finch is the middle-aged father of Jem and Scout Finch. He is a lawyer and was once known as \"the deadliest shot in Maycomb County\". Although he was a good shot, he does not like to mention the fact as he does not like the thought of having an advantage over people. He appears to support racial equality and was appointed to represent Tom Robinson, a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman, Mayella Ewell. The town disapproves of him defending Tom especially when he makes clear his intent to defend Tom Robinson to the best of his abilities. He is portrayed by Gregory Peck in the film adaptation of To Kill a Mockingbird." ]
[ "Atticus Finch" ]
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Leslie Knope
Leslie Knope - wikipedia Leslie Knope Jump to : navigation , search Leslie Knope Parks and Recreation character First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` One Last Ride '' Portrayed by Amy Poehler Information Occupation President of the United States ( Implied ) Governer of Indiana Deputy Director of Operations at United States Department of Interior Regional Director of National Park Service Midwest Region City Councilor Deputy Director of the Pawnee City Department of Parks and Recreation Family Marlene Griggs - Knope ( mother ) Robert Knope ( father , deceased ) Spouse ( s ) Ben Wyatt Significant other ( s ) Justin Anderson ( ex-boyfriend ) Dave Sanderson ( ex-boyfriend ) Children Westley Knope - Wyatt ( son ) Stephen Knope - Wyatt ( son ) Sonia Knope - Wyatt ( daughter ) Nationality American Leslie Barbara Knope ( / ˈnoʊp / NOHP ) is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the NBC sitcom Parks and Recreation . She is portrayed by Amy Poehler . For most of the show 's run , she serves as Deputy Director of the Parks and Recreation Department of the fictional city of Pawnee , Indiana . An over-achiever , Knope believes the government should serve the people . The character has evolved greatly over the seasons , initially portrayed by Poehler as an exaggerated scatterbrain before gradually shifting to a more subtle performance . Poehler 's performance as Knope has been nominated for several awards , winning a 2014 Golden Globe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Personality 3 Storyline 3.1 Season one 3.2 Season two 3.3 Season three 3.4 Season four 3.5 Season five 3.6 Season six 3.7 Season seven 4 Development 5 Critical reception 5.1 Season one 5.2 Season two 5.3 Season three 6 References Background ( edit ) This television - related section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Knope was born on January 18 , 1975 ( S4 : E3 ) in Eagleton , Indiana due to a raccoon infestation in Pawnee , and has lived in Pawnee , Indiana since infancy . According to the show 's timeline , her father died in 1985 ( S5 : E14 ) . She was inspired to pursue a life of public service by the community programs she enjoyed as a child . While attending Pawnee North High School she served as Co-Vice President of the student body and participated in several student organizations including the Model United Nations , Debate Club , Mock Trial , Young Republicans , Young Democrats and Young Independents , which she founded . She graduated in the top five percent of her high school class and summa cum laude from Indiana University 's School of Public and Environmental Affairs ( SPEA ) . In the first three seasons , Leslie is the Deputy in Pawnee 's Parks and Recreation Department , a mid-level bureaucratic position ; in season 4 , she successfully campaigns to become a member of the city council . In her role as Deputy Director she serves on several committees , including the Equal Opportunity Committee , the Fun in the Sun Committee , the Clean Restroom Task Force , the Handicapped Restroom Task Force , and the Task Force to Reduce the Number of Public Restrooms . She hopes to improve her town and to advance her career ( possibly aiming to become the City Manager ) . She has also stated her ultimate goal of becoming the first female President of the United States . Knope proudly displays in her office images of Hillary Clinton , Joe Biden , Madeleine Albright , Condoleezza Rice , Dianne Feinstein , Janet Reno , Nancy Pelosi , and Larry Bird . Leslie also has a love for sweets , especially waffles ( which she frequently orders in large quantities at J.J. 's Diner ) and whipped cream , which she puts on coffee , waffles , etc . Leslie Knope is the only character to appear in every episode . On November 10 , 2016 a member of the Parks and Recreation 's writing staff wrote an open letter for Vox from the fictional character Leslie Knope on the election results . Personality ( edit ) Leslie Knope is extremely cheerful , ambitious , hard - working and optimistic . She is firmly committed to the belief that government should provide a service for its people , and regularly goes above and beyond for the benefits of Pawnee 's residents -- a belief that regularly clashes with her superior Ron Swanson , a staunch libertarian who feels all government should be dissolved and privatized . Although somewhat naive at times , she is intelligent , well - read , and has good intentions , but is not always successful