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753251580774647678	Spanish Texas	Spanish Texas - wikipedia Spanish Texas Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the History of Texas Timeline French Texas 1684 -- 1689 Spanish Texas 1690 -- 1821 Mexican Texas 1821 -- 1836 Republic of Texas 1836 -- 1845 Statehood 1845 -- 1860 Civil War Era 1861 -- 1865 Reconstruction 1865 -- 1899 State of Texas Texas portal Spanish Texas was one of the interior provinces of the Spanish colonial Viceroyalty of New Spain from 1690 until 1821 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Location 3 Initial colonization attempts 3.1 Missions 4 Conflict with France 5 Settlement difficulties 5.1 Apache raids 5.2 Missions for the Apache 6 Peace with France 6.1 Founding of Nacogdoches 7 Conflict with the Native Americans 7.1 Karankawa difficulties 7.2 Peace with the Indians 7.3 Comanchería 8 Conflict with the United States 9 End of Spanish period 10 Legacy 11 See also 12 References 12.1 Notes 12.2 Sources 13 Further reading History ( edit ) Spain had claimed ownership of the territory , which comprised part of the present - day U.S. state of Texas , including the land north of the Medina and Nueces Rivers , but did not attempt to colonize the area until after locating evidence of the failed French colony of Fort Saint Louis in 1689 . In 1690 , Alonso de León escorted several Catholic missionaries to east Texas , where they established the first mission in Texas . When native tribes resisted the Spanish invasion of their homeland , the missionaries returned to Mexico , abandoning Texas for the next two decades . Trails taken by Spanish explorers from Mexico into Texas . The Spanish returned to southeastern Texas in 1716 , establishing several missions and a presidio to maintain a buffer between Spanish territory and the French colonial Louisiana district of New France . Two years later in 1718 , the first civilian settlement in Texas , San Antonio , was established as a way station between the missions and the next - nearest existing settlement . The new town quickly became a target for raids by the Lipan Apache . The raids continued periodically for almost three decades , until in 1749 when Spanish settlers and the Lipan Apache peoples made peace . But the treaty angered the enemies of the Apache , and resulted in raids on Spanish settlements by the Comanche , Tonkawa , and Hasinai tribes . Fear of Indian attacks and the remoteness of the area from the rest of the Viceroyalty discouraged settlers from moving to Texas . It remained one of the least - populated by immigrants provinces . The threat of attacks did not decrease until 1785 , when Spain and the Comanche peoples made a peace agreement . The Comanche tribe later assisted in defeating the Lipan Apache and Karankawa tribes , who had continued to cause difficulties for settlers . An increase in the number of missions in the province allowed for a peaceful Indian reductions of other tribes , and by the end of the 18th century , only a few of the nomadic hunting and gathering tribes in the area had not been converted . France formally relinquished its claim to its region of Texas in 1762 , when French Louisiana was ceded to the Spanish Empire . The inclusion of Spanish Louisiana into New Spain meant that Texas was no longer essentially a buffer province . The easternmost Texas settlements were disbanded , with the population relocating to San Antonio . However , in 1799 Spain gave Louisiana back to France , and in 1803 Napoléon Bonaparte ( and France ) sold the territory , known as the Louisiana Purchase , to the United States . U.S. President Thomas Jefferson insisted that the purchase included all land to the east of the Rocky Mountains and to the north of the Rio Grande , although its large southwestern expanse was within New Spain . The dispute was not resolved until the Adams -- Onís Treaty compromise in 1819 , when Spain ceded Spanish Florida to the United States in return for recognition of the Sabine River as the eastern boundary of Spanish Texas and western boundary of the Missouri Territory . The U.S. claims on the vast Spanish territories west of the Sabine River into Santa Fe de Nuevo México province ( New Mexico ) . During the Mexican War of Independence from 1810 -- 1821 , Texas experienced much turmoil . Governor Manuel María de Salcedo was overthrown by rebels in 1810 , but persuaded his jailer to release him and assist him in organizing a counter-coup . Three years later , the Republican Army of the North , consisting primarily of Indians and Americans , again overthrew the Texas government and executed Salcedo . The Spanish response was brutal , and by 1820 fewer than 2000 Hispanic citizens remained in Texas . Spain was forced to relinquish its control of New Spain in 1821 , with Texas becoming a province of the newly formed nation of Mexico , leading to the period in Texas history known as Mexican Texas . The Spanish left a deep mark on Texas . Their European livestock caused mesquite to spread inland while farmers tilled and irrigated the land , changing the landscape forever . The Spanish language provided the names for many of the rivers , towns , and counties that currently exist , and Spanish architectural concepts still flourish . Although Texas eventually adopted much of the Anglo - American legal system , many Spanish legal practices were retained , including the concept of a homestead exemption and community property . Location ( edit ) Spanish Texas ( Tejas ) was a colonial province within the northeastern mainland region of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . On its southern edge , Tejas was bordered by the province of Coahuila . The boundary between the provinces was set at the line formed by the Medina River and the Nueces River , 100 miles ( 161 km ) northeast of the Rio Grande . On the east , Texas bordered La Louisiane ( French Louisiana ) . Although Spain claimed that the Red River formed the boundary between the two , France insisted that the border was the Sabine River , 45 miles ( 72 km ) to the west . After Mexican independence from Spain , it was within Coahuila y Tejas from 1824 to 1835 . Initial colonization attempts ( edit ) This 1681 map of North America lists the Rio Grande as Rio Bravo , and shows the lack of information Europeans had of the area that is now Texas . Although Alonso Álvarez de Pineda claimed Texas for Spain in 1519 , the area was largely ignored by Spain until the late seventeenth century . In 1685 , the Spanish learned that France had established a colony in the area between New Spain and Florida . Believing the French colony was a threat to Spanish mines and shipping routes , Spanish King Carlos II 's Council of War recommended that `` Spain needed swift action ' to remove this thorn which has been thrust into the heart of America . The greater the delay the greater the difficulty of attainment . ' '' Having no idea where to find the French colony , the Spanish launched ten expeditions -- both land and sea -- over the next three years . While unable to fulfill their original goal of locating the French settlement , the expeditions did provide Spain a deeper understanding of the geography of the Gulf Coast region . The last expedition , in 1689 , discovered a French deserter living in southern Texas with the Coahuiltecans . In April 1689 , the Frenchman helped guide the Spanish , under Alonso de León , to Fort Saint Louis , which had been destroyed by Karankawa Indians . De León 's expedition also met representatives of the Caddo people , who lived between the Trinity and the Red Rivers . The Caddo expressed interest in learning about Christianity . De León sent a report of his findings to Mexico City , where it `` created instant optimism and quickened religious fervor '' . The Spanish government was convinced that the destruction of the French fort was `` proof of God 's ' divine aid and favor ' '' . In his report de León recommended that presidios be established along the Rio Grande , the Frio River , and the Guadalupe River and that missions be established among the Hasinai Indians , whom the Spanish called the Tejas , in East Texas . In Castilian Spanish , this was often written as the phonetic equivalent Texas , which became the name of the future province . Missions ( edit ) Further information : Spanish missions in Texas Missions in Spanish Texas at the beginning of the Spanish colonization in the area . The viceroy approved the establishment of a mission but rejected the idea of presidios , primarily because New Spain was chronically short of funds . On March 26 , 1690 , Alonso de León set out with 110 soldiers and several missionaries . The group stopped first to burn Fort Saint Louis to the ground , and then they proceeded to East Texas . Mission San Francisco de los Tejas was completed near the Hasinai village of Nabedaches in late May , and its first mass was conducted on June 1 . The missionaries refused to allow the unruly soldiers to remain near the missions , and when de León returned to Mexico later that year , only 3 of his initial 110 soldiers remained to assist the monks . Father Damián Massanet , the priest in charge of the mission , left on June 2 to meet the tribes north of the mission before returning to Mexico to request an additional 14 priests and 7 lay brothers . On January 23 , 1691 , Spain appointed the first governor of Texas , General Domingo Terán de los Ríos . Terán was ordered to help establish seven new missions , including two more among the Tejas Indians , four amongst the Kadohadachos , and one for the tribes near the Guadalupe River . He was only able to recruit 10 friars and 3 lay brothers . His expedition reached the existing mission in August , 1691 and discovered that the priests there had established a second mission , Santísimo Nombre de María , five miles ( 8.0 km ) east of San Francisco de los Tejas . One of the priests had died , leaving two to operate the missions . The Indians regularly stole their cattle and horses and were becoming insolent . With provisions running low , Terán chose not to establish any more missions . When he left Texas later that year , most of the missionaries chose to return with him , leaving only 3 religious people and 9 soldiers at the missions . The group also left a smallpox epidemic . The Indians had no natural immunity to the disease and at first blamed the outbreak on the baptismal waters . After thousands of natives had succumbed , the survivors rose up against the missions . In 1693 , the Caddo warned the Franciscan missionaries to leave the area or be killed . The missionaries buried the church bells and burned the mission , then returned to Mexico . Although this first Spanish attempt to settle Texas failed , it provided Spain an increased awareness of the terrain , rivers , and coastline of Texas and convinced the government that `` even the most tractable of Indians '' could only be converted `` by a combination of coercion and persuasion '' . For the next 20 years , Spain again ignored Texas . Conflict with France ( edit ) During the early eighteenth century France again provided the impetus for Spain 's interest in Texas . In 1699 , French forts were established at Biloxi Bay and on the Mississippi River , ending Spain 's exclusive control of the Gulf Coast . Although Spain `` refused to concede France 's right to be in Louisiana '' and warned King Louis XIV of France that he could be excommunicated for ignoring the 200 - year - old papal edict giving the Americas to Spain , they took no further actions to stop France 's encroachment or expand the Spanish presence . The two countries became allies during the War of the Spanish Succession and cooperated in the Americas . Despite their friendship , Spain remained unwilling to allow the French to trade within their territory . On hearing rumors of French incursions into Texas in 1707 , the viceroy of New Spain ordered all provincial governors to prevent the entry of foreigners and their goods . To dissuade the Tejas Indians from accepting goods from the French , a contingent of soldiers under Pedro de Aguirre traveled into Texas . His expedition reached only as far as the Colorado River and turned around after learning that the Tejas chief was still unhappy with the Spanish . The group did visit the area around the San Antonio River , and was much impressed with the land and availability of water . They believed the river to be unnamed and called it San Antonio de Padua , not realizing that Terán and Massanet had camped nearby years before on the feast day of Saint Anthony of Padua and had given the river the same name . In 1711 , Franciscan missionary Francisco Hidalgo , who had served in the earlier Texas missions , wanted to reestablish missions with the Caddos . The Spanish government was unwilling to provide the funding and troops for the project , so Hidalgo approached the French governor of Louisiana , Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac for help . Cadillac was under orders to turn Louisiana into a profitable colony and believed that Spanish settlers closer to Louisiana could provide new trading opportunities . He sent Louis Juchereau de St. Denis , along with brothers Pierre and Robert Talon , who , as children , had been spared at the massacre of Fort Saint Louis , to find Hidalgo and offer assistance . In July 1714 , the French delegation reached the Spanish frontier , at that time around the Rio Grande , where Hidalgo was located . Although St. Denis was arrested and questioned , he was ultimately released . The Spanish recognized that the French could become a threat to other Spanish areas , and ordered the reoccupation of Texas as a buffer between French settlements in Louisiana and New Spain . On April 12 , 1716 , an expedition led by Domingo Ramón left San Juan Bautista for Texas , intending to establish four missions and a presidio which would be guarded by twenty - five soldiers . The party of 75 people included 3 children , 7 women , 18 soldiers , and 10 missionaries . These were the first recorded female settlers in Spanish Texas . After marrying a Spanish woman , St. Denis also joined the Spanish expedition . The party reached the land of the Hasinai people in late June 1716 and was greeted warmly . On July 3 , mission San Francisco was reestablished as Mission Nuestro Padre San Francisco de los Tejas for the Neche Indians . Several days later , Mission Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción was established at the main village of the Hainai , the head tribe of the Hasinai Confederacy , along the Angelina River . A third mission , Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe , was established 15 miles ( 24 km ) east of Purísima Concepción , at the main village of the Nacogdoche tribe , at what is now Nacogdoches . A final mission , San José de los Nazonis , was built among the Nazoni Indians just north of present - day Cushing . A presidio , Nuestra Señora de los Dolores , was built opposite San Francisco de los Tejas . During this period , the area was named `` New Philippines '' by the missionaries in the twin hopes of gaining royal patronage , and that the Spanish efforts would be as successful as in the Philippines a century and a half earlier . The alternate name persisted in use for about 40 years , but had virtually disappeared from use ( in favor of ' Texas ' ) by the end of the century . The name however persisted in documents , especially in land grants The first map to depict an Adaes ( Adaie ) settlement , shown to the west of a cluster of Natchitoches villages , was drawn in 1718 by Guillaume Delisle . At the same time , the French were building a fort in Natchitoches to establish a more westward presence . The Spanish countered by founding two more missions just west of Natchitoches , San Miguel de los Adaes and Dolores de los Ais . The missions were located in a disputed area ; France claimed the Sabine River to be the western boundary of Louisiana , while Spain claimed the Red River was the eastern boundary of Texas , leaving an overlap of 45 miles ( 72 km ) . The new missions were over 400 miles ( 640 km ) from the nearest Spanish settlement , San Juan Bautista . It was difficult to reprovision the missions , and by 1718 the missionaries were in dire straits . Martín de Alarcón , who had been appointed governor of Texas in late 1716 , wished to establish a way station between the settlements along the Rio Grande and the new missions in East Texas . The Coahuiltecans had built a thriving community near the headwaters of the San Antonio River , in the area the Spanish had admired in 1707 . Alarcón led a group of 72 people , including 10 families , into Texas on April 9 , 1718 . They brought with them 548 horses , 6 droves of mules , and other livestock . On May 1 , the group created a temporary mud , brush and straw structure to serve as a mission , San Antonio de Valero , whose chapel was later known as the Alamo . The mission was initially populated with three to five Indians that one of the missionaries had raised since childhood . Alarcon built a presidio , San Antonio de Béxar one mile ( 1.6 km ) north of the mission , . Alarcón also chartered the municipality of Béjar , now San Antonio . Given a status higher than a village ( pueblo ) but lower than a city ( ciudad ) , San Antonio became the only villa in Texas , and the colonists who settled there relied on farming and ranching to survive . With the new settlement established , Alarcón continued on to the East Texas missions , where he found evidence of much illicit trade with France . The following year , the War of the Quadruple Alliance broke out , aligning Spain against France , England , the Dutch Republic , and Austria . The war was fought primarily over Italy , but England and France used the war as an excuse to attempt to take over Spanish interests in North America . In June 1719 , 7 Frenchmen from Natchitoches took control of Mission San Miguel de los Adaes from its sole defender , who did not know that the countries were at war . The French soldiers explained that 100 additional soldiers were coming , and the Spanish colonists , missionaries , and remaining soldiers abandoned the area and fled to San Antonio . The Marquis of San Miguel de Aguayo volunteered to reconquer Texas and raised an army of 500 soldiers . Aguayo was named the governor of Coahuila and Texas and the responsibilities of his office delayed his trip to Texas by a year , until late 1720 . Just before he departed , the fighting in Europe halted , and King Felipe V of Spain ordered them not to invade Louisiana , but instead find a way to retake Eastern Texas without using force . The expedition brought with them over 2,800 horses , 6,400 sheep and many goats ; this constituted the first large `` cattle '' drive in Texas . This greatly increased the number of domesticated animals in Texas and marked the beginning of Spanish ranching in Texas . In July 1721 , while approaching the Neches River , Aguayo 's expedition met St. Denis , who had returned to the French and was leading a raid on San Antonio . Realizing that he was badly outnumbered , St. Denis agreed to abandon East Texas and return to Louisiana . Aguayo then ordered the building of a new Spanish fort Nuestra Señora del Pilar de los Adaes , located near present - day Robeline , Louisiana , only 12 miles ( 19 km ) from Natchitoches . The new fort became the first capital of Texas , and was guarded by 6 cannon and 100 soldiers . The six East Texas missions were reopened , and Presidio Dolores , now known as Presidio de los Tejas , was moved from the Neches River to a site near mission Purísima Concepción near the Angelina River . The Spaniards then built another fort , Presidio La Bahía del Espíritu Santo , known as La Bahía , on the site of the former French Fort St. Louis . Nearby they established a mission , Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga ( also known as La Bahía ) , for the Coco , Karankawa , and Cujane Indians . Ninety men were left at the garrison . Aguayo returned to Mexico City in 1722 and resigned his governorship . At the beginning of his expedition , Texas had consisted only of San Antonio and about 60 soldiers ; at his resignation , the province had grown to consist of 4 presidios , over 250 soldiers , 10 missions , and the small civilian town of San Antonio . Settlement difficulties ( edit ) Shortly after Aguayo returned to Mexico , the new viceroy of New Spain , Juan de Acuña , marqués de Casafuerte , was ordered to cut costs accrued for the defense of the northern part of the territory . Acuña appointed Colonel Pedro de Rivera y Villalón to inspect the entire northern frontier . Beginning in what is now California in November 1724 , Rivera spent the next three years inspecting the northern frontier , reaching San Antonio in August 1727 . His reports of Los Adaes , Presidio Nuestra Señora de Loreto , and the presidio at San Antonio were favorable , but he was unimpressed with Presidio de los Tejas , whose 25 soldiers were guarding empty missions . The native population had refused to congregate into communities around the missions and refused baptism unless they were on the brink of death . Because the Indians were well - armed , the Franciscans were unable to compel them to join the missions . The frustrated missionaries finally petitioned the Spanish government for 50 soldiers to burn the Indians ' houses of worship and force them to build homes near the missions . No troops were forthcoming . Rivera recommended closing Presidio de los Tejas and reducing the number of soldiers at the other presidios . His suggestions were approved in 1729 , and 125 troops were removed from Texas , leaving only 144 soldiers divided between Los Adaes , La Bahía , and San Antonio . The three East Texas missions which had depended on Presidio de los Tejas were relocated along the San Antonio River in May 1731 , increasing the number of missions in the San Antonio area to five . The San Antonio missions usually contained fewer than 300 Indians . Many of those who lived at the mission had nowhere else to go , and belonged to small tribes that have since become extinct . Spain discouraged manufacturing in its colonies and limited trade to Spanish goods handled by Spanish merchants and carried on Spanish vessels . Most of the ports , including all of those in Texas , were closed to commercial vessels in the hopes of dissuading smugglers . By law , all goods bound for Texas had to be shipped to Veracruz and then transported over the mountains to Mexico City before being sent to Texas . This caused the goods to be very expensive in the Texas settlements . Settlers were often forced to turn to the French for supplies , as the fort at Natchitoches was well - stocked and goods did not have to travel as far . Without many goods to trade , however , the remaining Spanish missionaries and colonists had little to offer the Indians , who remained loyal to the French traders . Apache raids ( edit ) The Lipan Apache territories The tribes traded freely , and soon many had acquired French guns , while others had traded for Spanish horses . Tribes without access to either resource were left at a disadvantage . The Lipan Apache , who had been seasonal farmers , were soon pressed by the Comanche , who had horses , and the Wichita , who had guns . The Apaches were bitter enemies of the Tejas of East Texas and had transferred their enmity to the Spanish as friends of the Tejas . After discovering San Antonio in 1720 , the Apache began repeatedly raiding the area to steal livestock , especially horses . An average of 3 Spaniards died each year in Texas as a result of Apache attacks , with approximately 100 animals taken each year . In retaliation , the Spanish launched multiple attacks on the Apaches , capturing horses and mules , hides and other plunder , and taking Apache captives , whom the Spanish used as household servants . By 1731 , however , the San Antonio garrison was begging the government for help in negotiating a peace with the tribes . The Spanish government believed that settlers would defend their property , alleviating the need for some of the presidios . Texas was an unappealing prospect for most settlers , however , due to the armed nomadic tribes , high costs , and lack of precious metals . In 1731 , the Spanish government resettled 55 people , mostly women and children , from the Canary Islands to San Antonio . At that time , only 300 Hispanic settlers lived in San Antonio , with 200 others dispersed throughout the rest of the colony . The new immigrants began farming and renamed the town San Fernando de Béxar , establishing the first municipal , and only civilian , government in Texas . Juan Leal Goraz , the oldest of the settlers , was appointed the first councilman . As the first settlers of the municipality , the Islanders and their descendants were designated hidalgos . The established settlers resented the Islanders for their new titles and exclusive privileges within the city government . The newcomers did not know how to handle horses , rendering them useless in mounted warfare against the Apaches . Unlike the established settlers , who relied on ranching , the Islanders were primarily farmers , and their refusal to build fences led to many disagreements when livestock trampled the fields . By the early 1740s , however , intermarriage and the need for closer economic ties had helped to alleviate some of the infighting , and the original settlers were given permission to serve as magistrates and council members . Spanish missions within the boundaries of what is now the state of Texas The threat of Apache raids led to a constant state of unease in San Antonio , and some families left the area , while others refused to leave the safety of the town to tend their livestock . The problems culminated with a late - night raid on San Antonio by 350 Apache on June 30 , 1745 , retaliation for a Spanish military campaign several months before . The attackers were repelled with the assistance of 100 Indians from Mission Valero . The Apache also preyed on other tribes , including the Deadose and Tonkawa . In the 1740s , these weaker tribes requested missions along the San Gabriel River in the hopes that the Spanish could protect them from attack . Mission San Francisco Xavier was established at the confluence of the San Gabriel River and Bushy Creek in January 1746 to serve the Deadose , Mayeye , and Coco Indians . In 1748 alone , the Apaches raided the mission four times , killing three soldiers and four of the Indian residents . Many of the resident Indians fled the mission due to the threat of attacks . This did not deter the missionaries , who founded two more missions , San Ildefonso and Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria , in the area the following year . Within six months , all of the potential converts at San Ildefonso had left . By 1755 , the missions were transferred to a new location on the San Marcos River . Missions for the Apache ( edit ) A peace was finally declared in August 1749 , when a group of Apache chiefs and Spanish officials `` symbolically ( buried ) the trouble between the two parties '' by burying weapons in the plaza at San Antonio . The Spanish also promised to provide military assistance to the Apache . The Lipan Apache had asked for missions several times , and in 1757 all property of the former San Gabriel missions , as well as the military garrison which briefly protected them , was transferred to new Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá along the San Saba River northwest of San Antonio . A log stockade was constructed three miles ( 4.8 km ) from the mission , on the other side of the river , so that the soldiers would not corrupt the Indians . The stockade could hold up to 400 including the 237 women and children who accompanied the soldiers . Apaches shunned the mission , and on March 16 , 1758 , a band of Comanche , Tonkawa , and Hasinai tribes , angry that the Spaniards were assisting their enemies , pillaged and burned the mission , killing eight people . The San Sabá mission was the only Spanish mission in Texas to be completely destroyed by Indians , and it was never rebuilt . Although the Indian force had 2000 members , they chose not to attack the fort . The Spanish government refused to abandon the area completely out of fear that such an action would make them appear weak . While they planned a response , Indians raided the San Saba horse herd , stealing all of the horses and pack mules and killing 20 soldiers . In October 1759 , Spain sent the San Sabá commander , Colonel Diego Ortiz Parrilla , on an expedition north to the Red River to avenge the attack . The tribes were forewarned and led Parrilla 's army to a fortified Wichita village , surrounded by a stockade and a moat , where natives brandished French guns and waved a French flag . After a skirmish in which 52 Spaniards were killed , wounded , or deserted , the Spanish retreated . The San Sabá presidio was replaced with a limestone fortress and a moat , but the Comanches and their allies remained close and killed any soldiers who ventured out . By 1769 , Spain abandoned the fort . In 1762 , missionaries established two unauthorized missions south of San Sabá , in the Nueces River valley . For several years the Apache lived in the missions most of the year , but left in winter to hunt buffalo . One of the missions closed in 1763 , when the Apache never returned from their hunt . The surviving mission closed in January 1766 , after a force of 400 natives from the northern tribes attacked , killing 6 Apaches and taking 25 captives as well as all the livestock in the valley . Forty - one Spanish troops and their small cannon ambushed the northern tribes as they returned to East Texas . Before the Spanish were forced to retreat , over 200 Indians and 12 Spanish soldiers died . After the battle , the Apache refused to return to the mission and returned to raiding near San Antonio . Raids by the northern tribes decreased , however . Peace with France ( edit ) Indians confirmed in 1746 that French traders periodically arrived by sea to trade with tribes in the lower Trinity River region . Eight years later , the Spanish learned of rumors that the French had opened a trading post at the mouth of the Trinity River . In September 1754 , the governor , Jacinto de Barrios y Jáuregui sent soldiers to investigate , and they captured five Frenchmen who had been living at an Indian village . To dissuade the French from returning , Spain built the presidio of San Agustín de Ahumada and the mission of Nuestra Señora de la Luz de Orcoquisac near the mouth of the Trinity at Galveston Bay . Conditions were awful at the new location , and both the presidio and the mission were closed in 1770 . The Presidio La Bahía was moved from the Guadalupe River to Goliad on the San Antonio River in 1749 . Within five years , a new mission for the Karankawa tribes , Nuestra Señora del Rosario de los Cuhanes , was built upstream of the presidio . This mission survived for many years . Despite the new missions and presidios , Texas was one of the least populated provinces on the northern frontier of New Spain . By 1760 , almost 1,200 Hispanic people lived in Texas , with half in San Antonio , 350 at Los Adaes , and 260 at La Bahía . Other Spaniards lived in what is now the El Paso area , but that was considered part of New Mexico and not part of Texas . On November 3 , 1762 , as part of the Treaty of Fontainebleau , France ceded the portion of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River to Spain . Spain had assisted France against Britain in the Seven Years ' War , and lost both Manila and Havana to the British . Although the Louisiana colony was a financial liability , King Carlos III of Spain reluctantly accepted it , as that meant France was finally ceding its claim to Texas . At the Treaty of Paris on February 10 , 1763 , Great Britain recognized Spain 's right to the lands west of the Mississippi . Great Britain received the remainder of France 's North American territories , and Spain exchanged some of their holdings in Florida for Havana . San Antonio de Béxar Population Year Population 1740 437 -- 560 1762 514 -- 661 1770 860 1777 1,351 1780 1,463 With France no longer a threat to Spain 's North American interests , the Spanish monarchy commissioned the Marquis of Rubí to inspect all of the presidios on the northern frontier of New Spain and make recommendations for the future . Rubí 's two - year journey , beginning in early 1766 , covered seven thousand miles ( 11,000 km ) from the Gulf of California to East Texas . This was the first comprehensive look at the New Spain frontier since the 1720s , when Pedro de Rivera conducted his expedition . Rubí was unimpressed with the presidio at San Saba , which he declared to be the worst in the kingdom of New Spain . He recommended that only the presidios at San Antonio and La Bahía be maintained , and that East Texas be totally abandoned , with all population moving to San Antonio . With Louisiana in Spanish control , there was no need for Los Adaes to reside so closely to Natchitoches , especially after the missions had relocated to San Antonio . In August 1768 , the acting governor , Juan María Vicencio , Baron of Ripperdà , moved his headquarters and the garrison to San Antonio , and in 1772 San Antonio became the new Texas capital . Los Adaes was abandoned completely . The new governor also augmented the garrison at San Antonio to protect the town from recurring Indian attacks . A new presidio , Fuerte de Santa Cruz de Cibolo , was also established 40 miles ( 64 km ) southeast of San Antonio to protect farmers and ranchers from attacks . As a result of Rubí 's recommendations , Presidio de San Agustín de Ahumada was closed in 1771 , leaving the Texas coast unoccupied except for La Bahía . In July 1772 , however , the governor of Texas heard rumors that English traders were building a settlement in the area of the Texas coast that had been abandoned . The commander of La Bahía was sent to find the settlement , but saw no sign of other Europeans . His expedition did , however , discover that the San Jacinto River emptied into Galveston Bay and not into the Gulf of Mexico . Founding of Nacogdoches ( edit ) The 500 Hispanic settlers who had lived near Los Adaes had to resettle in San Antonio in 1773 . In the six years between the inspection and the removal of the settlers , the immigrant population of East Texas had increased from 200 Europeans to 500 , a mixture of Spanish , French , Indians , and a few blacks . The settlers were given only five days to prepare to relocate to San Antonio . Many of them perished during the three - month trek and others died soon after arriving . After protesting , they were permitted in the following year to return to East Texas , but only as far as the Trinity River , 175 miles ( 282 km ) from Natchitoches . Led by Antonio Gil Y'Barbo , the settlers founded the town of Nuestra Señora del Pilar de Bucareli `` where the trail from San Antonio to Los Adaes crossed the Trinity . '' The settlers helped smuggle contraband goods from Louisiana to San Antonio , and also helped the soldiers with coastal reconnaissance . In May 1776 , King Carlos III created a new position , the Comandancia General of the Commandancy General of the Internal Provinces of the North ( Provincias Internas ) , to control frontier areas across northern New Spain , including Spanish Texas . The first appointee , Teodoro de Croix , served as governor and commander in chief of the area from 1776 until 1783 . As de Croix prepared to take office , his predecessor , Baron of Ripperdà , wrote a detailed report , dated April 27 , 1777 , of the settlements in Texas . One - third of the report detailed the village of Bucareli , which he labeled as `` ' of the greatest importance as a means of acquiring reports of a coast as extensive as it is uninhabited . ' '' The Bucareli settlers regularly performed coastal explorations and developed a friendship with the Bidai tribe , who reported any signs of foreigners along the coast . In the summer of 1777 , Gil Ybarbo discovered that a group of Englishmen had come from the sea and stayed long enough to plant a crop near the Neches River . He led an expedition to find the Englishmen , but , although they discovered the fields , the expedition did not find any of the settlers . In 1779 , the Comanches began raiding the Bucareli area , and the settlers chose to move further east to the old mission of Nacogdoches , where they founded the town of the same name . The new town quickly became a waystation for contraband . The settlers did not have authorization to move , and no troops were assigned to protect the new location until 1795 . Conflict with the native Americans ( edit ) Karankawa difficulties ( edit ) In 1776 , Indians at the Bahia missions told the soldiers that the Karankawas had massacred a group of Europeans who had been shipwrecked near the mouth of the Guadalupe River . After finding the remains of an English commercial frigate , the soldiers warned the Karankawa to refrain from attacking seamen . The soldiers continued to explore the coast , and reported that foreign powers could easily build a small settlement on the barrier islands , which were difficult to access from the mainland , and then ascend the Trinity or San Jacinto Rivers into the heart of Texas . Captain Luis Cazorla , the commander of the La Bahía presidio , recommended that Spain build a small fort on the barrier islands and provide a shallow - draft vessel to continually reconnoiter the coast . The fort would be both a deterrent to the more bloodthirsty tribes and to the English . The Spanish government , fearful of smuggling , declined to give permission for a port or a boat on the Texas coast . De Croix was unimpressed with his new province , complaining that `` ' A villa without order , two presidios , seven missions , and an errant population of scarcely 4,000 persons of both sexes and all ages that occupies an immense desert country , stretching from the abandoned presidio of Los Adaes to San Antonio , ... does not deserve the name of the Province of Texas ... nor the concern entailed in its preservation . ' '' Despite his distaste for the area , he increased the number of troops in the interior provinces by 50 % and created units of `` light troops '' which did not carry all of the heavy gear and could fight on foot . His administration also attempted to build alliances with native troops , and planned to work with the Comanche and the Wichita to wipe out the Apache raiders . The plan was shelved when Spain entered the American Revolution as an ally of the French and the American revolutionaries and money and troops were diverted to attacking Florida instead of exterminating the Apaches . After soldiers in Coahuila aligned with the Mescaleros against the Lipan Apaches , however , Spain was able to sign a peace treaty with the Lipans . The Comanches were also becoming more brazen , attacking Presidio La Bahía in 1781 , where they were repulsed . After hearing that Englishman George Gauld had surveyed Gulf Coast all the way to Galveston Bay in 1777 , Bernardo de Gálvez appointed a French engineer , Luis Antonio Andry , to conduct a similar survey for Spain . Andry finished his survey in March 1778 , and anchored off Matagorda Bay after running dangerously low on provisions . Over a period of days , the Karankawa lured a few men at a time from the ship with offers of assistance and killed all but one , a Mayan sailor named Tomás de la Cruz . The Karankawa also burned the ship and the newly created map , possibly the first detailed Spanish map of the Texas - Louisiana coast . Several months later , the Indians living at Mission Rosario , near La Bahía , escaped to join the Karankawa , and together they began raiding livestock and harassing settlers . The governor pardoned many of the fugitives , and most of them returned to the mission . The Karankawa continued to cause difficulties for the Spanish , and in 1785 the interim commandant - general , Joseph Antonio Rengel , noted that they were unable to explore in the Matagorda Bay region as long as the Karankawa held it . The Spanish again arranged for their coastline to be mapped , and in September 1783 , José de Evia left Havana to chart the coastline between Key West and Matagorda Bay . During his journey , Evia gave Galveston Bay its name , in honor of his sponsor , De Gálvez . Evia later mapped the Nuevo Santander coast between Matagorda Bay and Tampico , part of which later belonged to Texas . Peace with the Indians ( edit ) For much of the 1770s , the Comanche had raided in New Mexico . They were driven from New Mexico in 1779 by a broad assault led by New Mexico governor Juan Bautista de Anza and redirected their activities to the weakly defended Texas . During the same time period the Apaches , who had been stockpiling guns received from the Karankawas , returned to raiding settlements in Texas , violating their peace treaty . The Comanche promptly declared war on the Apache . Gálvez became the viceroy of New Spain in 1785 and regained control of the interior provinces . Gálvez ordered that the Indians be encouraged to use alcohol , which they could only get through trading , and that the firearms they were traded be poorly made so that they would be awkward to use and easy to break . His policies were never implemented , as Spain did not have the money to provide gifts such as those to the tribes . Instead , the Spanish negotiated a treaty with the Comanche in late 1785 . The treaty promised annual gifts to the Comanches , and the peace it brought lasted for the next 30 years . By late 1786 , northern and western Texas were secure enough that Pedro Vial and a single companion safely `` pioneered a trail from San Antonio to Santa Fe , '' a distance of 700 miles ( 1,100 km ) . The Comanches were willing to fight the enemies of their new friends , and soon attacked the Karankawa . Over the next several years , the Comanches killed many of the Karankawa in the area and drove the others into Mexico . By 1804 , very few natives lived on the barrier islands , where the Karankawa had made their home . In January 1790 , the Comanche also helped the Spanish fight a large battle against the Mescalero and Lipan Apaches at Soledad Creek west of San Antonio . Over 1000 Comanche warriors participated in raids against the Apache in 1791 and 1792 , and the Apache were forced to scatter into the mountains in Mexico . In 1796 , Spanish officials began an attempt to have the Apache and Comanche coexist in peace , and over the next ten years the intertribal fighting declined . In 1791 and 1792 , Fray José Francisco Garza befriended some of the Karankawa and other native peoples . Their friendship allowed Garza to explore much of the coastal areas that had been too dangerous to visit . The Indians requested that Garza build a mission at the junction of the San Antonio and Guadalupe Rivers , and in February 1793 Mission Nuestra Señora del Refugio opened near Mission Lake at the head of San Antonio Bay . Over 230 Indians lived at the mission initially , but within two years they were forced to move to a less flood - prone site , which became known as Refugio . By the end of the eighteenth century , only a small number of the hunting and gathering tribes within Texas had not been Christianized . In 1793 , mission San Antonio de Valero was secularized , and the following year the four remaining missions at San Antonio were partially secularized . Comanchería ( edit ) Comanchería prior to 1850 . The Comanches were the dominant group in the Southwest from the 1750s to the 1830s , and the domain they ruled was an empire known as Comanchería . Confronted with Spanish , Mexican , and American outposts on their periphery in New Mexico , Texas , and Coahuila and Nueva Vizcaya in northern Mexico , they worked to increase their own safety , prosperity and power . Their empire collapsed after the Spanish era as their villages were repeatedly decimated by epidemics of smallpox and cholera in the late 1840s ; the population plunged from 20,000 to just a few thousand by the 1870s . The Comanches were no longer able to deal with the U.S. Army , which took over control of the region after the Mexican American War ended in 1848 . The Comanches operated as an autonomous power inside the area claimed by Spain but not controlled by it . The Comanches used their military power to obtain supplies and labor from the Mexicans , and Indians through thievery , tribute , and kidnappings , and the Spanish could do little to stop them because the Comanches controlled most of the horses in the region and thus had more wealth and mobility . Although powered by violence , the Comanche empire was primarily an economic construction , rooted in an extensive commercial network that facilitated long - distance trade . Dealing with subordinate Indians , the Comanche spread their language and culture across the region . In terms of governance , the Comanches created a centralized political system , based on a foraging market economy , and a hierarchical social organization . Conflict with the United States ( edit ) The Second Treaty of Paris in 1783 ended the American Revolution and established the United States of America . The treaty extended the new country 's western boundary to the Mississippi River and within the first year after it was signed 50,000 American settlers crossed the Appalachian Mountains . As it was difficult to return east across the mountains , the settlers began looking toward the Spanish colonies of Louisiana and Texas to find places to sell their crops . Spain closed the mouth of the Mississippi to foreigners from 1784 until 1795 despite Thomas Jefferson 's 1790 threat to begin an Anglo - Spanish war over the matter . Americans risked arrest to come to Texas , many of them desiring to capture wild mustangs in West Texas and trade with the Indians . In 1791 , Philip Nolan became the first Anglo - American known to pursue horse - trading in Texas , and he was arrested several times for being within Spain 's borders . The Spanish feared that Nolan was a spy , and in 1801 they sent 150 troops to capture Nolan and his party of 6 men ; Nolan was killed during the ensuing battle . By 1810 , many Americans were trading guns and ammunition to the Texas Indians , especially the Comanche , in return for livestock . Although some chiefs refused to trade with them and reported their movements to Spanish authorities , other bands welcomed the newcomers . A drought made rangeland scarce and stopped the Comanche 's herds from increasing . To meet the American demand for livestock , the Comanche turned to raiding the area around San Antonio . The Spanish government believed that security would come with a larger population , but was unable to attract colonists from Spain or from other New World colonies . By the late 18th century , Texas was one of the least populated regions of New Spain , with fewer than two inhabitants per square league . The population was relatively stagnant , having grown only to 3,169 individuals in 1790 from 3,103 in 1777 . Over half of the population was classified as Spaniards , with settled Indians making up the next largest category . Blacks , mostly slaves , made up less than 1 % of the population in 1777 , and only 2.2 % of the 1793 census . Over two - thirds of the adults in Texas were married , and single men outnumbered single women , although there was a high percentage of widows . Intermarriage was fairly common , mostly between white men and women of mixed origin . Children from these unions often passed as whites . Illegitimate births increased steadily throughout the century , reaching 20 % of all births in 1799 . Despite the small population , however , Spain actively discouraged immigration to Texas , and a permanent garrison was placed in Nacogdoches in 1790 to keep foreigners from settling in the area . Immigrants from the United States were allowed to settle in Louisiana and Florida after taking an oath of allegiance , but were not required to convert to Roman Catholicism . The Louisiana Territory and Texas in 1804 In 1799 , Spain gave Louisiana back to France in exchange for the promise of a throne in central Italy . Although the agreement was signed on October 1 , 1800 , it did not go into effect until 1802 . The following year , Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States . Many of the Spaniards who had moved to the colony left for Texas , Florida , or other Spanish - held lands . The original agreement between Spain and France had not explicitly specified the borders of Louisiana , and the descriptions in the documents were ambiguous and contradictory . Even when both territories had been under Spanish control , there was disagreement on where the border should be . In 1793 , the King of Spain decided that there was no need to move the boundary from Natchitoches to the Sabine River , as had been recommended by some Frenchmen . The United States insisted that its purchase also included most of West Florida and all of Texas . Thomas Jefferson claimed that Louisiana stretched west to the Rocky Mountains and included the entire watershed of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers and their tributaries , and that the southern border was the Rio Grande . Spain maintained that Louisiana extended only as far as Natchitoches , and that it did not include the Illinois Territory . Texas was again considered a buffer province , this time between New Spain and the United States . In 1804 , Spain planned to send thousands of colonists to increase the number of residents in Texas ( then at 4,000 Hispanic inhabitants ) . The plan was cancelled as the government did not have the money to relocate the settlers . The responsibility for defending Texas now rested with Nemesio Salcedo , who held the newly reopened position of Commandant General of the Internal Provinces . Salcedo promoted immigration to Texas , and a new town , Trinidad de Salcedo , was founded where the Trinity River intersected the road from San Antonio to Nacogdoches . For a brief time , Salcedo also allowed former Spanish subjects from Louisiana to come to Texas . A few Americans who had become naturalized Spaniards settled in Texas during that time . Salcedo warned , however , that `` ' the foreigners are not and will not be anything but crows to pick out our eyes . ' '' King Charles IV of Spain ordered data compiled to determine the true boundary . Before the border was settled , both sides led armed excursions into the disputed areas , and Spain began increasing the number of troops stationed in Texas . By 1806 , the number had doubled , with over 883 stationed in and around Nacogdoches . At the end of 1806 , local commanders negotiated a temporary agreement in which neither the Spanish nor the Americans would venture into the area between the Sabine River and Arroyo Hondo . This neutral ground quickly became a haven for lawlessness and it did not stop individuals from crossing the boundary . While on a mission for the United States Army to explore some of the disputed areas of the Louisiana Purchase Zebulon Pike was arrested by the Spanish while camping on the Rio Grande and escorted back to Natchitoches . Although his maps and notes were confiscated , Pike was able to recreate most of it from memory . His glowing comments about Texas lands and animals made many Americans yearn to control the territory . End of Spanish period ( edit ) In May 1808 , Napoleon forced King Ferdinand VII to abdicate the Spanish throne . His replacement , Napoleon 's elder brother Joseph Bonaparte ( Joseph I ) , was appointed King of Spain , to violent protests from the Spanish citizens . The uprisings continued for the next six years , until his abdication in 1814 and the return of Ferdinand VII . During the time , there was little oversight of the New World colonies . A shadow government operated out Cádiz during Joseph 's reign , operating under the Spanish Constitution of 1812 . The constitutional government included representatives from the colonies , including Texas and New Mexico in New Spain . When King Ferdinand VII resumed his throne , he refused to recognize the new constitution or the representative government . He was forced to change his mind in 1820 as the only way to avert a military coup . During this time of turmoil , it was unclear who actually governed the colonies : Joseph I , the shadow government representing Ferdinand VII , the colonial officials , or revolutionaries in each province . The Mexican War of Independence began in 1810 at the instigation of Miguel Hidalgo . Fearing that the revolution would reach colonial Texas , governor Manuel María de Salcedo ordered the Texas borders closed to all foreigners . He was soon reversed by his uncle , the Commandant General . Revolutionaries soon overthrew and imprisoned Salcedo , and a new government was established in Texas . Salcedo persuaded Ignacio Elizondo ( his jailer ) to return to the royalist cause and the two organized a counter-coup . Hidalgo was captured and executed in 1811 . Although officially neutral during the Peninsular War , the United States allowed rebels to trade at American ports and much of the weaponry and ammunition used by the rebels came from the United States . Americans also provided manpower for the conflict , with Natchitoches serving as a launching point for several expeditions into Texas . In 1812 , Mexican insurgent Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara led a small force of Americans into Texas . Indians from the eastern part of Texas quickly joined the insurgency . Calling themselves the Republican Army of the North , the group captured San Antonio in 1813 , assassinated the governor , Manuel María de Salcedo , and proclaimed Texas independent from Spain . The death of the governor caused many of the Anglo - Americans to desert the cause , but on April 17 , 1813 , the Gutiérrez -- Magee Expedition members composed Texas 's first constitution , which provided for a centralized form of government . Spanish forces recaptured the province later that year at the Battle of Medina , and killed 1300 and executed any Tejanos accused of having Republican tendencies . Within 2 weeks almost 400 rebels were executed and their wives and daughters were imprisoned for 2 months . Royalist soldiers even chased many of the women and children who had fled San Antonio , killing 200 -- 300 . Captured Americans were given an opportunity to take an oath of loyalty to Spain , and those who refused were escorted back to the United States . Fearing that the Comanche would still constitute a threat , Spanish general Arredondo ordered all ranchers to move temporarily to San Antonio to help defend the city . When they returned to their ranches several months later , they found that the Comanche had slaughtered all of the livestock , leaving most of the carcasses where they fell . The Spanish army looted the rest of Texas too , and by 1820 fewer than 2000 Hispanic citizens remained in Texas . `` Spanish Texas , or what remained of it , had become a desolate , unprotected land that could not feed itself . '' Another revolutionary , José Manuel Herrera , created a government on Galveston Island in September 1816 which he proclaimed part of a Mexican Republic . A group of French exiles in the United States attempted to create their own colony on the Trinity River , known as Le Champ d'Asile . The exiles planned to use the colony as a base to liberate New Spain and then free Napoleon from St. Helena . They abandoned the colony shortly and returned to Galveston . This map shows the results of the Transcontinental Treaty , which ended the border conflict between Spain and the United States . On February 22 , 1819 , Spain and the United States reached agreement on the Transcontinental Treaty , which ceded Florida to the United States in return for the United States relinquishing its claim on Texas . The official boundary of Texas was set at the Sabine River ( the current boundary between Texas and Louisiana ) , then following the Red and Arkansas Rivers to the 42nd parallel ( California 's current northern border ) . For the next two years , until early February 1821 , Spain delayed ratification of the treaty , using it as leverage to prevent the United States from formally recognizing one of the rebellious Spanish colonies as an independent nation . During this period many Americans spoke out against the treaty and the renunciation of the claim to Texas . An essay in the City of Washington Gazette denounced the treaty , claiming that `` ' a league ' '' of the land in Texas was worth more to the United States `` ' than the whole territory west of the Rocky Mountains ' '' . In 1819 , James Long led the Long Expedition to invade Texas . He declared Texas an independent republic , but by the end of the year his rebellion had been quelled by Colonel Ignacio Pérez and his Spanish troops . The following year Long established a new base near Galveston Bay `` to free Texas from ' the yoke of Spanish authority ... the most atrocious despotism that ever disgraced the annals of Europe . ' '' His basis for a rebellion was soon gone , however . On February 24 , 1821 , Agustín de Iturbide launched a drive for Mexican Independence . Texas became a part of the newly independent nation without a shot being fired . Legacy ( edit ) Mission Concepción is one of the San Antonio missions which is part of a National Historic Landmark . Main page : Category : Mexican Texas Spanish control of Texas was followed by Mexican control of Texas , and it can be difficult to separate the Spanish and Mexican influences on the future state . The most obvious legacy is that of the language ; the state 's name comes from the Spanish rendering of an Indian word . Every major river in modern Texas , except the Red River , has a Spanish or Anglicized name , as do 42 of the state 's 254 counties and numerous towns also bear Spanish names . Even many of the words that have been incorporated into American English , such as barbecue , canyon , ranch , and plaza , come from Spanish words . An additional obvious legacy is that of Roman Catholicism . At the end of Spain 's reign over Texas , virtually all inhabitants practiced the Catholic religion , and it is still practiced in Texas by a large number of people . The Spanish missions built in San Antonio to convert Indians to Catholicism have been restored and are a National Historic Landmark . The landscape of Texas was changed as a result of some Spanish policies . As early as the 1690s , Spaniards brought European livestock , including cattle , horses , and mules , with them on their expeditions throughout the province . Some of the livestock strayed or stayed behind when the Spanish retreated from the territory in 1693 , allowing the Indian tribes to begin loosely managing herds of the animals . These herds grazed heavily on the native grasses , allowing mesquite , which was native to the lower Texas coast , to spread inland . Although the introduced livestock were able to adapt to the changing conditions , the buffalo had a more difficult time grazing among the new vegetation , beginning the decline in their numbers . Spanish farmers also introduced tilling and irrigation to the land , further changing the landscape . Spanish architectural concepts were also adopted by those in Texas , including the addition of patios , tile floors and roofs , arched windows and doorways , carved wooden doors , and wrought iron grillwork . Although Texas eventually adopted much of the Anglo - American legal system , many Spanish legal practices were retained . Among these was the Spanish model of keeping certain personal property safe from creditors . Texas implemented the first homestead exemption in the United States in 1839 , and its property exemption laws are now the most liberal state in the United States . Furthermore , Spanish law maintained that both husband and wife should share equally in the profits of marriage , and , like many other former Spanish provinces , Texas retained the idea of community property rather than use the Anglo laws in which all property belonged to the husband . Furthermore , Spanish law allowed an independent executor to be named in probate cases who is not required to gain court permission for each act not explicitly listed in the testament . Texas retained this idea , and it has eventually spread to other states , included Arizona , Washington , and Idaho . In other legal matters , Texas kept the Spanish principle of adoption , becoming the first U.S. state to allow adoption . See also ( edit ) Texas portal New Spain portal Spanish Texas topics Pre-statehood history of Texas References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Edmondson ( 2000 ) , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Edmondson ( 2000 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , pp. 151 -- 152 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 89 . ^ Jump up to : Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 100 . ^ Jump up to : Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 158 . ^ Jump up to : Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Edmondson ( 2000 ) , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 159 . ^ Jump up to : Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 160 . ^ Jump up to : Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 111 . ^ Jump up to : Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 112 . ^ Jump up to : Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 115 . Jump up ^ de la Teja , Jesús F. ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` New Philippines '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 116 . ^ Jump up to : Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , pp. 165 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 166 -- 167 . ^ Jump up to : Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 123 . ^ Jump up to : Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 168 . ^ Jump up to : Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 131 . ^ Jump up to : Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 173 . ^ Jump up to : Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 1999 ) , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1993 ) , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 137 . ^ Jump up to : Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 140 . ^ Jump up to : Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 1999 ) , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 1999 ) , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , pp. 158 , 159 . ^ Jump up to : Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 1999 ) , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 1999 ) , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 1999 ) , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , pp. 165 , 166 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 199 . ^ Jump up to : Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Weddle ( 1995 ) , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Weddle ( 1995 ) , p. 80 . ^ Jump up to : Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Weddle ( 1995 ) , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , pp. 224 -- 225 . ^ Jump up to : Weddle ( 1995 ) , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Weddle ( 1995 ) , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Weddle ( 1995 ) , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Weddle ( 1995 ) , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 226 . ^ Jump up to : Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Thonhoff ( 2000 ) , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Weddle ( 1995 ) , pp. 137 , 150 , 152 . ^ Jump up to : Weddle ( 1995 ) , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Weddle ( 1995 ) , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Weddle ( 1995 ) , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Weddle ( 1995 ) , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Weddle ( 1995 ) , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Weddle ( 1995 ) , p. 187 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 1999 ) , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Weddle ( 1995 ) , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , pp. 234&nbdash ; 235 . ^ Jump up to : Weddle ( 1995 ) , p. 164 . ^ Jump up to : Weddle ( 1995 ) , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 1999 ) , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 1999 ) , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Weddle ( 1995 ) , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Weddle ( 1995 ) , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Hämäläinen , Pekka ( 2008 ) . The Comanche Empire . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 3001 - 5117 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hämäläinen , Pekka ( 2008 ) . `` The Rise and Fall of Plains Indian Horse Cultures '' . In Nichols , Roger L. The American Indian : Past and Present ( sixth ed . ) . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 57 -- 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 8614 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hämäläinen , Pekka ( Winter 1998 ) . `` The Western Comanche Trade Center : Rethinking the Plains Indian Trade System '' . Western Historical Quarterly . 29 ( 4 ) : 485 -- 513 . JSTOR 970405 . ^ Jump up to : Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Lewis , James E. ( 1998 ) , The American Union and the Problem of Neighborhood : The United States and the Collapse of the Spanish Empire , 1783 -- 1829 , Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , p. 14 , ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2429 - 1 Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1998 ) , p. 15 Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1998 ) , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 296 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Owsley , Frank Lawrence , Jr. ; Smith , Gene A. ( 1997 ) , Filibusters and Expansionists : Jeffersonian Manifest Destiny , 1800 -- 1821 , Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press , p. 34 , ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0880 - 6 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 1999 ) , p. 252 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 1999 ) , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , pp. 205 -- 206 . ^ Jump up to : Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 281 . ^ Jump up to : Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Weddle ( 1995 ) , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 292 . ^ Jump up to : Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 295 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Owsley ( 1997 ) , p. 36 Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Owsley ( 1997 ) , p. 38 ^ Jump up to : Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Hoig , Stan ( 1998 ) , Beyond the Frontier : Exploring the Indian Country , Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , p. 70 , ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3046 - 6 Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1998 ) , p. 34 Jump up ^ Owsley ( 1997 ) , p. 40 Jump up ^ Owsley ( 1997 ) , p. 41 Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1998 ) , p. 80 Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1998 ) , p. 37 ^ Jump up to : Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Owsley ( 1997 ) , p. 58 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 1999 ) , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1998 ) , p. 124 Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1998 ) , p. 136 ^ Jump up to : Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1998 ) , p. 145 ^ Jump up to : Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 242 . ^ Jump up to : Maxwell , Margaret Muenker ( 1998 ) , Let 's Visit Texas Missions , Austin : Eakin Press , p. 61 , ISBN 1 - 57168 - 197 - 3 Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 1999 ) , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Maxwell ( 1998 ) , p. 62 Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 254 . ^ Jump up to : Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 252 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Spaniard Cabeza de Vaca and three companions wandered lost along the Texas Gulf Coast and the Rio Grande between 1528 and 1535 trying to find their way back to a Spanish settlement after they survived the ill - fated Narváez expedition in Florida . De Vaca made the first contact with Indians in Texas in November 1528 . Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 11 . Sources ( edit ) Anderson , Gary Clayton ( 1999 ) , The Indian Southwest , 1580 -- 1830 : Ethnogenesis and Reinvention , Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3111 - X Chipman , Donald E. ( 2010 ) ( 1992 ) , Spanish Texas , 1519 -- 1821 ( revised ed . ) , Austin : University of Texas Press , ISBN 0 - 292 - 77659 - 4 Edmondson , J.R. ( 2000 ) , The Alamo Story : From History to Current Conflicts , Plano : Republic of Texas Press , ISBN 1 - 55622 - 678 - 0 Thonhoff , Robert H. ( 2000 ) , The Texas Connection With The American Revolution , Austin : Eakin Press , ISBN 1 - 57168 - 418 - 2 Weber , David J. ( 1992 ) , The Spanish Frontier in North America , Yale Western Americana Series , New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 05198 - 0 Weddle , Robert S. ( 1995 ) , Changing Tides : Twilight and Dawn in the Spanish Sea , 1763 -- 1803 , Centennial Series of the Association of Former Students Number 58 , College Station : Texas A&M University Press , ISBN 0 - 89096 - 661 - 3 Further reading ( edit ) Chipman , Donald E. ; Joseph , Harriett Denise ( 1999 ) . Notable Men and Women of Spanish Texas . Austin : University of Texas Press . ISBN 9780292793163 . Spanish Texas Early Texas Settlements San Antonio Los Adaes El Cópano La Bahía Nacogdoches Atascosito Ysleta Presidio Orcoquisac Spanish missions in Texas Mission Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de los Ais Mission San Francisco de la Espada Mission San Juan Capistrano Mission Concepción Alamo Mission in San Antonio Mission San José Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá Spanish forts of Texas Presidio La Bahía del Espíritu Santo Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas Presidio of San Sabá Presidio de San Antonio de Béjar Armed conflicts Juan Bautista de las Casas Revolt Gutiérrez -- Magee Expedition James Long Expedition Empresarios Moses Austin Monarchs and Viceroys Monarchs and Viceroys of Spanish Texas Governors Jefe Político of Spanish Texas Municipal government Ayuntamiento -- Cabildo Alcalde Regidor Alguacil Síndico Procurador Spanish colonization of the Americas History Inter caetera Pacific Northwest California Inca Empire Chile Colombia Chibcha Muisca Florida Texas Aztec Empire Maya Chiapas Guatemala Petén Yucatán El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Conquistadores Christopher Columbus Alonso de Ojeda Diego de Almagro Pedro de Alvarado Bernal Díaz del Castillo Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Sebastián de Belalcázar Francisco Vázquez de Coronado Hernán Cortés Luis de Carabajal y Cueva Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada Hernán Pérez de Quesada Juan Ponce de León Francisco de Montejo Pánfilo de Narváez Juan de Oñate Francisco de Orellana Pedro de Portocarrero Francisco Pizarro Hernando de Soto Pedro de Valdivia Inés de Suárez Pedro de Candia Juan Pardo Tristán de Luna y Arellano Vasco Núñez de Balboa Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Related Encomienda Indian auxiliaries Spanish missions in the Americas History of Texas By period French Texas Spanish Texas Mexican Texas Republic of Texas Texas annexation Civil War era Reconstruction State of Texas By topic Annexation Border disputes Forests Indian Wars Jewish history Oil boom Revolution Slavery Texas Rangers Vice By city Amarillo Austin Brownsville Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Fort Worth Galveston Houston Laredo Lubbock San Antonio Timelines of cities in Texas Government agency Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas Congress of the Republic of Texas Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas Texas Historical Commission Spanish Empire Timeline Catholic Monarchs Habsburgs Golden Age Encomiendas New Laws in favour of the indigenous Expulsion of the Moriscos Eighty Years ' War Portuguese Restoration War Bourbons Napoleonic invasion Independence of Spanish continental Americas Liberal constitution Carlist Wars Spanish -- American War German -- Spanish Treaty ( 1899 ) Spanish Civil War Independence of Morocco ( Western Sahara conflict ) Territories Kingdoms of Naples , Sicily and Sardinia Milan Union with Holy Roman Empire Netherlands Franche - 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-6099733962605936197	Bradley International Airport	Bradley International Airport - wikipedia Bradley International Airport For the Tom Bradley International Terminal , see Los Angeles International Airport . Bradley International Airport IATA : BDL ICAO : KBDL FAA LID : BDL WMO : 72508 Summary Airport type Public Owner Connecticut Airport Authority Operator Connecticut Airport Authority Serves Hartford County , Connecticut Location Windsor Locks , Hartford County , Connecticut Elevation AMSL 173 ft / 53 m Coordinates 41 ° 56 ′ 21 '' N 072 ° 41 ′ 00 '' W / 41.93917 ° N 72.68333 ° W / 41.93917 ; - 72.68333 Coordinates : 41 ° 56 ′ 21 '' N 072 ° 41 ′ 00 '' W / 41.93917 ° N 72.68333 ° W / 41.93917 ; - 72.68333 Map BDL Location of airport in Connecticut / United States BDL BDL ( the US ) Show map of Connecticut Show map of the US Show all Runways Direction Length Surface ft m 6 / 24 9,510 2,899 Asphalt 15 / 33 6,847 2,087 Asphalt 1 / 19 4,269 1,301 Asphalt Statistics Aircraft operations ( 2016 ) 93,678 Based aircraft ( 2017 ) 64 Total Passengers Served ( 2017 ) 6,436,407 Sources : ; Federal Aviation Administration Bradley International Airport ( IATA : BDL , ICAO : KBDL , FAA LID : BDL ) is a civil / military airport in Windsor Locks , Connecticut , in Hartford County , Connecticut . Owned and operated by the Connecticut Airport Authority , it is the second - largest airport in New England . The airport is about halfway between Hartford and Springfield . It is Connecticut 's busiest commercial airport and the second - busiest airport in New England after Boston 's Logan International Airport , with approximately 6.4 million total passengers in 2017 . The four largest carriers at Bradley International Airport are Southwest , Delta , JetBlue , and American with market shares of 29 % , 19 % , 15 % , and 14 % , respectively . As a dual - use military facility with the U.S. Air Force , the airport is also home to the 103d Airlift Wing ( 103 AW ) of the Connecticut Air National Guard . In 2015 , Bradley was the 54th busiest airport in the United States by number of passengers enplaned . Bradley was originally branded as the `` Gateway to New England '' and is home to the New England Air Museum , and North America 's only Flight Simulation conference , FlightSimCon . In 2016 , Bradley International launched its new brand , `` Love The Journey '' . It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017 -- 2021 , in which it is categorized as a medium - hub primary commercial service facility . The former discount department store chain Bradlees was named for the airport as many of the early planning meetings were held here . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 World War II 1.2 Post-war to present 2 Facilities 2.1 Terminals 3 Airlines and destinations 3.1 Passenger 3.2 Cargo 3.3 Military operations 4 Statistics 4.1 Enplaned Passenger Statistics 4.2 Top destinations 4.3 Airline market share 5 Future 5.1 Airport construction 6 Ground transportation 6.1 Rail 6.2 Bus 7 Environment 8 Awards 9 Accidents and incidents 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) World war II ( edit ) Bradley has its origins in the 1940 acquisition of 1,700 acres ( 690 ha ) of land in Windsor Locks by the State of Connecticut . In 1941 , this land was turned over to the U.S. Army , as the country began its preparations for the impending war . The airfield was named after 24 - year - old Lt. Eugene M. Bradley of Antlers , Oklahoma , assigned to the 64th Pursuit Squadron , who died when his P - 40 crashed during a dogfight training drill on August 21 , 1941 . Post-war to present ( edit ) The airfield began civil use in 1947 as Bradley International Airport . Its first commercial flight was Eastern Air Lines Flight 624 . International cargo operations at the airport also began that year . Bradley eventually replaced the older , smaller Hartford -- Brainard Airport as Hartford 's primary airport . In 1948 , the federal government deeded the Airport to the State of Connecticut for public and commercial use . In 1950 , Bradley International Airport exceeded the 100,000 - passenger mark , handling 108,348 passengers . In 1952 , the Murphy Terminal opened . Later dubbed Terminal B , the terminal was the oldest passenger terminal in the US when it closed in 2010 . The April 1957 OAG shows 39 weekday departures : 14 American , 14 Eastern , 9 United , and 2 Northeast . Nonstops never reached west of Chicago or south of Washington until Eastern and Northeast began service to Miami in 1967 . Nonstops to Los Angeles and Atlanta started in 1968 . In 1960 , Bradley handled 500,238 passengers . In 1971 , the Murphy Terminal was expanded with an International Arrivals wing . This was followed by the installation of Instrument Landing Systems on two runways in 1977 . In 1976 , an experimental monorail was completed to link the terminal to a parking lot seven - tenths of a mile away . The `` people mover '' cost US $4 million and was anticipated to cost $250 thousand annually to operate . Due to the high anticipated operating cost , the monorail was never put in service and was dismantled in 1984 to make room for a new terminal building . The retired vehicles from the system are now on display at the Connecticut Trolley Museum in East Windsor , CT . In 1979 , the `` Windsor Locks '' tornado ripped through the eastern portions of the airport . The New England Air Museum sustained some of the worst damage . It reopened in 1981 . In 1986 , new Terminal A and Bradley Sheraton Hotel were completed . The Roncari cargo terminal was also constructed . In 2001 , construction began on a new parking garage . When completed , the garage could not immediately be used . The September 11 , 2001 attacks led to regulations requiring parking structures to be set back farther from the tarmac . For several weeks after opening , every vehicle had to be individually inspected , severely reducing its value . Bradley eventually received a waiver for normal operation of the garage from the Department of Homeland Security . Food court and shopping hall connecting the East and West concourses of Terminal A 2001 also saw the commencement of the Terminal Improvement Project to expand Terminal A with a new concourse , construct a new International Arrivals Building and centralize passenger screening . The airport expansion was part of a larger project to enhance the reputation of the Hartford metropolitan area as a destination for business and vacation travel . The new East Concourse , designed by HNTB , opened in September 2002 . In December 2002 , a new International Arrivals Building opened west of Terminal B . This structure houses the Federal Inspection Station and has one jetway for deboarding aircraft . Two government agencies support the facility ; U.S. Customs and Border Protection and the U.S. Department of Agriculture . The FIS Terminal can process more than 300 passengers per hour from aircraft as large as a Boeing 747 . This facility cost approximately $7.7 million , which included the building and site work , funded through the Bradley Improvement Fund . Currently the International Arrivals Building is utilized by Delta Air Lines and Frontier Airlines ( Apple Vacations ) for their seasonal service to Cancun , Mexico and Punta Cana , Dominican Republic . All international arrivals except for those from airports with customs preclearance are processed through the IAB . International departures will be handled from the existing terminal complex . In July 2007 , Northwest Airlines began nonstop service from Bradley to Amsterdam 's Schiphol Airport ; the airline normally flew a Boeing 757 - 200 but more than once substituted for a slightly larger 757 - 300 . It was Bradley 's only overseas flight until September 2016 when Aer Lingus started new service from Bradley International to Dublin . On October 2 -- 3 , 2007 , the Airbus A380 visited Bradley on its world tour , stopping in Hartford to showcase the aircraft to Connecticut workers for Pratt & Whitney and Hamilton Sundstrand , both divisions of United Technologies , which helped build the GP7000 TurboFan engines , which is an option to power the aircraft . Bradley Airport is one of only 68 airports worldwide large enough to accommodate the A380 . No carriers provide regular A380 service to Bradley , but the airport occasionally is a diversion airfield for JFK - bound A380s . On October 18 , 2007 , Bradley International Airport was named one of the top five small airports in the North American Airport Satisfaction Study by J.D. Power and Associates . On October 7 , 2008 , Embraer , an aerospace company based in Brazil , selected Bradley as its service center for the Northeastern United States . An $11 million project was begun with support from teams of the Connecticut Department of Transportation and Connecticut 's Economic and Community Development . The center is intended to be a full maintenance and repair facility for its line of business jets and is expected to employ up to 60 aircraft technicians . The facility was temporarily closed ten months after opening due to economic conditions , reopening on February 28 , 2011 . On June 21 , 2011 , the cargo variant of the new Boeing 747 - 8 stopped at Bradley on its introductory world tour . On June 22 , 2012 , the Connecticut Airport Authority board approved the hiring of Kevin A. Dillon as the Executive Director for the Connecticut Airport Authority , including Bradley International Airport . Executive Director Dillon plans to continue the development of airport facilities , as well as the establishment of new routes . On October 21 , 2015 , Bradley announced renewed transatlantic service , partnering with Aer Lingus to bring daily flights between Bradley and Dublin . Service to Dublin began on September 28 , 2016 . Norwegian Air Shuttle flew the airport 's second transatlantic European flight . The first flight was on June 17 , 2017 to Edinburgh in the UK . On January 15 , 2018 the airline announced it would end service from Bradley to Scotland , with the last flight leaving March 25 , 2018 . The owners of TAP Portugal , a consortium headed by Mr. David Neeleman , have expressed interest in starting a direct route between Lisbon and Bradley International . On January 25 , 2017 , Spirit Airlines announced new daily nonstop service to Orlando and Fort Lauderdale along with 4 times weekly seasonal service to Myrtle Beach . The first flight to Orlando was on April 27 , and service to Fort Lauderdale started on June 16 . The same day , the company also announced seasonal nonstop service to Fort Myers and Tampa , Florida , which began on November 9 , 2017 . Facilities ( edit ) Bradley International Airport covers 2,432 acres ( 984 ha ) at an elevation of 173 feet ( 53 m ) . It has three asphalt runways : 6 / 24 is 9,510 by 200 feet ( 2,899 x 61 m ) ; 15 / 33 is 6,847 by 150 feet ( 2,087 x 46 m ) ; 1 / 19 is 4,269 by 100 feet ( 1,301 x 30 m ) . In the year ending June 30 , 2011 the airport had 107,404 aircraft operations , averaging 294 per day : 52 % airline , 27 % air taxi , 17 % general aviation and 3 % military . 56 aircraft were then based at this airport : 52 % jet , 30 % military , 12 % multi-engine , 4 % helicopter and 2 % single - engine . Terminals ( edit ) Terminal B , the 1952 Murphy Terminal , was closed to passenger use on April 15 , 2010 and had two concourses . The old terminal continued to host the Bradley offices of the Connecticut State Police and was used for storage until its demolition in late 2015 and into early 2016 . It will be replaced with a new 19 gate terminal . ( see below ) Terminal A has two concourses . The East Concourse ( Gates 1 - 12 ) hosts Aer Lingus , Air Canada , Delta , JetBlue and Southwest . while the West Concourse ( Gates 20 - 30 ) hosts American , OneJet , Spirit and United . All international arrivals ( except flights with customs preclearance ) are handled at the International Arrivals Building , located to the west of Terminal A . This building was formerly used by Northwest Airlines between 2007 and 2009 when they offered non-stop flights from Bradley to Amsterdam . Today Delta is the sole operator using the IAB . In 2017 , the IAB was renamed to Terminal B until the brand new 19-gate Terminal B is built . The third floor of terminal A has the administrative offices of the Connecticut Airport Authority . Airlines and destinations ( edit ) Passenger ( edit ) Airlines Destinations Refs Aer Lingus Dublin Air Canada Express Montréal -- Trudeau , Toronto -- Pearson American Airlines Charlotte , Chicago -- O'Hare , Dallas / Fort Worth , Los Angeles , Miami , Philadelphia American Eagle Charlotte , Chicago -- O'Hare , Philadelphia , Washington -- National Delta Air Lines Atlanta , Detroit , Minneapolis / St. Paul Seasonal : Cancún Delta Connection Cincinnati , Cleveland , Minneapolis / St. Paul , Raleigh / Durham Seasonal : Detroit , Orlando JetBlue Airways Fort Lauderdale , Orlando , San Juan , Tampa , Washington -- National , West Palm Beach Seasonal : Fort Myers OneJet Pittsburgh Southwest Airlines Baltimore , Chicago -- Midway , Denver , Fort Lauderdale , Orlando , St. Louis ( begins August 7 , 2018 ) , Tampa Seasonal : Fort Myers , Las Vegas , West Palm Beach Spirit Airlines Fort Lauderdale , Orlando Seasonal : Fort Myers , Myrtle Beach , Tampa United Airlines Chicago -- O'Hare , Denver , Newark ( ends October 3 , 2018 ) , Washington -- Dulles Seasonal : San Francisco United Express Chicago -- O'Hare , Newark ( ends October 3 , 2018 ) , Washington -- Dulles Seasonal : Houston -- Intercontinental ( resumes October 4 , 2018 ) show Domestic destinations map Hartford Charlotte Chicago -- O'Hare Dallas / Fort Worth Los Angeles Miami Philadelphia Washington -- National Washington -- Dulles Atlanta Detroit Minneapolis / St. Paul Cincinnati Cleveland Raleigh / Durham Fort Lauderdale Orlando Tampa West Palm Beach Fort Myers Pittsburgh Baltimore Chicago -- Midway Denver Myrtle Beach Newark San Francisco Houston -- Intercontinental St. Louis Las Vegas All domestic destinations from Bradley International Airport ( BDL ) . show International Destinations map Hartford Dublin Montréal -- Trudeau Toronto -- Pearson San Juan Cancún International destinations from BDL ( Includes Puerto Rico ) Cargo ( edit ) Airlines Destinations Amazon Air Baltimore ( begins August 1 , 2018 ) , Cincinnati ( begins August 1 , 2018 ) , Ontario ( CA ) ( begins August 1 , 2018 ) DHL Aviation Cincinnati , New York -- JFK , Rochester ( NY ) FedEx Express Bridgeport , Indianapolis , Manchester ( NH ) , Memphis , Newark , Portland ( ME ) , Poughkeepsie ( NY ) Seasonal : Buffalo , Columbus -- Rickenbacker , Harrisburg , Los Angeles , Newburgh , Philadelphia UPS Airlines Albany , Boston , Chicago / Rockford , Louisville , Newark , Ontario , Philadelphia , Providence , Syracuse Seasonal : Buffalo , Columbia , Columbus -- Rickenbacker , Dallas / Fort Worth , Des Moines , Detroit , Greenville / Spartanburg , Harrisburg , Manchester ( NH ) , New York -- JFK , Pittsburgh , Portland ( OR ) In addition to the regular cargo services described above , Bradley is occasionally visited by Antonov An - 124 aircraft operated by Volga - Dnepr Airlines , and Antonov Airlines , transporting heavy cargo , such as Sikorsky helicopters or Pratt & Whitney engines internationally . Military operations ( edit ) Connecticut Air National Guard 103d Airlift Wing ( 103 AW ) `` Flying Yankees '' 118th Airlift Squadron ( 118 AS ) : operates the C - 130 Hercules . The squadron was previously designated as the 118th Fighter Squadron and operated the Fairchild A-10 Thunderbolt II close air support aircraft from the mid 1970s to 2007 . Between 2007 and 2013 , the squadron operated the C - 21 . Military air transports that are commonly seen include aircraft such as the KC - 135R Stratotanker from bases such as Pease Air Force Base in Portsmouth , NH and Bangor Air National Guard Base in Bangor , ME. C - 17 Globemaster III aircraft from McGuire Air Force Base and Charleston Air Force Base are a less common but occasional sight . Connecticut Army National Guard 169th Aviation Regiment , 104th Aviation Regiment , 142nd Aviation Regiment . Army Aviation Support Facility and the Army Aviation Readiness Center provides aviation support to Army Operations , MedEvac and Air Assault missions throughout the world . Flying UH60 BlackHawks , CH47 Chinooks , C12 Fixed Wing . The Connecticut Wing Civil Air Patrol 103rd Composite Squadron ( NER - CT - 004 ) operates out of the airport . Statistics ( edit ) Enplaned Passenger Statistics ( edit ) Year Enplaned Passengers % Change Aircraft Movements % Change 1977 2,900,000 n / a 70,000 n / a 2000 3,651,943 n / a 169,736 n / a 3,416,243 6.45 % 165,029 2.77 % 2002 3,221,081 5.7 % 146,592 11.17 % 2003 3,098,556 1.8 % 135,246 3.8 % 3,326,461 7.36 % 144,870 7.11 % 2005 3,617,453 8.75 % 156,090 7.7 % 2006 3,409,938 5.74 % 149,517 30.3 % 2007 3,231,374 5.2 % 141,313 5.48 % 2008 3,006,362 6.96 % 122,837 13.0 % 2009 2,626,873 12.62 % 105,594 14.03 % 2,640,155 0.51 % 103,516 1.96 % 2011 2,772,315 5.01 % 106,951 3.31 % 2012 2,647,610 4.50 % 99,019 7.41 % 2013 2,681,181 1.26 % 95,963 3.08 % 2014 2,913,380 8.66 % 96,477 0.53 % 2015 2,926,047 0.43 % 93,507 3.07 % 2016 3,025,166 1.9 % 2017 3,214,976 6.3 % N / A N / A Top destinations ( edit ) Busiest domestic routes from BDL ( November 2016 -- October 2017 ) Rank Airport Passengers Carriers Atlanta , Georgia 302,990 Delta Baltimore , Maryland 269,930 Southwest Charlotte , North Carolina 260,260 American Orlando , Florida 257,050 Delta , JetBlue , Southwest , Spirit 5 Chicago -- O'Hare , Illinois 228,360 American , United 6 Washington -- National , D.C. 165,540 American , JetBlue 7 Detroit , Michigan 159,880 Delta 8 Fort Lauderdale , Florida 158,060 JetBlue , Southwest , Spirit 9 Tampa , Florida 141,700 JetBlue , Southwest 10 Minneapolis , Minnesota 116,960 Delta Airline market share ( edit ) Largest Airlines at BDL ( Nov 2016 -- Oct 2017 ) Rank Airline Passengers Share Southwest Airlines 1,606,000 26.30 % American Airlines 1,102,000 18.05 % Delta Air Lines 1,065,000 17.44 % JetBlue 867,000 14.20 % 5 United Airlines 429,000 7.03 % -- Other airlines 1,037,000 16.99 % Future ( edit ) Airport construction ( edit ) On July 3 , 2012 the Connecticut Department of Transportation released an Environmental Assessment and Environmental Impact Evaluation , detailing a proposal to replace the now - vacant Terminal B with updates and facilities intended to improve access and ease of use for Bradley travelers . The replacement proposal calls for : Demolition of the Murphy Terminal and existing International Arrivals Building ; Construction of a new Terminal B , with two concourses containing a total of 19 gates , two of which could accommodate international widebody aircraft ; Inclusion of a new Federal Inspection Services facility within the new Terminal ; Construction of a new Central Utility Plant ; Relocation of the Terminal B arrival roadway and departure viaduct ; Realignment of Schoephoester Road ; and Construction of a new 7 - level parking garage and consolidated car rental facility , adding 2,600 public parking spaces and 2,250 rental car spaces . The proposal calls for a three - phase construction program : Demolition of the existing Terminal B , realignment of surface roads and construction of the new garage / rental car facility would occur during the initial phase . The initial phase is estimated to cost between $630 and $650 million . Construction of part of Terminal B and its upper roadway would occur in a second phase , with an estimated completion date of 2018 . Construction of the final segment of Terminal B and its upper roadway would occur in a third phase , with an estimated completion date of 2028 . Actual completion dates could vary due to funding and demand . Ground Transportation ( edit ) Rail ( edit ) Amtrak and Hartford Line trains serve both the nearby Windsor Locks and Windsor stations . As of 2018 , weekday service includes eleven southbound trains and twelve northbound trains at Windsor Locks . Plans call for every train at Windsor Locks Station to be met by a shuttle bus connection directly to and from the terminal . Officials have discussed plans to construct a fixed rail link to the airport . Bus ( edit ) Connecticut Transit route 34 provides local service connecting Bradley with Windsor and Hartford . Route 30 ( the `` Bradley Flyer '' ) provides express service to downtown Hartford . Environment ( edit ) The Connecticut Air National Guard 103d Airlift Wing leases 144 acres ( 0.58 km ) in the southwest corner of the airport for their Bradley ANG Base . The base is a designated Superfund site . Bradley has also been identified as one of the last remaining tracts of grassland in Connecticut suitable for a few endangered species of birds , including the upland sandpiper , the horned lark , and the grasshopper sparrow . Awards ( edit ) In 2017 , Bradley Airport was named 5th best airport in the United States by Condé Nast Traveler 's Reader 's Choice Awards . Bradley scored well with readers in the categories of on - site parking , availability of charging stations and free Wi - Fi , decent restaurant options , and overall relaxed atmosphere . Accidents and incidents ( edit ) On March 4 , 1953 a Slick Airways Curtiss - Wright C - 46 Commando N4717N on a cargo flight from New York - Idlewild Field crashed . Bradley was experiencing light rain and a low ceiling at the time of the incident . After being cleared to land on Runway 06 , the pilot reported problems intercepting the localizer , and continued to circle down to get under the weather . The plane struck trees approximately 1.6 miles ( 2.6 km ) southwest of the airport , killing the crew of two . On July 16 , 1971 a Douglas C - 47 B N74844 of New England Propeller Service crashed on approach . The aircraft was on a ferry flight to Beverly Municipal Airport , Massachusetts when an engine lost power shortly after take - off due to water in the fuel . At the time of the accident , the aircraft was attempting to return to Bradley Airport . On May 3 , 1991 a Ryan International ( wet - leased by Emery Worldwide ) Boeing 727 - 100QC , N425EX , caught fire during take - off . The take - off was aborted and the three crew members escaped , while the aircraft was destroyed by the fire . The fire was determined to have started in the number 3 engine . It was determined that the 9th stage HP compressor had ruptured . On November 12 , 1995 American Airlines Flight 1572 crashed while trying to land at Bradley . The plane , a McDonnell Douglas MD - 83 , was substantially damaged when it impacted trees while on approach to runway 15 at Bradley International Airport . The airplane also impacted an instrument landing system antenna as it landed short of the runway on grassy , even terrain . The cause of the accident was determined to be the pilot 's failure to reset the altimeter , however , severe weather may have played a factor . One of the 78 passengers and 5 crew on board was injured . On January 21 , 1998 a Continental Express ATR - 42 , N15827 , had an emergency during roll on landing . During the landing roll , a fire erupted in the right engine . The airplane was stopped on the runway , the engines were shut down and the occupants evacuated . The fire handles for both engines were pulled and both fire bottles on the right engine discharged . However , the fire in the right engine continued to burn . The airport fire services attended shortly afterward and extinguished the fire . See also ( edit ) United States Air Force portal Military of the United States portal World War II portal Connecticut World War II Army Airfields Hartford - Brainard Airport ( HFD ) FlightSimCon Tweed New Haven Airport ( HVN ) Westover Metropolitan Airport ( CEF ) Previously marketed by defunct Skybus Airlines as `` Hartford ( Chicopee , MA ) '' . Yankee Terminal Radar Approach Control ( Y90 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Calendar Year 2017 Passenger Numbers '' ( PDF ) . Bradley International Airport . February 2018 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : FAA Airport Master Record for BDL ( Form 5010 PDF ) . Federal Aviation Administration . May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanseder , Tony . `` Hartford Bradley BDL Airport Overview '' . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hartford , CT Bradley International Facts '' . Bureau of Transportation Statistics . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Passenger Boarding Statistics '' ( PDF ) . Federal Aviation Administration . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stoller , Gary . `` Bradley Airport 's Makeover : Will You ' Love the Journey ' ? '' . Connecticut Magazine . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of NPIAS Airports '' ( PDF ) . FAA.gov . Federal Aviation Administration . October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grant , Tina , ed. ( 1996 ) . International Directory of Company Histories. 12 . Detroit , MI : St. James Press . p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : `` Media Kit Fact Sheet '' . Bradley International Airport . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marks , Paul ( May 28 , 2006 ) . `` Archaeological Sleuths Hunt For Site of Bradley Airport Namesake 's Fatal Crash '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Bradley 's fatal accident occurred during a simulated aerial dogfight with Frank Mears , commander of the 64th Pursuit Squadron . The plane Bradley was flying spun out of control as he went into a sharp turn at about 5,000 feet . Stunned witnesses saw the plane spiral slowly into a grove of trees . Soon a column of smoke arose . They theorize that the young pilot blacked out from the gravitational forces felt during such a sharp aerial turn . Jump up ^ Gershon , Eric ( April 2 , 2010 ) . `` Airlines To Clear Out of Bradley Airport 's Murphy Terminal , The Nation 's Oldest , By April 15 '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marks , Paul ( October 26 , 2003 ) . `` Bradley : From Field To High - flying Hub '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` People Mover , The Hartford Courant '' . ProQuest Historical Newspapers : Hartford Courant ( 1764 -- 1987 ) : A26 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Our Collection '' . Connecticut Trolley Museum . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Windsor Locks : Bradley International Airport '' . Connecticut Explored . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradley Airport Master Plan . Bradley International board of directors . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : Federal Inspection Station '' ( PDF ) . Bradley International Airport . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rare A380 Flight from Dubai Diverted to Bradley '' . NBC Connecticut . February 27 , 2013 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gershon , Eric ( August 26 , 2009 ) . `` Embraer Closes Jet Maintenance Center at Bradley Airport Months After Opening '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seay , Gregory ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` Brazil 's Embraer reopens at Bradley '' . Hartford Business Journal . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Larry ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` Airport Authority Board Formally Approves Hiring Executive Director '' . Windsor Locks - East Windsor Patch . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kinney , Jim ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Aer Lingus announces nonstop flights from Hartford 's Bradley Airport to Dublin '' . Mass Live . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seay , Gregory ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Why Bradley won its airport tug - of - war for Aer Lingus '' . Hartford Business . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` International airline ends service at Bradley International '' . AP News . January 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TAP Portugal Unveils JetBlue Codeshare , Free Stopover Program - Airways Magazine '' . Airways Magazine . June 13 , 2016 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gosselin , Kenneth R. ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Spirit Airlines To Begin Flights From Bradley Airport '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kinney , Jim ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Spirit Airlines has first flight from Bradley to Fort Lauderdale ; announces flights to Fort Myers , Tampa '' . masslive.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kinney , Jim ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Spirit Airlines flights from Bradley to Tampa & Fort Myers begin '' . masslive.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spirit Airlines to Launch Nonstop Service from Bradley to Fort Myers and Tampa '' ( Press release ) . Connecticut Airport Authority . June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Contact CAA '' . CT Airport Authority . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Timetables '' . Aer Lingus . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Flight Schedules '' . Air Canada . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flight Schedules '' . American Airlines . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Delta Air Lines Map '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Where We Jet '' . JetBlue Airways . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` OneJet '' . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bradley International Airport to Launch New Daily , Nonstop Service to St. Louis '' ( Press release ) . Connecticut Airport Authority . February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Southwest Flight Schedules '' . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where We Fly '' . Spirit Airlines . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` United adjusts Newark domestic network from Oct 2018 '' . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Timetable '' . United Airlines . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon 's distributor leaving RI for Hartford ; 149 layoffs '' . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NER - CT - 004 - 103rd Composite Squadron '' . CT Wing , Civil Air Patrol . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ I - 91 Reconstruction from Hartford to Enfield ; I - 291 Construction from Windsor to Manchester : Environmental Impact Statement. 1981 . Jump up ^ `` Primary Airport Enplanement Activity Summary for CY2000 '' ( PDF ) . FAA . October 19 , 2001 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of Enplanement Activity : CY 2001 Compared to CY 2000 '' ( PDF ) . FAA . 2001 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CY 2002 Commercial Service Airports in the US with % Boardings Change from 2001 '' ( PDF ) . FAA . November 6 , 2003 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CY 2003 Commercial Service Airports '' ( PDF ) . FAA . 2003 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Primary Airport : Based on Calendar Year 2004 Passenger Enplanements '' ( PDF ) . FAA . November 8 , 2005 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calendar Year 2005 : Primary and Non-Primary Commercial Service Airports '' ( PDF ) . FAA . October 31 , 2006 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calendar Year 2006 Passenger Activity : Commercial Service Airports in US '' ( PDF ) . FAA . October 18 , 2007 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Final Calendar Year 2007 Enplanements and Percent Change from CY06 '' ( PDF ) . FAA . September 26 , 2008 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Commercial Service Airports ( Primary and Non-primary ) : Calendar Year 2008 '' ( PDF ) . FAA . December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Commercial Service Airports ( Primary and Nonprimary ) : CY09 Passenger Boardings '' ( PDF ) . FAA . November 23 , 2010 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Enplanements at Primary Airports ( Rank Order ) CY10 '' ( PDF ) . FAA . October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calendar Year 2011 Primary Airports '' ( PDF ) . FAA . September 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Commercial Service Airports , based on Calendar Year 2012 Enplanements '' ( PDF ) . FAA . October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Commercial Service Airports based on Calendar Year 2013 Enplanements '' ( PDF ) . FAA . January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calendar Year 2014 Passenger Numbers '' ( PDF ) . Bradley International Airport . 2015 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calendar Year 2015 Passenger Numbers '' ( PDF ) . Bradley International Airport . 2016 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calendar Year 2016 Passenger Numbers '' ( PDF ) . Bradley International Airport . August 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Environmental Assessment and Environmental Impact Evaluation , New Terminal B Passenger Facility and Associated Improvements at Bradley International Airport Windsor Locks , Connecticut '' ( PDF ) . Connecticut Department of Transportation . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Northeast Corridor Boston -- Washington Timetable '' ( PDF ) . Amtrak . January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hartford Line Official Inaugural Schedule '' ( PDF ) . Hartford Line . June 16 , 2018 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Routes & Schedules '' . Connecticut Transit . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grasslands '' . Audubon Connecticut . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Best Airports in the U.S. '' Condé Nast Traveler . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` N4717N Accident description '' . Aviation Safety Network . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` N47844 Accident description '' . Aviation Safety Network . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` N425EX Accident description '' . Aviation Safety Network . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` N56AA Accident description '' . Aviation Safety Network . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Collision with Trees on Final Approach American Airlines Flight 1572 , McDonnell Douglas MD - 83 , N566AA Accident Report Detail '' . National Transportation Safety Board . November 13 , 1996 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` N15827 Accident description '' . Aviation Safety Network . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Bradley International Airport ( official site ) Connecticut Airport Authority ( official site ) FAA Airport Diagram ( PDF ) , effective May 24 , 2018 FAA Terminal Procedures for BDL , effective May 24 , 2018 Resources for this airport : AirNav airport information for KBDL ASN accident history for BDL FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker NOAA / NWS latest weather observations SkyVector aeronautical chart for KBDL FAA current BDL delay information hide Airports in Connecticut Primary Bradley Tweed New Haven Reliever Danbury Hartford -- Brainard Robertson General Chester Danielson Groton -- New London Meriden Markham Sikorsky Simsbury Waterbury -- Oxford Windham Public use Candlelight Farms Ellington Goodspeed Salmon River Skylark Toutant Waterbury Private use Gardner Lake Rentschler Heliport Military Bradley ANGB Defunct Griswold New England Topics Autumn Climate Cuisine Culture Demographics Economy Elections Flag Geography Geology Government History New England Colonies Dominion of New England New England Confederation Literature Place names of Native - American origin Politics Sports States Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Major cities Boston Bridgeport Burlington Concord Hartford Lowell Manchester New Bedford New Haven New London New Britain Portland Providence Springfield Stamford Waterbury Worcester State capitals Augusta Boston Concord Hartford Montpelier Providence Transportation Passenger rail MBTA ( MA , RI ) Northeast Corridor ( CT , MA , RI ) Acela Express ( CT , MA , RI ) Downeaster ( ME , NH , MA ) Vermonter ( CT , MA , NH , VT ) Shore Line East ( CT ) Metro - North ( CT ) Hartford Line ( CT , MA ; under construction ) High - speed Northern New England ( proposed ) Major Interstates I - 84 ( CT , MA ) I - 89 ( NH , VT ) I - 90 ( Mass Pike ) ( MA ) I - 91 ( CT , MA , VT ) I - 93 ( MA , NH , VT ) I - 95 ( CT , RI , MA , NH , ME ) defunct : New England road marking system Airports Bradley ( CT ) Burlington ( VT ) T.F. 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-6302326618867558319	Disney Princess	Disney Princess - wikipedia Disney Princess Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Disney Princess media franchise . For other uses , see List of Disney animated universe characters . Disney Princess The 2013 line - up of the Disney Princess franchise . From left to right : Mulan , Snow White , Tiana , Cinderella , Belle , Merida , Rapunzel , Ariel , Aurora , Jasmine , and Pocahontas Created by Andy Mooney Original work Animated films Print publications Book ( s ) Disney Princess Chapter Books A Jewel Story Novel ( s ) May 7 , 2005 -- present Comics Kilala Princess ( Manga ) Magazine ( s ) Disney Princess Films and television Film ( s ) Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams Animated series The Princess Power Hour block Sofia the First Whisker Haven Tales with the Palace Pets Games Video game ( s ) Enchanted Journey Fairytale Adventure Audio Original music Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Miscellaneous Toys Dolls Palace Pets extension Palace Pets Disney Princess , also called the Princess Line , is a media franchise owned by The Walt Disney Company . Created by Disney Consumer Products chairman Andy Mooney in the early 2000s , the franchise features a line - up of fictional female protagonists who have appeared in various Disney franchises . The franchise does not include all princess characters from the whole of Disney - owned media , but rather refers to specific characters from the company 's animated films . As of 2017 , the eleven characters considered part of the franchise are Snow White , Cinderella , Aurora , Ariel , Belle , Jasmine , Pocahontas , Mulan , Tiana , Rapunzel , and Merida . The franchise has released dolls , sing - along videos , apparel , home decor , toys , and a variety of other products featuring some of the Disney Princesses . Licensees for the franchise include Glidden ( wall paint ) , Stride Rite ( sparkly shoes ) , Hasbro ( games and dolls ) , and plastic Fisher - Price figurines . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Conception 1.2 Expansions 2 Disney Princesses 2.1 Classic era 2.1. 1 Snow White 2.1. 2 Cinderella 2.1. 3 Aurora 2.2 Renaissance era 2.2. 1 Ariel 2.2. 2 Belle 2.2. 3 Jasmine 2.2. 4 Pocahontas 2.2. 5 Mulan 2.3 Modern era 2.3. 1 Tiana 2.3. 2 Rapunzel 2.3. 3 Merida 3 Portrayals in culture and media 3.1 Theme park rides 3.1. 1 Disneyland 3.1. 2 Walt Disney World 3.2 Meet - and - greets and live events 3.2. 1 Disneyland 3.2. 1.1 Fantasy Faire 3.2. 2 Walt Disney World 3.2. 3 Shanghai Disneyland 3.3 Films and television 3.4 Literature 3.4. 1 Disney Princess Chapter Books 3.4. 1.1 A Jewel Story 3.5 Comic adaptation 3.6 Video games 3.6. 1 Kingdom Hearts 4 Reception 4.1 Ethnic reception 4.2 Feminist reception 5 Notes 6 External links History ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) Standing in line in the arena ( of a Disney on Ice show ) , I was surrounded by little girls dressed head to toe as princesses ... They were n't even Disney products . They were generic princess products they 'd appended to a Halloween costume . And the light bulb went off . Clearly , there was latent demand here . So the next morning I said to my team , `` O.K. , let 's establish standards and a color palette and talk to licensees and get as much product out there as we possibly can that allows these girls to do what they 're doing anyway : projecting themselves into the characters from the classic movies . '' -- Mooney , on his creation of the Disney Princess franchise as reported by The New York Times Former Nike , Inc. executive Andy Mooney was appointed chairman of The Walt Disney Company 's Disney Consumer Products division in the late 1990s . While attending his first Disney on Ice show , Mooney noticed that several young girls attending the show were dressed in princess attire that were not authentic Disney products . `` They were generic princess products they 'd appended to a Halloween costume , '' Mooney told The New York Times . Concerned by this , Mooney addressed the company the following morning and encouraged them to commence work on a legitimate Disney Princess franchise in January 2000 . Walt 's nephew , Roy E. Disney , objected to the creation of the line , as the company has long `` avoided mingling characters from its classic fairy tales in other narratives , worrying that it would weaken the individual mythologies '' . The original line - up consisted of princesses Snow White , Cinderella , Aurora , Ariel , Belle , Jasmine , Pocahontas , Mulan and Tinker Bell . Five of them ( Snow White , Aurora , Jasmine , Pocahontas , and Ariel ) were royal by blood , two ( Cinderella and Belle ) married into royalty , and two ( Mulan and Tinker Bell ) fit the `` princess mythology . '' Tinker Bell was soon removed from the latter category and the overall line - up . This was the first time the characters would be marketed in a separate franchise than their original films . Mooney decided that , when featured on marketing advertisements such as posters , the princesses should never make eye contact with each other in an attempt to keep their individual `` mythologies '' intact . `` ( Each ) stares off in a slightly different direction as if unaware of the others ' presence . '' In an unconventional manner , Mooney and his team launched the Disney Princess line without utilizing any focus groups and with minimal marketing . By 2001 , Disney Consumer Products ( DCP ) generated about 300 million dollars , but by 2012 , the division had increased revenue to 3 billion dollars , making it the top seller of consumer entertainment products globally . DCP issued princess product licenses to Hasbro for games , Mattel dolls , and plastic Fisher - Price figurines in 2000 , allowing the franchise to meet the $1 billion mark in revenue in three years . Expansions ( edit ) Tiana became the first additional character to the Princess franchise officially on March 14 , 2010 , taking Tinker Bell 's short - lived place as the ninth member . Her coronation took place at the New York Palace . Tinker Bell was already heading up another franchise started in 2005 , Disney Fairies . Rapunzel was `` crowned '' and inducted into the Disney Princess franchise as the tenth member on October 2 , 2011 , at Kensington Palace in London , England . On May 11 , 2013 , Disney added the first Pixar character Merida as the 11th Princess to the franchise in a coronation ceremony in front of Cinderella Castle at Magic Kingdom in Walt Disney World . With Target Corporation as its marketing partner , Disney held the first National Princess Week the week of April 22 , 2012 . During the week , there was the release of The Princess Diaries Blu - ray and The Very Fairy Princess book . Harrod , already have a Disney stores within , followed with their Christmas theme being Disney Princess by having Oscar de la Renta designed dress for the Princess on display . In August , the dress were on display at D23 Expo before being auctioned on November 13 to benefit Great Ormond Street Hospital Children 's Charity . Mattel adding a Barbie princess - themed line in late - 2010 then the fair and fantasy store based Ever After High in 2013 . Mattel was only putting out Princesses Cinderella , Ariel and Belle plus Anna and Elsa during the last year or so of its license . With these competing lines and an expiration of the brand license at the end of 2015 , Disney gave Hasbro a chance to gain the license given their work on Star Wars which lead to a Descendants license . DCP was also attempting to evolve the brand by making them less as damsels and more as heroines . In September 2014 , Disney announced that Hasbro would be the licensed doll maker for the Disney Princess line starting on January 1 , 2016 . The June 2013 release of the Disney Princess Palace Pets app from Disney Publishing , led DCP to turn Palace Pets into a Disney Princess franchise extension , with the release of The Palace Pets toy line in August from licensee Blip Toys . The line was also selected by TimetoPlayMag.com for its Most Wanted List Holiday 2013 . In 2015 Disney Publishing released animated shorts series Whisker Haven Tales with the Palace Pets . The shorts journey to a magical world of Whisker Haven , a secret realm located in a fairy - tale space between the Disney Princess kingdoms . Disney Princesses ( edit ) Princesses were given an official number in the franchise lineup starting with Snow White as the first and original Disney princess , with Cinderella being the second , followed by Aurora and so on . Classic era ( edit ) Snow White ( edit ) Main article : Snow White ( Disney character ) Snow White is the first and original Disney Princess . A main character in Walt Disney Animation Studios ' 1st animated feature film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) , Snow White is a beautiful young princess , described by her evil stepmother 's Magic Mirror as having ' hair as black as ebony , lips as red as the rose , skin as white as snow ' and also dubbed by the Mirror as the ' Fairest Of Them All ' . She is forced to seek refuge in the home of the seven dwarfs where she hides from her evil stepmother , Queen Grimhilde , who got angered by the fact that Snow White 's beauty was greater than hers . She asked the Huntsman to kill the princess ; however , as an act of pity , he ends up setting her free and telling her the Evil Queen 's plan . Snow White is often described as a kind , optimistic , tidy and happy person who sees the good in everyone . Originally voiced by Adriana Caselotti and animated by Marc Davis and Les Clark , she and her movie are based on the heroine and story of the German fairy tale Snow White ( 1812 ) by the Brothers Grimm . She has also been voiced by Mary Kay Bergman , Carolyn Gardener , and most recently Katherine Von Till . A crisp , blood red apple has become her trademark with years of exposure . Snow White is often known as one of the most anti-feminist Disney princesses through her goodness , which leads to passivity , her living with the Seven Dwarfs , her tendency to clean , and her awaiting of a prince to save her from her oppressions , which critics have viewed as misogyny and a danger to young women who will want to replicate these behaviors in their own lives . While many argue that she was a reflection of the era in which she was created , others claim that the complexity of animation of the time made it too difficult to add complexity to the characters in the film . Janet Maslin of The New York Times claims , `` Aside from her great daintiness and her credentials as a fervent housekeeper , Snow White has no distinct personality . She exists only to be victimized by her wicked stepmother - a far more interesting character - and to wait for Mr. Right , '' that supports feminist theory , but despite public feminist responses to the character , Disney regards Snow White as kind , sweet and respectful , encouraging children to , `` be a friend to all , '' in the same way she is depicted in the film . Cinderella ( edit ) Main article : Cinderella ( Disney character ) Cinderella is the second Disney Princess . Her movie , Disney 's 12th animated feature film , is named after her , Cinderella , released in 1950 . She is often considered the `` Leader of the Disney Princesses '' . Forced into servitude by her evil stepmother , Lady Tremaine , and her two cruel stepsisters , Drizella and Anastasia , after her father 's death , her only source of happiness was her animal friends , which consists of birds and mice . While scrubbing the floors of her late father 's mansion , an invitation to the Prince 's ball is delivered , inviting all of the eligible women to attend so that he can find a wife . While Cinderella meets the requirements to attend , her stepfamily forbids her , going so far as to rip apart the clothes that the mice and birds had created for her as the carriage arrives . When all seems lost , her fairy godmother gives her the means to attend , where she falls in love with the Prince . Cinderella is based on the heroine of the French fairy tale Cinderella by Charles Perrault and the German fairy tale Ashputtel by the Brothers Grimm . Originally voiced by Ilene Woods and animated by Marc Davis , in recent animated features she is currently voiced by Jennifer Hale . In the original movie , Cinderella 's hair was intended to be more of a strawberry - blonde color , but today she is depicted as having blonde hair . Also , her iconic ball gown is depicted as light blue instead of silver in nearly all media and merchandise . Cinderella is also known as `` Cinderelly '' by the mice . These days , her legendary glass slipper , which was used by the Prince to find her , symbolizes Cinderella 's timeless character and tale . As part of a new launch of live - action Disney classic recreation films , Cinderella was portrayed by Lily James in the 2015 motion - picture . The film is commended for remaining close to the original plot line of the animated feature supplemented by added depth to give the original character more background and dimension . Reviews cite the movie 's usage of the mantra , `` have courage and be kind '' ( `` But at least ( Cinderella 's ) outward beauty is poignantly augmented by an inner kindness and courage , things she manages to hold on to despite the abuses heaped upon her by her stepmother and stepsisters '' ) , claiming it to support and to help modern audiences reinvigorate their admiration of one of the earliest Disney princesses . Like Snow White , Cinderella faces feminist criticism for chasing after a man for freedom , displaying household chores , and means of beauty as the only way to attract a man that viewers may see the need to perpetuate . Disney , however , cites Cinderella as a persistent princess in the light of injustice , believing she sends the message to `` never give up . '' Aurora ( edit ) Main article : Aurora ( Disney character ) Aurora , originally voiced by Mary Costa , is the third Disney Princess . She first appeared in Disney 's 16th animated feature film Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) . The motion picture is adapted from the French fairy tale The Sleeping Beauty by Charles Perrault ( 1697 ) , from the German fairy tale Little Briar Rose ( 1812 ) by The Brothers Grimm and from The Sleeping Beauty ballet by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ( 1890 ) . Aurora is a princess by birth , daughter of her kingdom 's rulers and betrothed to another kingdom 's prince . She is described as having hair of sunshine gold and lips that shame the red rose ; she is also often described as being kind , shy , sophisticated , and a hopeless romantic . At first , she is seen as a little naive and insecure as a result of being sheltered for most of her life but , unlike Snow White , she is somewhat pluckier and more opinionated . In later media , she is shown to have matured and become more self - assured , independent and confident . She was later voiced by Erin Torpey and Jennifer Hale , and is currently voiced by Kate Higgins . Aurora was also portrayed by Elle Fanning in the film Maleficent , the movie about the fairy 's backstory played by Angelina Jolie . This live - action film is a part of a new series that Disney has been launching in order to give their classic films modern twists to contemporary audiences . Like her counterparts in the first wave of animated Disney films , Aurora is criticized for feminist depictions , mainly in the fact that she had very little involvement both in the fairy tale and in her own Disney movie , where Princess Aurora only appears for about 30 minutes . In many bloggers ' opinions , `` Aurora in the film is not a person , per se ; she is the prize that the other characters fight over . She is an object , really , and that is not feminist at all , '' . Disney , on their Disney princesses website , claims Aurora to inspire young girls to `` always wonder . '' Renaissance era ( edit ) Ariel ( edit ) Main article : Ariel ( Disney ) Ariel is the fourth Disney Princess , as well as the title character in Disney 's 28th animated feature film The Little Mermaid , released in 1989 . She is the youngest of King Triton 's seven daughters . Ariel is a mermaid princess in the undersea kingdom Atlantica ( according to later media in the franchise ) . Fascinated by the human world and tired of life under the sea , Ariel makes a deal with Ursula , an evil sea witch , trading her voice for the chance to experience the human world . Based on the Danish fairy tale The Little Mermaid by Hans Christian Andersen , Ariel is voiced by Jodi Benson and animated by Glen Keane and Mark Henn . The character was inspired by the protagonist in Andersen 's story but was developed into a different personality for the film . Ariel is fiercely independent and a dreamer , which is notable in her collecting of human world treasures in her private grotto . She is bold and a risk - taker , distinguished by her bright red hair , purple / lavender seashell bra and green tail . The Little Mermaid was the first animated Disney Princess film following Sleeping Beauty from 1959 . As such , Ariel 's film marks a new `` Renaissance '' of Disney that created more progressive , independent princesses with higher levels of depth and complexity . However , of all of the progressive Princesses , Ariel is regarded as one of the least feminist ones depicted . She sings `` Part of Your World '' which pleads for a chance to explore her curiosity in the outside world , though critics cite that curiosity is largely driven by her desire to marry a man that she has never even spoken to . However , in direct contrast to this criticism , Ariel was depicted in the film as being interested in the human world and species and sang the song long before falling in love with Eric . Without her voice , many fear that she is reliant on her beauty and sexuality only and , in the end , is saved by her male lover , Prince Eric , only to spend the rest of her life on the human world . Disney , however , claims Ariel spreads a message of , `` explor ( ing ) new worlds , '' that many other viewers notice throughout the film . Belle ( edit ) Main article : Belle ( Disney ) Belle is the fifth Disney Princess , first introduced in Disney 's 30th animated feature film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) . Based on the heroine of the French fairy tale by Jeanne - Marie Le Prince de Beaumont , Belle was created by screenwriter Linda Woolverton and originally animated by James Baxter and Mark Henn . Originally voiced by Paige O'Hara , Belle is currently voiced by Julie Nathanson . O'Hara will , however , return as the voice of Belle in the 2018 film Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 . Frustrated with her provincial village life , book - loving Belle longs for adventure . When her father Maurice is imprisoned by a hideous beast , Belle sacrifices her own freedom in return for his . At first frightened by the Beast 's physical appearance and repulsed by his selfishness , Belle learns to appreciate him after he rescues her from a pack of hungry wolves , expressing her gratitude by tending to his wounds . While the Beast 's love for Belle gradually results in him adapting a more friendly and civil manner , Belle befriends him , eventually managing to fall in love with him by the time the last petal falls off an enchanted rose , which ultimately breaks a spell cast on him and transforms him back into a handsome prince . Emma Watson portrays Belle in the live - action adaptation , which is also titled Beauty and the Beast . This live - action film is a part of a new series that Disney has been launching in order to give their classic films modern twists to contemporary audiences . Personality-wise , Belle has been regarded as an independent , intelligent , courageous and headstrong , as well as a feminist . The character has been universally lauded by critics , garnering specific praise and recognition for her intelligence and bravery . The Los Angeles Times hailed Belle as one of the Disney Princesses responsible for `` break ( ing ) the bonds of convention '' . The Globe and Mail praised the character , complimenting her intellect and labeling her the `` main attraction of Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly highlighted the character 's independence , calling her `` the hero '' of the film and accrediting her with making Beauty and the Beast the best Disney Princess film . The Washington Post described Belle as `` more mature , more womanly and less blandly asexual '' than previous Disney heroines . The American Film Institute nominated Belle for its list of 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains . Belle remains the best - received Disney Princess to - date . Disney cites Belle as a role model for the mantra , `` do n't judge a book by its cover . '' Jasmine ( edit ) Main article : Princess Jasmine Jasmine is the sixth Disney Princess and the leading lady of Disney 's 31st animated feature film Aladdin ( 1992 ) . Jasmine is fierce , bold , and confident , rarely allowing anyone to tell her how to live her life . Jasmine hungers for independence , tired of the restrictions laid before her by her father . She falls in love with Aladdin while he is disguised as a prince after he takes her on a romantic ride on a magic carpet . Aladdin 's genie companion is summoned by Jafar , who uses the genie 's magic to tyrannically overthrow Jasmine 's father , the Sultan . Luckily , after Jafar 's defeat , the Sultan permits Jasmine to wed Aladdin despite his lack of royal heritage . Princess Jasmine is voiced by Linda Larkin , animated by Mark Henn , and her singing voice is provided by Lea Salonga ( in the feature film ) and Liz Callaway ( in the direct - to - video sequel ) . Naomi Scott will star as Jasmine in a live - action film adaptation of Aladdin . Jasmine is based on Princess Badroulbadour from the One Thousand and One Nights tale of `` Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp '' . Jasmine is one of the first Disney princesses to identify as a minority and to be a part of a movie taking place in an area other than Europe . While a part of the new line of progressive princesses , shown by how Jasmine is more likely to leave the castle and has immense curiosity about the world beyond the palace walls , critics have judged her for her reliance on a man , sexuality that is displayed more than in the other princesses prior , and for her false representation of Middle Eastern culture . Her sexual depiction , particularly in a scene where she seduces the villain Jafar , as well as her Western features , makes critics fear the messages Disney is spreading about culture , as well as the continued image of women winning over men with their bodies : `` Other than skin tone , this feature appears to be the only signifier of racial difference . In terms of the body . Jasmine , although still small - waisted is `` filmed '' in more active sequences and appears , through both the physical presence and activity in scenes , more athletic . '' Disney claims its intention with Jasmine is to inspire viewers to `` see the good in others . '' Pocahontas ( edit ) Main article : Pocahontas ( character ) Pocahontas is the seventh Disney Princess and first appeared in Disney 's 33rd animated feature film Pocahontas ( 1995 ) . Based on the Native American chief 's daughter , Pocahontas ( c. 1595 -- 1617 ) , and the settlement of Jamestown , Virginia in 1607 . Pocahontas is displayed as a noble , independent and highly spiritual young woman . She expresses wisdom beyond her years and offers kindness and guidance to those around her . An adventurer and nature lover , in the film she appears to have shamanic powers since she was able to communicate with nature , spirits , and animals and understand foreign languages . In the sequel , Pocahontas , after hearing of John Smith 's assumed death , is heartbroken . Despite this , she keeps her independent spirit and playfulness and is even much more mature and self - assured than she was in the first film . During her stay in England , she nearly loses herself in the hustle and bustle of the new world , consequently falling victim to western culture assimilation . But in the end , she bravely intends to sacrifice herself for her people 's safety and returns to her homeland , finding herself , and love , once again . She was voiced by Irene Bedard and animated by Glen Keane while her singing was provided by Judy Kuhn . Like Jasmine , Pocahontas , and her film , are criticized for the depiction of over-sexualized females in a culturally diverse world . Both princesses are shown with small waists , large almond eyes , and incredible athletic ability that none of the other , caucasian Disney princesses represent . Further , the film has been met with criticism from the Native American community as heralding colonialism and an invalid , romanticized representation of an important figure to the Powhatan people . In terms of its 90s debut , Buescher and Ono in their critical review of the film claim that Pocahontas 's actions , `` appropriates contemporary social issues of feminism , environmentalism , and human freedom in order to make racial domination appear innocent and pure . '' Despite these issues , Pocahontas is the first Disney Princess to not continue her romantic relationship at the conclusion of the film and even plays a direct role in rescuing her lover , John Smith . She is considered to be one of the most independent Disney princesses . Disney claims Pocahontas as a role model to `` respect the earth . '' Pocahontas is the first Disney Princess based on a real person . Mulan ( edit ) Main article : Mulan ( Disney character ) Fa Mulan , or simply Mulan is the eighth Disney Princess and first appeared in Disney 's 36th animated feature film Mulan ( 1998 ) . The movie is adapted from the legend of Hua Mulan ( 6th century ; ' Northern and Southern Dynasties ' period ) . Mulan , atypical and unlike most previous female roles , is courageous and more self - reliant . She also does not fit in with the expectations of a young Chinese girl of the time ; despite her natural beauty , she is clumsy , outspoken , and independent rather than graceful , silent and demure . After her meeting with the matchmaker ended in chaos , the matchmaker claimed that even though she had the looks of a bride , she would never find a match . However , her courage , intelligence , and determination helped her through her adventures , in which she disguises herself as a male soldier in order to fight in the Chinese army in place of her wounded father . She was voiced by Ming - Na Wen and animated by Mark Henn while her singing was provided by Lea Salonga . Liu Yifei is set to portray Mulan in a live - action adaptation of the 1998 animated film . Mulan saves her people and is the hero of her own story . Because of this , many see Mulan as a positive role model in her determination , risk - taking , and her conclusion of saving all of China . Disney promotes Mulan as role model who can help `` find your inner warrior . '' Modern era ( edit ) Tiana ( edit ) Main article : Tiana ( Disney ) Tiana , voiced by Anika Noni Rose and animated by Mark Henn , is the ninth Disney Princess character to be incorporated into the franchise , appearing in Disney 's 49th animated feature film The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) . Her film is loosely based on the novel The Frog Princess by E.D. Baker , which is in turn based on the Brothers Grimm fairy tale The Frog Prince . Tiana is portrayed as being a hardworking , ambitious , and beautiful young woman who has no love interest ( at the start of the film ) . Living in New Orleans , Louisiana , Tiana strives to achieve her goal of opening her own restaurant ( an ambition inspired by the accomplishments of real - life restaurateur Leah Chase ) . However , she is transformed into a frog after trying to break a spell cast by a Bokor on Prince Naveen that had changed him into a frog also . Throughout the film , the pair must embark on a quest to find a way to break the spell . Tiana was officially `` coronated '' and became a member of the Disney Princess line - up on March 14 , 2010 , at the New York Palace Hotel in Manhattan , New York . Tiana marks the first princess in the `` fourth - wave '' feminist movement that initiated the most modern line of Disney films , including movies like Tangled , Brave and Frozen . Unlike her past counterparts , Tiana has received more praise than criticism for her depiction of female independence and of minority culture . Christopher Lehman , author of `` The Colored Cartoon , '' claims that , `` Princess and the Frog '' ( i ) sa step in the right direction because it deviates from those polarized caricatures with characters that are crafted with individuality , '' those characters being either `` mammy '' or over sexualized versions of female African Americans . Instead , Tiana offers a new perspective as simply a hard - working woman who bears no reliance on a man . Disney says Tiana represents `` mak ( ing ) a dream real . '' Rapunzel ( edit ) Main article : Rapunzel ( Disney ) Rapunzel is the tenth Disney Princess . First appearing in Disney 's 50th animated feature film Tangled ( 2010 ) , Rapunzel is based on the heroine of the German fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm . Created by screenwriter Dan Fogelman , Rapunzel was originally animated by Glen Keane and is voiced by recording artist and actress Mandy Moore . The character was `` coronated '' and inducted into the Disney Princess franchise on October 2 , 2011 , at Kensington Palace in London , England . A princess born with long , magical golden hair , Rapunzel , stolen from her parents , the King and Queen of Corona , at infancy , is raised by Mother Gothel , an evil and vain old woman and exploits her hair to remain young and beautiful . Incarcerated in an isolated tower for eighteen years , Rapunzel enlists the help of a wanted thief named Flynn Rider to see the floating lanterns in time for her 18th birthday . Rapunzel is notably the first Disney Princess to appear in a CGI film but is frequently revamped to a traditionally animated design when appearing in merchandising alongside fellow , classically animated Princesses . The character has been generally well received by most critics . Particular praise was awarded to her spirited personality and contemporaneity . The Los Angeles Times described Rapunzel as `` a very modern young woman '' . The New Yorker called Rapunzel a witty and intelligent character , while USA Today wrote , `` Rapunzel is more believable in her teenage histrionics '' than previous Disney heroines . However , some reviews , such as the two provided by Time Out , were less favorable in their opinions of the character , describing her as both a `` bland '' and `` synthetic '' character . Disney describes her as promoting `` jump ( ing ) into new adventures . '' Merida ( edit ) Main article : Merida ( Disney ) Merida is the eleventh Disney princess , first appearing in the Pixar film Brave ( 2012 ) . Voiced by Kelly Macdonald , the character 's singing voice is provided by Julie Fowlis . She was created by director and screenwriter Brenda Chapman . Merida is the 16 - year - old daughter of Queen Elinor , who rules the kingdom alongside King Fergus . Queen Elinor 's expectations of her daughter make Merida see her mother as being distant while also causing friction between the two . Despite Elinor 's desire to see Merida as a proper royal lady , Merida is an impetuous girl who wants to take control of her own destiny . She has honed her skill in archery and is one of the most skilled archers ever seen . She is also skilled in sword - fighting and cross-country horse riding on her horse , Angus . Merida was `` coronated '' and officially became a part of the Disney Princess franchise on May 11 , 2013 , at Walt Disney World 's Magic Kingdom . She is the first Disney princess in the line - up to not have a love interest in her film , and the first to not sing in her film . Further , her stubbornness and independence have generally resonated with feminists , as well as her near entire rejection of `` princess duties '' like marrying a man and looking proper . She is also the first Pixar and the second CGI princess . By her actions throughout the film , Disney makes Merida the spokesperson of bravery . Portrayals in culture and media ( edit ) Theme Park rides ( edit ) Disneyland ( edit ) Ariel has an attraction at the California Adventure park called `` Ariel 's Undersea Adventure '' which opened June 3 , 2011 . Guests in Paradise Pier hop in the `` clam - mobile '' and are taken under the sea into Ariel 's world . Snow White has her own ride at Disneyland , Tokyo Disneyland and Disneyland Paris known as `` Snow White 's Scary Adventures '' . Walt Disney World ( edit ) The `` Snow White 's Scary Adventures '' ride was also featured at the Walt Disney World Resort , however , it was removed in 2012 as part of the New Fantasyland expansion . An attraction opened in the Magic Kingdom 's New Fantasyland entitled `` Enchanted Tales with Belle '' on December 6 , 2012 . The 20 - minute attraction takes guests into Maurice 's cottage to meet Belle and reenact the story of the Beauty and the Beast . Under the Sea : Journey of the Little Mermaid , which is based on Disneyland 's The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Undersea Adventure , opened on December 6 , 2012 . The Magic Kingdom attraction has a different exterior and queue than the one in Disneyland . On May 28 , 2014 , the `` Seven Dwarfs Mine Train '' opened in Magic Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort . The 2,000 - foot long steel roller coaster averages a speed of 34 mph and features two drops peaking at 41 feet . `` Just like in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , make your merry way across the rolling stone bridges and through a forest where you 'll find the Dwarfs ' cottage and all the stars from the film . '' Riders are brought through the classic tale in a runaway mine train alongside the Dwarfs through the forest , by the cottage , and into the diamond mine of the Dwarfs . The mine cave features what Disney Imagineers say are `` some of the most advanced Audio - Animatronics characters ever created . '' Meet - and - greets and live events ( edit ) Disneyland ( edit ) left to right : Snow White , The Prince ; Ariel , Prince Eric ; Tiana , Prince Naveen ; Rapunzel , Flynn Rider ; Cinderella , Prince Charming ; Prince Phillip , Aurora ; Aladdin , Jasmine ; Belle , the Beast ( before returning to his human form ) on February 14th , 2012 . Currently , all the princesses are available for meet - and - greets in Disneyland Resort in California . Additionally , In 2006 , as part of the `` Year of Million Dreams '' celebration , the Fantasyland Theater began hosting the Disneyland Princess Fantasy Faire , a show featuring Lords and Ladies that taught young boys and girls the proper etiquette to be a prince or princess and features appearances from the Disney Princesses . In 2010 , Rapunzel was given a Tangled meet - and - greet location . The Carnation Plaza Gardens bandstand , adjacent to Sleeping Beauty Castle , was closed to be replaced by a new Fantasy Faire area in the Spring of 2013 . Fantasy Faire ( edit ) Fantasy Faire Disneyland Area Fantasyland Status Operating Opening date 000000002013 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 2013 Replaced Carnation Plaza Gardens Website Fantasy Faire Magic Kingdom Name Princess Fairytale Hall Area Fantasyland Status Operating Opening date September 2013 Replaced Snow White 's Adventures Website Princess Fairytale Hall Shanghai Disneyland Name Once Upon a Time General statistics Attraction type meet - and - greet location Theme Gothic - inspired village & fair source The Fantasy Faire area in Disneyland officially opened on March 12 , 2013 , as the permanent home for the Disney Princesses and consists of a Royal Hall , a Royal Theatre , Maurice 's Treats food cart and Fairytale Treasures gift shop . The theater features two small shows based on Beauty and the Beast and Tangled . The hall is used for meet and greets with the princesses , which have a rotation schedule with three princesses scheduled to appear at a time . Walt Disney World ( edit ) At Walt Disney World Resort , the princesses are available for meet - and - greets in more specific locations . Cinderella - based character dining and interaction , located at Cinderella 's Royal Table in her Magic Kingdom castle , as well as `` Cinderella 's Happily Ever After Dinner , '' ( formerly known as the Cinderella 's Gala Feast Dinner ) at 1900 Park Fare in the Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa are common places for Cinderella and other Disney characters to appear . The Princesses also can be found at the Princess Storybook meal at Epcot . On September 18 , 2013 , a new meet - and - greet attraction called Princess Fairytale Hall opened at the Magic Kingdom . Many shows and parades across the property feature the princesses , including Fantasmic , Main Street Electrical Parade , Dream Along with Mickey , the Festival of Fantasy Parade , Mickey 's Boo - to - You Halloween Parade and Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmastime Parade . A store named `` Bibbidi Bobbidi Boutique '' opened April 5 , 2006 , at the World of Disney store in Downtown Disney ( now Disney Springs ) at Walt Disney World ; this shop allows children to receive princess makeovers . A second location opened in Cinderella Castle on September 10 , 2007 . On January 22 , 2007 , the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort began its first Pirate and Princess Party . This hard ticketed event featured `` Disney 's Enchanted Adventures Parade '' and a specially themed fireworks spectacular called `` Magic , Music and Mayhem '' . The parade featured the six main Princesses attended by knights and dancers . Each land is themed accordingly to a pirate or princess , such as Jasmine 's Court in Adventureland , Ariel 's Court in Fantasyland and the Princess Pavilion in Mickey 's Toontown Fair . This event has since been discontinued . Shanghai Disneyland ( edit ) A Princess meet and greet location called Once Upon a Time was operational at Shanghai Disneyland 's opening and is located at Storybook Castle . Films and television ( edit ) The Disney Princesses ' television appearances were compiled into the Disney Princess Collection , a series of compilation DVDs containing episodes from Aladdin , The Little Mermaid and two Beauty and the Beast specials . A later DVD series was released , entitled Disney Princess Stories , featuring content similar to the previous release . Princess Party Palace ( formerly known as The Princess Power Hour ) was a programming block on Toon Disney from 2000 until 2007 and where it used to air episodes of The Little Mermaid and Aladdin . Belle had her own live - action television series called Sing Me a Story with Belle . The first eight Disney Princesses also made appearances on the animated TV series House of Mouse and Belle also made an appearance ( along with her husband , Beast ) on a short episode from the TV animated series Mickey Mouse . In early 2007 , Disney announced Disney Princess Enchanted Tales , a new series of direct - to - video features that feature new stories for the Disney Princesses . The first movie in the series entitled Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams , was released on September 4 , 2007 . It is a musical film featuring new tales about Princess Jasmine and the first new tale about Princess Aurora since the original Sleeping Beauty . Originally , Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : A Kingdom of Kindness was announced as the first film in the series , which contained a different Princess Aurora story , and had a Belle story rather than a Princess Jasmine story . Disney made this change without any sort of notice . Currently , the series is cancelled and only `` Follow Your Dreams '' exists . The TV series Once Upon a Time that airs on the Disney - owned ABC , featured live - action versions of Snow White , Cinderella , Belle , Aurora , Mulan , Ariel , Rapunzel , Merida , Jasmine and Tiana in addition to Anna and Elsa. Snow White and Belle were previously main characters while the rest made recurring and or guest appearances . Beginning in season 7 , Cinderella , Tiana and Rapunzel were main characters . Many of these characters are patterned after the Disney versions , but a few draw inspiration from older stories . The TV series Sofia the First premiered on January 11 , 2013 , on Disney Junior ; to date , Cinderella appeared in the first movie Once Upon A Princess . Princesses Jasmine , Belle , Aurora , Snow White , Mulan , Tiana , and Merida have appeared on the show , and Ariel and Rapunzel appeared in the TV Specials The Floating Palace and The Curse of Princess Ivy , respectively . There are plans to feature Pocahontas and Moana in future episodes . However , Sofia is a minor princess and not in the royal court . She is voiced by Modern Family star Ariel Winter . In the 2014 film Maleficent , Aurora is played by Elle Fanning . Lily James portrays Cinderella in the 2015 film of the same name . Emma Watson is seen as Belle in the 2017 film Beauty and the Beast . Naomi Scott is set to star as Jasmine in the upcoming film Aladdin . Liu Yifei has been cast as Mulan in an upcoming live - action adaptation of the 1998 film . The Princesses , along with Anna , Elsa and Moana , will make a cameo appearance in Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 . This will mark the first time the princesses would be interacting with each other in a feature film on - screen . Literature ( edit ) Disney Princess Chapter Books ( edit ) Ariel : The Birthday Surprise Belle : The Mysterious Message Cinderella : The Great Mouse Mistake Tiana : The Grand Opening Jasmine : The Missing Coin Aurora : The Perfect Party Rapunzel : A Day to Remember A Jewel Story ( edit ) Ariel : The Shimmering Star Necklace Cinderella : The Lost Tiara Belle : The Charming Gift Jasmine : The Jewel Orchard Tiana : The Stolen Jewel Merida : Legend of the Emeralds Comic adaptation ( edit ) In Kilala Princess , a Japanese fantasy / romance manga produced by Kodansha that debuted in Nakayoshi in April 2005 . The plot of the manga revolves around a girl named Kilala and her adventures to find her kidnapped friend with the help of the first six Disney Princesses , who are Snow White , Cinderella , Aurora , Ariel , Belle , and Jasmine , though Kilala herself is n't considered part of the franchise . Video games ( edit ) Disney Princesses have appeared in various other media , such as video games , including Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey , Disney Princess : Magical Jewels , and Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure . Rapunzel can be found as a character in the 2013 game Disney Infinity along with other non-franchise princesses . Anna and Elsa are also included but are not officially part of the Disney Princess Royal Court . Disney Infinity : 2.0 Edition has the addition of Merida and Jasmine . However , Merida is also included with Stitch in the Toy Box Starter Pack . Disney Infinity 3.0 includes the character Mulan . Kingdom Hearts ( edit ) In the Kingdom Hearts game series , the seven `` Princesses of Heart '' , are young ladies with entirely pure hearts who would open the way to Kingdom Hearts if gathered together . Five of these maidens - Cinderella , Belle , Aurora , Snow White and Jasmine are Disney Princesses . The remaining Princesses of Heart are Alice from Alice in Wonderland and game series ' heroine , Kairi , though the latter is only exclusive to the video game like Kilala . The Disney Princesses make various appearances throughout the series : While all seven Princesses of Heart and all then - six Disney princesses appear in the first game , only Belle , Ariel , and Jasmine reappeared in Kingdom Hearts II with Kairi , though the others are mentioned . Mulan , however , makes her first appearance as the player visits her world . She serves as a tradeable character in the party similarly to how Ariel was in the first Kingdom Hearts . Belle , Jasmine , Ariel and Alice appear in Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories as figments of Sora 's memory , but their roles as Princesses of Heart are not brought up ; they also appear in Kingdom Hearts : 358 / 2 Days when they each meet Roxas . In the prequel Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep , Snow White , Cinderella and Aurora appear as the game 's playable characters assume prominent positions in the princesses ' original stories . Digital versions of Alice and Jasmine appear in Kingdom Hearts coded . Reception ( edit ) The Disney Princess franchise has received mixed reception from critics and parents , particularity feminists . Ethnic reception ( edit ) Pocahontas was criticized by University of Puget Sound Communications Professor Derek Buescher and University of Utah Professor of Communication Kent Ono . In their paper Civilized Colonialism : Pocahontas as a Neocolonial Rhetoric , they call the film as an attempt to justify and purify colonization which implies that all Native American people are `` savages '' that are in need of white assimilation . Reception to Disney 's first African - American princess , Tiana , the star of The Princess and the Frog , was mostly positive , and considered `` a step in the right direction . '' However , the film 's New Orleans setting in the wake of Hurricane Katrina and references to voodoo drew criticism from parents and the media , as did Tiana 's romance with a `` Caucasian '' prince . Tiana 's love interest , Prince Naveen , has brown skin and has been interpreted as a non-white character . According to a Disney executive , Naveen 's `` background was made up ; he 's whatever ethnicity they have in ( Naveen 's ) fictional ( homeland of ) Maldonia . '' Feminist reception ( edit ) Tension has been present between The Walt Disney Company and feminists ever since the release of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1937 . The type of representations of women in Disney films reflect Walt Disney 's personal feelings about family life , which in turn also shaped the Disney Company . Another influence was the fact that Disney 's attitudes mirrored the patriarchal cultural beliefs of the 1940s about what roles women should play in society . On December 24 , 2006 , Peggy Orenstein published `` What 's Wrong With Cinderella ? '' in The New York Times . In her article , Orenstein discussed her concerns about the effects of princess figures on young girls . Orenstein used the Disney Princesses specifically to present many of her points . Orenstein also noted the pervasive nature of Princess merchandise and that every facet of play has its princess equivalent . Tamara Weston of Time magazine criticized the franchise , referring to the princesses as `` damsels in distress '' and negative role models for young girls . Anna Smith of The Guardian disliked that Disney princesses were typically drawn with slender figures and large eyes . Other sources have also voiced concern that the franchise could possibly give young girls the wrong message . However , other parents who have young daughters say that they would eventually grow out of this phase . Many articles describe Disney Princesses as the beginnings of feminism . In the Bustle article `` A Feminist Ranking Of All The Disney Princesses , Because Not Every Princess Was Down For Waiting For Anyone To Rescue Her , '' Chelsea Maze ranks Disney Princesses and how each one contributes to feminism in her own way . The first princess is Mulan and the last one is Aurora . These ranks connect to how they contribute to the man 's needs and also the main story plot in the films . Another recent article from Cracked.com explains how the Disney Princesses have always been feminist and has a deeper explanation as to how they are feminist . Kristi Harrison explains in her article `` 4 Ways Disney Princesses Created Modern Feminism '' . She explains how we should think of the princesses as protagonists instead of princesses . Most of their adventures began with the recognition that most of their adventures began with rebellion against the patriarchy . Another article from Highbrow Magazine titled `` How Fourth - Wave Feminism is Changing Disney Princesses '' explains how the connection of feminism and Disney Princesses and the waves of feminism shape the way film and TV illustrate women . The first wave of feminism took place during the time the first three Disney princess films were produced . As said in the article , for these original Disney princesses , their beauty is their most defining characteristic . In all three films , the prince falls in love with and saves / marries the princess based solely on her appearance . These princesses are beautiful women and suffer because of circumstances out of their control and finally find salvation in the love of a powerful man . Kaitlin Eberson , the author of the article , explains how the second waved of feminism that lasted until the 1980s went hand in hand with the civil rights movement and focused on women 's legal and social equality . During this time Ariel , Belle , Jasmine , Pocahontas , and Mulan illustrated the ideology of society 's drastically altered beliefs about who women are and how they should act , as each princess has a distinct personality . The earlier Disney princess films were criticized for their representation of domestication , romance , and dependence on a male hero . The next wave of Disney princess films , part of the so - called ' Progressive ' Disney of the studio 's renaissance era of animation , attempted to make more independent female characters , though romance still played a large role in all of these films . There was a long - time gap between the releases of Mulan and The Princess and the Frog , but the fourth wave of feminism discusses the issues faced by women and how women acknowledged the inequality between genders . During this wave , the films showed strong , independent women that were powerful and were not submissive to a patriarchal society . A.O. Scott of The New York Times in 2016 described the `` feisty '' and `` battle - ready '' Princess Leia as `` a foremother of Hermione Granger and Katniss Everdeen and of countless latter - day Disney princesses '' . Studies evaluating the prevalence of classic male and female qualities represented by varying characters in Disney animated films showed that the earlier films tended to have more of the female characters displaying feminine characteristics at 86 % , while the middle films were more along the lines of 58 % . The Princess and the Frog alone had 53 % of feminine qualities featured in its films in comparison to male characteristics , showing the progression that Disney has undergone in terms of feminism and escaping gendered norms . There is little data on the most recent films ; however , general viewer reception has been positive in regards to the `` feminist '' qualities that these princesses display . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Goldman Getzler , Wendy ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Disney nurtures Palace Pet project , tablet usage '' . Kidscreen / iKids . Brunico Communications Ltd . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Brooks ( November 25 , 2007 ) . `` The Line Between Homage and Parody '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Merida becomes Disney 's 11th Princess in a ceremony at the Magic Kingdom '' . Orlando Attractions Magazine . May 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Disney Princesses website '' . princess.disney.com . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fisher - Price Disney Princess Review '' . thehottoys.com . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Suddath , Claire ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` The $500 Million Battle Over Disney 's Princesses '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Orenstein , Peggy ( December 24 , 2006 ) . `` What 's Wrong With Cinderella ? '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bond , Paul ( September 6 , 2011 ) . `` Disney 's Head of Consumer Products Resigns '' . The Hollywood Reporter . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2014 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Matthew . `` The Little Princess Syndrome : When Our Daughters Act Out Fairytales '' . Natural Life . Life Media . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ NG , Vincent . `` How Disney Princesses Became a Multibillion Dollar Brand '' . MCNG Marketing . Word Press . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Princess Tiana Officially Joins the Disney Princess Royal Court at Star - Studded Crowning Event in New York City Archived December 14 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Business Wire , Retrieved December 15 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` What you do n't know about Disney princesses : Demoted princess '' . CBS News . p. 17 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney Throws a Party in London for Rapunzel '' . Fox News . September 29 , 2011 . 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External links ( edit ) Disney portal Official website Disney Princess on Disney Junior Disney Princess Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Live - action Maleficent Cinderella Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Television The Little Mermaid Aladdin Sing Me a Story with Belle Tangled : The Series Albums Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Related If You Can Dream Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Sofia the First Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Kingdom Hearts Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure Disney 's Descendants Descendants 2 Descendants : Wicked World Descendants : School of Secrets The 7D Elena of Avalor Elena and the Secret of Avalor List of Disney Princess firsts Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media Licensing Disney Retail Disney Store Disney Publishing Worldwide Disney comics Disney English Disney Press Disney Hyperion Marvel Press ( joint w / Marvel ) Games and Interactive Experiences DCPI Labs The Muppets Studio Disney Interactive Studios Disney Mobile Playdom Franchises Disney Channels Worldwide Disney Junior Elena of Avalor Gravity Falls Kim Possible Phineas and Ferb Star vs. the Forces of Evil Disney comics Donald Duck universe Disney Fairies Disney Princess Disney Tsum Tsum Disney Villains Disney Interactive Club Penguin Disney Infinity Kingdom Hearts Where 's My Water ? 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Disney Disney Princess Elena of Avalor Frozen Indiana Jones Marvel Legends Marvel Super Hero Squad Marvel Universe Spider - Man Classics Star Wars Idaten Jump Nickelodeon Sesame Street Strawberry Shortcake Sid the Science Kid The Simpsons Trolls Wolverine and the X-Men X-Men Origins : Wolverine Subsidiaries Entertainment and Licensing Hasbro Studios Boulder Media Discovery Family ( 40 % ) Wizards of the Coast Avalon Hill Backflip Studios ( 70 % ) Divisions and brands Nerf Playskool Tiger Electronics Tonka Related media Comics Films Television See also Hasbro Universe HasCon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disney_Princess&oldid=835647738 '' Categories : Operating amusement attractions Amusement rides introduced in 2018 Amusement rides introduced in 2013 Amusement rides by name Disney Princess Disney franchises Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using citations with format and no URL Use mdy dates from April 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本語 Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 23 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	number of pocahontas in the official disney princesses	[ "Pocahontas is the seventh Disney Princess and first appeared in Disney's 33rd animated feature film Pocahontas (1995). Based on the Native American chief's daughter, Pocahontas (c. 1595–1617), and the settlement of Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Pocahontas is displayed as a noble, independent and highly spiritual young woman. She expresses wisdom beyond her years and offers kindness and guidance to those around her. An adventurer and nature lover, in the film she appears to have shamanic powers since she was able to communicate with nature, spirits, and animals and understand foreign languages. In the sequel, Pocahontas, after hearing of John Smith's assumed death, is heartbroken. Despite this, she keeps her independent spirit and playfulness and is even much more mature and self-assured than she was in the first film. During her stay in England, she nearly loses herself in the hustle and bustle of the new world, consequently falling victim to western culture assimilation. But in the end, she bravely intends to sacrifice herself for her people's safety and returns to her homeland, finding herself, and love, once again. She was voiced by Irene Bedard and animated by Glen Keane while her singing was provided by Judy Kuhn." ]	[ "the seventh Disney Princess" ]
-2982159761535030794	2018 FIFA World Cup statistics	2018 FIFA World Cup statistics - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup statistics These are the statistics for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , which took place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018 . Goals scored from penalty shoot - outs are not counted , and matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws . Contents 1 Goalscorers 2 Assists 3 Scoring 3.1 Overall 3.2 Timing 3.3 Teams 3.4 Individual 4 Wins and losses 5 Match awards 5.1 Man of the Match 5.2 Clean sheets 6 Squads 6.1 Coaches 6.2 Players 7 Discipline 8 Multiple World Cups 9 Overall results 9.1 By team 9.2 By confederation 10 Stadiums 10.1 Attendance records 11 References 12 External links Goalscorers ( edit ) There were 169 goals scored in 64 matches , for an average of 2.64 goals per match . Twelve own goals were scored during the tournament , doubling the record of six set in 1998 . 6 goals Harry Kane 4 goals Romelu Lukaku Antoine Griezmann Kylian Mbappé Cristiano Ronaldo Denis Cheryshev 3 goals Eden Hazard Yerry Mina Mario Mandžukić Ivan Perišić Artem Dzyuba Diego Costa Edinson Cavani 2 goals Sergio Agüero Mile Jedinak Philippe Coutinho Neymar Luka Modrić Mohamed Salah John Stones Takashi Inui Ahmed Musa Son Heung - min Andreas Granqvist Wahbi Khazri Luis Suárez 1 goal Ángel Di María Gabriel Mercado Lionel Messi Marcos Rojo Michy Batshuayi Nacer Chadli Kevin De Bruyne Marouane Fellaini Adnan Januzaj Dries Mertens Thomas Meunier Jan Vertonghen Roberto Firmino Paulinho Renato Augusto Thiago Silva Juan Cuadrado Radamel Falcao Juan Fernando Quintero Kendall Waston Milan Badelj Andrej Kramarić Ivan Rakitić Ante Rebić Domagoj Vida Christian Eriksen Mathias Jørgensen Yussuf Poulsen Dele Alli Jesse Lingard Harry Maguire Kieran Trippier Benjamin Pavard Paul Pogba Samuel Umtiti Raphaël Varane Toni Kroos Marco Reus Alfreð Finnbogason Gylfi Sigurðsson Karim Ansarifard Genki Haraguchi Keisuke Honda Shinji Kagawa Yuya Osako Javier Hernández Hirving Lozano Carlos Vela Khalid Boutaïb Youssef En - Nesyri Victor Moses Felipe Baloy André Carrillo Paolo Guerrero Jan Bednarek Grzegorz Krychowiak Pepe Ricardo Quaresma Mário Fernandes Yury Gazinsky Aleksandr Golovin Salem Al - Dawsari Salman Al - Faraj Sadio Mané M'Baye Niang Moussa Wagué Aleksandar Kolarov Aleksandar Mitrović Kim Young - gwon Iago Aspas Isco Nacho Ludwig Augustinsson Emil Forsberg Ola Toivonen Josip Drmić Blerim Džemaili Xherdan Shaqiri Granit Xhaka Steven Zuber Dylan Bronn Ferjani Sassi Fakhreddine Ben Youssef José Giménez 1 own goal Aziz Behich ( against France ) Fernandinho ( against Belgium ) Mario Mandžukić ( against France ) Ahmed Fathy ( against Russia ) Edson Álvarez ( against Sweden ) Aziz Bouhaddouz ( against Iran ) Oghenekaro Etebo ( against Croatia ) Thiago Cionek ( against Senegal ) Denis Cheryshev ( against Uruguay ) Sergei Ignashevich ( against Spain ) Yann Sommer ( against Costa Rica ) Yassine Meriah ( against Panama ) Source : FIFA Assists ( edit ) 2 assists Éver Banega Lionel Messi Kevin De Bruyne Eden Hazard Thomas Meunier Youri Tielemans Philippe Coutinho Juan Fernando Quintero James Rodríguez Antoine Griezmann Lucas Hernández Artem Dzyuba Aleksandr Golovin Viktor Claesson Wahbi Khazri Carlos Sánchez 1 assist Gabriel Mercado Marcos Rojo Toby Alderweireld Nacer Chadli Romelu Lukaku Dries Mertens Douglas Costa Gabriel Jesus Neymar Willian Juan Cuadrado Joel Campbell Milan Badelj Marcelo Brozović Mateo Kovačić Mario Mandžukić Luka Modrić Ivan Perišić Josip Pivarić Domagoj Vida Šime Vrsaljko Thomas Delaney Christian Eriksen Nicolai Jørgensen Abdallah Said Jesse Lingard Harry Maguire Raheem Sterling Kieran Trippier Ashley Young Olivier Giroud Corentin Tolisso Mario Gómez Marco Reus Keisuke Honda Takashi Inui Shinji Kagawa Yuto Nagatomo Gaku Shibasaki Javier Hernández Hirving Lozano Fayçal Fajr Victor Moses Kenneth Omeruo Ricardo Ávila Paolo Guerrero Kamil Grosicki Rafał Kurzawa Gonçalo Guedes Raphaël Guerreiro João Moutinho Adrien Silva Alan Dzagoev Mário Fernandes Ilya Kutepov Roman Zobnin Abdullah Otayf M'Baye Niang Dušan Tadić Lee Jae - sung Ju Se - jong Sergio Busquets Dani Carvajal Andrés Iniesta Ola Toivonen Breel Embolo Mario Gavranović Xherdan Shaqiri Denis Zakaria Oussama Haddadi Hamdi Nagguez Rodrigo Bentancur Luis Suárez Source : FIFA Scoring ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) Total number of goals scored : 169 Average goals per match : 2.64 Total number of braces : 10 Edinson Cavani , Denis Cheryshev , Diego Costa , Eden Hazard , Harry Kane , Romelu Lukaku ( 2 ) , Kylian Mbappé , Ahmed Musa , John Stones Total number of hat - tricks : 2 Harry Kane , Cristiano Ronaldo Total number of penalty kicks awarded : 29 Total number of penalty kicks scored : 22 Salman Al - Faraj , Karim Ansarifard , Artem Dzyuba , Andreas Granqvist ( 2 ) , Antoine Griezmann ( 3 ) , Eden Hazard , Mile Jedinak ( 2 ) , Shinji Kagawa , Harry Kane ( 3 ) , Luka Modrić , Victor Moses , Cristiano Ronaldo , Mohamed Salah , Ferjani Sassi , Gylfi Sigurðsson , Carlos Vela Total number of penalty kicks missed or saved : 7 Fahad Al - Muwallad , Christian Cueva , Lionel Messi , Luka Modrić , Cristiano Ronaldo , Bryan Ruiz , Gylfi Sigurðsson Penalty kick success rate : 7001758600000000000 ♠ 75.86 % Own goals scored : 12 Edson Álvarez , Aziz Behich , Aziz Bouhaddouz , Denis Cheryshev , Thiago Cionek , Oghenekaro Etebo , Ahmed Fathy , Fernandinho , Sergei Ignashevich , Mario Mandžukić , Yassine Meriah , Yann Sommer Timing ( edit ) First goal of the tournament : Yury Gazinsky for Russia against Saudi Arabia First brace of the tournament : Denis Cheryshev for Russia against Saudi Arabia First hat - trick of the tournament : Cristiano Ronaldo for Portugal against Spain Last goal of the tournament : Mario Mandžukić for Croatia against France Last brace of the tournament : Edinson Cavani for Uruguay against Portugal Last hat - trick of the tournament : Harry Kane for England against Panama Fastest goal in a match from kickoff : 1st minute Fastest goal in a match after coming on as a substitute : 1st minute Latest goal in a match without extra time : 90 + 7th minute Latest goal in a match with extra time : 115th minute Latest winning goal in a match without extra time : 90 + 5th minute Aziz Bouhaddouz ( own goal ) for Iran against Morocco , Toni Kroos for Germany against Sweden , Salem Al - Dawsari for Saudi Arabia against Egypt Latest winning goal in a match with extra time : 109th minute Shortest time difference between two goals scored by the same team in a match : 3 minutes Diego Costa and Nacho for Spain against Portugal Teams ( edit ) Most goals scored by a team : 16 Belgium Fewest goals scored by a team : 2 Australia , Costa Rica , Egypt , Germany , Iceland , Iran , Morocco , Panama , Peru , Poland , Saudi Arabia , Serbia Most goals conceded by a team : 11 Panama Fewest goals conceded by a team : 2 Denmark , Iran , Peru Best goal difference : + 10 Belgium Worst goal difference : - 9 Panama Most goals scored in a match by both teams : 7 Belgium 5 -- 2 Tunisia , England 6 -- 1 Panama , France 4 -- 3 Argentina Most goals scored in a match by one team : 6 England against Panama Most goals scored in a match by the losing team : 3 Argentina against France Biggest margin of victory : 5 goals Russia 5 -- 0 Saudi Arabia , England 6 -- 1 Panama Most clean sheets achieved by a team : 4 France Fewest clean sheets achieved by a team : 0 Argentina , Australia , Costa Rica , Egypt , Germany , Iceland , Japan , Morocco , Panama , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , Switzerland , Tunisia Most clean sheets given by an opposing team : 2 Costa Rica , England , Germany , Mexico , Morocco , Peru , Saudi Arabia Fewest clean sheets given by an opposing team : 0 Brazil , Colombia , Croatia , Portugal , Spain , Tunisia Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team : 3 Brazil , Uruguay Most consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team : 2 Costa Rica , Mexico , Morocco , Peru , Saudi Arabia Individual ( edit ) Most goals scored by an individual : 6 Harry Kane Most assists provided by an individual : 2 Éver Banega , Nacer Chadli , Viktor Claesson , Philippe Coutinho , Kevin De Bruyne , Artem Dzyuba , Aleksandr Golovin , Antoine Griezmann , Eden Hazard , Lucas Hernández , Lionel Messi , Thomas Meunier , Juan Fernando Quintero , James Rodríguez , Carlos Andrés Sánchez , Youri Tielemans , Wahbi Khazri Most goals and assists produced by an individual : 6 Antoine Griezmann ( 4 goals , 2 assists ) , Harry Kane ( 6 goals ) Most clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 3 Alisson , Thibaut Courtois , Hugo Lloris , Fernando Muslera , Robin Olsen Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 3 Alisson , Fernando Muslera Most goals scored by one player in a match : 3 Harry Kane for England against Panama , Cristiano Ronaldo for Portugal against Spain Oldest goal scorer : 37 years , 120 days Felipe Baloy for Panama against England Youngest goal scorer : 19 years , 183 days Kylian Mbappé for France against Peru Wins and losses ( edit ) Most wins : 6 -- Belgium , France , Croatia Fewest wins : 0 -- Australia , Costa Rica , Egypt , Iceland , Morocco , Panama Most losses : 3 -- Egypt , England , Panama Fewest losses : 0 -- Denmark , France , Spain Most draws : 3 -- Denmark , Spain Fewest draws : 0 -- Belgium , Egypt , Germany , Mexico , Nigeria , Panama , Peru , Poland , Saudi Arabia , Serbia , South Korea , Sweden , Tunisia , Uruguay Most points in the group stage : 9 -- Belgium , Croatia , Uruguay Fewest points in the group stage : 0 -- Egypt , Panama Match awards ( edit ) Man of the Match ( edit ) Rank Name Team Opponent Awards Antoine Griezmann France Australia ( GS ) , Uruguay ( QF ) , Croatia ( F ) Eden Hazard Belgium Tunisia ( GS ) , Japan ( R16 ) , England ( TP ) Harry Kane England Tunisia ( GS ) , Panama ( GS ) , Colombia ( R16 ) Luka Modrić Croatia Nigeria ( GS ) , Argentina ( GS ) , Russia ( QF ) 5 Denis Cheryshev Russia Saudi Arabia ( GS ) , Egypt ( GS ) Philippe Coutinho Brazil Switzerland ( GS ) , Costa Rica ( GS ) Kylian Mbappé France Peru ( GS ) , Argentina ( R16 ) Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Spain ( GS ) , Morocco ( GS ) Luis Suárez Uruguay Saudi Arabia ( GS ) , Russia ( GS ) 10 Igor Akinfeev Russia Spain ( R16 ) Ludwig Augustinsson Sweden Mexico ( GS ) Milan Badelj Croatia Iceland ( GS ) Jan Bednarek Poland Japan ( GS ) Fakhreddine Ben Youssef Tunisia Panama ( GS ) André Carrillo Peru Australia ( GS ) Edinson Cavani Uruguay Portugal ( R16 ) Cho Hyun - woo South Korea Germany ( GS ) Diego Costa Spain Iran ( GS ) Kevin De Bruyne Belgium Brazil ( QF ) Blerim Džemaili Switzerland Costa Rica ( GS ) Mohamed El - Shenawy Egypt Uruguay ( GS ) Christian Eriksen Denmark Australia ( GS ) Emil Forsberg Sweden Switzerland ( R16 ) Andreas Granqvist Sweden South Korea ( GS ) Hannes Þór Halldórsson Iceland Argentina ( GS ) Amine Harit Morocco Iran ( GS ) Javier Hernández Mexico South Korea ( GS ) Isco Spain Morocco ( GS ) Adnan Januzaj Belgium England ( GS ) N'Golo Kanté France Denmark ( GS ) Aleksandar Kolarov Serbia Costa Rica ( GS ) Hirving Lozano Mexico Germany ( GS ) Romelu Lukaku Belgium Panama ( GS ) Sadio Mané Senegal Japan ( GS ) Lionel Messi Argentina Nigeria ( GS ) Yerry Mina Colombia Senegal ( GS ) Ahmed Musa Nigeria Iceland ( GS ) Neymar Brazil Mexico ( R16 ) M'Baye Niang Senegal Poland ( GS ) Yuya Osako Japan Colombia ( GS ) Paulinho Brazil Serbia ( GS ) Ivan Perišić Croatia England ( SF ) Jordan Pickford England Sweden ( QF ) Yussuf Poulsen Denmark Peru ( GS ) Ricardo Quaresma Portugal Iran ( GS ) Marco Reus Germany Sweden ( GS ) James Rodríguez Colombia Poland ( GS ) Mohamed Salah Egypt Saudi Arabia ( GS ) Kasper Schmeichel Denmark Croatia ( R16 ) Xherdan Shaqiri Switzerland Serbia ( GS ) Samuel Umtiti France Belgium ( SF ) Clean sheets ( edit ) Rank Name Team Opponent Awards Alisson Brazil Costa Rica ( GS ) , Serbia ( GS ) , Mexico ( R16 ) Thibaut Courtois Belgium Panama ( GS ) , England ( GS ) , England ( TP ) Hugo Lloris France Peru ( GS ) , Uruguay ( QF ) , Belgium ( SF ) Fernando Muslera Uruguay Egypt ( GS ) , Saudi Arabia ( GS ) , Russia ( GS ) Robin Olsen Sweden South Korea ( GS ) , Mexico ( GS ) , Switzerland ( R16 ) 6 David Ospina Colombia Poland ( GS ) , Senegal ( GS ) Kasper Schmeichel Denmark Peru ( GS ) , France ( GS ) Danijel Subašić Croatia Nigeria ( GS ) , Argentina ( GS ) 9 Igor Akinfeev Russia Saudi Arabia ( GS ) Alireza Beiranvand Iran Morocco ( GS ) David de Gea Spain Iran ( GS ) Łukasz Fabiański Poland Japan ( GS ) Pedro Gallese Peru Australia ( GS ) Jo Hyeon - woo South Korea Germany ( GS ) Steve Mandanda France Denmark ( GS ) Guillermo Ochoa Mexico Germany ( GS ) Rui Patrício Portugal Morocco ( GS ) Jordan Pickford England Sweden ( QF ) Vladimir Stojković Serbia Costa Rica ( GS ) Francis Uzoho Nigeria Iceland ( GS ) Squads ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup squads Coaches ( edit ) Oldest coach : Óscar Tabárez Uruguay - 71 years and 104 days in the first game against Egypt , after Otto Rehhagel ( 71 years and 317 days at the 2010 World Cup ) , he is the second oldest World Cup coach . Youngest coach : Aliou Cissé Senegal - 42 years and 87 days in the first game against Poland . Country with most coaches : Argentina with four coaches , alongside Argentina , Egypt , Colombia and Peru are coached by Argentines . This is followed by Spain with three coaches ( Belgium , Saudi Arabia and Spain ) , then Germany , France , Colombia ( with the Colombian coaches serving only other teams as in 2014 ) and Portugal with two coaches each . Teams with foreign coaches : Twelve teams are trained by foreign coaches , including two teams ( Australia and Denmark ) of coaches whose home countries ( Netherlands and Norway ) did not qualify for the 2018 World Cup . Longest serving coach : As in 2014 , the longest serving team coaches of the World Cup are Joachim Löw and Óscar Tabárez , who have been in charge of the German and Uruguayan national teams since 2006 . Tabárez , however , was previously coach of Uruguay from 1988 to 1990 , while Löw have worked as an assistant coach for Germany since 2004 . Besides them , Didier Deschamps France , José Pékerman Colombia and Carlos Queiroz Iran were at the 2014 World Cup with their current teams and Jorge Sampaoli Argentina with Chile and Fernando Santos Portugal with Greece at the 2014 World Cup . Shortest serving coach : The coach having the shortest time in charge is Fernando Hierro Spain , who became in charge only two days before his team 's first game . In addition to him were Mladen Krstajić Serbia , Bert van Marwijk Australia , Akira Nishino Japan and Juan Antonio Pizzi Saudi Arabia who resumed duty as coach only after the successful qualification of their current teams . Of these , however , van Marwijk had qualified with Saudi Arabia for the World Cup , but then refused to renew his contract . Coaches who were former players : Didier Deschamps ( France / 1998 ) became world champion having previously contested as a player , equaling the record of Mário Zagallo and Franz Beckenbauer . Beside him , Aliou Cissé ( Senegal / 2002 ) , Gareth Southgate ( England / 1998 ) , Óscar Ramírez ( Costa Rica / 1990 ) , Adam Nawałka ( Poland / 1978 ) , Stanislav Cherchesov ( Russia / 1994 and unused in 2002 ) and Mladen Krstajić ( Serbia / 2006 with Serbia & Montenegro ) were also coaches who previously played at the World Cup . Players ( edit ) Appearance record : Rafael Márquez Mexico participated in the World Cup for the fifth time , equaling the record of compatriot Antonio Carbajal and Germany player Lothar Matthäus Oldest player : At 45 years and five months , Essam El - Hadary Egypt is the oldest player ever to be nominated for a World Cup finals . By his use in the last group match on June 25 , he was 45 years and 161 days , thereby becoming the oldest World Cup player . Youngest player : Daniel Arzani Australia is the youngest player at the age of 19 years and 163 days . He came on in the group match against France in the 84th minute . Sofyan Amrabat Morocco , who came on as a substitute for his brother Nordin Amrabat in the 76th minute in the group match against Iran , is the first player in World Cup history to come in for his brother . Aleksandr Yerokhin Russia is the first player to feature as the fourth substitute player in a World Cup match - coming on in the 97th minute of extra time in the Round of 16 match against Spain . This match is also the first ever World Cup match in which eight players have been substituted . 30 teams nominated at least one player from the domestic league , but only England exclusively fielded players of its own domestic league . By contrast , Sweden and Senegal nominated only players from foreign leagues . The most number of players ( 129 ) are active in clubs based in England , the majority of them in the Premier League , with some in the lower leagues . In total 27 of the 32 team squads have players who play in England . One player each plays in the leagues of Finland , Guinea , Honduras , Norway , Paraguay , Romania , Slovakia and South Africa . From the leagues of countries that did not qualify for the World Cup , the Italian Serie A have the strongest representation with 58 players . Discipline ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup disciplinary record Total number of yellow cards : 219 Average yellow cards per match : 3.42 Total number of red cards : 4 Average red cards per match : 0.06 First yellow card of the tournament : Aleksandr Golovin for Russia against Saudi Arabia First red card of the tournament : Carlos Sánchez Moreno for Colombia against Japan Fastest yellow card from kick off : 1st minute Fastest yellow card after coming on as a substitute : 1st minute Latest yellow card in a match without extra time : 90 + 8th minute Aleksandar Prijović for Serbia against Costa Rica , Cédric Soares for Portugal against Iran Latest yellow card in a match with extra time : 118th minute Fastest dismissal from kick off : 3rd minute Latest dismissal in a match without extra time : 90 + 4th minute Shortest time difference between two yellow cards given to the same player : 9 minutes Igor Smolnikov for Russia against Uruguay ( booked in the 27th minute and again in the 36th minute ) Most yellow cards ( team ) : 15 Croatia Most red cards ( team ) : 1 Colombia , Germany , Russia , Switzerland Fewest yellow cards ( team ) : 1 Saudi Arabia Most yellow cards ( player ) : 3 Sebastian Larsson Most red cards ( player ) : 1 Jérôme Boateng , Michael Lang , Carlos Sánchez Moreno , Igor Smolnikov Most yellow cards ( match ) : 8 Belgium vs Panama , France vs Argentina , Colombia vs England Most red cards ( match ) : 1 Colombia vs Japan , Germany vs Sweden , Uruguay vs Russia , Sweden vs Switzerland Fewest yellow cards ( match ) : 0 Argentina vs Iceland , Uruguay vs Saudi Arabia Most cards in one match : 8 yellow cards Belgium vs Panama , France vs Argentina , Colombia vs England Multiple World Cups ( edit ) Scoring at four World Cups Name 2006 2014 2018 Total goals Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Cristiano Ronaldo IRN PRK GHA ESP ( 3 ) , MAR 7 Scoring at three World Cups Name 2006 2014 2018 Total goals Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Edinson Cavani N / A GER CRC RUS , POR ( 2 ) 5 Javier Hernández N / A FRA , ARG CRO KOR Keisuke Honda N / A CMR , DEN CIV SEN Lionel Messi SCG 0 N / A BIH , IRN , NGA ( 2 ) NGA 6 Luis Suárez N / A MEX , KOR ( 2 ) ENG ( 2 ) KSA , RUS 7 Messi played in 2010 but did not score . Appearing in five World Cups Name 2002 2006 2014 2018 Total Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Rafael Márquez CRO , ECU , ITA , USA IRN , ANG , POR , ARG RSA , FRA , URU , ARG CMR , BRA , CRO , NED GER , KOR , BRA 19 Márquez became the first player to captain his team in five different World Cups . Appearing in four World Cups Name 2006 2014 2018 Total Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Valon Behrami KOR CHI ECU , FRA , HON , ARG BRA , SRB , CRC , SWE 10 Tim Cahill JPN , BRA , CRO , ITA GER , SRB CHI , NED PER 9 Andrés Guardado ARG RSA , URU , ARG CMR , BRA , CRO , NED GER , KOR , SWE , BRA 12 Andrés Iniesta KSA 6 SUI , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED , CHI , AUS POR , IRN , MAR , RUS 14 Javier Mascherano 5 CIV , SCG , NED , MEX , GER NGA , KOR , MEX , GER 7 BIH , IRN , NGA , SUI , BEL , NED , GER ISL , CRO , NGA , FRA 20 Lionel Messi SCG , NED , MEX 5 NGA , KOR , GRE , MEX , GER 7 BIH , IRN , NGA , SUI , BEL , NED , GER ISL , CRO , NGA , FRA 19 Sergio Ramos UKR , TUN , FRA 7 SUI , HON , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED , CHI , AUS POR , IRN , MAR , RUS 17 Cristiano Ronaldo 6 ANG , IRN , NED , ENG , FRA , GER CIV , PRK , BRA , ESP GER , USA , GHA ESP , MAR , IRN , URU 17 Overall results ( edit ) Bold numbers indicate the maximum values in each column . By team ( edit ) Team Pld Pts APts GF AGF GA AGA GD AGD CS ACS YC AYC RC ARC Argentina 1.00 6 1.50 9 2.25 - 3 - 0.75 0 0.00 11 2.75 0 0.00 Australia 0 0.33 0.67 5 1.67 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 7 2.33 0 0.00 Belgium 7 6 0 18 2.57 16 2.29 6 0.86 + 10 1.43 0.43 11 1.57 0 0.00 Brazil 5 10 2.00 8 1.60 0.60 + 5 1.00 0.60 7 1.40 0 0.00 Colombia 7 1.75 6 1.50 0.75 + 3 0.75 0.50 9 2.25 0.25 Costa Rica 0 0.33 0.67 5 1.67 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 Croatia 7 14 2.00 14 2.00 9 1.29 + 5 0.71 0.29 15 2.14 0 0.00 Denmark 0 6 1.50 0.75 0.50 + 1 0.25 0.50 6 1.50 0 0.00 Egypt 0 0 0 0.00 0.67 6 2.00 - 4 - 1.33 0 0.00 5 1.67 0 0.00 England 7 10 1.43 12 1.71 8 1.14 + 4 0.57 0.14 8 1.14 0 0.00 France 7 6 0 19 2.71 14 2.00 6 0.86 + 8 1.14 0.57 12 1.71 0 0.00 Germany 0 1.00 0.67 1.33 - 2 - 0.67 0 0.00 0.67 0.33 Iceland 0 0.33 0.67 5 1.67 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 1.00 0 0.00 Iran 1.33 0.67 0.67 0 0.00 0.33 7 2.33 0 0.00 Japan 1.00 6 1.50 7 1.75 - 1 - 0.25 0 0.00 5 1.25 0 0.00 Mexico 0 6 1.50 0.75 6 1.50 - 3 - 0.75 0.25 9 2.25 0 0.00 Morocco 0 0.33 0.67 1.33 - 2 - 0.67 0 0.00 8 2.67 0 0.00 Nigeria 0 1.00 1.00 1.33 - 1 - 0.33 0.33 1.33 0 0.00 Panama 0 0 0 0.00 0.67 11 3.67 - 9 - 3.00 0 0.00 11 3.67 0 0.00 Peru 0 1.00 0.67 0.67 0 0.00 0.33 5 1.67 0 0.00 Poland 0 1.00 0.67 5 1.67 - 3 - 1.00 0.33 1.00 0 0.00 Portugal 5 1.25 6 1.50 6 1.50 0 0.00 0.25 7 1.75 0 0.00 Russia 5 8 1.60 11 2.20 7 1.40 + 4 0.80 0.20 6 1.20 0.20 Saudi Arabia 0 1.00 0.67 7 2.33 - 5 - 1.67 0 0.00 0.33 0 0.00 Senegal 1.33 1.33 1.33 0 0.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 Serbia 0 1.00 0.67 1.33 - 2 - 0.67 0.33 9 3.00 0 0.00 South Korea 0 1.00 1.00 1.00 0 0.00 0.33 10 3.33 0 0.00 Spain 0 6 1.50 7 1.75 6 1.50 + 1 0.25 0.25 0.50 0 0.00 Sweden 5 0 9 1.80 6 1.20 0.80 + 2 0.40 0.60 8 1.60 0 0.00 Switzerland 5 1.25 5 1.25 5 1.25 0 0.00 0 0.00 9 2.25 0.25 Tunisia 0 1.00 5 1.67 8 2.67 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 1.33 0 0.00 Uruguay 5 0 12 2.40 7 1.40 0.60 + 4 0.80 0.60 0.60 0 0.00 Total 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 169 1.32 169 1.32 0 0.00 33 0.26 219 1.71 0.03 Team ( s ) rendered in italics represent ( s ) the host nation ( s ) . The competition 's winning team is rendered in bold . -- Total games lost not counted in total games played ( total games lost = total games won ) -- Total number of games drawn ( tied ) for all teams = Total number of games drawn ( tied ) ÷ 2 ( both teams involved ) -- As per statistical convention in football , matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses , while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws . By confederation ( edit ) Confederation Pld Pts APts Pts / T AFC 5 16 9 15 0.94 3.00 CAF 5 15 10 11 0.73 2.20 CONCACAF 10 7 7 0.70 2.33 CONMEBOL 5 21 11 7 36 1.71 7.20 UEFA 14 66 31 17 18 110 1.67 7.86 Total 32 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 5.59 Host nation ( s ) are situated in the region ( s ) rendered in italics . -- Total games lost not counted in total games played ( total games lost = total games won ) -- Total number of games drawn ( tied ) for all teams = Total number of games drawn ( tied ) ÷ 2 ( both teams involved ) -- As per statistical convention in football , matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses , while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws . Stadiums ( edit ) Stadium City Capacity Elevation Matches played Overall attendance Average attendance per match Average attendance as % of capacity Overall goals scored Average goals scored per match Central Stadium Yekaterinburg 33,061 273 m 125,437 31,359 94.85 % 9 2.25 Cosmos Arena Samara 41,970 163 m 6 248,060 41,343 98.51 % 11 1.83 Fisht Olympic Stadium Sochi 44,287 1 m 6 264,057 44,010 99.37 % 21 3.50 Kaliningrad Stadium Kaliningrad 33,973 0 m 132,249 33,062 97.32 % 10 2.50 Kazan Arena Kazan 42,873 51 m 6 254,451 42,409 98.92 % 19 3.17 Krestovsky Stadium Saint Petersburg 64,468 13 m 7 448,686 64,098 99.43 % 14 2.00 Luzhniki Stadium Moscow 78,011 151 m 7 546,077 78,011 100.00 % 18 2.57 Mordovia Arena Saransk 41,685 126 m 160,237 40,059 96.10 % 9 2.25 Nizhny Novgorod Stadium Nizhny Novgorod 43,319 73 m 6 256,427 42,738 98.66 % 19 3.17 Otkritie Arena Moscow 44,190 125 m 5 220,950 44,190 100.00 % 16 3.20 Rostov Arena Rostov - on - Don 43,472 0 m 5 214,197 42,839 98.54 % 14 2.80 Volgograd Arena Volgograd 43,713 31 m 160,980 40,245 92.07 % 9 2.25 Total 3,080,085 64 3,031,768 47,371 98.43 % 169 2.64 Attendance records ( edit ) Top 10 highest attendances . Rank Attendance Match Venue City Date Ref 78,011 Russia vs Saudi Arabia Luzhniki Stadium Moscow 14 June 2018 Germany vs Mexico 17 June 2018 Portugal vs Morocco 20 June 2018 Denmark vs France 26 June 2018 Spain vs Russia 1 July 2018 Croatia vs England 11 July 2018 France vs Croatia 15 July 2018 8 64,468 Russia vs Egypt Krestovsky Stadium Saint Petersburg 19 June 2018 Brazil vs Costa Rica 22 June 2018 Nigeria vs Argentina 26 June 2018 Lowest attendance : 27,015 -- Egypt vs Uruguay , Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg , 15 June 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kelly , Ryan ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Mandzukic makes World Cup history with own goal against France in Russia 2018 final '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Players : Goals scored '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France v Australia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay v France -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium vs Tunisia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium v Japan -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium v England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tunisia vs England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England vs Panama -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia v England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia v Nigeria -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia v Saudi Arabia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia v Egypt -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil v Switzerland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil v Costa Rica -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France vs Peru -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France v Argentina -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 30 June 2018 . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain v Portugal -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal v Morocco -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay v Saudi Arabia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay v Russia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain v Russia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico v Sweden -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iceland v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Japan v Poland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panama v Tunisia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australia vs Peru -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay v Portugal -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 30 June 2018 . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea v Germany -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iran vs Spain -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil v Belgium -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Switzerland v Costa Rica -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt v Uruguay -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Denmark v Australia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden v Switzerland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden v South Korea -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina v Iceland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Morocco v Iran -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea v Mexico -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IR Spain v Morocco -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England v Belgium -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Denmark v France -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica v Serbia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Germany v Mexico -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium v Panama -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Japan vs Senegal - Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria v Argentina -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Senegal v Colombia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria vs Iceland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil v Mexico -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Poland vs Senegal -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia v Japan -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Serbia vBrazil -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia v England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . 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Jump up ^ `` Croatia v Denmark -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Serbia v Switzerland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France v Belgium -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stats of the Day -- 16 June 2018 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stats of the Day -- 26 June 2018 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018_ A late own goal gives France victory over Australia - BBC Sport '' . BBC.com . BBC Sport. 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stats of the Day - 2 July 2018 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The squads in stats '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 5 June 2018 . Retrieved 6 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ekaterinburg Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ulitsa Repina '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Samara Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ulitsa Dal'nyaya '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fisht Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fisht Olympic Stadium '' . worldstadiumdatabase.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kaliningrad Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kazan Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kazan , Tatarstan '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Petersburg Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Zenit Arena '' . worldstadiumdatabase.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luzhniki Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luzhniki Stadium '' . worldstadiumdatabase.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mordovia Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Volgogradskaya Ulitsa '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nizhny Novgorod Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ulitsa Dolzhanskaya '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spartak Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . 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-3735681555401533523	French colonization of the Americas	French colonization of the Americas - wikipedia French colonization of the Americas Jump to : navigation , search Map of North America ( 1750 ) - France ( blue ) , Britain ( pink ) , and Spain ( orange ) The French colonization of the Americas began in the 16th century , and continued on into the following centuries as France established a colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere . France founded colonies in much of eastern North America , on a number of Caribbean islands , and in South America . Most colonies were developed to export products such as fish , rice sugar , and furs . As they colonized the New World , the French established forts and settlements that would become such cities as Quebec and Montreal in Canada ; Detroit , Green Bay , St. Louis , Cape Girardeau , Mobile , Biloxi , Baton Rouge and New Orleans in the United States ; and Port - au - Prince , Cap - Haïtien ( founded as Cap - Français ) in Haiti , Cayenne in French Guiana and São Luís ( founded as Saint - Louis de Maragnan ) in Brazil . Contents ( hide ) 1 North America 1.1 Background 1.2 Colonization 1.3 French Florida 1.4 Canada and Acadia 1.5 Louisiana 1.5. 1 The Mississippi Bubble 1.6 Dissolution 2 West Indies 3 South America 3.1 Brazil 3.1. 1 1557 Calvinist arrival 3.1. 2 Portuguese intervention 3.2 Equinoctial France 3.3 History of France Équinoxiale 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 6.1 In French North America ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The French first came to the New World as explorers , seeking a route to the Pacific Ocean and wealth . Major French exploration of North America began under the rule of Francis I , King of France . In 1524 , Francis sent Italian - born Giovanni da Verrazzano to explore the region between Florida and Newfoundland for a route to the Pacific Ocean . Verrazzano gave the names Francesca and Nova Gallia to that land between New Spain and English Newfoundland , thus promoting French interests . Colonization ( edit ) Main article : New France Portrait of Jacques Cartier by Théophile Hamel , arr. 1844 In 1534 , Francis I of France sent Jacques Cartier on the first of three voyages to explore the coast of Newfoundland and the St. Lawrence River . He founded New France by planting a cross on the shore of the Gaspé Peninsula . The French subsequently tried to establish several colonies throughout North America that failed , due to weather , disease , or conflict with other European powers . Cartier attempted to create the first permanent European settlement in North America at Cap - Rouge ( Quebec City ) in 1541 with 400 settlers but the settlement was abandoned the next year after bad weather and attacks from Native Americans in the area . A small group of French troops were left on Parris Island , South Carolina in 1562 to build Charlesfort , but left after a year when they were not resupplied by France . Fort Caroline established in present - day Jacksonville , Florida , in 1564 , lasted only a year before being destroyed by the Spanish from St. Augustine . An attempt to settle convicts on Sable Island off Nova Scotia in 1598 failed after a short time . In 1599 , a sixteen - person trading post was established in Tadoussac ( in present - day Quebec ) , of which only five men survived the first winter . In 1604 Pierre Du Gua de Monts and Samuel de Champlain founded a short - lived French colony , the first in Acadia , on Saint Croix Island , presently part of the state of Maine , which was much plagued by illness , perhaps scurvy . The following year the settlement was moved to Port Royal , located in present - day Nova Scotia . Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec ( 1608 ) and explored the Great Lakes . In 1634 , Jean Nicolet founded La Baye des Puants ( present - day Green Bay ) , which is one of the oldest permanent European settlements in America . In 1634 , Sieur de Laviolette founded Trois - Rivières . In 1642 , Paul de Chomedey , Sieur de Maisonneuve , founded Fort Ville - Marie which is now known as Montreal . Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette founded Sault Sainte Marie ( 1668 ) and Saint Ignace ( 1671 ) and explored the Mississippi River . At the end of the 17th century , René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle established a network of forts going from the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River . Fort Saint Louis was established in Texas in 1685 , but was gone by 1688 . Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit ( modern - day Detroit ) in 1701 and Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne , Sieur de Bienville founded La Nouvelle Orléans ( New Orleans ) in 1718 . Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville founded Baton Rouge in 1719 . Governor Frontenac performing a tribal dance with Indian allies . The French were eager to explore North America but New France remained largely unpopulated . Due to the lack of women , intermarriages between French and Indians were frequent , giving rise to the Métis people . Relations between the French and Indians were usually peaceful . As the 19th - century historian Francis Parkman stated : `` Spanish civilization crushed the Indian ; English civilization scorned and neglected him ; French civilization embraced and cherished him '' -- Francis Parkman . To boost the French population , Cardinal Richelieu issued an act declaring that Indians converted to Catholicism were considered as `` natural Frenchmen '' by the Ordonnance of 1627 : `` The descendants of the French who are accustomed to this country ( New France ) , together with all the Indians who will be brought to the knowledge of the faith and will profess it , shall be deemed and renowned natural Frenchmen , and as such may come to live in France when they want , and acquire , donate , and succeed and accept donations and legacies , just as true French subjects , without being required to take no letters of declaration of naturalization . '' Louis XIV also tried to increase the population by sending approximately 800 young women nicknamed the `` King 's Daughters '' . However , the low density of population in New France remained a very persistent problem . At the beginning of the French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 1763 ) , the British population in North America outnumbered the French 20 to 1 . France fought a total of six colonial wars in North America ( see the four French and Indian Wars as well as Father Rale 's War and Father Le Loutre 's War ) . See also : Franco - Indian alliance French Florida ( edit ) Map of French Florida In 1562 , Charles IX , under the leadership of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny sent Jean Ribault and a group of Huguenot settlers in an attempt to colonize the Atlantic coast and found a colony on a territory which will take the name of the French Florida . They discovered the probe and Port Royal Island , which will be called by Parris Island in South Carolina , on which he built a fort named Charlesfort . The group , led by René Goulaine de Laudonnière , moved to the south where they founded the Fort Caroline on the Saint John 's river in Florida on June 22 , 1564 . This irritated the Spanish who claimed Florida and opposed the Protestant settlers for religious reasons . In 1565 , Pedro Menéndez de Avilés led a group of Spaniards and founded Saint Augustine , 60 kilometers south of Fort Caroline . Fearing a Spanish attack , Ribault planned to move the colony but a storm suddenly destroyed his fleet . On 20 September 1565 the Spaniards , commanded by Menéndez de Avilés , attacked and massacred all the Fort Caroline occupants including Jean Ribault . Canada and Acadia ( edit ) Political map of the Northeastern part of North America in 1664 . The French interest in Canada focused first on fishing off the Grand Banks of Newfoundland . However , at the beginning of the 17th century , France was more interested in fur from North America . The fur trading post of Tadoussac was founded in 1600 . Four years later , Champlain made his first trip to Canada in a trade mission for fur . Although he had no formal mandate on this trip , he sketched a map of the St. Lawrence River and in writing , on his return to France , a report entitled Savages ( Relation of his stay in a tribe of Montagnais near Tadoussac ) . Champlain needed to report his findings to Henry IV . He participated in another expedition to New France in the spring of 1604 , conducted by Pierre Du Gua de Monts . It helped the foundation of a settlement on Saint Croix Island , the first French settlement in the New World , which would be given up the following winter . The expedition then founded the colony of Port - Royal . In 1608 , Champlain founded a fur post that would become the city of Quebec , which would become the capital of New France . In Quebec , Champlain forged alliances between France and the Huron and Ottawa against their traditional enemies , the Iroquois . Champlain and other French travelers then continued to explore North America , with canoes made from Birch bark , to move quickly through the Great Lakes and their tributaries . In 1634 , the Normand explorer Jean Nicolet pushed his exploration to the West up to Wisconsin . Following the capitulation of Quebec by the Kirke brothers , the British occupied the city of Quebec and Canada from 1629 to 1632 . Samuel de Champlain was taken prisoner and there followed the bankruptcy of the Company of One Hundred Associates . Following the Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye , France took possession of the colony in 1632 . The city of Trois - Rivières was founded in 1634 . In 1642 , the Angevin Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière founded Ville - Marie ( later Montreal ) which was at that time , a fort as protection against Iroquois attacks ( the first great Iroquois war lasted from 1642 to 1667 ) . A new map of the north parts of America claimed by France in 1720 , according to the London cartographer Herman Moll . Despite this rapid expansion , the colony developed very slowly . The Iroquois wars and diseases were the leading causes of death in the French colony . In 1663 when Louis XIV provided the Royal Government , the population of New France was only 2500 European inhabitants . That year , to increase the population , Louis XIV sent between 800 and 900 ' King 's Daughters ' to become the wives of French settlers . The population of New France reached subsequently 7000 in 1674 and 15000 in 1689 . From 1689 to 1713 , the French settlers were faced with almost incessant war during the French and Indian Wars . From 1689 to 1697 , they fought the British in the Nine Years ' War . The war against the Iroquois continued even after the Treaty of Rijswijk until 1701 , when the two parties agreed on peace . Then , the war against the English took over in the War of the Spanish Succession . In 1690 and 1711 , Quebec City had successfully resisted the attacks of the English navy and then British army . Nevertheless , the British took advantage of the second war . With the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 , France ceded to Britain Acadia ( with a population of 1700 people ) , Newfoundland and Hudson Bay . Under the Sovereign Council , the population of the colony grew faster . However , the population growth was far inferior to that of the British Thirteen Colonies to the south . In the middle of the 18th century , New France accounted for 60,000 people while the British colonies had more than one million people . This placed the colony at a great military disadvantage against the British . The war between the colonies resumed in 1744 , lasting until 1748 . A final and decisive war began in 1754 . The Canadiens and the French were helped by numerous alliances with Native Americans , but they were usually outnumbered on the battlefield . Louisiana ( edit ) Louisiana before 1736 On May 17 , 1673 , explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette began exploring the Mississippi River , known to the Sioux as does Tongo , or to the Miami - Illinois as missisipioui ( the great river ) . They reached the mouth of the Arkansas and then up the river , after learning that it flowed into the Gulf of Mexico and not to the California Sea ( Pacific Ocean ) . In 1682 , the Normand Cavelier de la Salle and the Italian Henri de Tonti came down the Mississippi to its Delta . They left from Fort Crevecoeur on the Illinois River , along with 23 French and 18 Native Americans . In April 1682 , they arrived at the mouth of the Mississippi ; they planted a cross and a column bearing the arms of the king of France . La Salle returned to France and won over the Secretary of State of the Navy to give him the command of Louisiana . He believed that it was close to New Spain by drawing a map on which the Mississippi seemed much further west than its actual rate . He set up a maritime expedition with four ships and 320 emigrants , but it ended in disaster when he failed to find the Mississippi Delta and was killed in 1687 . In 1698 , Pierre LeMoyne d'Iberville left La Rochelle and explored the area around the mouth of the Mississippi . He stopped between Isle - aux - Chats ( now Cat Island ) and Isle Surgeres ( renamed Isle - aux - Vascular or Ship Island ) on February 13 , 1699 and continued his explorations to the mainland , with his brother Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville to Biloxi . He built a precarious fort , called ' Maurepas ' ( later ' Old Biloxi ' ) , before returning to France . He returned twice in the Gulf of Mexico and established a fort at Mobile in 1702 . From 1699 to 1702 , Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville was governor of Louisiana . His brother succeeded him in that post from 1702 to 1713 . He was again governor from 1716 to 1724 and again 1733 to 1743 . In 1718 , Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville commanded a French expedition in Louisiana . He founded the city of New Orleans , in homage to Regent Duke of Orleans . The architect Adrian de Pauger drew the orthogonal plane of the Old Square . The Mississippi bubble ( edit ) Main article : Mississippi Company In Weigel 's map ( 1719 ) intended to promote sales of the Mississippi Company in Germany ; most of the present - day United States appears under the name `` Louisiana '' . In 1718 , there were only 700 Europeans in Louisiana . The Mississippi Company arranged for ships to bring 800 more , who landed in Louisiana in 1718 , doubling the European population . John Law encouraged Germans , particularly Germans of the Alsatian region who had recently fallen under French rule , and the Swiss to emigrate . Prisoners were set free in Paris in September 1719 onwards , under the condition that they marry prostitutes and go with them to Louisiana . The newly married couples were chained together and taken to the port of embarkation . In May 1720 , after complaints from the Mississippi Company and the concessioners about this class of French immigrants , the French government prohibited such deportations . However , there was a third shipment of prisoners in 1721 . Dissolution ( edit ) The last French and Indian War resulted in the dissolution of New France , with Canada going to Great Britain and Louisiana going to Spain . Only the islands of Saint - Pierre - et - Miquelon are still in French hands . In 1802 Spain returned Louisiana to France , but Napoleon sold it to the United States in 1803 . The French left many toponyms ( Illinois , Vermont , Bayous ... ) and ethnonyms ( Sioux , Coeur d'Alene , Nez Percé ... ) in North America . West indies ( edit ) Further information : French West Indies A major French settlement lay on the island of Hispaniola , where France established the colony of Saint - Domingue on the western third of the island in 1664 . Nicknamed the `` Pearl of the Antilles '' , Saint - Domingue became the richest colony in the Caribbean due to slave plantation production of sugar cane . It had the highest slave mortality rate in the western hemisphere . A 1791 slave revolt , the only ever successful slave revolt , began the Haitian Revolution , led to freedom for the colony 's slaves in 1794 and , a decade later , complete independence for the country , which renamed itself Haiti . France briefly also ruled the eastern portion of the island , which is now the Dominican Republic . During the 17th and 18th centuries , France ruled much of the Lesser Antilles at various times . Islands that came under French rule during part or all of this time include Dominica , Grenada , Guadeloupe , Marie - Galante , Martinique , St. Barthélemy , St. Croix , St. Kitts , St. Lucia , St. Martin , St. Vincent and Tobago . Control of many of these islands was contested between the French , the British and the Dutch ; in the case of St. Martin , the island was divided in two , a situation that persists to this day . Great Britain captured some of France 's islands during the Seven Years ' War and the Napoleonic Wars . Following the latter conflict , France retained control of Guadeloupe , Martinique , Marie - Galante , St. Barthélemy , and its portion of St. Martin ; all remain part of France today . Guadeloupe ( including Marie - Galante and other nearby islands ) and Martinique each is an overseas department of France , while St. Barthélemy and St. Martin each became an overseas collectivity of France in 2007 . South America ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Wording , and the need to add more relevant wikilinks to newly added material Please help improve this section if you can . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Brazil ( edit ) France Antarctique ( formerly also spelled France antartique ) was a French colony south of the Equator , in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , which existed between 1555 and 1567 , and had control over the coast from Rio de Janeiro to Cabo Frio . The colony quickly became a haven for the Huguenots , and was ultimately destroyed by the Portuguese in 1567 . On November 1 , 1555 , French vice-admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon ( 1510 -- 1575 ) , a Catholic knight of the Order of Malta , who later would help the Huguenots to find a refuge against persecution , led a small fleet of two ships and 600 soldiers and colonists , and took possession of the small island of Serigipe in the Guanabara Bay , in front of present - day Rio de Janeiro , where they built a fort named Fort Coligny . The fort was named in honor of Gaspard de Coligny ( then a Catholic statesman , who about a year later would become a Huguenot ) , an admiral who supported the expedition and would use the colony in order to protect his co-religionists . To the still largely undeveloped mainland village , Villegaignon gave the name of Henriville , in honour of Henry II , the King of France , who also knew of and approved the expedition , and had provided the fleet for the trip . Villegaignon secured his position by making an alliance with the Tamoio and Tupinambá Indians of the region , who were fighting the Portuguese . 1557 calvinist arrival ( edit ) Unchallenged by the Portuguese , who initially took little notice of his landing , Villegaignon endeavoured to expand the colony by calling for more colonists in 1556 . He sent one of his ships , the Grande Roberge , to Honfleur , entrusted with letters to King Henry II , Gaspard de Coligny and according to some accounts , the Protestant leader John Calvin . After one ship was sent to France to ask for additional support , three ships were financed and prepared by the king of France and put under the command of Sieur De Bois le Comte , a nephew of Villegagnon . They were joined by 14 Calvinists from Geneva , led by Philippe de Corguilleray , including theologians Pierre Richier and Guillaume Chartrier . The new colonists , numbering around 300 , included 5 young women to be wed , 10 boys to be trained as translators , as well as 14 Calvinists sent by Calvin , and also Jean de Léry , who would later write an account of the colony . They arrived in March 1557 . The relief fleet was composed of : The Petite Roberge , with 80 soldiers and sailors was led by Vice Admiral Sieur De Bois le Comte . The Grande Roberge , with about 120 on board , captained by Sieur de Sainte - Marie dit l'Espine . The Rosée , with about 90 people , led by Captain Rosée . Doctrinal disputes arose between Villegagnon and the Calvinists , especially in relation to the Eucharist , and in October 1557 the Calvinists were banished from Coligny island as a result . They settled among the Tupinamba until January 1558 , when some of them managed to return to France by ship together with Jean de Léry , and five others chose to return to Coligny island where three of them were drowned by Villegagnon for refusing to recant . Portuguese intervention ( edit ) In 1560 Mem de Sá , the new Governor - General of Brazil , received from the Portuguese government the command to expel the French . With a fleet of 26 warships and 2,000 soldiers , on 15 March 1560 , he attacked and destroyed Fort Coligny within three days , but was unable to drive off their inhabitants and defenders , because they escaped to the mainland with the help of the Native Brazilians , where they continued to live and to work . Admiral Villegaignon had returned to France in 1558 , disgusted with the religious tension that existed between French Protestants and Catholics , who had come also with the second group ( see French Wars of Religion ) . Urged by two influential Jesuit priests who had come to Brazil with Mem de Sá , named José de Anchieta and Manuel da Nóbrega , and who had played a big role in pacifying the Tamoios , Mem de Sá ordered his nephew , Estácio de Sá to assemble a new attack force . Estácio de Sá founded the city of Rio de Janeiro on March 1 , 1565 , and fought the Frenchmen for two more years . Helped by a military reinforcement sent by his uncle , on January 20 , 1567 , he imposed final defeat on the French forces and decisively expelled them from Brazil , but died a month later from wounds inflicted in the battle . Coligny 's and Villegaignon 's dream had lasted a mere 12 years . Equinoctial France ( edit ) Equinoctial France was the contemporary name given to the colonization efforts of France in the 17th century in South America , around the line of Equator , before `` tropical '' had fully gained its modern meaning : Equinoctial means in Latin `` of equal nights '' , i.e. , on the Equator , where the duration of days and nights is nearly the same year round . The French colonial empire in the New World also included New France ( Nouvelle France ) in North America , particularly in what is today the province of Quebec , Canada , and for a very short period ( 12 years ) also Antarctic France ( France Antarctique , in French ) , in present - day Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . All of these settlements were in violation of the papal bull of 1493 , which divided the New World between Spain and Portugal . This division was later defined more exactly by the Treaty of Tordesillas . History of France Équinoxiale ( edit ) France Équinoxiale started in 1612 , when a French expedition departed from Cancale , Brittany , France , under the command of Daniel de la Touche , Seigneur de la Ravardière , and François de Razilly , admiral . Carrying 500 colonists , it arrived in the Northern coast of what is today the Brazilian state of Maranhão . De la Ravardière had discovered the region in 1604 but the death of the king postponed his plans to start its colonization . The colonists soon founded a village , which was named `` Saint - Louis '' , in honor of the French king Louis IX . This later became São Luís in Portuguese , ( 1 ) the only Brazilian state capital founded by France . On 8 September , Capuchin friars prayed the first mass , and the soldiers started building a fortress . An important difference in relation to France Antarctique is that this new colony was not motivated by escape from religious persecutions to Protestants ( see French Wars of Religion ) . The colony did not last long . A Portuguese army assembled in the Captaincy of Pernambuco , under the command of Alexandre de Moura , was able to mount a military expedition , which defeated and expelled the French colonists in 1615 , less than four years after their arrival in the land . Thus , it repeated the disaster spelt for the colonists of France Antarctique , in 1567 . A few years later , in 1620 , Portuguese and Brazilian colonists arrived in number and São Luís started to develop , with an economy based mostly in sugar cane and slavery . French traders and colonists tried again to settle a France Équinoxiale further North , in what is today French Guiana , in 1626 , 1635 ( when the capital , Cayenne , was founded ) and 1643 . Twice a Compagnie de la France Équinoxiale was founded , in 1643 and 1645 , but both foundered as a result of misfortune and mismanagement . It was only after 1674 , when the colony came under the direct control of the French crown and a competent Governor took office , that France Équinoxiale became a reality . To this day , French Guiana is a department of France . French Guiana located in the South American continent . French Guiana was first settled by the French in 1604 , although its earliest settlements were abandoned in the face of hostilities from the indigenous population and tropical diseases . The settlement of Cayenne was established in 1643 , but was abandoned . It was re-established in the 1660s . Except for brief occupations by the English and Dutch in the 17th century , and by the Portuguese in the 19th century , Guiana has remained under French rule ever since . From 1851 to 1951 it was the site of a notorious penal colony , Devil 's Island ( Île du Diable ) . Since 1946 , French Guiana has been an overseas department of France . See also ( edit ) Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller ( Maltese ) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization Colonialism portal Atlantic World History of Canada Former colonies and territories in Canada French and Indian Wars Franco - Indian alliance French colonial empire French in Canada French in the United States French intervention in Mexico Illinois Country List of French possessions and colonies List of French forts in North America Military of New France Timeline of imperialism # Colonization of North America Canadian French Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomas B. Costain , The white and the gold : the French regime in Canada ( Doubleday , 2012 ) ch 1 . Jump up ^ https://umaine.edu/canam/publications/st-croix/champlain-and-the-settlement-of-acadia-1604-1607/ Jump up ^ Francis PArkman , The Pioneers of France in the New World ( 1865 ) . Jump up ^ Quoted in Cave , p. 42 Jump up ^ Acte pour l'établissement de la Compagnie des Cent Associés pour le commerce du Canada , contenant les articles accordés à la dite Compagnie par M. le Cardinal de Richelieu , le 29 avril 1627 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Peter N. Moogk , La Nouvelle - France : the making of French Canada : a cultural history ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ John T. McGrath , The French in early Florida : in the eye of the hurricane ( U Press of Florida , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Bartolome Barrientos , Pedro Menéndez de Avilés : Founder of Florida ( University of Florida Press , 1965 ) . Jump up ^ Des sauvages , ou , Voyage de Samuel Champlain , de Brouage , fait en la France Nouuelle , l'an mil six cens trois , A Paris : Chez Claude de Monstr'œil , tenant sa boutique en la Cour du Palais , au nom de Iesus , 1603 . OCLC 71251137 Jump up ^ James MacPherson Le Moine , Quebec , Past and Present : a history of Quebec , 1608 - 1876 ( 1876 ) . online Jump up ^ Francis Parkman , Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV ( 1877 ) Jump up ^ Hubert , et al. Charbonneau , `` The population of the St - Lawrence Valley , 1608 -- 1760 . '' in A population history of North America ( 2000 ) : 99 - 142 . Jump up ^ R. Cole Harris , Historical Atlas of Canada : Volume I : From the Beginning to 1800 ( University of Toronto Press , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Bennett H Wall and John C. Rodrigue , Louisiana : A History ( 2014 ( ch 1 Jump up ^ Francis Parkman , La Salle and the discovery of the Great West ( 1891 ) . online Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Cat Island : The History of a Mississippi Gulf Coast Barrier Island , By John Cuevas Jump up ^ `` Hispaniola Article '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Junius P. ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 229 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33272 - 2 . Jump up ^ As the French and Indian War started two years earlier , and continued until the signing of the peace treaty , the name Seven Years ' War is more properly applied to the European phase of the war . Jump up ^ Philip Boucher , `` French Proprietary Colonies In The Greater Caribbean , 1620s -- 1670s . '' in Constructing Early Modern Empires ( Brill , 2007 ) pp. 163 - 188 . Jump up ^ Joshua R. Hyles ( 2013 ) . Guiana and the Shadows of Empire : Colonial and Cultural Negotiations at the Edge of the World . Lexington Books . References ( edit ) Further information : Bibliography of Canadian history § Prior to 1763 Brecher , Frank W. Losing a Continent : France 's North American Policy , 1753 - 1763 ( 1998 ) Dechêne , Louise Habitants and Merchants in Seventeenth - Century Montreal ( 2003 ) Eccles , W.J. The Canadian Frontier , 1534 - 1760 ( 1983 ) Eccles , W.J. Essays on New France ( 1988 ) Eccles , W.J. The French in North America , 1500 - 1783 ( Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited , 1998 . ) , a standard scholarly survey Havard , Gilles , and Cécile Vidal , `` Making New France New Again : French historians rediscover their American past , '' Common - Place ( July 2007 ) v 7 # 4 Holbrook , Sabra ( 1976 ) , The French Founders of North America and Their Heritage , New York : Atheneum , ISBN 0 - 689 - 30490 - 0 Katz , Ron . French America : French Architecture from Colonialization to the Birth of a Nation . Editions Didier Millet , 2004 . McDermott , John Francis . The French in the Mississippi Valley ( University of Illinois Press , 1965 ) McDermott , John F. , ed . Frenchmen and French ways in the Mississippi Valley ( 1969 ) Moogk , Peter N. La Nouvelle France : The Making of French Canada - A Cultural History ( 2000 ) . 340 pp . Trudel , Marcel . The Beginnings of New France 1524 - 1663 ( 1973 ) White , Sophie . Wild Frenchmen and Frenchified Indians : Material Culture and Race in Colonial Louisiana ( University of Pennsylvania Press , 2013 ) In French ( edit ) Balvay , Arnaud . L'épée et la plume : Amérindiens et soldats des troupes de la marine en Louisiane et au Pays d'en Haut ( 1683 - 1763 ) ( Presses Université Laval , 2006 ) Balvay , Arnaud . La Révolte des Natchez ( Editions du Félin , 2008 ) Halford , Peter Wallace , and Pierre - Philippe Potier . Le français des Canadiens à la veille de la conquête : témoignage du père Pierre Philippe Potier , SJ . ( Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa , 1994 ) Moussette , Marcel & Waselkov , Gregory A. : Archéologie de l'Amérique coloniale française . Lévesque éditeur , Montréal 2014 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 924186 - 38 - 1 ( print ) ; ISBN 978 - 2 - 924186 - 39 - 8 ( eBook ) Former French colonies in the Americas New France Acadia Louisiana Canada Terre Neuve French Caribbean Dominica Grenada The Grenadines Saint - Domingue Haïti , Dominican Republic Saint Kitts & Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent Tobago Virgin Islands Equinoctial France Berbice France Antarctique Inini French colonization of the Americas French West India Company New France ( 1534 -- 1763 ) Subdivisions Acadia ( 1604 -- 1713 ) Canada ( 1608 -- 1763 ) Pays d'en Haut Domaine du roy Louisiana ( 1682 -- 1762 , 1802 -- 1803 ) Illinois Country Ohio Country Newfoundland ( 1662 -- 1713 ) Île Royale ( 1713 -- 1763 ) Towns Acadia ( Port Royal ) Canada Quebec Trois - Rivières Montreal Détroit Île Royale Louisbourg Louisiana Mobile New Orleans Newfoundland Plaisance List of towns Forts Fort Rouillé Fort Michilimackinac Fort de Buade Fort de Chartres Fort Detroit Fort Carillon Fort Condé Fort Duquesne Fortress of Louisbourg Castle Hill Fort St. Louis ( Illinois ) Fort St. Louis ( Texas ) List of Forts Government Canada Governor General Intendant Sovereign Council Bishop of Quebec Governor of Trois - Rivières Governor of Montreal Acadia Governor Lieutenant - General Newfoundland Governor Lieutenant - General Louisiana Governor Intendant Superior Council Île Royale Governor Intendant Superior Council Law Intendancy Superior Council Admiralty court Provostship Officiality Seigneurial court Bailiff Maréchaussée Code Noir Economy Seigneurial system Fur trade Company of 100 Associates Crozat 's Company Mississippi Company Compagnie de l'Occident Chemin du Roy Coureur des bois Voyageurs Society Population 1666 census Habitants King 's Daughters Casquette girls Métis Amerindians Slavery Plaçage Gens de couleur libres Religion Jesuit missions Récollets Grey Nuns Ursulines Sulpicians War and peace Military of New France Intercolonial Wars French and Iroquois Wars Great Upheaval Great Peace of Montreal Schenectady massacre Deerfield massacre Related French colonization of the Americas French colonial empire History of Quebec History of the Acadians History of the French - Americans French West Indies Carib Expulsion Atlantic slave trade Category Portal Commons History of the Americas History North America Mesoamerica Central America Caribbean Latin America South America Andean South America Genetics Settlement Indigenous peoples Indigenous population Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact theories Discovery Exploration European colonization Spanish colonization French colonization Portuguese colonization British colonization Columbian Exchange Decolonization Societies Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era Aztec Maya Muisca Inca Related Maps Culture Geography Indigenous languages Epidemics Slavery Lists Pre-Columbian cultures Indigenous peoples Population Conflicts North America South America Chronology Archaeology of the Americas North America by period North American timelines Mesoamerica by period Mesoamerica timeline Era : By period By region Three - age system Ancient history Pre-Columbian era Classical Antiquity Middle Ages Modern history Future Former colonies and territories in Canada Norse Named Territories Vinland Markland Helluland Sites L'Anse aux Meadows Point Rosee French Claims New France Acadia Isle St - Jean Île Royale Canada Domaine du roy Louisiana Pays d'en Haut Terre Neuve Important sites Port Royal Quebec Trois - Rivières Montreal Louisbourg Plaisance List of towns List of Forts Spanish Claims New Spain Important sites Fort San Miguel , Nootka Sound Expeditions Newfoundland Pacific Northwest Scottish Claims Nova Scotia ( 1621 ) Sites Port Royal Colony Russian Claims Russian America American Claims Oregon Country English & British Claims Newfoundland ( 1583 ) New Albion ( ? ) Rupert 's Land Nova Scotia ( 1710 ) Quebec Lower and Upper Canada New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Cape Breton United Canada New Caledonia Columbia District Queen Charlotte Islands Vancouver Island British Columbia ( 1858 -- 66 ) British Columbia ( 1866 -- 71 ) Stickeen North - Western Territory Red River Important sites Cuper 's Cove Avalon ( 1620 ) York Factory Halifax Victoria Fort Langley List of HBC sites Norwegian Claims Sverdrup Islands Related Territorial evolution after 1867 Areas disputed by Canada and the United States Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Population of Canada Category Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_colonization_of_the_Americas&oldid=815852354 '' Categories : French colonization of the Americas Former French colonies French colonial empire France in the Age of Discovery Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from April 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from April 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from April 2016 Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Ελληνικά Español Français Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 16 : 25 . 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6940809297248463055	Reform Act 1832	Reform Act 1832 - wikipedia Reform Act 1832 Jump to : navigation , search Representation of the People Act 1832 Act of Parliament United Kingdom Long title An Act to amend the representation of the people in England and Wales Citation 2 & 3 Wm. IV , c. 45 Introduced by Lord Grey , Prime Minister Territorial extent England and Wales In Scotland and Ireland , the Scottish Reform Act 1832 and Irish Reform Act 1832 applied . Dates Royal assent 7 June 1832 Other legislation Relates to Reform Act 1867 Status : Repealed Text of statute as originally enacted Start of parchment roll of the Reform Act 1832 , with royal assent of King William IV marked above Le Roy le veult A painting by Sir George Hayter that commemorates the passing of the Act . It depicts the first session of the newly reformed House of Commons on 5 February 1833 held in St. Stephen 's Chapel . In the foreground , the leading statesmen from the Lords : Charles Grey , 2nd Earl Grey ( 1764 -- 1845 ) , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne ( 1779 -- 1848 ) and the Whigs on the left ; and Arthur Wellesley , 1st Duke of Wellington ( 1769 -- 1852 ) and the Tories on the right . Currently in the National Portrait Gallery . The Representation of the People Act 1832 ( known informally as the 1832 Reform Act , Great Reform Act or First Reform Act to distinguish it from subsequent Reform Acts ) was an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom ( indexed as 2 & 3 Will . IV c. 45 ) that introduced wide - ranging changes to the electoral system of England and Wales . According to its preamble , the Act was designed to `` take effectual Measures for correcting divers Abuses that have long prevailed in the Choice of Members to serve in the Commons House of Parliament '' . Before the reform , most members nominally represented boroughs . The number of electors in a borough varied widely , from a dozen or so up to 12,000 . Frequently the selection of MPs was effectively controlled by one powerful patron : for example Charles Howard , 11th Duke of Norfolk controlled eleven boroughs . Criteria for qualification for the franchise varied greatly among boroughs , from the requirement to own land , to merely living in a house with a hearth sufficient to boil a pot . There had been calls for reform long before 1832 , but without success . The Act that finally succeeded was proposed by the Whigs , led by Prime Minister Charles Grey , 2nd Earl Grey . It met with significant opposition from the Pittite factions in Parliament , who had long governed the country ; opposition was especially pronounced in the House of Lords . Nevertheless , the bill was eventually passed , mainly as a result of public pressure . The Act granted seats in the House of Commons to large cities that had sprung up during the Industrial Revolution , and removed seats from the `` rotten boroughs '' : those with very small electorates and usually dominated by a wealthy patron . The Act also increased the electorate from about 500,000 to 800,000 , making about one in five adult males allowed to vote , . The full title is An Act to amend the representation of the people in England and Wales . Its formal short title and citation is `` Representation of the People Act 1832 ( 2 & 3 Wm. IV , c. 45 ) '' . The Act applied only in England and Wales ; the Irish Reform Act 1832 brought similar changes to Ireland . The separate Scottish Reform Act 1832 was revolutionary , enlarging the electorate by a factor of 1400 % from 5000 to 65,000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 The unreformed House of Commons 1.1 Composition 1.2 The franchise 1.2. 1 Women 's suffrage 1.3 Pocket boroughs , bribery 2 Movement for reform 2.1 Early attempts at reform 2.2 Aftermath of the French Revolution 2.3 Reform during the 1820s 3 Passage of the Reform Act 3.1 First Reform Bill 3.2 Second Reform Bill 3.3 Third Reform Bill 4 Results 4.1 Provisions 4.1. 1 Abolition of seats 4.1. 2 Creation of new seats 4.1. 3 Extension of the franchise 4.2 Effects 4.3 Tenant voters 4.4 Limitations 4.5 Further reform 5 Assessment 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links The Unreformed House of Commons ( edit ) Main article : Unreformed House of Commons Composition ( edit ) The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . After the Act of Union 1800 , sometimes referred to as the Act of Union 1801 , the unreformed House of Commons was composed of 658 members , of whom 513 represented England and Wales . There were two types of constituencies ; counties and boroughs . County members were supposed to represent landholders , while borough members were supposed to represent the mercantile and trading interests of the kingdom . Counties were historical national subdivisions established between the 8th and 16th centuries . They were not merely parliamentary constituencies : many components of government ( including courts and the militia ) were organised along county lines . The members of Parliament chosen by the counties were known as Knights of the Shire . In Wales each county elected one member , while in England each county elected two members until 1826 , when Yorkshire 's representation was increased to four , following the disenfranchisement of the Cornish borough of Grampound . Parliamentary boroughs in England ranged widely in size from small hamlets to large cities , partly because they had evolved haphazardly . The earliest boroughs were chosen in the Middle Ages by county sheriffs , and even a village might be deemed a borough . Many of these early boroughs ( such as Winchelsea and Dunwich ) were substantial settlements at the time of their original enfranchisement , but later went into decline , and by the early 19th century some only had a few electors , but still elected two MPs ; they were often known as rotten boroughs . In later centuries the reigning monarch decided which settlements to enfranchise . The monarchs seem mostly to have done so capriciously , often with little regard for the merits of the place they were enfranchising . Of the 70 English boroughs that Tudor monarchs enfranchised , 31 were later disenfranchised . Finally , the parliamentarians of the 17th century compounded the inconsistencies by re-enfranchising 15 boroughs whose representation had lapsed for centuries , seven of which were later disenfranchised by the Reform Act . After Newark was enfranchised in 1661 , no additional boroughs were enfranchised , and the unfair system remained unchanged until the Reform Act of 1832 . Grampound 's disenfranchisement in 1821 was the sole exception . Most English boroughs elected two MPs ; but five boroughs elected only one MP : Abingdon , Banbury , Bewdley , Higham Ferrers and Monmouth . The City of London and the joint borough of Weymouth and Melcombe Regis each elected four members . The Welsh boroughs each returned a single member . The franchise ( edit ) Statutes passed in 1430 and 1432 , during the reign of Henry VI , standardised property qualifications for county voters . Under these Acts , all owners of freehold property or land worth at least forty shillings in a particular county were entitled to vote in that county . This requirement , known as the forty shilling freehold , was never adjusted for inflation ; thus the amount of land one had to own in order to vote gradually diminished over time . The franchise was restricted to males by custom rather than statute ; on rare occasions women had been able to vote in parliamentary elections as a result of property ownership . Nevertheless , the vast majority of people were not entitled to vote ; the size of the English county electorate in 1831 has been estimated at only 200,000 . Furthermore , the sizes of the individual county constituencies varied significantly . The smallest counties , Rutland and Anglesey , had fewer than 1,000 voters each , while the largest county , Yorkshire , had more than 20,000 . Those who owned property in multiple constituencies could vote multiple times ; there was usually no need to live in a constituency in order to vote there . In boroughs the franchise was far more varied . There were broadly six types of parliamentary boroughs , as defined by their franchise : boroughs in which freemen were electors ; boroughs in which the franchise was restricted to those paying scot and lot , a form of municipal taxation ; boroughs in which only the ownership of a burgage property qualified a person to vote ; boroughs in which only members of the corporation were electors ( such boroughs were perhaps in every case `` pocket boroughs '' , because council members were usually `` in the pocket '' of a wealthy patron ) ; boroughs in which male householders were electors ( these were usually known as `` potwalloper boroughs '' , as the usual definition of a householder was a person able to boil a pot on his / her own hearth ) ; boroughs in which freeholders of land had the right to vote . Some boroughs had a combination of these varying types of franchise , and most had special rules and exceptions , so many boroughs had a form of franchise that was unique to themselves . The largest borough , Westminster , had about 12,000 voters , while many of the smallest , usually known as `` rotten boroughs '' , had fewer than 100 each . The most famous rotten borough was Old Sarum , which had 13 burgage plots that could be used to `` manufacture '' electors if necessary -- usually around half a dozen was thought sufficient . Other examples were Dunwich ( 32 voters ) , Camelford ( 25 ) , and Gatton ( 7 ) . By contrast , France in 1831 had a population of 32 million , about double the 16.5 million in England , Wales and Scotland . But there were only 165,000 French voters , compared to 439,000 in Britain . France adopted universal male suffrage in 1848 . Women 's suffrage ( edit ) The claim for the women 's vote appears to have been first made by Jeremy Bentham in 1817 when he published his Plan of Parliamentary Reform in the form of a Catechism , and was taken up by William Thompson in 1825 , when he published , with Anna Wheeler , An Appeal of One Half the Human Race , Women , Against the Pretensions of the Other Half , Men , to Retain Them in Political , and Thence in Civil and Domestic Slavery : In Reply to Mr. Mill 's Celebrated Article on Government . In the `` celebrated article on Government '' , James Mill had stated : ... all those individuals whose interests are indisputably included in those of other individuals may be struck off without any inconvenience ... In this light also women may be regarded , the interests of almost all of whom are involved in that of their fathers or in that of their husbands . The passing of the Act seven years later enfranchising `` male persons '' was , however , a more significant event ; it has been argued that it was the inclusion of the word `` male '' , thus providing the first explicit statutory bar to women voting , which provided a focus of attack and a source of resentment from which , in time , the women 's suffrage movement grew . Pocket boroughs , bribery ( edit ) Canvassing for Votes , part of William Hogarth 's Humours of an Election series , depicts the political corruption endemic in election campaigns prior to the Great Reform Act . Many constituencies , especially those with small electorates , were under the control of rich landowners , and were known as nomination boroughs or pocket boroughs , because they were said to be in the pockets of their patrons . Most patrons were noblemen or landed gentry who could use their local influence , prestige , and wealth to sway the voters . This was particularly true in rural counties , and in small boroughs situated near a large landed estate . Some noblemen even controlled multiple constituencies : for example , the Duke of Norfolk controlled eleven , while the Earl of Lonsdale controlled nine . Writing in 1821 , Sydney Smith proclaimed that `` The country belongs to the Duke of Rutland , Lord Lonsdale , the Duke of Newcastle , and about twenty other holders of boroughs . They are our masters ! '' T.H.B. Oldfield claimed in his Representative History of Great Britain and Ireland that , out of the 514 members representing England and Wales , about 370 were selected by nearly 180 patrons . A member who represented a pocket borough was expected to vote as his patron ordered , or else lose his seat at the next election . Voters in some constituencies resisted outright domination by powerful landlords , but were often open to corruption . Electors were bribed individually in some boroughs , and collectively in others . In 1771 , for example , it was revealed that 81 voters in New Shoreham ( who constituted a majority of the electorate ) formed a corrupt organisation that called itself the `` Christian Club '' , and regularly sold the borough to the highest bidder . Especially notorious for their corruption were the `` nabobs '' , or individuals who had amassed fortunes in the British colonies in Asia and the West Indies . The nabobs , in some cases , even managed to wrest control of boroughs from the nobility and the gentry . Lord Chatham , Prime Minister of Great Britain during the 1760s , casting an eye on the fortunes made in India commented that `` the importers of foreign gold have forced their way into Parliament , by such a torrent of corruption as no private hereditary fortune could resist '' . Movement for Reform ( edit ) Early attempts at Reform ( edit ) William Pitt the Younger was a prominent advocate of parliamentary reform . During the 1640s , England endured a civil war that pitted King Charles I and the Royalists against the Parliamentarians . In 1647 , different factions of the victorious parliamentary army held a series of discussions , the Putney Debates , on reforming the structure of English government . The most radical elements proposed universal manhood suffrage and the reorganisation of parliamentary constituencies . Their leader Thomas Rainsborough declared , `` I think it 's clear , that every man that is to live under a government ought first by his own consent to put himself under that government . '' More conservative members disagreed , arguing instead that only individuals who owned land in the country should be allowed to vote . For example , Henry Ireton stated , `` no man hath a right to an interest or share in the disposing of the affairs of the kingdom ... that hath not a permanent fixed interest in this kingdom . '' The views of the conservative `` Grandees '' eventually won out . Oliver Cromwell , who became the leader of England after the abolition of the monarchy in 1649 , refused to adopt universal suffrage ; individuals were required to own property ( real or personal ) worth at least £ 200 in order to vote . He did nonetheless agree to some electoral reform ; he disfranchised several small boroughs , granted representation to large towns such as Manchester and Leeds , and increased the number of members elected by populous counties . These reforms were all reversed , however , after Cromwell 's death and the last parliament to be elected in the Commonwealth period in 1659 reverted to the electoral system as it had existed under Charles I . Following Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 the issue of parliamentary reform lay dormant until it was revived in the 1760s by the Whig Prime Minister William Pitt , 1st Earl of Chatham ( `` Pitt the Elder '' ) , who called borough representation `` the rotten part of our Constitution '' ( hence the term `` rotten borough '' ) . Nevertheless , he did not advocate an immediate disfranchisement of rotten boroughs . He instead proposed that a third member be added to each county , to countervail the borough influence . The Whigs failed to unite behind the expansion of county representation ; some objected to the idea because they felt that it would give too much power to the aristocracy and gentry in rural areas . Ultimately , despite Chatham 's exertions , Parliament took no action on his proposals . The cause of parliamentary reform was next taken up by Lord Chatham 's son , William Pitt the Younger ( variously described as a Tory and as an `` independent Whig '' ) . Like his father , he shrank from proposing the wholesale abolition of the rotten boroughs , advocating instead an increase in county representation . The House of Commons rejected Pitt 's resolution by over 140 votes , despite receiving petitions for reform bearing over twenty thousand signatures . In 1783 , Pitt became Prime Minister but was still unable to achieve reform . King George III was averse to the idea , as were many members of Pitt 's own cabinet . In 1786 , the Prime Minister proposed a reform bill , but the House of Commons rejected it on a 174 -- 248 vote . Pitt did not raise the issue again for the remainder of his term . Aftermath of the French Revolution ( edit ) Support for parliamentary reform plummeted after the launch of the French Revolution in 1789 . Many English politicians became steadfastly opposed to any major political change . Despite this reaction , several Radical Movement groups were established to agitate for reform . A group of Whigs led by James Maitland , 8th Earl of Lauderdale and Charles Grey founded an organisation advocating parliamentary reform in 1792 . This group , known as the Society of the Friends of the People , included 28 MPs . In 1793 , Grey presented to the House of Commons a petition from the Friends of the People , outlining abuses of the system and demanding change . He did not propose any specific scheme of reform , but merely a motion that the House inquire into possible improvements . Parliament 's reaction to the French Revolution was so negative , that even this request for an inquiry was rejected by a margin of almost 200 votes . Grey tried to raise the subject again in 1797 , but the House again rebuffed him by a majority of over 150 . Other notable pro-reform organisations included the Hampden Clubs ( named after John Hampden , an English politician who opposed the Crown during the English Civil War ) and the London Corresponding Society ( which consisted of workers and artisans ) . But the `` Radical '' reforms supported by these organisations ( for example , universal suffrage ) found even less support in Parliament . For example , when Sir Francis Burdett , chairman of the London Hampden Club , proposed a resolution in favour of universal suffrage , equally sized electoral districts , and voting by secret ballot to the House of Commons , his motion found only one other supporter ( Lord Cochrane ) in the entire House . Despite such setbacks , popular pressure for reform remained strong . In 1819 , a large pro-reform rally was held in Birmingham . Although the city was not entitled to any seats in the Commons , those gathered decided to elect Sir Charles Wolseley as Birmingham 's `` legislatorial representative '' . Following their example , reformers in Manchester held a similar meeting to elect a `` legislatorial attorney '' . Between 20,000 and 60,000 ( by different estimates ) attended the event , many of them bearing signs such as `` Equal Representation or Death '' . The protesters were ordered to disband ; when they did not , the Manchester Yeomenry suppressed the meeting by force . Eleven people were killed and several hundred injured , the event later to become known as the Peterloo Massacre . In response , the government passed the Six Acts , measures designed to quell further political agitation . In particular , the Seditious Meetings Act prohibited groups of more than 50 people from assembling to discuss any political subject without prior permission from the sheriff or magistrate . Reform during the 1820s ( edit ) Since the House of Commons regularly rejected direct challenges to the system of representation by large majorities , supporters of reform had to content themselves with more modest measures . The Whig Lord John Russell brought forward one such measure in 1820 , proposing the disfranchisement of the notoriously corrupt borough of Grampound in Cornwall . He suggested that the borough 's two seats be transferred to the city of Leeds . Tories in the House of Lords agreed to the disfranchisement of the borough , but refused to accept the precedent of directly transferring its seats to an industrial city . Instead , they modified the proposal so that two further seats were given to Yorkshire , the county in which Leeds is situated . In this form , the bill passed both houses and became law . In 1828 , Lord John Russell suggested that Parliament repeat the idea by abolishing the corrupt boroughs of Penryn and East Retford , and by transferring their seats to Manchester and Birmingham . This time , however , the House of Lords rejected his proposals . In 1830 , Russell proposed another , similar scheme : the enfranchisement of Leeds , Manchester , and Birmingham , and the disfranchisement of the next three boroughs found guilty of corruption ; again , the proposal was rejected . Support for reform came from an unexpected source -- a faction of the Tory Party -- in 1829 . The Tory government under Arthur Wellesley , 1st Duke of Wellington , responding to the danger of civil strife in largely Roman Catholic Ireland , drew up the Catholic Relief Act 1829 . This legislation repealed various laws that imposed political disabilities on Roman Catholics , in particular laws that prevented them from becoming members of Parliament . In response , disenchanted Tories who perceived a danger to the established religion came to favour parliamentary reform , in particular the enfranchisement of Manchester , Leeds , and other heavily Noncomformist cities in northern England . Passage of the Reform Act ( edit ) First Reform Bill ( edit ) The Duke of Wellington , Tory Prime Minister ( 1828 -- 30 ) strongly opposed reform measures . The death of King George IV on 26 June 1830 dissolved Parliament by law , and a general election was held . Electoral reform , which had been frequently discussed during the preceding parliamentary session , became a major campaign issue . Across the country , several pro-reform `` political unions '' were formed , made up of both middle and working class individuals . The most influential of these was the Birmingham Political Union , led by Thomas Attwood . These groups confined themselves to lawful means of supporting reform , such as petitioning and public oratory , and achieved a high level of public support . The Tories won a majority in the election , but the party remained divided , and support for the Prime Minister ( the Duke of Wellington ) was weak . When the Opposition raised the issue of reform in one of the first debates of the year , the Duke made a controversial defence of the existing system of government , recorded in the formal `` third - party '' language of the time : He was fully convinced that the country possessed , at the present moment , a legislature which answered all the good purposes of legislation , -- and this to a greater degree than any legislature ever had answered , in any country whatever . He would go further , and say that the legislature and system of representation possessed the full and entire confidence of the country . ( ... ) He would go still further , and say , that if at the present moment he had imposed upon him the duty of forming a legislature for any country ( ... ) he did not mean to assert that he could form such a legislature as they possessed now , for the nature of man was incapable of reaching such excellence at once . ( ... ) ( A ) s long as he held any station in the government of the country , he should always feel it his duty to resist ( reform ) measures , when proposed by others . The Prime Minister 's absolutist views proved extremely unpopular , even within his own party . Less than two weeks after Wellington made these remarks , on 15 November 1830 he was forced to resign after he was defeated in a motion of no confidence . Sydney Smith wrote , `` Never was any administration so completely and so suddenly destroyed ; and , I believe , entirely by the Duke 's declaration , made , I suspect , in perfect ignorance of the state of public feeling and opinion . '' Wellington was replaced by the Whig reformer Charles Grey , who had by this time the title of Earl Grey . Lord Grey 's first announcement as Prime Minister was a pledge to carry out parliamentary reform . On 1 March 1831 , Lord John Russell brought forward the Reform Bill in the House of Commons on the government 's behalf . The bill disfranchised 60 of the smallest boroughs , and reduced the representation of 47 others . Some seats were completely abolished , while others were redistributed to the London suburbs , to large cities , to the counties , and to Scotland and Ireland . Furthermore , the bill standardised and expanded the borough franchise , increasing the size of the electorate ( according to one estimate ) by half a million voters . On 22 March , the vote on the second reading attracted a record 608 members , including the non-voting Speaker ( the previous record was 530 members ) . Despite the high attendance , the second reading was approved by only one vote , and further progress on the Reform Bill was difficult . During the committee stage , Isaac Gascoyne put forward a motion objecting to provisions of the bill that reduced the total number of seats in the House of Commons . This motion was carried , against the government 's wishes , by 8 votes . Thereafter , the ministry lost a vote on a procedural motion by 22 votes . As these divisions indicated that Parliament was against the Reform Bill , the ministry decided to request a dissolution and take its appeal to the people . Second Reform Bill ( edit ) The political and popular pressure for reform had grown so great that pro-reform Whigs won an overwhelming House of Commons majority in the general election of 1831 . The Whig party won almost all constituencies with genuine electorates , leaving the Tories with little more than the rotten boroughs . The Reform Bill was again brought before the House of Commons , which agreed to the second reading by a large majority in July . During the committee stage , opponents of the bill slowed its progress through tedious discussions of its details , but it was finally passed in September , by a margin of more than 100 votes . The Bill was then sent up to the House of Lords , a majority in which was known to be hostile to it . After the Whigs ' decisive victory in the 1831 election , some speculated that opponents would abstain , rather than openly defy the public will . Indeed , when the Lords voted on the second reading of the bill after a memorable series of debates , many Tory peers did refrain from voting . However , the Lords Spiritual mustered in unusually large numbers , and of 22 present , 21 voted against the Bill . It failed by 41 votes . When the Lords rejected the Reform Bill , public violence ensued . That very evening , riots broke out in Derby , where a mob attacked the city jail and freed several prisoners . In Nottingham , rioters set fire to Nottingham Castle ( the home of the Duke of Newcastle ) and attacked Wollaton Hall ( the estate of Lord Middleton ) . The most significant disturbances occurred at Bristol , where rioters controlled the city for three days . The mob broke into prisons and destroyed several buildings , including the palace of the Bishop of Bristol , the mansion of the Lord Mayor of Bristol , and several private homes . Other places that saw violence included Dorset , Leicestershire , and Somerset . Meanwhile , the political unions , which had hitherto been separate groups united only by a common goal , decided to form the National Political Union . Perceiving this group as a threat , the government issued a proclamation pursuant to the Corresponding Societies Act 1799 declaring such an association `` unconstitutional and illegal '' , and commanding all loyal subjects to shun it . The leaders of the National Political Union ignored this proclamation , but leaders of the influential Birmingham branch decided to co-operate with the government by discouraging activities on a national level . Third Reform Bill ( edit ) Lord Grey ( painted by George Hayter ) headed the Whig ministry that ushered the Reform Bill through Parliament . After the Reform Bill was rejected in the Lords , the House of Commons immediately passed a motion of confidence affirming their support for Lord Grey 's administration . Because parliamentary rules prohibited the introduction of the same bill twice during the same session , the ministry advised the new king , William IV , to prorogue Parliament . As soon as the new session began in December 1831 , the Third Reform Bill was brought forward . The bill was in a few respects different from its predecessors ; it no longer proposed a reduction in the total membership of the House of Commons , and it reflected data collected during the census that had just been completed . The new version passed in the House of Commons by even larger majorities in March 1832 ; it was once again sent up to the House of Lords . Realizing that another rejection would not be politically feasible , opponents of reform decided to use amendments to change the bill 's essential character ; for example , they voted to delay consideration of clauses in the bill that disfranchised the rotten boroughs . The ministers believed that they were left with only one alternative : to create a large number of new peerages , swamping the House of Lords with pro-reform votes . But the prerogative of creating peerages rested with the king , who recoiled from so drastic a step and rejected the unanimous advice of his cabinet . Lord Grey then resigned , and the king invited the Duke of Wellington to form a new government . The ensuing period became known as the `` Days of May '' , with so great a level of political agitation that some feared revolution . Some protesters advocated non-payment of taxes , and urged a run on the banks ; one day signs appeared across London reading `` Stop the Duke ; go for gold ! '' £ 1.8 million was withdrawn from the Bank of England in the first days of the run ( out of about £ 7 million total gold in the Bank 's possession ) . The National Political Union and other organisations sent petitions to the House of Commons , demanding that they withhold supply ( cut off funding to the government ) until the House of Lords should acquiesce . Some demonstrations called for the abolition of the nobility , and some even of the monarchy . In these circumstances , the Duke of Wellington had great difficulty in building support for his premiership , despite promising moderate reform . He was unable to form a government , leaving King William with no choice but to recall Lord Grey . Eventually the king consented to fill the House of Lords with Whigs ; however , without the knowledge of his cabinet , Wellington circulated a letter among Tory peers , encouraging them to desist from further opposition , and warning them of the consequences of continuing . At this , enough opposing peers relented . By abstaining from further votes , they allowed the legislation to pass in the House of Lords , and the Crown was thus not forced to create new peers . The bill finally received the Royal Assent on 7 June 1832 , thereby becoming law . Results ( edit ) Provisions ( edit ) Abolition of seats ( edit ) Poster issued by the Sheffield Typographical Society celebrating the passing of the Act . The Reform Act 's chief objective was the reduction of the number of nomination boroughs . There were 203 boroughs in England before the Act . The 56 smallest of these , as measured by their housing stock and tax assessments , were completely abolished . The next 30 smallest boroughs each lost one of their two MPs . In addition Weymouth and Melcombe Regis 's four members were reduced to two . Thus in total the Act abolished 143 borough seats in England ( one of the boroughs to be completely abolished , Higham Ferrers , had only a single representative ) . Creation of new seats ( edit ) In their place the Act created 130 new seats in England and Wales : 26 English counties were divided into two divisions with each division being represented by two members . 8 English counties and 3 Welsh counties each received an additional representative . Yorkshire , which was represented by four MPs before the Act was given an extra two MPs ( so that each of its three ridings was represented by two MPs ) . 22 large towns were given two MPs . Another 21 towns ( of which two were in Wales ) were given one MP . Thus 65 new county seats and 65 new borough seats were created in England and Wales . The total number of English members fell by 17 and the number in Wales increased by four . The boundaries of the new divisions and parliamentary boroughs were defined in a separate Act , the Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832 . Extension of the franchise ( edit ) The Act also extended the franchise . In county constituencies , in addition to forty - shilling freeholders , franchise rights were extended to owners of land in copyhold worth £ 10 and holders of long - term leases ( more than sixty years ) on land worth £ 10 and holders of medium - term leases ( between twenty and sixty years ) on land worth £ 50 and to tenants - at - will paying an annual rent of £ 50 . In borough constituencies all male householders living in properties worth at least £ 10 a year were given the right to vote -- a measure which introduced to all boroughs a standardised form of franchise for the first time . Existing borough electors retained a lifetime right to vote , however they had qualified , provided they were resident in the boroughs in which they were electors . In those boroughs which had freemen electors , voting rights were to be enjoyed by future freemen as well provided their freemanship was acquired through birth or apprenticeship and they too were resident . The Act also introduced a system of voter registration , to be administered by the overseers of the poor in every parish and township . It instituted a system of special courts to review disputes relating to voter qualifications . It also authorised the use of multiple polling places within the same constituency , and limited the duration of polling to two days . ( Formerly , polls could remain open for up to forty days . ) The Reform Act itself did not affect constituencies in Scotland or Ireland . However , reforms there were carried out by the Scottish Reform Act and the Irish Reform Act . Scotland received eight additional seats , and Ireland received five ; thus keeping the total number of seats in the House of Commons the same as it had been before the Act . While no constituencies were disfranchised in either of those countries , voter qualifications were standardised and the size of the electorate was expanded in both . Effects ( edit ) Local Conservative Associations began to educate citizens about the Party 's platform and encouraged them to register to vote annually , as mandated by the Act . Press coverage of national politics in the local press was joined by in - depth reports on provincial politics in the national press . Grassroots Conservatives therefore saw themselves as part of a national political movement during the 1830s . The size of the pre-Reform electorate is difficult to estimate . Voter registration was lacking , and many boroughs were rarely contested in elections . It is estimated that immediately before the 1832 Reform Act , 400,000 English subjects were entitled to vote , and that after passage , the number rose to 650,000 , an increase of more than 60 % . Tradesmen , such as shoemakers , believed that the Reform Act had given them the vote . One example is the shoemakers of Duns , Berwickshire . They created a banner celebrating the Reform Act which declared `` The battle 's won . Britannia 's sons are free . '' This banner is on display at People 's History Museum in Manchester . Many major commercial and industrial cities became separate parliamentary boroughs under the Act . The new constituencies saw party conflicts inside the middle - class , and between the middle - class and working - class . Iwami looked at elections in the medium - sized borough of Halifax , 1832 -- 1852 , and reports that the party organizations , and the voters themselves , depended heavily on local social relationships and localized institutions . Having the vote encouraged many men to become much more active in the political , economic and social sphere . The Act revolutionized politics in Scotland , with its population of 2 million . Its electorate was only 0.2 % of the population compared to 4 % in England . The Scottish electorate overnight soared from 5000 to 65,000 , or 13 % of the adult men , and was no longer a private preserve for a few very rich families . Tenant voters ( edit ) Most of the pocket boroughs abolished by the Reform Act belonged to the Tory Party . These losses were somewhat offset by the extension of the vote to tenants - at - will paying an annual rent of £ 50 . This clause , proposed by the Tory Marquess of Chandos , was adopted in the House of Commons despite opposition from the Government . The tenants - at - will thereby enfranchised typically voted as instructed by their landlords , who in turn normally supported the Tory party . This concession , together with the Whig Party 's internal divisions and the difficulties faced by the nation 's economy , allowed the Tories under Sir Robert Peel to make gains in the elections of 1835 and 1837 , and to retake the House of Commons in 1841 . Krein examines the votes in the House and reports that the traditional landed interest `` suffered very little '' by the terms of the 1832 Act . They continued to dominate Commons , while losing a bit of their power to enact laws that focused on their more parochial interests . By contrast , Krein argues , the 1867 Reform Act caused serious erosion of their legislative power and the 1874 elections saw great landowners losing their county seats to the votes of tenant farmers in England and especially in Ireland . Limitations ( edit ) The Reform Act did not enfranchise the working class since voters were required to possess property worth £ 10 , a substantial sum at the time . This split the alliance between the working class and the middle class , giving rise to the Chartist Movement . Although it did disenfranchise most rotten boroughs , a few remained , such as Totnes in Devon and Midhurst in Sussex . Also , bribery of voters remained a problem . As Sir Thomas Erskine May observed , `` it was too soon evident , that as more votes had been created , more votes were to be sold '' . The Reform Act strengthened the House of Commons by reducing the number of nomination boroughs controlled by peers . Some aristocrats complained that , in the future , the government could compel them to pass any bill , simply by threatening to swamp the House of Lords with new peerages . The Duke of Wellington lamented : `` If such projects can be carried into execution by a minister of the Crown with impunity , there is no doubt that the constitution of this House , and of this country , is at an end . ( ... ) ( T ) here is absolutely an end put to the power and objects of deliberation in this House , and an end to all just and proper means of decision . '' The subsequent history of Parliament , however , shows that the influence of the Lords was largely undiminished . They compelled the Commons to accept significant amendments to the Municipal Reform Bill in 1835 , forced compromises on Jewish emancipation , and successfully resisted several other bills supported by the public . It would not be until decades later , culminating in the Parliament Act 1911 , that Wellington 's fears would come to pass . Further Reform ( edit ) During the ensuing years , Parliament adopted several more minor reforms . Acts of Parliament passed in 1835 and 1836 increased the number of polling places in each constituency , and reduced polling to a single day . Parliament also passed several laws aimed at combatting corruption , including the Corrupt Practices Act 1854 , though these measures proved largely ineffectual . Neither party strove for further major reform ; leading statesmen on both sides regarded the Reform Act as a final settlement . There was considerable public agitation for further expansion of the electorate , however . In particular , the Chartist movement , which demanded universal suffrage for men , equally sized electoral districts , and voting by secret ballot , gained a widespread following . But the Tories were united against further reform , and the Liberal Party ( successor to the Whigs ) did not seek a general revision of the electoral system until 1852 . The 1850s saw Lord John Russell introduce a number of reform bills to correct defects the first act had left unaddressed . However , no proposal was successful until 1867 , when Parliament adopted the Second Reform Act . An area the Reform Act did not address was the issue of municipal and regional government . As a result of archaic traditions , many English counties had enclaves and exclaves , which were mostly abolished in the Counties ( Detached Parts ) Act 1844 . Furthermore , many new conurbations and economic areas bridged traditional county boundaries by having been formed in previously obscure areas : the West Midlands conurbation bridged Staffordshire , Warwickshire and Worcestershire , Manchester and Liverpool both had hinterlands in Cheshire but city centres in Lancashire , while in the south Oxford 's developing southern suburbs were in Berkshire and London was expanding into Essex , Surrey and Middlesex . This led to further acts to reorganise county boundaries in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries . Assessment ( edit ) Many historians credit the Reform Act 1832 with launching modern democracy in Britain . G.M. Trevelyan hails 1832 as the watershed moment at which `` ' the sovereignty of the people ' had been established in fact , if not in law '' . Sir Erskine May notes that the `` reformed Parliament was , unquestionably , more liberal and progressive in its policy than the Parliaments of old ; more vigorous and active ; more susceptible to the influence of public opinion ; and more secure in the confidence of the people '' , but admitted that `` grave defects still remained to be considered '' . Other historians have argued that genuine democracy began to arise only with the Second Reform Act in 1867 , or perhaps even later . Norman Gash states that `` it would be wrong to assume that the political scene in the succeeding generation differed essentially from that of the preceding one '' . Much of the support for passage in Parliament came from conservatives hoping to head off even more radical changes . Earl Gray argued that the aristocracy would best be served by a cautiously constructive reform program . Most Tories were strongly opposed , and made dire predictions dangerous radical proposals . However one faction of Ultra-Tories supported reform measures in the order to weaken Wellington 's ministry , which had outraged them by granting Catholic emancipation . Historians in recent decades have been polarized over emphasizing or downplaying the importance of the Act . However , John A. Phillips , and Charles Wetherell argue for its drastic modernizing impact on the political system : England 's frenzy over the Reform Bill in 1831 , coupled with the effect of the bill itself upon its enactment in 1832 , unleashed a wave of political modernization that the Whig Party eagerly harnessed and the Tory Party grudgingly , but no less effectively , embraced . Reform quickly destroyed the political system that had prevailed during the long reign of George III and replaced it with an essentially modern electoral system based on rigid partisanship and clearly articulated political principle . Hardly `` modest '' in its consequences , the Reform Act could scarcely have caused a more drastic alteration in England 's political fabric . Likewise Eric Evans concludes that the Reform Act `` opened a door on a new political world '' . Although Grey 's intentions were conservative , Evans says , and the 1832 Act gave the aristocracy an additional half - century 's control of Parliament , the Act nevertheless did open constitutional questions for further development . Evans argues it was the 1832 Act , not the later reforms of 1867 , 1884 , or 1918 , that were decisive in bringing representative democracy to Britain . Evans concludes the Reform Act marked the true beginning of the development of a recognisably modern political system . See also ( edit ) British politics portal Law of England and Wales portal Jacksonian democracy List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom , 1820 -- 39 List of constituencies enfranchised and disfranchised by the Reform Act 1832 United Kingdom general election , 1832 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Reform Act 1832 Jump up ^ Robert Allan Houston ( 2008 ) . Scotland : A Very Short Introduction . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Blackstone ( 1765 ) , pp. 154 -- 155 . Jump up ^ Blackstone ( 1765 ) , p. 110 Jump up ^ Parliamentary Representation of English Boroughs in the Middle Ages by May McKisack , 1932 . Jump up ^ The Elizabethan House of Commons -- J E. Neale 1949 pages 133 -- 134 . Grampound was one of the 31 boroughs disenfranchised but was disenfranchised prior to the Reform Act in 1821 . Jump up ^ Blackstone ( 1765 ) , pp. 166 -- 167 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient voting rights '' , The History of the Parliamentary Franchise , House of Commons Library , 1 March 2013 , p. 6 , retrieved 16 March 2016 Jump up ^ Heater , Derek ( 2006 ) . Citizenship in Britain : A History . Edinburgh University Press . p. 107 . ISBN 9780748626724 . Jump up ^ Phillips and Wetherell ( 1995 ) , p. 413 . Jump up ^ Thorne ( 1986 ) , vol. II , pp. 331 , 435 , 480 . Jump up ^ May ( 1896 ) , vol . I , pp. 321 -- 322 . Jump up ^ Thorne ( 1986 ) , vol. II , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Thorne ( 1986 ) , vol. II , pp. 50 , 369 , 380 . Jump up ^ There were an additional 7.8 million in Ireland . Jump up ^ Sherman Kent , `` Electoral lists of France 's July Monarchy , 1830 - 1848 . '' French Historical Studies ( 1971 ) : 117 - 127 . p 120 . Jump up ^ London : R. Hunter . Jump up ^ London : Longman , Hurst , Rees , Orme , Brown & Green . Jump up ^ Bruce Mazlish ( 1988 ) . James and John Stuart Mill : Father and Son in the Nineteenth Century . Transaction Publishers . p. 86 . Jump up ^ Rover ( 1967 ) , p. 3 . The rejection of the claims of certain women to be placed on the electoral roll was subsequently confirmed , in spite of the Interpretation Act 1850 ( 13 & 14 Vict . c. 21 ) which specified that the masculine gender should include the feminine unless otherwise provided , in Chorlton v. Lings ( 1868 ) 4CP 374 . In the case of Regina v. Harrald ( 1872 ) 7QB 361 it was ruled that married women , otherwise qualified , could not vote in municipal elections . This decision made it clear that married women would be excluded from the operation of any Act enfranchising women for the parliamentary vote , unless special provision to the contrary was made . Jump up ^ May ( 1896 ) , vol . I , p. 333 . Jump up ^ Holland and Austin ( 1855 ) , vol. II , pp. 214 -- 215 . Jump up ^ May ( 1896 ) , vol . I , pp. 361 -- 362 . Jump up ^ May ( 1896 ) , vol . I , p. 340 . Jump up ^ May ( 1896 ) , vol . I , p. 335 . Jump up ^ Roderick Cavaliero ( 2002 ) . Strangers in the Land : The Rise and Decline of the British Indian Empire . I.B. Tauris . p. 65 . Jump up ^ Cannon ( 1973 ) , cap . 1 . Jump up ^ May ( 1896 ) , vol . I , p. 394 . Jump up ^ May ( 1896 ) , vol . I , p. 397 . Jump up ^ May ( 1896 ) , vol . I , pp. 400 -- 401 . Jump up ^ May ( 1896 ) , vol . I , p. 402 . Jump up ^ May ( 1896 ) , vol . I , pp. 404 -- 406 . Jump up ^ May ( 1896 ) , vol . I , pp. 406 -- 407 . Jump up ^ May ( 1896 ) , vol. II , pp. 352 -- 359 . Jump up ^ May ( 1896 ) , vol . I , pp. 408 -- 416 . Jump up ^ May ( 1896 ) , vol . I , p. 412 . Jump up ^ Norman Gash ( 1990 ) . Wellington : Studies in the Military and Political Career of the First Duke of Wellington . Manchester UP . p. 134 . Jump up ^ May ( 1896 ) , vol. II , p. 384 . Jump up ^ Edward Potts Cheyney , ed. ( 1922 ) . Readings in English History Drawn from the Original Sources : Intended to Illustrate A Short History of England . Ginn . p. 680 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Holland and Austin ( 1855 ) , vol. II , p. 313 . Jump up ^ May ( 1896 ) , vol . I , pp. 421 -- 422 . Jump up ^ May ( 1896 ) , vol . I , pp. 422 -- 423 . Jump up ^ May ( 1896 ) , vol . I , pp. 423 -- 424 . Jump up ^ Rudé ( 1967 ) , pp. 97 -- 98 . Jump up ^ May ( 1896 ) , vol. II , pp. 389 -- 390 . Jump up ^ May ( 1896 ) , vol . I , p. 452 . Jump up ^ May ( 1896 ) , vol . I , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Gross , David M. ( 2014 ) . 99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns . Picket Line Press . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 1490572741 . Jump up ^ May ( 1896 ) , vol. II , pp. 390 -- 391 . Jump up ^ May ( 1896 ) , vol . I , pp. 312 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Mc ? Kechnie , The reform of the House of Lords Jump up ^ Including Monmouth , considered part of Wales under sections 1 , 20 and 269 of the Local Government Act 1972 ( cap . 70 ) . The Interpretation Act 1978 ( cap . 30 ) provides that before 1 April 1974 , `` a reference to England includes Berwick - upon - Tweed and Monmouthshire '' . Jump up ^ Wales did not lose any of its existing borough representatives because with the exception of Beaumaris and Montgomery these members represented groups of towns rather than an individual town . To enable Wales to retain all of its existing borough seats the Act therefore simply increased , where necessary , the number of towns in these groupings and created entirely new groupings for Beaumaris and Montgomery . Jump up ^ Immediately after 1832 , more than a third of borough electors -- over 100,000 -- were `` ancient right '' electors , the greater proportion being freemen . Their numbers dwindled by death , and by 1898 apparently only one ancient right `` potwalloper '' remained a registered elector . Jump up ^ Matthew Cragoe , `` The Great Reform Act and the Modernization of British Politics : The Impact of Conservative Associations , 1835 -- 1841 '' , Journal of British Studies , July 2008 , Vol. 47 Issue 3 , pp 581 -- 603 Jump up ^ Phillips and Wetherell ( 1995 ) , pp. 413 -- 414 . Jump up ^ Collection Highlights , Shoemakers Banner , People 's History Museum Jump up ^ Toshihiko Iwama , `` Parties , Middle - Class Voters , And The Urban Community : Rethinking The Halifax Parliamentary Borough Elections , 1832 -- 1852 , '' Northern History ( 2014 ) 51 # 1 pp. 91 -- 112 Jump up ^ Rab Houston ( 2008 ) . Scotland : A Very Short Introduction . p. 26 . Jump up ^ May ( 1896 ) , vol . I , p. 428 . Jump up ^ David F. Krein `` The Great Landowners in the House of Commons , 1833 -- 85 , '' Parliamentary History ( 2013 ) 32 # 3 pp 460 -- 476 Jump up ^ May ( 1895 ) . The Constitutional History of England . p. 253 . Jump up ^ Quoted in May ( 1895 ) . The Constitutional History of England . p. 253 . Jump up ^ May ( 1896 ) , vol . I , pp. 316 -- 317 . Jump up ^ May ( 1896 ) , vol . I , p. 449 . Jump up ^ A. Ricardo López ; Barbara Weinstein ( 2012 ) . The Making of the Middle Class : Toward a Transnational History . Duke UP . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Trevelyan ( 1922 ) , p. 242 . Jump up ^ May ( 1896 ) , vol . I , p. 431 . Jump up ^ Gash ( 1952 ) , p. xii . Jump up ^ D.C. Moore , `` The Other Face of Reform '' , Victorian Studies , ( 1961 ) 5 # 1 pp 7 -- 34 Jump up ^ For example W.A. Speck , A Concise History of Britain , 1707 - 1975 ( 1993 ) pp 72 - 76 . Jump up ^ John A. Phillips , and Charles Wetherell . `` The Great Reform Act of 1832 and the political modernization of England . '' American Historical Review 100.2 ( 1995 ) : 411 - 436 online . Jump up ^ Eric J. Evans , The Forging of the Modern State : Early Industrial Britain , 1783 -- 1870 ( 2nd ed. 1996 ) p. 229 References ( edit ) Blackstone , Sir William . ( 1765 -- 1769 ) . Commentaries on the Laws of England . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Gash , Norman . ( 1952 ) . Politics in the Age of Peel : A Study in the Technique of Parliamentary Representation , 1830 -- 1850 . London : Longmans , Green , and Co . Lady Holland and Sarah Austin . ( 1855 ) . A Memoir of the Reverend Sydney Smith by his daughter , Lady Holland , with a Selection from his Letters edited by Mrs Sarah Austin . 2 vols . London : Brown , Green , and Longmans . Marcus , Jane ( ed . ) . ( 2001 ) . Women 's Source Library Vol. VIII : Suffrage and the Pankhursts . London : Routledge . May , Sir Thomas Erskine . The Constitutional History of England Since the Accession of George the Third , 1760 -- 1860 . 1 . 1895 . pp. 263 -- 364 . Phillips , John A. , and Charles Wetherell. ( 1995 ) . `` The Great Reform Act of 1832 and the Political Modernization of England '' . American Historical Review , vol. 100 , pp. 411 -- 436 . in JSTOR Rover , Constance . ( 1967 ) . Women 's Suffrage and Party Politics in Britain , 1866 -- 1914 . London : Routledge & Kegan Paul . Rudé , George . ( 1967 ) . `` English Rural and Urban Disturbances on the Eve of the First Reform Bill , 1830 -- 1831 '' . Past and Present , no . 37 , pp. 87 -- 102 . in JSTOR Smith , E.A. ( 1992 ) . Reform or Revolution ? A Diary of Reform in England , 1830 - 2 . Stroud , Gloucestershire : Alan Sutton . Thorne , R.G. ( 1986 ) . The House of Commons : 1790 -- 1820 . London : Secker and Warburg . Trevelyan , G.M. ( 1922 ) . British History in the Nineteenth Century and After ( 1782 -- 1901 ) . London : Longmans , Green , and Co . Further reading ( edit ) Aidt , Toke S. , and Raphaël Franck . `` How to get the snowball rolling and extend the franchise : voting on the Great Reform Act of 1832 . '' Public Choice 155.3 -- 4 ( 2013 ) : 229 -- 250 . online Brock , Michael . ( 1973 ) . The Great Reform Act . London : Hutchinson Press . online Butler , J.R.M. ( 1914 ) . The Passing of the Great Reform Bill . London : Longmans , Green , and Co . Cannon , John . ( 1973 ) . Parliamentary Reform 1640 -- 1832 . New York : Cambridge University Press . Christie , Ian R. ( 1962 ) . Wilkes , Wyvill and Reform : The Parliamentary Reform Movement in British Politics , 1760 -- 1785 . New York : St. Martin 's Press . Conacher , J.B. ( 1971 ) The emergence of British parliamentary democracy in the nineteenth century : the passing of the Reform Acts of 1832 , 1867 , and 1884 - 1885 ( 1971 ) . Doull , James ( 2000 ) . `` Hegel on the English Reform Bill '' ( PDF ) . Animus. 5 . ISSN 1209 - 0689 . Ertman , Thomas . `` The Great Reform Act of 1832 and British Democratization . '' Comparative Political Studies 43.8 -- 9 ( 2010 ) : 1000 -- 1022 . online Evans , Eric J. ( 1983 ) . The Great Reform Act of 1832 . London : Methuen and Co . Foot , Paul ( 2005 ) . The Vote : How It Was Won and How It Was Undermined . London : Viking . Fraser , Antonia ( 2013 ) . Perilous question : the drama of the Great Reform Bill 1832 London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . Mandler , Peter . ( 1990 ) . Aristocratic Government in the Age of Reform : Whigs and Liberals , 1830 -- 1852 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Morrison , Bruce . ( 2011 ) `` Channeling the `` Restless Spirit of Innovation '' : Elite Concessions and Institutional Change in the British Reform Act of 1832 . '' World Politics 63.04 ( 2011 ) : 678 -- 710 . online Newbould , Ian . ( 1990 ) . Whiggery and Reform , 1830 -- 1841 : The Politics of Government . London : Macmillan . O'Gorman , Frank . ( 1989 ) . Voters , Patrons , and Parties : The Unreformed Electoral System of Hanoverian England , 1734 -- 1832 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Phillips , John A. , and Charles Wetherell. ( 1995 ) `` The Great Reform Act of 1832 and the political modernization of England . '' American historical review 100.2 ( 1995 ) : 411 - 436 . in JSTOR Phillips , John A. ( 1982 ) . Electoral Behaviour in Unreformed England : Plumpers , Splitters , and Straights . Princeton : Princeton University Press . Pearce , Edward . Reform ! : the fight for the 1832 Reform Act ( Random House , 2010 ) Trevelyan , G.M. ( 1920 ) . Lord Grey of the Reform Bill : Being the Life of Charles , Second Earl Grey . London : Longmans , Green , and Co . Vanden Bossche , Chris R. ( 2014 ) Reform Acts : Chartism , Social Agency , and the Victorian Novel , 1832 -- 1867 ( 2014 ) excerpt and text search Veitch , George Stead. ( 1913 ) . The Genesis of Parliamentary Reform . London : Constable and Co . Warham , Dror. ( 1995 ) . Imagining the Middle Class : The Political Representation of Class in Britain , c. 1780 -- 1840 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Whitfield , Bob . The Extension of the Franchise : 1832 -- 1931 ( Heinemann Advanced History , 2001 ) , textbook Wicks , Elizabeth ( 2006 ) . The Evolution of a Constitution : Eight Key Moments in British Constitutional History . Oxford : Hart Pub. , pp. 65 -- 82 . Woodward , Sir E. Llewellyn. ( 1962 ) . The Age of Reform , 1815 -- 1870 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Reform Act 1832 Full original text of the Act as passed : `` Cap . XLV : An Act to amend the Representation of the People in England and Wales . '' . The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . 2 & 3 William IV . London : His Majesty 's statute and law printers . 1832 . pp. 154 -- 206 . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Bloy , Marjie . The Reform Act Crisis Spartacus. 1832 Reform Act The National Archives . `` The Struggle for Democracy '' BBC Radio 4 , In Our Time , The Great Reform Act ( hide ) Electoral reform in the United Kingdom Reform Acts Parliamentary England and Wales , 1832 Scotland , 1832 Ireland , 1832 England and Wales , 1867 Scotland , 1868 Ireland , 1868 Municipal Scotland , 1833 England and Wales , 1835 Ireland , 1840 Representation of the People Acts 1884 1918 1928 1948 1949 1969 1981 1985 2000 Other related Acts Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832 Parliamentary Elections Act 1868 Ballot Act 1872 Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act 1883 Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 House of Commons ( Redistribution of Seats ) Act 1949 Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986 Registration of Political Parties Act 1998 European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999 Political Parties , Elections and Referendums Act 2000 Electoral Administration Act 2006 Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011 Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013 Related topics Unreformed House of Commons Chartism Reform Club Carlton Club Rotten and pocket boroughs Women 's suffrage Wales United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum , 2011 United Kingdom legislation Pre-Parliamentary legislation List of English statutes Charter of Liberties Magna Carta Acts of Parliament by states preceding the Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament of England to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 Interregnum ( 1642 -- 1660 ) 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Parliament of Scotland to 1706 Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 1701 -- 1800 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801 -- 1819 1820 -- 1839 1840 -- 1859 1860 -- 1879 1880 -- 1899 1900 -- 1919 1920 -- 1939 1940 -- 1959 1960 -- 1979 1980 -- 1999 2000 to date Halsbury 's Statutes Legislation.gov.uk Short titles relating to the European Union 1972 to date Church of England measures List Church of England Assembly ( Powers ) Act 1919 Legislation of devolved institutions Acts of the Scottish Parliament List Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales List Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Orders - in - Council / Orders in Council Orders - in - Council for Northern Ireland ( 1972 - 2009 ) Orders in Council for Northern Ireland Secondary legislation United Kingdom Statutory Instruments various Scottish Statutory Instruments Acts of Sederunt Acts of Adjournal all others Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&oldid=809376357 '' Categories : United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1832 1832 in law Representation of the People Acts 1832 in politics Election law in the United Kingdom June 1842 events Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use British English from May 2012 Use dmy dates from May 2012 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Gaelg Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Norsk Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 18 : 41 . 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-5481521590409959743	Government of the Philippines	Government of the Philippines - wikipedia Government of the Philippines Jump to : navigation , search Government of the Philippines Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas Formation 1898 ( official ) 1987 ( de jure ) Country Philippines Website gov.ph Legislative branch Legislature Congress Meeting place Batasang Pambansa Complex ( House of Representatives / Lower Chamber ) GSIS Building ( Senate / Upper Chamber ) Executive branch Leader President Appointment Election by popular vote Headquarters Malacañang Palace Main organ Cabinet Judicial branch Court Supreme Court Seat Manila Baguio City ( summer ) Philippines This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the Philippines Constitution ( show ) Charter Change Laws and legal codes Legislature ( show ) Congress Senate Senate President Aquilino Pimentel III House of Representatives Speaker Pantaleon Alvarez Districts Party - list representation Local legislatures ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly Provinces Cities Municipalities Barangays Executive ( show ) President of the Philippines Rodrigo Duterte Vice President of the Philippines Leni Robredo Cabinet Executive departments Local government Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court Acting Chief Justice Antonio Carpio Court of Appeals Court of Tax Appeals Sandiganbayan Ombudsman Regional Trial Courts Barangay justice Constitutional commissions ( show ) Civil Service Commission Commission on Elections Commission on Audit Commission on Human Rights Elections ( show ) Recent elections General : 2007 2013 2016 Political parties ( show ) Lakas Liberal Nacionalista NPC NUP PDP -- Laban UNA Administrative divisions ( show ) Capital Regions Provinces Cities Municipalities Barangays Poblacions Sitios Puroks Related topics ( show ) Foreign relations Human rights Taxation Other countries Atlas The Government of the Philippines ( Filipino : Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas ) is the national government of the Philippines . It is governed as unitary state under a presidential representative and democratic and a constitutional republic where the President function as both the head of state and the head of government of the country within a pluriform multi-party system . The government has three interdependent branches : the legislative branch , the executive branch , and the judicial branch . The powers of the branches are vested by the Constitution of the Philippines in the following : Legislative power is vested in the two - chamber Congress of the Philippines -- the Senate is the upper chamber and the House of Representatives is the lower chamber . Executive power is exercised by the government under the leadership of the President . Judicial power is vested in the courts with the Supreme Court of the Philippines as the highest judicial body . Contents ( hide ) 1 Legislative Power 2 Executive Power 3 Judicial Power 4 Constitutional Commissions 5 Office of the Ombudsman 6 Local government 7 See also 8 References Legislative power ( edit ) The legislative power is vested in the Congress of the Philippines which consists of the Senate of the Philippines Senate and House of Representatives . The upper house is located in Pasay City , while the lower house is located in Quezon City . Both are in Metro Manila . The district and sectoral representatives are elected for a term of three years . They can be re-elected but they may not run for a fourth consecutive term . Senators are elected to a term of six years . They can be re-elected but may not run for a third consecutive term . The House of Representatives may opt to pass for a vacancy of a legislative seat , which leads to a special election . The winner of the special election will serve the unfinished term of the previous district representative , and will be considered as one elective term . The same rule also applies in the Senate , however it only applies if the seat was vacated before a regular legislative election . The current President of the Senate is Vicente Sotto , III , while the current Speaker of the House of Representatives is Pantaleon Alvarez . Legislative Power : National Government Senate House of Representatives Local Government Sangguniang Panlalawigan Regional Legislative Assembly Sangguniang Panlungsod Sangguniang Bayan Sangguniang Barangay Executive power ( edit ) The executive power is vested in the President of the Philippines . The President is elected by popular vote . The principal workplace of the President is the Malacañang Palace in San Miguel , Manila . The executive branch is currently headed by President Rodrigo Duterte . The President is also the Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines , The second highest official is elected separately from the President by popular vote . The Vice President is first in line to succession if the President resigns , is impeached or dies . The Vice President is usually , though not always , a member of the president 's cabinet . If there is a vacancy in the position of vice-president , the President will appoint any member of Congress ( usually a party member ) as the new Vice President . The appointment must then be validated by a three - fourths vote of the Congress . Executive leadership : National government President Vice-President Cabinet Secretaries Local government Provincial / Regional Governor Provincial / Regional Vice-Governor City / Municipal Mayor City / Municipal Vice-Mayor Barangay Captain / Barangay Upuan Judicial power ( edit ) The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court of the Philippines and lower courts established by law . The Supreme Court , which has a Chief Justice as its head and 14 Associate Justices , occupies the highest tier of the judiciary . The justices serve until the age of 70 . The justices are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council of the Philippines . The sitting Chief Justice is Maria Lourdes Sereno , the 24th to serve in that position ... Other court types of courts , of varying jurisdiction around the archipelago , are the : Lower Collegiate Courts : Court of Appeals Court of Tax Appeals Sandiganbayan Regular Courts : Regional Trial Courts Municipal Circuit Trial Courts Muslim Courts Sharia District Courts Sharia Circuit Courts yessy Constitutional commissions ( edit ) Article 9 of the Constitution of the Philippines establishes three constitutional commissions : the Civil Service Commission , the Commission on Elections , and the Commission on Audit . Office of the Ombudsman ( edit ) See also : Corruption in the Philippines The government and all three of its branches are independently monitored by the office of the Ombudsman ( Filipino : Tanodbayan ) . The Ombudsman is given the mandate to investigate and prosecute any government official allegedly guilty of crimes , especially Graft and Corruption . The Ombudsman is assisted by six deputies : the Overall Deputy , the Deputy for Luzon , the Deputy for Visayas , the Deputy for Mindanao , the Deputy for the Armed Forces , and the Special Prosecutor . Local government ( edit ) Main article : Administrative divisions of the Philippines Local government hierarchy . The dashed lines emanating from the president means that the President only exercises general supervision on local government . The Philippines has four main classes of elected administrative divisions , often lumped together as local government units ( LGUs ) . They are , from the highest to the lowest division : Autonomous regions Provinces ( lalawigan , probinsiya , kapuoran ) and independent cities ( lungsod , siyudad / ciudad , dakbayan , dakbanwa , lakanbalen ) Municipalities ( bayan , balen , bungto , banwa ) and component cities ( lungsod , siyudad / ciudad , dakbayan , dakbanwa , lakanbalen ) Barangays ( also known as barrio ) Beyond these , the national government groups provinces and independent cities into regions , e.g. Metro Manila or Region VI . The President has the prerogative to create , abolish and determine the composition of regions , which is done so most often in consultation with the local government units affected , with the exception of autonomous regions , where the residents of the local government units have to ratify in a plebiscite their inclusion in such a setup . See also ( edit ) Congress of the Philippines Senate of the Philippines House of Representatives of the Philippines President of the Philippines Executive departments of the Philippines Administrative divisions of the Philippines Supreme Court of the Philippines References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Exec . Order No. 1987 - 292 Book II Chapter 1 Section 1 ( 25 July 1987 ; in English ) President of the Philippines . Retrieved on 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Philippine Government Jump up ^ Redden , R.K. 1984 . Modern Legal System Cyclopedia - Asia Chapter 7 ( b ) `` The legal system of the Philippines '' W.B. Hein , Buffalo NY Philippines articles History Timeline Prehistory ( Pre-900 ) Archaic Era ( 900 -- 1521 ) Colonial era ( 1521 -- 1946 ) Spanish period ( 1521 -- 1898 ) American period ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Postcolonial era ( 1946 -- 1986 ) Third Republic ( 1946 -- 65 ) Marcos dictatorship ( 1965 -- 86 ) Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) By topic Archaeology Demographic Discoveries Economic history Inventions Military Geography Bays Biosphere reserves Climate Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Extreme points Island groups islands Lakes Landmarks Mountains National parks Protected areas Ramsar sites Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife World Heritage Sites Politics Government Executive President Executive Office Cabinet Civil service National Police Legislature Congress Senate Senate President President pro tem House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Supreme Court Judiciary Court of Appeals Law Constitution Philippine legal codes Human rights Intelligence National Bureau of Investigation National Counter-Terrorism Action Group National Intelligence Coordinating Agency Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency Uniformed Armed Forces of the Philippines Philippine Air Force Philippine Army Philippine Navy Philippine Marine Corps Philippine Coast Guard Administrative divisions Elections Foreign relations Political parties Economy Agriculture Business process outsourcing Central Bank Energy Fiscal policy National debt Labor Peso Stock Exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Science and technology Water and Sanitation Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Income inequality Languages Poverty Provinces by HDI Refugees Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Cultural Properties Dance Fashion and clothing Festivals Historical Markers Literature Media Music Mythology Public holidays Psychology Sexuality Sports Traditional games Value system Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Arnis Flag Name Narra Philippine eagle Sampaguita Book Philippines portal Government of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_of_the_Philippines&oldid=842270667 '' Categories : Government of the Philippines Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles containing Filipino - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Ilokano Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 11 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	term of office judicial branch in the philippines	[ "The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court of the Philippines and lower courts established by law. The Supreme Court, which has a Chief Justice as its head and 14 Associate Justices, occupies the highest tier of the judiciary. The justices serve until the age of 70. The justices are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council of the Philippines.[3] The sitting Chief Justice is Maria Lourdes Sereno, the 24th to serve in that position..." ]	[ "until the age of 70" ]
2107067922460311847	Mason–Dixon line	Mason -- Dixon line - wikipedia Mason -- Dixon line This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For other uses , see Mason Dixon . Map of the original Mason -- Dixon line Mason -- Dixon line where the Torrey C. Brown Rail Trail becomes the York County Heritage Trail near New Freedom , Pennsylvania The Mason -- Dixon line , also called the Mason and Dixon line or Mason 's and Dixon 's line , was surveyed between 1763 and 1767 by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon in the resolution of a border dispute involving Maryland , Pennsylvania , and Delaware in Colonial America . It is still a demarcation line among four U.S. states , forming part of the borders of Pennsylvania , Maryland , Delaware , and West Virginia ( originally part of Virginia before 1863 ) . Later it became known as the border between the North and South . Before the Missouri Compromise , the line ( west of Delaware ) marked the northern limit of slavery in the United States . Contents 1 Background 2 Geography of the line 3 History 4 Systematic errors and experiments to weigh the Earth 5 In culture 5.1 Name 5.2 Symbolism 5.3 In popular culture 5.3. 1 Film 5.3. 2 Cartoons 5.3. 3 Literature 5.3. 4 Music 5.3. 5 Sports 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : Penn -- Calvert boundary dispute Maryland 's charter of 1632 granted the Calverts land north of the entire length of the Potomac River up to the 40th parallel . A problem arose when Charles II granted a charter for Pennsylvania in 1681 . The grant defined Pennsylvania 's southern border as identical to Maryland 's northern border , but described it differently , as Charles relied on an inaccurate map . The terms of the grant clearly indicate that Charles II and William Penn believed the 40th parallel would intersect the Twelve - Mile Circle around New Castle , Delaware , when in fact it falls north of the original boundaries of the City of Philadelphia , the site of which Penn had already selected for his colony 's capital city . Negotiations ensued after the problem was discovered in 1681 . A compromise proposed by Charles II in 1682 , which might have resolved the issue , was undermined by Penn receiving the additional grant of the `` Three Lower Counties '' along Delaware Bay , which later became the Delaware Colony , a satellite of Pennsylvania . Maryland considered these lands part of its original grant . The conflict became more of an issue when settlement extended into the interior of the colonies . In 1732 the proprietary governor of Maryland , Charles Calvert , 5th Baron Baltimore , signed a provisional agreement with William Penn 's sons , which drew a line somewhere in between and renounced the Calvert claim to Delaware . But later , Lord Baltimore claimed that the document he had signed did not contain the terms he had agreed to , and refused to put the agreement into effect . Beginning in the mid-1730s , violence erupted between settlers claiming various loyalties to Maryland and Pennsylvania . The border conflict would be known as Cresap 's War . Progress was made after a Court of Chancery ruling affirming the 1732 agreement , but the issue remained unresolved until Frederick Calvert , 6th Baron Baltimore ceased contesting the claims on the Maryland side and accepted the earlier agreements . Maryland 's border with Delaware was to be based on the Transpeninsular Line and the Twelve - Mile Circle around New Castle . The Pennsylvania -- Maryland border was defined as the line of latitude 15 miles ( 24 km ) south of the southernmost house in Philadelphia ( on what is today South Street ) . As part of the settlement , the Penns and Calverts commissioned the English team of Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon to survey the newly established boundaries between the Province of Pennsylvania , the Province of Maryland , and Delaware Colony . In 1779 , Pennsylvania and Virginia agreed `` To extend Mason 's and Dixon 's line , due west , five degrees of longitude , to be computed from the river Delaware , for the southern boundary of Pennsylvania , and that a meridian , drawn from the western extremity thereof to the northern limit of the said state , be the western boundary of Pennsylvania for ever . '' After Pennsylvania abolished slavery in 1781 , the western part of this line and the Ohio River became a border between slave and free states , with Delaware retaining slavery until the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified in 1865 . Geography of the line ( edit ) Diagram of the survey lines creating the Mason -- Dixon line and `` The Wedge '' Province of Maryland , 1632 -- 1776 Mason 's and Dixon 's actual survey line began to the south of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and extended from a benchmark east to the Delaware River and west to what was then the boundary with western Virginia . The surveyors also fixed the boundary between Delaware and Pennsylvania and the approximately north - south portion of the boundary between Delaware and Maryland . Most of the Delaware -- Pennsylvania boundary is an arc , and the Delaware -- Maryland boundary does not run truly north - south because it was intended to bisect the Delmarva Peninsula rather than follow a meridian . The Maryland -- Pennsylvania boundary is an east -- west line with an approximate mean latitude of 39 ° 43 ′ 20 '' N ( Datum WGS 84 ) . In reality , the east -- west Mason -- Dixon line is not a true line in the geometric sense , but is instead a series of many adjoining line segments , following a path between latitude 39 ° 43 ′ 15 '' N and 39 ° 43 ′ 23 '' N . The surveyors also extended the boundary line 40 miles ( 64 km ) west of Maryland 's western boundary , into territory that was still in dispute between Pennsylvania and Virginia , though this was contrary to their original charter . Mason and Dixon 's survey was finished on October 9 , 1767 , about 31 miles ( 50 km ) east of what is now Pennsylvania 's southwest corner . In 1774 , commissioners from Pennsylvania and Virginia met to negotiate their boundary , which at the time involved Pennsylvania 's southern border west of Maryland and its entire western border . Both sides agreed that Pennsylvania 's grant made its western border a tracing of the course of the Delaware River , displaced five degrees to the west . And both sides thought this would place Fort Pitt in Virginia territory ( in fact it would not have ) . With that in mind , the governor of Pennsylvania argued that , despite the agreement reached with Maryland , Pennsylvania 's southern border west of Maryland was still the 39th parallel , about 50 miles ( 80 km ) south of the Mason -- Dixon line . Negotiations continued for five years , with a series of proposed lines . In the end , a compromise was reached : the Mason -- Dixon line would be extended west to a point five degrees west of the Delaware River . To compensate Pennsylvania for the claimed territory lost , its western boundary would be run due north rather than copying the course of the Delaware River . The Mason -- Dixon line was marked by stones every mile and `` crownstones '' every 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) , using stone shipped from England . The Maryland side says `` ( M ) '' and the Delaware and Pennsylvania sides say `` ( P ) '' . Crownstones include the two coats of arms . Today , while a number of the original stones are missing or buried , many are still visible , resting on public land and protected by iron cages . Mason and Dixon confirmed earlier survey work , which delineated Delaware 's southern boundary from the Atlantic Ocean to the `` Middle Point '' stone ( along what is today known as the Transpeninsular Line ) . They proceeded nearly due north from this , to the Pennsylvania border . Later , the line was marked in places by additional benchmarks and survey markers . The lines have been resurveyed several times over the centuries without substantive changes to Mason 's and Dixon 's work . The stones may be a few , to a few hundred , feet east or west of the point Mason and Dixon thought they were : in any event , the line drawn from stone to stone forms the legal boundary . According to Dave Doyle at the National Geodetic Survey , part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , the common corner of Pennsylvania , Maryland , and Delaware , at The Wedge is marked by Boundary Monument # 87 . The marker `` MDP Corner '' dates from 1935 and is offset on purpose . Doyle said the Maryland -- Pennsylvania Mason -- Dixon line is exactly : 39 ° 43 ′ 19.92216 '' N and Boundary Monument # 87 is on that parallel , at : 075 ° 47 ′ 18.93851 '' W . Visitors to the tripoint are strongly encouraged to first obtain permission from the nearest landowner , or use the path from the arc corner monument , which is bordered by Delaware parkland most of the way , and Pennsylvania parkland the entire way . History ( edit ) A `` crownstone '' boundary monument on the Mason -- Dixon line . These markers were originally placed at every 5th mile ( 8.0 km ) along the line , ornamented with family coats of arms facing the state that they represented . The coat of arms of Maryland 's founding Calvert family is shown . On the other side are the arms of William Penn . The line was established to end a boundary dispute between the British colonies of Maryland and Pennsylvania / Delaware . Maryland had been granted the territory north of the Potomac River up to the fortieth parallel . Pennsylvania 's grant defined the colony 's southern boundary as following a 12 - mile ( radius ) circle ( 19 km ) counter-clockwise from the Delaware River until it hit `` the beginning of the fortieth degree of Northern latitude . '' From there the boundary was to follow the fortieth parallel due west for five degrees of longitude . But the fortieth parallel does not in fact intersect the 12 - mile circle , instead lying significantly farther north . Thus Pennsylvania 's southern boundary as defined in its charter was contradictory and unclear . The most serious problem was that the Maryland claim would put Philadelphia , the major city in Pennsylvania , within Maryland . The dispute was peacefully resolved in 1767 when the boundary was fixed as follows : Between Pennsylvania and Maryland : The parallel ( latitude line ) 15 miles ( 24 km ) south of the then southernmost point in Philadelphia , measured to be at about 39 ° 43 ′ N and agreed upon as the Maryland -- Pennsylvania line . Between Delaware and Maryland : The existing east -- west transpeninsular line from the Atlantic Ocean to the Chesapeake Bay , as far as its midpoint from the Atlantic . A 12 - mile ( radius ) circle ( 12 mi ( 19 km ) ) around the city of New Castle , Delaware . A `` tangent line '' connecting the midpoint of the transpeninsular line to the western side of the 12 - mile circle . A `` north line '' along the meridian ( line of longitude ) from the tangent point to the Maryland Pennsylvania border . Should any land within the 12 - mile circle fall west of the north line , it would remain part of Delaware . ( This was indeed the case , and this border is the `` arc line '' . ) `` A Plan of the West Line or Parallel of Latitude '' by Charles Mason , 1768 The disputants engaged an expert British team , astronomer Charles Mason and surveyor Jeremiah Dixon , to survey what became known as the Mason -- Dixon line . It cost the Calverts of Maryland and the Penns of Pennsylvania £ 3,512 9 / - ( 9 shillings 0 pence ) to have 244 miles ( 393 km ) surveyed with such accuracy . To them the money was well spent , for in a new country there was no other way of establishing ownership . `` Mason Dixon Line Trail '' The Mason Dixon Trail stretches from Pennsylvania - Delaware and is a popular attraction to tourists . The Mason -- Dixon line is made up of four segments corresponding to the terms of the settlement : the tangent line the north line the arc line the 39 ° 43 ′ N parallel The most difficult task was fixing the tangent line , as they had to confirm the accuracy of the transpeninsular line midpoint and the 12 - mile circle , determine the tangent point along the circle , and then actually survey and monument the border . They then surveyed the north and arc lines . They did this work between 1763 and 1767 . This actually left a small wedge of land in dispute between Delaware and Pennsylvania until 1921 . In April 1765 , Mason and Dixon began their survey of the more famous Maryland -- Pennsylvania line . They were commissioned to run it for a distance of five degrees of longitude west from the Delaware River , fixing the western boundary of Pennsylvania ( see the entry for Yohogania County ) . However , in October 1767 , at Dunkard Creek near Mount Morris , Pennsylvania , nearly 244 miles ( 393 km ) west of the Delaware , their Iroquois guides refused to go any further , having reached the border of their lands with the Lenape , with whom they were engaged in hostilities . As such the group was forced to quit , and on October 11 , they made their final observations , 233 miles ( 375 km ) from their starting point . In 1784 , surveyors David Rittenhouse and Andrew Ellicott and their crew completed the survey of the Mason -- Dixon line to the southwest corner of Pennsylvania , five degrees from the Delaware River . Other surveyors continued west to the Ohio River . The section of the line between the southwestern corner of Pennsylvania and the river is the county line between Marshall and Wetzel counties , West Virginia . The Mason -- Dixon line has been resurveyed three times : in 1849 , 1900 , and in the 1960s . On November 14 , 1963 , during the bicentennial of the Mason -- Dixon line , U.S. President John F. Kennedy opened a newly completed section of Interstate 95 where it crossed the Maryland -- Delaware border . It was one of his last public appearances before his assassination in Dallas , Texas . The Delaware Turnpike and the Maryland portion of the new road were later designated as the John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway . Systematic errors and experiments to weigh the earth ( edit ) Mason and Dixon could only do the work as accurately as they did due to the work of Nevil Maskelyne , some of whose instruments they used . There was keen interest in their work and much communication between the surveyors , Maskelyne and other members of the British Scientific establishment in the Royal Society in Britain , notably Henry Cavendish . During such survey work , it is normal to survey from point to point along the line and then survey back to the starting point , where if there were no errors the origin and re-surveyed position would coincide . Normally the return errors would be random -- i.e. the return survey errors compared to the intermediate points back to the start point would be spatially randomly distributed around the start point . Mason and Dixon found that there were larger than expected systematic errors , i.e. non-random errors , that led the return survey consistently being in one direction away from the starting point . When this information got back to the Royal Society members , Henry Cavendish realised that this may have been due to the gravitational pull of the Allegheny Mountains deflecting the theodolite plumb - bobs and spirit levels . Maskelyne then proposed measuring the gravitational force causing this deflection induced by the pull of a nearby mountain upon a plumb - bob in 1772 and sent Mason ( who had returned to England ) on a site survey through central England and Scotland to find a suitable location during the summer of 1773 . Mason selected Schiehallion at which to conduct what became known as the Schiehallion experiment , which was carried out primarily by Maskelyne and determined the density of the Scottish mountain . Several years later Cavendish used a very sensitive torsion balance to carry out the Cavendish experiment and determine the average density of Earth . In culture ( edit ) Name ( edit ) Mason and Dixon likely never heard the phrase , `` Mason - Dixon line '' . The official report on the survey , issued in 1768 , did not even mention their names . While the term was used occasionally in the decades following the survey , it came into popular use when the Missouri Compromise named `` Mason and Dixon 's line '' as part of the boundary between slave territory and free territory . Symbolism ( edit ) In popular usage , the Mason -- Dixon line symbolizes a cultural boundary between the North and the South ( Dixie ) . Originally `` Mason and Dixon 's Line '' referred to the border between Pennsylvania and Maryland . After Pennsylvania abolished slavery , it served as a demarcation line for the legality of slavery . That demarcation did not extend beyond Pennsylvania because Delaware , then a slave state , extended north and east of the boundary . Also lying north and east of the boundary was New Jersey , where slavery was formally abolished in 1846 , but former slaves continued to be `` apprenticed '' to their masters until the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1865 . The Missouri Compromise line had a much clearer geographic connection to slavery in the United States leading up to the Civil War . In popular culture ( edit ) Popular culture contains a multitude of references to the Mason -- Dixon line as a general geographic division , or character names evoking it , although a minority of those specifically relate to the line itself . Film ( edit ) Mason `` The Line '' Dixon is a leading character in Rocky Balboa ( 2006 ) , the sixth film in the Rocky franchise , directed by and starring Sylvester Stallone . Played by real - life boxer Antonio Tarver , Dixon is the current World Heavyweight Boxing Champion who is ridiculed for having never fought a real contender , and who thus agrees to an exhibition fight against the nearly 60 - year - old Rocky Balboa . In Attack of the Killer Tomatoes , Mason Dixon is the leader of a government task force dedicated to stopping the worldwide crisis when tomatoes go bad . Cartoons ( edit ) The line makes several appearances in the 1953 Bugs Bunny cartoon `` Southern Fried Rabbit '' . The line separates the drought affected North from which the `` Yankee '' Bugs leaves in search of carrots in the green lands of the `` Dixie '' south , the latter being guarded by Yosemite Sam Literature ( edit ) In the novel People 's Choice by Jeff Greenfield , the character of W. Dixon Mason is an African - American preacher who plays a major role in determining the next U.S. President when the elected candidate dies between the popular election and the Electoral College formal vote . Mason & Dixon ( 1997 ) is the title of a novel by American author Thomas Pynchon . The novel meanders widely through the lives of Mason and Dixon , traditional American history , and other themes such as hollow earth theory , geomancy , deism , and -- perhaps -- alien abduction . Music ( edit ) The 1918 song , `` Rock - a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody '' , written by Jean Schwartz and popularized by Al Jolson , includes the lyric Just hang my cradle , Mammy mine / Right on that Mason - Dixon Line . A small group of musicians from Paul Whiteman 's orchestra led by C melody saxophonist Frank Trumbauer and including Bix Beiderbecke recorded two sides for Columbia on May 15 , 1929 titled , `` Alabammy Snow '' and `` What A Day ! '' under the pseudonym , `` Mason - Dixon Orchestra '' . It is probable that they chose this pseudonym because the catalog number of the record would be 1861 - D , 1861 being the year that the American Civil War began . The lyric `` First to cross the Mason - Dixon line '' features in the opening verse of the song `` I 've done it again '' ( composers Marianne Faithfull / Barry Reynolds ) on Grace Jones ' 1981 album Nightclubbing . Nightclubbing ( Grace Jones album ) The Mason -- Dixon line provides the main narrative for the song `` Sailing to Philadelphia '' ( featuring James Taylor ) by British singer - songwriter and guitarist Mark Knopfler . The 1955 song , `` Hey , Porter '' , by Johnny Cash makes reference to the Mason - Dixon line in the line , How much longer will it be until we cross that Mason - Dixon line ? The Shires 2015 song `` State Lines '' includes the lyrics `` Like when you roll your eyes like a cool new Yorker , Driving across the Mason - Dixon line '' Sports ( edit ) In the regional baseball rivalry between the New York Yankees and the Boston Red Sox , the theoretical border that separates population centers that are majority - Red Sox fans from majority - Yankees fans in Connecticut is sometimes called the `` Munson - Nixon Line '' , in a reference to the Mason -- Dixon line . Credited to Steve Rushin of Sports Illustrated , the line is named for famed Yankee catcher Thurman Munson and Red Sox right fielder Trot Nixon . See also ( edit ) Philadelphia portal Collins -- Valentine line , the boundary between Quebec and the states of New York and Vermont Delaware Boundary Markers Penn -- Calvert boundary dispute Mason and Dixon Survey Terminal Point Star Gazers ' Stone Tofu Curtain Weißwurstäquator , a similar border line in Germany between the Northern and Southern areas of the country . References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : Hubbard , Bill , Jr. ( 2009 ) . American Boundaries : the Nation , the States , the Rectangular Survey . University of Chicago Press . pp. 20 -- 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 35591 - 7 . Jump up ^ Barton , William ( 1818 ) . Memoirs of the life of David Rittenhouse , LLD . F.R.S. E. Parker . pp. 282 -- 283 . Jump up ^ `` Slavery in Delaware '' . Slavery in the North . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Danson , Edwin ( 2001 ) . Drawing the Line How Mason and Dixon Surveyed the Most Famous Border in America . John Wiley . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Wilford , John Noble ( 2001 ) . The Mapmakers : Revised Edition . Random House Digital , Inc . pp. 215 -- 216 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 70850 - 3 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : William Ecenbarger , `` Neglecting the Mason - Dixon boundary stones '' , The Washington Post , January 1 , 2017 , p . C4 . Jump up ^ Konkle , Burton Alva. ( 1932 ) . Benjamin Chew 1722 -- 1810 : Head of the Pennsylvania judiciary system under colony and commonwealth . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 63 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Plan of the West Line or Parallel of Latitude '' . World Digital Library . 1768 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The men who drew the Mason - Dixon Line '' . BBC . 2 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Linklater , Andro ( September 30 , 2003 ) . Measuring America . Penguin . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 28459 - 3 . Jump up ^ Mason , A. Hughlett ; Swindler , William F. ( February 1964 ) . `` Mason & Dixon : their Line and its Legend '' . American Heritage . 15 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Coast And Geodetic Survey , U.S ( 1895 ) . `` Annual Report of the Director '' . U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey : 195 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Danson , Edwin ( 2001 ) . Drawing the Line : How Mason and Dixon Surveyed the Most Famous Border in America . John Wiley and Sons . pp. 178 -- 79 . ISBN 9780471437048 . Jump up ^ Four surveyors were appointed by each of the states : Virginia appointed Dr. James Madison , Robert Andrews , John Page , and Andrew Ellicott , Pennsylvania appointed Dr. John Ewing ( provost of University of Penn . ) , John Lukens ( surveyor general of Penn . ) , Thomas Hutchins , and David Rittenhouse . Andrews and Ellicott completed the west end of the line for Virginia , ( Mathews , Catherine Van Courtlandt ( 1908 ) . Andrew Ellicott , His Life and Letters . New York : The Grafton Press . pp. 17 -- 19. ) while Hutchins and Ewing did so for Pennsylvania . ( Hicks , Fredrick ( 1904 ) . `` Biographical Sketch of Thomas Hutchins '' . In Hicks , Fredrick . A Topographical Description of Virginia , Pennsylvania , Maryland and North Carolina , reprinted from the original edition of 1778 . Cleveland : The Burrow Brothers Company . p. 32. ) Jump up ^ Strang , Cameron ( 2014 ) . `` Mason - Dixon Line Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia '' . The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia . Rutgers University . Retrieved November 2015 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Davies , R.D ( 1985 ) . `` A Commemoration of Maskelyne at Schiehallion '' . Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society . 26 ( 3 ) : 289 -- 294 . Bibcode : 1985QJRAS ... 26 ... 289D . ^ Jump up to : Note the comments on Cavendish 's speculation in the introductory notes , and the multiple correspondences with Maskelyne in : Mason , Charles ; Dixon , Jeremiah . `` The Journal of Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon 1763 -- 1768 '' ( pdf ) . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Nevil Maskelyne was elected a Royal Society Fellow on April 27 , 1758 ; see `` List of Fellows of the Royal Society 1660 -- 2007 '' ( pdf ) . K -- Z . Royal Society . 2007 : 238 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Henry Cavendish was elected a Royal Society Fellow on May 1 , 1760 ; see `` List of Fellows of the Royal Society 1660 -- 2007 '' ( pdf ) . A -- J. Royal Society . 2007 : 66 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Specifications and Recommendations for Control Surveys and Survey Markers '' . Natural Resources Canada . December 27 , 2007 . p . TABLE E-VI POSITION DIFFERENCES . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 06 . Double run in straight line by helicopter between control spaced at 80 km . Jump up ^ Taylor , John Robert ( 1999 ) . An Introduction to Error Analysis : The Study of Uncertainties in Physical Measurements . University Science Books . p. 94 , § 4.1 . ISBN 0 - 935702 - 75 - X . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Mentzer , Robert . `` How Mason and Dixon Ran Their Line '' ( pdf ) . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Schaffer , Simon ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` The Cavendish Family in Science '' . BBC Radio 4 ( Interview ) . ^ Jump up to : Tretkoff , Ernie . `` This Month in Physics History June 1798 : Cavendish weighs the world '' . American Physical Society . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Maskelyne , Nevil ( January 1 , 1775 ) . `` An account of observations made on the mountain Schehallien for finding its attraction '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . London . 65 : 500 -- 542 . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1775.0050 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 05 . Accordingly Mr. Charles Mason , who had been employed on several astronomical occasions by the Royal Society , was appointed to make a tour through the Highlands of Scotland in the summer of the year 1773 , taking notice of the principal hills in England which lay in his route either in his going or in his return . ^ Jump up to : Sillitto , Richard M. ( October 31 , 1990 ) . `` Maskelyne on Schiehallion '' . The Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 03 . The Royal Society agreed to a proposal that it despatch a surveyor , a Mr Charles Mason whom they had previously employed on astronomical projects , all the way to Scotland and back , to survey likely - looking mountains , and to select a suitable mountain -- ideally it should be a steep - sided cone , or a wedge with its apex ridge running W -- E and with steep faces to N and S , and separated from the nearest neighbours to N and S by low land . Mr Mason selected for them a mountain at `` the centre of Scotland '' , Schiehallion -- a wedge , with the summit ridge running nearly W -- E , 3547 ft above sea level at its western summit , about 3000 ft at the E-end of the ridge ; it presents steep faces to the trench to the N which contains Loch Rannoch and Loch Tummel , and to the deep Gleann Mor to the S. ( An approximate altitude for Gleann Mor is 1500 feet , and for the land at the same distance to the north of the ridge is 1600 ft . ) ^ Jump up to : Mackenzie , A. Stanley ( 1900 ) . `` Account of Maskelyne 's experiments on Schehallien '' . The Laws of Gravitation : Memoirs by Newton , Bouguer and Cavendish ; together with abstracts of other important memoirs . New York : American Book Company . p. 53 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 03 . In 1772 ... The proposal was favourably received by the Society , and Mr. Charles Mason was sent to examine various hills in England and Scotland , and to select the most suitable ( 32 ) . Mason found the two hills referred to by Maskelyne were not suitable ; and fixed upon Schehallien in Perthshire as offering the best situation . Jump up ^ John Mackenzie , `` A brief history of the Mason - Dixon Line '' , APEC / CANR , University of Delaware ; accessed 2017.01. 05 . Jump up ^ `` An Act to provide a temporary Government for the Territory of Colorado '' ( PDF ) . Thirty - sixth United States Congress . February 28 , 1861 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky Balboa '' . The Internet Movie Database. 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Film Review '' . Empire Magazine . 2007 . Jump up ^ Dean , Sam . `` Attack of the Killer Tomatoes : An Oral History of the 1978 Film '' . Jump up ^ `` still from the cartoon `` southern fried rabbit '' showing the line `` . http://yosemite-sam.net/. 2017 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Fiction Book Review : People 's Choice by Jeff Greenfield , Author Putnam Publishing Group $22.95 ( 309p ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 13812 - 6 '' . Jump up ^ `` Book review - Mason & Dixon '' . The New York Times . 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Mason & Dixon '' . ThomasPynchon.com . Jump up ^ Discography of American Historical Recordings , s.v. `` Columbia 1861 - D ( 10 - in . double - faced ) , '' accessed August 30 , 2017 , http://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/object/detail/196765/Columbia_1861-D . ^ Jump up to : Giratikanon , Tom ; Katz , Josh ; Leonhardt , David ; Quealy , Kevin ( 2014 - 04 - 24 ) . `` Up Close on Baseball 's Borders '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ RUSHIN , STEVE . `` Reconcilable Differences '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball 's Borders '' . The American Spectator. 2014 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Further reading Danson , Edwin . Drawing the Line : How Mason and Dixon Surveyed the Most Famous Border in America . Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 38502 - 6 Ecenbarger , Bill . Walkin ' the Line : A Journey from Past to Present Along the Mason -- Dixon . M. Evans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87131 - 962 - 3 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mason - Dixon Line . Wikisource has the text of the 1879 American Cyclopædia article Mason and Dixon 's Line . The Mason and Dixon Line Preservation Partnership Collection of historical articles and pictures The Evolution of the Mason and Dixon Line Facsimile copy of this 1902 text available on - line at Penn State 's Digital Bookshelf `` Mason and Dixon 's Line '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Mason and Dixon Line '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . `` Mason and Dixon 's Line '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . 1914 . Mason and Dixon in Mill Creek , Friends of White Clay Creek State Park University of North Carolina : Southern Things ( 1 ) The Historical Society of Pennsylvania ( 1855 ) Coordinates : 39 ° 43 ′ N 75 ° 47 ′ W / 39.717 ° N 75.783 ° W / 39.717 ; - 75.783 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mason -- Dixon_line&oldid = 849448240 '' Categories : Cultural boundaries Borders of Delaware Borders of Maryland Borders of Pennsylvania Borders of West Virginia Delaware in the American Civil War Geographic history of the United States Geography of Caroline County , Maryland Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks History of the Southern United States History of United States expansionism History of York County , Pennsylvania Land surveying of the United States Legal history of Maryland Lines of latitude Maryland in the American Civil War Pennsylvania in the American Civil War Pre-statehood history of Maryland Pre-statehood history of Pennsylvania Pre-statehood history of Virginia Pre-statehood history of West Virginia Slavery in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 errors : external links Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from June 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2012 Articles lacking reliable references from June 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Gaeilge 贛語 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 02 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	map of the united states with mason dixon line	[]	[]
-2365274477241982355	Marx's theory of the state	Marx 's theory of the state - wikipedia Marx 's theory of the state Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains too many or too - lengthy quotations for an encyclopedic entry . Please help improve the article by editing it to take facts from excessively quoted material and rewrite them as sourced original prose . Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on Marxism Theoretical works ( show ) Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 Theses on Feuerbach The German Ideology The Communist Manifesto The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon Grundrisse der Kritik der Politischen Ökonomie A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy Das Kapital Dialectics of Nature Philosophy ( show ) Dialectical logic Dialectical materialism Economic determinism Historical determinism Historical materialism Marx 's method Philosophy of nature Economics ( show ) Capital ( accumulation ) Asiatic mode of production Capitalist mode of production Crisis theory Commodity Exploitation Mode of production Law of value Scientific socialism Socialist mode of production Surplus product Surplus value Value - form Wage labor Sociology ( show ) Alienation Base and superstructure Bourgeoisie Class Class consciousness Class struggle Commodity fetishism Communist society Cultural hegemony Dictatorship of the proletariat Exploitation Human nature Ideology Immiseration Proletariat Private property Relations of production Reification Working class History ( show ) Anarchism and Marxism Philosophy in the Soviet Union Primitive capital accumulation Proletarian revolution Proletarian Culture Proletarian internationalism World revolution Communist society Young Marx Aspects ( show ) Aesthetics Archaeology Criminology Film theory Geography Historiography Literary criticism Schools of thought ( show ) Analytical Austro Autonomist Budapest School Classical De Leonist Feminist Frankfurt School Freudian Humanist Impossibilism Instrumental Left communist Leninist Libertarian Luxemburgist Marxist -- Leninist Neo-Marxism Neue Marx - Lektüre Open Orthodox Post-Marxism Praxis School Structural Western People ( show ) Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Daniel De Leon Georgi Plekhanov Eduard Bernstein James Connolly Rosa Luxemburg Clara Zetkin Karl Liebknecht Karl Kautsky Vladimir Lenin Alexander Bogdanov Leon Trotsky Alexandra Kollontai Antonio Gramsci Joseph Stalin Walter Benjamin Antonie Pannekoek György Lukács Ho Chi Minh Mao Zedong Josip Broz Tito Theodor W. Adorno Herbert Marcuse Erich Fromm Jean - Paul Sartre Enver Hoxha Simone de Beauvoir Che Guevara Raya Dunayevskaya Maximilien Rubel Kim Il - sung Louis Althusser Guy Debord Nelson Mandela Fidel Castro Slavoj Žižek Socialism portal Communism portal Philosophy portal Karl Marx 's ideas about the state can be divided into three subject areas : pre-capitalist states , states in the capitalist ( i.e. present ) era , and the state ( or absence of one ) in post-capitalist society . Overlaying this is the fact that his own ideas about the state changed as he grew older , differing in his early pre-communist phase , the `` young Marx '' phase which predates the unsuccessful 1848 uprisings in Europe , and in his mature , more nuanced work . Contents ( hide ) 1 The bourgeois state 2 Communist Manifesto 2.1 Modifications 3 Sources 4 References The bourgeois state ( edit ) In Marx 's 1843 Critique of Hegel 's Philosophy of Right , his basic conception is that the state and civil society are separate ; however , he already saw some limitations to that model : `` The political state everywhere needs the guarantee of spheres lying outside it . '' `` He as yet was saying nothing about the abolition of private property , does not express a developed theory of class , and `` the solution ( he offers ) to the problem of the state / civil society separation is a purely political solution , namely universal suffrage . '' ( Evans , 112 ) '' By the time he wrote The German Ideology ( 1846 ) , Marx viewed the state as a creature of the bourgeois economic interest . Two years later that idea was expounded in The Communist Manifesto `` The executive of the modern state is nothing but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie . '' This represents the high point of conformance of the state theory to an economic interpretation of history : The forces of production determine peoples ' production relations ; their production relations determine all other relations , including the political . ( `` Determines '' is the strong form of the claim , Marx also uses `` conditions '' . Also , even `` determination '' is not causality , and some reciprocity of action is admitted . ) The bourgeoisie control the economy , therefore they control the state . The state , in this theory , is an instrument of class rule . Communist manifesto ( edit ) The Communist Manifesto was a short polemical work ; more detail on the theories concerned can be obtained by going back to The German Ideology : The Relation of State and Law to Property ... In the case of the nations which grew out of the Middle Ages , tribal property evolved through various stages - feudal landed property , corporative moveable property , capital invested in manufacture - to modern capital , determined by big industry and universal competition , i.e. pure private property , which has cast off all semblance of a communal institution and has shut out the State from any influence on the development of property . To this modern private property corresponds the modern State , which , purchased gradually by the owners of property by means of taxation , has fallen entirely into their hands through the national debt , and its existence has become wholly dependent on the commercial credit which the owners of property , the bourgeois , extend to it , as reflected in the rise and fall of State funds on the stock exchange . By the mere fact that it is a class and no longer an estate , the bourgeoisie is forced to organise itself no longer locally , but nationally , and to give a general form to its mean average interest . Through the emancipation of private property from the community , the State has become a separate entity , beside and outside civil society ; but it is nothing more than the form of organisation which the bourgeois necessarily adopt both for internal and external purposes , for the mutual guarantee of their property and interests . The independence of the State is only found nowadays in those countries where the estates have not yet completely developed into classes , where the estates , done away with in more advanced countries , still have a part to play , and where there exists a mixture ; countries , that is to say , in which no one section of the population can achieve dominance over the others . This is the case particularly in Germany . The most perfect example of the modern State is North America . The modern French , English and American writers all express the opinion that the State exists only for the sake of private property , so that this fact has penetrated into the consciousness of the normal man . Economic Dependence of the State on the Bourgeoisie With the development and accumulation of bourgeois property , i.e. , with the development of commerce and industry , individuals grew richer and richer while the state fell ever more deeply into debt . This phenomenon was evident already in the first Italian commercial republics ; later , since the last century , it showed itself to a marked degree in Holland , where the stock exchange speculator Pinto drew attention to it as early as 1750 , and now it is again occurring in England . It is therefore obvious that as soon as the bourgeoisie has accumulated money , the state has to beg from the bourgeoisie and in the end it is actually bought up by the latter . This takes place in a period in which the bourgeoisie is still confronted by another class , and consequently the state can retain some appearance of independence in relation to both of them . Even after the state has been bought up , it still needs money and , therefore , continues to be dependent on the bourgeoisie ; nevertheless , when the interests of the bourgeoisie demand it , the state can have at its disposal more funds than states which are less developed and , therefore , less burdened with debts . However , even the least developed states of Europe , those of the Holy Alliance , are inexorably approaching this fate , for they will be bought up by the bourgeoisie ; then Stirner will be able to console them with the identity of private and state property , especially his own sovereign , who is trying in vain to postpone the hour when political power will be sold to the `` burghers '' who have become `` angry '' . Modifications ( edit ) By the early 1850s , political events in Europe , which he covered in articles for the New York Daily Tribune as well as a number of more substantial pieces , were forcing Marx to modify his theory to allow considerably more autonomy for the state . By 1851 , the mid century rebellions had all given way to conservativism the principal countries of Europe had autocratic or aristocratic governments : Napoleon III in France , Frederick Wilhelm IV in Germany , and in England a parliament populated mainly by members of the aristocratic class , whether Whig or Conservative . Yet at the same time the bourgeoisie had economic power in places . For Marx , this was clearly an anomalous situation , and he gave it considerable attention . His solution is what Elster has described as the `` abdication '' or `` abstention '' theory . It contends that the bourgeoisie found that the advantages of wielding direct power were , under the circumstances , outweighed by various costs and disadvantages , so they were willing to tolerate an aristocratic or despotic government as long as it did not act too detrimentally to their interests . Marx makes several points . Regarding England , he says of the bourgeoisie : `` if the aristocracy is their vanishing opponent the working class is their arising enemy . They prefer to compromise with the vanishing opponent rather than to strengthen the rising enemy , to whom the future belongs . '' He also suggests that it would be better for the bourgeoisie not to wield power directly because this would make their dominance too obvious , creating a clear target for proletarian attack . Better to make the workers fight a `` two front war '' ( Elster ) against the aristocracy in government and the bourgeoisie in the economy . This would , among other things , make it difficult for the proletarians to form a clear conception of who was their principal enemy . Regarding France , he suggests that the bourgeoisie recognised that they had been better off under the monarchy ( 1830 - 1848 ) than during the brief period when they wielded power themselves ( 1848 - 1851 ) `` since they must now confront the subjugated classes and contend against them without mediation , without the concealment afforded by the crown . '' Sources ( edit ) Michael Evans , Karl Marx . London , 1975 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Separation but with limitations : Evans , p 112 . The quote is from the Critique , p 115 , in Evans , p 112 . Jump up ^ http://www.marxists.org/archive/works/marx/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01.htm Jump up ^ The sentence is about a quarter of the way through Chapter I : `` Bourgeois and Proletarians '' Jump up ^ The economic interpretation of history , also called historical materialism , is expounded in The German Ideology , Chapter 1 ; and in the Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy ( 1859 ) . Chapter 3 of The German Ideology has material on its connection to the state . Jump up ^ http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/german-ideology/ch01c.htm -- Chapter 1 , section C : `` The Real Basis of Ideology '' Jump up ^ Isaac Pinto , Lettre sur la Jalousie du Commerce in Traité de la Circulation et du Crédit Jump up ^ http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ch03j.htm#c -- Chapter 3 , `` The New Testament : `` Ego '' , `` The Owner '' , `` My Power '' , `` Law '' . Jump up ^ Evans , p 126 : `` for Marx the failure of the bourgeoisie to act as a ruling class , to give their economic power political substance , was one of the major features of the post-1848 situation , as true of England and France as of Germany . '' Jump up ^ Elster , Chap 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Chartists '' , New York Daily Tribune , 25 August 1852 ; in Evans , p 126 . Jump up ^ Evans , p 116 . He cites Eighteenth Brumaire of Lous Napoleon . Jump up ^ Karl Marx , The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte ( New York : International Publishers , 1963 ) p 49 ; In Elster , p 147 ... Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marx%27s_theory_of_the_state&oldid=798613731 '' Categories : Marxist theory Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from April 2017 All articles that may contain original research Articles lacking in - text citations from April 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations NPOV disputes from April 2017 All NPOV disputes Wikipedia articles needing style editing from September 2017 All articles needing style editing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español हिन्दी Polski Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 22 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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522009333885028608	We Need to Talk About Kevin (film)	We Need to Talk About Kevin ( film ) - wikipedia We Need to Talk About Kevin ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search We Need to Talk About Kevin Theatrical release poster Directed by Lynne Ramsay Produced by Jennifer Fox Luc Roeg Bob Salerno Screenplay by Lynne Ramsay Rory Stewart Kinnear Based on We Need to Talk About Kevin by Lionel Shriver Starring Tilda Swinton John C. Reilly Ezra Miller Music by Jonny Greenwood Cinematography Seamus McGarvey Edited by Joe Bini Production companies BBC Films UK Film Council Footprint Investment Piccadilly Pictures Lipsync Productions Independent Artina Films Rockinghorse Films Distributed by Oscilloscope Laboratories Release date 12 May 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 12 ) ( Cannes ) 21 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 21 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 112 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $7 million Box office $10.8 million We Need to Talk About Kevin is a 2011 British - American psychological thriller drama film directed by Lynne Ramsay , and adapted from Lionel Shriver 's novel of the same title . A long process of development and financing began in 2005 , with filming commencing in April 2010 . Tilda Swinton stars as the mother of Kevin , struggling to come to terms with her son and the horrors he has committed . The film premiered at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival and was released in the United Kingdom on 21 October 2011 . Swinton was nominated for the Golden Globe Award , Screen Actors Guild , and the BAFTA for Best Actress in a Leading Role . It was given positive reviews by both critics and audiences alike . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Development 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Teenager Kevin Khatchadourian is in prison after committing a massacre at his high school . His mother , Eva , once a successful travel writer , lives alone in a rundown house and works in a travel agency in a town near the prison , where she visits Kevin . She looks back at her memories of him growing up as she tries to cope with the anger and hostility of her neighbors , who know she is Kevin 's mother . Kevin is detached and difficult even from childhood . Eva has problems with identifying as a mother and has trouble bonding with Kevin , who appears to loathe her and behaves in whatever way he thinks will torment her the most . As a baby , he cries incessantly , but only around her ; as a child , he resists toilet training , rebuffs Eva 's clumsy attempts at affection , and shows no interest in anything . He behaves like a happy , loving son when his father is watching , and reverts to sullenness only when he is alone with his mother . While he is still small , Eva 's frustration with his intractability drives her to throw Kevin against the wall , breaking his arm . They return from the hospital with Kevin 's arm in a cast . When his father , Franklin , asks how he broke his arm , Kevin covers for his mother with a lie , using this incident later to subtly blackmail her into giving in to demands , like skipping her errands to take him straight home after school . When Eva tries to talk to her husband about her increasing concern about Kevin 's problems , he dismisses her concerns and makes excuses for Kevin 's behavior ; he has never seen Kevin 's dark side and so he does n't think anything is wrong with Kevin . The only real affection and interest Kevin shows towards Eva occurs when he is confined to his bed with a fever and she reads him a book about Robin Hood . When reading the part of the story where Robin competes in Prince John 's archery contest , Kevin snuggles with Eva and spurns Franklin when he interrupts the story . Franklin gives him a bow and arrow set and teaches him archery , and Kevin soon becomes an excellent marksman . He continues to practice and graduate to bigger bows as he gets older . Eva and Franklin have a second child , Celia , who is lively and cheerful . However , her birth does nothing to lessen the tension within the family , as Kevin immediately shows disdain and jealousy towards her . A few years later , Celia 's pet guinea pig is killed and she is blinded in one eye by an incident with a caustic cleaning fluid . Eva is convinced Kevin is responsible , whereas Franklin insists these events were accidents and that their son is blameless . This pattern of suspicion on Eva 's part , combined with Franklin 's unflagging defense of Kevin , ruins their marriage , and Franklin approaches Eva with the subject of a future divorce . Eva comes to fear her son , as she sees growing evidence of Kevin 's pleasure in hurting others . This eventually leads to the massacre , when Kevin locks the gymnasium doors with bike locks and murders multiple students with his bow and arrow . As Eva arrives at the school from work , along with the other concerned adults , the police cut through one of the bike locks , and Eva knows Kevin is responsible . Kevin voluntarily walks out , turning himself over , and revealing himself to be the killer . Eva finally arrives home , only to find the house empty and dark . In the backyard she discovers the arrow - penetrated corpses of Franklin and Celia , whom Kevin had killed before the massacre . On the second anniversary of the massacre , Eva visits Kevin in prison . Kevin is anxious because his transfer to an adult prison is about to happen . Eva asks him why he committed the murders . Displaying rare vulnerability , Kevin responds that he used to think he knew , but is no longer sure . Eva gives Kevin a hug and says her good - byes while he is taken away . Cast ( edit ) Tilda Swinton as Eva Khatchadourian John C. Reilly as Franklin Plaskett Ezra Miller as Kevin Khatchadourian Jasper Newell as young Kevin Rocky Duer as infant Kevin Ashley Gerasimovich as Celia Khatchadourian Siobhan Fallon Hogan as Wanda Alex Manette as Colin Development ( edit ) In 2005 BBC Films acquired the rights to adapt the book as a film . Executive producers Paula Jalfon and Christine Langan took it through the development stage , and were joined by executive producer Steven Soderbergh . Lynne Ramsay , who became available after her involvement in the film adaptation of The Lovely Bones came to an end , signed on to direct , and was working on a script with In the Bedroom writer Robert Festinger by 2006 . Shriver was offered a consultative role in the production process but declined , stating she had `` had it up to ( her ) eyeballs with that book , '' though she did express concern for how the film would capture Eva 's role as the unreliable narrator . Production had not begun by 2007 , though BBC Films renewed the adaptation rights early in the year . In an interview with The Herald in September 2007 , Shriver stated that she had not been in contact with Ramsay about the film for over two years . Ramsay 's spokesperson told the newspaper that a new script draft was being prepared and , at the time the interview was published , had not been submitted to the producers . Michael Clayton producer Jennifer Fox joined the production team in 2008 ; the film was expected to begin shooting that year . The script appeared on the 2008 Brit List , a film - industry - compiled list of the best unproduced screenplays in British film . Ramsay 's partner Rory Stewart Kinnear also contributed to the final shooting script . Christine Langan told the London Evening Standard in February 2010 that the long delay in production had been caused by BBC Films having difficulty funding the high budget ; Ramsay rewrote the script so the film could be made for a lower cost . The UK Film Council awarded £ 18,510 to the production from its development fund in the same month . Financial backing was also provided by Footprint Investments LLP , Caemhan Partnership LLP and Lipsync Productions , and production is in association with Artina Films and Forward Films . Filming commenced on 19 April 2010 on location in Stamford , Connecticut , and concluded on 28 May 2010 . A key filming location was J.M. Wright Technical High School in Stamford . Jonny Greenwood of the band Radiohead composed the film 's score . Release ( edit ) In October 2009 , IFC Films picked up the rights to international sales , and made pre-sales at the American Film Market . Artificial Eye distributed the film in the UK from 21 October 2011 . Oscilloscope Laboratories distributed the film theatrically in North America in the winter of 2011 . The film premiered In Competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival , where it was met with praise from film critics . We Need to Talk About Kevin opened in a limited release in North America in a single theater and grossed $24,587 , ranking 53rd at the box office . The film ended up earning $1,738,692 in America , and $5,754,934 internationally , for a total of $7,493,626 . We Need to Talk About Kevin was released on Blu - ray and DVD on 29 May 2012 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) We Need to Talk About Kevin received positive reviews . The film currently has a 76 % on Rotten Tomatoes ; its consensus says `` We Need to Talk About Kevin is a masterful blend of drama and horror , with fantastic performances across the board ( Tilda Swinton especially , delivering one of her very best ) . '' On Metacritic , the film received a 68 out of 100 based on `` generally favorable reviews . '' Chicago Sun - Times critic Roger Ebert gave it 4 out of 4 stars and said , `` As a portrait of a deteriorating state of mind , We Need to Talk About Kevin is a masterful film . '' British film critic Mark Kermode of BBC Radio 5 Live named We Need to Talk About Kevin as the Best Film of 2011 . Richard Brody , in The New Yorker , wrote that it `` masquerades as a psychological puzzle but is essentially a horror film full of decorous sensationalism . '' He opined that the film exploited but did not explore the fascination that `` bad seed '' children exert . Jake Martin , a Jesuit priest and movie critic , wrote in his review in Busted Halo that the film is not `` yet another installment in the pantheon of post-modern films intent upon assaulting the human desire to give meaning to the world . '' Instead , he says , `` We Need to Talk About Kevin in fact needs to be talked about , as what it is attempting to do by marrying the darkest , most nihilistic components of contemporary cinema with a redemptive message is groundbreaking . '' Tilda Swinton was nominated for a number of acting awards , including a Golden Globe Award , Screen Actors Guild and BAFTA for Best Actress in a leading role . Her acting also received praise by film critic David Thomson in a review of the film for The New Republic . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Nominee ( s ) Result Austin Film Critics Association Best Actress Tilda Swinton Won AACTA International Award 27 January 2012 Best Actress Nominated Best Direction Lynne Ramsay Best Film Jennifer Fox , Luc Roeg , Bob Salerno Best Screenplay Lynne Ramsay , Rory Stewart Kinnear BAFTA Award 12 February 2012 Best Director Lynne Ramsay Best Actress in a Leading Role Tilda Swinton Outstanding British Film Jennifer Fox , Rory Stewart Kinnear , Lynne Ramsay , Luc Roeg , Robert Salerno Bodil Award 16 March 2013 Best American Film Lynne Ramsay British Independent Film Award 4 December 2011 Best Director Won Best Actress Tilda Swinton Nominated Best British Independent Film Best Screenplay Lynne Ramsay , Rory Stewart Kinnear Best Supporting Actor Ezra Miller Best Technical Achievement ( for cinematography ) Seamus McGarvey Cannes Film Festival 11 -- 22 May 2011 Palme d'Or Lynne Ramsay Critics ' Choice Movie Awards 12 January 2012 Best Actress Tilda Swinton Best Young Actor / Actress Ezra Miller Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Association 16 December 2011 Russell Smith Award Lynne Ramsay Won Best Actress Tilda Swinton Nominated European Film Award 3 December 2011 Best Actress Won Evening Standard British Film Award Best Film Lynne Ramsay Best Actress Tilda Swinton Nominated Best Technical Achievement ( for sound design ) Paul Davies Flanders International Film Festival Ghent Canvas Audience Award Lynne Ramsay Won Grand Prix for Best Film Nominated Golden Globe Award 15 January 2012 Best Actress in a Motion Picture , Drama Tilda Swinton Irish Film & Television Awards 11 February 2012 Best Director of Photography ( Film / TV Drama ) Seamus McGarvey Won Best International Actress Tilda Swinton Nominated London Film Critics ' Circle 19 January 2012 British Film of the Year Won Actress of the Year Tilda Swinton Nominated British Actress of the Year Director of the Year Lynne Ramsay Technical Achievement ( for sound design ) Paul Davies London Film Festival Best Film Lynne Ramsay Won National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Best Actress Tilda Swinton Top Ten Independent Films Online Film Critics Society Award 2 January 2012 Best Actress Tilda Swinton Best Editing Joe Bini Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Lynne Ramsay , Rory Stewart Kinnear Rembrandt Award Best International Actress Tilda Swinton San Diego Film Critics Society 14 December 2011 Best Actress San Francisco Film Critics Circle Best Actress Won Screen Actors Guild Award 29 January 2012 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Nominated Southeastern Film Critics Association 18 December 2011 Best Actress Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival Jury Prize : Best Director Lynne Ramsay Won Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association 5 December 2011 Best Actress Tilda Swinton Nominated Writers ' Guild of Great Britain Best Film Screenplay Lynne Ramsay , Rory Stewart Kinnear Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` We Need to Talk About Kevin ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We Need to talk About Kevin running time , production dates , budget '' . MovieInsider.com . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web title = We Need to Talk About Kevin publisher = ( ( The Numbers ( website ) The Numbers url = http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/We-need-to-Talk-About-Kevin#tab=summary ) ) ^ Jump up to : Miller , Phil ( 14 September 2007 ) . `` Why does this author need to talk about filming Kevin ? '' . The Herald . Jump up ^ McClintock , Paula ( 23 April 2010 ) . `` Ramsay rounds out ' Kevin ' cast '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Arendt , Paul ( 6 June 2006 ) . `` Ramsay needs to shoot a film about Kevin '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News & Media . p. 21 ( G2 supplement ) . Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( 18 May 2008 ) . `` BBC Films has diverse slate '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 18 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Archie ( 3 October 2008 ) . `` Brit List brings scripts to light '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Jump up ^ Burgeson , John ( 30 March 2010 ) . `` In Stratford , sweet love drowns out sour weather '' . CT Post . Hearst Newspapers . Jump up ^ Curtis , Nick ( 19 February 2010 ) . `` The women behind the British film industry '' . London Evening Standard . ES London . p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Awards Database : We Need to Talk About Kevin '' . UK Film Council . Retrieved 25 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 23 April 2010 ) . `` '' We Need to talk About Kevin '' starts filming this week `` . HollywoodNews.com . Retrieved 24 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Dawtrey , Adam ( 22 April 2010 ) . `` The welcome return of Lynne Ramsay '' . London : guardian.co.uk ( Guardian News & Media ) . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Dundas Wood , Mark ( 28 May 2010 ) . `` New York Production Listings '' . BackStage.com . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , A.J. ( 1 August 2010 ) . `` Hollywood East : On location in Connecticut '' . The Hour . The Hour Publishing Co . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( 14 February 2011 ) . `` Radiohead 's Johny Greenwood to Score ' We Need to Talk About Kevin ' ( Berlin ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 14 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Kay , Jeremy ( 22 October 2009 ) . `` Independent boards We Need To Talk About Kevin for AFM '' . ScreenDaily.com ( Emap Media ) . Retrieved 22 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` We Need to Talk About Kevin : world exclusive trailer - video '' ( includes video clip ) . The Guardian . London . 12 August 2011 . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cannes Showstopper ' We Need to Talk About Kevin ' Picked up By Oscilloscope / Film '' . Slashfilm.com. 2011 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes - From 16 to 27 may 2012 '' . Festival-cannes.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News - Cannes gets talking about British Kevin drama '' . bbc.co.uk. 2011 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ We Need to Talk About Kevin at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` We Need To Talk About Kevin Blu - Ray Gets A US Release Date '' . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ We Need to Talk About Kevin at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ `` We Need to Talk About Kevin ( 2011 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 25 January 2012 ) . `` We Need to Talk About Kevin Movie Review ( 2012 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( 6 January 2012 ) . `` Eleven from Eleven '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Brody , Richard ( November 2011 ) . `` We Need to Talk About Kevin '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Jake . `` We need to talk about We Need to Talk about Kevin '' . Busted Halo . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Thomson , David ( 8 March 2012 ) . `` Thomson on Film : A Movie About a School Shooting That Ignores the Shooter '' . The New Republic . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website We Need to Talk About Kevin on IMDb We Need to Talk About Kevin at AllMovie We Need to Talk About Kevin at Box Office Mojo We Need to Talk About Kevin at Rotten Tomatoes We Need to Talk About Kevin at Metacritic Films directed by Lynne Ramsay Ratcatcher ( 1999 ) Morvern Callar ( 2002 ) We Need to Talk About Kevin ( 2011 ) You Were Never Really Here ( 2017 ) London Film Critics ' Circle British Film of the Year Life Is Sweet ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) The Remains of the Day ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) The Madness of King George ( 1995 ) Secrets & Lies ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels ( 1998 ) East Is East ( 1999 ) Billy Elliot ( 2000 ) Gosford Park ( 2001 ) All or Nothing ( 2002 ) The Magdalene Sisters ( 2003 ) Vera Drake ( 2004 ) The Constant Gardener ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Control ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Fish Tank ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) We Need to Talk About Kevin ( 2011 ) Berberian Sound Studio ( 2012 ) The Selfish Giant ( 2013 ) Under the Skin ( 2014 ) 45 Years ( 2015 ) I , Daniel Blake ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Need_to_Talk_About_Kevin_(film)&oldid=803981729 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2010s drama films 2010s independent films 2010s psychological thriller films American films American independent films American thriller films American drama films British films British drama films British independent films British thriller films Films about psychopaths Films about dysfunctional families Films directed by Lynne Ramsay Patricide in fiction Sororicide in fiction Films based on American novels Films shot in Connecticut Films about school violence Best Film , London Film Festival winners Mass murder in fiction Film scores by Jonny Greenwood Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2016 Use dmy dates from May 2016 Film articles using image size parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 22 : 23 . 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-391798006156944899	Murphy's Irish Stout	Murphy 's Irish stout - wikipedia Murphy 's Irish stout Jump to : navigation , search Murphy 's Irish Stout Type Stout Distributor Heineken International Country of origin Cork , Ireland Alcohol by volume 4 % Colour Black Variants Murphy 's Stout 3.5 % Website http://murphys.com Murphy 's Irish Stout ( often simply Murphy 's ) , is a stout brewed at the Murphy 's Brewery in Cork , Ireland . It is owned and distributed by the Dutch brewer Heineken International . Murphy 's was heavily promoted worldwide by Heineken throughout the late 1980s and 1990s , but it ultimately failed to substantially dent Guinness ' global stout market share , and Heineken have since directed their attentions to other brands . Contents ( hide ) 1 Flavour profile 2 History 2.1 Widget 3 Sales 3.1 Overseas markets 4 Advertising 4.1 Sponsorship 5 References 6 External links Flavour profile ( edit ) It is brewed to be less heavy and less bitter than its chief competitor Guinness . Its flavour is evocative of caramel and malt , and is described as `` a distant relative of chocolate milk '' . The resemblance to milk extends beyond flavour to texture : Murphy 's is free from any hint of carbonation , and is delivered `` black as strong cappuccino '' with an inch of foam -- the head -- on top . The water of the River Lee in Cork allegedly gave Murphy 's its quality . History ( edit ) A pint of Murphy 's Local Irish history pits the Guinness drinkers of Dublin squarely against the Murphy 's drinkers of Cork . There has long been a lively rivalry between the two , with Murphy 's viewed as the more `` craft '' stout , and Guinness being the more mainstream . After years as a solely local stout , the acquisition of the brewery by Heineken in 1983 , with a consequent expansion in distribution and international television advertising , exposed Murphy 's to the international drinking community . In 1988 , Whitbread acquired the distribution and brewing rights for Murphy 's in the UK , where it was brewed in the Magor brewery at Magor in Wales . In 2000 , these rights went to Interbrew when they acquired Whitbread Brewing Company . Widget ( edit ) In addition to being distributed in kegs , Murphy 's is also available in a can . To simulate the appearance and texture of the tap version , cans of Murphy 's contain a nitrogen widget , which increases the creaminess of the head when poured . Sales ( edit ) Export volumes peaked in the mid-1990s and domestic volume peaked around 2000 . The brand is suffering in its native Ireland due to a declining market for stout . It holds a 5 per cent market share of the Irish on trade stout market , although this is largely a result of its 28 per cent share of its native Cork market . Murphy 's has a limited presence in Ireland outside of Cork . In 2011 , 60,000 hectolitres of Murphy 's were sold in Ireland . Overseas markets ( edit ) Murphy 's was launched on draught in the United Kingdom in 1989 . Cans were launched in 1992 . It is now rarely found on draught in the UK , although is stocked by many major supermarkets in cans . In the UK it is brewed at Heineken 's Tadcaster plant in North Yorkshire for the home market and some export markets . According to Euromonitor , Murphy 's sold 25,000 hl in the UK in 2011 . Popular export markets include Norway and Italy . In New York the importer is United States Beverage ( USB ) , which is a premium imported / craft beer sales and marketing company located in Stamford , Connecticut . Advertising ( edit ) In 1997 an anime television advertisement was created for Murphy 's called `` Last Orders '' . It was created by Production I.G ( the creators of Ghost in the Shell ) , and directed by Hiroyuki Kitakubo . The 60 - second film features six fierce samurai who rush through a post-futuristic megalopolis to make it on time for the last order at their favourite pub . It was the first anime style commercial film ever aired in the UK and Ireland . Sponsorship ( edit ) Murphy 's Irish Stout is the main sponsor of the Cork Athletic Union League , an association football league featuring amateur and junior clubs from County Cork . They were also the title sponsor of the Irish Open golf tournament from 1994 to 2002 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : West , Bill ( 30 November 2007 ) . `` Beer Bites : Murphy 's Irish Stout '' . The Daily Orange . Archived from the original on 13 December 2007 . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Brown , Andrew C. ( 3 February 1986 ) . `` A Dutch Challenge to the King of Stout '' . Fortune . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Givens , Ron ( 15 March 1996 ) . `` Holiday for the Stout - Hearted '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Whiting , Sam ( 14 March 2001 ) . `` Living It Up Like the Irish '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on 28 April 2005 . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Murphy 's stout to be brewed in UK '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Cravens , David W. ; Lamb , Charles W. ; Crittenden , Victoria Lynn ( 2001 ) . Strategic Marketing Management Cases ( 7 ed . ) . Michigan : McGraw - Hill / Irwin . p. 347 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 251482 - 7 . Retrieved 18 June 2011 . For most of its first 135 years , Murphy 's was available only in draft form in pubs throughout Ireland . A packaging innovation ( draughtflow cans ) was launched in October 1992 . A plastic device ( called a widget ) is fitted into the bottom of the can which nitrates the liquid after the can is opened , creating the famous creamy head and giving the product a publike taste . ^ Jump up to : http://www.tca.ie/images/uploaded/documents/M08011%20Heineken-S&N%20Determination%20public.pdf Jump up ^ `` Heineken Ireland increases market share '' . RTÉ News . 16 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Alcoholic Drinks : Euromonitor from trade sources / national statistics Jump up ^ Food Standards Agency -- Heineken UK withdraws a batch of Murphy 's Stout due to a packaging error resulting in the presence of undeclared barley ( gluten ) ^ Jump up to : Production I.G ( WORK LIST ( Details ) ) Jump up ^ `` Sponsors '' . corkaul.files.wordpress.com . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ sportspromedia.com -- Heineken to sponsor Irish Open -- 27 July 2011 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Murphy 's Irish Stout . Official website ( hide ) Heineken International Subsidiaries Bralima Brewery Bralirwa Brewery Brarudi Calanda Bräu Central de Cervejas Heineken Asia Pacific Archipelago Brewery DB Breweries Double Brown Heineken Malaysia Monteith 's Heineken Hungária Karlovačka pivovara Żywiec Brewery Cieszyn Brewery Elbrewery Warka Brewery Leżajsk Brewery Murphy 's Brewery Murphy 's Irish Stout Nigerian Breweries Sierra Leone Brewery Limited Brands Beamish and Crawford Bintang Beer Birra Moretti Bulmers H.P. Bulmer Cruzcampo Foster 's Lager Heineken Heineken Oud Bruin Heineken Premium Light Heineken Tarwebok Karlovačko Killian 's Lagunitas Brewing Company Laško Brewery Maes pils Mützig Newcastle Brown Ale Piton Royal Club Sagres Scrumpy Jack John Smith 's Brewery Stolichno Strongbow Surinaamse Brouwerij Woodpecker Cider Zagorka Zlatý Bažant Facilities 2012 Holland Heineken House Amstel Brewery Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery Holland Heineken House People Charlene de Carvalho - Heineken Freddy Heineken Henry Joseph Kelliher Related Heineken Experience Kidnapping of Freddy Heineken Sisi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murphy%27s_Irish_Stout&oldid=783844405 '' Categories : Beer in Ireland Hidden categories : EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hRecipes Articles with hProducts All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego Italiano עברית Lumbaart Nederlands Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 5 June 2017 , at 01 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	murphy's imported stout draught style alcohol content	[]	[]
276492703164504830	List of maize dishes	List of maize dishes - wikipedia List of maize dishes Jump to : navigation , search Cocoloşi cooking on a grill This is a list of maize dishes , in which maize ( also known as corn ) is used as a primary ingredient . Additionally , some foods and beverages that are prepared with maize are listed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Maize dishes 2 Beverages 3 Foods 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Maize dishes ( edit ) Arepa Banku Battered sausage Binaki Bulz Cachapa Champurrado Chipa Guasu Cocoloşi Conkies Corn chowder Corn crab soup Corn dog Corn flakes Corn fritter Corn soup Corn stew Corn tortilla Cornbread Cou - cou Creamed corn Elote Fufu Grits Hallaca Hasty pudding Hominy Hot water corn bread Humita Hushpuppy Johnnycake Kačamak Kenkey Kuymak Mais mouline Maja maíz Makki di roti Mămăligă Mămăligă în pături Mazamorra Milho Frito Mush Nacatamal Nachos Nshima Pap Pashofa Pasteles Pastel de choclo Piki Pinole Polenta Popcorn Pozol Pozole Pudding corn Pupusa Quesadillas Sadza Sagamite Samp Sloosh Sopes Sorullos Spoonbread Succotash Taco Tamale Tostada wotou Xarém A battered sausage , sliced in half after cooking Creamed corn is a soup or sauce made by pulping the corn kernels and collecting the milky residue from the corn . Grits is a ground - corn food of Native American origin , that is common in the Southern United States and eaten mainly at breakfast . Pudding corn is prepared from stewed corn , water , any of various thickening agents , and optional additional flavoring or texturing ingredients Tamales originated in Mesoamerica as early as 8000 to 5000 BC . A cheese - filled arepa Cornbread cooked in a skillet Corn fritters Pastel de choclo is a pastel food based on sweet corn or choclo Ugali ( top ) , also known as pap , with cooked cabbage and vegetables Binaki , steamed cornmeal tamales from the Philippines Beverages ( edit ) Atole Bourbon whiskey Cauim Chicha Chicha de jora Chicha morada Colada morada Corn beer Corn whiskey Pinolillo Pozol Tejate Tejuino Tesgüino Atole served at the Atole Fair in Coacalco de Berriozábal , State of Mexico Chicha morada being prepared in Peru : unfermented chicha made from purple maize and boiled with pineapple and spices Pozol being served at the boardwalk of Chiapa de Corzo , Chiapas Tejate is a maize and cacao beverage traditionally made in Oaxaca , Mexico , originating from pre-Hispanic times . Chicha de jora is a Peruvian corn beer chicha Foods ( edit ) Bollo Corn chips Corn cookie Corn nuts Corn on the cob Corn tortilla Mote Popcorn Sopa paraguaya Talo Tortilla chips Corn nuts , known as cancha in Peru , are a fried corn snack Candied popcorn Talo being prepared in Leioa , Biscay Tortilla chips See also ( edit ) Food portal Lists portal Baby corn Blue corn Broa Cornmeal Corn syrup Hominy List of edible seeds List of Mexican dishes List of sweetcorn varieties Mielie - meal National Cornbread Festival Samp Sweet corn Three Sisters ( agriculture ) References ( edit ) Xarém , a dish from the Algarve , Portugal Jump up ^ Mais Moulin Jump up ^ Hoyer , Daniel and Snortum , Marty Tamales , page 8 . Gibbs Smith , 2008 . ISBN 1 - 4236 - 0319 - 2 Jump up ^ Wadler , Joyce ( September 8 , 2009 ) . `` Chew It Up , Spit It Out , Then Brew . Cheers ! '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . 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List of popcorn brands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_maize_dishes&oldid=794261006 '' Categories : Maize dishes Lists of foods by ingredient Hidden categories : Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 August 2017 , at 22 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	dish containing corn chips as a main ingredient	[]	[]