in executing her goals . She repeatedly tries to put a positive spin on failure , even to the point that she will occasionally distort the truth in her own view . For example , she does not get discouraged by angry residents who complain or yell during her public forums , but instead prefers to think of them as `` people caring loudly at me '' . Many of her co-workers do not share her enthusiasm , but Leslie commands their respect nonetheless . Her ambition occasionally annoys her colleagues and leads to ribbing against her , especially from her subordinate Tom Haverford . She has an outsized love for the waffles at a local diner and an untempered hatred for public libraries , salads , and the wealthy neighboring town of Eagleton -- which Leslie found out , to her sheer horror , was actually her birthplace instead of Pawnee . Leslie views herself as a budding political star in the style of Hillary Rodham Clinton , Nancy Pelosi , and Condoleezza Rice . She has been widely lauded as a positive figure for advancing gender equality and feminism because she represents a strong woman who encourages others to empower themselves and support the women around them . Although she is shown to be running for the city council as an independent , she joins the Democratic Party at some point , as she is approached by `` Janet from the DNC '' about a potential gubernatorial bid in the final season . Storyline ( edit ) Season one ( edit ) Initially she is shown to carry romantic feelings for her co-worker Mark , likely stemming from a romantic liason with him several years before . She is also desperate to impress her mother , Marlene Griggs - Knope , a well - known politician in the Pawnee government . At a public forum , she meets Ann Perkins , who informs her about a gaping hole near her house that her boyfriend , Andy Dwyer , fell into . Leslie takes on the project and quickly becomes friends with Ann . She is sometimes pushed around by her mom , a tough and tactless woman who has had a long and successful career in local government and who does n't think much of her daughter 's professional or personal choices . Season two ( edit ) Leslie seems to move on from her romantic interest in Mark and begins dating police officer Dave Sanderson ( Louis C.K. ) . She also begins taking charge and gains a lot of confidence . Also , more of her relationships with her coworkers are shown . Towards the end of the season , Dave , who was enlisted in the U.S. Army Reserve , was called into active duty in San Diego , where he did custodial work . Dave asked Leslie to move with him to San Diego , and although she was considering it , she ultimately declined because she loved her work and Pawnee too much to leave , and they parted ways amicably . She then dated an old lawyer friend of Ann 's named Justin . Although Justin seemed to be a perfect guy and had many interesting stories , Leslie soon realized that stories were all Justin cared about . After he reunited Leslie 's mother with an old flame despite Leslie 's constant protests , she broke up with him , as Justin cared more about the reunion story that he could potentially tell than Leslie . At the end of the season , Leslie and the rest of the department gets a visit from two state auditors , Ben Wyatt and Chris Traeger , the former of whom later becomes a love interest for Leslie . Ben and Chris shut down the government due to Pawnee 's crippling financial status . Season three ( edit ) In this season , Leslie works on the Harvest Festival in hopes of bringing money to Pawnee . She and Ben are no longer at odds and develop a friendly working relationship . After hearing a flu - ridden Leslie give an amazing speech , Ben begins to develop a crush on Leslie and as the season progresses , they grow to genuinely enjoy each other 's company . However , their budding relationship is threatened by Chris 's interoffice dating rules , and they attempt to keep their romance under wraps , despite telling Ann , Ron , Leslie 's mother , and a maintenance worker at the Lil ' Sebastian memorial service . In the season finale , Leslie is approached by a group of people who look for talent in government with the potential for political careers . They tell Leslie that they believe she has the potential to become a member of city council , or even the mayor . They ask Leslie if there is any potential for scandal in her background to which Leslie replies ( having decided to continue her secret romance with Ben while not at work ) `` Nope . '' Season four ( edit ) Leslie comes to realize that while she is running for city council , her relationship with Ben can not continue , and they regretfully break up . Leslie then announces her city council candidacy . Leslie writes a book called Pawnee : The Greatest Town in America . She also finds out that she was actually born in Eagleton because her mother said `` the Pawnee hospital had been overrun by raccoons . '' Leslie and Ben struggle with being broken up ; Leslie wants to remain friends with Ben , but he tells her it 's just too hard for him . Leslie finally decides she wants to be with Ben , no matter the consequences , and they get back together . Ben resigns from his position in order