-2685560240126228515	Blue Bloods (season 7)	Blue Bloods ( season 7 ) - wikipedia Blue Bloods ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Blue Bloods ( season 7 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network CBS Original release September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) -- May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 Next → Season 8 List of Blue Bloods episodes The seventh season of Blue Bloods , a police procedural drama series created by Robin Green and Mitchell Burgess , premiered on CBS on September 23 , 2016 . The season concluded on May 5 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Donnie Wahlberg ( Danny Reagan ) , Bridget Moynahan ( Erin Reagan ) , Will Estes ( Jamie Reagan ) , and Len Cariou ( Henry Reagan ) are first credited . Amy Carlson ( Linda Reagan ) and Sami Gayle ( Nicky Reagan - Boyle ) are credited next , marking the third season they have been included in the opening credits . Tom Selleck ( Frank Reagan ) receives an `` and '' billing at the close of the main title sequence . Marisa Ramirez , as Danny 's partner Detective Maria Baez , and Vanessa Ray , as Jamie 's partner Eddie Janko , continue to receive `` also starring '' billing for season 7 . Appearing regularly and receiving `` special guest star '' billing are Gregory Jbara as Deputy Commissioner of Public Information Garrett Moore , Robert Clohessy as Lt. Sidney Gormley , and Abigail Hawk as Detective Baker , Frank 's primary aide . Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 134 `` The Greater Good '' David M. Barrett Siobhan Byrne - O'Connor September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) 701 10.55 Danny 's world is rocked when Robert Lewis ( Michael Imperioli ) in the Attorney General 's office obtains new evidence against him in the self - defense shooting case of serial killer Thomas Wilder ( Louis Cancelmi ) . Also , Jamie and Eddie respond to a car accident involving a high - profile drunk driver , and Frank is asked by Grace Edwards ( Lori Loughlin ) , the wife of a slain police officer , to keep her only son off the police force for her safety . 135 `` Good Cop Bad Cop '' Kellie Cyrus Brian Burns September 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 30 ) 704 10.56 Danny and Baez investigate the murder of an elderly woman , shot in her home by a stray bullet . Also , Frank faces ridicule from his department when he disciplines a disrespectful cop , and Erin steps in to help her detective cohort , Anthony Abetemarco ( Steve Schirripa ) , find a legal solution for his mother after a con man bilks her out of her life savings . Meanwhile , Jack is in big trouble after ditching school to drink at a party . As punishment , Danny takes away his phone . 136 `` The Price of Justice '' John Behring Ian Biederman October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 702 9.85 Danny and Baez are determined to get justice for a traumatized young woman who was held hostage , despite her resistance to press charges . Also , Frank deals with a PR nightmare when a prominent NYPD donor ( Saul Rubinek ) is spotted speeding through Manhattan traffic in a fake police vehicle , and Jamie is offered a job as a technical advisor on a television crime show after working with the TV and Film unit . 137 `` Mob Rules '' Robert Harmon Peter Blauner October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) 703 10.22 Intent on bringing justice to Lieutenant Gormley after he is beaten by a mob outside his temporary rental home , Anthony offers to help Frank because he has a personal connection to the neighborhood where the attack occurred . Also , Eddie and Jamie witness a dishonest arrest involving an NYPD detective and an agent from Homeland Security , while Danny and Maria search for a witness to testify against a dangerous gang leader . 138 5 `` For the Community '' Peter Werner Teleplay by : Blair Singer & Kevin Wade Story by : Blair Singer October 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) 705 10.03 Erin and Anthony try to prevent the deportation of a prominent community activist , Coryna Garza ( Judy Reyes ) , who is not a citizen . Frank must decide if the NYPD will participate in the U.S. Marshals ' high - profile raid of a local gang . Elsewhere , Eddie takes Jamie to see her 16 - year - old psychic , but the girl 's `` papa '' says she has disappeared . When they find the girl , Jamie and Eddie try to figure out why she ran . 139 6 `` Whistleblowers '' Eric Laneuville Kevin Riley and Kevin Wade October 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 28 ) 706 8.88 Frank is informed of a whistleblower within the NYPD who claims to have evidence of abuse of power in high crime neighborhoods . Danny and Baez investigate the case of a waitress at a popular Irish pub who was struck by a car under suspicious circumstances . 140 7 `` Guilt by Association '' Robert Harmon Siobhan Byrne O'Connor November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) 707 9.76 When a key witness in Danny 's murder case is killed just before testifying , Erin angers Danny by enlisting Anthony to help him find additional evidence to collar the murderer . Robert Lewis returns , trying to force Frank to publicly support the Attorney General 's investigation into the use of excessive force by police . During a joint press conference with Lewis , Frank accuses him of having political motivations for the probe . Lewis responds later by promising further investigations into NYPD chain of evidence issues . Meanwhile , Eddie and Jamie get a call for an attempted suicide . 141 8 `` Personal Business '' David M. Barrett Ian Biederman November 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) 708 10.27 After Emily Harrison ( Danielle Savre ) tells Danny and Baez she 's concerned her abusive ex-boyfriend will repeat his behavior with his new girlfriend , Emily is accused of vigilantism when the guy is murdered . Eddie gets jealous when Jamie takes in a young professional woman who was forced to live on the street , letting her crash at his apartment . Meanwhile , Frank must decide how to discipline a sergeant after he fails to intercede during an armed robbery while off duty , as he was protecting his young daughter . 142 9 `` Confessions '' Alex Zakrzewski Brian Burns November 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 18 ) 709 10.36 Frank is left with minimal information to find a missing boy when a conflicted priest who could help wo n't break the seal of confession . Danny and Baez investigate the death of a prominent New York City socialite with a secret life . Elsewhere , Jamie and Eddie attend a wedding together while trying to hide their recently resurfaced romantic feelings for each other . Unfortunately , Jamie 's behavior towards one of the guests at the reception leads to a brawl on the dance floor and a destroyed wedding cake . Those involved spend the night in the slammer . 143 10 `` Unbearable Loss '' David M. Barrett Peter Blauner December 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) 710 10.18 When the son of Frank 's most outspoken critic in the African - American community , Reverend Darnell Potter ( Ato Essandoh ) , is killed , Potter must put aside his contentious relationship with the Reagan family in order to get justice for his son . Also , Erin and Anthony investigate when a convicted felon 's cause of death is inconsistent with injuries he sustained during a prisoner transport van accident , and Jamie learns that a mugger he shot in self - defense is the son of a trooper in the New York State Police . 144 11 `` Genetics '' Alex Chapple Allie Solomon January 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) 711 10.79 An adoption case gets complicated for Jamie and Eddie , so they turn to Erin for help in preventing the case from going to court . The case becomes more complicated because Erin does not know adoption law well . Frank deals with an NYPD sergeant who is helping cadets from military backgrounds cheat on the psychiatric portion of their exam . Meanwhile , Danny learns from a worried Linda that Jack plans to enter the Marines after graduation . 145 12 `` Not Fade Away '' Robert Harmon Kevin Wade and Blair Singer January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 712 10.48 Danny is asked to provide private security for Ernie `` Goodnight '' Mason ( Omar Dorsey ) , who spent 12 years in prison for his involvement in a murder . In return , Danny makes Mason help him locate the actual triggerman in the crime . Jamie and Eddie have to break up a public quarrel between two NYPD partners who have become romantically involved , making them evaluate their own complicated relationship . Elsewhere , Frank tries to make things right when Sid 's wife tells him that her husband feels underutilized . 146 13 `` The One That Got Away '' Jane Raab Siobhan Byrne O'Connor January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) 713 9.77 When diplomatic immunity complicates a child abuse case for Danny and Baez , Frank intervenes , despite not having jurisdiction on the case . Also , a robbery occurs while Eddie and Jamie are on a double date with Eddie 's boyfriend and his sister , and they are forced to step in . 147 14 `` In and Out '' John Behring Ian Biederman February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) 714 10.13 A parole officer 's romance with an ex-con leads to a possible cover up in a gang leader 's shooting . As Danny and Baez investigate the murder , Frank tries to prevent further violence by getting information from the rival gang leader ( Method Man ) serving prison time for killing police chief Donald Kent . Elsewhere , Jamie and Eddie are tired of responding to bogus calls , and try to track down the person who has tapped into the police frequency . 148 15 `` Lost Souls '' Alex Chapple Brian Burns February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) 715 10.65 A man is murdered 10 years after he killed a mother and son while driving drunk , and the investigation leaves Danny and Baez facing a dilemma . Anthony is put in a different position when Erin asks him to wear a wire as he meets with an old friend who has become involved with Russian mobsters . Meanwhile , Frank learns the NYPD community feels that he is the only thing holding Jamie back from a promotion . 149 16 `` Hard Bargain '' David M. Barrett Peter Blauner February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) 716 10.15 Linda 's brother Jimmy ( Kevin Dillon ) asks Danny for help after he lands in trouble with the mob . A lawyer whose pop star client , Osvaldo V , was tackled and arrested in a case of mistaken identity wants police officers ' disciplinary records to be made public . Nicky accompanies Jamie and Eddie on a ride along , and gets involved when the three encounter a battered wife . 150 17 `` Shadow of a Doubt '' P.J. Pesce Kevin Riley March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) 717 9.36 Jamie and Eddie suspect foul play when they respond to a distress call from a woman having an allergic reaction to her lifesaving medication , and learn that her husband is an EMT assigned to take her call , but did n't respond . Also , Erin realizes that a man she convicted years earlier might be innocent of the crime , and Frank handles a PR crisis in his department when an exposé on Garrett Moore is published . 151 18 `` A Deep Blue Goodbye '' David Barrett Kevin Wade March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) 718 9.62 Danny investigates the circumstances of an ex-NYPD officer who goes missing the day after she revealed to him that she had planned to make amends to the woman she and her partner wrongfully convicted years ago . Elsewhere , Frank faces a dilemma when one of his peers , Chief Travis Jackson ( Isaiah Washington ) , refuses to retire , even though he 's hit the mandatory age . Also , Jamie and Eddie get involved in a prank war with another male - female officer partnership , which escalates to a near - brawl in the street . 152 19 `` Love Lost '' Ralph Hemecker Siobhan Byrne O'Connor April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) 719 9.77 Once again , Erin faces off in court against her ex-husband , Jack Boyle ( Peter Hermann ) , who is representing the person she is attempting to convict of murder . Erin is also shocked to learn that Jack has been going out with a woman who is just a few years older than Nicky . Jack also has n't gotten over the habit of calling Erin by her marriage name . Danny and Baez investigate to see if a husband is behind the murder of his own wife , who was smothered in her sleep . Frank is confronted by a mother who accuses the NYPD of being negligent in solving her son 's murder , while Jamie rides with his temporary partner , Officer Brenda Patimkin ( Sarah Mezzanotte ) . 153 20 `` No Retreat No Surrender '' Jane Raab Brian Burns April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 720 9.43 When a witness in a former case of Erin 's asks her for help shutting down a drug operation in his Bronx apartment building , she makes it her mission to make the building safe for his family . While investigating a teen 's suicide , Danny and Baez uncover information that suggests the death was a homicide . Frank looks into potential misconduct in the Mayor 's office , possibly putting his job at risk . 154 21 `` Foreign Interference '' John Behring Peter Blauner April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) 721 8.74 Danny and Baez team up with two Russian operatives to search for a dangerous Russian man who entered the U.S. on a diplomatic visa . Also , Frank gets involved in a sensitive case involving Archbishop Kevin Kearns ( Stacy Keach ) , and Erin and Anthony scramble to find out who tampered with evidence in one of their cases . 155 22 `` The Thin Blue Line '' David M. Barrett Ian Biederman May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) 722 9.24 After Danny intercepts a shipment of several million dollars that was heading to a drug cartel in Mexico , he and his family become targets when cartel members come back for revenge leaving the family homeless . Also , Jamie works independently to track down a serial killer who preys on the elderly , and Mayor Poole ( David Ramsey ) confides to Frank that he plans to retire . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Greater Good '' September 23 , 2016 1.3 / 6 10.55 0.8 4.32 14.87 `` Good Cop Bad Cop '' September 30 , 2016 1.3 / 6 10.56 N / A 4.00 N / A 14.56 `` The Price of Justice '' October 7 , 2016 1.2 / 5 9.85 0.7 3.90 1.9 13.73 `` Mob Rules '' October 14 , 2016 1.3 / 5 10.22 N / A 3.99 N / A 14.21 5 `` For the Community '' October 21 , 2016 1.1 / 5 10.03 0.8 4.02 1.9 14.06 6 `` Whistleblowers '' October 28 , 2016 1.1 / 4 8.88 0.7 4.40 1.8 13.28 7 `` Guilt by Association '' November 4 , 2016 1.1 / 4 9.76 0.7 4.12 1.8 13.88 8 `` Personal Business '' November 11 , 2016 1.3 / 5 10.27 0.7 4.04 2.0 14.31 9 `` Confessions '' November 18 , 2016 1.2 / 5 10.36 0.7 4.36 1.9 14.72 10 `` Unbearable Loss '' December 9 , 2016 1.2 / 5 10.18 0.7 4.35 1.9 14.53 11 `` Genetics '' January 6 , 2017 1.3 / 4 10.79 TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` Not Fade Away '' January 13 , 2017 1.3 / 5 10.48 0.7 4.00 2.0 14.48 13 `` The One That Got Away '' January 20 , 2017 1.2 / 5 9.77 0.7 4.31 1.9 14.08 14 `` In and Out '' February 3 , 2017 1.1 / 5 10.13 0.8 4.35 1.9 14.48 15 `` Lost Souls '' February 10 , 2017 1.2 / 5 10.65 N / A 4.23 N / A 14.89 16 `` Hard Bargain '' February 17 , 2017 1.1 / 4 10.15 0.7 3.85 1.8 14.00 17 `` Shadow of a Doubt '' March 10 , 2017 1.0 / 4 9.36 0.8 4.36 1.8 13.79 18 `` A Deep Blue Goodbye '' March 31 , 2017 1.1 / 4 9.62 TBD TBD TBD TBD 19 `` Love Lost '' April 7 , 2017 1.0 / 4 9.77 TBD TBD TBD TBD 20 `` No Retreat No Surrender '' April 14 , 2017 1.0 / 4 9.43 TBD TBD TBD TBD 21 `` Foreign Interference '' April 28 , 2017 0.8 / 3 8.74 TBD TBD TBD TBD 22 `` The Thin Blue Line '' May 5 , 2017 1.0 / 4 9.24 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rawden , Jessica ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` 2 Broke Girls Is Renewed By CBS '' . Cinema Blend . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` CBS Sets Fall 2016 Premiere Dates , Slates JonBenet Ramsey Limited Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces Season Finale Airdates '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up , ' MacGyver ' and ' Exorcist ' hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' MacGyver ' and ' Exorcist ' adjust down , ' Last Man Standing ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shark Tank , ' ' Blue Bloods ' and ' Last Man Standing ' adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Shark Tank , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' MacGyver ' adjust down vs. World Series : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up , ' The Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Last Man Standing ' adjusts up , all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shark Tank , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up , ' Emerald City ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dateline ' adjusts up , ' Blue Bloods ' and ' Vampire Diaries ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Shark Tank ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Shark Tank ' adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' Grimm ' adjust down , ' Vampire Diaries ' finale holds : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' finale adjusts up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' First Dates ' and everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' finale adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' is your premiere week DVR champion : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 - 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' and ' This Is Us ' make big gains in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Blue Bloods episodes on IMDb List of Blue Bloods episodes at TV.com ( hide ) Blue Bloods Characters Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Bloods_(season_7)&oldid=805202730 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons Blue Bloods ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 19 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	last season's last episode of blue bloods	[ "\n155\n22\n\"The Thin Blue Line\"\nDavid M. Barrett\nIan Biederman\nMay 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)\n722\n9.24[25]\n" ]	[ "The Thin Blue Line" ]
-8666300720680583809	One (Harry Nilsson song)	One ( Harry Nilsson song ) - wikipedia One ( Harry Nilsson song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` One Is the Loneliest Number '' redirects here . For the novel , see Tom Clancy 's Net Force Explorers : One is the Loneliest Number . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` One '' Single by Harry Nilsson from the album Aerial Ballet B - side `` Sister Marie '' Released 1968 Recorded 1967 Genre Chamber pop Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Harry Nilsson Producer ( s ) Rick Jarrard Harry Nilsson singles chronology `` Good Old Desk '' ( 1967 ) `` One '' ( 1968 ) `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' ( 1968 ) `` Good Old Desk '' ( 1967 ) `` One '' ( 1968 ) `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' ( 1968 ) `` One '' is a song written by Harry Nilsson and made famous by Three Dog Night whose recording reached number five on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in 1969 and number four in Canada . The song is known for its opening line `` One is the loneliest number that you 'll ever do '' . Nilsson wrote the song after calling someone and getting a busy signal . He stayed on the line listening to the `` beep , beep , beep , beep ... '' tone , writing the song . The busy signal became the opening notes of the song . In 1968 , Al Kooper released the song on his debut album I Stand Alone . In 1969 , the song was recorded by Australian pop singer Johnny Farnham , reaching number four on the Go - Set National Top 40 Chart . `` One '' Single by Three Dog Night from the album Three Dog Night B - side `` Chest Fever '' Released April 1969 Recorded 1968 Length 3 : 06 Label Dunhill Songwriter ( s ) Harry Nilsson Producer ( s ) Gabriel Mekler Three Dog Night singles chronology `` Try a Little Tenderness '' ( 1969 ) `` One '' ( 1969 ) `` Easy to Be Hard '' ( 1969 ) `` Try a Little Tenderness '' ( 1969 ) `` One '' ( 1969 ) `` Easy to Be Hard '' ( 1969 ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Three Dog Night version 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Other versions 4 In media 5 References 6 External links Three Dog Night version ( edit ) `` One '' was released as the second single from Three Dog Night 's eponymous first album . It was a major North American hit and became their first of seven gold records over the next five years . The song reached number five on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and spent three weeks at number two on the Cash Box Top 100 . It also reached number four in Canada . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position Australia Go - Set 39 Canada RPM New Zealand ( Listener ) 16 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 5 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Rank Canada 20 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 11 U.S. Cash Box 16 Other versions ( edit ) John Farnham , released as a double - sided single with `` Mr. Whippy '' in 1969 . Mike Melvoin released an instrumental arrangement of `` One '' on his 1970 album The Plastic Cow Goes Moooooog . The New Seekers released a version on the 1971 album Beautiful People . In 1992 , it was recorded by the band Chainsaw Kittens on the single for the song `` High in High School '' . The song was recorded by Aimee Mann for the 1995 Nilsson tribute album For the Love of Harry : Everybody Sings Nilsson . Mann 's version also appears in the 1999 film Magnolia and on the film 's soundtrack . The song was recorded by the rock band Filter for the soundtrack to the 1998 film The X-Files : Fight the Future . There is also a scene in the movie where Mulder says to a bartender ( played by an uncredited Glenne Headly ) , `` You know , one is the loneliest number . '' Dokken included the song on their 1999 album Erase the Slate . The Beta Band closed their 2001 album Hot Shots II with `` Won '' , a hip - hop track built around extensive samples of Nilsson 's song . Alva Noto and Blixa Bargeld , working together for their ANBB project , included a version of this song on their 2010 album Mimikry . Mastodon recorded an arrangement of the song for the Army of Two trailer . Electric Six included the song on their cover album Mimicry and Memories ( 2015 ) . In media ( edit ) In 1995 , the song was sung briefly on The Drew Carey Show at the Warsaw Pub between both Carey and his boss , Mr. Bell , in the first - season episode `` Nature Abhors a Vacuum '' . This song was used in a 2002 episode of the animated comedy series Family Guy called `` Brian Wallows and Peter 's Swallows '' . This song was quoted by Robert Barone in an episode of Everybody Loves Raymond . In Disney 's Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) , the song is also played . The song was sung by Nathan Lane and was featured on the soundtrack Stuart Little 2 in 2002 . In 2004 , the song appears in the third episode of House ( `` Occam 's Razor '' ) . Dr. House references the song 's opening line during a discussion with his team , and the song later plays over the episode 's last scene . Also in 2004 , the song is briefly sung by Donkey in the film Shrek 2 . The Muppets and Jimmy Fallon performed an impromptu rendition of the song on the set of Late Night with Jimmy Fallon while rehearsing for the 2009 Christmas performance . In 2013 , Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic created a video using `` One '' to promote their US Open final match . In 2013 , Lisa Simpson sang the song at the beginning of episode 536 of The Simpsons , dated November 24 , 2013 . The Three Dog Night version of `` One '' was used in a winter of 2012 - 13 ad campaign for Ahold 's Stop & Shop , Giant of Landover , Giant of Carlisle , and Martin 's supermarket chains . In 2014 , the Three Dog Night cover of the song appeared in the teaser trailer for season five of the American crime drama Boardwalk Empire . In October 2016 , an original version recorded by Harry Nilsson was used in Masters of Sex TV series ( season four , called `` Coats or Keys '' ) . Also in October 2016 , the Harry version was used in The Blacklist TV series ( episode 6 , season four , called `` The Thrushes '' ) . The Three Dog Night version appeared in the 2016 video game Mafia 3 . In February 2017 , the song was featured in The LEGO Batman Movie . Three Dog Night 's version appears in a 2017 TV commercial for OraVet animal dental hygiene . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Playlist : Best Harry Nilsson songs for what would be his 75th birthday '' . Azcentral.com. 2016 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` One ( song by Three Dog Night ) Music VF , US & UK hits charts '' . Musicvf.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Nimmervoll , Ed ( 13 September 1969 ) . `` National Top 40 '' . Go - Set . Waverley Press . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/60s_files/19690719.html Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/60s_files/19690719.html Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6104&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062 Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/60s_files/1969YESP.html Jump up ^ `` Final track listing for Mimicry and Memories '' . Kickstarter.com . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . External links ( edit ) Review of `` One '' on allmusic.com Harry Nilsson Studio albums Spotlight on Nilsson Pandemonium Shadow Show Aerial Ballet Harry Nilsson Sings Newman The Point ! Nilsson Schmilsson Son of Schmilsson A Little Touch of Schmilsson in the Night Pussy Cats Duit on Mon Dei Sandman ... That 's the Way It Is Knnillssonn Flash Harry Soundtracks Skidoo The Point ! Son of Dracula Popeye Remixes Aerial Pandemonium Ballet Compilations Early Tymes A Touch More Schmilsson in the Night Nilsson ' 62 : The Debut Sessions Hollywood Dreamer Nilsson The RCA Albums Collection Singles `` All for the Beatles '' `` Sixteen Tons '' `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` River Deep -- Mountain High '' `` One '' `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' `` Me and My Arrow '' `` Without You '' `` Jump into the Fire '' `` Coconut '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` A Love Like Yours ( Do n't Come Knocking Everyday ) '' `` Sail Away '' `` Just One Look / Baby I 'm Yours ( medley ) '' Other songs `` This Could Be the Night '' `` Ten Little Indians '' `` The Puppy Song '' `` Old Dirt Road '' `` You 're Breakin ' My Heart '' Collaborations John Lennon Pussy Cats Every Man Has a Woman Ringo Starr Ringo Son of Dracula Goodnight Vienna Ringo 's Rotogravure Stop and Smell the Roses Keith Moon Two Sides of the Moon Hal Willner Stay Awake : Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films Related articles Discography RCA Victor The Monkees Midnight Cowboy Richard Perry The Hollywood Vampires The Lost Weekend The Telephone `` Pussy Cats '' Starring the Walkmen For the Love of Harry : Everybody Sings Nilsson Who Is Harry Nilsson ( And Why Is Everybody Talkin ' About Him ) ? Three Dog Night Danny Hutton Michael Allsup Paul Kingery Pat Bautz Eddie Reasoner David Morgan Cory Wells Chuck Negron Jimmy Greenspoon Floyd Sneed Joe Schermie Skip Konte Al Ciner Gary Moon Richard Campbell Studio albums Three Dog Night ( 1968 ) Suitable for Framing ( 1969 ) It Ai n't Easy ( 1970 ) Naturally ( 1970 ) Harmony ( 1971 ) Seven Separate Fools ( 1972 ) Cyan ( 1973 ) Hard Labor ( 1974 ) Coming Down Your Way ( 1975 ) American Pastime ( 1976 ) It 's a Jungle ( 1983 ) Live albums Captured Live at the Forum ( 1969 ) Around the World with Three Dog Night ( 1973 ) Compilations Golden Bisquits ( 1971 ) Joy to the World : Their Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) The Best of 3 Dog Night ( 1982 ) Celebrate : The Three Dog Night Story , 1965 -- 1975 ( 1993 ) 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Three Dog Night ( 1999 ) Singles `` Nobody '' `` Try a Little Tenderness '' `` One '' `` Easy to Be Hard '' `` Eli 's Coming '' `` Celebrate '' `` Mama Told Me ( Not to Come ) '' `` Out in the Country '' `` One Man Band '' `` Joy to the World '' `` Liar '' `` An Old Fashioned Love Song '' `` Never Been to Spain '' `` The Family of Man '' `` Black & White '' `` Pieces of April '' `` Shambala '' `` Let Me Serenade You '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` Sure As I 'm Sittin ' Here '' `` Play Something Sweet ( Brickyard Blues ) '' `` Til the World Ends '' `` Everybody Is a Masterpiece '' `` It 's a Jungle Out There '' Discography Book John Farnham Studio albums Sadie ( 1968 ) Everybody Oughta Sing a Song ( 1968 ) Looking Through a Tear ( 1970 ) Christmas Is ... Johnny Farnham ( 1970 ) Johnny ( 1971 ) Together ( 1971 ) Johnny Farnham Sings the Shows ( 1972 ) Hits Magic & Rock ' N Roll ( 1973 ) Johnny Farnham Sings Hits from the Movies ( 1974 ) J.P. Farnham Sings ( 1975 ) Uncovered ( 1980 ) Whispering Jack ( 1986 ) Age of Reason ( 1988 ) Chain Reaction ( 1990 ) Then Again ... ( 1993 ) Romeo 's Heart ( 1996 ) 331⁄3 ( 2000 ) The Last Time ( 2002 ) I Remember When I Was Young : Songs from the Great Australian Songbook ( 2005 ) Jack ( 2010 ) Friends for Christmas ( 2016 ) Live albums Johnny Farnham Sings The Big Hits Of ' 73 Live ! ( 1973 ) Full House ( 1991 ) Live At The Regent Theatre ( 1999 ) Highlights from The Main Event ( 1999 ) John Farnham & Tom Jones -- Together in Concert ( 2005 ) The Acoustic Chapel Sessions ( 2011 ) Two Strong Hearts Live ( 2015 ) Compilation albums The Best of Johnny Farnham ( 1971 ) Johnny Farnham 's Greatest Hits ( 1976 ) The Best Of John Farnham ( 1980 ) The John Farnham Phenomenon ( 1987 ) Another Side of John Farnham ( 1987 ) Time Brings Change ( 1988 ) The Classic Gold Collection - Through The Years ( 1967 - 1985 ) ( 1995 ) Where Do I Begin ( 1995 ) Anthology 1 : Greatest Hits 1986 -- 1997 ( 1997 ) Anthology 2 : Classic Hits 1967 -- 1985 ( Recorded Live ) ( 1997 ) Anthology 3 : Rarities ( 1997 ) Love Songs ( 2002 ) One Voice : The Greatest Hits ( 2003 ) Collections ( 2008 ) The Essential ( 2009 ) The Essential 3.0 ( 2009 ) The Box Set Series ( 2014 ) Videos & DVDs Whispering Jack Live In Concert ( 1987 ) Classic Jack Live ! ( 1989 ) Chain Reaction Live in Concert ( 1990 ) Talk of the Town Tour ( 1994 ) The Main Event ( 1999 ) Anthology - The Videos ( 1999 ) 331⁄3 ( 2000 ) An Audience with John Farnham ( 2002 ) The Last Time ( 2002 ) One Voice : The Greatest Clips ( 2003 ) John Farnham & Tom Jones -- Together in Concert ( 2005 ) Classic Jack Live ! ( 2005 ) Chain Reaction Live in Concert ( 2005 ) With The Sydney Symphony Live at the Sydney Opera House ( 2006 ) Two Strong Hearts Live ( 2015 ) EPs & Singles `` Sadie ( The Cleaning Lady ) '' ( 1967 ) Johnny Farnham ( EP ) ( 1967 ) `` Underneath the Arches '' / `` Friday Kind of Monday '' ( 1968 ) `` Jamie '' / `` I Do n't Want To Love You '' ( 1968 ) `` Rose Coloured Glasses '' ( 1968 ) `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' ( 1968 ) `` One '' / `` Mr Whippy '' ( 1969 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' ( 1969 ) Number One ( EP ) ( 1970 ) `` Comic Conversation '' ( 1970 ) `` Christmas Happy '' ( 1970 ) `` Acapulco Sun '' ( 1971 ) `` Baby Without You '' ( 1971 ) `` Walking the Floor On My Hands '' ( 1971 ) `` For Christ 's Sake Help The Kids '' ( 1972 ) `` Rock Me Baby '' ( 1972 ) `` Charlie Girl '' ( 1972 ) `` Do n't You Know It 's Magic '' ( 1972 ) `` Everything Is Out of Season '' ( 1973 ) `` I Ca n't Dance to Your Music '' ( 1973 ) `` Shake a Hand '' ( 1973 ) `` Corner of the Sky '' ( 1974 ) `` One Minute Every Hour '' ( 1974 ) `` Things To Do '' ( 1975 ) `` Do n't Rock the Boat '' ( 1975 ) `` You Love Me Back To Life Again '' ( 1976 ) `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame '' ( 1977 ) `` Help ! '' ( 1980 ) `` She Says To Me '' ( 1980 ) `` She 's Everywhere '' ( 1980 ) `` Please Do n't Ask Me '' ( 1981 ) `` Too Much Too Soon '' ( 1981 ) `` That 's No Way To Love Someone '' ( 1981 ) `` Justice For One '' ( 1984 ) `` Love ( It 's Just The Way It Goes ) '' ( 1985 ) `` Break The Ice '' ( 1986 ) `` You 're the Voice '' ( 1986 ) `` Pressure Down '' ( 1986 ) `` A Touch of Paradise '' ( 1987 ) `` Reasons '' ( 1987 ) `` Age Of Reason '' ( 1988 ) `` Two Strong Hearts '' ( 1988 ) `` Beyond the Call '' ( 1988 ) `` We 're No Angels '' ( 1989 ) `` Communication '' ( 1989 ) `` Chain Reaction '' ( 1990 ) `` That 's Freedom '' ( 1990 ) `` Burn For You '' ( 1990 ) `` In Days To Come '' ( 1991 ) `` When Something Is Wrong with My Baby '' ( 1991 ) `` Please Do n't Ask Me ( Live ) '' ( 1991 ) `` Help ! ( Live ) '' ( 1991 ) `` You 're the Voice ( Live ) '' ( 1992 ) `` Everything 's Alright '' ( 1992 ) `` Angels '' ( 1993 ) `` Seemed Like A Good Idea ( At The Time ) '' ( 1993 ) `` Talk Of The Town '' ( 1993 ) `` Fight For Survival ( EP ) '' ( 1994 ) `` A Simple Life '' ( 1996 ) `` Heart 's On Fire '' ( 1996 ) `` Have A Little Faith ( In Us ) '' ( 1996 ) `` Everytime You Cry '' ( 1997 ) `` Trying To Live My Life Without You '' ( 2000 ) `` Man Of The Hour '' ( 2000 ) `` You 're The Only One '' ( 2000 ) `` Dare To Dream '' ( 2000 ) `` The Last Time '' ( 2002 ) `` Keep Talking '' ( 2002 ) `` No Ordinary World '' ( 2002 ) `` We Will Rock You '' ( 2003 ) `` Hold On I 'm Coming ( Live ) '' ( 2005 ) `` Downhearted '' ( 2005 ) `` Even When I 'm Sleeping '' ( 2005 ) `` Hit The Road Jack / Fever '' ( 2010 ) Soundtracks Charlie Girl ( 1972 ) Pippin ( 1974 ) Savage Streets ( 1984 ) Voyage of the Rock Aliens ( 1984 ) Fletch ( 1985 ) The Slugger 's Wife ( 1985 ) RAD ( 1986 ) Beyond My Reach ( 1990 ) Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1992 ) The Real Macaw ( 1997 ) 102 Dalmatians ( 2000 ) Hot Rod ( 2007 ) Tours & Major Concerts John Farnham In Concert Tour ( 1987 ) Jack 's Back Tour ( 1987 - 1988 ) World Expo 88 ( 1988 ) Age Of Reason Tour ( 1988 - 1989 ) Summer Tour ( 1989 ) Chain Reaction Tour ( 1990 - 1991 ) Talk Of The Town Tour ( 1994 ) The Concert For Rwanda ( 1994 ) Jack of Hearts Tour ( 1996 ) The Main Event ( 1998 , 2001 ) I Ca n't Believe He 's 50 Tour ( 1999 ) 50th Birthday Concert ( 1999 ) Tour of Duty Concert ( 1999 ) 2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony ( 2000 ) Man Of The Hour Tour ( 2000 ) The Last Time Tour ( 2002 - 2003 ) John Farnham & Tom Jones - Together In Concert Tour ( 2005 ) John Farnham Symphony Tour ( 2006 ) John Farnham & Stevie Nicks Tour ( 2006 ) 2006 Commonwealth Games Closing Ceremony ( 2006 ) Sound Relief Concert ( 2009 ) Live By Demand Tour ( 2009 ) John Farnham Live ! ( 2010 ) Whispering Jack 25 Years On ( 2011 ) Lionel Richie & John Farnham ( 2014 ) Two Strong Hearts Live ( 2015 ) Related articles Discography Awards Little River Band Glenn Wheatley Filter Richard Patrick Jonathan Radtke Tim Kelleher Bobby Miller Frank Cavanagh Brian Liesegang Matt Walker Steve Gillis Alan Bailey Geno Lenardo Mitchell Marlow John Spiker Rob Patterson Mika Fineo Jeff Friedl Phil Buckman Jeff Fabb Studio albums Short Bus Title of Record The Amalgamut Anthems for the Damned The Trouble with Angels The Sun Comes Out Tonight Crazy Eyes Compilations The Very Best Things ( 1995 -- 2008 ) Singles `` Hey Man Nice Shot '' `` ( Ca n't You ) Trip Like I Do '' `` One '' `` Welcome to the Fold '' `` Take a Picture '' `` Where Do We Go from Here '' `` Soldiers of Misfortune '' `` Happy Together '' `` Gimme All Your Lovin ' '' `` What Do You Say '' Related articles Discography Army of Anyone The Damning Well Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_(Harry_Nilsson_song)&oldid=809649654 '' Categories : 1967 songs 1968 singles 1969 singles 1995 singles Songs written by Harry Nilsson Harry Nilsson songs Three Dog Night songs Filter ( band ) songs Song recordings produced by Rick Jarrard RCA Records singles Dunhill Records singles Reprise Records singles Songs about loneliness Chamber pop songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 14 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song one by three dog night	[ "\"One\" is a song written by Harry Nilsson and made famous by Three Dog Night whose recording reached number five on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100[2] in 1969 and number four in Canada. The song is known for its opening line \"One is the loneliest number that you'll ever do\". Nilsson wrote the song after calling someone and getting a busy signal. He stayed on the line listening to the \"beep, beep, beep, beep...\" tone, writing the song. The busy signal became the opening notes of the song." ]	[ "Harry Nilsson" ]
264435873013507655	Great Fire of London	Great fire of London - wikipedia Great fire of London This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 29 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1666 fire of London . For other `` Great Fires '' , see List of historic fires . For other notable fires in London , see Early fires of London and Second Great Fire of London . For the novel by Peter Ackroyd , see The Great Fire of London ( novel ) . The Great Fire of London , depicted by an unknown painter , as it would have appeared from a boat in the vicinity of Tower Wharf on the evening of Tuesday , 4 September 1666 . To the left is London Bridge ; to the right , the Tower of London . St. Paul 's Cathedral is in the distance , surrounded by the tallest flames . The Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through the central parts of the English city of London from Sunday , 2 September to Thursday 6 of September 1666 . The fire gutted the medieval City of London inside the old Roman city wall . It threatened but did not reach the aristocratic district of Westminster , Charles II 's Palace of Whitehall , and most of the suburban slums . It consumed 13,200 houses , 87 parish churches , St Paul 's Cathedral , and most of the buildings of the City authorities . It is estimated to have destroyed the homes of 70,000 of the City 's 80,000 inhabitants . The death toll is unknown but was traditionally thought to have been small , as only six verified deaths were recorded . This reasoning has recently been challenged on the grounds that the deaths of poor and middle - class people were not recorded ; moreover , the heat of the fire may have cremated many victims , leaving no recognisable remains . A melted piece of pottery on display at the Museum of London found by archaeologists in Pudding Lane , where the fire started , shows that the temperature reached 1,250 ° C ( 2,280 ° F ; 1,520 K ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin and consequences of the fire 2 London in the 1660s 2.1 Fire hazards in the city 2.2 17th century firefighting 3 Failures in fighting the fire 4 Development of the fire 4.1 Sunday morning 4.2 Sunday afternoon 4.3 Monday 4.3. 1 Suspicion and fear 4.4 Tuesday 4.5 Wednesday 5 Deaths and destruction 6 Aftermath 7 In culture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Origin and consequences of the fire ( edit ) The Great Fire started at the bakery ( or baker 's house ) of Thomas Farriner ( or Farynor ) on Pudding Lane shortly after midnight on Sunday , 2 September and spread rapidly west across the City of London . The major firefighting technique of the time was to create firebreaks by means of demolition ; this , however , was critically delayed owing to the indecisiveness of Lord Mayor of London Sir Thomas Bloodworth . By the time that large - scale demolitions were ordered on Sunday night , the wind had already fanned the bakery fire into a firestorm that defeated such measures . The fire pushed north on Monday into the heart of the City . Order in the streets broke down as rumours arose of suspicious foreigners setting fires . The fears of the homeless focused on the French and Dutch , England 's enemies in the ongoing Second Anglo - Dutch War ; these substantial immigrant groups became victims of lynchings and street violence . On Tuesday , the fire spread over most of the City , destroying St Paul 's Cathedral and leaping the River Fleet to threaten King Charles II 's court at Whitehall , while coordinated firefighting efforts were simultaneously mobilising . The battle to quench the fire is considered to have been won by two factors : the strong east winds died down , and the Tower of London garrison used gunpowder to create effective firebreaks to halt further spread eastward . The social and economic problems created by the disaster were overwhelming . Evacuation from London and resettlement elsewhere were strongly encouraged by Charles II , who feared a London rebellion amongst the dispossessed refugees . Despite numerous radical proposals , London was reconstructed on essentially the same street plan used before the fire . London in the 1660s ( edit ) Central London in 1666 , with the burnt area shown in pink . By the 1660s , London was by far the largest city in Britain , estimated at half a million inhabitants . John Evelyn , comparing London to the Baroque magnificence of Paris , called it a `` wooden , northern , and inartificial congestion of Houses '' , and expressed alarm about the fire hazards posed by the wood and the congestion . By `` inartificial '' , Evelyn meant unplanned and makeshift , the result of organic growth and unregulated urban sprawl . London had been a Roman settlement for four centuries and had become progressively more crowded inside its defensive city wall . It had also pushed outwards beyond the wall into squalid extramural slums such as Shoreditch , Holborn , and Southwark , and had reached far enough to include the independent City of Westminster . By the late 17th century , the City proper -- the area bounded by the City wall and the River Thames -- was only a part of London , covering some 700 acres ( 2.8 km ; 1.1 sq mi ) , and home to about 80,000 people , or one sixth of London 's inhabitants . The City was surrounded by a ring of inner suburbs where most Londoners lived . The City was then , as now , the commercial heart of the capital , and was the largest market and busiest port in England , dominated by the trading and manufacturing classes . The aristocracy shunned the City and lived either in the countryside beyond the slum suburbs , or in the exclusive Westminster district ( the modern West End ) , the site of King Charles II 's court at Whitehall . Wealthy people preferred to live at a convenient distance from the traffic - clogged , polluted , unhealthy City , especially after it was hit by a devastating outbreak of bubonic plague in the Plague Year of 1665 . The relationship was often tense between the City and the Crown . The City of London had been a stronghold of republicanism during the Civil War ( 1642 -- 1651 ) , and the wealthy and economically dynamic capital still had the potential to be a threat to Charles II , as had been demonstrated by several republican uprisings in London in the early 1660s . The City magistrates were of the generation that had fought in the Civil War , and could remember how Charles I 's grab for absolute power had led to that national trauma . They were determined to thwart any similar tendencies in his son , and when the Great Fire threatened the City , they refused the offers that Charles made of soldiers and other resources . Even in such an emergency , the idea of having the unpopular Royal troops ordered into the City was political dynamite . By the time that Charles took over command from the ineffectual Lord Mayor , the fire was already out of control . A Panorama of the City of London in 1616 by Claes Visscher . The tenement housing on London Bridge ( far right ) was a notorious death - trap in case of fire , although much would be destroyed in an earlier fire in 1632 . Fire hazards in the City ( edit ) Charles II . The City was essentially medieval in its street plan , an overcrowded warren of narrow , winding , cobbled alleys . It had experienced several major fires before 1666 , the most recent in 1632 . Building with wood and roofing with thatch had been prohibited for centuries , but these cheap materials continued to be used . The only major stone - built area was the wealthy centre of the City , where the mansions of the merchants and brokers stood on spacious lots , surrounded by an inner ring of overcrowded poorer parishes whose every inch of building space was used to accommodate the rapidly growing population . These parishes contained workplaces , many of which were fire hazards -- foundries , smithies , glaziers -- which were technically illegal in the City but tolerated in practice . The human habitations were crowded to bursting point , intermingled with these sources of heat , sparks , and pollution , and their construction increased the fire risk . The typical six - or seven - storey timbered London tenement houses had `` jetties '' ( projecting upper floors ) . They had a narrow footprint at ground level , but maximised their use of land by `` encroaching '' on the street , as a contemporary observer put it , with the gradually increasing size of their upper storeys . The fire hazard was well perceived when the top jetties all but met across the narrow alleys ; `` as it does facilitate a conflagration , so does it also hinder the remedy '' , wrote one observer -- but `` the covetousness of the citizens and connivancy ( corruption ) of Magistrates '' worked in favour of jetties . In 1661 , Charles II issued a proclamation forbidding overhanging windows and jetties , but this was largely ignored by the local government . Charles 's next , sharper message in 1665 warned of the risk of fire from the narrowness of the streets and authorised both imprisonment of recalcitrant builders and demolition of dangerous buildings . It , too , had little impact . The river front was important in the development of the Great Fire . The Thames offered water for firefighting and the chance of escape by boat , but the poorer districts along the riverfront had stores and cellars of combustibles which increased the fire risk . All along the wharves , the rickety wooden tenements and tar paper shacks of the poor were shoehorned amongst `` old paper buildings and the most combustible matter of tarr , pitch , hemp , rosen , and flax which was all layd up thereabouts . '' London was also full of black powder , especially along the river front . Much of it was left in the homes of private citizens from the days of the English Civil War , as the former members of Oliver Cromwell 's New Model Army still retained their muskets and the powder with which to load them . Five to six hundred tons of powder was stored in the Tower of London . The ship chandlers along the wharves also held large stocks , stored in wooden barrels . 17th century firefighting ( edit ) `` Firehooks '' used to fight a fire at Tiverton in Devon , England , 1612 . Fires were common in the crowded wood - built city with its open fireplaces , candles , ovens , and stores of combustibles . There was no police or fire brigade to call , but London 's local militia , known as the Trained Bands , was available for general emergencies , at least in principle , and watching for fire was one of the jobs of the watch , a thousand watchmen or `` bellmen '' who patrolled the streets at night . Self - reliant community procedures were in place for dealing with fires , and they were usually effective . Public - spirited citizens would be alerted to a dangerous house fire by muffled peals on the church bells , and would congregate hastily to fight the fire . The methods available for this relied on demolition and water . By law , the tower of every parish church had to hold equipment for these efforts : long ladders , leather buckets , axes , and `` firehooks '' for pulling down buildings ( see illustration right , see also pike pole ) . Sometimes taller buildings were levelled to the ground quickly and effectively by means of controlled gunpowder explosions . This drastic method of creating firebreaks was increasingly used towards the end of the Great Fire , and modern historians believe that it was what finally won the struggle . Failures in fighting the fire ( edit ) An advertisement for a comparatively small and manoeuvrable seventeenth - century fire engine on wheels : `` These Engins , ( which are the best ) to quinch great Fires ; are made by John Keeling in Black Fryers ( after many years ' Experience ) . '' London Bridge was the only physical connection between the City and the south side of the river Thames and was itself covered with houses . It had been noted as a deathtrap in the fire of 1632 and , by dawn on Sunday , these houses were burning . Samuel Pepys observed the conflagration from the Tower of London and recorded great concern for friends living on the bridge . There were fears that the flames would cross London Bridge to threaten the borough of Southwark on the south bank , but this danger was averted by an open space between buildings on the bridge which acted as a firebreak . The 18 - foot ( 5.5 m ) high Roman wall enclosing the City put the fleeing homeless at risk of being shut into the inferno . Once the riverfront was on fire and the escape route cut off by boat , the only exits were the eight gates in the wall . During the first couple of days , few people had any notion of fleeing the burning City altogether . They would remove what they could carry of their belongings to the nearest `` safe house '' , in many cases the parish church or the precincts of St Paul 's Cathedral , only to have to move again hours later . Some moved their belongings and themselves `` four and five times '' in a single day . The perception of a need to get beyond the walls took root only late on the Monday , and then there were near - panic scenes at the narrow gates as distraught refugees tried to get out with their bundles , carts , horses , and wagons . The crucial factor which frustrated firefighting efforts was the narrowness of the streets . Even under normal circumstances , the mix of carts , wagons , and pedestrians in the undersized alleys was subject to frequent traffic jams and gridlock . During the fire , the passages were additionally blocked by refugees camping in them amongst their rescued belongings , or escaping outwards , away from the centre of destruction , as demolition teams and fire engine crews struggled in vain to move in towards it . Demolishing the houses downwind of a dangerous fire was often an effective way of containing the destruction by means of firehooks or explosives . This time , however , demolition was fatally delayed for hours by the Lord Mayor 's lack of leadership and failure to give the necessary orders . By the time that orders came directly from the King to `` spare no houses '' , the fire had devoured many more houses , and the demolition workers could no longer get through the crowded streets . The use of water to extinguish the fire was also frustrated . In principle , water was available from a system of elm pipes which supplied 30,000 houses via a high water tower at Cornhill , filled from the river at high tide , and also via a reservoir of Hertfordshire spring water in Islington . It was often possible to open a pipe near a burning building and connect it to a hose to play on a fire or fill buckets . Further , Pudding Lane was close to the river . Theoretically , all the lanes from the river up to the bakery and adjoining buildings should have been manned with double rows of firefighters passing full buckets up to the fire and empty buckets back down to the river . This did not happen , or at least was no longer happening by the time that Pepys viewed the fire from the river at mid-morning on the Sunday . Pepys comments in his diary that nobody was trying to put it out , but instead they fled from it in fear , hurrying `` to remove their goods , and leave all to the fire . '' The flames crept towards the river front with little interference from the overwhelmed community and soon torched the flammable warehouses along the wharves . The resulting conflagration cut off the firefighters from the immediate water supply from the river and set alight the water wheels under London Bridge which pumped water to the Cornhill water tower ; the direct access to the river and the supply of piped water failed together . London possessed advanced fire - fighting technology in the form of fire engines , which had been used in earlier large - scale fires . However , unlike the useful firehooks , these large pumps had rarely proved flexible or functional enough to make much difference . Only some of them had wheels ; others were mounted on wheelless sleds . They had to be brought a long way , tended to arrive too late , and had limited reach , with spouts but no delivery hoses . On this occasion , an unknown number of fire engines were either wheeled or dragged through the streets , some from across the City . The piped water had already failed which they were designed to use , but parts of the river bank could still be reached . Gangs of men tried desperately to manoeuvre the engines right up to the river to fill their reservoirs , and several of the engines toppled into the Thames . The heat from the flames by then was too great for the remaining engines to get within a useful distance ; they could not even get into Pudding Lane . Development of the fire ( edit ) The personal experiences of many Londoners during the fire are glimpsed in letters and memoirs . The two best - known diarists of the Restoration are Samuel Pepys ( 1633 -- 1703 ) and John Evelyn ( 1620 -- 1706 ) , and both recorded the events and their own reactions day by day , and made great efforts to keep themselves informed of what was happening all over the City and beyond . For example , they both travelled out to the Moorfields park area north of the City on the Wednesday -- the fourth day -- to view the mighty encampment of distressed refugees there , which shocked them . Their diaries are the most important sources for all modern retellings of the disaster . Books on the fire by Tinniswood ( 2003 ) and Hanson ( 2001 ) also rely on the brief memoirs of William Taswell ( 1651 -- 82 ) , who was a fourteen year - old schoolboy at Westminster School in 1666 . Sunday morning ( edit ) Approximate damage by the evening of Sunday , 2 September `` It made me weep to see it . '' Samuel Pepys ( 1633 -- 1703 ) painted by John Hayls in 1666 , the year of the Great Fire . After two rainy summers in 1664 and 1665 , London had lain under an exceptional drought since November 1665 , and the wooden buildings were tinder - dry after the long hot summer of 1666 . A fire broke out at Thomas Farriner 's bakery in Pudding Lane a little after midnight on Sunday 2 September . The family was trapped upstairs but managed to climb from an upstairs window to the house next door , except for a maidservant who was too frightened to try , who became the first victim . The neighbours tried to help douse the fire ; after an hour , the parish constables arrived and judged that the adjoining houses had better be demolished to prevent further spread . The householders protested , and Lord Mayor Sir Thomas Bloodworth was summoned , who alone had the authority to override their wishes . When Bloodworth arrived , the flames were consuming the adjoining houses and creeping towards the paper warehouses and flammable stores on the river front . The more experienced firemen were clamouring for demolition , but Bloodworth refused on the grounds that most premises were rented and the owners could not be found . Bloodworth is generally thought to have been appointed to the office of Lord Mayor as a yes man , rather than by possessing requisite capabilities for the job . He panicked when faced with a sudden emergency and , when pressed , made the oft - quoted remark , `` Pish ! A woman could piss it out '' , and left . After the City had been destroyed , Samuel Pepys looked back on the events and wrote in his diary on 7 September 1666 : `` People do all the world over cry out of the simplicity ( the stupidity ) of my Lord Mayor in general ; and more particularly in this business of the fire , laying it all upon him . '' Pepys was a senior official in the Navy Office by then , and he ascended the Tower of London on Sunday morning to view the fire from a turret . He recorded in his diary that the eastern gale had turned it into a conflagration . It had burned down several churches and , he estimated , 300 houses and reached the river front . The houses on London Bridge were burning . He took a boat to inspect the destruction around Pudding Lane at close range and describes a `` lamentable '' fire , `` everybody endeavouring to remove their goods , and flinging into the river or bringing them into lighters that lay off ; poor people staying in their houses as long as till the very fire touched them , and then running into boats , or clambering from one pair of stairs by the water - side to another . '' Pepys continued westward on the river to the court at Whitehall , `` where people come about me , and did give them an account dismayed them all , and word was carried in to the King . So I was called for , and did tell the King and Duke of Yorke what I saw , and that unless His Majesty did command houses to be pulled down nothing could stop the fire . They seemed much troubled , and the King commanded me to go to my Lord Mayor from him , and command him to spare no houses , but to pull down before the fire every way . '' Charles ' brother James , Duke of York , offered the use of the Royal Life Guards to help fight the fire . Young schoolboy William Taswell had bolted from the early morning service in Westminster Abbey . He saw some refugees arrive in hired lighter boats near Westminster Stairs , a mile west of Pudding Lane , unclothed and covered only with blankets . The services of the lightermen had suddenly become extremely expensive , and only the luckiest refugees secured a place in a boat . Sunday afternoon ( edit ) The fire spread quickly in the high wind and , by mid-morning on Sunday , people abandoned attempts at extinguishing it and fled . The moving human mass and their bundles and carts made the lanes impassable for firemen and carriages . Pepys took a coach back into the city from Whitehall , but reached only St Paul 's Cathedral before he had to get out and walk . Pedestrians with handcarts and goods were still on the move away from the fire , heavily weighed down . The parish churches not directly threatened were filling up with furniture and valuables , which soon had to be moved further afield . Pepys found Bloodworth trying to co-ordinate the fire - fighting efforts and near to collapse , `` like a fainting woman '' , crying out plaintively in response to the King 's message that he was pulling down houses . `` But the fire overtakes us faster then ( sic ) we can do it . '' Holding on to his civic dignity , he refused James 's offer of soldiers and then went home to bed . King Charles II sailed down from Whitehall in the Royal barge to inspect the scene . He found that houses were still not being pulled down , in spite of Bloodworth 's assurances to Pepys , and daringly overrode the authority of Bloodworth to order wholesale demolitions west of the fire zone . The delay rendered these measures largely futile , as the fire was already out of control . By Sunday afternoon , 18 hours after the alarm was raised in Pudding Lane , the fire had become a raging firestorm that created its own weather . A tremendous uprush of hot air above the flames was driven by the chimney effect wherever constrictions narrowed the air current , such as the constricted space between jettied buildings , and this left a vacuum at ground level . The resulting strong inward winds did not tend to put the fire out , as might be thought ; instead , they supplied fresh oxygen to the flames , and the turbulence created by the uprush made the wind veer erratically both north and south of the main easterly direction of the gale which was still blowing . Pepys went again on the river in the early evening with his wife and some friends , `` and to the fire up and down , it still encreasing '' . They ordered the boatman to go `` so near the fire as we could for smoke ; and all over the Thames , with one 's face in the wind , you were almost burned with a shower of firedrops '' . When the `` firedrops '' became unbearable , the party went on to an alehouse on the South Bank and stayed there till darkness came and they could see the fire on London Bridge and across the river , `` as only one entire arch of fire from this to the other side of the bridge , and in a bow up the hill for an arch of above a mile long : it made me weep to see it '' . Pepys described this arch of fire as `` a bow with God 's arrow in it with a shining point '' . Monday ( edit ) The London Gazette for 3 -- 10 September , facsimile front page with an account of the Great Fire . Click on the image to enlarge and read . The fire was principally expanding north and west by dawn on Monday , 3 September , the turbulence of the fire storm pushing the flames both farther south and farther north than the day before . The spread to the south was mostly halted by the river , but it had torched the houses on London Bridge and was threatening to cross the bridge and endanger the borough of Southwark on the south bank of the river . Southwark was preserved by a pre-existent firebreak on the bridge , a long gap between the buildings which had saved the south side of the Thames in the fire of 1632 and now did so again . Flying embers started a fire in Southwark but it was quickly stopped . The fire 's spread to the north reached the financial heart of the City . The houses of the bankers in Lombard Street began to burn on Monday afternoon , prompting a rush to get their stacks of gold coins to safety before they melted away , so crucial to the wealth of the city and the nation . Several observers emphasise the despair and helplessness which seemed to seize Londoners on this second day , and the lack of efforts to save the wealthy , fashionable districts which were now menaced by the flames , such as the Royal Exchange -- combined bourse and shopping centre -- and the opulent consumer goods shops in Cheapside . The Royal Exchange caught fire in the late afternoon , and was a smoking shell within a few hours . John Evelyn , courtier and diarist , wrote : `` The conflagration was so universal , and the people so astonished , that from the beginning , I know not by what despondency or fate , they hardly stirred to quench it , so that there was nothing heard or seen but crying out and lamentation , running about like distracted creatures without at all attempting to save even their goods , such a strange consternation there was upon them . '' Evelyn lived in Deptford , four miles ( 6 km ) outside the City , and so he did not see the early stages of the disaster . He went by coach to Southwark on Monday , joining many other upper - class people , to see the view which Pepys had seen the day before of the burning City across the river . The conflagration was much larger now : `` the whole City in dreadful flames near the water - side ; all the houses from the Bridge , all Thames - street , and upwards towards Cheapside , down to the Three Cranes , were now consumed '' . In the evening , Evelyn reported that the river was covered with barges and boats making their escape piled with goods . He observed a great exodus of carts and pedestrians through the bottleneck City gates , making for the open fields to the north and east , `` which for many miles were strewed with moveables of all sorts , and tents erecting to shelter both people and what goods they could get away . Oh , the miserable and calamitous spectacle ! '' Approximate damage by the evening of Monday , 3 September John Evelyn ( 1620 -- 1706 ) in 1651 . Suspicion and fear ( edit ) Suspicion soon arose in the threatened city that the fire was no accident . The swirling winds carried sparks and burning flakes long distances to lodge on thatched roofs and in wooden gutters , causing seemingly unrelated house fires to break out far from their source and giving rise to rumours that fresh fires were being set on purpose . Foreigners were immediately suspects because of the current Second Anglo - Dutch War . Fear and suspicion hardened into certainty on Monday , as reports circulated of imminent invasion and of foreign undercover agents seen casting `` fireballs '' into houses , or caught with hand grenades or matches . There was a wave of street violence . William Taswell saw a mob loot the shop of a French painter and level it to the ground , and watched in horror as a blacksmith walked up to a Frenchman in the street and hit him over the head with an iron bar . The fears of terrorism received an extra boost from the disruption of communications and news as facilities were devoured by the fire . The General Letter Office in Threadneedle Street burned down early on Monday morning , through which post passed for the entire country . The London Gazette just managed to put out its Monday issue before the printer 's premises went up in flames . The whole nation depended on these communications , and the void which they left filled up with rumours . There were also religious alarms of renewed Gunpowder Plots . Suspicions rose to panic and collective paranoia on Monday , and both the Trained Bands and the Coldstream Guards focused less on fire fighting and more on rounding up foreigners , Catholics , and any odd - looking people , arresting them or rescuing them from mobs , or both together . The inhabitants were growing desperate to remove their belongings from the City , especially the upper class . This provided a source of income for the able - bodied poor , who hired out as porters ( sometimes simply making off with the goods ) , and it was especially profitable for the owners of carts and boats . Hiring a cart had cost a couple of shillings on the Saturday before the fire ; on Monday , it rose to as much as £ 40 , a fortune equivalent to more than £ 4,000 in 2005 . Seemingly every cart and boat owner within reach of London made their way towards the City to share in these opportunities , the carts jostling at the narrow gates with the panicked inhabitants trying to get out . The chaos at the gates was such that the magistrates ordered the gates shut on Monday afternoon , in the hope of turning the inhabitants ' attention from safeguarding their own possessions to fighting the fire : `` that , no hopes of saving any things left , they might have more desperately endeavoured the quenching of the fire . '' This headlong and unsuccessful measure was rescinded the next day . Monday marked the beginning of organised action , even as order broke down in the streets , especially at the gates , and the fire raged unchecked . Bloodworth was responsible as Lord Mayor for co-ordinating the fire - fighting , but he had apparently left the City ; his name is not mentioned in any contemporaneous accounts of the Monday 's events . In this state of emergency , the King again overrode the City authorities and put his brother James , Duke of York , in charge of operations . James set up command posts round the perimeter of the fire , press - ganging into teams of well - paid and well - fed firemen any men of the lower classes found in the streets . Three courtiers were put in charge of each post , with authority from Charles himself to order demolitions . This visible gesture of solidarity from the Crown was intended to cut through the citizens ' misgivings about being held financially responsible for pulling down houses . James and his life guards rode up and down the streets all Monday , rescuing foreigners from the mob and attempting to keep order . `` The Duke of York hath won the hearts of the people with his continual and indefatigable pains day and night in helping to quench the Fire , '' wrote a witness in a letter on 8 September . On Monday evening , hopes were dashed that the massive stone walls of Baynard 's Castle , Blackfriars would stay the course of the flames , the western counterpart of the Tower of London . This historic royal palace was completely consumed , burning all night . A contemporary account said that King Charles in person worked manually , that day or later , to help throw water on flames and to help demolish buildings to make a firebreak . Tuesday ( edit ) Tuesday , 4 September was the day of greatest destruction . The Duke of York 's command post at Temple Bar , where Strand meets Fleet Street , was supposed to stop the fire 's westward advance towards the Palace of Whitehall . He hoped that the River Fleet would form a natural firebreak , making a stand with his firemen from the Fleet Bridge and down to the Thames . However , early on Tuesday morning , the flames jumped over the Fleet and outflanked them , driven by the unabated easterly gale , forcing them to run for it . There was consternation at the palace as the fire continued implacably westward ; `` Oh , the confusion there was then at that court ! '' wrote Evelyn . Ludgate in flames , with St Paul 's Cathedral in the distance ( square tower without the spire ) now catching flames . Oil painting by anonymous artist , ca . 1670 . Working to a plan at last , James 's firefighters had also created a large firebreak to the north of the conflagration . It contained the fire until late afternoon , when the flames leapt across and began to destroy the wide , affluent luxury shopping street of Cheapside . Everybody had thought St. Paul 's Cathedral a safe refuge , with its thick stone walls and natural firebreak in the form of a wide , empty surrounding plaza . It had been crammed full of rescued goods and its crypt filled with the tightly packed stocks of the printers and booksellers in adjoining Paternoster Row . However , an enormous stroke of bad luck meant that the building was covered in wooden scaffolding , undergoing piecemeal restoration by a relatively unknown Christopher Wren . The scaffolding caught fire on Tuesday night . Leaving school , young William Taswell stood on Westminster Stairs a mile away and watched as the flames crept round the cathedral and the burning scaffolding ignited the timbered roof beams . Within half an hour , the lead roof was melting , and the books and papers in the crypt caught with a roar . `` The stones of Paul 's flew like grenados , '' reported Evelyn in his diary , `` the melting lead running down the streets in a stream , and the very pavements glowing with fiery redness , so as no horse , nor man , was able to tread on them . '' The cathedral was quickly a ruin . During the day , the flames began to move eastward from the neighbourhood of Pudding Lane , straight against the prevailing east wind and towards Pepys 's home on Seething Lane and the Tower of London with its gunpowder stores . The garrison at the Tower took matters into their own hands after waiting all day for requested help from James 's official firemen who were busy in the west . They created firebreaks by blowing up houses on a large scale in the vicinity , halting the advance of the fire . In a letter to William Coventry , Pepys wrote that he `` saw how horribly the sky looks , all on a fire in the night , was ( sic ) enough to put us out of our wits ; and , indeed , it was extremely dreadful , for it looks just as if it was at us , and the whole heaven on fire . '' Wednesday ( edit ) Approximate damage by the evening of Tuesday , 4 September . The fire did not spread significantly on Wednesday , 5 September . James , Duke of York , later James II . The wind dropped on Tuesday evening , and the firebreaks created by the garrison finally began to take effect on Wednesday 5 September . Stopping the fire caused much fire and demolition damage in the lawyers ' area called the Temple . Pepys walked all over the smouldering city , getting his feet hot , and climbed the steeple of Barking Church , from which he viewed the destroyed City , `` the saddest sight of desolation that I ever saw . '' There were many separate fires still burning themselves out , but the Great Fire was over . Pepys visited Moorfields , a large public park immediately north of the City , and saw a great encampment of homeless refugees , `` poor wretches carrying their good there , and every body keeping his goods together by themselves '' . He noted that the price of bread had doubled in the environs of the park . Evelyn also went out to Moorfields , which was turning into the main point of assembly for the homeless , and was horrified at the numbers of distressed people filling it , some under tents , others in makeshift shacks : `` Many ( were ) without a rag or any necessary utensils , bed or board ... reduced to extremest misery and poverty . '' Evelyn was impressed by the pride of these distressed Londoners , `` tho ' ready to perish for hunger and destitution , yet not asking one pennie for relief . '' Fears were as high as ever among the traumatised fire victims , fear of foreign arsonists and of a French and Dutch invasion . There was an outbreak of general panic on Wednesday night in the encampments at Parliament Hill , Moorfields , and Islington . A light in the sky over Fleet Street started a story that 50,000 French and Dutch immigrants had risen , widely rumoured to have started the fire , and were marching towards Moorfields to finish what the fire had begun : to cut the men 's throats , rape the women , and steal their few possessions . Surging into the streets , the frightened mob fell on any foreigners whom they happened to encounter , and were appeased , according to Evelyn , only `` with infinite pains and great difficulty '' and pushed back into the fields by the Trained Bands , troops of Life Guards , and members of the court . The mood was now so volatile that Charles feared a full - scale London rebellion against the monarchy . Food production and distribution had been disrupted to the point of non-existence ; Charles announced that supplies of bread would be brought into the City every day , and safe markets set up round the perimeter . These markets were for buying and selling ; there was no question of distributing emergency aid . Deaths and destruction ( edit ) James Shirley The LONDONERS Lamentation , a broadside ballad published in 1666 giving an account of the fire , and of the limits of its destruction . Click on the image to enlarge and read . Only a few deaths from the fire are officially recorded , and deaths are traditionally believed to have been few . Porter gives the figure as eight and Tinniswood as `` in single figures '' , although he adds that some deaths must have gone unrecorded and that , besides direct deaths from burning and smoke inhalation , refugees also perished in the impromptu camps . Hanson takes issue with the idea that there were only a few deaths , enumerating known deaths from hunger and exposure among survivors of the fire , `` huddled in shacks or living among the ruins that had once been their homes '' in the cold winter that followed , including , for instance , dramatist James Shirley and his wife . Hanson also maintains that `` it stretches credulity to believe that the only papists or foreigners being beaten to death or lynched were the ones rescued by the Duke of York '' , that official figures say very little about the fate of the undocumented poor , and that the heat at the heart of the firestorms was far greater than an ordinary house fire , and was enough to consume bodies fully or leave only a few skeletal fragments . The fire was fed not merely by wood , fabrics , and thatch , Hanson points out , but also by the oil , pitch , coal , tallow , fats , sugar , alcohol , turpentine , and gunpowder stored in the riverside district . It melted the imported steel lying along the wharves ( melting point between 1,250 and 1,480 ° C ( 2,300 and 2,700 ° F ) ) and the great iron chains and locks on the City gates ( melting point between 1,100 and 1,650 ° C ( 2,000 and 3000 ° F ) ) . Nor would anonymous bone fragments have been of much interest to the hungry people sifting through the tens of thousands of tons of rubble and debris after the fire , looking for valuables , or to the workmen clearing away the rubble later during the rebuilding . Hanson appeals to common sense and `` the experience of every other major urban fire down the centuries '' , emphasising that the fire attacked the rotting tenements of the poor with furious speed , surely trapping at the very least `` the old , the very young , the halt and the lame '' and burying the dust and ashes of their bones under the rubble of cellars , producing a death toll not of four or eight , but of `` several hundred and quite possibly several thousand . '' The material destruction has been computed at 13,500 houses , 87 parish churches , 44 Company Halls , the Royal Exchange , the Custom House , St Paul 's Cathedral , the Bridewell Palace and other City prisons , the General Letter Office , and the three western city gates -- Ludgate , Newgate , and Aldersgate . The monetary value of the loss , first estimated at £ 100,000,000 in the currency of the time , was later reduced to an uncertain £ 10,000,000 ( equivalent to £ 1.55 billion in 2016 ) . Evelyn believed that he saw as many as `` 200,000 people of all ranks and stations dispersed , and lying along their heaps of what they could save '' in the fields towards Islington and Highgate . Aftermath ( edit ) John Evelyn 's plan , never carried out , for rebuilding a radically different City of London . An example of the urge to identify scapegoats for the fire is the acceptance of the confession of a simple - minded French watchmaker named Robert Hubert , who claimed that he was an agent of the Pope and had started the Great Fire in Westminster . He later changed his story to say that he had started the fire at the bakery in Pudding Lane . Hubert was convicted , despite some misgivings about his fitness to plead , and hanged at Tyburn on 28 September 1666 . After his death , it became apparent that he had been on board a ship in the North Sea , and had not arrived in London until two days after the fire started . These allegations that Catholics had started the fire were exploited as powerful political propaganda by opponents of pro-Catholic Charles II 's court , mostly during the Popish Plot and the exclusion crisis later in his reign . Abroad in the Netherlands , the Great Fire of London was seen as a divine retribution for Holmes 's Bonfire , the burning by the English of a Dutch town during the Second Anglo - Dutch War . On 5 October , Marc Antonio Giustinian , Venetian Ambassador in France , reported to the Doge of Venice and the Senate , that Louis XIV announced that he would not `` have any rejoicings about it , being such a deplorable accident involving injury to so many unhappy people '' . Louis had made an offer to his aunt , the British Queen Henrietta Maria , to send food and whatever goods might be of aid in alleviating the plight of Londoners , yet he made no secret that he regarded `` the fire of London as a stroke of good fortune for him '' as it reduced the risk of French ships crossing the Channel and the North Sea being taken or sunk by the English fleet . Louis tried to take advantage but an attempt by a Franco - Dutch fleet to combine with a larger Dutch fleet ended in failure on 17 September when they encountered a larger English fleet led by Thomas Allin off Dungeness . Christopher Wren 's rejected plan for the rebuilding of London . In the chaos and unrest after the fire , Charles II feared another London rebellion . He encouraged the homeless to move away from London and settle elsewhere , immediately issuing a proclamation that `` all Cities and Towns whatsoever shall without any contradiction receive the said distressed persons and permit them the free exercise of their manual trades . '' A special Fire Court was set up to deal with disputes between tenants and landlords and decide who should rebuild , based on ability to pay . The Court was in session from February 1667 to September 1672 . Cases were heard and a verdict usually given within a day ; without the Fire Court , lengthy legal wrangles would have seriously delayed the rebuilding which was so necessary if London was to recover . Radical rebuilding schemes poured in for the gutted City and were encouraged by Charles . If it had been rebuilt under some of these plans , London would have rivalled Paris in Baroque magnificence ( see Evelyn 's plan on the right ) . The Crown and the City authorities attempted to establish `` to whom all the houses and ground did in truth belong '' to negotiate with their owners about compensation for the large - scale remodelling that these plans entailed , but that unrealistic idea had to be abandoned . Exhortations to bring workmen and measure the plots on which the houses had stood were mostly ignored by people worried about day - to - day survival , as well as by those who had left the capital ; for one thing , with the shortage of labour following the fire , it was impossible to secure workmen for the purpose . Apart from Wren and Evelyn , it is known that Robert Hooke , Valentine Knight , and Richard Newcourt proposed rebuilding plans . With the complexities of ownership unresolved , none of the grand Baroque schemes could be realised for a City of piazzas and avenues ; there was nobody to negotiate with , and no means of calculating how much compensation should be paid . Instead , much of the old street plan was recreated in the new City , with improvements in hygiene and fire safety : wider streets , open and accessible wharves along the length of the Thames , with no houses obstructing access to the river , and , most importantly , buildings constructed of brick and stone , not wood . New public buildings were created on their predecessors ' sites ; perhaps the most famous is St Paul 's Cathedral and its smaller cousins , Christopher Wren 's 50 new churches . Sir Christopher Wren The Monument to the Great Fire of London designed by Sir Christopher Wren On Charles ' initiative , a Monument to the Great Fire of London was erected near Pudding Lane , designed by Christopher Wren and Robert Hooke , standing 61 metres ( 200 ft ) tall and known simply as `` The Monument '' . It is a familiar London landmark which has since given its name to a tube station . In 1668 , accusations against the Catholics were added to the inscription on the Monument which read , in part : `` Here by permission of heaven , hell broke loose upon this Protestant city ... the most dreadful Burning of this City ; begun and carried on by the treachery and malice of the Popish faction ... Popish frenzy which wrought such horrors , is not yet quenched ... '' The inscription remained in place until 1830 after the passage of the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 , aside from the four years of James II 's rule from 1685 to 1689 . Another monument marks the spot where the fire stopped : the Golden Boy of Pye Corner in Smithfield . According to the inscription , it was evidence of God 's wrath on the City of London for the sin of gluttony that the fire started at Pudding Lane and stopped at Pye Corner . The Great Plague epidemic of 1665 is believed to have killed a sixth of London 's inhabitants , or 80,000 people , and it is sometimes suggested that the fire saved lives in the long run by burning down so much unsanitary housing with their rats and their fleas which transmitted the plague , as plague epidemics did not recur in London after the fire . Historians disagree as to whether the fire played a part in preventing subsequent major outbreaks . The Museum of London website claims that there was a connection , while historian Roy Porter points out that the fire left the most insalubrious parts of London , the slum suburbs , untouched . Following the Fire , the thoroughfares of Queen Street and King Street were newly laid out , cutting across more ancient thoroughfares in the City , creating a new route up from the Thames to the Guildhall ; they were the only notable new streets following the fire 's destruction of much of the City . In culture ( edit ) `` London 's Burning '' Play ( help info ) William Harrison Ainsworth 's novel Old St Paul 's is set during the events of the fire . The Great Fire was released on ITV television in 2014 . It was shown in four episodes . It constructs a fictional scenario involving the Pudding Lane baker 's family in an alleged popish plot . The round `` London 's Burning '' is said to be about the Great Fire . However , the first notation of a song in this theme dates from 1580 as `` Scotland 's Burning '' . See also ( edit ) List of buildings that survived the Great Fire of London Notes ( edit ) See Category : Former buildings and structures in the City of London . Jump up ^ All dates are given according to the Julian calendar . Note that , when recording British history , it is usual to use the dates recorded at the time of the event . Any dates between 1 January and 25 March have their year adjusted to start on 1 January according to the New Style . Jump up ^ Porter , 69 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 4 , 101 . Jump up ^ `` Pottery '' . Museum of London . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Reddaway , 27 . Jump up ^ John Evelyn in 1659 , quoted in Tinniswood , 3 . The section `` London in the 1660s '' is based on Tinniswood , 1 -- 11 , unless otherwise indicated . ^ Jump up to : Porter , 80 . Jump up ^ 330 acres is the size of the area within the Roman wall , according to standard reference works ( see , for instance , Sheppard , 37 ) , although Tinniswood gives that area as a square mile ( 667 acres ) . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2001 ) , 80 . Jump up ^ See Hanson ( 2001 ) , 85 -- 88 , for the Republican temper of London . Jump up ^ Neil Wallington ( 2005 ) . In Case of Fire . Jeremy Mills Publishing . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9546484 - 6 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2001 ) , 77 -- 80 . The section `` Fire hazards in the City '' is based on Hanson ( 2001 ) , 77 -- 101 unless otherwise indicated . Jump up ^ Rege Sincera ( pseudonym ) , Observations both Historical and Moral upon the Burning of London , September 1666 , quoted by Hanson ( 2001 ) , 80 . Jump up ^ Letter from an unknown correspondent to Lord Conway , September 1666 , quoted by Tinniswood , 45 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Neil Hanson ( 2011 ) . The Dreadful Judgement . Transworld . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4464 - 2193 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2001 ) , 82 . The section `` 17th century firefighting '' is based on Tinniswood , 46 -- 52 , and Hanson ( 2001 ) , 75 -- 78 unless otherwise indicated . Jump up ^ A firehook was a heavy pole perhaps 30 feet ( 9 m ) long with a strong hook and ring at one end , which would be attached to the roof trees of a threatened house and operated by means of ropes and pulleys to pull down the building . ( Tinniswood , 49 ) . Jump up ^ Reddaway , 25 . Jump up ^ All quotes from and details involving Samuel Pepys come from his diary entry for the day referred to . Jump up ^ Robinson , Bruce , `` London 's Burning : The Great Fire '' Jump up ^ Gough MSS London14 , the Bodleian Library , quoted by Hanson ( 2001 ) , 123 . Jump up ^ `` Bludworth 's failure of nerve was crucial '' ( Tinniswood , 52 ) . Jump up ^ See Robinson , London : Brighter Lights , Bigger City '' and Tinniswood , 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Compare Hanson ( 2001 ) , who claims that they had wheels ( 76 ) , and Tinniswood , who states that they did not ( 50 ) . Jump up ^ A patent had been granted in 1625 for the fire engines ; they were single - acting force pumps worked by long handles at the front and back ( Tinniswood , 50 ) . Jump up ^ The information in the day - by - day maps comes from Tinniswood , 58 , 77 , 97 . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 44 : `` He did n't have the experience , the leadership skills or the natural authority to take charge of the situation . '' Jump up ^ Pepys ' diary , 2 September 1666 . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 93 . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 53 . Jump up ^ London Gazette , 3 September 1666 . Jump up ^ See firestorm and Hanson ( 2001 ) , 102 -- 105 . Jump up ^ The section `` Monday '' is based on Tinniswood , 58 -- 74 , unless otherwise indicated . Jump up ^ Robinson , `` London 's Burning : The Great Fire '' . Jump up ^ All quotes from and details involving John Evelyn come from his Diary . ^ Jump up to : Evelyn , 10 . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2001 ) , 139 . Jump up ^ Reddaway , 22 , 25 . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2001 ) , 156 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Quoted by Hanson ( 2001 ) , 158 . Jump up ^ Tinnisworth , 71 . Jump up ^ Spelling modernised for clarity ; quoted by Tinniswood , 80 . Jump up ^ Walter George Bell ( 1929 ) The Story of London 's Great Fire : 109 - 11 . John Lane : London . Jump up ^ The section `` Tuesday '' is based on Tinniswood , 77 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Pepys , Samuel ( 1996 ) . The Great Fire of London . London : Phoenix Paperback . p. 15 . ISBN 9781857995213 Jump up ^ The section `` Wednesday '' is based on Tinniswood , 101 -- 10 , unless otherwise indicated . Jump up ^ Quoted Tinniswood , 104 . Jump up ^ Evelyn ( 1854 ) , 15 . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2002 ) , 166 . Jump up ^ Porter , 87 . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 131 -- 35 . ^ Jump up to : Hanson ( 2001 ) , 326 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Porter , 87 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Reddaway , 26 . Jump up ^ The section `` Aftermath '' is based on Reddaway , 27 ff. and Tinniswood , 213 -- 37 , unless otherwise indicated . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 163 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Porter , Stephen ( October 2006 ) . `` The great fire of London '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 28 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` England and the Netherlands : the ties between two nations '' . Memory of the Netherlands . Koninklijke Bibliotheek . Retrieved 8 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Hinds , Allen B , ed. ( 1935 ) . `` Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice Volume 35 , 1666 - 1668 '' . British History Online . pp. 80 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Jones , J.R ( 2013 ) . The Anglo - Dutch Wars of the Seventeenth Century Modern Wars In Perspective . Routledge . p. 173 . ISBN 9781317899488 . Jump up ^ Wilde , Robert . `` The Great Fire of London -- 1666 '' . About.com . Retrieved 28 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Porter , 84 . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2001 ) , 249 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Ask the experts , Museum of London . Retrieved 27 October 2006 . Archived 27 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The plague - ravaged parts -- extramural settlements like Holborn , Shoreditch , Finsbury , Whitechapel and Southwark that housed the most squalid slums -- were , sadly , little touched by the Fire ( burning down was what they needed ) '' ( Porter , 80 ) . Jump up ^ London : The Biography , Peter Ackroyd , 2000 , p 115 ^ Jump up to : Margaret Read MacDonald & Winifred Jaeger ( 2006 ) . The Round Book : Rounds Kids Love to Sing , p. 73 . August House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87483 - 786 - 5 . Jump up ^ Colligan , Mimi ( 2002 ) . `` Pompeii in Australia '' . Canvas Documentaries : Panoramic Entertainments in Nineteenth - century Australia and New Zealand . Melbourne University Press . p. 151 . Retrieved 13 December 2014 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Rahim , Sameer ( 16 October 2014 ) . `` The Great Fire review , ITV : ' historical hokum ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 13 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Lindahl , Greg . `` Scotland , It Burneth '' , Ravenscroft Songbook . Cites Vlasto , Jill . `` An Elizabethan Anthology of Rounds '' , Musical Quarterly XL ( 1954 ) 222 -- 234 . Accessed August 25 , 2015 . References ( edit ) Evelyn , John ( 1854 ) . Diary and Correspondence of John Evelyn , F.R.S. London : Hurst and Blackett . Retrieved 5 November 2006 . Hanson , Neil ( 2001 ) . The Dreadful Judgement : The True Story of the Great Fire of London . New York : Doubleday . For a review of Hanson 's work , see Lauzanne , Alain . `` Revue pluridisciplinaire du monde anglophone '' . Cercles . Retrieved 12 October 2006 . Hanson , Neil ( 2002 ) . The Great Fire of London : In That Apocalyptic Year , 1666 . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons . A `` substantially different '' version of Hanson 's The Dreadful Judgement ( front matter ) . Leasor , James ( 2011 ) ( 1961 ) . The Plague and the Fire . ISBN 978 - 1 - 908291 - 22 - 6 . `` London : the city as a phoenix -- The Great Fire of London '' . Richmond upon Thames Library Services . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . Morgan , Kenneth O. ( 2000 ) . Oxford Illustrated History of Britain . Oxford : Oxford . Pepys , Samuel ( 1995 ) . Robert Latham and William Matthews ( eds . ) , ed . The Diary of Samuel Pepys , Vol. 7 . London : Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 499027 - 7 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) First published between 1970 and 1983 , by Bell & Hyman , London . Quotations from and details involving Pepys are taken from this standard , and copyright , edition . All web versions of the diaries are based on public domain 19th century editions and unfortunately contain many errors , as the shorthand in which Pepys ' diaries were originally written was not accurately transcribed until the pioneering work of Latham and Matthews . Porter , Roy ( 1994 ) . London : A Social History . Cambridge : Harvard . Reddaway , T.F. ( 1940 ) . The Rebuilding of London after the Great Fire . London : Jonathan Cape . Robinson , Bruce . London : Brighter Lights , Bigger City . BBC . Retrieved 12 August 2006 . Sheppard , Francis ( 1998 ) . London : A History . Oxford : Oxford . Tinniswood , Adrian ( 2003 ) . By Permission of Heaven : The Story of the Great Fire of London . London : Jonathan Cape . Old St Paul 's , A Tale of the Plague and the Fire , novel by Harrison Ainsworth External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Fire of London . Great Fire of London on In Our Time at the BBC . BBC history site Museum of London answers questions Channel 4 animation of the spread of the fire Fire of London website produced by the Museum of London , The National Archives , the National Portrait Gallery , London Fire Brigade Museum and London Metropolitan Archives for Key Stage 1 pupils ( ages 5 -- 7 ) and teachers History of London Evolution Londinium Lundenwic City of London City of Westminster Middlesex County of London Greater London Timeline Periods Roman London Anglo - Saxon London Norman and Medieval London Tudor London Stuart London 18th - century London 19th - century London 1900 -- 39 The Blitz 1945 -- 2000 21st century Events Peasants ' Revolt Black Death Great Plague Great Fire 1854 cholera outbreak Great Stink Great Exhibition 1908 Franco - British Exhibition The Battle of Cable Street Festival of Britain Great Smog Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II Swinging London London Plan 1966 FIFA World Cup Final Hyde Park and Regent 's Park bombings Funeral of Princess Diana Anti-war protests 7 / 7 bombings Olympic Games ( 1908 1948 2012 ) 2012 Summer Paralympics Grenfell Tower fire Government Metropolitan Board of Works London County Council Greater London Council Greater London Authority London Assembly Mayor of London London independence Services Bow Street Runners Metropolitan Police Service London Ambulance Service London Fire Brigade Port of London Authority London sewerage system London Underground London Metropolitan Archives City of London City of London Corporation Lord Mayor of the City of London Wards of the City of London Guildhall Livery Companies Lord Mayor 's Show City of London Police Bank of England Structures St Paul 's Cathedral Tower of London Palace of Whitehall Westminster Hall London Bridge Tower Bridge Westminster Abbey Big Ben The Monument Fortifications Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ 57 '' N 0 ° 05 ′ 32 '' W / 51.5157 ° N 0.0921 ° W / 51.5157 ; - 0.0921 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Fire_of_London&oldid=843444479 '' Categories : 1666 fires 1666 in England 17th century in London Disasters in England Disasters in London Fires in England Fires in London Great Fire of London History of the City of London Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages EngvarB from July 2015 Use dmy dates from July 2015 Featured articles Articles with hAudio microformats CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 50 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 05 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was involved in the great fire of london	[]	[]
5112416204782545682	List of Dallas Cowboys seasons	List of Dallas Cowboys seasons - wikipedia List of Dallas Cowboys seasons For complete team history , see History of the Dallas Cowboys . This article is a list of seasons completed by the Dallas Cowboys American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season - by - season records of the Cowboys ' franchise from 1960 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Cowboys franchise was founded in 1960 as an expansion team . The team has earned 31 postseason appearances , tied for second place with the Pittsburgh Steelers , the longest consecutive streak of winning seasons with 20 , the second-most appearances in the NFC Championship Game ( 14 , behind the San Francisco 49ers ' 15 ) and the second-most Super Bowl appearances ( 8 with the Denver Broncos and Steelers ) . The Cowboys have played for 10 NFL Championships and have won 5 , all five being Super Bowls . The Cowboys won Super Bowl VI , XII , XXVII , XXVIII and XXX . They also played in and lost Super Bowl V , X , and XIII . The franchise has experienced two major periods of continued success in their history . The first period of success came from 1966 -- 1985 when the Cowboys played in the postseason 18 times . During this period , they played in two NFL Championships and five Super Bowls , winning two of them , winning a total of 20 playoff games . The second period of success was between 1991 -- 1996 when the Cowboys captured five straight NFC East Division titles and won three Super Bowls going 11 -- 2 in the postseason . The Cowboys have also experienced failure in their history . The most notable period of failure was from their 1960 inaugural season to 1965 , during which the Cowboys did not have a single postseason appearance . They did not win a single game during their first season , compiling an 0 -- 11 -- 1 record that is still the worst in franchise history . Also , they did not have a single winning record in this period . Between 1986 and 1990 the Cowboys had losing records in each season as veteran coach Landry retired and the team was radically overhauled , with the low point being the NFL 's second 15 - loss season ( after the 1980 Saints ) in 1989 . After losing a Divisional playoff Game in 1996 , the Cowboys between 1997 and 2008 lost five consecutive playoff games , one after a franchise - record 13 -- 3 season in 2007 , during which most predicted the Cowboys would break this streak . This streak finally came to an end when the Cowboys finally beat their bitter rival , the Philadelphia Eagles 34 -- 14 after an 11 -- 5 season in 2009 . Seasons ( edit ) NFL Champions ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Super Bowl Champions ( 1970 -- present ) Conference Champions Division Champions Wild Card Berth Season Team League Conference Division Regular season Postseason Results Awards Head coaches Finish Wins Losses Ties 1960 1960 NFL Western 7th 0 11 Tom Landry 1961 1961 NFL Eastern 6th 9 Tom Landry 1962 1962 NFL Eastern 5th 5 8 Tom Landry 1963 1963 NFL Eastern 5th 10 0 Tom Landry 1964 1964 NFL Eastern 5th 5 8 Tom Landry 1965 1965 NFL Eastern 2nd 7 7 0 Tom Landry 1966 1966 NFL Eastern 1st 10 Lost NFL Championship Game ( Packers ) 34 -- 27 Tom Landry ( COY ) Tom Landry 1967 1967 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 9 5 0 Won Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 52 -- 14 Lost NFL Championship Game ( Packers ) 21 -- 17 Tom Landry 1968 1968 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 12 0 Lost Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 31 -- 20 Tom Landry 1969 1969 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 11 Lost Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 38 -- 14 Calvin Hill ( OROY ) Tom Landry 1970 1970 NFL NFC East 1st 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Lions ) 5 -- 0 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 17 -- 10 Lost Super Bowl V ( Colts ) 16 -- 13 Chuck Howley ( SB MVP ) Tom Landry 1971 1971 NFL NFC East 1st 11 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 20 -- 12 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 14 -- 3 Won Super Bowl VI ( 1 ) ( Dolphins ) 24 -- 3 Roger Staubach ( SB MVP ) Tom Landry 1972 1972 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( 49ers ) 30 -- 28 Lost Conference Championship ( Redskins ) 26 -- 3 Tom Landry 1973 1973 NFL NFC East 1st 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 27 -- 26 Lost Conference Championship ( Vikings ) 27 -- 10 Tom Landry NFL NFC East 3rd 8 6 0 Tom Landry NFL NFC East 2nd 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 17 -- 14 Won Conference Championship ( Rams ) 37 -- 7 Lost Super Bowl X ( Steelers ) 21 -- 17 Tom Landry 1976 1976 NFL NFC East 1st 11 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 14 -- 12 Tom Landry 1977 1977 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Bears ) 37 -- 7 Won Conference Championship ( Vikings ) 23 -- 6 Won Super Bowl XII ( 2 ) ( Broncos ) 27 -- 10 Tony Dorsett ( OROY ) Harvey Martin ( DPOY , SB MVP ) Randy White ( SB MVP ) Tom Landry 1978 1978 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Falcons ) 27 -- 20 Won Conference Championship ( Rams ) 28 -- 0 Lost Super Bowl XIII ( Steelers ) 35 -- 31 Tom Landry 1979 1979 NFL NFC East 1st 11 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 21 -- 19 Tom Landry 1980 1980 NFL NFC East 2nd 12 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Rams ) 34 -- 17 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Falcons ) 30 -- 27 Lost Conference Championship ( Eagles ) 20 -- 7 Tom Landry 1981 1981 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Buccaneers ) 38 -- 0 Lost Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 28 -- 27 Tom Landry 1982 1982 NFL NFC 2nd 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Buccaneers ) 30 -- 17 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 37 -- 26 Lost Conference Championship ( Redskins ) 31 -- 17 Tom Landry NFL NFC East 2nd 12 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Rams ) 24 -- 17 Tom Landry 1984 1984 NFL NFC East 4th 9 7 0 Tom Landry 1985 1985 NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 20 -- 0 Tom Landry 1986 1986 NFL NFC East 3rd 7 9 0 Tom Landry NFL NFC East 4th 7 8 0 Tom Landry 1988 1988 NFL NFC East 5th 13 0 Tom Landry 1989 1989 NFL NFC East 5th 15 0 Jimmy Johnson 1990 1990 NFL NFC East 4th 7 9 0 Emmitt Smith ( OROY ) Jimmy Johnson ( COY ) Jimmy Johnson 1991 1991 NFL NFC East 2nd 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Bears ) 17 -- 13 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Lions ) 38 -- 6 Jimmy Johnson 1992 1992 NFL NFC East 1st 13 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Eagles ) 34 -- 10 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 30 -- 20 Won Super Bowl XXVII ( 3 ) ( Bills ) 52 -- 17 Troy Aikman ( SB MVP ) Jimmy Johnson 1993 1993 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 27 -- 17 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 38 -- 21 Won Super Bowl XXVIII ( 4 ) ( Bills ) 30 -- 13 Emmitt Smith ( MVP , SB MVP ) Jimmy Johnson 1994 1994 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 35 -- 9 Lost Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 38 -- 28 Barry Switzer 1995 1995 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Eagles ) 30 -- 11 Won Conference Championship ( Packers ) 38 -- 27 Won Super Bowl XXX ( 5 ) ( Steelers ) 27 -- 17 Larry Brown ( SB MVP ) Barry Switzer NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Vikings ) 40 -- 15 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Panthers ) 26 -- 17 Barry Switzer 1997 1997 NFL NFC East 4th 6 10 0 Barry Switzer 1998 1998 NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Cardinals ) 20 -- 7 Chan Gailey 1999 1999 NFL NFC East 2nd 8 8 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Vikings ) 27 -- 10 Chan Gailey 2000 2000 NFL NFC East 4th 5 11 0 Dave Campo 2001 2001 NFL NFC East 5th 5 11 0 Dave Campo 2002 2002 NFL NFC East 4th 5 11 0 Dave Campo 2003 2003 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Panthers ) 29 -- 10 Bill Parcells NFL NFC East 3rd 6 10 0 Bill Parcells 2005 2005 NFL NFC East 3rd 9 7 0 Bill Parcells 2006 2006 NFL NFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Seahawks ) 21 -- 20 Bill Parcells 2007 2007 NFL NFC East 1st 13 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Giants ) 21 -- 17 Greg Ellis ( CBPOY ) Wade Phillips 2008 2008 NFL NFC East 3rd 9 7 0 Wade Phillips 2009 2009 NFL NFC East 1st 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Eagles ) 34 -- 14 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 34 -- 3 Wade Phillips NFL NFC East 3rd 6 10 0 Wade Phillips ( 1 -- 7 ) Jason Garrett ( 5 -- 3 ) 2011 2011 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 8 0 Jason Garrett 2012 2012 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 8 0 Jason Witten ( WP MOY ) Jason Garrett 2013 2013 NFL NFC East 2nd 8 8 0 Jason Garrett 2014 2014 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Lions ) 24 -- 20 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 26 -- 21 DeMarco Murray ( OPOY ) Jason Garrett 2015 2015 NFL NFC East 4th 12 0 Jason Garrett 2016 2016 NFL NFC East 1st 13 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 34 -- 31 Dak Prescott ( OROY ) Jason Garrett ( COY ) Jason Garrett 2017 2017 NFL NFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Jason Garrett Total 502 374 6 All - time regular season record ( 1960 -- 2017 ) 34 27 0 All - time postseason record ( 1960 -- 2017 ) 536 401 6 All - time regular season and postseason record ( 1960 -- 2017 ) 5 NFL Championships , 10 Conference Championships , 22 Divisional Championships Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1960 Dallas Cowboys '' . Dallas Cowboys ' Official Website . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys ' Championship History '' . NFLTeamHistory.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Championship History '' . NFLTeamHistory.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys History '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Franchise History '' . SportsEncyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ The 1967 NFL season marks the first season in the league 's history where the league was divided into two conferences which were subdivided into two divisions . Up to 1967 , the league was either divided into two divisions , two conferences , or neither . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1973 season , the Cowboys and the Redskins finished the season with identical 10 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Washington in the NFC East based on better point differential in head - to - head games . Jump up ^ For the 1978 season , the NFL expanded from a 14 - game season to a 16 - game season . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1978 season , the Cowboys and the Los Angeles Rams finished the season with identical 12 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Los Angeles was the top NFC seed over Dallas based on a better head - to - head record . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1979 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 11 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on a better conference record . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1980 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 12 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Philadelphia finished ahead of Dallas in the NFC East based on better net points in division games . Jump up ^ The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 9 games because of a players ' strike . The NFL adopted a special 16 - team playoff tournament ; eight teams from each conference were seeded 1 -- 8 , and division standings were ignored . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1985 season , the Cowboys , Redskins , and the Giants finished the season with identical 10 -- 6 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of New York and Washington based on a better head - to - head record . Jump up ^ The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 15 games because of a players ' strike . Games to be played during the third week of the season were canceled , and replacement players were used to play games from weeks 4 through 6 . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1991 season , the Cowboys and the Bears finished the season with identical 11 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Chicago was the first NFC Wild Card based on better conference record than Dallas . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1996 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 10 -- 6 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better record against common opponents . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1999 season , the Cowboys , Lions , and the Panthers finished the season with identical 8 -- 8 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas was the second NFC Wild Card based on a better record than Detroit against common opponents and a better conference record than Carolina . Jump up ^ At the end of the 2009 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished with identical 11 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better head - to - head record . References ( edit ) `` Dallas Cowboys History '' . CBS Sportsline . Retrieved January 2007 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) `` NFL.com -- History -- Yearly Standings '' . National Football League Official website . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Pro Football Hall of Fame -- Dallas Cowboys '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame Website . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- ) '' . databasefootball.com . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- Present ) '' . Sports E-Cyclopedia . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Dallas Cowboys History '' . JT-SW.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` History -- Dallas Cowboys '' . Hickoksports.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Franchise page -- Dallas Cowboys '' . Pro football reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . `` Dallas Cowboys Live -- Dallas Cowboys '' . cowboysgames.net . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks The Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Dallas Cowboys seasons 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Bold indicates Super Bowl victory Italics indicates Super Bowl appearance NFL team season lists American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dallas_Cowboys_seasons&oldid=844168723 '' Categories : National Football League teams seasons Dallas Cowboys seasons Dallas Cowboys lists Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 02 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the last time the cowboys made the playoffs	[ "\n\n\nSeason\n\nTeam\n\nLeague\n\nConference\n\nDivision\n\nRegular season\n\nPostseason Results\n\nAwards\n\nHead coaches\n\n\nFinish\n\nWins\n\nLosses\n\nTies\n\n\n1960\n\n1960\n\nNFL\n\nWestern\n\n\n\n7th\n\n0\n\n11\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1961\n\n1961\n\nNFL\n\nEastern\n\n\n\n6th\n\n4\n\n9\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1962\n\n1962\n\nNFL\n\nEastern\n\n\n\n5th\n\n5\n\n8\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1963\n\n1963\n\nNFL\n\nEastern\n\n\n\n5th\n\n4\n\n10\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1964\n\n1964\n\nNFL\n\nEastern\n\n\n\n5th\n\n5\n\n8\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1965\n\n1965\n\nNFL\n\nEastern\n\n\n\n2nd\n\n7\n\n7\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1966\n\n1966\n\nNFL\n\nEastern\n\n\n\n1st\n\n10\n\n3\n\n1\n\nLost NFL Championship Game (Packers) 34–27\n\nTom Landry (COY)\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1967[6]\n\n1967\n\nNFL\n\nEastern\n\nCapitol\n\n1st\n\n9\n\n5\n\n0\n\nWon Conference Playoffs (Browns) 52–14Lost NFL Championship Game (Packers) 21–17\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1968\n\n1968\n\nNFL\n\nEastern\n\nCapitol\n\n1st\n\n12\n\n2\n\n0\n\nLost Conference Playoffs (Browns) 31–20\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1969\n\n1969\n\nNFL\n\nEastern\n\nCapitol\n\n1st\n\n11\n\n2\n\n1\n\nLost Conference Playoffs (Browns) 38–14\n\nCalvin Hill (OROY)\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1970\n\n1970\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n10\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Lions) 5–0Won Conference Championship (49ers) 17–10Lost Super Bowl V (Colts) 16–13\n\nChuck Howley (SB MVP)\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1971\n\n1971\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n11\n\n3\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 20–12Won Conference Championship (49ers) 14–3Won Super Bowl VI (1) (Dolphins) 24–3\n\nRoger Staubach (SB MVP)\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1972\n\n1972\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd\n\n10\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (49ers) 30–28Lost Conference Championship (Redskins) 26–3\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1973\n\n1973\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st[7]\n\n10\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 27–26Lost Conference Championship (Vikings) 27–10\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1974\n\n1974\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n8\n\n6\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1975\n\n1975\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd\n\n10\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 17–14Won Conference Championship (Rams) 37–7Lost Super Bowl X (Steelers) 21–17\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1976\n\n1976\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n11\n\n3\n\n0\n\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 14–12\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1977\n\n1977\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n12\n\n2\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Bears) 37–7Won Conference Championship (Vikings) 23–6Won Super Bowl XII (2) (Broncos) 27–10\n\nTony Dorsett (OROY)Harvey Martin (DPOY, SB MVP)Randy White (SB MVP)\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1978[8]\n\n1978\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st[9]\n\n12\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Falcons) 27–20Won Conference Championship (Rams) 28–0Lost Super Bowl XIII (Steelers) 35–31\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1979\n\n1979\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st[10]\n\n11\n\n5\n\n0\n\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 21–19\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1980\n\n1980\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd[11]\n\n12\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Rams) 34–17Won Divisional Playoffs (Falcons) 30–27Lost Conference Championship (Eagles) 20–7\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1981\n\n1981\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n12\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Buccaneers) 38–0Lost Conference Championship (49ers) 28–27\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1982[12]\n\n1982\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\n\n\n2nd\n\n6\n\n3\n\n0\n\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Buccaneers) 30–17Won Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 37–26Lost Conference Championship (Redskins) 31–17\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1983\n\n1983\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd\n\n12\n\n4\n\n0\n\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (Rams) 24–17\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1984\n\n1984\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n4th\n\n9\n\n7\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st[13]\n\n10\n\n6\n\n0\n\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 20–0\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1986\n\n1986\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n7\n\n9\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1987[14]\n\n1987\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n4th\n\n7\n\n8\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1988\n\n1988\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n5th\n\n3\n\n13\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1989\n\n1989\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n5th\n\n1\n\n15\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nJimmy Johnson\n\n\n1990\n\n1990\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n4th\n\n7\n\n9\n\n0\n\n\n\nEmmitt Smith (OROY)Jimmy Johnson (COY)\n\nJimmy Johnson\n\n\n1991\n\n1991\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd[15]\n\n11\n\n5\n\n0\n\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Bears) 17–13Lost Divisional Playoffs (Lions) 38–6\n\n\n\nJimmy Johnson\n\n\n1992\n\n1992\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n13\n\n3\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Eagles) 34–10Won Conference Championship (49ers) 30–20Won Super Bowl XXVII (3) (Bills) 52–17\n\nTroy Aikman (SB MVP)\n\nJimmy Johnson\n\n\n1993\n\n1993\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n12\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 27–17Won Conference Championship (49ers) 38–21Won Super Bowl XXVIII (4) (Bills) 30–13\n\nEmmitt Smith (MVP, SB MVP)\n\nJimmy Johnson\n\n\n1994\n\n1994\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n12\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 35–9Lost Conference Championship (49ers) 38–28\n\n\n\nBarry Switzer\n\n\n1995\n\n1995\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n12\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Eagles) 30–11Won Conference Championship (Packers) 38–27Won Super Bowl XXX (5) (Steelers) 27–17\n\nLarry Brown (SB MVP)\n\nBarry Switzer\n\n\n1996\n\n1996\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st[16]\n\n10\n\n6\n\n0\n\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Vikings) 40–15Lost Divisional Playoffs (Panthers) 26–17\n\n\n\nBarry Switzer\n\n\n1997\n\n1997\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n4th\n\n6\n\n10\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nBarry Switzer\n\n\n1998\n\n1998\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n10\n\n6\n\n0\n\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (Cardinals) 20–7\n\n\n\nChan Gailey\n\n\n1999\n\n1999\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd[17]\n\n8\n\n8\n\n0\n\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (Vikings) 27–10\n\n\n\nChan Gailey\n\n\n2000\n\n2000\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n4th\n\n5\n\n11\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nDave Campo\n\n\n2001\n\n2001\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n5th\n\n5\n\n11\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nDave Campo\n\n\n2002\n\n2002\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n4th\n\n5\n\n11\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nDave Campo\n\n\n2003\n\n2003\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd\n\n10\n\n6\n\n0\n\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (Panthers) 29–10\n\n\n\nBill Parcells\n\n\n2004\n\n2004\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n6\n\n10\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nBill Parcells\n\n\n2005\n\n2005\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n9\n\n7\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nBill Parcells\n\n\n2006\n\n2006\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd\n\n9\n\n7\n\n0\n\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (Seahawks) 21–20\n\n\n\nBill Parcells\n\n\n2007\n\n2007\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n13\n\n3\n\n0\n\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Giants) 21–17\n\nGreg Ellis (CBPOY)\n\nWade Phillips\n\n\n2008\n\n2008\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n9\n\n7\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nWade Phillips\n\n\n2009\n\n2009\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st[18]\n\n11\n\n5\n\n0\n\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Eagles) 34–14 Lost Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 34–3\n\n\n\nWade Phillips\n\n\n2010\n\n2010\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n6\n\n10\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nWade Phillips (1–7) Jason Garrett (5–3)\n\n\n2011\n\n2011\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n8\n\n8\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nJason Garrett\n\n\n2012\n\n2012\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n8\n\n8\n\n0\n\n\n\nJason Witten (WP MOY)\n\nJason Garrett\n\n\n2013\n\n2013\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd\n\n8\n\n8\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nJason Garrett\n\n\n2014\n\n2014\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n12\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Lions) 24–20Lost Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 26–21\n\nDeMarco Murray (OPOY)\n\nJason Garrett\n\n\n2015\n\n2015\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n4th\n\n4\n\n12\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nJason Garrett\n\n\n2016\n\n2016\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n13\n\n3\n\n0\n\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 34–31\n\nDak Prescott (OROY)Jason Garrett (COY)\n\nJason Garrett\n\n\n2017\n\n2017\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd\n\n9\n\n7\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nJason Garrett\n\n\nTotal\n\n502\n\n374\n\n6\n\nAll-time regular season record (1960–2017)\n\n\n34\n\n27\n\n0\n\nAll-time postseason record (1960–2017)\n\n\n536\n\n401\n\n6\n\nAll-time regular season and postseason record (1960–2017)\n\n\n5 NFL Championships, 10 Conference Championships, 22 Divisional Championships\n" ]	[ "2016" ]
-9090063751520046725	Iron mining in the United States	Iron mining in the United States - wikipedia Iron mining in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Iron mining in the United States produced 42.5 million metric tons of iron ore in 2015 , worth US $3.8 billion . Iron ore was the third - highest - value metal mined in the United States , after gold and copper . Iron ore was mined from nine active mines and three reclamation operations in Michigan , Minnesota , and Utah . Most of the iron ore was mined in northern Minnesota 's Mesabi Range . Net exports ( exports minus imports ) were 3.9 million tons . US iron ore made up 2.5 percent of the total mined worldwide in 2015 . Employment as of 2014 was 5,750 in iron mines and iron ore treatment plants . Processed taconite pellets as used in the steelmaking industry , with a US quarter shown for scale . US iron ore mining is dominated by the Precambrian banded iron formation deposits around Lake Superior , in Minnesota and Michigan ; such deposits were also formerly mined in Wisconsin . For the past 50 years , more than 90 percent of US iron ore production has been mined from the Lake Superior deposits . None of the iron ore now mined in the US is `` direct shipping '' ore ready to be fed into the iron - and steel - making process . The ore is concentrated to raise the iron content before use . All the iron ore currently mined is from open pits . Contents ( hide ) 1 Minnesota 2 Michigan 3 Utah 4 History of US iron ore mining 4.1 Colonial 4.2 Early republic 4.3 Lake Superior mining 4.4 Birmingham , Alabama 5 See also 6 References Minnesota ( edit ) Minnesota provides the great bulk of the iron ore mined in the US . Iron ore comes from seven open - pit mines , and two tailings reclamation operations , one in St. Louis County , and one in Itasca County . Three of the mines are operated by Cleveland Cliffs , two by U.S. Steel , and one each by Mesabi Nugget Delaware LLC and Arcelor Mittal S.A. The two reclamation projects are operated by Magnetation , Inc . Michigan ( edit ) Michigan iron ore came from two active mines on the Marquette Iron Range : the Tilden Mine , and the Empire Mine , both operated by Cleveland - Cliffs Iron Company . In 2014 , the two mines produced 12.1 million tons of pelletized iron ore concentrate . Utah ( edit ) The only recently operating iron mine in the US outside the Lake Superior area was the Iron Mountain mine , formerly called the Comstock - Mountain Lion mine , west of Cedar City , in Iron County , Utah . The mine shut down in October 2014 . Operated by CML Metals , Inc. the mine produced ore with 54 % iron . The ore was treated onsite , producing a concentrate containing 65 % iron . The concentrate was transported by rail to California , then shipped to China . History of US iron ore mining ( edit ) Graph of usable iron ore mined in the United States 1890 - 2014 , data from USGS In common with other commodities , the history of iron mining in the United States includes a shift to larger but lower - grade ore deposits , a shift from underground to open - pit mining , and a shift from labor - intensive mining to highly mechanized mining . Although in 2014 , the US mined only 1.8 percent of all iron ore mined worldwide , the US was previously a much larger factor in the world iron ore market . From 1937 through 1953 , US iron ore made up more than a third of the world 's iron ore production ; the proportion of world iron ore mined in the US peaked in 1945 at 56 percent . Colonial ( edit ) Iron mining in the United States began in 1608 , when a ship returning from the Jamestown Colony in Virginia carried a load of iron ore back to England . The manufacture of iron from ore apparently began in 1622 , in what is now Chesterfield County , Virginia , but was halted when Native Americans killed everyone in the establishment . John Winthrop , Jr. established an iron furnace at Braintree , Massachusetts , which started making iron in 1644 , but closed when it ran out of nearby ore in 1647 . A more successful effort was established at Saugus , Massachusetts . Iron production in the 1700s was done with charcoal , of which American forests could provide a seemingly endless supply . Numerous small iron mines supplied iron furnaces scattered throughout the colonies in the 1700s . Bog iron ore common around the Chesapeake Bay fed numerous iron furnaces in Maryland and Virginia set up to export to Britain . Early republic ( edit ) Although the bog iron ores mined in colonial days were widespread , the deposits were also small , and quickly exhausted . In the late 1700s the iron furnaces moved away from the bog iron ore of the coastal swamps , to larger iron ore deposits further inland . Inland locations also allowed the furnaces to be closer to sources of limestone , which was used as a flux in iron smelting . The proximity to larger ore deposits favored larger , more permanent iron smelters . Most US iron mining before 1850 took place in eastern Pennsylvania , New York , and northern New Jersey . New Jersey 's principal iron ore district , at Dover , began mining in 1710 . The Cornwall iron mine , the largest iron - producer in Pennsylvania , began mining in 1740 . The Adirondack district of New York began mining in 1775 . Starting about 1820 , coke from coal replaced charcoal as the fuel and reducing agent in iron furnaces . Coke has a higher crushing strength than charcoal , allowing larger smelting furnaces . Because iron and steel - making at the time consumed more coal than iron ore , the steel mills moved closer to the coal mines to minimize transportation costs . Although later overshadowed by production from the Lake Superior mines , iron ore mining in New Jersey and New York continued until the 1960s . Iron mining in Pennsylvania ended in 1973 . Lake Superior mining ( edit ) Lake Superior Iron Ranges Iron ore was discovered on the Marquette Range in 1844 , and mining started in 1848 . Mining increased after the opening of the ship canal at Sault Ste . Marie provided cheap water transportation between the iron mines to the lower Great Lakes . The Lake Superior iron deposits were the largest ever discovered in the United States , and by the late 1800s , dominated American iron mining . The Lake Superior iron ores occur in Precambrian banded iron formation , in long , linear belts called iron ranges . After the Marquette Range in Michigan , iron ore was discovered in the Menominee Range ( Michigan ) in 1867 , the Gogebic Range ( Michigan and Wisconsin ) in 1884 , Vermilion Range ( Minnesota ) in 1885 , Mesabi Range ( Minnesota ) in 1890 , and the Cuyuna Range ( Minnesota ) in 1903 . Prior to the start of iron mining on the Lake Superior iron ranges , US iron mining was done close to the iron furnaces . The large size of the Lake Superior deposits , and the access to cheap Great Lakes water transportation , enabled iron mining on a massive scale , located far from the iron furnaces . The Lake Superior iron ores , however , are located far from coal deposits , and the greater tonnage of coal required in steelmaking favored the location of furnaces closer to the coal mines . Favorable locations for steelworks using Lake Superior ore included Great Lakes ports such as Chicago , Cleveland , and Gary , as well as cities close to coal and with good water transportation , such as Pittsburgh . Although Lake Superior provides cheap shipping most of the year , from ports such as Duluth and Marquette , shipping by water halts in the winter months , and most ore is stockpiled until shipping resumes in the spring . In the 1950s , the Lake Superior mines were running out of the high - grade `` direct - shipping '' ore . Experiments in concentrating the ores had been ongoing since the 1915 . In 1954 the hematite ore ( jasper , or jaspilite ) began to be concentrated , and in 1956 , the magnetite ore ( taconite ) was concentrated on a large scale . The concentrated ore is commonly formed into pellets for ease of handling . Cliffs Mine on Marquette Range Through 1965 , the Lake Superior iron ranges had produced 3.66 billion tons of ore , about 70 percent of which came from the Mesabi Range . Totals through 1965 were : Mesabi Range 2,511 million tons Marquette Range 339 million tons Gogebic Range 323 million tons Menominee Range 290 million tons Vermilion Range 102 million tons Cuyuna Range 100 million tons Birmingham , Alabama ( edit ) The largest production of US iron ore outside the Great Lakes districts was the Birmingham , Alabama district . Sedimentary iron ore in the Red Mountain formation of Silurian age was first used to make iron in 1864 . Production was small until 1881 , when major steelmaking began in Birmingham . The last iron mine shut down in 1975 , after the district had produced 376 million long tons of ore . See also ( edit ) Iron and steel industry in the United States List of iron mines in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ US Geological Survey , Iron ore , Mineral Commodity Summary , January 2016 . Jump up ^ US Geological Survey , Iron ore , Jan. 2015 . Jump up ^ Cliffs Natural Resources , Michigan operations , accessed 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ US Geological Survey , Iron Ore in April 2015 , July 2015 . Jump up ^ Taylor Boden and others , Utah 's extractive industries in 2013 , Utah Geological Survey , Circular 118 , 2014 . Jump up ^ James A. Mulholland , A History of Metals in Colonial America ( University , Ala. : Univ of Alabama Press , 1981 ) 21 . Jump up ^ Norman J.G. Pounds and William N Parker , Coal and Steel in Western Europe ( Bloomington : Indiana Univ . Press , 1957 ) 22 . Jump up ^ US Geological Survey , 2001 , Silent reminders , Geologic Wonders of the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests , No. 3 . Jump up ^ John S. Brown , `` Ore deposits of the northeastern United States , '' in , John D. Ridge ( ed . ) , Ore Deposits of the United States , 1933 - 1967 ( New York : American Institute of Mining Engineers , 1970 ) 2 - 4 . Jump up ^ Martha S. Carr and Carl E. Dutton , 1959 , Iron - Ore Resources of the United States , Including Alaska and Puerto Rico , US Geological Survey , Bulletin 1082 - C , p. 66 - 67 . Jump up ^ W.H. Dennis , 100 Years of Metallurgy ( Chicago : Aldine , 1963 ) 79 - 80 . Jump up ^ Ralph W. Marsden , `` Geology of the iron ores of the Lake Superior region in the United States , '' in , John D. Ridge ( ed . ) , Ore Deposits of the United States , 1933 - 1967 ( New York : American Institute of Mining Engineers , 1970 ) 493 . Jump up ^ Thomas A. Simpson and Tunstall R. Gray , `` The Birmingham red - ore district , Alabama , '' in , John D. Ridge ( ed . ) , Ore Deposits of the United States , 1933 - 1967 ( New York : American Institute of Mining Engineers , 1970 ) 188 . Jump up ^ Lewis S. Dean , Minerals in the economy of Alabama 2007 Archived 2015 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. , Alabama Geological Survey , 2008 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron_mining_in_the_United_States&oldid=831180425 '' Categories : Iron mining Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 05 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is iron ore mined in the usa	[ "Iron mining in the United States produced 42.5 million metric tons of iron ore in 2015, worth US$3.8 billion. Iron ore was the third-highest-value metal mined in the United States, after gold and copper.[1] Iron ore was mined from nine active mines and three reclamation operations in Michigan, Minnesota, and Utah. Most of the iron ore was mined in northern Minnesota’s Mesabi Range. Net exports (exports minus imports) were 3.9 million tons. US iron ore made up 2.5 percent of the total mined worldwide in 2015. Employment as of 2014 was 5,750 in iron mines and iron ore treatment plants.[2]", "Iron mining in the United States produced 42.5 million metric tons of iron ore in 2015, worth US$3.8 billion. Iron ore was the third-highest-value metal mined in the United States, after gold and copper.[1] Iron ore was mined from nine active mines and three reclamation operations in Michigan, Minnesota, and Utah. Most of the iron ore was mined in northern Minnesota’s Mesabi Range. Net exports (exports minus imports) were 3.9 million tons. US iron ore made up 2.5 percent of the total mined worldwide in 2015. Employment as of 2014 was 5,750 in iron mines and iron ore treatment plants.[2]", "Iron mining in the United States produced 42.5 million metric tons of iron ore in 2015, worth US$3.8 billion. Iron ore was the third-highest-value metal mined in the United States, after gold and copper.[1] Iron ore was mined from nine active mines and three reclamation operations in Michigan, Minnesota, and Utah. Most of the iron ore was mined in northern Minnesota’s Mesabi Range. Net exports (exports minus imports) were 3.9 million tons. US iron ore made up 2.5 percent of the total mined worldwide in 2015. Employment as of 2014 was 5,750 in iron mines and iron ore treatment plants.[2]" ]	[ "Michigan", "Minnesota", "Utah" ]
3678358413112141831	Trader Joe's	Trader Joe 's - Wikipedia Trader Joe 's Jump to : navigation , search Trader Joe 's Type Private Industry Retail ( grocery ) Founded 1958 ; 59 years ago ( 1958 ) ( as Pronto Market ) 1967 ( 1967 ) ( as Trader Joe 's ) Pasadena , California , United States Founder Joe Coulombe Headquarters Monrovia , California , US Number of locations 474 ( as of October 12 , 2017 ) Key people Dan Bane , Chairman & CEO Products Private label staple foods , organic foods and specialty products Revenue US $ 13 billion ( 2015 ) Number of employees 38,000 + Website www.traderjoes.com Trader Joe 's is an American chain of grocery stores based in Monrovia , California , owned by a German private equity family trust . By 2015 , it was a competitor in `` fresh format '' grocery stores in the United States . As of October 12 , 2017 , Trader Joe 's had 474 stores nationwide in 43 states and in Washington , D.C. Trader Joe 's was founded by Joseph `` Joe '' Coulombe . From 1979 , it was owned by German entrepreneur Theo Albrecht until his death in 2010 , when ownership passed to his heirs . The company has offices in Monrovia , California , and Boston , Massachusetts . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Crew member compensation 3 Locations 4 Products 5 Criticism 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Store in Hadley , Massachusetts ( 2007 ) Trader Joe 's is named after its founder , Joe Coulombe . The chain began in 1958 as a Greater Los Angeles area chain of Pronto Market convenience stores . The original Pronto Markets were so similar to 7 - Eleven that Coulombe felt the competition with 7 - Eleven would be ruinous . Coulombe is said to have developed the idea of the Trader Joe 's South Seas motif while on vacation in the Caribbean . The Tiki culture fad of the 1950s and 1960s was fresh in the cultural memory , and Trader Vic 's was at its height with 25 locations worldwide . He had noticed that Americans were traveling more and returning home with tastes for food and wine they had trouble satisfying in supermarkets of the time . The first store branded as `` Trader Joe 's '' opened in 1967 . This store , on Arroyo Parkway in Pasadena , California , remains in operation . In the first few decades of operation , some of the stores offered fresh meats provided by butchers who leased space in the stores . Trader Joe 's at one time had sandwich shops , freshly cut cheese and freshly squeezed orange juice . Germany 's Theo Albrecht bought the company in 1979 as a personal investment for his family . Coulombe was succeeded as CEO by John Shields in 1987 . Under his leadership the company expanded beyond California , moving into Arizona in 1993 and into the Pacific Northwest two years later . In 1996 , the company opened its first stores on the East Coast : in Brookline and Cambridge both outside Boston . Shields retired in 2001 when Dan Bane succeeded him as CEO after being the President of the Western Division . When Bane became CEO there were 156 stores in 15 states . Trader Joe 's , Saugus , Massachusetts BusinessWeek reported that Trader Joe 's quintupled the number of its stores between 1990 and 2001 , and multiplied its profits by ten . Supermarket News estimated Trader Joe 's sales for 2015 at $13 billion , and placed Trader Joe 's 21st on the list of `` SN 's Top 75 Retailers for 2016 . '' In February 2008 , BusinessWeek reported that the company had the highest sales per square foot of any grocer in the United States . Two - and - a-half years later and in 2016 , Fortune magazine estimated sales to be $1,750 in merchandise per square foot , more than double the sales generated by Whole Foods . In February 2016 , due to customer feedback Trader Joe 's announced their goal `` to have all the eggs they sell in western states ( CA , OR , WA , AZ , NM and CO ) come from cage - free suppliers by 2020 and all the eggs we sell nationally to come from cage - free suppliers by 2025 . '' The May 2009 issue of Consumer Reports ranked Trader Joe 's the second - best supermarket chain in the United States ( after Wegmans ) . In June 2009 , MSN Money released its third annual Customer Service Hall of Fame survey results . Trader Joe 's ranked second in customer service . Although Ethisphere magazine listed Trader Joe 's among its most ethical companies in the United States from 2008 to 2010 , Trader Joe 's did not make the list in 2011 . In 2014 , Consumer Reports again ranked Trader Joe 's a top - scoring supermarket chain . Crew member compensation ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Trader Joe 's compensates its crew well . Store managers ( `` Captains '' ) have earnings in the six figures and supervisory crew ( `` Mates '' ) can start at $45,000 - $75,000 per year . Crew members are reviewed twice a year and on average have the potential to receive a 7 % - 10 % annual increase . The company provides a great retirement plan and currently contributes 10 % of annual salary to eligible crew , and the plan allows crew to save pre-tax dollars towards their own retirement . Medical , dental and vision plans are offered to eligible crew at a low cost ( currently $75 / month ) . All crew members obtain a 10 % discount on all products available at the store and paid time - off that increases with tenure . Locations ( edit ) Trader Joe 's is known for its unusual store locations -- this Trader Joe 's store in Cobble Hill , Brooklyn , New York , is in a converted bank building . As of February 16 , 2017 , Trader Joe 's had 464 stores in the United States with stores being added regularly . Most locations averaged between 10,000 and 15,000 sq ft ( 1,400 m ) . Each location is designed to represent its respective area . Every store has its own crew members that create artwork to represent the surrounding neighborhood . Some store locations have their own `` find the mascot '' and kids can obtain a prize when they tell a crew where it is `` hiding '' . Trader Joe 's is a tiki - nautical themed establishment but locational stores may include props to blend into the local area ; for example , a surf theme for a store near the beach . Legend even says that some locations have a rather peculiar initiation where they have their employees `` walk the plank '' . Products ( edit ) Interior of Trader Joe 's in the Alabama Theatre in Houston While a typical grocery store may carry 50,000 items , Trader Joe 's stocks about 4,000 items , 80 % of which bear one of its own brand names . Trader Joe 's describes itself as `` your neighborhood grocery store . '' Products include gourmet foods , organic foods , vegetarian foods , unusual frozen foods , imported foods , domestic and imported wine and beer ( where local law permits ) , `` alternative '' food items , and staples such as bread , cereal , eggs , dairy , coffee , and produce . Non-food items include personal hygiene products , household cleaners , vitamins , pet food , plants , and flowers . Many of the company 's products are environmentally friendly . In October 2007 , amid customer concerns , Trader Joe 's began to phase out foods imported from China , and from February to April 2008 , Trader Joe 's phased out single - ingredient products from China because of customer concerns . Between 2012 and 2013 , Trader Joe 's moved from 15th on Greenpeace 's CATO ( Carting Away the Oceans ) scale to third by removing six unsustainable species of fish from its shelves and getting involved in efforts to protect the Bering Sea Canyons . Trader Joe 's discontinues individual products based on customer reactions more often than larger grocery chains to free up space for new items . Some products are exclusive to certain regions ( ex . midwest , east coast ) of the United States depending on availability and popularity . Trader Joe 's sells many items under its own private labels , at a significant discount to brand - name equivalents , and requires its brand - name suppliers not to publicize this business relationship . Trader Joe 's labels are sometimes named in accordance with the ethnicity of the food in question , such as `` Trader Jose 's '' ( Mexican food ) , `` Baker Josef 's '' ( flour and bagels ) , `` Trader Giotto 's '' ( Italian food ) , `` Trader Joe - San 's '' ( Japanese food ) , `` Trader Ming 's '' ( Asian food ) , `` JosephsBrau '' ( beer ) , and `` Trader Jacques ' '' ( French food and soaps ) . By selling almost all of its products under its own labels , Trader Joe 's `` skips the middle man '' and buys directly from both local and international small - time vendors . Two Buck Chuck for sale at Trader Joe 's Trader Joe 's is the exclusive retailer of Charles Shaw wine , popularly known as `` Two Buck Chuck '' because of its original $1.99 price tag in California ( local prices vary ) . Of the wine selection at Trader Joe 's , Coloumbe has said , `` We built Trader Joe 's on wine first , then food . I tasted 100,000 wines , and most were n't wonderful . They were submitted to us by desperate vintners . '' Along with Charles Shaw , Trader Joe 's is known for stocking a very large selection of California and New World wines . Trader Joe 's has said its private - label products contain no artificial flavors , no artificial preservatives , no colors derived from anything other than naturally available products , no genetically modified ingredients , no partially hydrogenated oils ( adding trans fat ) , and no MSG . In addition , its private label dairy products use milk from cows not given the artificial growth hormone rBST . Trader Joe 's also has a `` Fearless Flyer '' that showcases new products or highlighted products of the month . The flyer is sent out periodically to homes upon request with no charge , and is available in - store . The company sends out `` E-Flyers '' that are only accessible online . Both flyers include stories about new products , a description , and even recipes . Criticism ( edit ) February 2012 protest at Trader Joe 's Headquarters in Monrovia , California From an article titled `` Trader Joe 's Gets it Easy ? '' : The chain ranked low on Greenpeace 's sustainable seafood report card . The packaging is excessive , with even the produce sealed in plastic . The business model forces consumers to buy in quantities large enough to encourage waste . And most of Trader Joe 's products are made on equipment shared with everything you might be allergic to ( dairy , nuts ) or philosophically opposed to eating ( dairy , meat ) . -- Cameron Scott , San Francisco Chronicle , 2013 The retailer has been characterized as `` notoriously secretive '' and has been criticized for a lack of transparency by management about the sources of products such as organic milk . In September 2013 , in response to the implementation of the Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) , Trader Joe 's explained that it would require part - time employees to work an average of 30 hours per week to qualify for medical insurance ( with free coverage for basic dental and vision care still available for all Crew Members who work an average of 15 hours or more per week ) . Part - time employees not qualifying would now be eligible for the less expensive plans available under the ACA ( but available only to those whose employers do not offer them an insurance plan ) . Those working full - time were unaffected . In June 2017 , Trader Joe 's launched the `` puff dog '' , a roll of spiced sausage meat wrapped in puff pastry , which it claimed to have invented . Social media and British and Commonwealth media pointed out that the sausage roll was a traditional British savoury snack , where bakery - chain Greggs sells around 2.5 million sausage rolls per week . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Where in the dickens you can find a Trader Joe 's ? '' ( PDF ) . Trader Joe 's . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kowitt , Beth ( August 23 , 2010 ) . `` Inside the secret world of Trader Joe 's '' . Fortune . CNN.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Trader Joe 's CO Inc '' . Manta . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Theo Albrecht , Jr. & family '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Lutz , Ashley ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` How Trader Joe 's Sells Twice As Much As Whole Foods '' . Business Insider . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Whole Foods Is Slowly Killing Traditional Supermarkets '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Armstrong , Larry ( April 26 , 2004 ) . `` Trader Joe 's : The Trendy American Cousin '' . BusinessWeek and www.traderjoes.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ( 1 ) . '' Trader Joe 's . Retrieved on April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gardetta , Dave ( September 2011 ) . `` Enchanted Aisles '' . Los Angeles . Jump up ^ `` For Trader Joe 's , a New York Taste Test '' , The New York Times , March 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Trader Joe 's targets ' educated ' buyer '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Associated Press . August 30 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Supermarket News 2001 Jump up ^ `` SN 's Top 75 Retailers for 2016 '' . Supermarket News . 2017 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Announcements Trader Joe 's '' . Traderjoes.com. 2016 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Kathie ( April 6 , 2009 ) . `` Consumer Reports ranks top supermarkets '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Companies that treat you right '' , MSN Money , June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 World 's Most Ethical Companies '' . Ethisphere. 2008 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2010 . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 World 's Most Ethical Companies '' . Ethisphere Magazine . April 2009 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2010 . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 World 's Most Ethical Companies '' . Ethisphere Magazine . April 2010 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wegmans , Trader Joe 's , Publix , Costco & Sprouts Top Consumer Reports Supermarket Ratings '' . Consumer Reports . March 26 , 2014 . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The American Way of Aldi , Deutsche Welle , January 16 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Jerry ( February 12 , 2008 ) . `` Trader Joe 's halting some Chinese imports '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Carting Away the Oceans 7 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Why does TJ 's frequently discontinue products ? '' . Trader Joe 's . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thayer , Warren ( June 1 , 2002 ) . `` Trader Joe 's is not your ' average Joe ! ' With perhaps 85 % of sales coming from private label , this secretive bi-coastal chain has a playful -- and highly effective -- formula '' . Private Label Buyer . Jump up ^ Franson , Paul . `` The Origins of Trader Joe 's and Why Americans Do n't Drink More Wine '' . Novus Vinum . Retrieved November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 15 secrets Trader Joe 's shoppers should know '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Cameron Scott , `` Trader Joe 's Gets It Easy ? '' , San Francisco Chronicle , March 26 , 2009 . Accessed March 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Julia Moskin , `` For Trader Joe 's , a New York Taste Test '' , The New York Times , March 8 , 2006 . Accessed March 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Tracy Moore , `` That Not - So Fresh Feeling : Why Is Trader Joe 's Tight - Lipped About Its Food Sources ? '' , The Nashville Scene , May 24 , 2010 , quoting a report in Sustainable Industries magazine . Accessed March 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ MSN Money , May 2 , 2013 Archived May 4 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Denver Nicks ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` Trader Joe 's Explains why its cutting health benefits for part timers '' . The Washington Post ( reprinted at swampland.time.com ) . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-40392410 External links ( edit ) Los Angeles portal Companies portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trader Joe 's . Official website `` Meet the original Joe '' , Fortune Magazine , August 23 , 2010 VIAF : 136249237 Supermarket chains in the United States Kroger City Market Dillons Baker 's Gerbes Food 4 Less Foods Co . Fred Meyer Fry 's Harris Teeter Jay C Ruler Foods King Soopers Kroger Owen 's Pay Less QFC Ralphs Roundy 's Copp 's Mariano 's Metro Market Pick ' n Save Scott 's Smith 's Albertsons Acme Albertsons Carrs Haggen Jewel - Osco Lucky Pavilions Randalls Safeway Shaw 's and Star Market Super Saver Tom Thumb United Supermarkets Amigos Market Street Vons SuperValu County Market Cub Farm Fresh Hornbacher 's Shop ' n Save Shoppers Ahold Delhaize Food Lion Giant - Carlisle Martin 's Giant - Landover Hannaford Stop & Shop Southeastern Grocers BI-LO Fresco y Más Harveys Supermarkets Winn - Dixie Wakefern PriceRite ShopRite The Fresh Grocer Other national chains Target Walmart Regional chains Asian GW Supermarket H Mart Hong Kong Supermarket Island Pacific Supermarket Lion Supermarket Marina Food Marukai Corporation U.S.A. Mitsuwa Marketplace Nijiya Market Seafood City Shun Fat Supermarket Tawa 99 Ranch Market 168 Market Uwajimaya Hispanic Bravo El Ahorro Supermarket Fiesta Foods Fiesta Mart La Perla Tapatía Supermarkets Más Club Mi Pueblo Food Center Supermercados Teloloapan Vallarta Supermarkets Organic Earth Fare Natural Grocers Sprouts Trader Joe 's Whole Foods Wholesale BJ 's Cash & Carry Costco Sam 's Conventional Acme Fresh Market Aldi Amigo Balducci 's Bashas ' Best Market Big Y Boyer 's Food Markets , Inc . Bristol Farms Brookshire Brothers Brookshire Grocery Company Buehler Food Markets Inc . C - Town Supermarkets Central Market D&W Fresh Market Dave 's Markets Dean & DeLuca DeMoulas Market Basket Dierbergs Markets Don Quijote Times Supermarkets Dorothy Lane Market Easy - Way Store Econofoods Family Fare Fairway Market Fareway Festival Foods Festival Foods ( Minnesota ) Food Giant Food City Foodarama FoodLand Foodtown Pathmark Gelson 's Gerland Corporation Giant Eagle Grand Mart Gristedes Grocery Outlet Harmons Harps Food Stores H-E-B Heinen 's Fine Foods Highland Park Market Homeland Houchens Hugo 's Hy - Vee IGA Ingles Inserra Supermarkets Jerry 's Foods Jungle Jim 's International Market Karns Quality Foods Key Food Super Fresh The Food Emporium King Kullen Kings Super Markets Kuhn 's Quality Foods Lewis Food Town Lidl Lowe 's Market Lowes Foods Lund Food Holdings Magruder 's Marc 's Market Basket Market of Choice Martin 's Super Markets Meijer Met Foods Miracle Mart Mollie Stone 's Markets Morton Williams New Seasons Market Niemann Foods No Frills Supermarkets Nugget Markets PCC Community Markets Petrini 's Piggly Wiggly Piggly Wiggly Carolina Co . Pink Dot Price Chopper / Price Mart Price Chopper Supermarkets Publix Pueblo Raley 's Supermarkets Red Owl Redner 's Markets Remke Markets Rice Epicurean Markets Ridley 's Family Markets Roche Bros . Rosauers Supermarkets Rouses Russ 's Market Save - A-Lot Save Mart Supermarkets SaveRite Schnucks Scolari 's Food and Drug Seafood City Sedano 's Sellers Bros . Sendik 's Food Market Sentry Foods Seven Mile Market Shop ' n Save Smart & Final SpartanNash Stanley Stores Star Market Stater Bros . Stew Leonard 's Strack & Van Til Straub 's Markets Sullivan Family of Companies Foodland Hawaii Supermercados Econo Supermercados Selectos Super Dollar Discount Foods Super One Foods Super Saver Foods ( B&R Stores ) The Fresh Market Tops Friendly Markets United Grocery Outlet URM Stores Valu King Victory Supermarkets Village Market Food Center Weaver Street Market Wegmans Weis Markets Westborn Market Western Beef WinCo Foods Woodman 's Markets Yoke 's Fresh Market Zabar 's Zupan 's Markets Defunct banners A-Mart A&P Food Basics Pathmark Waldbaum 's ABCO Foods Alpha Beta Andronico 's AppleTree Markets Belle Foods Big Bear Stores Big Star Markets Bloom Bottom Dollar Food Bruno 's Buttrey Food & Drug Byrd 's Carter 's Foods Chatham Clemens Markets Colonial Stores Dahl 's Foods Daniel Reeves Stores David 's Supermarkets Davis Food City Delchamps Deskins Dick 's Supermarket Dominick 's Eagle Food Centers Eberhard 's Eisner Food Stores Farmer Jack Felpausch Finast Fisher Foods Food Fair Food World Food - a-rama Fresh & Easy Furr 's Genuardi 's Giant Open Air Glen 's Markets Grand Union Hamady Brothers Henry 's Farmers Market Hills Supermarkets Hinky Dinky Jitney Jungle Johnnie 's Foodmaster Kessel Food Markets Laneco Marketside Mars Marsh Supermarkets Minyard Food Stores National Supermarkets National Tea Omni Superstore Penn Fruit Penn Traffic Pick - N - Pay Supermarkets Plus Purity Supreme Quality Markets QFI Red Food Reid 's Schaffer Stores Company Seaway Food Town Seessel 's Simon David Skaggs Companies Southern Family Markets Sunflower Farmers Market Sunflower Market Super Duper Sweetbay Supermarket Tidyman 's Twin Valu Ukrop 's Super Markets Warehouse Economy Outlet Weingarten 's Wild Oats Markets Xpect Discounts List of supermarket chains in the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trader_Joe%27s&oldid=809429597 '' Categories : Trader Joe 's Retail companies established in 1958 Health food stores Companies based in Los Angeles County , California Privately held companies in the United States Privately held companies based in California Food retailers of the United States 1958 establishments in California Supermarkets based in California Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from December 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français 日本語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 01 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who owns trader joe's and whole foods	[]	[]
-4805855377988313004	Food energy	Food energy - wikipedia Food energy Jump to : navigation , search Food energy is chemical energy that animals ( including humans ) derive from food through the process of cellular respiration . Cellular respiration may either involve the chemical reaction of food molecules with molecular oxygen ( aerobic respiration ) or the process of reorganizing the food molecules without additional oxygen ( anaerobic respiration ) . Humans and other animals need a minimum intake of food energy to sustain their metabolism and to drive their muscles . Foods are composed chiefly of carbohydrates , fats , proteins , water , vitamins , and minerals . Carbohydrates , fats , proteins , and water represent virtually all the weight of food , with vitamins and minerals making up only a small percentage of the weight . ( Carbohydrates , fats , and proteins comprise ninety percent of the dry weight of foods . ) Organisms derive food energy from carbohydrates , fats and proteins as well as from organic acids , polyols , and ethanol present in the diet . Some diet components that provide little or no food energy , such as water , minerals , vitamins , cholesterol and fiber , may still be necessary to health and survival for other reasons . Water , minerals , vitamins , and cholesterol are not broken down ( they are used by the body in the form in which they are absorbed ) and so can not be used for energy . Fiber can not be completely digested by most animals , including humans . However , ruminants can extract food energy from the respiration of cellulose because of bacteria in their rumens . Using the International System of Units , researchers measure energy in joules ( J ) or in its multiples ; the kilojoule ( kJ ) is most often used for food - related quantities . An older metric system unit of energy , still widely used in food - related contexts , is the calorie ; more precisely , the `` food calorie '' , `` large calorie '' or kilocalorie ( kcal or Cal ) , equal to 4.184 kilojoules . ( Contrast the `` small calorie '' ( cal ) , equal to 1 / 1000 of a food calorie , that is often used in chemistry and in physics . ) Within the European Union , both the kilocalorie ( `` kcal '' ) and kilojoule ( `` kJ '' ) appear on nutrition labels . In many countries , only one of the units is displayed ; in Canada and the United States labels spell out the unit as `` calorie '' or as `` Calorie '' . Fats and ethanol have the greatest amount of food energy per gram , 37 and 29 kJ / g ( 8.8 and 6.9 kcal / g ) , respectively . Proteins and most carbohydrates have about 17 kJ / g ( 4 kcal / g ) . The differing energy density of foods ( fat , alcohols , carbohydrates and proteins ) lies mainly in their varying proportions of carbon , hydrogen , and oxygen atoms : For food of elemental composition C H O N , the heat of combustion underlying the food energy is 100 kcal / g ( c + 0.3 h − 0.5 o ) / ( 12 c + h + 16 o + 14 n ) to a good approximation ( ± 3 % ) . Carbohydrates that are not easily absorbed , such as fiber , or lactose in lactose - intolerant individuals , contribute less food energy . Polyols ( including sugar alcohols ) and organic acids contribute 10 kJ / g ( 2.4 kcal / g ) and 13 kJ / g ( 3.1 kcal / g ) respectively . Theoretically , one could measure food energy in different ways , using ( say ) the Gibbs free energy of combustion , or the amount of ATP generated by metabolizing the food . However , the convention is to use the heat of the oxidation reaction producing liquid water . Conventional food energy is based on heats of combustion in a bomb calorimeter and corrections that take into consideration the efficiency of digestion and absorption and the production of urea and other substances in the urine . The American chemist Wilbur Atwater worked these corrections out in the late 19th century ( see Atwater system for more detail ) . Based on the work of Atwater , it became common practice to calculate energy content of foods using 4 kcal / g for carbohydrates and proteins and 9 kcal / g for lipids . The system was later improved by Annabel Merrill and Bernice Watt of the United States Department of Agriculture , who derived a system whereby specific calorie conversion factors for different foods were proposed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nutrition labels 2 Recommended daily intake 3 Energy usage in the human body 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Nutrition labels ( edit ) The nutritional information label on a pack of Basmati rice in the United Kingdom Many governments require food manufacturers to label the energy content of their products , to help consumers control their energy intake . In the European Union , manufacturers of packaged food must label the nutritional energy of their products in both kilocalories and kilojoules , when required . In the United States , the equivalent mandatory labels display only `` Calories '' , often as a substitute for the name of the quantity being measured , food energy ; an additional kilojoules figure is optional and is rarely used . In Australia and New Zealand , the food energy must be stated in kilojoules ( and optionally in kilocalories as well ) , and other nutritional energy information is similarly conveyed in kilojoules . The energy available from the respiration of food is usually given on labels for 100 g , for a typical serving size ( according to the manufacturer ) , and / or for the entire pack contents . The amount of food energy associated with a particular food could be measured by completely burning the dried food in a bomb calorimeter , a method known as direct calorimetry . However , the values given on food labels are not determined in this way . The reason for this is that direct calorimetry also burns the dietary fiber , and so does not allow for fecal losses ; thus direct calorimetry would give systematic overestimates of the amount of fuel that actually enters the blood through digestion . What are used instead are standardized chemical tests or an analysis of the recipe using reference tables for common ingredients to estimate the product 's digestible constituents ( protein , carbohydrate , fat , etc . ) . These results are then converted into an equivalent energy value based on the following standardized table of energy densities . However `` energy density '' is a misleading term for it once again assumes that energy is IN the particular food , whereas it simply means that `` high density '' food needs more oxygen during respiration , leading to greater transfer of energy . Note that the following standardized table of energy densities is an approximation and the value in kJ / g does not convert exactly to kcal / g using a conversion factor . The use of such a simple system has been criticized for not taking into consideration other factors pertaining to the influence of different foods on obesity . Food component Energy density kJ / g kcal / g Fat 37 9 Ethanol ( drinking alcohol ) 29 7 Proteins 17 Carbohydrates 17 Organic acids 13 Polyols ( sugar alcohols , sweeteners ) 10 2.4 Fiber 8 All the other nutrients in food are noncaloric and are thus not counted . Recommended daily intake ( edit ) Increased mental activity has been linked with moderately increased brain energy consumption . Older people and those with sedentary lifestyles require less energy ; children and physically active people require more . Recommendations in the United States are 2,600 and 2,000 kcal ( 10,900 and 8,400 kJ ) for men and women ( respectively ) between 31 and 35 , at a physical activity level equivalent to walking about 2 to 5 km ( 1 ⁄ to 3 mi ) per day at 5 to 6 km / h ( 3 to 4 mph ) in addition to the light physical activity associated with typical day - to - day life . French guidance suggests roughly the same levels . Recognizing that people of different age and gender groups have varying daily activity levels , Australia 's National Health and Medical Research Council recommends no single daily energy intake but instead prescribes an appropriate recommendation for each age and gender group . Notwithstanding , nutrition labels on Australian food products typically recommend the average daily energy intake of 2,100 kcal ( 8,800 kJ ) . According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations , the average minimum energy requirement per person per day is about 7,500 kJ ( 1,800 kcal ) . Energy usage in the human body ( edit ) Main articles : Bioenergetics and Energy balance ( biology ) The human body uses the energy released by respiration for a wide range of purposes : about 20 % of the energy is used for brain metabolism , and much of the rest is used for the basal metabolic requirements of other organs and tissues . In cold environments , metabolism may increase simply to produce heat to maintain body temperature . Among the diverse uses for energy , one is the production of mechanical energy by skeletal muscle to maintain posture and produce motion . The conversion efficiency of energy from respiration into mechanical ( physical ) power depends on the type of food and on the type of physical energy usage ( e.g. , which muscles are used , whether the muscle is used aerobically or anaerobically ) . In general , the efficiency of muscles is rather low : only 18 to 26 % of the energy available from respiration is converted into mechanical energy . This low efficiency is the result of about 40 % efficiency of generating ATP from the respiration of food , losses in converting energy from ATP into mechanical work inside the muscle , and mechanical losses inside the body . The latter two losses are dependent on the type of exercise and the type of muscle fibers being used ( fast - twitch or slow - twitch ) . For an overall efficiency of 20 % , one watt of mechanical power is equivalent to 4.3 kcal ( 18 kJ ) per hour . For example , a manufacturer of rowing equipment shows calories released from ' burning ' food as four times the actual mechanical work , plus 300 kcal ( 1,300 kJ ) per hour , which amounts to about 20 % efficiency at 250 watts of mechanical output . It can take up to 20 hours of little physical output ( e.g. , walking ) to `` burn off '' 4,000 kcal ( 17,000 kJ ) more than a body would otherwise consume . For reference , each kilogram of body fat is roughly equivalent to 32,300 kilojoules or 7,700 kilocalories of food energy ( i.e. , 3,500 kilocalories per pound ) . In addition , the quality of calories matters because the energy absorption rate of different foods with equal amounts of calories may vary . Some nutrients have regulatory roles affected by cell signaling , in addition to providing energy for the body . For example , leucine plays an important role in the regulation of protein metabolism and suppresses an individual 's appetite . Swings in body temperature -- either hotter or cooler -- increase the metabolic rate , thus burning more energy . Prolonged exposure to extremely warm or very cold environments increases the basal metabolic rate ( BMR ) . People who live in these types of settings often have BMRs 5 -- 20 % higher than those in other climates . See also ( edit ) Atwater system Basal metabolic rate Chemical energy Food chain Food composition Heat of combustion List of countries by food energy intake Nutrition facts label Table of food nutrients References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schmidt - Rohr K ( 2015 ) . `` Why Combustions Are Always Exothermic , Yielding About 418 kJ per Mole of O '' . J. Chem. Educ. 92 : 2094 -- 2099 . doi : 10.1021 / acs. jchemed. 5b00333 . Jump up ^ `` Carbohydrates , Proteins , Nutrition '' . The Merck Manual . Jump up ^ Ross , K.A. ( 2000c ) Energy and fuel , in Littledyke M. , Ross K.A. and Lakin E. ( eds ) , Science Knowledge and the Environment . London : David Fulton Publishers . Jump up ^ The heats of combustion for glucose , sucrose , and starch are 15.57 , 16.48 and 17.48 kJ / g respectively , or 3.72 , 3.94 and 4.18 kcal / g . ^ Jump up to : United Kingdom The Food Labelling Regulations 1996 -- Schedule 7 : Nutrition labelling ^ Jump up to : Bijal Trivedi ( Jul 15 , 2009 ) . `` The calorie delusion : Why food labels are wrong '' . New Scientist . Jump up ^ Annabel Merrill ; Bernice Watt ( 1973 ) . Energy Values of Food ... basis and derivation ( PDF ) . United States Department of Agriculture . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ European Union regulations on nutrition labeling Jump up ^ United States federal food - labeling regulations 21CFR101. 9 Jump up ^ Australian & New Zealand Food Standards , Nutrition Information Panels Jump up ^ NSW Government 's 8700 ( kJ ) dietary information website Jump up ^ Calories : Overview of Nutrition : Merck Manual Home Edition Jump up ^ `` Nutrient Value of Some Common Foods '' ( PDF ) . Health Canada , PDF p. 4 . 1997 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Council directive 90 / 496 / EEC of 24 September 1990 on nutrition labelling for foodstuffs Jump up ^ See for example the Energy section ( follow `` Fuels '' ) in Science Issues http://scienceissues.org.uk Jump up ^ `` Chapter 3 : Calculation Of The Energy Content Of Foods -- Energy Conversion Factors '' . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Evaluation of a mental effort hypothesis for correlations between cortical metabolism and intelligence , Intelligence , Volume 21 , Number 3 , November 1995 , pp. 267 -- 278 ( 12 ) , 1995 . Jump up ^ http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/appendix-2/ Jump up ^ `` Recommended energy intake '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 26 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Dietary Energy '' . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hunger -- FAO -- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations '' . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Stephen Seiler , Efficiency , Economy and Endurance Performance. ( 1996 , 2005 ) Jump up ^ Concept II Rowing Ergometer , user manual Archived December 26 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Guyton AC , Hall JE Textbook of medical physiology 11ed p. 887 Elsevier Saunders 2006 Jump up ^ ( Wishnofsky , M. Caloric Equivalents of Gained or Lost Weight . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , ( 1958 ) . ) Jump up ^ Jeffrey S.F. ( 2006 ) . `` Regulating Energy Balance : The Substrate Strikes Back '' . Science : 861 -- 864 . Jump up ^ ( Garlick , P.J. The role of leucine in the regulation of protein metabolism . Journal of Nutrition 2005 . 135 ( 6 ) : 1553S -- 6S . ) External links ( edit ) FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 77 : Food energy -- methods of analysis and conversion factors Is a calorie a calorie ? 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hydrolyzed vegetable protein Artificial sugar substitutes Acesulfame potassium Alitame Aspartame Aspartame - acesulfame salt Dulcin Glucin Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone Neotame NutraSweet Nutrinova Saccharin Sodium cyclamate Sucralose Natural food substitutes Cheese analogues Coffee substitutes Egg substitutes Meat analogues bacon list Milk substitutes Phyllodulcin Salt substitutes Food politics Food power Food security Famine Malnutrition Overnutrition Institutions International Association for Food Protection Food and Drug Administration Food and Agriculture Organization National Agriculture and Food Research Organization National Food and Drug Authority Links to related articles Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - 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genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map . Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . Citric acid cycle metabolic pathway Acetyl - CoA + H O Oxaloacetate NADH + H NAD Malate H O Fumarate FADH FAD Succinate CoA + ATP ( GTP ) P + ADP ( GDP ) Succinyl - CoA NADH + H + CO CoA NAD Citrate H O cis - Aconitate H O Isocitrate NAD ( P ) NAD ( P ) H + H Oxalosuccinate CO 2 - oxoglutarate Metabolism : Citric acid cycle enzymes Cycle Citrate synthase Aconitase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase Succinyl CoA synthetase Succinate dehydrogenase ( SDHA ) Fumarase Malate dehydrogenase and ETC Anaplerotic to acetyl - CoA Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ( E1 , E2 , E3 ) ( regulated by Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase ) to α - ketoglutaric acid Glutamate dehydrogenase to succinyl - CoA Methylmalonyl - CoA mutase to oxaloacetate Pyruvate carboxylase Aspartate transaminase Mitochondrial electron transport chain / oxidative phosphorylation Primary Complex I / NADH dehydrogenase Complex II / Succinate dehydrogenase Coenzyme Q Complex III / Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase Cytochrome c Complex IV / Cytochrome c oxidase Coenzyme Q10 synthesis : COQ2 COQ3 COQ4 COQ5 COQ6 COQ7 COQ9 COQ10A COQ10B PDSS1 PDSS2 Other Alternative oxidase Electron - transferring - flavoprotein dehydrogenase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_energy&oldid=823166989 '' Categories : Nutrition Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская भोजपुरी Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी עברית Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Polski Português Русский Українська Vepsän kel ' 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 January 2018 , at 17 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	for the requirement of energy glucose is utilized by	[]	[]
-4578658203905833361	Pure Michigan	Pure Michigan - wikipedia Pure Michigan `` Pure Michigan '' state welcome sign Pure Michigan began as an advertising campaign launched in 2008 by the state of Michigan , featuring the voice of actor and comedian Tim Allen . The Pure Michigan campaign , which aims to market the state of Michigan as a travel and tourism destination , received state and international attention beginning in 2008 when Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm approved $45 million in additional funding for the Pure Michigan campaign from the 21st Century Jobs Trust Fund . The unprecedented tourism fund amount for the state allowed the Pure Michigan campaign to be broadcast on a national level beginning in March 2009 . Annual funding for fiscal 2014 was $29 million . Pure Michigan also refers to the brand created by Travel Michigan and embodied by the organization 's website . The site was relaunched in March 2008 to support the Pure Michigan brand . Travel Michigan is itself a division of the Michigan Economic Development Corporation , a state - funded economic development corporation founded in 1999 to support the economic development of Michigan . Campaign commercials and radio announcements depict Michigan as adventurous and rustic . In August 2012 , Secretary of State Ruth Johnson unveiled new license plates using the Pure Michigan logo . These plates were released to the public in April 2013 . The logo is also used on retail projects sold in the state . At the end of 2014 , legislation signed by Governor Rick Snyder extended the branding to the state 's heritage route program , renaming them Pure Michigan Byways . See also ( edit ) Michigan portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Borgstrom , Kirsten ( May 5 , 2008 ) . `` Pure Michigan Summer Advertising Campaign Launches Today '' ( Press release ) . Travel Michigan . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michigan Economic Development Corporation . `` Travel Marketing : Pure Michigan '' . Michigan Economic Development Corporation . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Holcomb , Anne ( May 12 , 2008 ) . `` ' Pure Michigan ' Campaign Aims to Draw Out of State and Canadian Travelers '' . Kalamazoo Gazette . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gustafson , Sven ( July 3 , 2008 ) . `` Award - Winning ' Pure Michigan ' Travel Ads Pay Off '' . Business Review . Booth Newspapers . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michigan to Launch National and Canadian Ad Campaign in Face of Tourism Decline '' . USA Today . Associated Press . March 23 , 2009 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Creager , Ellen ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` Pure Michigan brings home the bacon : But will it halt downward slide in Michigan tourism ? '' . Detroit Free Press . Jump up ^ Youssef , Jennifer ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Ad Blitz Revs Up Virtual Visits to Michigan '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Liz ( April 8 , 2008 ) . `` Governor Granholm Signs Michigan Promotion Bills , Announces Historic Investment in Marketing Michigan '' ( Press release ) . Office of the Governor . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2008 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lane , Amy ( March 6 , 2013 ) . `` State Tourism Industry 's Plan for Next 5 Years : More than Pure Marketing '' . Crain 's Detroit Business . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Borgstrom , Kirsten ( March 18 , 2008 ) . `` New Michigan Tourism Web Site Launched '' ( Press release ) . Travel Michigan . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michigan Economic Development Corporation . `` About Michigan Economic Development Corporation '' . Michigan Economic Development Corporation . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oosting , Jonathan ( August 22 , 2012 ) . `` Secretary of State Unveils New ' Pure Michigan ' License Plate to Replace Standard Offering '' . MLive . Booth Newspapers . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brush , Mark ( April 8 , 2013 ) . `` New License Plate Pushes ' Pure Michigan ' '' . Michigan Radio . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anders , Melissa ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Pure Michigan Is Everywhere : Slogan on Everything from License Plates to Bars of Soap , Holiday Gifts '' . MLive . Booth Newspapers . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lehndorff , Becky ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Route US 23 Closer to Becoming Part of Pure Michigan Campaign '' . The Alpena News . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wurfel , Sara & Murray , Dave ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` Gov. Rick Snyder Signs Bills Focused on Creating Good Government Practices : Also Signs Memorial Highway , ' Pure Michigan Byways ' Bills '' ( Press release ) . Office of the Governor . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Michigan Economic Development Corporation website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pure_Michigan&oldid=813255638 '' Categories : Tourism campaigns Tourism in Michigan 2006 introductions Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 18 : 56 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who does the voice for the pure michigan ads	[ "Pure Michigan began as an advertising campaign launched in 2008[1] by the state of Michigan, featuring the voice of actor and comedian Tim Allen.[2] The Pure Michigan campaign, which aims to market the state of Michigan as a travel and tourism destination, received state and international attention beginning in 2008[3][4][5][6][7] when Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm approved $45 million in additional funding for the Pure Michigan campaign from the 21st Century Jobs Trust Fund.[8] The unprecedented tourism fund amount for the state allowed the Pure Michigan campaign to be broadcast on a national level beginning in March 2009.[5] Annual funding for fiscal 2014 was $29 million.[9]\n" ]	[ "Tim Allen" ]
6137054437106800920	Organic farming	Organic farming - wikipedia Organic farming Jump to : navigation , search Agriculture History History of organic farming Neolithic Revolution Arab Agricultural Revolution British Agricultural Revolution Green Revolution On land Animal husbandry cattle pig poultry sheep Dairy Dryland Extensive Free - range Grazing Hobby Intensive animal crop Natural Orchard Organic Ranching Sharecropping Slash - and - burn In water Aquaculture Aquaponics Hydroponics Related Agribusiness Agricultural engineering Agricultural science Agroecology Agroforestry Agronomy Animal - free Crop diversity Ecology Livestock Mechanisation Permaculture Sustainable Urban Lists Government ministries Universities and colleges Categories Agriculture by country companies Biotechnology Livestock Meat industry Poultry farming Agriculture and agronomy portal World map of organic agriculture ( hectares ) Vegetables from ecological farming Organic farming is an alternative agricultural system which originated early in the 20th century in reaction to rapidly changing farming practices . Organic farming continues to be developed by various organic agriculture organizations today . It relies on fertilizers of organic origin such as compost manure , green manure , and bone meal and places emphasis on techniques such as crop rotation and companion planting . Biological pest control , mixed cropping and the fostering of insect predators are encouraged . In general , organic standards are designed to allow the use of naturally occurring non-toxic substances while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances . For instance , naturally occurring pesticides such as pyrethrin and rotenone are permitted , while synthetic fertilizers and pesticides are generally prohibited . Synthetic substances that are allowed include , for example , copper sulfate , elemental sulfur and Ivermectin . Genetically modified organisms , nanomaterials , human sewage sludge , plant growth regulators , hormones , and antibiotic use in livestock husbandry are prohibited . Reasons for advocation of organic farming include advantages in sustainability , openness , self - sufficiency , autonomy / independence , health , food security , and food safety . Organic agricultural methods are internationally regulated and legally enforced by many nations , based in large part on the standards set by the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements ( IFOAM ) , an international umbrella organization for organic farming organizations established in 1972 . Organic agriculture can be defined as : an integrated farming system that strives for sustainability , the enhancement of soil fertility and biological diversity whilst , with rare exceptions , prohibiting synthetic pesticides , antibiotics , synthetic fertilizers , genetically modified organisms , and growth hormones . Since 1990 the market for organic food and other products has grown rapidly , reaching $63 billion worldwide in 2012 . This demand has driven a similar increase in organically managed farmland that grew from 2001 to 2011 at a compounding rate of 8.9 % per annum . As of 2011 , approximately 37,000,000 hectares ( 91,000,000 acres ) worldwide were farmed organically , representing approximately 0.9 percent of total world farmland . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Terminology 2 Methods 2.1 Crop diversity 2.2 Soil managements 2.3 Weed management 2.4 Controlling other organisms 2.5 Livestock 2.6 Genetic modification 2.7 Tools 3 Standards 3.1 Composting 4 Economics 4.1 Geographic producer distribution 4.2 Growth 4.3 Productivity 4.3. 1 Long term studies 4.4 Profitability 4.5 Energy efficiency 4.6 Sales and marketing 4.7 Distributors 4.7. 1 Direct - to - consumer sales 4.8 Labor and employment 4.9 World 's food security 4.10 Capacity building in developing countries 4.10. 1 Millennium Development Goals 5 Disadvantages 5.1 Environmental impact and emissions 5.2 Nutrient leaching 5.3 Land use 5.4 Pesticides 5.5 Food quality and safety 5.6 Soil conservation 5.7 Biodiversity 6 Regional support for organic farming 6.1 India 6.2 Dominican Republic 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of organic farming Agriculture was practiced for thousands of years without the use of artificial chemicals . Artificial fertilizers were first created during the mid-19th century . These early fertilizers were cheap , powerful , and easy to transport in bulk . Similar advances occurred in chemical pesticides in the 1940s , leading to the decade being referred to as the ' pesticide era ' . These new agricultural techniques , while beneficial in the short term , had serious longer term side effects such as soil compaction , erosion , and declines in overall soil fertility , along with health concerns about toxic chemicals entering the food supply . In the late 1800s and early 1900s , soil biology scientists began to seek ways to remedy these side effects while still maintaining higher production . Biodynamic agriculture was the first modern system of agriculture to focus exclusively on organic methods . Its development began in 1924 with a series of eight lectures on agriculture given by Rudolf Steiner . These lectures , the first known presentation of what later came to be known as organic agriculture , were held in response to a request by farmers who noticed degraded soil conditions and a deterioration in the health and quality of crops and livestock resulting from the use of chemical fertilizers . The one hundred eleven attendees , less than half of whom were farmers , came from six countries , primarily Germany and Poland . The lectures were published in November 1924 ; the first English translation appeared in 1928 as The Agriculture Course . In 1921 , Albert Howard and his wife Gabrielle Howard , accomplished botanists , founded an Institute of Plant Industry to improve traditional farming methods in India . Among other things , they brought improved implements and improved animal husbandry methods from their scientific training ; then by incorporating aspects of the local traditional methods , developed protocols for the rotation of crops , erosion prevention techniques , and the systematic use of composts and manures . Stimulated by these experiences of traditional farming , when Albert Howard returned to Britain in the early 1930s he began to promulgate a system of natural agriculture . In July 1939 , Ehrenfried Pfeiffer , the author of the standard work on biodynamic agriculture ( Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening ) , came to the UK at the invitation of Walter James , 4th Baron Northbourne as a presenter at the Betteshanger Summer School and Conference on Biodynamic Farming at Northbourne 's farm in Kent . One of the chief purposes of the conference was to bring together the proponents of various approaches to organic agriculture in order that they might cooperate within a larger movement . Howard attended the conference , where he met Pfeiffer . In the following year , Northbourne published his manifesto of organic farming , Look to the Land , in which he coined the term `` organic farming . '' The Betteshanger conference has been described as the ' missing link ' between biodynamic agriculture and other forms of organic farming . In 1940 Howard published his An Agricultural Testament . In this book he adopted Northbourne 's terminology of `` organic farming . '' Howard 's work spread widely , and he became known as the `` father of organic farming '' for his work in applying scientific knowledge and principles to various traditional and natural methods . In the United States J.I. Rodale , who was keenly interested both in Howard 's ideas and in biodynamics , founded in the 1940s both a working organic farm for trials and experimentation , The Rodale Institute , and the Rodale Press to teach and advocate organic methods to the wider public . These became important influences on the spread of organic agriculture . Further work was done by Lady Eve Balfour ( the Haughley Experiment ) in the United Kingdom , and many others across the world . Increasing environmental awareness in the general population in modern times has transformed the originally supply - driven organic movement to a demand - driven one . Premium prices and some government subsidies attracted farmers . In the developing world , many producers farm according to traditional methods that are comparable to organic farming , but not certified , and that may not include the latest scientific advancements in organic agriculture . In other cases , farmers in the developing world have converted to modern organic methods for economic reasons . Terminology ( edit ) Biodynamic agriculturists , who based their work on Steiner 's spiritually - oriented anthroposophy , used the term `` organic '' to indicate that a farm should be viewed as a living organism , in the sense of the following quotation : `` An organic farm , properly speaking , is not one that uses certain methods and substances and avoids others ; it is a farm whose structure is formed in imitation of the structure of a natural system that has the integrity , the independence and the benign dependence of an organism '' -- Wendell Berry , `` The Gift of Good Land '' The use of `` organic '' popularized by Howard and Rodale , on the other hand , refers more narrowly to the use of organic matter derived from plant compost and animal manures to improve the humus content of soils , grounded in the work of early soil scientists who developed what was then called `` humus farming . '' Since the early 1940s the two camps have tended to merge . Methods ( edit ) Organic cultivation of mixed vegetables in Capay , California `` Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soils , ecosystems and people . It relies on ecological processes , biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions , rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects . Organic agriculture combines tradition , innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved ... '' -- International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements Organic farming methods combine scientific knowledge of ecology and modern technology with traditional farming practices based on naturally occurring biological processes . Organic farming methods are studied in the field of agroecology . While conventional agriculture uses synthetic pesticides and water - soluble synthetically purified fertilizers , organic farmers are restricted by regulations to using natural pesticides and fertilizers . An example of a natural pesticide is pyrethrin , which is found naturally in the Chrysanthemum flower . The principal methods of organic farming include crop rotation , green manures and compost , biological pest control , and mechanical cultivation . These measures use the natural environment to enhance agricultural productivity : legumes are planted to fix nitrogen into the soil , natural insect predators are encouraged , crops are rotated to confuse pests and renew soil , and natural materials such as potassium bicarbonate and mulches are used to control disease and weeds . Genetically modified seeds and animals are excluded . While organic is fundamentally different from conventional because of the use of carbon based fertilizers compared with highly soluble synthetic based fertilizers and biological pest control instead of synthetic pesticides , organic farming and large - scale conventional farming are not entirely mutually exclusive . Many of the methods developed for organic agriculture have been borrowed by more conventional agriculture . For example , Integrated Pest Management is a multifaceted strategy that uses various organic methods of pest control whenever possible , but in conventional farming could include synthetic pesticides only as a last resort . Crop diversity ( edit ) Organic farming encourages Crop diversity . The science of agroecology has revealed the benefits of polyculture ( multiple crops in the same space ) , which is often employed in organic farming . Planting a variety of vegetable crops supports a wider range of beneficial insects , soil microorganisms , and other factors that add up to overall farm health . Crop diversity helps environments thrive and protects species from going extinct . Soil managements ( edit ) Organic farming relies heavily on the natural breakdown of organic matter , using techniques like green manure and composting , to replace nutrients taken from the soil by previous crops . This biological process , driven by microorganisms such as mycorrhiza , allows the natural production of nutrients in the soil throughout the growing season , and has been referred to as feeding the soil to feed the plant . Organic farming uses a variety of methods to improve soil fertility , including crop rotation , cover cropping , reduced tillage , and application of compost . By reducing tillage , soil is not inverted and exposed to air ; less carbon is lost to the atmosphere resulting in more soil organic carbon . This has an added benefit of carbon sequestration , which can reduce green house gases and help reverse climate change . Plants need nitrogen , phosphorus , and potassium , as well as micronutrients and symbiotic relationships with fungi and other organisms to flourish , but getting enough nitrogen , and particularly synchronization so that plants get enough nitrogen at the right time ( when plants need it most ) , is a challenge for organic farmers . Crop rotation and green manure ( `` cover crops '' ) help to provide nitrogen through legumes ( more precisely , the Fabaceae family ) , which fix nitrogen from the atmosphere through symbiosis with rhizobial bacteria . Intercropping , which is sometimes used for insect and disease control , can also increase soil nutrients , but the competition between the legume and the crop can be problematic and wider spacing between crop rows is required . Crop residues can be ploughed back into the soil , and different plants leave different amounts of nitrogen , potentially aiding synchronization . Organic farmers also use animal manure , certain processed fertilizers such as seed meal and various mineral powders such as rock phosphate and green sand , a naturally occurring form of potash that provides potassium . Together these methods help to control erosion . In some cases pH may need to be amended . Natural pH amendments include lime and sulfur , but in the U.S. some compounds such as iron sulfate , aluminum sulfate , magnesium sulfate , and soluble boron products are allowed in organic farming . Mixed farms with both livestock and crops can operate as ley farms , whereby the land gathers fertility through growing nitrogen - fixing forage grasses such as white clover or alfalfa and grows cash crops or cereals when fertility is established . Farms without livestock ( `` stockless '' ) may find it more difficult to maintain soil fertility , and may rely more on external inputs such as imported manure as well as grain legumes and green manures , although grain legumes may fix limited nitrogen because they are harvested . Horticultural farms that grow fruits and vegetables in protected conditions often relay even more on external inputs . Biological research into soil and soil organisms has proven beneficial to organic farming . Varieties of bacteria and fungi break down chemicals , plant matter and animal waste into productive soil nutrients . In turn , they produce benefits of healthier yields and more productive soil for future crops . Fields with less or no manure display significantly lower yields , due to decreased soil microbe community . Increased manure improves biological activity , providing a healthier , more arable soil system and higher yields . Weed management ( edit ) Organic weed management promotes weed suppression , rather than weed elimination , by enhancing crop competition and phytotoxic effects on weeds . Organic farmers integrate cultural , biological , mechanical , physical and chemical tactics to manage weeds without synthetic herbicides . Organic standards require rotation of annual crops , meaning that a single crop can not be grown in the same location without a different , intervening crop . Organic crop rotations frequently include weed - suppressive cover crops and crops with dissimilar life cycles to discourage weeds associated with a particular crop . Research is ongoing to develop organic methods to promote the growth of natural microorganisms that suppress the growth or germination of common weeds . Other cultural practices used to enhance crop competitiveness and reduce weed pressure include selection of competitive crop varieties , high - density planting , tight row spacing , and late planting into warm soil to encourage rapid crop germination . Mechanical and physical weed control practices used on organic farms can be broadly grouped as : Tillage - Turning the soil between crops to incorporate crop residues and soil amendments ; remove existing weed growth and prepare a seedbed for planting ; turning soil after seeding to kill weeds , including cultivation of row crops ; Mowing and cutting - Removing top growth of weeds ; Flame weeding and thermal weeding - Using heat to kill weeds ; and Mulching - Blocking weed emergence with organic materials , plastic films , or landscape fabric . Some critics , citing work published in 1997 by David Pimentel of Cornell University , which described an epidemic of soil erosion worldwide , have raised concerned that tillage contribute to the erosion epidemic . The FAO and other organizations have advocated a ' no - till ' approach to both conventional and organic farming , and point out in particular that crop rotation techniques used in organic farming are excellent no - till approaches . A study published in 2005 by Pimentel and colleagues confirmed that ' Crop rotations and cover cropping ( green manure ) typical of organic agriculture reduce soil erosion , pest problems , and pesticide use . ' Some naturally sourced chemicals are allowed for herbicidal use . These include certain formulations of acetic acid ( concentrated vinegar ) , corn gluten meal , and essential oils . A few selective bioherbicides based on fungal pathogens have also been developed . At this time , however , organic herbicides and bioherbicides play a minor role in the organic weed control toolbox . Weeds can be controlled by grazing . For example , geese have been used successfully to weed a range of organic crops including cotton , strawberries , tobacco , and corn , reviving the practice of keeping cotton patch geese , common in the southern U.S. before the 1950s . Similarly , some rice farmers introduce ducks and fish to wet paddy fields to eat both weeds and insects . Controlling other organisms ( edit ) Chloroxylon is used for Pest Management in Organic Rice Cultivation in Chhattisgarh , India See also : Biological pest control and Integrated Pest Management Organisms aside from weeds that cause problems on organic farms include arthropods ( e.g. , insects , mites ) , nematodes , fungi and bacteria . Organic practices include , but are not limited to : encouraging predatory beneficial insects to control pests by serving them nursery plants and / or an alternative habitat , usually in a form of a shelterbelt , hedgerow , or beetle bank ; encouraging beneficial microorganisms ; rotating crops to different locations from year to year to interrupt pest reproduction cycles ; planting companion crops and pest - repelling plants that discourage or divert pests ; using row covers to protect crops during pest migration periods ; using biologic pesticides and herbicides ; using stale seed beds to germinate and destroy weeds before planting ; using sanitation to remove pest habitat ; using insect traps to monitor and control insect populations ; and using physical barriers , such as row covers . Examples of predatory beneficial insects include minute pirate bugs , big - eyed bugs , and to a lesser extent ladybugs ( which tend to fly away ) , all of which eat a wide range of pests . Lacewings are also effective , but tend to fly away . Praying mantis tend to move more slowly and eat less heavily . Parasitoid wasps tend to be effective for their selected prey , but like all small insects can be less effective outdoors because the wind controls their movement . Predatory mites are effective for controlling other mites . Naturally derived insecticides allowed for use on organic farms use include Bacillus thuringiensis ( a bacterial toxin ) , pyrethrum ( a chrysanthemum extract ) , spinosad ( a bacterial metabolite ) , neem ( a tree extract ) and rotenone ( a legume root extract ) . Fewer than 10 % of organic farmers use these pesticides regularly ; one survey found that only 5.3 % of vegetable growers in California use rotenone while 1.7 % use pyrethrum . These pesticides are not always more safe or environmentally friendly than synthetic pesticides and can cause harm . The main criterion for organic pesticides is that they are naturally derived , and some naturally derived substances have been controversial . Controversial natural pesticides include rotenone , copper , nicotine sulfate , and pyrethrums Rotenone and pyrethrum are particularly controversial because they work by attacking the nervous system , like most conventional insecticides . Rotenone is extremely toxic to fish and can induce symptoms resembling Parkinson 's disease in mammals . Although pyrethrum ( natural pyrethrins ) is more effective against insects when used with piperonyl butoxide ( which retards degradation of the pyrethrins ) , organic standards generally do not permit use of the latter substance . Naturally derived fungicides allowed for use on organic farms include the bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus ; and the fungus Trichoderma harzianum . These are mainly effective for diseases affecting roots . Compost tea contains a mix of beneficial microbes , which may attack or out - compete certain plant pathogens , but variability among formulations and preparation methods may contribute to inconsistent results or even dangerous growth of toxic microbes in compost teas . Some naturally derived pesticides are not allowed for use on organic farms . These include nicotine sulfate , arsenic , and strychnine . Synthetic pesticides allowed for use on organic farms include insecticidal soaps and horticultural oils for insect management ; and Bordeaux mixture , copper hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate for managing fungi . Copper sulfate and Bordeaux mixture ( copper sulfate plus lime ) , approved for organic use in various jurisdictions , can be more environmentally problematic than some synthetic fungicides dissallowed in organic farming Similar concerns apply to copper hydroxide . Repeated application of copper sulfate or copper hydroxide as a fungicide may eventually result in copper accumulation to toxic levels in soil , and admonitions to avoid excessive accumulations of copper in soil appear in various organic standards and elsewhere . Environmental concerns for several kinds of biota arise at average rates of use of such substances for some crops . In the European Union , where replacement of copper - based fungicides in organic agriculture is a policy priority , research is seeking alternatives for organic production . Livestock ( edit ) For livestock like these healthy cows vaccines play an important part in animal health since antibiotic therapy is prohibited in organic farming Raising livestock and poultry , for meat , dairy and eggs , is another traditional farming activity that complements growing . Organic farms attempt to provide animals with natural living conditions and feed . Organic certification verifies that livestock are raised according to the USDA organic regulations throughout their lives . These regulations include the requirement that all animal feed must be certified organic . Organic livestock may be , and must be , treated with medicine when they are sick , but drugs can not be used to promote growth , their feed must be organic , and they must be pastured . Also , horses and cattle were once a basic farm feature that provided labor , for hauling and plowing , fertility , through recycling of manure , and fuel , in the form of food for farmers and other animals . While today , small growing operations often do not include livestock , domesticated animals are a desirable part of the organic farming equation , especially for true sustainability , the ability of a farm to function as a self - renewing unit . Genetic modification ( edit ) Main articles : Genetically modified crops , Genetically modified food , and Genetically modified food controversies A key characteristic of organic farming is the rejection of genetically engineered plants and animals . On 19 October 1998 , participants at IFOAM 's 12th Scientific Conference issued the Mar del Plata Declaration , where more than 600 delegates from over 60 countries voted unanimously to exclude the use of genetically modified organisms in food production and agriculture . Although opposition to the use of any transgenic technologies in organic farming is strong , agricultural researchers Luis Herrera - Estrella and Ariel Alvarez - Morales continue to advocate integration of transgenic technologies into organic farming as the optimal means to sustainable agriculture , particularly in the developing world , as does author and scientist Pamela Ronald , who views this kind of biotechnology as being consistent with organic principles . Although GMOs are excluded from organic farming , there is concern that the pollen from genetically modified crops is increasingly penetrating organic and heirloom seed stocks , making it difficult , if not impossible , to keep these genomes from entering the organic food supply . Differing regulations among countries limits the availability of GMOs to certain countries , as described in the article on regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms . Tools ( edit ) Organic farmers use a number of traditional farm tools to do farming . Due to the goals of sustainability in organic farming , organic farmers try to minimize their reliance on fossil fuels . In the developing world on small organic farms tools are normally constrained to hand tools and diesel powered water pumps . Standards ( edit ) Main article : Organic certification Standards regulate production methods and in some cases final output for organic agriculture . Standards may be voluntary or legislated . As early as the 1970s private associations certified organic producers . In the 1980s , governments began to produce organic production guidelines . In the 1990s , a trend toward legislated standards began , most notably with the 1991 EU - Eco-regulation developed for European Union , which set standards for 12 countries , and a 1993 UK program . The EU 's program was followed by a Japanese program in 2001 , and in 2002 the U.S. created the National Organic Program ( NOP ) . As of 2007 over 60 countries regulate organic farming ( IFOAM 2007 : 11 ) . In 2005 IFOAM created the Principles of Organic Agriculture , an international guideline for certification criteria . Typically the agencies accredit certification groups rather than individual farms . Organic production materials used in and foods are tested independently by the Organic Materials Review Institute . Composting ( edit ) Using manure as a fertilizer risks contaminating food with animal gut bacteria , including pathogenic strains of E. coli that have caused fatal poisoning from eating organic food . To combat this risk , USDA organic standards require that manure must be sterilized through high temperature thermophilic composting . If raw animal manure is used , 120 days must pass before the crop is harvested if the final product comes into direct contact with the soil . For products that do n't directly contact soil , 90 days must pass prior to harvest . Economics ( edit ) The economics of organic farming , a subfield of agricultural economics , encompasses the entire process and effects of organic farming in terms of human society , including social costs , opportunity costs , unintended consequences , information asymmetries , and economies of scale . Although the scope of economics is broad , agricultural economics tends to focus on maximizing yields and efficiency at the farm level . Economics takes an anthropocentric approach to the value of the natural world : biodiversity , for example , is considered beneficial only to the extent that it is valued by people and increases profits . Some entities such as the European Union subsidize organic farming , in large part because these countries want to account for the externalities of reduced water use , reduced water contamination , reduced soil erosion , reduced carbon emissions , increased biodiversity , and assorted other benefits that result from organic farming . Traditional organic farming is labor and knowledge - intensive whereas conventional farming is capital - intensive , requiring more energy and manufactured inputs . Organic farmers in California have cited marketing as their greatest obstacle . Geographic producer distribution ( edit ) The markets for organic products are strongest in North America and Europe , which as of 2001 are estimated to have $6 and $8 billion respectively of the $20 billion global market . As of 2007 Australasia has 39 % of the total organic farmland , including Australia 's 1,180,000 hectares ( 2,900,000 acres ) but 97 percent of this land is sprawling rangeland ( 2007 : 35 ) . US sales are 20x as much . Europe farms 23 percent of global organic farmland ( 6,900,000 ha ( 17,000,000 acres ) ) , followed by Latin America with 19 percent ( 5.8 million hectares - 14.3 million acres ) . Asia has 9.5 percent while North America has 7.2 percent . Africa has 3 percent . Besides Australia , the countries with the most organic farmland are Argentina ( 3.1 million hectares - 7.7 million acres ) , China ( 2.3 million hectares - 5.7 million acres ) , and the United States ( 1.6 million hectares - 4 million acres ) . Much of Argentina 's organic farmland is pasture , like that of Australia ( 2007 : 42 ) . Spain , Germany , Brazil ( the world 's largest agricultural exporter ) , Uruguay , and the England follow the United States in the amount of organic land ( 2007 : 26 ) . In the European Union ( EU25 ) 3.9 % of the total utilized agricultural area was used for organic production in 2005 . The countries with the highest proportion of organic land were Austria ( 11 % ) and Italy ( 8.4 % ) , followed by the Czech Republic and Greece ( both 7.2 % ) . The lowest figures were shown for Malta ( 0.2 % ) , Poland ( 0.6 % ) and Ireland ( 0.8 % ) . In 2009 , the proportion of organic land in the EU grew to 4.7 % . The countries with highest share of agricultural land were Liechtenstein ( 26.9 % ) , Austria ( 18.5 % ) and Sweden ( 12.6 % ) . 