to save Leslie from getting fired . Her campaign managers inform her that they can no longer run her campaign because her approval ratings are dismally low after the news of her relationship with Ben was revealed . The rest of the Parks employees ( and Ann ) , on a mission to return the love Leslie 's shown in giving the perfect gifts she has gotten them all year after year , tell Leslie that they will run her campaign for her , allowing her to continue going after her dream . After several tumultuous months , it is announced that Bobby Newport , son of Sweetums founder Nick Newport , has won by 21 votes . Ben later approaches officials and notifies them that it is the law that they re-count , since it was so close . Ann then reveals to Leslie that really she beat Bobby by 21 votes . Season five ( edit ) In the beginning of the season , she and Ben get engaged and move into a house together . She and Ben get married in the middle of the season , months earlier than the couple had originally planned . They initially arrange to marry at a black tie event they planned and executed to raise money for the future park at Pawnee Commons . However , Councilman Jamm disrupts the ceremony by setting off stink bombs and ' booing ' Leslie , leading to Ron Swanson punching him in the face and getting both Jamm and Ron arrested . However , the Parks and Recreation Department plans a secret wedding that same night in the office area , and Ron walks her down the aisle . A main plot point of the season is the campaign to recall Leslie from her position of the city council ; it is revealed that the campaign is successful , and Leslie will be removed from her position . Season six ( edit ) Leslie is a key member in the absorbing of Eagleton into Pawnee because of a debt problem in Eagleton . After a heroic filibuster which wins the citizens of former Eagleton voting rights , Leslie is recalled and replaced with her Eagletonian counterpart , Ingrid de Forest ( Kristen Bell ) . Leslie gets the lot and park for the Pawnee Commons after a heated debate between her and Councilman Jamm , in return for five worthless IOU 's from Chris ( who was soon leaving his post as City Manager ) . In Flu Season 2 , Leslie discovers that she is pregnant . In One in 8,000 after a visit to a doctor , Ben and Leslie find out that they are going to have triplets . Soon after , the Unity Concert is nearing , and Leslie is offered a position in the National Park Service , in Chicago . After stalling on her decision for most of the season Leslie is eventually convinced by Ben to accept the job , but then after finding out that Andy and April had her declared as one of the new founders of the new town of Pawnee , she convinces her new boss to relocate their office from Chicago to the Third Floor of Pawnee City Hall . Three years from the end of season six , Leslie and Ben have three children , and Leslie is the head of the Midwest Parks Service in the bustling third floor of Pawnee City Hall . Season seven ( edit ) Leslie is head of the Midwest branch of the National Park Service and is currently working to build a National Park in Pawnee . Ron is her enemy in this effort , as he wants to build a new Gryzzl campus , and the Morning Star incident . As the season progresses , however , Ron and Leslie eventually reconcile , and she gives Pawnee its National Park . Soon afterwards , she and Ben decide to move to Washington with April and Andy after she is offered a promotion to work at the Department of the Interior and Ben decides to run for Congress . In flash forwards , it is shown that by the year 2025 , Leslie will run a successful campaign for Governor of Indiana , and will serve two terms in that office . It is implied that either she or Ben has been elected President of the United States by 2048 . In the present , the gang gets together for a picture , as they are unsure when the next time they see each other will be . Ben asks Leslie if she 's ready , to which she responds , `` Yes . I 'm ready . '' Development ( edit ) The concept for Parks and Recreation did not start to form until series creators Greg Daniels and Michael Schur learned Poehler would be available to play the lead character . Once that casting was determined , the general concept for both the series and the Leslie Knope character was established . After the first season , changes were made to Leslie 's character to make her appear more intelligent . Schur said this was in response to critical feedback that Leslie came across as `` ditzy '' during the show 's first run of episodes , which Schur said was never their intention . Schur said that the show considered a backstory element for Leslie where she had been elected mayor while a teenager ; this story was later used for the Ben Wyatt character . Amy Poehler said by the third season , after the Parks Department has been shut down for three months due to a budget crisis , Leslie has started to face reality more clearly and realize the department is a low priority . Critical reception ( edit ) She was listed in AfterEllen.com 's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters . In 2015 , Entertainment Weekly named Knope as one of the 25 Best TV Characters of the Past 25 Years . Poehler has garnered six Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series , three Golden Globe Award nominations , and three Screen Actors Guild Award nominations for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series for her role . In 2013 , while hosting the ceremony , Poehler won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy for her portrayal of Leslie Knope . Season one ( edit ) Despite mixed reviews of the first season , one fairly consistent source of praise went to Amy Poehler for her performance as Leslie Knope . Tom Shales of the Washington Post writes that `` Poehler 's show unfortunately is n't worthy of her '' . Daniel Carlson of The Hollywood Reporter also had praise for Poehler claiming that she `` has the comic intelligence to carry a series like this one '' and delivers a performance that is `` awkward but not alienating '' and `` eager without being repelling '' . However , several commentators said the naive and well - meaning Leslie Knope character too closely resembled The Office protagonist Michael Scott , a well - intentioned but dimwitted protagonist manager of a paper company sales office . Season two ( edit ) James Poniewozik of Time magazine praised the development of the characters . He thought that the show `` really has a handle now '' on the main character Leslie Knope , and does an `` excellent job of finding things for its supporting characters to do '' . He also opined that the series is `` living up to its potential now '' . Commentators said the supporting cast was now working with better material and that Amy Poehler 's character had improved and become less over-the - top and more human than in the first season . Season three ( edit ) By season three , Paste magazine writer Garrett Martin called Leslie `` one of the most relatable and admirable women on television '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` 71st Golden Globes winners and nominees -- complete list '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` City of Pawnee : Parks and Recreation : Staff '' . NBC ( official ) . 2010 . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , Rob ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` Press Tour Journal : Poehler series ' premise '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2009 . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Leslie Knope pens a letter to young women after Trump win : ' We screwed this up ' '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Stanley , Alessandra ( April 8 , 2009 ) . `` Misguided , She Yearns to Guide '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Denise ( November 18 , 2009 ) . `` Making bureaucracy work : How NBC 's `` Parks and Recreation '' overcame bad buzz `` . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles , California . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Shales , Tom ( April 9 , 2009 ) . `` ' Parks and Rec ' : Poehler Express to Nowhere '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Who 's your favorite TV couple now ? ( Do n't hurt us , Leslie and Ben ! ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moeschen , Sheila . `` Just Say Knope to Feminism '' . Huffington Post Women . TheHuffingtonPost.com . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( March 26 , 2009 ) . `` It 's Not ' The Office . ' The Boss Is a Woman '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` Parks and Recreation : Interviewing co-creator Mike Schur '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Egner , Jeremy ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` Amy Poehler on the Return ( Finally ) of ' Parks and Recreation ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AfterEllen. com 's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters '' . AfterEllen.com . February 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 25 Best TV Characters in the Past 25 Years '' . ew.com . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Daniel ( April 7 , 2009 ) . `` TV Review : Parks and Recreation '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2009 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( April 9 , 2009 ) . `` '' Parks and Recreation '' review - Sepinwall on TV `` . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stasi , Linda ( April 9 , 2009 ) . `` Amy Poehler quit `` SNL '' for `` Parks and Recreation '' `` . New York Post . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott ( April 25 , 2009 ) . `` Parks and Recreation : Season 1 : Episode 3 : `` The Reporter '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gay , Verne ( April 7 , 2009 ) . `` '' Parks and Recreation `` , starring Amy Poehler '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2010 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( April 8 , 2009 ) . `` '' Parks '' is like a bad day at `` The Office , '' even with likable Poehler `` . USA Today . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Now the Deluge : Office , Parks & Rec and Fringe Return '' . Time . September 21 , 2009 . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Jonah ( December 2 , 2009 ) . `` You really should be watching NBC 's Parks and Recreation '' . Slate . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 25 , 2009 ) . `` Fall 's best and worst : `` Modern Family , '' `` Parks and Recreation , '' `` 90210 , '' `` SNL , '' and more ! `` . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Havrilesky , Heather ( November 4 , 2009 ) . `` When did `` Parks and Recreation '' get so funny ? `` . Salon.com . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` So What 's the Best Comedy on TV Right Now ? '' . Time . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Martin , Garrett ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Parks and Recreation Review : `` The Bubble / Li'l Sebastian '' ( Episode 3.15 ) `` . Paste . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . ( hide ) Parks and Recreation Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Canvassing '' `` The Reporter '' `` Boys ' Club '' `` The Banquet '' `` Rock Show '' Season 2 `` Pawnee Zoo '' `` The Stakeout '' `` Beauty Pageant '' `` Practice Date '' `` Sister City '' `` Kaboom '' `` Greg Pikitis '' `` Ron and Tammy '' `` The Camel '' `` Hunting Trip '' `` Tom 's Divorce '' `` Christmas Scandal '' `` The Set Up '' `` Leslie 's House '' `` Sweetums '' `` Galentine 's Day '' `` Woman of the Year '' `` The Possum '' `` Park Safety '' `` Summer Catalog '' `` 94 Meetings '' `` Telethon '' `` The Master Plan '' `` Freddy Spaghetti '' Season 3 `` Go Big or Go Home '' `` Flu Season '' `` Time Capsule '' `` Ron & Tammy : Part Two '' `` Media Blitz '' `` Indianapolis '' `` Harvest Festival '' `` Camping '' `` Andy and April 's Fancy Party '' `` Soulmates '' `` Jerry 's Painting '' `` Eagleton '' `` Road Trip '' `` The Fight '' `` The Bubble '' `` Li'l Sebastian '' Season 4 `` I 'm Leslie Knope '' `` Ron and Tammys '' `` Born & Raised '' `` Pawnee Rangers '' `` End of the World '' `` Bowling for Votes '' `` Operation Ann '' `` The Debate '' `` Bus Tour '' `` Win , Lose , or Draw '' Season 5 `` Ms. Knope Goes to Washington '' `` Soda Tax '' `` How a Bill Becomes a Law '' `` Sex Education '' `` Halloween Surprise '' Season 6 Season 7 `` Leslie and Ron '' `` One Last Ride '' Characters Leslie Knope Ron Swanson Tom Haverford Ann Perkins April Ludgate Andy Dwyer Ben Wyatt Chris Traeger Jerry Gergich Donna Meagle Mark Brendanawicz Craig Middlebrooks Jean - Ralphio Saperstein Marlene Griggs - Knope Related Pawnee Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Knope&oldid=828007392 '' Categories : Parks and Recreation characters Fictional government officials Fictional American people of German descent Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Fictional Democrats ( United States ) Fictional state governors of the United States Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from December 2014 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Television articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 00 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when does leslie tell ben she's pregnant
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List of National Basketball Association career 3-point scoring leaders
List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders Jump to : navigation , search This article provides two lists : A list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season three - point field goals made . A progressive list of three - point leaders showing how the record has increased through the years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Three - point field goals made leaders 2 Progressive list of 3 - point scoring leaders 3 Notes 4 External links Three - point field goals made leaders ( edit ) This is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular - season three - point field goals made . Statistics accurate as of October 30 , 2017 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration § 1st time eligible for Hall of Fame in 2018 Only players with at least 50 win shares are shown for 1st time eligible Hall of Fame consideration . Win Shares is a player statistic which attempts to divvy up credit for team success to the individuals on the team . Rank Name Position ( s ) Team ( s ) played for ( years ) Total 3 - point field goals made Total 3 - point field goals attempted 3 - point field goal percentage Allen , Ray Ray Allen SG Milwaukee Bucks ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 2,972 7,429 . 400 Miller , Reggie Reggie Miller * SG Indiana Pacers ( 1987 -- 2005 ) 2,560 6,486 . 395 Terry , Jason Jason Terry ^ SG / PG Atlanta Hawks ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2004 -- 2012 ) Boston Celtics ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Houston Rockets ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2016 -- present ) 2,242 5,898 . 380 Pierce , Paul Paul Pierce SF Boston Celtics ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 2,143 5,816 . 368 Korver , Kyle Kyle Korver ^ SG / SF Philadelphia 76ers ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Utah Jazz ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- present ) 2,067 4,788 . 432 6 Crawford , Jamal Jamal Crawford ^ SG / PG Chicago Bulls ( 2000 -- 2004 ) New York Knicks ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2017 -- present ) 2,061 5,888 . 