16 % of all farmers in Austria produced organically in 2010 . By the same year the proportion of organic land increased to 20 %. : In 2005 168,000 ha ( 415,000 ac ) of land in Poland was under organic management . In 2012 , 288,261 hectares ( 712,308 acres ) were under organic production , and there were about 15,500 organic farmers ; retail sales of organic products were EUR 80 million in 2011 . As of 2012 organic exports were part of the government 's economic development strategy . After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 , agricultural inputs that had previously been purchased from Eastern bloc countries were no longer available in Cuba , and many Cuban farms converted to organic methods out of necessity . Consequently , organic agriculture is a mainstream practice in Cuba , while it remains an alternative practice in most other countries . Cuba 's organic strategy includes development of genetically modified crops ; specifically corn that is resistant to the palomilla moth . Growth ( edit ) Organic farmland by world region ( 2000 - 2008 ) In 2001 , the global market value of certified organic products was estimated at USD $20 billion . By 2002 , this was USD $23 billion and by 2015 more than USD $43 billion . By 2014 , retail sales of organic products reached USD $80 billion worldwide . North America and Europe accounted for more than 90 % of all organic product sales . Organic agricultural land increased almost fourfold in 15 years , from 11 million hectares in 1999 to 43.7 million hectares in 2014 . Between 2013 and 2014 , organic agricultural land grew by 500,000 hectares worldwide , increasing in every region except Latin America . During this time period , Europe 's organic farmland increased 260,000 hectares to 11.6 million total ( + 2.3 % ) , Asia 's increased 159,000 hectares to 3.6 million total ( + 4.7 % ) , Africa 's increased 54,000 hectares to 1.3 million total ( + 4.5 % ) , and North America 's increased 35,000 hectares to 3.1 million total ( + 1.1 % ) . As of 2014 , the country with the most organic land was Australia ( 17.2 million hectares ) , followed by Argentina ( 3.1 million hectares ) , and the United States ( 2.2 million hectares ) . In 2013 , the number of organic producers grew by almost 270,000 , or more than 13 % . By 2014 , there were a reported 2.3 million organic producers in the world . Most of the total global increase took place in the Philippines , Peru , China , and Thailand . Overall , the majority of all organic producers are in India ( 650,000 in 2013 ) , Uganda ( 190,552 in 2014 ) , Mexico ( 169,703 in 2013 ) and the Philippines ( 165,974 in 2014 ) . Productivity ( edit ) Studies comparing yields have had mixed results . These differences among findings can often be attributed to variations between study designs including differences in the crops studied and the methodology by which results were gathered . A 2012 meta - analysis found that productivity is typically lower for organic farming than conventional farming , but that the size of the difference depends on context and in some cases may be very small . While organic yields can be lower than conventional yields , another meta - analysis published in Sustainable Agriculture Research in 2015 , concluded that certain organic on - farm practices could help narrow this gap . Timely weed management and the application of manure in conjunction with legume forages / cover crops were shown to have positive results in increasing organic corn and soybean productivity . Another meta - analysis published in the journal Agricultural Systems in 2011 analyzed 362 datasets and found that organic yields were on average 80 % of conventional yields . The author 's found that there are relative differences in this yield gap based on crop type with crops like soybeans and rice scoring higher than the 80 % average and crops like wheat and potato scoring lower . Across global regions , Asia and Central Europe were found to have relatively higher yields and Northern Europe relatively lower than the average . A 2007 study compiling research from 293 different comparisons into a single study to assess the overall efficiency of the two agricultural systems has concluded that `` organic methods could produce enough food on a global per capita basis to sustain the current human population , and potentially an even larger population , without increasing the agricultural land base . '' The researchers also found that while in developed countries , organic systems on average produce 92 % of the yield produced by conventional agriculture , organic systems produce 80 % more than conventional farms in developing countries , because the materials needed for organic farming are more accessible than synthetic farming materials to farmers in some poor countries . This study 's methodology and results were contested by D.J. Connor of The University of Melbourne , in a short communication published in Field Crops Research . Connor writes that errors in Badgley et al. result in `` major overestimation of the productivity of OA '' . Long term studies ( edit ) A study published in 2005 compared conventional cropping , organic animal - based cropping , and organic legume - based cropping on a test farm at the Rodale Institute over 22 years . The study found that `` the crop yields for corn and soybeans were similar in the organic animal , organic legume , and conventional farming systems '' . It also found that `` significantly less fossil energy was expended to produce corn in the Rodale Institute 's organic animal and organic legume systems than in the conventional production system . There was little difference in energy input between the different treatments for producing soybeans . In the organic systems , synthetic fertilizers and pesticides were generally not used '' . As of 2013 the Rodale study was ongoing and a thirty - year anniversary report was published by Rodale in 2012 . A long - term field study comparing organic / conventional agriculture carried out over 21 years in Switzerland concluded that `` Crop yields of the organic systems averaged over 21 experimental years at 80 % of the conventional ones . The fertilizer input , however , was 34 -- 51 % lower , indicating an efficient production . The organic farming systems used 20 -- 56 % less energy to produce a crop unit and per land area this difference was 36 -- 53 % . In spite of the considerably lower pesticide input the quality of organic products was hardly discernible from conventional analytically and even came off better in food preference trials and picture creating methods '' Profitability ( edit ) In the United States , organic farming has been shown to be 2.9 to 3.8 times more profitable for the farmer than conventional farming when prevailing price premiums are taken into account . Globally , organic farming is between 22 and 35 percent more profitable for farmers than conventional methods , according to a 2015 meta - analysis of studies conducted across five continents . The profitability of organic agriculture can be attributed to a number of factors . First , organic farmers do not rely on synthetic fertilizer and pesticide inputs , which can be costly . In addition , organic foods currently enjoy a price premium over conventionally produced foods , meaning that organic farmers can often get more for their yield . The price premium for organic food is an important factor in the economic viability of organic farming . In 2013 there was a 100 % price premium on organic vegetables and a 57 % price premium for organic fruits . These percentages are based on wholesale fruit and vegetable prices , available through the United States Department of Agriculture 's Economic Research Service . Price premiums exist not only for organic versus nonorganic crops , but may also vary depending on the venue where the product is sold : farmers ' markets , grocery stores , or wholesale to restaurants . For many producers , direct sales at farmers ' markets are most profitable because the farmer receives the entire markup , however this is also the most time and labor - intensive approach . There have been signs of organic price premiums narrowing in recent years , which lowers the economic incentive for farmers to convert to or maintain organic production methods . Data from 22 years of experiments at the Rodale Institute found that , based on the current yields and production costs associated with organic farming in the United States , a price premium of only 10 % is required to achieve parity with conventional farming . A separate study found that on a global scale , price premiums of only 5 - 7 % percent were needed to break even with conventional methods . Without the price premium , profitability for farmers is mixed . For markets and supermarkets organic food is profitable as well , and is generally sold at significantly higher prices than non-organic food . Energy efficiency ( edit ) In the most recent assessments of the energy efficiency of organic versus conventional agriculture , results have been mixed regarding which form is more carbon efficient . Organic farm systems have more often than not been found to be more energy efficient , however , this is not always the case . More than anything , results tend to depend upon crop type and farm size . A comprehensive comparison of energy efficiency in grain production , produce yield , and animal husbandry concluded that organic farming had a higher yield per unit of energy over the vast majority of the crops and livestock systems . For example , two studies - both comparing organically - versus conventionally - farmed apples - declare contradicting results , one saying organic farming is more energy efficient , the other saying conventionally is more efficient . It has generally been found that the labor input per unit of yield was higher for organic systems compared with conventional production . Sales and Marketing ( edit ) Most sales are concentrated in developed nations . In 2008 , 69 % of Americans claimed to occasionally buy organic products , down from 73 % in 2005 . One theory for this change was that consumers were substituting `` local '' produce for `` organic '' produce . Distributors ( edit ) The USDA requires that distributors , manufacturers , and processors of organic products be certified by an accredited state or private agency . In 2007 , there were 3,225 certified organic handlers , up from 2,790 in 2004 . Organic handlers are often small firms ; 48 % reported sales below $1 million annually , and 22 % between $1 and $5 million per year . Smaller handlers are more likely to sell to independent natural grocery stores and natural product chains whereas large distributors more often market to natural product chains and conventional supermarkets , with a small group marketing to independent natural product stores . Some handlers work with conventional farmers to convert their land to organic with the knowledge that the farmer will have a secure sales outlet . This lowers the risk for the handler as well as the farmer . In 2004 , 31 % of handlers provided technical support on organic standards or production to their suppliers and 34 % encouraged their suppliers to transition to organic . Smaller farms often join together in cooperatives to market their goods more effectively . 93 % of organic sales are through conventional and natural food supermarkets and chains , while the remaining 7 % of U.S. organic food sales occur through farmers ' markets , foodservices , and other marketing channels . Direct - to - consumer sales ( edit ) In the 2012 Census , direct - to - consumer sales equaled $1.3 billion , up from $812 million in 2002 , an increase of 60 percent . The number of farms that utilize direct - to - consumer sales was 144,530 in 2012 in comparison to 116,733 in 2002 . Direct - to - consumer sales include farmers ' markets , community supported agriculture ( CSA ) , on - farm stores , and roadside farm stands . Some organic farms also sell products direct to retailer , direct to restaurant and direct to institution . According to the 2008 Organic Production Survey , approximately 7 % of organic farm sales were direct - to - consumers , 10 % went direct to retailers , and approximately 83 % went into wholesale markets . In comparison , only 0.4 % of the value of convention agricultural commodities were direct - to - consumers . While not all products sold at farmer 's markets are certified organic , this direct - to - consumer avenue has become increasingly popular in local food distribution and has grown substantially since 1994 . In 2014 , there were 8,284 farmer 's markets in comparison to 3,706 in 2004 and 1,755 in 1994 , most of which are found in populated areas such as the Northeast , Midwest , and West Coast . Labor and employment ( edit ) Organic production is more labor - intensive than conventional production . On the one hand , this increased labor cost is one factor that makes organic food more expensive . On the other hand , the increased need for labor may be seen as an `` employment dividend '' of organic farming , providing more jobs per unit area than conventional systems . The 2011 UNEP Green Economy Report suggests that `` ( a ) n increase in investment in green agriculture is projected to lead to growth in employment of about 60 per cent compared with current levels '' and that `` green agriculture investments could create 47 million additional jobs compared with BAU2 over the next 40 years . '' The United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) also argues that `` ( b ) y greening agriculture and food distribution , more calories per person per day , more jobs and business opportunities especially in rural areas , and market - access opportunities , especially for developing countries , will be available . '' World 's food security ( edit ) In 2007 the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) said that organic agriculture often leads to higher prices and hence a better income for farmers , so it should be promoted . However , FAO stressed that by organic farming one could not feed the current mankind , even less the bigger future population . Both data and models showed then that organic farming was far from sufficient . Therefore , chemical fertilizers were needed to avoid hunger . Other analysis by many agribusiness executives , agricultural and ecological scientists , and international agriculture experts revealed the opinion that organic farming would not only increase the world 's food supply , but might be the only way to eradicate hunger . FAO stressed that fertilizers and other chemical inputs can much increase the production , particularly in Africa where fertilizers are currently used 90 % less than in Asia . For example , in Malawi the yield has been boosted using seeds and fertilizers . FAO also calls for using biotechnology , as it can help smallholder farmers to improve their income and food security . Also NEPAD , development organization of African governments , announced that feeding Africans and preventing malnutrition requires fertilizers and enhanced seeds . According to a 2012 study in ScienceDigest , organic best management practices shows an average yield only 13 % less than conventional . In the world 's poorer nations where most of the world 's hungry live , and where conventional agriculture 's expensive inputs are not affordable by the majority of farmers , adopting organic management actually increases yields 93 % on average , and could be an important part of increased food security . Capacity Building in developing countries ( edit ) Organic agriculture can contribute to ecological sustainability , especially in poorer countries . The application of organic principles enables employment of local resources ( e.g. , local seed varieties , manure , etc . ) and therefore cost - effectiveness . Local and international markets for organic products show tremendous growth prospects and offer creative producers and exporters excellent opportunities to improve their income and living conditions . Organic agriculture is knowledge intensive . Globally , capacity building efforts are underway , including localized training material , to limited effect . As of 2007 , the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements hosted more than 170 free manuals and 75 training opportunities online . In 2008 the United Nations Environmental Programme ( UNEP ) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) stated that `` organic agriculture can be more conducive to food security in Africa than most conventional production systems , and that it is more likely to be sustainable in the long - term '' and that `` yields had more than doubled where organic , or near - organic practices had been used '' and that soil fertility and drought resistance improved . Millennium Development Goals ( edit ) The value of organic agriculture ( OA ) in the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals ( MDG ) , particularly in poverty reduction efforts in the face of climate change , is shown by its contribution to both income and non-income aspects of the MDGs . These benefits are expected to continue in the post-MDG era . A series of case studies conducted in selected areas in Asian countries by the Asian Development Bank Institute ( ADBI ) and published as a book compilation by ADB in Manila document these contributions to both income and non-income aspects of the MDGs . These include poverty alleviation by way of higher incomes , improved farmers ' health owing to less chemical exposure , integration of sustainable principles into rural development policies , improvement of access to safe water and sanitation , and expansion of global partnership for development as small farmers are integrated in value chains . A related ADBI study also sheds on the costs of OA programs and set them in the context of the costs of attaining the MDGs . The results show considerable variation across the case studies , suggesting that there is no clear structure to the costs of adopting OA . Costs depend on the efficiency of the OA adoption programs . The lowest cost programs were more than ten times less expensive than the highest cost ones . However , further analysis of the gains resulting from OA adoption reveals that the costs per person taken out of poverty was much lower than the estimates of the World Bank , based on income growth in general or based on the detailed costs of meeting some of the more quantifiable MDGs ( e.g. , education , health , and environment ) . Disadvantages ( edit ) Agriculture imposes negative externalities ( uncompensated costs ) upon society through public land and other public resource use , biodiversity loss , erosion , pesticides , nutrient runoff , subsidized water usage , subsidy payments and assorted other problems . Positive externalities include self - reliance , entrepreneurship , respect for nature , and air quality . Organic methods reduce some of these costs . In 2000 uncompensated costs for 1996 reached 2,343 million British pounds or £ 208 per ha ( £ 84.20 / ac ) . A study of practices in the US published in 2005 concluded that cropland costs the economy approximately 5 to 16 billion dollars ( $30 -- 96 / ha -- $12 -- 39 / ac ) , while livestock production costs 714 million dollars . Both studies recommended reducing externalities . The 2000 review included reported pesticide poisonings but did not include speculative chronic health effects of pesticides , and the 2004 review relied on a 1992 estimate of the total impact of pesticides . It has been proposed that organic agriculture can reduce the level of some negative externalities from ( conventional ) agriculture . Whether the benefits are private or public depends upon the division of property rights . Several surveys and studies have attempted to examine and compare conventional and organic systems of farming and have found that organic techniques , while not without harm , are less damaging than conventional ones because they reduce levels of biodiversity less than conventional systems do and use less energy and produce less waste when calculated per unit area . A 2003 to 2005 investigation by the Cranfield University for the Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs in the UK found that it is difficult to compare the Global warming potential , acidification and eutrophication emissions but `` Organic production often results in increased burdens , from factors such as N leaching and N2O emissions '' , even though primary energy use was less for most organic products . N O is always the largest global warming potential contributor except in tomatoes . However , `` organic tomatoes always incur more burdens ( except pesticide use ) '' . Some emissions were lower `` per area '' , but organic farming always required 65 to 200 % more field area than non-organic farming . The numbers were highest for bread wheat ( 200 + % more ) and potatoes ( 160 % more ) . Environmental impact and emissions ( edit ) Researchers at Oxford University analyzed 71 peer - reviewed studies and observed that organic products are sometimes worse for the environment . Organic milk , cereals , and pork generated higher greenhouse gas emissions per product than conventional ones but organic beef and olives had lower emissions in most studies . Usually organic products required less energy , but more land . Per unit of product , organic produce generates higher nitrogen leaching , nitrous oxide emissions , ammonia emissions , eutrophication , and acidification potential than conventionally grown produce . Other differences were not significant . The researchers concluded that public debate should consider various manners of employing conventional or organic farming , and not merely debate conventional farming as opposed to organic farming . They also sought to find specific solutions to specific circumstances . Proponents of organic farming have claimed that organic agriculture emphasizes closed nutrient cycles , biodiversity , and effective soil management providing the capacity to mitigate and even reverse the effects of climate change and that organic agriculture can decrease fossil fuel emissions . `` The carbon sequestration efficiency of organic systems in temperate climates is almost double ( 575 -- 700 kg carbon per ha per year -- 510 -- 625 lb / ac / an ) that of conventional treatment of soils , mainly owing to the use of grass clovers for feed and of cover crops in organic rotations . '' Critics of organic farming methods believe that the increased land needed to farm organic food could potentially destroy the rainforests and wipe out many ecosystems . Nutrient leaching ( edit ) According to a 2012 meta - analysis of 71 studies , nitrogen leaching , nitrous oxide emissions , ammonia emissions , eutrophication potential and acidification potential were higher for organic products , although in one study `` nitrate leaching was 4.4 -- 5.6 times higher in conventional plots than organic plots '' . Excess nutrients in lakes , rivers , and groundwater can cause algal blooms , eutrophication , and subsequent dead zones . In addition , nitrates are harmful to aquatic organisms by themselves . Land use ( edit ) The Oxford meta - analysis of 71 studies found that organic farming requires 84 % more land for an equivalent amount of harvest , mainly due to lack of nutrients but sometimes due to weeds , diseases or pests , lower yielding animals and land required for fertility building crops . While organic farming does not necessarily save land for wildlife habitats and forestry in all cases , the most modern breakthroughs in organic are addressing these issues with success . Professor Wolfgang Branscheid says that organic animal production is not good for the environment , because organic chicken requires twice as much land as `` conventional '' chicken and organic pork a quarter more . According to a calculation by Hudson Institute , organic beef requires three times as much land . On the other hand , certain organic methods of animal husbandry have been shown to restore desertified , marginal , and / or otherwise unavailable land to agricultural productivity and wildlife . Or by getting both forage and cash crop production from the same fields simultaneously , reduce net land use . In England organic farming yields 55 % of normal yields . In other regions of the world , organic methods have started producing record yields . Pesticides ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : need content and sources on externalities of pesticide use in organic farming . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2015 ) A sign outside of an organic apple orchard in Pateros , Washington reminding orchardists not to spray pesticides on these trees In organic farming synthetic pesticides are generally prohibited . A chemical is said to be synthetic if it does not already exist in the natural world . But the organic label goes further and usually prohibit compounds that exist in nature if they are produced by chemical synthesis . So the prohibition is also about the method of production and not only the nature of the compound . A non-exhaustive list of organic approved pesticides with their median lethal doses : Copper ( II ) sulfate is used as a fungicide and is also used in conventional agriculture ( LD 300 mg / kg ) . Conventional agriculture has the option to use the less toxic Mancozeb ( LD 4,500 to 11,200 mg / kg ) Boric acid is used as stomach poison that target insects ( LD : 2660 mg / kg ) . Pyrethrin comes from chemicals extracted from flowers of the genus Pyrethrum ( LD of 370 mg / kg ) . Its potent toxicity is used to control insects . Lime sulphur ( aka calcium polysulfide ) and sulfur are considered to be allowed , synthetic materials ( LD : 820 mg / kg ) Rotenone is a powerful insecticide that was used to control insects ( LD : 132 mg / kg ) . Despite the high toxicity of Rotenone to aquatic life and some links to Parkinson disease the compound is still allowed in organic farming as it is a naturally occurring compound . Bromomethane is a gas that is still used in the nurseries of Strawberry organic farming Azadirachtin is a wide spectrum very potent insecticide . Almost non toxic to mammals ( LD in rats is > 3,540 mg / kg ) but affects beneficial insects . Food quality and safety ( edit ) Main article : Organic food While there may be some differences in the amounts of nutrients and anti-nutrients when organically produced food and conventionally produced food are compared , the variable nature of food production and handling makes it difficult to generalize results , and there is insufficient evidence to make claims that organic food is safer or healthier than conventional food . Claims that organic food tastes better are not supported by evidence . Soil conservation ( edit ) Main article : Soil conservation Supporters claim that organically managed soil has a higher quality and higher water retention . This may help increase yields for organic farms in drought years . Organic farming can build up soil organic matter better than conventional no - till farming , which suggests long - term yield benefits from organic farming . An 18 - year study of organic methods on nutrient - depleted soil concluded that conventional methods were superior for soil fertility and yield for nutrient - depleted soils in cold - temperate climates , arguing that much of the benefit from organic farming derives from imported materials that could not be regarded as self - sustaining . In Dirt : The Erosion of Civilizations , geomorphologist David Montgomery outlines a coming crisis from soil erosion . Agriculture relies on roughly one meter of topsoil , and that is being depleted ten times faster than it is being replaced . No - till farming , which some claim depends upon pesticides , is one way to minimize erosion . However , a 2007 study by the USDA 's Agricultural Research Service has found that manure applications in tilled organic farming are better at building up the soil than no - till . Biodiversity ( edit ) Main article : Organic farming and biodiversity The conservation of natural resources and biodiversity is a core principle of organic production . Three broad management practices ( prohibition / reduced use of chemical pesticides and inorganic fertilizers ; sympathetic management of non-cropped habitats ; and preservation of mixed farming ) that are largely intrinsic ( but not exclusive ) to organic farming are particularly beneficial for farmland wildlife . Using practices that attract or introduce beneficial insects , provide habitat for birds and mammals , and provide conditions that increase soil biotic diversity serve to supply vital ecological services to organic production systems . Advantages to certified organic operations that implement these types of production practices include : 1 ) decreased dependence on outside fertility inputs ; 2 ) reduced pest management costs ; 3 ) more reliable sources of clean water ; and 4 ) better pollination . Nearly all non-crop , naturally occurring species observed in comparative farm land practice studies show a preference for organic farming both by abundance and diversity . An average of 30 % more species inhabit organic farms . Birds , butterflies , soil microbes , beetles , earthworms , spiders , vegetation , and mammals are particularly affected . Lack of herbicides and pesticides improve biodiversity fitness and population density . Many weed species attract beneficial insects that improve soil qualities and forage on weed pests . Soil - bound organisms often benefit because of increased bacteria populations due to natural fertilizer such as manure , while experiencing reduced intake of herbicides and pesticides . Increased biodiversity , especially from beneficial soil microbes and mycorrhizae have been proposed as an explanation for the high yields experienced by some organic plots , especially in light of the differences seen in a 21 - year comparison of organic and control fields . Biodiversity from organic farming provides capital to humans . Species found in organic farms enhance sustainability by reducing human input ( e.g. , fertilizers , pesticides ) . The USDA 's Agricultural Marketing Service ( AMS ) published a Federal Register notice on 15 January 2016 , announcing the National Organic Program ( NOP ) final guidance on Natural Resources and Biodiversity Conservation for Certified Organic Operations . Given the broad scope of natural resources which includes soil , water , wetland , woodland and wildlife , the guidance provides examples of practices that support the underlying conservation principles and demonstrate compliance with USDA organic regulations § 205.200 . The final guidance provides organic certifiers and farms with examples of production practices that support conservation principles and comply with the USDA organic regulations , which require operations to maintain or improve natural resources . The final guidance also clarifies the role of certified operations ( to submit an OSP to a certifier ) , certifiers ( ensure that the OSP describes or lists practices that explain the operator 's monitoring plan and practices to support natural resources and biodiversity conservation ) , and inspectors ( onsite inspection ) in the implementation and verification of these production practices . A wide range of organisms benefit from organic farming , but it is unclear whether organic methods confer greater benefits than conventional integrated agri - environmental programs . Organic farming is often presented as a more biodiversity - friendly practice , but the generality of the beneficial effects of organic farming is debated as the effects appear often species - and context - dependent , and current research has highlighted the need to quantify the relative effects of local - and landscape - scale management on farmland biodiversity . There are four key issues when comparing the impacts on biodiversity of organic and conventional farming : ( 1 ) It remains unclear whether a holistic whole - farm approach ( i.e. organic ) provides greater benefits to biodiversity than carefully targeted prescriptions applied to relatively small areas of cropped and / or non-cropped habitats within conventional agriculture ( i.e. agri - environment schemes ) ; ( 2 ) Many comparative studies encounter methodological problems , limiting their ability to draw quantitative conclusions ; ( 3 ) Our knowledge of the impacts of organic farming in pastoral and upland agriculture is limited ; ( 4 ) There remains a pressing need for longitudinal , system - level studies in order to address these issues and to fill in the gaps in our knowledge of the impacts of organic farming , before a full appraisal of its potential role in biodiversity conservation in agroecosystems can be made . Regional support for organic farming ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2016 ) India ( edit ) In India , in 2016 , the northern state of Sikkim achieved its goal of converting to 100 % organic farming . Other states of India , including Kerala , Mizoram , Goa , Rajasthan , and Meghalaya , have also declared their intentions to shift to fully organic cultivation . Dominican Republic ( edit ) The Dominican Republic has successfully converted a large amount of its banana crop to organic . The Dominican Republic accounts for 55 % of the world 's certified organic bananas . See also ( edit ) Advance sowing Agroecology Biodynamic agriculture Biointensive Biological pest control Certified Naturally Grown Companion planting List of companion plants List of pest - repelling plants List of beneficial weeds Crop rotation Do Nothing Farming French intensive gardening Holistic management ( agriculture ) Integrated pest management List of organic food topics List of organic gardening and farming topics No - till farming Organic clothing Organic farming by country Organic Farming Digest Organic food Organic movement Permaculture SRI Organic food culture Zero Budget Farming References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Paull , John & Hennig , Benjamin ( 2016 ) Atlas of Organics : Four Maps of the World of Organic Agriculture Journal of Organics. 3 ( 1 ) : 25 - 32 . Jump up ^ `` USDA Blog '' Organic 101 : Allowed and Prohibited Substances `` . blogs.usda.gov . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Marshall , G. ( 1991 ) . `` Organic Farming : Should Government Give it More Technical Support ? '' ( PDF ) . Review of Marketing and Agricultural Economics . 59 ( 3 ) : 283 -- 296 . Jump up ^ Pretty , J ; Brett , C. ; Gee , D. ; Hine , R.E. ; Mason , C.F. ; Morison , J.I.L. ; Raven , H. ; Rayment , M.D. ; Van Der Bijl , G. ; et al. ( 2000 ) . `` An assessment of the total external costs of UK agriculture '' ( PDF ) . Agricultural Systems . 65 ( 2 ) : 113 -- 136 . doi : 10.1016 / S0308 - 521X ( 00 ) 00031 - 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Tegtmeier , E.M. ; Duffy , M. ( 2005 ) . `` External Costs of Agricultural Production in the United States '' ( PDF ) . The Earthscan Reader in Sustainable Agriculture . Jump up ^ New Zealand 's Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry . `` A Review of the Environmental / Public Good Costs and Benefits of Organic Farming and an Assessment of How Far These Can be Incorporated into Marketable Benefits '' . Archived from the original on 15 October 2008 . Retrieved 20 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Stolze , M. ; Piorr , A. ; Häring , A.M. and Dabbert , S. ( 2000 ) Environmental impacts of organic farming in Europe . Organic Farming in Europe : Economics and Policy Vol. 6 . Universität Hohenheim , Stuttgart - Hohenheim . Jump up ^ Hansen , Birgitt ; Alrøe , H.J. ; Kristensen , E.S. ( January 2001 ) . `` Approaches to assess the environmental impact of organic farming with particular regard to Denmark '' . Agriculture , Ecosystems & Environment. 83 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 11 -- 26 . doi : 10.1016 / S0167 - 8809 ( 00 ) 00257 - 7 . Jump up ^ Determining the environmental burdens and resource use in the production of agricultural and horticultural commodities , Williams , A.G. et al. , Cranfield University , U.K. , August 2006 . Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada . Jump up ^ Determining the environmental burdens and resource use in the production of agricultural and horticultural commodities . - IS0205 Archived 27 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , Williams , A.G. et al. , Cranfield University , U.K. , August 2006 . Svensk mat - och miljöinformation . Pages 4 - 6 , 29 and 84 - 85 . ^ Jump up to : Organic farms not necessarily better for environment , University of Oxford , 4 Sep 12 . ^ Jump up to : Does organic farming reduce environmental impacts ? - A meta - analysis of European research , H.L. Tuomisto , I.D. Hodge , P. Riordan & D.W. Macdonald , Authors ' version of the paper published in : Journal of Environmental Management 112 ( 2012 ) 309 - 320 Jump up ^ Meleca ( 2008 ) . The Organic Answer to Climate Change . Jump up ^ Rodale Institute 18 April 2014 . Regenerative Organic Agriculture and Climate Change Jump up ^ UNEP , 2011 , Towards a Green Economy : Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication , www.unep.org/greeneconomy Jump up ^ Goldberg , Bob . `` The Hypocrisy of Organic Farmers '' . AgBioWorld . Retrieved 10 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Andrew . `` Save the rain forest -- boycott organic ? '' . How The World Works . Retrieved 10 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Kramer , SB ; Reganold , JP ; Glover , JD ; Bohannan , BJ ; Mooney , HA ( 21 March 2006 ) . `` Reduced nitrate leaching and enhanced dentrifier activity and efficiency in organically fertilized soils '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . United States National Academy of Sciences . 103 ( 12 ) : 4522 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2006PNAS ... 103.4522 K . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0600359103 . PMC 1450204 . PMID 16537377 . Retrieved 30 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Tilman , D ; Fargione , J ; Wolff , B ; d'Antonio , C ; Dobson , A ; Howarth , R ; Schindler , D ; Schlesinger , WH ; Simberloff , D ; Swackhamer , D ( 21 March 2006 ) . `` Forecasting Agriculturally Driven Global Climate Change '' . Science . 292 ( 5515 ) : 281 -- 4 . Bibcode : 2001Sci ... 292 ... 281T . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1057544 . PMID 11303102 . Retrieved 30 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rodale Institute Farming Systems Trial '' . Rodale Institute . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Undersander , Dan ; et al. `` Pastures for Profit : A Guide to Rotational Grazing '' ( PDF ) . University of Wisconsin . Cooperative extension publishing . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Undersander , Dan ; et al. `` Grassland Birds : Fostering Habitats Using Rotational Grazing '' ( PDF ) . University of Wisconsin . Cooperative extension publishing . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Experte zur Nachhaltigkeit in der Landwirtschaft : `` Bio ist auch keine Lösung '' , Westfälischen Nachrichten , 19 November 2012 . Archived 9 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Environmental Safety and Benefits of Growth Enhancing Pharmaceutical Technologies in Beef Production Archived 18 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , Alex Avery and Dennis Avery , Hudson Institute , Center for Global Food Issues , Figure 5 , page 22 . Jump up ^ Coughlin , Chrissy . `` Allan Savory : How livestock can protect the land '' . GreenBiz . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Dagget , Dan . `` Convincing Evidence '' . Man in Nature . Archived from the original on 6 March 2001 . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Kirsten . `` Why Pasture Cropping is such a Big Deal '' . Milkwood . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Organic farming shows limited benefit to wildlife , University of Leeds , 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Organic farming shows limited benefit to wildlife , University of Leeds , 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Uphoff , Norman ( 2003 ) . `` Higher Yields with Fewer External Inputs ? The System of Rice Intensification and Potential Contributions to Agricultural Sustainability '' . International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability. 1 : 38 -- 50 . doi : 10.3763 / ijas. 2003.0105 . Jump up ^ Piras , Nicola . `` New record in Bihar thanks to SRI '' . Agri Cultures Network . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ http://web.pppmb.cals.cornell.edu/resourceguide/pdf/resource-guide-for-organic-insect-and-disease-management.pdf Jump up ^ `` Use and Status of Rotenone in Organic Growing - Organic Gardening '' . MOTHER EARTH NEWS . Jump up ^ `` What makes an organically grown strawberry environmentally friendly ? '' . Tomorrow 's Table . Jump up ^ Barański , M ; Srednicka - Tober , D ; Volakakis , N ; Seal , C ; Sanderson , R ; Stewart , GB ; Benbrook , C ; Biavati , B ; Markellou , E ; Giotis , C ; Gromadzka - Ostrowska , J ; Rembiałkowska , E ; Skwarło - Sońta , K ; Tahvonen , R ; Janovská , D ; Niggli , U ; Nicot , P ; Leifert , C ( 26 June 2014 ) . `` Higher antioxidant and lower cadmium concentrations and lower incidence of pesticide residues in organically grown crops : a systematic literature review and meta - analyses '' . The British journal of nutrition . 112 ( 5 ) : 1 -- 18 . doi : 10.1017 / S0007114514001366 . PMC 4141693 . PMID 24968103 . ^ Jump up to : Blair , Robert . ( 2012 ) . Organic Production and Food Quality : A Down to Earth Analysis . Wiley - Blackwell , Oxford , UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8138 - 1217 - 5 Jump up ^ Magkos F et al. ( 2006 ) Organic food : buying more safety or just peace of mind ? A critical review of the literature Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 46 ( 1 ) 23 -- 56 PMID 16403682 Jump up ^ Smith - Spangler , C ; Brandeau , ML ; Hunter , GE ; Bavinger , JC ; Pearson , M ; Eschbach , PJ ; Sundaram , V ; Liu , H ; Schirmer , P ; Stave , C ; Olkin , I ; Bravata , DM ( 4 September 2012 ) . `` Are organic foods safer or healthier than conventional alternatives ? : a systematic review '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 157 ( 5 ) : 348 -- 366 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 157 - 5 - 201209040 - 00007 . PMID 22944875 . Jump up ^ `` Organic food '' . UK Food Standards Agency . Archived from the original on 5 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Bourn D , Prescott J ( January 2002 ) . `` A comparison of the nutritional value , sensory qualities , and food safety of organically and conventionally produced foods '' . Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 42 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 34 . doi : 10.1080 / 10408690290825439 . PMID 11833635 . Jump up ^ Johnston , A.E. ( 1986 ) . `` Soil organic - matter , effects on soils and crops '' . Soil Use Management . 2 ( 3 ) : 97 -- 105 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 2743.1986. tb00690. x . Jump up ^ Hepperly , P. and S. Setboonsarng . `` Carbon Sequestration in Organic Agriculture and Climate Change : A Path to a Brighter Future . '' In Organic Agriculture and Post-2015 Development Goals : Building on the Comparative Advantage of Poor Farmers . Ed . Setboonsarng , S. and A. Markandya . pp 293 - 322 . 2015 . Manila : ADB . http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/161042/organic-agriculture-and-post-2015-development-goals . Jump up ^ ARS ( 2007 ) Organic Farming Beats No - Till ? Jump up ^ Kirchmann H ; Bergström , Lars ; Kätterer , Thomas ; Mattsson , Lennart ; Gesslein , Sven ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Comparison of Long - Term Organic and Conventional Crop - Livestock Systems on a Previously Nutrient - Depleted Soil in Sweden '' . Agronomy Journal . 99 ( 4 ) : 960 -- 972 . doi : 10.2134 / agronj2006. 0061 . Jump up ^ Seattle PI ( 2008 ) . The lowdown on topsoil : it 's disappearing Jump up ^ `` No Shortcuts in Checking Soil Health '' . USDA ARS . Retrieved 2 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Hepperly , Paul , Jeff Moyer , and Dave Wilson . `` Developments in Organic No - till Agriculture . '' Acres USA : The Voice of Eco-agriculture September 2008 : 16 - 19 . And Roberts , Paul . `` The End of Food : Investigating a Global Crisis . '' Interview with Acres USA . Acres USA : The Voice of Eco-Agriculture October 2008 : 56 - 63 . ^ Jump up to : Hole , D.G. ; Perkins , A.J. ; Wilson , J.D. ; Alexander , I.H. ; Grice , P.V. ; Evans , A.D. ( March 2005 ) . `` Does organic farming benefit biodiversity ? '' . Biological Conservation. 122 ( 1 ) : 113 -- 130 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biocon. 2004.07. 018 . ^ Jump up to : `` USDSA Guidance Natural Resources and Biodiversity Conservation '' ( PDF ) . Agricultural Marketing Service , National Organic Program . United States Department of Agriculture . 15 January 2016 . Retrieved 5 March2016 . Jump up ^ ( in French ) Institut de recherche de l'agriculture biologique , `` 100 arguments en faveur de l'agriculture biologique '' , second edition , September 2015 ( page visited on 8 November 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : Hole , D.G. ; Perkins , A.J. ; Wilson , J.D. ; Alexander , I.H. ; Grice , P.V. ; Evans , A.D. ( 2005 ) . `` Does organic farming benefit biodiversity ? '' . Biological Conservation. 122 ( 1 ) : 113 -- 130 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biocon. 2004.07. 018 . ^ Jump up to : Gabriel , Doreen ; Roschewitz , Indra ; Tscharntke , Teja ; Thies , Carsten ( 2006 ) . `` Beta Diversity at Different Spatial Scales : Plant Communities in Organic and Conventional Agriculture '' . Ecological Applications. 16 ( 5 ) : 2011 -- 21 . doi : 10.1890 / 1051 - 0761 ( 2006 ) 016 ( 2011 : BDADSS ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . PMID 17069391 . Jump up ^ Bengtsston , J. ; Ahnström , J. ; Weibull , A. ( 2005 ) . `` The effects of organic agriculture on biodiversity and abundance : a meta - analysis '' . Journal of Applied Ecology. 42 ( 2 ) : 261 -- 269 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2664.2005. 01005. x . Jump up ^ `` Blakemore '' . 2000 . Jump up ^ van Elsen , T. ( 2000 ) . `` Species diversity as a task for organic agriculture in Europe '' . Agriculture , Ecosystems and Environment. 77 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 101 -- 109 . doi : 10.1016 / S0167 - 8809 ( 99 ) 00096 - 1 . Jump up ^ Perrings , C ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Biodiversity in Agricultural Landscapes : Saving Natural Capital without Losing Interest '' . Conservation Biology . 20 ( 2 ) : 263 -- 264 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1523 - 1739.2006. 00390. x . PMID 16903084 . Jump up ^ `` USDSA Guidance Natural Resources and Biodiversity Conservation '' ( PDF ) . Agricultural Marketing Service , National Organic Program . United States Department of Agriculture . 15 January 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Henckel , Laura ( 20 May 2015 ) . `` Organic fields sustain weed metacommunity dynamics in farmland landscapes '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 282 : 20150002 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2015.0002 . PMC 4455794 . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sikkim to become a completely organic state by 2015 '' . The Hindu . 9 September 2010 . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sikkim makes an organic shift '' . Times of India . 7 May 2010 . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sikkim ' livelihood schools ' to promote organic farming '' . Hindu Business Line . 6 August 2010 . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sikkim races on organic route '' . Telegraph India . 12 December 2011 . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Paull , John ( 2017 ) `` Four New Strategies to Grow the Organic Agriculture Sector '' , Agrofor International Journal , 2 ( 3 ) : 61 - 70 . Jump up ^ Martin , K.A. `` State to switch fully to organic farming by 2016 '' . Mohanan . Jump up ^ `` CM : Will Get Total Organic Farming State Tag by 2016 '' . Further reading ( edit ) Ableman , M. ( April 1993 ) . From the Good Earth : A Celebration of Growing Food Around the World . HNA Books . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 2517 - 6 . Avery , A . The Truth About Organic Foods ( Volume 1 , Series 1 ) . Henderson Communications , L.L.C. 2006 . ISBN 0 - 9788952 - 0 - 7 Committee on the Role of Alternative Farming Methods in Modern Production Agriculture , National Research Council . 1989 . Alternative Agriculture . National Academies Press . Guthman , J. Agrarian Dreams : The Parodox of Organic Farming in California , Berkeley and London : University of California Press . 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24094 - 0 Lampkin , N. and S. Padel . ( eds . ) The Economics of Organic Farming : An Interna Organic Agriculture : Sustainabiblity , Markets and Policies . OECD. 1 January 2003 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 64 - 10150 - 0 . Beecher , N.A. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Agroecology of birds in organic and nonorganic farmland '' ( PDF ) . Conservation Biology . 16 ( 6 ) : 1621 -- 30 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1739.2002. 01228. x . Brown , R.W. ( 1999b ) . `` Margin / field interfaces and small mammals '' . Aspects of Applied Biology . 54 : 203 -- 210 . Emsley , J. ( April 2001 ) . `` Going one better than nature '' . Nature . 410 ( 6829 ) : 633 -- 634 . doi : 10.1038 / 35070632 . Gabriel , D. ; Tscharntke , T. ( 2007 ) . `` Insect pollinated plants benefit from organic farming '' ( PDF ) . Agriculture , Ecosystems and Environment. 118 : 43 -- 48 . doi : 10.1016 / j. agee. 2006.04. 005 . Kuepper , G. and L. Gegner . Organic Crop Production Overview. , ATTRA -- National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service . August 2004 . Paull , J. ( 2006 ) . `` The farm as organism : The foundational idea of organic agriculture '' . Journal of Bio-Dynamics Tasmania. 83 : 14 -- 18 . Markandya , A. and S. Setboonsarng. 2008 . Organic Crops or Energy Crops ? Options for Rural Development in Cambodia and the Lao People 's Democratic Republic . ADB Institute Research Policy Brief 29 . ADBI , Tokyo . Smil , V. ( 2001 ) . Enriching the Earth : Fritz Haber , Carl Bosch , and the Transformation of World Food . MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 19449 - X . Wheeler , S.A. ( 2008 ) . `` What influences agricultural professionals ' views towards organic agriculture ? '' . Ecological Economics . 65 : 145 -- 154 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ecolecon. 2007.05. 014 . Wickramasinghe , L.P. ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` Bat activity and species richness on organic and conventional farms : impact of agricultural intensification '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Applied Ecology. 40 ( 6 ) : 984 -- 93 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2664.2003. 00856. x . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Organic farming . Organic Farming at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Organic Eprints . A database of research in organic food and farming . Organic Agriculture . eOrganic Community of Practice with eXtension : America 's Land Grant University System and Partners . 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7633746029820972738	St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle	St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle - Wikipedia St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle `` St George 's Chapel '' redirects here . For other uses , see St George 's Chapel ( disambiguation ) . Church in Windsor , England St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle The Queen 's Free Chapel of the College of St George , Windsor Castle 51 ° 29 ′ 02 '' N 0 ° 36 ′ 24 '' W / 51.48376 ° N 0.60678 ° W / 51.48376 ; - 0.60678 Coordinates : 51 ° 29 ′ 02 '' N 0 ° 36 ′ 24 '' W / 51.48376 ° N 0.60678 ° W / 51.48376 ; - 0.60678 Location Windsor Country England Denomination Church of England Previous denomination Roman Catholicism Churchmanship High Church Website www.stgeorges-windsor.org History Status Chapel Dedication St George Architecture Functional status Active Heritage designation Grade I listed Style Gothic Years built 14th century Administration Diocese Jurisdiction : Royal Peculiar Location : Oxford Clergy Dean David Conner Precentor Martin Poll ( also Chaplain ) Canon ( s ) Mark Powell ( Steward ) Canon Treasurer Hueston Finlay Laity Organist / Director of music James Vivian Music group ( s ) Choir of St George 's Chapel St George 's Chapel at Windsor Castle in England , is a chapel designed in the high - medieval Gothic style . It is both a Royal Peculiar , a church under the direct jurisdiction of the monarch , and the Chapel of the Order of the Garter . Seating approximately 800 , it is located in the Lower Ward of the castle . St. George 's castle chapel was established in the 14th century by King Edward III and began extensive enlargement in the late 15th century . It has been the location of many royal ceremonies , weddings and burials . Windsor Castle is a principal residence for Queen Elizabeth II and St. George 's Chapel is the planned burial site for the Queen . The day - to - day running of the Chapel is the responsibility Dean and Canons of Windsor who make up the religious College of St George , which is directed by a Chapter of the Dean and four Canons , assisted by a Clerk , Virger ( traditional spelling of verger ) and other staff . The Society of the Friends of St George 's and Descendants of the Knights of the Garter , a registered charity , was established in 1931 to assist the College in maintaining the Chapel . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Queen 's Beasts 2 Order of the Garter 2.1 Garter Service 2.2 Heraldry 3 Chantries 3.1 Rutland Chantry 4 Weddings 5 Burials 5.1 Altar 5.2 Quire 5.3 Royal Vault 5.4 Near West Door 5.5 King George VI Memorial Chapel 5.6 Albert Memorial Chapel 5.7 Gloucester Vault 5.8 Other 6 In media 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) St George 's Chapel ( left ) at Windsor Castle in 1848 , showing the absence of the Queen 's Beasts on the pinnacles ( since replaced ) . In 1348 , King Edward III founded two new religious colleges : St Stephen 's at Westminster and St George 's at Windsor . The new college at Windsor was attached to the Chapel of St Edward the Confessor which had been constructed by Henry III in the early thirteenth century . The chapel was then rededicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary , Edward the Confessor and George the Martyr . Edward III also built the Aerary Porch in 1353 -- 54 . It was used as the entrance to the new college . The Quire of St George 's Chapel , by Charles Wild , from W.H. Pyne 's Royal Residences , 1818 . St George 's Chapel became the Mother Church of the Order of the Garter , and a special service is still held in the chapel every June and is attended by the members of the order . Their heraldic banners hang above the upper stalls of the choir where they have a seat for life . The period 1475 -- 1528 saw a radical redevelopment of St George 's Chapel under the designs of King Henry VII 's most prized counsellor Sir Reginald Bray ( later Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster ) , set in motion by Edward IV and continued by Henry VII and Henry VIII . The thirteenth - century Chapel of Edward the Confessor was expanded into a huge new Cathedral - like chapel under the supervision of Richard Beauchamp , Bishop of Salisbury , and the direction of the master mason Henry Janyns . The Horseshoe Cloister was constructed for the new community of 45 junior members : 16 vicars , a deacon gospeller , 13 lay clerks , 2 clerks epistoler and 13 choristers . The choristers of St George 's Chapel are still in existence to this day , although the total number is not fixed and is nearer to 20 . The choristers are educated at St George 's School , Windsor Castle . They are full boarders at the school . In term time they attend practice in the castle every morning and sing Matins and Eucharist on Sundays and sing Evensong throughout the entire week , with the exception of Wednesdays . St George 's Chapel was a popular destination for pilgrims during the late medieval period . The chapel was purported to contain several important relics : the bodies of John Schorne and Henry VI and a fragment of the True Cross held in a reliquary called the Cross of Gneth . These relics all appear to have been displayed at the east end of the south choir aisle . The Chapel suffered a great deal of destruction during the English Civil War . Parliamentary forces broke into and plundered the chapel and treasury on 23 October 1642 . Further pillaging occurred in 1643 when the fifteenth - century chapter house was destroyed , lead was stripped off the chapel roofs , and elements of Henry VIII 's unfinished funeral monument were stolen . Following his execution in 1649 , Charles I was buried in a small vault in the centre of the choir at St George 's Chapel which also contained the coffins of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour . A programme of repair was undertaken at St George 's Chapel following the Restoration of the monarchy . The reign of Queen Victoria saw further changes made to the architecture of the chapel . The east end of the choir was reworked in devotion to Prince Albert ; the Lady Chapel , which had been abandoned by Henry VII , was completed ; a royal mausoleum was completed underneath the Lady Chapel ; and a set of steps were built at the west end of the chapel to create a ceremonial entrance to the building . In the 21st century , St George 's accommodates approximately 800 persons for services and events . St George 's Chapel in the Lower Ward at right Queen 's Beasts ( edit ) The Queen 's Beasts shown atop the pinnacles On the roof of the chapel , standing on the pinnacles , and also on pinnacles on the sides , are seventy - six heraldic statues representing the Queen 's Beasts , showing the Royal supporters of England . They represent fourteen of the heraldic animals : the lion of England , the red dragon of Wales , the panther of Jane Seymour , the falcon of York , the black bull of Clarence , the yale of Beaufort , the white lion of Mortimer , the greyhound of Richmond , the white hart of Richard II , the collared silver antelope of Bohun , the black dragon of Ulster , the white swan of Hereford , the unicorn of Edward III and the golden hind of Kent . The original beasts dated from the sixteenth century , but were removed in 1682 on the advice of Sir Christopher Wren . Wren had condemned the Reigate stone , the calcareous sandstone of which they were constructed . The present statues date from 1925 , when the chapel was restored . Order of the Garter ( edit ) Garter service ( edit ) Further information : Order of the Garter Emblem of the Order of the Garter Members of the Order of the Garter meet at Windsor Castle every June for the annual Garter Service . After lunch in the State Apartments in the Upper Ward of the Castle they process on foot , wearing their robes and insignia , down to St George 's Chapel where the service is held . If any new members have been admitted to the Order they are installed at the service . After the service , the members of the order return to the Upper Ward by carriage or car . Members of the public outside St George 's Chapel at Windsor Castle , waiting for the Garter Procession The Order formerly had frequent services at the chapel , but , after becoming infrequent in the 18th century , they were discontinued in 1805 . The ceremony was revived in 1948 by King George VI for the 600th anniversary of the founding of the Order , and has since become an annual event . Heraldry ( edit ) Interior of the chapel After their installation , members are each assigned a stall in the chapel choir above which his or her heraldic devices are displayed . A member 's sword is placed below a helm which is decorated with a mantling and topped by a crest , coronet or crown . Above this , a member 's heraldic banner is flown emblazoned with his or her arms . A Garter stall plate , a small elaborately enamelled plate of brass , is affixed to the back of the stall displaying its member 's name and arms with other inscriptions . On a member 's death , the sword , helm , mantling , crest , coronet or crown , and banner are removed . A ceremony marking the death of the late member must be held before the stall can be assigned to anyone else . This ceremony takes place in the chapel , during which the Military Knights of Windsor carry the banner of the deceased member and offer it to the Dean of Windsor , who places it on the altar . The stall plates , however , are not removed ; rather , they remain permanently affixed somewhere about the stall , so the stalls of the chapel are festooned with a colourful record of the members throughout history . Chantries ( edit ) Fan vaulting of the Choir of St George 's Chapel , with the Garter banners on either side below . St George 's Windsor is among the most important and ambitious medieval chantry foundations to have survived in England . The college , itself a medieval chantry , also contains a number of independent chantries in the form of altars and small chapels dedicated to various members of the English monarchy and also to a number of prominent courtiers , deans and canons . Masses , the Office and prayers would be offered in these chantries for the good of the founder . Henry VIII had intended a chantry to be set up in the chapel , despite the fact that he instituted the religious changes which brought about the Reformation in England and the eventual suppression of chantries . The much - admired iron gates in the sanctuary of the chapel as well as the locks on the doors of the chapel are the work of the medieval Cornish metalsmith John Tresilian . The status of the college as a royal foundation saved it from dissolution at the Reformation . As a result , many of the smaller chantries within the chapel were preserved . These are the only remaining chantries of their kind in England which have never formally been suppressed . Rutland chantry ( edit ) Monumental brass in St Leger Chantry to Anne of York , Duchess of Exeter ( 1439 -- 1476 ) and her second husband Thomas St Leger ( c. 1440 -- 1483 ) , founder of the chapel The Rutland Chantry , forming the northern transept of St George 's Chapel , was founded in 1491 to honour Sir Thomas St Leger ( c. 1440 -- 1483 ) and Anne of York , Duchess of Exeter ( 1439 -- 1476 ) ; Sir Thomas was Anne 's second husband . She was the eldest surviving daughter of Richard Plantagenet , 3rd Duke of York , and thus elder sister of kings Edward IV ( 1442 -- 1483 , reigned 1461 -- 1483 ) and Richard III ( 1452 -- 1485 , reigned 1483 -- 1485 ) . A monumental brass in memory of Anne of York and Sir Thomas survives on the east wall of the Rutland Chantry , the inscription of which records that the chantry was founded `` with two priests singing forevermore '' : `` Wythin thys Chappell lyethe beryed Anne Duchess of Exetur suster unto the noble kyng Edward the forte . And also the body of syr Thomas Sellynger knyght her husband which hathe funde within thys College a Chauntre with too prestys sy'gyng for ev'more . On whose soule god have mercy . The wych Anne duchess dyed in the yere of oure lorde M Thowsande CCCCl xxv '' The chantry received its current name in honour of the earls of Rutland , descendants of Anne and Sir Thomas ; their daughter , also named Anne , married George Manners , 11th Baron de Ros and gave birth to Thomas Manners , 1st Earl of Rutland . The tomb of George and Anne Manners is a prominent feature of the chantry ; their effigies are carved in English alabaster . Weddings ( edit ) Wedding of the Prince of Wales and Alexandra of Denmark , 1863 The chapel has been the site of many royal weddings , particularly of the children of Queen Victoria . These weddings include : Albert Edward , Prince of Wales , and Princess Alexandra of Denmark in 1863 ( later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra respectively ) Princess Helena and Prince Christian of Schleswig - Holstein - Sonderburg - Augustenburg in 1866 Princess Louise and the Marquess of Lorne ( later Duke of Argyll ) in 1871 Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia in 1879 Princess Frederica of Hanover and Luitbert von Pawel Rammingen in 1880 Prince Leopold , Duke of Albany and Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont in 1882 Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig - Holstein and Prince Aribert of Anhalt in 1891 Princess Alice of Albany and Prince Alexander of Teck ( later Earl of Athlone ) in 1904 Princess Margaret of Connaught and Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden ( later King of Sweden ) in 1905 Lady Helena Cambridge and Major John Gibbs , Coldstream Guards in 1919 Anne Abel Smith and David Liddell - Grainger in 1957 Lady Helen Windsor and Timothy Taylor in 1992 The wedding of Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex , and Sophie Rhys - Jones in 1999 The union of Charles , Prince of Wales , and Camilla Parker Bowles in 2005 received a blessing from the Archbishop of Canterbury Peter Phillips and Autumn Kelly in 2008 Prince Harry , Duke of Sussex , and Meghan , Duchess of Sussex on 19 May 2018 The forthcoming wedding of Princess Eugenie of York and Jack Brooksbank on 12 October 2018 Burials ( edit ) The chapel has been the site of many royal funerals and interments . Persons interred here include : Altar ( edit ) George Plantagenet , 1st Duke of Bedford , on 22 March 1479 Mary of York , in 1482 Edward IV , King of England ( 1461 -- 1470 ; 1471 -- 1483 ) , in 1483 Henry VI , King of England ( 1422 -- 1461 ; 1470 -- 1471 ) , reburied from Chertsey Abbey in 1484 the coffins of two unidentified children suggested to be the Princes in the Tower Elizabeth Woodville , wife of Edward IV ( 1464 -- 1483 ) , on 12 June 1492 Edward VII , King of the United Kingdom ( 1901 -- 1910 ) , on 20 May 1910 Alexandra of Denmark , wife of Edward VII ( 1863 -- 1910 ) , on 28 November 1925 Quire ( edit ) Jane Seymour , Queen of England , in 1537 Henry VIII , King of England and Ireland , in 1547 Charles I , King of England , Scotland and Ireland , in 1649 Stillborn son of Queen Anne ( last monarch of the House of Stuart ) , in 1698 . Royal Vault ( edit ) Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom in 1810 Princess Augusta , Duchess of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel in 1813 Princess Charlotte of Wales in 1817 Charlotte of Mecklenburg - Strelitz , Queen of the United Kingdom , in 1818 George III , King of the United Kingdom , in 1820 Prince Edward , Duke of Kent and Strathearn in 1820 Princess Elizabeth of Clarence in 1821 Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany in 1827 George IV , King of the United Kingdom , in 1830 William IV , King of the United Kingdom , in 1837 Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom in 1840 Adelaide of Saxe - Meiningen , Queen of the United Kingdom , in 1849 Prince Adolphus , Duke of Cambridge ( 1774 -- 1850 ) ( reburial ) in 1930 George V , King of Hanover , in 1878 Princess Augusta of Hesse - Kassel ( 1797 -- 1889 ) ( reburial ) in 1930 Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge in 1897 Francis , Duke of Teck in 1900 Near West Door ( edit ) George V , King of the United Kingdom , in 1936 Mary of Teck , Queen of the United Kingdom , in 1953 King George VI memorial Chapel ( edit ) George VI , King of the United Kingdom , died 1952 . Interred 26 March 1969 following its construction . Princess Margaret , Countess of Snowdon ( ashes ) , in 2002 Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon , Queen Mother of the United Kingdom , in 2002 Albert Memorial Chapel ( edit ) Prince Leopold , Duke of Albany , in 1884 Prince Albert Victor , Duke of Clarence , in 1892 Gloucester Vault ( edit ) Prince William Henry , Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh , in 1805 Maria , Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh , in 1807 Prince William Frederick , Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh , in 1834 Princess Sophia of Gloucester , in 1844 Princess Mary , Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh , in 1857 Other ( edit ) William , 1st Baron Hastings ( 1431 -- 1483 ) , a nobleman and close friend of King Edward IV ; in the north aisle of St George 's Chapel , next to Edward IV . Anne St. Leger ( 1476 -- 21 May 1526 ) and her husband George Manners , 11th Baron de Ros ( 22 August 1465 -- 23 October 1513 ) in the private Rutland Chapel Charles Brandon , 1st Duke of Suffolk , in 1545 Christopher Villiers , 1st Earl of Anglesey , in 1631 Henry Somerset , 1st Duke of Beaufort ( 1629 -- 1700 ) and his ancestors in the private Beaufort Chapel ; the original monument by Grinling Gibbons was moved to St Michael and All Angels Church , Badminton , in 1878 . Very Revd Dr Penyston Booth ( 1681 -- 1765 ) , Dean of Windsor Dejazmatch Alemayehu Tewodros , son of Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia , on 21 November 1879 In media ( edit ) Wenceslaus Hollar . View and Ground Plan of St. George 's Chapel , Windsor ca . 1671 . John Henry Le Keux . St. Georges Chapel , Windsor . Ground Plan 1810 . Engraved after a plan by F. Mackenzie , published in Britton 's Architectural antiquities of Great Britain , 1807 . Copper engraved antique plan . See also ( edit ) Choir of St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle Dean of Windsor Dean and Canons of Windsor Francis Eginton , artist , painted the arms of the knights of the Garter for two Gothic windows in the stalls . List of Knights and Ladies of the Garter List of Ladies of the Garter Order of the Garter Saint George : Devotions , traditions and prayers The Society of the Friends of St George 's and Descendants of the Knights of the Garter Windsor Castle Historical monographs relating to St. George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle Royal Chapel of All Saints , a chapel in Windsor Great Park closely connected with St George 's Chapel References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Harry and Meghan to wed at Windsor in May '' . BBC News . 28 November 2017 . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Windsor Royal Beasts on St George 's Chapel roof '' . Wordpress . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ London , H. Stanford ( 1953 ) . `` The '' Queen 's Beasts : An Account with New Drawings of the Heraldic Animals Witch Stood at the Entrance to Westminster Abbey on the Occasion of the Coronation of Her Majesty Queen Elisabeth II. , 2 . June 1953 . Newman Neame . p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Frederick Minter '' . The Times . 15 July 1976 . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Blackburne , Harry W. ( 2008 ) . The Romance of St. George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle . Wildside Press . pp. 14 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4344 - 7428 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Eleanor Cracknell ( 15 July 2011 ) . `` The Rutland Chantry '' . College of St George . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Yeginsu , Ceylan ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) . `` Prince Harry and Meghan Markle Invite Members of Public to Wedding Day '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Burials in the Chapel since 1805 '' . College of St George . 2017 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Burials in the Chapel by location '' . College of St George . 2017 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Roos Monument in the Rutland Chantry Chapel '' . College of St George . 10 September 2010 . Jump up ^ https://art.famsf.org/wenceslaus-hollar/view-and-ground-plan-st-georges-chapel-windsor-19633013061 Jump up ^ https://art.famsf.org/wenceslaus-hollar/view-and-ground-plan-st-georges-chapel-windsor-19633017575 Jump up ^ https://art.famsf.org/wenceslaus-hollar/view-and-ground-plan-st-georges-chapel-windsor-19633013060 Jump up ^ http://www.antiqueprints.com/images/af7/f7596.jpg Jump up ^ http://www.ancestryimages.com/proddetail.php?prod=f7596 Sources Begent , Peter J. ; Chesshyre , Hubert ; Chesshyre , D.H.B. ; Jefferson , Lisa ( 1999 ) . The most noble Order of the Garter : 650 years . Spink . Keen , Laurence ; Scarff , Eileen , eds. ( 2002 ) . Windsor : medieval archaeology , art and architecture of the Thames Valley . British Archaeological Association . Saul , Nigel , ed. ( 2005 ) . St George 's Chapel , Windsor , in the Fourteenth Century . Boydell Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 117 - 4 . Richmond , Colin ; Scarff , Eileen , eds. ( 2001 ) . St Georges Chapel , Windsor , in the late Middle Ages . Windsor : Maney Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9539676 - 1 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle . Official website Charity Commission website A church near you / what 's on in the chapel Crests for the Knights of the Garter A guide to the chapel Report of Review Group on the Royal Peculiars 2009 Music manuscripts preserved in the Chapter Library Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle&oldid=847819568 '' Categories : 14th - century church buildings in England Burial sites of the House of Hanover Burial sites of the Seymour family Chapels in England Tudor architecture Windsor Castle Grade I listed churches in Berkshire Collegiate churches in England Church of England church buildings in Berkshire Royal Peculiars Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2017 Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Norsk Português Română Simple English Svenska اردو 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2018 , at 00 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is buried in saint georges chapel windsor	[]	[]