350 7 Carter , Vince Vince Carter ^ SG / SF Toronto Raptors ( 1999 -- 2004 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2017 -- present ) 2,054 5,500 . 373 8 Kidd , Jason Jason Kidd PG Dallas Mavericks ( 1994 -- 1996 , 2008 -- 2012 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1996 -- 2001 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2001 -- 2008 ) New York Knicks ( 2012 -- 2013 ) 1,988 5,701 . 349 9 Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ^ PG Golden State Warriors ( 2009 -- present ) 1,949 4,462 . 437 10 Johnson , Joe Joe Johnson ^ SG / SF Boston Celtics ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Miami Heat ( 2016 ) Utah Jazz ( 2016 -- present ) 1,940 5,203 . 373 11 Billups , Chauncey Chauncey Billups PG / SG Boston Celtics ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Toronto Raptors ( 1998 ) Denver Nuggets ( 19 99 , 2008 -- 2011 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2002 -- 2008 , 2013 -- 2014 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2011 -- 2013 ) 1,830 4,725 . 387 12 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2016 ) 1,827 5,546 . 330 13 Nowitzki , Dirk Dirk Nowitzki ^ PF Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- present ) 1,793 4,697 . 382 14 Lewis , Rashard Rashard Lewis SF / PF Seattle SuperSonics ( 1998 -- 2007 ) Orlando Magic ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Washington Wizards ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 1,787 4,625 . 386 15 Smith , J.R. J.R. Smith ^ SG New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2006 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2015 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2015 -- present ) 1,780 4,782 . 372 16 Stojaković , Peja Peja Stojaković SF Sacramento Kings ( 1998 -- 2006 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2006 ) New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 ) 1,760 4,392 . 401 17 Ellis , Dale Dale Ellis SF / SG Dallas Mavericks ( 1983 -- 1986 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1986 -- 1991 , 1997 -- 1999 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 -- 1992 , 1999 -- 2000 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 2000 ) 1,719 4,266 . 403 18 Nash , Steve Steve Nash PG Phoenix Suns ( 1996 -- 1998 , 2004 -- 2012 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 1,685 3,939 . 428 19 Richardson , Jason Jason Richardson SG Golden State Warriors ( 2001 -- 2007 ) Charlotte Bobcats ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Orlando Magic ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 1,608 4,344 . 370 20 Miller , Mike Mike Miller ^ SF / SG Orlando Magic ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2003 -- 2008 , 2013 -- 2014 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Washington Wizards ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 1,590 3,910 . 407 21 Rice , Glen Glen Rice SF Miami Heat ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1999 -- 2000 ) New York Knicks ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Houston Rockets ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 1,559 3,896 . 400 22 Jones , Eddie Eddie Jones SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1994 -- 1999 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Miami Heat ( 2000 -- 2005 , 2007 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2007 -- 2008 ) 1,546 4,147 . 373 23 Hardaway , Tim Tim Hardaway PG Golden State Warriors ( 1989 -- 1993 , 1994 -- 1996 ) Miami Heat ( 1996 -- 2001 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2002 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2003 ) 1,542 4,345 . 355 24 Van Exel , Nick Nick Van Exel PG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2004 -- 2005 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2005 -- 2006 ) 1,528 4,278 . 357 25 Bibby , Mike Mike Bibby PG Vancouver Grizzlies ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2001 -- 2008 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Washington Wizards ( 2011 ) Miami Heat ( 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2012 ) 1,517 3,999 . 379 26 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ SF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2003 -- 2010 , 2014 -- present ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2014 ) 1,478 4,322 . 342 27 Finley , Michael Michael Finley SF Phoenix Suns ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1996 -- 2005 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2010 ) 1,454 3,880 . 375 28 Ginóbili , Manu Manu Ginóbili ^ SG San Antonio Spurs ( 2002 -- present ) 1,435 3,883 . 370 29 Harden , James James Harden ^ SG Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Houston Rockets ( 2012 -- present ) 1,409 3,879 . 363 30 Barry , Brent Brent Barry SG Los Angeles Clippers ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Miami Heat ( 1998 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1999 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2004 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Houston Rockets ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 1,395 3,442 . 405 31 Walker , Antoine Antoine Walker PF Boston Celtics ( 1996 -- 2003 , 2005 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2007 -- 2008 ) 1,386 4,264 . 325 32 Majerle , Dan Dan Majerle SG / SF Phoenix Suns ( 1988 -- 1995 , 2001 -- 2002 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Miami Heat ( 1996 -- 2001 ) 1,360 3,798 . 358 33 Thompson , Klay Klay Thompson ^ SG Golden State Warriors ( 2011 -- present ) 1,355 3,232 . 419 34 Davis , Baron Baron Davis PG Charlotte Hornets ( 1999 -- 2002 ) New Orleans Hornets ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2012 ) 1,332 4,159 . 320 35 Richmond , Mitch Mitch Richmond * SG Golden State Warriors ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 1,326 3,419 . 388 36 Houston , Allan Allan Houston SG Detroit Pistons ( 1993 -- 1996 ) New York Knicks ( 1996 -- 2005 ) 1,305 3,247 . 402 37 Dunleavy Jr. , Mike Mike Dunleavy Jr. ^ SF / SG Golden State Warriors ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2017 ) 1,304 3,460 . 377 38 Porter , Terry Terry Porter PG Portland Trail Blazers ( 1985 -- 1995 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Miami Heat ( 1999 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 1,297 3,360 . 386 39 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ SF / SG Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2016 -- present ) 1,285 3,372 . 381 40 Blaylock , Mookie Mookie Blaylock PG New Jersey Nets ( 1989 -- 1992 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1992 -- 1999 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 1,283 3,816 . 336 41 Redick , J.J. J.J. Redick ^ SG Orlando Magic ( 2006 -- 2013 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2013 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 2017 -- present ) 1,282 3,092 . 415 42 Matthews , Wesley Wesley Matthews ^ SG Utah Jazz ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2015 -- present ) 1,274 3,313 . 385 43 Maxwell , Vernon Vernon Maxwell SG San Antonio Spurs ( 1988 -- 1990 , 1996 -- 1997 ) Houston Rockets ( 1990 -- 1995 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1995 -- 1996 , 2000 ) Orlando Magic ( 1998 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1998 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1999 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2001 ) 1,256 3,931 . 320 44 Robinson , Clifford Clifford Robinson PF / SF Portland Trail Blazers ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2005 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 1,253 3,515 . 356 45 Jackson , Stephen Stephen Jackson SG / SF New Jersey Nets ( 2000 -- 2001 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2001 -- 2003 , 2012 -- 2013 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Charlotte Bobcats ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 1,252 3,763 . 333 46 Battier , Shane Shane Battier SF Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 -- 2006 , 2011 ) Houston Rockets ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Miami Heat ( 2011 -- 2014 ) 1,250 3,254 . 384 47 Fisher , Derek Derek Fisher PG / SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2004 , 2007 -- 2012 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Utah Jazz ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2012 , 2013 -- 2014 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2012 ) 1,248 3,341 . 374 48 Türkoğlu , Hedo Hedo Türkoğlu SF Sacramento Kings ( 2000 -- 2003 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Orlando Magic ( 2004 -- 2009 , 2010 -- 2014 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2010 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2014 -- 2015 ) 1,246 3,246 . 384 49 Curry , Dell Dell Curry SG Utah Jazz ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1988 -- 1998 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1999 ) Toronto Raptors ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 1,245 3,098 . 402 50 Williams , Jason Jason Williams PG Sacramento Kings ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 -- 2005 , 2011 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2011 ) 1,238 3,784 . 327 Progressive list of 3 - point scoring leaders ( edit ) This is a progressive list of 3 - point scoring leaders showing how the record has increased through the years . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of the regular 2016 -- 17 NBA season . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Team Abbreviations Team listed is the one player was on when he established the record . BOS Boston Celtics HOU Houston Rockets ORL Orlando Magic SEA Seattle SuperSonics CHA Charlotte Bobcats IND Indiana Pacers PHI Philadelphia 76ers TOR Toronto Raptors CHI Chicago Bulls LAL Los Angeles Lakers PHO Phoenix Suns UTA Utah Jazz CLE Cleveland Cavaliers MIA Miami Heat SAC Sacramento Kings WAS Washington Wizards DEN Denver Nuggets MIL Milwaukee Bucks SAS San Antonio Spurs WSB Washington Bullets GSW Golden State Warriors NYK New York Knicks SDC San Diego Clippers Progressive 3 point Leaders Season Year - by - year leader 3P Active player leader 3P Career record 3P Single season record 3P Season 1979 -- 80 Brian Taylor 000SDC 90 Brian Taylor 000SDC 90 Brian Taylor 000SDC 90 Brian Taylor 000SDC 90 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 Mike Bratz 000CLE 57 134 134 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 Don Buse 000IND 73 Joe Hassett 000GSW 193 Joe Hassett 000GSW 193 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 Mike Dunleavy 000 SAS 67 194 194 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 Darrell Griffith 000UTA 91 Darrell Griffith 000UTA 154 Darrell Griffith 000UTA 91 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 92 246 Darrell Griffith 000UTA 246 92 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 Larry Bird * 000BOS 82 Larry Bird * 000BOS 267 Larry Bird * 000BOS 267 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 90 357 357 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 Danny Ainge 000BOS 148 455 455 Danny Ainge 000BOS 148 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 Michael Adams 000DEN 166 Dale Ellis 000SEA 472 Dale Ellis 000SEA 472 Michael Adams 000DEN 166 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 158 568 568 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 Vernon Maxwell 000HOU 172 Michael Adams 000DEN 1990 -- 91 000WSB 1991 -- 92 658 Michael Adams 000DEN 1990 -- 91 000WSB 1991 -- 92 658 Vernon Maxwell 000HOU 172 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 162 783 783 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 Reggie Miller * 000IND Dan Majerle 000PHO 167 Dale Ellis 000 SAS 1992 -- 94 000 DEN 1994 -- 97 882 Dale Ellis 000 SAS 1992 -- 94 000 DEN 1994 -- 97 882 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 Dan Majerle 000PHO 192 1,013 1,013 Dan Majerle 000PHO 192 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 John Starks 000NYK 217 1,119 1,119 John Starks 000NYK 217 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 Dennis Scott 000ORL 267 1,269 1,269 Dennis Scott 000ORL 267 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 Reggie Miller * 000IND 229 1,461 1,461 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 Wesley Person 000CLE 192 Reggie Miller * 000IND 1,596 Reggie Miller * 000IND 1,596 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 Dee Brown 000TOR 135 1,702 1,702 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 Gary Payton * 000SEA 177 1,867 1,867 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 Antoine Walker 000BOS 221 2,037 2,037 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 Allen , Ray Ray Allen 000MIL 229 2,217 2,217 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 201 2,330 2,330 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 Peja Stojaković 000SAC 240 2,464 2,464 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 Quentin Richardson 0PHO Kyle Korver ^ 00PHI 226 2,560 2,560 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 Allen , Ray Ray Allen 000SEA 269 Allen , Ray Ray Allen 000SEA 2005 -- 07 000BOS 2007 -- 12 000MIA 2012 -- 14 1,755 Allen , Ray Ray Allen 000SEA 269 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 Gilbert Arenas 00WAS Raja Bell 00PHO 205 1,920 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 Jason Richardson 000CHA 243 2,100 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 Rashard Lewis 000ORL 220 2,299 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 Aaron Brooks ^ 000HOU 209 2,444 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 Dorell Wright 000GSW 194 2,612 Allen , Ray Ray Allen 000BOS 2010 -- 12 000MIA 2012 -- 14 2,612 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 Ryan Anderson ^ 000ORL 166 2,718 2,718 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 Stephen Curry ^ 000GSW 272 2,857 2,857 Stephen Curry ^ 000GSW 272 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 261 2,973 2,973 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 286 Jason Terry ^ 000HOU 2014 -- 16 000MIL 2016 -- 17 2,076 286 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 402 2,169 402 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 324 2,242 2016 -- 17 Season Year - by - Year Leader 3P Active Player Leader 3P Career Record 3P Single Season Record 3P Season Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The National Basketball Association did not record 3 - point field goals until the 1979 -- 80 season Jump up ^ `` NBA Progressive Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Sports - Reference . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for four calendar years ( reduced from five in 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Hall of Fame Candidates '' . Basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Win Shares '' . Basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . Jump up ^ American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included ; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season . External links ( edit ) Basketball-Reference.com enumeration of NBA career leaders in 3 - point field goals made ( hide ) National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_career_3-point_scoring_leaders&oldid=807983239 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 05 : 00 . About Wikipedia
who has the most 3 pointers in the nba history
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