5595940164022421026	Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory	Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory - wikipedia Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory For the 2005 film adaptation , see Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( film ) . For the book , see Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Theatrical release poster Directed by Mel Stuart Produced by Stan Margulies David L. Wolper Screenplay by Roald Dahl Based on Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl Starring Gene Wilder Jack Albertson Peter Ostrum Roy Kinnear Julie Dawn Cole Leonard Stone Denise Nickerson Dodo Denney Paris Themmen Music by Leslie Bricusse Anthony Newley Walter Scharf Cinematography Arthur Ibbetson Edited by David Saxon Production company Wolper Pictures The Quaker Oats Company Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date June 30 , 1971 ( 1971 - 06 - 30 ) ( United States ) Running time 99 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $3 million Box office $4 million Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is a 1971 American musical fantasy film directed by Mel Stuart , and starring Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka . It is an adaptation of the 1964 novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl . Dahl was credited with writing the film 's screenplay ; however , David Seltzer , who went uncredited in the film , was brought in to re-work the screenplay against Dahl 's wishes , making major changes to the ending and adding musical numbers . These changes and other decisions made by the director led Dahl to disown the film . The film tells the story of Charlie Bucket ( Peter Ostrum ) as he receives a Golden Ticket and visits Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory with four other children from around the world . Filming took place in Munich in 1970 , and the film was released by Paramount Pictures on June 30 , 1971 . With a budget of just $3 million , the film received generally positive reviews and earned $4 million by the end of its original run . The film became highly popular in part through repeated television airings and home entertainment sales . In 1972 , the film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score , and Wilder was nominated for a Golden Globe as Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy , but lost both to Fiddler on the Roof . The film also introduced the song `` The Candy Man '' , which went on to become a popular hit when recorded by Sammy Davis Jr . In 2014 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Oompa Loompas 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Promotion 4 Reception 4.1 Dahl 's reaction 5 Animated adaptation 6 Home media 7 Music 8 Soundtrack 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) In a small town , Charlie Bucket , a poor paperboy , watches a group of children visit a candy shop . Walking home , he passes Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory . A mysterious tinker recites the first lines of William Allingham 's poem `` The Fairies '' , and tells Charlie , `` Nobody ever goes in , and nobody ever comes out . '' Charlie rushes home to his widowed mother and bedridden grandparents . After telling Grandpa Joe about the tinker , Joe reveals that Wonka locked the factory because other candy makers , including rival Arthur Slugworth , sent in spies to steal his recipes . Wonka disappeared , but after three years resumed selling candy ; the origin of Wonka 's labor force is unknown . The next day , Wonka announces that he hid five `` Golden Tickets '' in chocolate Wonka Bars . Finders of the tickets will receive a factory tour and a lifetime supply of chocolate . The first four tickets are found by the gluttonous Augustus Gloop , the spoiled Veruca Salt , the gum - chewing Violet Beauregarde , and the television - obsessed Mike Teevee . As each winner is announced on TV , a man whispers to them . Charlie opens two Wonka Bars but finds no Golden Ticket . The newspapers announce the fifth ticket was found by a millionaire in Paraguay causing Charlie to lose hope . The next day , Charlie finds money in a sewer and uses it to buy a Scrumdiddlyumptious bar . With the change , he buys another Wonka Bar for Joe . Walking home , as Charlie hears people reading the newspapers ; revealing that the Paraguayan millionaire 's ticket is a fake , he opens the Wonka Bar and finds the fifth golden ticket . While rushing home , he encounters the same man seen whispering to the other winners , who introduces himself as Slugworth and offers a reward for a sample of Wonka 's latest creation , the Everlasting Gobstopper . Returning home with the Golden Ticket , Charlie chooses Joe as his chaperone . The next day , Wonka greets the ticket winners and leads them inside where each signs a contract before the tour . The factory includes a river of chocolate , edible mushrooms , lickable wallpaper , and other sweets and inventions . As the visitors sample these , they see Wonka 's workers , small men known as Oompa - Loompas . Augustus falls into the chocolate river and is sucked up a pipe to the Fudge Room . In the Inventing Room , everyone receives an Everlasting Gobstopper . Violet becomes a large blueberry after chewing an experimental gum containing a three - course meal , over Wonka 's warnings . The group reaches the Fizzy Lifting Drinks Room , where Charlie and Joe ignore Wonka 's warning and sample the drinks . They float and have a near - fatal encounter with an exhaust fan before burping back to the ground . In the Chocolate Eggs Room , Veruca demands a golden goose for herself before falling into a garbage chute leading to the furnace , with her father falling in trying to rescue her . The group tests out Wonka 's Wonkavision , only for Mike to teleport himself and become a few inches tall . With Charlie and Joe remaining , Wonka says they are not getting anything because they violated the contract by stealing the Fizzy Lifting Drinks . Infuriated by this , Joe suggests to Charlie that he should give Slugworth the Gobstopper in revenge , but Charlie returns the candy back to Wonka . With this selfless act , Wonka declares Charlie as the winner . He reveals that Slugworth is actually Mr. Wilkinson , an employee of Wonka , and the offer to buy the Gobstopper was a morality test that only Charlie passed . The trio enter the `` Wonkavator '' , a multi-directional glass elevator that flies out of the factory . Soaring over the city , Wonka reveals that his actual prize is the factory ; Wonka created the contest to find an heir worthy enough , and so Charlie and his family can immediately move in . Wonka then reminds Charlie not to forget about the man who suddenly received everything he ever wanted . Charlie asks , `` What happened ? '' to which Wonka replies , `` He lived happily ever after . '' Cast ( edit ) The main cast . Back row ( left to right ) : Michael Bollner , Ursula Reit , Gene Wilder Front row ( left to right ) : Leonard Stone , Denise Nickerson , Roy Kinnear , Julie Dawn Cole , Dodo Denny , Paris Themmen , Peter Ostrum , Jack Albertson Main article : List of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory characters Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka Jack Albertson as Grandpa Joe Peter Ostrum as Charlie Bucket Roy Kinnear as Henry Salt Julie Dawn Cole as Veruca Salt Leonard Stone as Sam Beauregarde Denise Nickerson as Violet Beauregarde Dodo Denney as Mrs. Teevee Paris Themmen as Mike Teevee Ursula Reit as Mrs. Gloop Michael Bollner as Augustus Gloop Diana Sowle as Mrs. Bucket Aubrey Woods as Bill , the Candy Shop owner David Battley as Mr. Turkentine Günter Meisner as Arthur Slugworth / Mr. Wilkinson Peter Capell as The Tinker Werner Heyking as Mr. Jopeck Peter Stuart as Winkelmann Oompa Loompas ( edit ) Rusty Goffe Rudy Borgstaller George Claydon Malcolm Dixon Ismed Hassan Norman McGlen Angelo Muscat Pepe Poupee Marcus Powell Albert Wilkinson Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The idea for adapting the book into a film came about when director Mel Stuart 's ten - year - old daughter read the book and asked her father to make a film out of it , with `` Uncle Dave '' ( producer David L. Wolper ) producing it . Stuart showed the book to Wolper , who happened to be in the midst of talks with the Quaker Oats Company regarding a vehicle to introduce a new candy bar from its Chicago - based Breaker Confections subsidiary ( since renamed the Willy Wonka Candy Company and sold to Nestlé ) . Wolper persuaded the company , which had no previous experience in the film industry , to buy the rights to the book and finance the picture for the purpose of promoting a new Quaker Oats Wonka Bar . It was agreed that the film would be a children 's musical , and that Dahl himself would write the screenplay . However , the title was changed to Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory . Screenwriter David Seltzer conceived a gimmick exclusively for the film that had Wonka quoting numerous literary sources , such as Arthur O'Shaughnessy 's Ode , Oscar Wilde 's The Importance of Being Earnest , Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and William Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice . Seltzer also worked Slugworth ( only mentioned as a rival candy maker in the book ) into the plot as an actual character ( only to be revealed to be Wilkinson , one of Wonka 's agents , at the end of the film ) . Casting ( edit ) All six members of Monty Python : Graham Chapman , John Cleese , Eric Idle , Terry Gilliam , Terry Jones and Michael Palin , expressed interest in playing Wonka , but at the time they were deemed not big enough names for an international audience . Three of the members , Cleese , Idle and Palin , were later seriously considered for the same role in Tim Burton 's version . Before Wilder was officially cast for the role , producers considered Fred Astaire , Joel Grey , Ron Moody and Jon Pertwee . Spike Milligan was Roald Dahl 's original choice to play Willy Wonka . Peter Sellers even begged Dahl for the role . When Wilder was cast for the role , he accepted it on one condition : When I make my first entrance , I 'd like to come out of the door carrying a cane and then walk toward the crowd with a limp . After the crowd sees Willy Wonka is a cripple , they all whisper to themselves and then become deathly quiet . As I walk toward them , my cane sinks into one of the cobblestones I 'm walking on and stands straight up , by itself ; but I keep on walking , until I realize that I no longer have my cane . I start to fall forward , and just before I hit the ground , I do a beautiful forward somersault and bounce back up , to great applause . -- Gene Wilder The reason why Wilder wanted this in the film was that `` from that time on , no one will know if I 'm lying or telling the truth . '' Jean Stapleton turned down the role of Mrs. Teevee . Jim Backus was considered for the role of Sam Beauregarde . Sammy Davis , Jr. wanted to play Bill , the candy store owner , but Stuart did not like the idea because he felt that the presence of a big star in the candy store scene would break the reality . Nevertheless , Davis ' recording of the film 's opening musical number , `` The Candy Man , '' would top the Billboard magazine record charts in 1972 , despite the fact that Davis initially hated the song . Anthony Newley also wanted to play Bill , but Stuart also objected to this for the same reason . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography commenced on August 31 , 1970 , and ended on November 19 , 1970 . The primary shooting location was Munich , Bavaria , West Germany , because it was significantly cheaper than filming in the United States and the setting was conducive to Wonka 's factory ; Stuart also liked the ambiguity and unfamiliarity of the location . External shots of the factory were filmed at the gasworks of Stadtwerke München ( Emmy - Noether - Straße 10 ) ; the entrance and side buildings still exist . The exterior of Charlie Bucket 's house , which was only a set constructed for the film , was filmed at Quellenstraße in Munich , Bavaria . Charlie 's school was filmed at Katholisches Pfarramt St. Sylvester , Biedersteiner Straße 1 in Munich . Bill 's Candy Shop was filmed at Lilienstraße , Munich . The closing sequence when the Wonkavator is flying above the factory is footage of Nördlingen in Bavaria . Munich Gasworks as it appears today ( building on the left ) Munich Gasworks as it appears today Nördlingen , the town seen from above at the end of the film Production designer Harper Goff centered the factory on the massive Chocolate Room . According to Paris Themmen , who played Mike Teevee , `` The river was made of water with food coloring . At one point , they poured some cocoa powder into it to try to thicken it but it did n't really work . When asked this question , Michael Böllner , who played Augustus Gloop , answers , ' It vas dirty , stinking vater . ' '' When interviewed for the 30th anniversary special edition , Gene Wilder stated that he enjoyed working with most of the child actors , but said that he and the crew had some problems with Paris Themmen , claiming that he was `` a handful '' . Promotion ( edit ) Before its release , the film received advance publicity though TV commercials offering a `` Willy Wonka candy factory kit '' for sending $1.00 and two seals from boxes of Quaker cereals such as King Vitaman , Life and any of the Cap'n Crunch brands . Reception ( edit ) Willy Wonka was released on June 30 , 1971 . The film was not a big success , being the 53rd highest - grossing film of the year in the U.S. , earning just over $2.1 million on its opening weekend . It received positive reviews from critics such as Roger Ebert who gave the film a four out of four stars , while comparing it to The Wizard of Oz . Ebert said , `` All of this is preface to a simple statement : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory is probably the best film of its sort since The Wizard of Oz . It is everything that family movies usually claim to be , but are n't : Delightful , funny , scary , exciting , and , most of all , a genuine work of imagination . `` Willy Wonka '' is such a surely and wonderfully spun fantasy that it works on all kinds of minds , and it is fascinating because , like all classic fantasy , it is fascinated with itself . '' By the mid-1980s , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory had experienced a spike in popularity thanks in large part to repeated television broadcasts and home video sales . Following a 25th anniversary theatrical re-release in 1996 , it was released on DVD the next year , allowing it to reach a new generation of viewers . The film was released as a remastered special edition on DVD and VHS in 2001 to commemorate the film 's 30th anniversary . In 2003 , Entertainment Weekly ranked it 25th in the `` Top 50 Cult Movies '' of all time . Willy Wonka was ranked No. 74 on Bravo 's 100 Scariest Movie Moments for the `` scary tunnel '' scene . As of 2017 , the film holds a 91 % `` Fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 based on 42 reviews . The site 's critical consensus states : `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is strange yet comforting , full of narrative detours that do n't always work but express the film 's uniqueness '' . Dahl 's reaction ( edit ) Dahl disowned the film , the script of which was partially rewritten by David Seltzer after Dahl failed to meet deadlines . Dahl said he was `` disappointed '' because `` he thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie '' , as well as the casting of Gene Wilder instead of Spike Milligan . Dahl was also `` infuriated '' by the deviations in the plot Seltzer devised in his draft of the screenplay , including the conversion of Slugworth , a minor character in the book , into a spy ( so that the film could have a villain ) and the `` fizzy lifting drinks '' scene along with music other than the original Oompa Loompa compositions ( including `` Pure Imagination '' and `` The Candy Man '' ) , and the ending dialogue for the movie . In 1996 , Dahl 's second wife Felicity commented on her husband 's objections towards the film saying `` they always want to change a book 's storyline . What makes Hollywood think children want the endings changed for a film , when they accept it in a book ? '' Animated adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory In 2017 , an animated adaptation of the film with Tom and Jerry was released . Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory stars JP Karliak as Willy Wonka and is dedicated to Gene Wilder , who died less than a year before the release . Home media ( edit ) The film was first released on DVD in 1997 / 1999 in a `` 25th anniversary edition '' as a double sided disc containing a widescreen and `` standard '' version . The `` standard '' version is an open matte print , where the mattes used to make the image widescreen are removed , revealing information originally intended to be hidden from viewers . VHS and Betamax copies were also available , but only containing the `` standard '' version . A special edition DVD was released , celebrating the film 's 30th anniversary , on August 28 , 2001 , but in fullscreen only . Due to the lack of a letterboxed release , fan petitioning eventually led Warner Home Video to issue a widescreen version on November 13 , 2001 . It was also released on VHS , with only one of the special features ( a making - of feature ) . Several original cast members reunited to film documentary footage for this special edition DVD release . The two editions featured restored sound , and better picture quality . In addition to the documentary , the DVD included a trailer , a gallery , and audio commentary by the cast . In 2007 , Warner Home Video released the film on HD DVD with all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD . The film was released on Blu - ray on October 20 , 2009 . It includes all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD and 2007 HD - DVD as well as a 38 - page book . In 2011 , a new deluxe - 40th - anniversary edition Blu - ray / DVD set was released on November 1 , consisting of the film on Blu - ray Disc and DVD as well as a bonus features disc . The set also included a variety of rarities such as a Wonka Bar - designed tin , four scented pencils , a scented eraser , a book detailing the making of the film , original production papers and a Golden Ticket to win a trip to Los Angeles . The set is now out of print . Music ( edit ) The Academy Award - nominated original score and songs were composed by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley , and musical direction was by Walter Scharf . The soundtrack was first released by Paramount Records in 1971 . On October 8 , 1996 , Hip - O Records ( in conjunction with MCA Records , which by then owned the Paramount catalog ) , released the soundtrack on CD as a `` 25th Anniversary Edition '' . In 2016 , UMe and Geffen Records released a 45th Anniversary Edition LP . The music and songs , in order of appearance , are : `` Main Title '' -- Instrumental medley of `` ( I 've Got A ) Golden Ticket '' and `` Pure Imagination '' `` The Candy Man '' -- Aubrey Woods `` Cheer Up , Charlie '' -- Diana Lee ( dubbing over Diana Sowle ) `` ( I 've Got A ) Golden Ticket '' -- Jack Albertson and Peter Ostrum `` Pure Imagination '' -- Gene Wilder `` Oompa Loompa ( Augustus ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` The Wondrous Boat Ride '' / `` The Rowing Song '' -- Gene Wilder `` Oompa Loompa ( Violet ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` I Want It Now ! '' -- Julie Dawn Cole `` Oompa Loompa ( Veruca ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` Ach , so fromm '' ( alternately titled `` M'appari '' , from Martha ) -- Gene Wilder `` Oompa Loompa ( Mike ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` End Credits '' -- `` Pure Imagination '' Soundtrack ( edit ) The track listing for the soundtrack is as follows : `` Main Title '' ( `` Golden Ticket '' / `` Pure Imagination '' ) `` The Candy Man '' `` Charlie 's Paper Run '' `` Cheer Up Charlie '' `` Lucky Charlie '' `` ( I 've Got A ) Golden Ticket '' `` Pure Imagination '' `` Oompa Loompa '' `` The Wondrous Boat Ride '' `` Everlasting Gobstoppers / Oompa Loompa '' `` The Bubble Machine '' `` I Want It Now / Oompa Loompa '' `` Wonkamobile , Wonkavision / Oompa Loompa '' `` Wonkavator / End Title '' ( `` Pure Imagination '' ) See also ( edit ) Film portal 1970s portal List of American films of 1971 List of films featuring miniature people Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Because Paramount Pictures decided not to renew distribution rights , the film rights were transferred to Warner Bros. in 1977 , when Wolper Pictures , Ltd. was bought by the company and Quaker Oats sold its share of the film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . August 20 , 1971 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) - Financial Information '' . The-numbers.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Roald Dahl Hated The Willy Wonka And The Chocolate Factory Film '' . yahoo . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Liz Buckingham , trustee for the Roald Dahl Museum , quoted in Tom Bishop : `` Willy Wonka 's Everlasting Film Plot '' , BBC News , July 2005 Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : J.M. Kenny ( Writer , Director , Producer ) ( 2001 ) . Pure Imagination : The Story of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( DVD ) . USA : Warner Home Video . Retrieved December 2 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Paur , Joey . `` 25 Fun Facts About Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Honeybone , Nigel ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` Film Review : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Segal , David ( March 28 , 2005 ) . `` Gene Wilder : It Hurts to Laugh '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Lost Roles of Peter Sellers '' . Splitsider . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Perkins , Will . `` Gene Wilder 's Willy Wonka Demands Revealed '' . Yahoo.com . Yahoo . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jean Stapleton Dies : Top 10 Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy.com . June 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Ed ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` Five Things You Should Know About Jean Stapleton '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) : Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ParisThemmenAMA comments on I am Paris Themmen . I played Mike Teevee in the original Willy Wonka . AMA ! '' . Reddit.com . September 2 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Mel ; Young , Josh ( November 1 , 2001 ) . Pure Imagination : The Making of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0312287771 . Jump up ^ robatsea2009 ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Willy Wonka Candy Factory 1971 TV commercial '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory : Box Office Data , DVD and Blu - ray Sales , Movie News , Cast and Crew Information '' . The-numbers.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 1 , 1971 ) . `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bravo 's ' The 100 Scariest Movie Moments ' '' . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at Rotten Tomatoes ^ Jump up to : Bishop , Tom ( July 11 , 2005 ) . `` Willy Wonka 's Everlasting Film Plot '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . He thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie , '' said Liz Attenborough , trustee of the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in Buckinghamshire . `` For him the book was about Charlie . Jump up ^ Pure Imagination : The Story of `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . Two Dog Productions Inc. 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) '' . Dvdmg.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory : 30th Anniversary Edition ( 1971 ) '' . Dvdmg.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( HD DVD ) - IGN '' . Dvd.ign.com . June 6 , 2007 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` News : Willy Wonka & The Chocolate Factory ( US - BD ) '' . DVDActive.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cook , Tommy ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory 40th Anniversary Box Set Blu - ray Review '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Wikimedia Commons has media related to Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory on IMDb Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at the TCM Movie Database Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at Rotten Tomatoes The AFI Catalog of Feature Films ... Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Roald Dahl 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Books Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator Films Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Chocolate Factory soundtrack Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Characters Willy Wonka Theater Roald Dahl 's Willy Wonka ( 2004 musical ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 musical ) The Golden Ticket Music Charlie and the Chocolate Factory : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Pure Imagination '' `` The Candy Man '' Miscellaneous The Ride Video games Wonka Bar Everlasting Gobstopper Primus & the Chocolate Factory with the Fungi Ensemble The Willy Wonka Candy Company Films directed by Mel Stuart Four Days in November ( 1964 ) If It 's Tuesday , This Must Be Belgium ( 1969 ) I Love My Wife ( 1970 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) One Is a Lonely Number ( 1972 ) Wattstax ( 1973 ) Mean Dog Blues ( 1978 ) The Triangle Factory Fire Scandal ( 1979 ) The White Lions ( 1981 ) Roald Dahl Children 's fiction The Gremlins ( 1943 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1961 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 1964 ) The Magic Finger ( 1966 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 1970 ) Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator ( 1972 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1975 ) The Enormous Crocodile ( 1978 ) The Twits ( 1980 ) George 's Marvellous Medicine ( 1981 ) The BFG ( 1982 ) The Witches ( 1983 ) The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me ( 1985 ) Matilda ( 1988 ) Esio Trot ( 1990 ) The Vicar of Nibbleswicke ( 1991 ) The Minpins ( 1991 ) Children 's poetry Revolting Rhymes ( 1982 ) Dirty Beasts ( 1983 ) Rhyme Stew ( 1989 ) Adult novels Sometime Never : A Fable for Supermen ( 1948 ) My Uncle Oswald ( 1979 ) Adult short story collections Over to You : Ten Stories of Flyers and Flying ( 1946 ) Someone Like You ( 1953 ) Kiss Kiss ( 1960 ) Lamb to the Slaughter ( 1953 ) Switch Bitch ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More ( 1977 ) The Best of Roald Dahl ( 1978 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 ) More Tales of the Unexpected ( 1980 ) The Roald Dahl Omnibus ( 1986 ) Two Fables ( 1986 ) Ah , Sweet Mystery of Life : The Country Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1989 ) The Collected Short Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1991 ) The Roald Dahl Treasury ( 1997 ) The Great Automatic Grammatizator ( 1998 ) Skin and Other Stories ( 2000 ) Roald Dahl : Collected Stories ( 2006 ) Non-fiction The Mildenhall Treasure ( 1946 ) Boy : Tales of Childhood ( 1984 ) Going Solo ( 1986 ) Memories with Food at Gipsy House ( 1991 ) Roald Dahl 's Guide to Railway Safety ( 1991 ) My Year ( 1993 ) Film adaptations 36 Hours ( 1965 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1989 ) The BFG ( 1989 ) The Witches ( 1990 ) Four Rooms ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Matilda ( 1996 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) Roald Dahl 's Esio Trot ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) Revolting Rhymes ( 2016 ) Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 2017 ) Film scripts The Bells of Hell Go Ting - a-ling - a-ling ( 1966 , unfinished ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) The Night Digger ( 1971 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Television series ' Way Out ( 1961 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 -- 88 ) Musicals and plays The Honeys ( 1955 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 2010 ) Matilda ( 2010 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 2016 ) See also Quentin Blake Roald Dahl bibliography Roald Dahl short stories bibliography Roald Dahl 's Book of Ghost Stories ( 1983 ) List of Tales of the Unexpected episodes Related Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre Roald Dahl Children 's Gallery Patricia Neal ( wife ) Tessa Dahl ( daughter ) Ophelia Dahl ( daughter ) Lucy Dahl ( daughter ) Sophie Dahl ( granddaughter ) Phoebe Dahl ( granddaughter ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Wonka_%26_the_Chocolate_Factory&oldid=846477311 '' Categories : 1971 films English - language films Willy Wonka American films 1970s musical films 1970s fantasy films American children 's fantasy films American musical films Compositions by Leslie Bricusse Films about children Films about food and drink Films based on British novels Films based on children 's books Films based on fantasy novels Films based on works by Roald Dahl Films directed by Mel Stuart Films set in Europe Films shot in Bavaria Musical fantasy films Quaker Oats Company Screenplays by Roald Dahl Size change in fiction United States National Film Registry films The Wolper Organization films Paramount Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 00 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the oompa loompas in the original charlie and the chocolate factory	[]	[]
-5028737628694641976	List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes	List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes - wikipedia List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes Jump to : navigation , search Star vs. the Forces of Evil is an American animated television series created by Daron Nefcy and produced by Disney Television Animation . The series centers on Star Butterfly , a magical princess from the dimension of Mewni who is sent to Earth by her parents the Queen and King Butterfly , when they decide she should learn to wield magic away from their kingdom . As an exchange student on Earth , she boards the house of Marco Diaz whom she befriends as they both attend high school . Before the series was picked up , Nefcy had worked as an artist for Disney 's Wander Over Yonder and Nickelodeon 's Robot and Monster . The first episode of the series premiered on January 18 , 2015 , on Disney Channel . Succeeding episodes have premiered on Disney XD starting March 30 , 2015 . The series had been renewed for a second season a month before its Disney XD premiere . In March 2016 it was renewed for a third season prior to its second - season premiere scheduled for July that year . The episode `` Bon Bon the Birthday Clown '' marked the mid-season finale for the second season , according to Nefcy . The second half of the season aired entirely in February 2017 on weekdays , with either a half - episode segment or a full episode premiering each day . In the same month , the series was renewed for a fourth season . A two - hour television film called The Battle for Mewni , which comprises the first four episodes of the third season , premiered on July 15 , 2017 , and the succeeding third - season episodes began airing on November 6 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 3 Notes 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 22 July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) TBA July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA Episode list ( edit ) The episodes are usually broadcast as two 11 - minute segments . Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written & storyboarded by Story by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 1a 1a `` Star Comes to Earth '' Mike Mullen Mike Mullen Daron Nefcy , Dave Wasson , & Jordana Arkin January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 101 2.33 On her 14th birthday , Princess Star Butterfly receives a magical wand , but when she sets fire to the castle , she is sent to Earth to train . There , she enrolls in Echo Creek Academy where the principal pairs her with Marco Diaz , a reputed `` safe kid '' . Upon befriending Marco , Star ends up discovering her skills when she is attacked by Ludo and his army of monsters . 1b 1b `` Party with a Pony '' Mike Mullen Ian Wasseluk Daron Nefcy January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 101 2.33 Star receives a visit from Flying Princess Pony Head , her best friend from Mewni . Pony Head is jealous that Marco is Star 's best friend on Earth . She invites Star and Marco to various dance clubs , but she competes with Marco for Star 's attention and tries to strand him at a video arcade . Meanwhile , guards have been hot on Pony Head 's trail . Eventually , King Pony Head arrives to have the guards take Pony Head to St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses . 2a 2a `` Matchmaker '' Aaron Hammersley Aaron Hammersley , Daron Nefcy , Lane Lueras , & Dave Stone Daron Nefcy , Dave Wasson , & Jordana Arkin March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) 102 0.90 Star fails her first test , so she tries to play matchmaker for their math teacher Miss Skullnick to get a better grade . However , she winds up turning her into a troll . When Ludo and his minions attack , one of the monsters falls for Skullnick . 2b 2b `` School Spirit '' Aaron Hammersley Zeus Cervas & Aaron Hammersley Nate Federman March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) 102 0.90 Echo Creek Academy prepares for a football game against their rival school . Marco tries to protect Ferguson , who has become the team mascot , from being kidnapped . Star takes the concept of going to battle literally , and booby traps the field with bombs , evil kittens , and giant birds . 3a 3a `` Monster Arm '' Aaron Hammersley Aaron Hammersley & Bert Youn Dave Wasson April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 103 0.83 Marco breaks his arm before a karate tournament . Star uses her wand to fix it , but transforms it into a tentacle arm . As Star tries to find a spell to reverse it , Marco begins to like his new powers associated with the arm . However , the arm harbors an evil sentience that intends to take over the world . 3b 3b `` The Other Exchange Student '' Mike Mullen Carrie Liao Danielle Koenig April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 103 0.83 When the Diaz family receives a visit by their former foreign exchange student Gustav from Scandinavia , Gustav soon becomes the family favorite with his meatballs , that Star feels neglected . She senses something is wrong when she discovers Gustav harbors some books and media about how to act like a Scandinavian in his backpack . 4a 4a `` Cheer up Star '' Aaron Hammersley Carrie Liao , Aaron Hammersley , & Dominic Bisignano Daron Nefcy , Dave Wasson , & Jordana Arkin April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 104 0.57 Star and Marco are trapped inside a tool shed by Ludo 's army . As Marco tries to fashion something to fight them off , he recounts how he tried to cheer up Star because she left her phone number for her crush , a keytar - playing student named Oskar , but he has not called her back . Guest star : Jon Heder as Oskar 4b 4b `` Quest Buy '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano Mike Yank April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 104 0.57 When Star 's wand runs low on power , she and Marco visit Quest Buy , a large inter-dimensional retail store to buy a new charger . However , the location of the charger department proves extremely difficult to find and to get to . Meanwhile , Ludo and his minions , who are shopping there for a beak sharpener , pursue Star to try to take her wand . 5a 5a `` Diaz Family Vacation '' Piero Piluso Zeus Cervas , Christopher Graham , & Piero Piluso Piero Piluso & Mike Yank April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 105 0.57 As an anniversary gift for Marco 's parents , Star invites them and Marco to Mewni , but must avoid being seen by her father as Star is not allowed to leave Earth . While they visit a Mewni village , Star sees her father strolling about , and directs the Diaz family into a deadly forest . 5b 5b `` Brittney 's Party '' Mike Mullen Mike Mullen & Ian Wasseluk Jordana Arkin April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 105 0.57 Star and Marco crash Brittney Wong 's birthday event which takes place on a party bus . While Star tries to make the party `` fun '' , Marco gets carsick . Ludo and his minions attack and hijack the bus . 6a 6a `` Mewberty '' Aaron Hammersley Aaron Hammersley & Dominic Bisignano Aaron Hammersley & Dominic Bisignano June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 106 0.74 Star experiences `` mewberty '' , that is , her skin breaks out in hearts whenever she is near boys . Although Marco thinks it 's much like the Earthling condition , Star 's is more extreme . She sprouts hearts all over her body , and transforms into a butterfly creature that captures boys and steals them away . Marco turns to Glossaryck , a genie inside Star 's book of magic , for advice on how to stop her . Guest star : Jeffrey Tambor as Glossaryck 6b 6b `` Pixtopia '' Mike Mullen Christofer Graham , Mike Mullen , & Carlos Ramos Mike Yank June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 106 0.74 After making prank calls on Star 's magic mirror , Marco , Alfonzo , Ferguson , and Star must go to Pixtopia : Land Of The Pixies and pay the bill . When they ca n't pay it , they are forced to work in a mine shaft . The Pixie Empress flirts with Ferguson . Guest stars : Anna Camp as Pixie Empress , Danny Woodburn as Pixie Taskmaster 7a 7a `` Lobster Claws '' Mike Mullen & Piero Piluso Scott O'Brien & Piero Piluso Nate Federman June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 107 0.52 Ludo fires his minion Lobster Claws after he accidentally takes off Deer Beard 's antler when trying to get Star 's wand . Marco tries to help Lobster Claws become good while Star thinks he can not be reformed . 7b 7b `` Sleep Spells '' Mike Mullen Mike Mullen & Ian Wasseluk Danielle Koenig , Mike Mullen , & Ian Wasseluk June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 107 0.52 Star and Marco try to determine who has been redecorating her room , with Mr. Diaz only accounting for a small project . Marco discovers that Star has been `` sleep spelling '' , that is , casting spells when sleepwalking . He tries psychology to try to treat her but learns that she is actually trying to defend herself from an intruder , revealed to be Princess Smooshy , an ugly `` goblin - elephant '' princess who wants to steal Star 's face so she can avoid getting sent back to St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses after escaping it . 8a 8a `` Blood Moon Ball '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Jordana Arkin , Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Daron Nefcy , & Dave Wasson July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 108 0.67 Star 's ex-boyfriend Tom invites her to the Blood Moon Ball , an Underworld event that occurs once every 667 years . Tom claims he has turned over a new leaf , having hired an anger management consultant . Marco does not believe Tom has changed but Star decides to go anyway . When Marco disrupts Tom 's plan to take Star for himself under the Blood Moon 's light , Tom reverts to his old self . Guest star : Rider Strong as Tom 8b 8b `` Fortune Cookies '' Mike Mullen Carrie Liao & Mike Mullen Nate Federman July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 108 0.67 Following yet another victory over Ludo and his minions , Marco and Star eat at a Chinese restaurant . Marco tricks Star into thinking the sayings in fortune cookies can really predict the future . Meanwhile , Ludo hires a monster named Toffee to shape up his minions . They come up with a plan to take advantage of Star 's fortune cookie obsession . Guest star : Michael C. Hall as Toffee 9a 9a `` Freeze Day '' Mike Mullen Carrie Liao & Mike Mullen Mike Yank July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) 109 0.37 Star freezes time with her wand so that Marco can appear at Echo Creek Academy on time for his morning greeting nod with his crush Jackie Lynn Thomas . But when she is unable to cancel out the effects , she and Marco visit the Plains of Time in order to get Father Time to restart time again . Guest star : Jim Gaffigan as Father Time 9b 9b `` Royal Pain '' Piero Piluso Piero Piluso & Ian Wasseluk Keith Kaczorek July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) 109 0.37 Star gets an unexpected visit from her father who had been kicked out of the house for not picking up after himself . After getting excited over Earth activities such as using a flush toilet and playing miniature golf , he ends up overstaying his welcome . He hosts a party with his inter-dimensional friends , but it is soon crashed by a sun character named Helios . Guest star : Jamie Kennedy as Helios 10 10 `` St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses '' Piero Piluso Piero Piluso Nate Federman , Piero Piluso , & Mike Yank August 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 10 ) 110 0.50 Star and Marco go undercover as new princess students in order to break Flying Princess Pony Head out of St. Olga 's on her birthday . They discover that Pony Head has been brainwashed to be a compliant princess and try to evade the robot guards and the reform school 's headmistress Miss Heinous . Guest stars : Jessica Walter as Miss Heinous , Jodi Benson as Singing Teacher 11a 11a `` Mewnipendance Day '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Kyle Neswald , & Carder Scholin Dominic Bisignano , Nate Federman , & Aaron Hammersley August 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) 111 0.51 Star Butterfly recruits her classmates , Miss Skullnick , and the Dojo Sensei to participate in a battle reenactment of Mewni 's Independence Day . Ludo and Toffee use a special floating eye device to spy on Star and her activities . Ludo 's minion Buff Frog infiltrates the reenactment as one of the monsters to try to steal the wand . 11b 11b `` The Banagic Incident '' Mike Mullen Dominic Bisignano , Nate Cash , Mike Mullen , Kyle Neswald , & Carder Scholin Mike Yank August 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) 111 0.51 Impressed by a commercial for a `` magical '' Earth product called a Banagic Wand , Star tries to get Marco to buy it , but Marco refuses as he has karate class . Star ends up going into town by herself where she confuses a pirate - themed restaurant for having real pirates and trashes the place . Meanwhile , Marco 's Dojo Sensei wants his students to channel their emotions to walk across hot coals . 12a 12a `` Interdimensional Field Trip '' Piero Piluso Piero Piluso & Ian Wasseluk Nate Federman September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) 112 0.55 Miss Skullnick 's class finds the field trip to the Echo Creek Museum of Paper Clips boring , so Star volunteers to lead a trip to the Dimension of Wonders and Amazement . But when she lets the students do whatever they want , she puts the entire class in danger . Meanwhile , Miss Skullnick visits an exhibit on troll history . When a yarn monster captures the class , Star and Miss Skullnick must work together to save them . 12b 12b `` Marco Grows a Beard '' Mike Mullen & Piero Piluso Tyler Chen Mike Yank September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) 112 0.55 Star botches a spell that would help Marco grow a beard in order to impress Jackie Lynn Thomas . The hair grows out of control , engulfing the house , and Star loses her wand in the midst of it . Meanwhile , Ludo leads his minions through the overgrown beard to find the wand . 13 13 `` Storm the Castle '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Christopher Graham , Aaron Hammersley , & Ian Wasseluk Dominic Bisignano , Nate Federman , Aaron Hammersley , Daron Nefcy , & Mike Yank September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 113 0.68 Toffee has taken over Ludo 's castle ; he has one of Ludo 's minions abduct Marco . Star allies with Buff Frog ( and the kicked - out Ludo ) to storm the castle and beat up Ludo 's former minions and free Marco . However , Toffee arranges for the box imprisoning Marco to gradually collapse , forcing Star to destroy her wand in exchange for sparing Marco . The resulting explosion destroys Ludo 's castle and Toffee , after which Star banishes Ludo . Star is left with a new wand that is missing a piece . Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written & storyboarded by Story by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14a 1a `` My New Wand ! '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , & Daron Nefcy July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 201 0.61 As Marco gets out of the shower , Star activates her new wand , but it accidentally knocks Marco , her wand , and her book of spells into her closet . Unable to open the closet door , Star consults with Glossaryck who suggests she digs deep into her soul to use magic without her wand . Meanwhile , as Marco is advised by Glossaryck to sort out the secrets and stuff in Star 's closet . When he finds and starts reading Star 's journal , Star panics and unleashes her innate magic , which unlocks the door and frees Marco . 14b 1b `` Ludo in the Wild '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , & Jushtin Lee Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , & Daron Nefcy July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 201 0.61 After the destruction of his castle , Ludo is thrown into the cosmos by Star and lands in a forested location . He competes with a giant spider as they go ice fishing . When a bag of potato chips is found , he and the giant spider fight until he wins . He also tames a bald eagle . When he spots Star in the woods , he chases her until he realizes he is back on Mewni . He also obtains a wand of his own which holds the other half of Star 's wand magic . 15a 2a `` Mr. Candle Cares '' Giancarlo Volpe Le Tang & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Katie Crown , Aaron Hammersley , & Daron Nefcy July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 202 0.56 Guidance counselor Mr. Candle tells Star that she is fated to be Queen of Mewni . She has to read her mother 's book on how to act like a queen but she gets frustrated and decides to dress up in a more rebellious punk style . Meanwhile , Marco , who is displeased of Candle 's career suggestion of being the head janitor on Garbage Island , discovers that Mr. Candle is actually in cahoots with Tom , who planned to ensure `` Starco '' does n't happen . He confronts Mr. Candle but is captured by Tom , and must duel Tom to get his freedom . Guest star : Dave Allen as Mr. Candle 15b 2b `` Red Belt '' Piero Piluso John Mathot & Piero Piluso Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 202 0.56 Marco trains for a red belt in karate . However , after visiting his sensei 's home , he discovers his sensei lives with his mother and does not even have a red belt . Sensei explains that he never got to watch the instructional video for the red belt as the tape got jammed in his video player . Marco and sensei visit thrift shops and eventually come across a rare video store where they have to defeat the store owner to win the tape . Meanwhile , Star looks all over the house for a hammer in order to put up a new poster that she just obtained . 16a 3a `` Star on Wheels '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 203 0.54 Marco teaches Star how to ride a bicycle , but Star does not know how to stop . To make things worse , she refuses to listen to Marco 's request to pedal backwards since Marco had tricked Star into thinking he would not let go of the bike . Marco gets a car ride with Oskar as they pursue Star to get her the wand . Glossaryck appears and joins in the fun . 16b 3b `` Fetch '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , Aaron Hammersley , & Aleth Romanillos Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amalia Levari & Daron Nefcy July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 203 0.54 Star throws her wand by accident and it ends up in the mouth of a growling dog who refuses to let it go . She has to take care of the dog and find its owner . Meanwhile , Marco struggles to get a straw into his juice box and has to take care of the laser puppies . She eventually discovers the dog named Willoughby is actually an extra-dimensional being who did n't like life on her planet , so Star has her adopted by a strange lady named Lydia . Guest stars : Mayim Bialik as Willoughby , Amy Sedaris as Lydia 17a 4a `` Star vs. Echo Creek '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Amelia Lorenz , Le Tang , & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Todd Casey , Aaron Hammersley , & Daron Nefcy August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 204 0.50 After getting a sugar high from seasoning her burrito with sugar , Star sets off some magic that accidentally causes a sign to fall and crush a police cruiser . While trying to evade the police , Star encounters a woman by the river bank named Brigid who likes making things out of discarded hair and taking care of injured animals . She later encounters an underwater sea creature who tells her that hiding out is a good thing , but it is revealed the creature is actually her own conscience trying to convince her that she has n't made a big mistake . Missing her family and friends , she returns to a very worried Marco and turns herself in to the police who have her wash the other squad cars as part of her police - supervised community service . Guest star : Yvette Nicole Brown as Brigid 17b 4b `` Wand to Wand '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Le Tang , & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 204 0.50 Star tries to use her wand to clean up the Diaz home before Marco 's parents return , but ends up summoning a whimsical cloud that makes an even bigger mess . Meanwhile , Ludo tries to activate his so he can fight off some rats at a tavern , learning that it works when he gets beat up and enraged . 18a 5a `` Starstruck '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Tyler Chen Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Daron Nefcy , & Suzie Vleck August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 205 0.50 While foraging for donuts that are being tossed at the end of the day , Star encounters Mina Loveberry , a magical girl from Mewni who is Star 's idol . Mina has been living as a homeless person on Earth . Star follows Mina and tries to train in her ways , which annoys Marco . At a park , when Mina announces she plans to take over the world , the people decide to hold a vote on whether Mina should rule , and Star is left to break the tie . Guest star : Amy Sedaris as Mina Loveberry 18b 5b `` Camping Trip '' John Infantino & Piero Piluso John Infantino , Brandon Kruse , & Piero Piluso Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Ben Joseph , & Daron Nefcy August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 205 0.50 Marco wants to show Star the geyser '' Old Youthful '' during a Diaz camping trip . King Butterfly joins them on the trip to learn what Earth camping is like . But , King Butterfly 's antics get him in trouble several times with the park ranger . When Marco reveals he wanted to show Star the geyser , and the ranger says it 's likely the last time it will ever erupt , the three try to rush there to see it . 19a 6a `` Starsitting '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 206 0.36 Star and Marco are put in charge of watching Buff Frog 's tadpoles . Marco wants to follow the Buff Baby handbook , while Star just wants to cuddle them and poke at them . Things get complicated when the tadpoles sprout their legs and hop around . 19b 6b `` On the Job '' Piero Piluso John Mathot & Piero Piluso Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 206 0.36 While Star and Marco are babysitting his tadpoles , Buff Frog goes on a mission with Boo Fly and other monsters on finding who has been stealing Mewnian corn , but he keeps thinking about his tadpoles during the job , causing him to be a little distracted and klutzy . 20a 7a `` Goblin Dogs '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , John Infantino , & Aleth Romanillos Dominic Bisignano , Nate Federman , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Amalia Levari , & Daron Nefcy September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 207 0.51 Star , Marco , Pony Head , and a bush - themed female named Kelly go to an unidentified desert - themed dimension to purchase a Goblin Dog ( a goblin version of a hot dog ) . They end up having a hard time when they must deal with the various jobs of the goblin vendor Roy and the many lines that lead to the Goblin Dog truck . Guest star : Jerry Trainor as Roy 20b 7b `` By the Book '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 207 0.51 Star has not been following the advices of Glossaryck when it comes to mastering new spells causing the two of them to have a falling out . Marco does various things in order to get Star and Glossaryck to reconcile . Meanwhile , Ludo hears the voices from within the wand that tell him what he needs to master his wand . 21a 8a `` Game of Flags '' Piero Piluso Evon Freeman , John Mathot , & Piero Piluso Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 208 0.29 During a reunion between Star 's parents ' families -- the Butterflies and the Johansens -- Star is placed at the kids ' table . The two families compete in Flags , a king of the hill game where whoever plants their flag atop a dangerous hill full of obstacles gets to look down on the rival family members for a year . Against the wishes of her mother , Star fashions a decoy at the table and participates in Flags . Marco tries to keep up with Star and later tries to convince her to stop when he realizes how serious the participants are in winning . 21b 8b `` Girls ' Day Out '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Le Tang , & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 208 0.29 Star is sent to detention for disrupting Miss Skullnick 's class when she frees the class 's pet hamster Marisol . Although she could easily escape , she is convinced by Janna and the other detention students that she is the Mayor of Detention , and is assigned to help the students out with their needs . She helps all of them except for Toby , a kid who wants replacement batteries for his remote so he can watch a pro wrestling show on TV . Star and Janna try to find replacement batteries by sneaking out to Oskar and getting ones from his keytar . Meanwhile , Marco is tasked to find Marisol and gets his hand stuck in a drain pipe . 22a 9a `` Sleepover '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) 209 0.27 Star hosts a sleepover with her girl classmates ( Janna , Jackie , & Starfan13 ) and Pony Head . They recruit Marco to play a truth or dare game called `` Truth or Punishment '' , where the Truth or Punishment cube administers punishments to everyone when someone lies , and refuses to free everyone until the game is over . The cube 's final question is who is their greatest crush . Marco admits he likes Jackie , but the cube insists someone has lied , and informs that Marco was n't the one who lied . When Star makes a monologue to the cube about how a person 's mind and heart disagree , and how feeling are always changing , the cube starts to malfunction after Star makes some examples and self - destructs . After everyone goes home , the discarded cube springs to life one last time , answering the question about Star 's crush , but it gets destroyed before the audience gets a clear answer . 22b 9b `` Gift of the Card '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Annisa Adjani & Natasha Kline Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) 209 0.27 After having lost her job at St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses , Miss Heinous hires a lizard - man bounty hunter named Rasticore to destroy Princess Star and to capture Princess Marco . Star begs Marco to use his Quest Buy gift card . Marco agrees , but because it 's a `` friends to the end '' card , he has to use it on something he really wants , and if he does n't redeem it by midnight when it expires , they will expire too . 23a 10a `` Friendenemies '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) 210 0.51 Tom invites Marco to a movie marathon featuring Mackie Hands , Marco 's favorite kung - fu film star . They start to become friends on the way there after learning they both like Mackie Hands and a band called Love Sentence , but when Marco wants to leave to catch the marathon , Tom refuses to let him go , and gets angry , voiding his chance to earn an anger management graduation badge . Tom apologizes and tries to win back Marco with a Love Sentence song , and then raises Mackie Hands from the dead . Although they can not get into the theatre , Tom and Marco watch Mackie lay a beatdown on the movie 's security guards . Guest star : Nick Lachey as Justin Towers 23b 10b `` Is Mystery '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Mark Ackland , Dominic Bisignano , Riccardo Durante , & Jushtin Lee Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) 210 0.51 Buff Frog attempts to solve a mystery of a hole in the wall guarding the cornfield when he gets captured by Meat Fork , a humanoid warthog monster with a fork for a left hand . Upon being put to work to grind corn , Buff Frog frees himself to discover who is enslaving the monsters . He encounters the rats as well as Ludo , who offers him Meat Fork 's job . Buff Frog refuses and escapes with Meat Fork . Buff Frog decides he will warn Star that Ludo is back . 24a 11a `` Hungry Larry '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Mark Ackland , Dominic Bisignano , Riccardo Durante , & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Bobby Miller , & Daron Nefcy October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) 214 0.26 After Mr. Diaz fails to scare some kids with his haunted house , Star and Janna summon Hungry Larry , reputed to be a very scary spirit , to haunt the house . Janna goes missing and screams attract the kids back to the house . But the kids get scared and go missing ; Star and Marco are attacked . Mr. Diaz arrives to find Hungry Larry has eaten everyone , and rescues them . Guest star : Billy West as Hungry Larry 24b 11b `` Spider with a Top Hat '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus , Piero Piluso , & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) 214 0.26 Spider With a Top Hat has been entertaining Star 's wand monsters at a party . Afterwards , he tries to learn a fighting move where he tries to blast through a wall . Despite getting training from Narwahl and Rock , he is unable to break through the wall . The other monsters are summoned for a fight but they are beaten up . Encouraged by Rock 's words , Spider is finally called to fight a monster ' . Guest stars : Steve Little as Spider , Eric Christian Olsen as Rock , Ron Lynch as Narwahl Husband and Maria Bamford as Make - up Blast . 25a 12a `` Into the Wand '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , & Jushtin Lee Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Amalia Levari , & Daron Nefcy November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 211 0.22 Star 's wand malfunctions , making a mess of her spell casting . Glossaryck tells Star that the way to fix it is to go inside the wand and to fetch the item that does not belong . Star finds that the inside is connected to her memories , but when she gets distracted she loses touch with Glossaryck , and must find the item before her duplicate selves overwrite her past memories . She eventually finds the item in a room highlighting her mother 's lineage . 25b 12b `` Pizza Thing '' Piero Piluso Evon Freeman , John Mathot , Piero Piluso , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 211 0.22 Star , Marco , and Pony Head are about to have a Friendship Thursday by curling up under a blanket on the sofa and watching a television show . Pony Head finds the concept boring and tags along with Marco to pick up a pizza from Emilio 's shop . But problems arise when Pony Head gets distracted with buying some skinny jeans , inadvertently confuses a taxi ride with a carjacking , and when Marco makes a casual remark about Emilio 's pizza that Emilio takes to heart . 26a 13a `` Page Turner '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 212 0.36 Glossaryck lets Star pick any page in the book to learn some new magic . Star chooses a mysterious chapter , but Glossaryck tells her it is very dark magic and that he will only let her get a short peek at the page . However , Glossaryck is summoned to the Bureau of Magic ; he tells Star not to turn to that page , and his consciousness is dragged away into another dimension . While Glossaryck must deal with a not - so - helpful receptionist and has a difficult time getting to the top floor because the magic system is `` on the fritz '' , Star is tempted to turn the page , and enlists Marco to help do it . 26b 13b `` Naysaya '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , Aaron Hammersley , John Infantino , Le Tang , & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 212 0.36 Marco shyly tries to ask Jackie Lynn Thomas out on a date , but finds that he is blurting out embarrassing things about himself . He then discovers he has sprouted a small little head out of the side of his neck that is saying all those things . It is a Naysaya , a curse that Tom had placed on Marco so that Marco would not be able to ask out Star . The Naysaya can only go away when it is appeased , so Marco tries giving it what it wants , which is some cereal , but it does n't go away . Marco meets Jackie again but the Naysaya starts to act up , so Marco decides to spill out all his insecurities in front of Jackie in an impassionate monologue . 27 14 `` Bon Bon the Birthday Clown '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Aaron Hammersley , Amelia Lorenz , & Le Tang Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) 213 0.53 Star and Janna plan a séance to bring back the spirit of Bon Bon , a clown who had died 100 years ago , but the event coincides with a school dance that Star had planned to go with Marco . Star lets Marco go to the dance with Jackie , who finds the dance boring but changes it to a date instead at a park . During the seance , when Janna falls asleep , Star checks up on Marco with a spy spell , only to find that he and Jackie are having a good time together , which makes her jealous . Star is surprised by Ludo , who steals Star 's spellbook . Marco and Jackie share a kiss under the Blood Moon light , but when they hear Star in trouble they rush to help her . They pull Star from being sucked through a portal , and Star tearfully mourns the loss of the spellbook and Glossaryck . Glossaryck wakes up to find Ludo as his new master . 28a 15a `` Raid the Cave '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 215 0.12 Star tries to find Ludo and retrieve the Book of Spells . She packs a large amount of stuff and goes to Buff Frog , who gives Star and Marco a map of Ludo 's hideout . There they find some monsters that have taken over the place but see no sign of Ludo . Star uses the seeing eye spell to find Glossaryck and pleads with him to come back , but he refuses , saying that he belongs to the book , and the book belongs to Ludo now , despite the fact that he stole it . 28b 15b `` Trickstar '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Jushtin Lee & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 215 N / A Star and Marco attend the birthday party for Marco 's sensei . Star becomes suspicious of magician - for - hire Preston Change - O , who , after every magic trick he does , seems to be taking something spiritual from the person , and that his hat is becoming longer and longer . She discovers that Preston has the ability to steal joy from people , so she warns him not to do so or else she 'll blast him , but Preston does it anyway . When Star tells everyone what is happening , the audience is angry with Star for ruining the magic show and leaves . Sensei talks about his feelings and then informs Star and Marco that he put Preston in the trunk , but when they open it , Preston has disappeared . Guest star : `` Weird Al '' Yankovic as Preston Change - O 29a 16a `` Baby '' Giancarlo Volpe Evon Freeman & Le Tang Eric Acosta , Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 216 0.20 Star 's parents send a fairy godmother named Baby to evaluate Star , who takes the task seriously , as failing the eval would mean she would have to return to Mewni . At first , Star cleans up her room , shoving stuff in closets or dimensional pockets , but when Baby starts asking Star questions , and things start falling out of the pockets , Star 's responses are met with the same neutral phrase `` Interesting . '' followed by jotting down of notes . Meanwhile Marco tries to help Star by bringing Baby food . Baby then asks Star to bring her an apple using magic , but Star fails to do the task despite repeated tries . Baby concludes that Star failed , but Star tries one last time and ends up using the apple seeds to grow an apple tree which drops an apple for Baby . Star 's parents learn from Baby that despite not being organized , losing the book of spells , and failing to do simple spells , Star has magic potential way ahead of when her mother was her age , and might even be comparable to Queen Eclipsa . Guest star : Melissa Rauch as Baby 29b 16b `` Running with Scissors '' Piero Piluso Gina Gress & John Mathot Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) 216 0.19 Marco borrows Star 's Dimensional Scissors to find a place to walk the laser puppies , but he soon becomes accustomed to its conveniences , opening a bunch of portals from his bed to access things . Hekapoo , the forger of all of the Dimensional Scissors , pulls Marco into her dimension and confiscates the Scissors as they did not belong to him or Star ( Pony Head had stolen them and gave them to Star ) . Marco must earn the scissors by having to blow out the flame atop Hekapoo 's head . Star goes to Hekapoo 's dimension to recover Marco , who had chased Hekapoo for 16 years before winning the challenge . When they return , Marco reverts to his teenage body as only eight minutes have passed on Earth time . Guest star : Zosia Mamet as Hekapoo 30a 17a `` Mathmagic '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Mark Ackland & Riccardo Durante Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Christian Magalhaes , Daron Nefcy , & Robert Snow February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) 217 0.16 Star is called to solve a problem in Miss Skullnick 's math class , but she refuses to do it . She tries to cast some magic to get out of it but ends up in a time loop . However with each iteration , the scenario is slightly different . Star goes to Father Time 's dimension , but Father Time is too busy to help her , and she gets advice from Omnitraxus Prime , who is in charge of space - time . Star must solve the problem or her world will fall apart . Guest star : Jim Gaffigan as Father Time , Carl Weathers as Omnitraxus Prime 30b 17b `` The Bounce Lounge '' Piero Piluso & Brett Varon Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 217 0.20 Pony Head tells Star the bad news that the Bounce Lounge , their favorite partying venue , is closing . Star and Pony Head round up their former Bounce Lounge posse . They start partying and raise enough funds to save the place , however the owner Milly tells them that she is still closing the place because she is tired from having partied over 5,000 years . Afterwards , the Bounce Crew members and Marco take a group picture in a photo booth that Ponyhead took from the lounge . Guest star : Constance Shulman as Milly , Dana Davis as Kelly 31a 18a `` Crystal Clear '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 218 0.23 Rhombulus captures Star and Marco and encases them in crystal , believing that the former is the cause of the glitches that are affecting the dimensions . When he inadvertently encases his boss , and then his own hands for wanting to tell the high council , he unfreezes Star and shares his predicament . Star agrees not to tell the high council about the situation provided that Rhombulus not tell them about Star 's losing the Book of Spells and Glossaryck . 31b 18b `` The Hard Way '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Sarah Oleksyk & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) 218 0.21 Glossaryck agrees to teach Ludo stuff from the Book of Spells . He first makes Ludo do some physical exercises as Ludo wanted to learn the hard way . Ludo learns and masters a levitation spell and is quite proud of his accomplishment . But when he learns there is a secret chapter that Glossaryck withheld from him but showed Star , he makes Glossaryck unlock them . Ludo reads the forbidden chapter and gains some dark magic , but when he talks with Glossaryck , he now has the voice of Toffee , who has possessed him . 32a 19a `` Heinous '' Brett Varon Gina Gress & John Mathot Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 219 0.25 The Diaz family receives a visit from Miss Heinous along with her butler and the still - living , still regenerating arm of her pet bounty hunter , Rastacore . Heinous wants `` Princess Marco '' to pay for causing the students at St. Olga 's to rebel and to kick Heinous out , leaving her living out of a car . The Diaz parents are hoping this can get settled so that they can have dinner with the Morrisons . Marco tries to convince a policeman that stopped by that Heinous is evil but fails . After Heinous negotiates with Marco 's parents over the kind of punishment , Marco agrees to make a video statement apologizing for his expressions of individuality and for the princesses to go back to conforming . 32b 19b `` All Belts are Off '' Giancarlo Volpe Evon Freeman & Le Tang Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 219 0.21 Dojo - sensei informs his class that they are going to receive a visit from the Grandmaster of their How - To - Karate video series . When he chooses Jeremy to represent the dojo , Marco gets upset and tries to convince Sensei otherwise , but Sensei sticks with his choice . Marco gathers video evidence of Jeremy 's shenanigans , and is about to share it with Sensei on the day of the demonstration , but realizing it is n't honorable , he apologizes . Sensei tells Marco that he chose Jeremy because his parents fund the dojo and that he thinks of Marco as a friend . Grandmaster falls asleep during the presentation but wakes up and certifies the dojo . 33a 20a `` Collateral Damage '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Tyler Chen & Jushtin Lee Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 220 N / A Star and Janna are cleaning up the school grounds when Star mistakenly picks up the school 's possum statue and drops it in the trash where it crumbles into dust . The entire school is devastated . Star tries to make a replacement statue , but it lacks the scratches and dents that gave the original statue its character . After Marco shares the history behind the founding of Echo Creek and the reason for the statue , Star tries to convince everyone to change their perspective on their history so as to make the statue not important anymore . 33b 20b `` Just Friends '' Brett Varon Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) 220 N / A Star surprises Marco with tickets to a Love Sentence concert , but also invites Jackie . Star and Jackie start bonding from wearing similar t - shirts and riding skateboards to the concert where they stop and help an animal in the creek . Marco starts to feel bad about the mishaps he caused and wants them to go on without him , but Jackie and Star convince him otherwise . At the concert , everyone is having fun until couples start kissing , and when Jackie and Marco engage in a kiss , Star decides to let the two be . As Star leaves the concert , she fires a blast of tainted magic , destroying a billboard . Guest star : Nick Lachey as Justin Towers 34 21 `` Face the Music '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Aaron Hammersley , Amelia Lorenz , Sarah Oleksyk , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Daron Nefcy , & Chris Walsh February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 221 0.32 The songstrel Ruberiot is tasked to write a song about Star for the Mewnian tradition of Song Day , but Star is reluctant to participate because it portrays princesses as being perfect . When Ruberiot visits , Star at first leaves him with Marco and runs away , but after coming back and blows off steam about her hatred of princess songs , Ruberiot is upset . When Ruberiot shares that he wanted to write about the real Star and not do another perfect princess song and decides to plug Star 's name into her mom 's song since she refused to help him do his job , Star finally agrees to share everything about her life . Meanwhile , Queen Butterfly takes a secret trip to visit Ludo 's parents , but discovers something is very wrong about Ludo . On Song Day , Ruberiot starts the song like the old perfect princess style , but then changes to a pop song that makes Mewnians excited . But when he sings lyrics about how Star lost the Book of Spells and Glossaryck , that the queen and king had hidden this fact , and that Star has a crush on Marco , the Mewnian crowd becomes angry at Star 's family for lying to them . Guest star : Patrick Stump as Ruberiot , Atticus Shaffer as Dennis 35 22 `` Starcrushed '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Evon Freeman , Gina Gress , Aaron Hammersley , John Mathot , & Le Tang Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 222 0.40 Star and Marco 's class holds a party for the end of the school year at Marco 's house . Marco struggles to reconnect with Star after the events of the previous episode . Queen Butterfly and the Magic High Commission invade Ludo 's new castle . Star , who also feels uncomfortable about the situation , summons her friends ( Ponyhead , Janna , Kelly , and Starfan13 ) and shares her predicament . The girls convince her to ditch the end - of - year party and instead attend another party where she sees Oskar . Meanwhile , Toffee , who has possessed Ludo 's body , drains the powers from the Magic High Commission and nearly kills Queen Butterfly , who retreats with the fallen commission members . When Star returns from the party , Queen Butterfly tells her they are in danger and she will have to leave Earth immediately due to Toffee 's return . Star admits to Marco that she does have a crush on him , and that she has to leave Earth , probably forever . Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written & storyboarded by Story by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 36a 1a `` The Battle for Mewni : Return to Mewni '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Zach Marcus , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 Marco 's parents try to console Marco . Star and Queen Moon take the Magical High Commission members to the sanctuary , but their carriage breaks down because of the fritz . Some of Ludo 's rats try to take away the members while they are camping , but they fight them off . They make it to the sanctuary , but the well spring that is supposed to revive the members has been affected by the fritz and is instead pouring out sticky dark sludge . Moon and Star rest and think about what to do next . Moon urges Star to stay inside , to which she objects until she is told that Toffee and his minions killed her mother , and made a deal with Eclipsa . 36b 1b `` The Battle for Mewni : Moon the Undaunted '' Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Kristen Gish , & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 Queen Moon shares her story revolving around the death of her mother ( Star 's grandmother ) when she was a teenager . Moon was set to decide between signing a peace treaty or going to war against the monster army , led by `` The Lizard '' , who was responsible for her mother 's death . She had Rhombulus partially unseal the crystal Eclipsa was being held prisoner in to learn some dark magic from the forbidden section of the Book of Spells from her . They strike a deal in turn ; once Moon 's enemy was defeated , Eclipsa would be set free . She then confronts The Lizard ( Toffee ) and uses a dark spell , which misses and instead only severs his finger , which he is unable to regenerate . Toffee flees . 37a 2a `` The Battle for Mewni : Book Be Gone '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 Ludo finds that his wand is now embedded into his hand . He finds Glossaryck , who tells them that the Magic High Commission has been defeated . Ludo wants to celebrate by writing his story into the Book of Spells , but the book will not let him , as he is no longer its owner . After multiple failed attempts and different approaches , he ultimately throws the book into a fire , which destroys it and in turn , Glossaryck . 37b 2b `` The Battle for Mewni : Marco and the King '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Jushtin Lee , & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 King River tries to take care of the kingdom by partying it up every day , but he and his subjects wear down quickly . Marco arrives , but River has to deal with angry villagers as well as a large monster who approaches the castle after he yelled at it to leave . River tries to hide , but Marco encourages him to stand up to the monster . River rallies the villagers to fight the monster , and it is revealed that the monster thought River was beckoning it to come to the castle , not to go away . It leaves peacefully , but as River is about to have a party to celebrate , Ludo and his minions appear and they take over the kingdom . 38a 3a `` The Battle for Mewni : Puddle Defender '' Tyler Chen & Giancarlo Volpe Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 With the sanctuary flooded with sludge , Star and Queen Moon flee and find a new hiding place at Buff Frog 's . Star wants to sneak out to fight , so she gets Buff Frog to distract Moon with some Mewman board games such as Puddle Defender , which Moon realizes is biased towards monsters , and Buff Frog accuses Moon of being biased towards Mewmans . After a heated argument , they eventually reconcile , and Buff Frog blows Star 's cover and forbids her from leaving . However , Buff 's youngest tadpole , Katrina , later sneaks Star out . 38b 3b `` The Battle for Mewni : King Ludo '' Brett Varon Casey Crowe , Evon Freeman , & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 Ludo has taken over the kingdom , and has imprisoned Marco and River , but he finds that he is not popular at all among the kingdom 's villagers . He tells River to make him popular or else he will levitate him into the sky . Marco uses a stick of butter that Ludo left to free himself , but River has eaten his part of the butter which leaves Marco with no choice but to steal Ludo 's key . He meets with some of the court entertainers , and they steal the key , but River refuses to escape . Ludo levitates River into the sky while Marco and the entertainers conspire what to do next . 39 `` The Battle for Mewni : Toffee '' Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Sabrina Cotugno , Kristen Gish , Aaron Hammersley , Zach Marcus , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 Star attacks Ludo at the castle but Ludo suddenly stops when he gets a signal from his hand . Star tells Ludo that Toffee is controlling him , but Spider is able to capture her in the meantime . Marco breaks her out and calls the entertainers ( called Le Resistance ) but Ludo arrives and imprisons them except for Star . Ludo asks Star about his wand hand . While Queen Moon and Buff Frog break Marco out , Star agrees to use the whispering spell to free the magic in the wand , which then unleashes a powerful blast . Star finds herself in a sea of the same sludge that flooded the sanctuary , and her voice briefly comes out of Ludo 's mouth until he is taken over by Toffee again . Moon agrees to return Toffee 's finger in exchange for Star 's freedom . Toffee is released , but tells them that Star is gone , while she drowns attempting to retrieve her magic . As Toffee begins to leave , Star eventually finds a cauldron being used by Glossaryck , in which she manages to find untainted magic . She returns from purgatory in a new golden Mewberty form and attacks Toffee with a magical blast from her restored wand . As the gravely injured Toffee rants about still being in control , Ludo crushes Toffee , apparently killing him . Ludo then asks Star to send him back to the void so that he can find himself . King River is brought back to the kingdom by a family of eagles , while Moon rushes to check on Eclipsa 's crystal prison , which is still intact . However , as soon as Moon exits , it begins to crack . 40a 5a `` Scent of a Hoodie '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) 305 0.30 After helping defeat Toffee , Marco says goodbye to Star and returns to Earth , but he is missing his hoodie . Unknown to him , Star has been keeping his hoodie , but Pony Head arrives and throws it into the Royal Laundry for cleaning . Star tries to get the hoodie back from the Knight of the Wash , who insists it be cleaned to the highest standards . In spite of her efforts , the hoodie is eventually cleaned , but she is ecstatic that it has retained Marco 's scent . It is then shipped back to Earth where Marco receives it and is curious that his hoodie also has Star 's scent . 40b 5b `` Rest in Pudding '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Jushtin Lee , Amelia Lorenz , & Kenny Pittenger Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) 305 0.30 Star 's family and the Magic High Commission hold a memorial for Lekmet . Star notices Glossaryck in almost every waking moment that she starts believing he is haunting her over unfinished business . She contacts Janna for help and proceeds to tell her that anything that remains of Glossaryck must be properly buried in a place of meaning for him . She then heads to the hidden sanctuary and throws the remains of her old spell book into its well . Star feels reassured it 's over , only for Glossaryck to then physically return reborn . 41a 6a `` Club Snubbed '' Tyler Chen Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 306 0.26 During the annual Silver Bell Ball , all neighboring kingdoms ' rulers come to attend . Star is snubbed by Tom when his family arrives . After attempting to do the same by dancing with her other male dance partners , she then eventually confronts him alone to ask him why . Tom answers by saying he 's giving her space since he was present during Song Day , from which he misinterpreted that she and Marco are in a relationship . She denies this , and eventually reluctantly asks him to dance , which they begin to enjoy , and the Ball is declared a success . 41b 6b `` Stranger Danger '' Brett Varon Casey Crowe & Charlotte Jackson Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 306 0.26 Star runs into ancient Queen Eclipsa . Although calm and well - meaning after being released from crystallization , Queen Moon and the High Commission try to keep Star far away from her as possible . Star however believes there 's good in Eclipsa than what they initially believed long ago , so she demands the least they can do is have Eclipsa be given a fair trial . They reluctantly agree , and Eclipsa is put on house arrest in the meantime . Star visits Eclipsa in her tower and reassures her all would be fine as they both gaze out the tower window . 42a 7a `` Demoncism '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Zach Marcus , Kenny Pittenger , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 307 0.25 A jittery Pony Head confides to Star that Tom is undergoing a `` demoncism , '' which is meant to turn him into a more normal , tamed being . They secretly infiltrate the ceremony for Star to rescue Tom , but the demoncism goes ahead as scheduled , only for its organizer to reveal that he still has plenty of rage in him . They are then seen holding hands , much to Pony Head 's dismay . 42b 7b `` Sophomore Slump '' Tyler Chen Tyler Chen , Sabrina Cotugno , & Kirsten Gish Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 307 0.25 On Earth , Marco begins to spout so much of his adventures in Mewni that his friends , peers , and teachers begin to distance themselves from him . Jackie suspects that he is n't letting go of these so easily , so Marco takes her out on a date to prove he 's moved on and a better boyfriend to her . Upon discovering he is secretly hiding the cape King River gave to him on Mewni under his hoodie , she tells him that he 's only staying in Echo Creek to make her happy for her sake . She kindly breaks up with him and leaves . Deciding he wants to return to Mewni as an exchange student , his family and friends see him off . 43a 8a `` Lint Catcher '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 308 0.40 Marco arrives on Mewni , but Star feels indifferent over his presence . She gives him a job below the castle as a squire to Knight of the Wash , Sir Lavabo . After a brief conversation with Eclipsa , Star runs back to the Royal Washroom to find Marco fighting off a giant lint monster . They eventually defeat it by turning on the lint blade catcher . Star apologizes to Marco and as an act of good faith , she magically creates an exact replica of his bedroom in the castle and appoints him as her own squire . 43b 8b `` Trial by Squire '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Jushtin Lee , Amelia Lorenz , & Kenny Pittenger Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 308 0.40 Star and Marco prepare for the Midnight Warrior Blowout Sale at Quest Buy . During the event , they meet fellow shoppers who will stop at nothing to get the best knight gear . After meeting female squire Higgs , she ridicules Marco by telling him that in spite of being named squire , it was handed to him under the impression that he 's Star 's boyfriend , which he denies . With all their efforts , Star reassures him that she only named him squire so they can go on adventures again like they used to . They finish the blowout sale by buying random , fun things instead of suitable knight gear much to the praise of the knights and Higgs ' chagrin . 44a 9a `` Princess Turdina '' Tyler Chen Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) TBA 0.33 44b 9b `` Starfari '' Brett Varon Casey Crowe & Charlotte Jackson Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) TBA 0.33 45a 10a `` Sweet Dreams '' Tyler Chen & Aaron Hammersley Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) TBA 0.41 Star has a dream that she is flying and eating goblin dogs to her heart 's content , only to wake up in her bedroom with Marco growing concern . To test her theory she has Marco watch her late at night with him chained to her , where he is dragged and discovers that she transforms into her butterfly form and is traveling through various dimensions into one portal . He wakes her up and with the help of Glossryck and Eclipsa , they manage to return to Mewni . Eclipsa suggests to Star that her dreams should be embraced openly as to understand what she is truly capable of . 45b 10b `` Lava Lake Beach '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Zach Marcus , Kenny Pittenger , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) TBA 0.41 Star , Marco , Tom , and Kelly head out to Lava Lake Beach . Kelly however does n't feel too inclined on joining in too long with their festivities , so she wanders off alone . Marco chases after her , where she confides to him that she has broken up with her boyfriend Tad , but he is still living in her thick layer of hair and wo n't leave . Marco steps inside and tries to casually tell Tad that Kelly wants to move on , but Tad then easily guesses that Marco himself is miserable because of hidden feelings for his crush on Star . Conflicted , Marco runs off only to see Star kissing Tom from afar . Kelly finds him alone and offers to show him a grand view of the entire beach . He asks her if it 's already midnight to which she answers yes , indicating it 's Marco 's birthday . 46a 11a `` Death Peck '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Kenny Pittenger , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) TBA 0.38 46b 11b `` Ponymonium '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Kirsten Gish , Jushtin Lee , & Kenny Pittenger Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) TBA 0.38 47a 12a `` Night Life '' Tyler Chen Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) TBA 0.34 47b 12b `` Deep Dive '' Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Casey Crowe , Aaron Hammersley , Charlotte Jackson , Kenny Pittenger , & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) TBA 0.34 48 13 `` Monster Bash '' Dominic Bisigano , Tyler Chen , & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Sabrina Cotugno , Amelia Lorenz , Zach Marcus , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) TBA 0.29 49a 14a `` Stump Day '' Tyler Chen Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , & Sarah Olesyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) 314 0.30 49b 14b `` Holiday Spellcial '' Brett Varon Casey Crowe & Charlotte Jackson Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) 314 0.30 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : This episode premiered on Disney Channel prior to Disney XD . The episode premiered on Disney XD on March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ In the episode `` Friendenemies '' , Nick Lachey is credited on Disney XD press release as Jason Towers . He sings the Love Sentence song `` Awesome Feeling . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Tries Something New with ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' : A Woman Creator '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Koontz , Robert ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Women in Animation Host ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' Panel '' . Disney Post . The Walt Disney Company . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' Renewed for Second Season by Disney XD Ahead of Series Premiere '' ( Press release ) . The Walt Disney Company . February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 -- via TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bryn , Elise Sandberg ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Disney XD Orders Pair of Original Animated Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nefcy , Daron ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ( ' Bon Bon the Birthday Clown ' announcement ) '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . The 22 - minute mid-season finale you 've all been waiting for ! Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Disney XD Renews Al Yankovic 's ' Milo Murphy 's Law , ' Eden Sher 's ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , Joseph ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Star vs. the Forces of Evil TV Movie Coming This Summer '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nefcy , Daron ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ( Daron Nefcy regarding The Battle for Mewni ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ This Season in Mewni ... Disney - ABC Television Group . July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Smith , Jacquelyn ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Disney animator shares best and worst parts of her job '' . Business Insider . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cook , Marcy ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` You Should Give Star vs. The Forces of Evil a Try '' . The Mary Sue . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney ABC Press . June 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A -- Z -- Star vs. the Forces of Evil on Disney '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Public Catalog '' . United States Copyright Office . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.18. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 3.30. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Monday Cable Originals : 4.6. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Nationals : ' Gotham ' on Fox Returns at Season - Low Numbers '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Nationals : ' Scorpion ' on CBS Concludes Its Inaugural Season on a Positive Note '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.15. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.22. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Jump up ^ `` Creator Daron Nefcy Guides Us Through Tonight 's Star - Studded Episode of Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney Insider Blog . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : July 20 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : 7.27. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : 8.10. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.17. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 9.14. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 9.21. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Zap2it . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney ABC Press . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.12. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.26. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Brian H. ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Awesome Feeling ( extended cut ) '' . Tumblr . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tweets regarding Nick Lachey in `` Friendenemies '' : Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 1 / 4 ) For today 's # StarVsTheForcesOfEvil ep `` Friendenemies '' I got to fulfill not one , not two , but THREE lifelong dreams ... '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 2 / 4 ) 1 . Write a boyband song . ( And we wrote two ! ) '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 3 / 4 ) 2 . Record that song with an actual boyband member from the 90s . Many thanks @ NickLachey for being absurdly terrific '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 4 / 4 ) 3. Make @ _AdamM sing on national television . MISSION ACCOMPLISHED '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.3. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hungry Larry / Spider with a Top Hat '' . Disney ABC Press . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.10. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.7. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.14. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.21. 2016 '' . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.02 / 123K Jump up ^ Salem , Mitch ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 202K Jump up ^ Salem , Mitch ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.05 / 190K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.03 / 166K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 207K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 230K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 216K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 219K ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star vs. The Forces of Evil '' . www.disneyabcpress.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.15. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.6. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.7. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.8. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.9. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.13. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.14. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.15. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.16. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.2. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ( hide ) Disney XD original programming Current Star Wars Rebels ( since 2014 ) Kirby Buckets ( since 2014 ) Star vs. the Forces of Evil ( since 2015 ) Two More Eggs ( since 2015 ) Pickle and Peanut ( since 2015 ) Walk the Prank ( since 2016 ; also a Disney Channel original series ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( since 2016 ) Future - Worm ! ( since 2016 ) Milo Murphy 's Law ( since 2016 ) MECH - X4 ( since 2016 ; also a Disney Channel original series ) Billy Dilley 's Super-Duper Subterranean Summer ( since 2017 ) Parker Plays ( since 2017 ) DuckTales ( since 2017 ) Marvel 's Spider - Man ( since 2017 ) Big Hero 6 : The Series ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Big City Greens ( 2018 ) Films Skyrunners ( 2009 ) Pants on Fire ( 2014 ) Mark & Russell 's Wild Ride ( 2015 ) Former 2000s debuts Aaron Stone ( 2009 -- 10 ) Yin Yang Yo ! 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-4169297796325134680	1990 FIFA World Cup	1990 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 1990 FIFA World Cup `` Italia 90 '' and `` Italy 1990 '' redirect here . For the video games , see World Cup Soccer : Italia ' 90 and Italy 1990 ( video game ) . `` 1990 World Cup '' redirects here . For other uses , see 1990 World Cup ( disambiguation ) . 1990 FIFA World Cup Coppa del Mondo FIFA Italia ' 90 1990 FIFA World Cup official logo Tournament details Host country Italy Dates 8 June -- 8 July ( 31 days ) Teams 24 ( from 5 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 12 ( in 12 host cities ) Final positions Champions West Germany ( 3rd title ) Runners - up Argentina Third place Italy Fourth place England Tournament statistics Matches played 52 Goals scored 115 ( 2.21 per match ) Attendance 2,516,215 ( 48,389 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Salvatore Schillaci ( 6 goals ) Best player Salvatore Schillaci Best young player Robert Prosinečki Fair play award England ← 1986 1994 → The 1990 FIFA World Cup was the 14th FIFA World Cup , the quadrennial international football tournament . It was held from 8 June to 8 July 1990 in Italy , the second country to host the event twice ( the first being Mexico in 1986 ) . Teams representing 116 national football associations entered and qualification began in April 1988 . 22 teams qualified from this process , along with host nation Italy and defending champions Argentina . The tournament was won by West Germany , their third World Cup title . They beat Argentina 1 -- 0 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome , a rematch of the previous final four years earlier . Italy finished third and England fourth , after both lost their semi-finals in penalty shootouts . This was the last tournament to feature a team from West Germany , with the country being reunified with East Germany a few months later in October , as well as teams from the Eastern Bloc prior to the end of the Cold War in 1991 , as the Soviet Union , Romania , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia teams made appearances . Costa Rica , Ireland and the UAE made their first appearances in the finals . As of 2018 , this was the last time the UAE qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals . The official match ball was the Adidas Etrusco Unico . The 1990 World Cup is widely regarded as one of the poorest World Cups in terms of the games . It generated an average 2.2 goals per game -- a record low that still stands -- and a then - record 16 red cards , including the first ever dismissal in a final . Regarded as being the World Cup that has had perhaps the most lasting influence on the game as a whole , it saw the introduction of the pre-match Fair Play Flag ( then inscribed with `` Fair Play Please '' ) to encourage fair play . Defensive tactics led to the introduction of the back - pass rule in 1992 and three points for a win instead of two at future World Cups . The tournament also produced some of the World Cup 's best remembered moments and stories , including the emergence of African nations , in addition to what has become the World Cup soundtrack : `` Nessun dorma '' . The 1990 World Cup stands as one of the most watched events in television history , garnering an estimated 26.69 billion non-unique viewers over the course of the tournament . This was the first World Cup to be officially recorded and transmitted in HDTV by the Italian broadcaster RAI in association with Japan 's NHK . The huge success of the broadcasting model has also had a lasting impact on the sport . At the time it was the most watched World Cup in history in non-unique viewers , but was bettered by the 1994 and 2002 World Cups . Contents 1 Host selection 2 Qualification 2.1 List of qualified teams 3 Venues 4 Squads 5 Match officials 6 Groups 6.1 Seedings 6.2 Final draw 7 Tournament review 7.1 Negative tactics 7.2 Emergence of Cameroon 7.3 All - champion final four 8 Results 8.1 Group stage 8.1. 1 Group A 8.1. 2 Group B 8.1. 3 Group C 8.1. 4 Group D 8.1. 5 Group E 8.1. 6 Group F 8.1. 7 Ranking of third - placed teams 8.2 Knockout stage 8.2. 1 Round of 16 8.2. 2 Quarter - finals 8.2. 3 Semi-finals 8.2. 4 Third - place play - off 8.2. 5 Final 9 Goalscorers 10 Awards 10.1 All - star team 11 Final standings 12 Statistics 13 See also 14 References and footnotes 15 External links Host selection ( edit ) Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts The vote to choose the hosts of the 1990 tournament was held on 19 May 1984 in Zürich , Switzerland . Here , the FIFA Executive Committee chose Italy ahead of the only rival bid , the USSR , by 11 votes to 5 . This awarding made Italy only the second nation to host two World Cup tournaments , after Mexico had also achieved this with their 1986 staging . Italy had previously had the event in 1934 , where they had won their first championship . Austria , England , France , Greece , West Germany and Yugoslavia also submitted initial applications for 31 July 1983 deadline . A month later , only England , Greece , Italy and the Soviet Union remained in the hunt after the other contenders all withdrew . All four bids were assessed by FIFA in late 1983 , with the final decision over-running into 1984 due to the volume of paperwork involved . In early 1984 , England and Greece also withdrew , leading to a two - horse race in the final vote . The Soviet boycott of the 1984 Olympic Games , announced on the eve of the World Cup decision , was speculated to have been a major factor behind Italy winning the vote so decisively , although this was denied by the FIFA President João Havelange . Qualification ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup qualification 116 teams entered the 1990 World Cup , including Italy as host nation and Argentina as reigning World Cup champions , who were both granted automatic qualification . Thus , the remaining 22 finals places were divided among the continental confederations , with 114 initially entering the qualification competition . Due to rejected entries and withdrawals , 103 teams eventually participated in the qualifying stages . Thirteen places were contested by UEFA teams ( Europe ) , two by CONMEBOL teams ( South America ) , two by CAF teams ( Africa ) , two by AFC teams ( Asia ) , and two by CONCACAF teams ( North and Central America and Caribbean ) . The remaining place was decided by a play - off between a CONMEBOL team and a team from the OFC ( Oceania ) . Both Mexico and Chile were disqualified during the qualification process ; the former for fielding an overage player in a prior youth tournament , the latter after goalkeeper Roberto Rojas faked injury from a firework thrown from the stands , which caused the match to be abandoned . Chile were also banned from the 1994 qualifiers for this offence . Three teams made their debuts , as this was the first World Cup to feature Costa Rica and the Republic of Ireland , and the only one to date to feature the United Arab Emirates . Returning after long absences were Egypt , who appeared for the first time since 1934 , the United States , who competed for the first time since 1950 , Colombia , who appeared for the first time since 1962 , Romania , who last appeared at the Finals in 1970 and Sweden and the Netherlands , both of which last qualified in 1978 . Austria , Cameroon , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia also returned after missing the 1986 tournament . Among the teams who failed to qualify were 1986 semi-finalists France ( missing out their first World Cup since 1974 ) , Denmark , Poland ( for the first time since 1970 ) , Portugal and Hungary . List of qualified teams ( edit ) The following 24 teams qualified for the final tournament . AFC ( 2 ) South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF ( 2 ) Egypt Cameroon OFC ( 0 ) None qualified CONCACAF ( 2 ) Costa Rica United States CONMEBOL ( 4 ) Argentina Brazil Colombia Uruguay UEFA ( 14 ) Austria Belgium Czechoslovakia England Italy ( hosts ) Netherlands Republic of Ireland Romania Scotland Soviet Union Spain Sweden West Germany Yugoslavia Countries qualified for World Cup Country failed to qualify Countries that did not enter the World Cup or were expelled from the tournament by FIFA prior to playing a match Country not a FIFA member Venues ( edit ) Twelve stadiums in twelve cities were selected to host matches at the 1990 World Cup . The Stadio San Nicola in Bari and Turin 's Stadio delle Alpi were completely new venues opened for the World Cup . The remaining ten venues all underwent extensive programmes of improvements in preparation for the tournament , forcing many of the club tenants of the stadia to move to temporary homes . Additional seating and roofs were added to most stadia , with further redevelopments seeing running tracks removed and new pitches laid . Due to structural constraints , several of the existing stadia had to be virtually rebuilt to implement the changes required . Like Espana ' 82 , the group stage of this tournament was organized in such a way where specific groups only played in two cities close in proximity to each other . Group A only played in Rome and Florence ( Hosts Italy played all their competitive matches in Rome , except for their semi-final and third place matches , which were played in Naples and Bari , respectively ) , Group B played their matches in Naples and Bari ( except for Argentina vs. Cameroon , which was the opening match of the tournament , played in Milan ) , Group C played their matches in Turin and Genoa , Group D played all their matches in Milan and Bologna , Group E played only in Udine and Verona , and Group F played on the island cities of Cagliari and Palermo . The cities that hosted the most World Cup matches were the two biggest cities in Italy : Rome and Milan , each hosting six matches , and Bari , Naples and Turin each hosted five matches . Cagliari , Udine and Palermo were the only cities of the 12 selected that did not host any knockout round matches . The England national team , at the British government 's request , were forced to play all their matches in Cagliari on the island of Sardinia . Hooliganism , rife in English football in the 1980s , had followed the national team while they played friendlies on the European continent -- the distrust of English fans was so high that the English FA 's reputation and even diplomatic relations between the UK and Italy were seen to be at risk if England played any group stage matches on the Italian mainland . Thanks largely to British Sports Minister Colin Moynihan 's negative remarks about English fans weeks before the match , security around Cagliari during England 's three matches there was extremely heavy -- in addition to 7,000 local police and Carabineri , highly trained Italian military special forces were also there patrolling the premises . The Italian authorities ' heavy presence proved to be justified as there were several riots during the time England were playing their matches in Cagliari , leading to a number of injuries , arrests and even deportations . Most of the construction cost in excess of their original estimates and total costs ended up being over £ 550 million ( approximately $935 million ) . Rome 's Stadio Olimpico which would host the final was the most expensive project overall , while Udine 's Stadio Friuli , the newest of the existing stadia ( opened 14 years prior ) , cost the least to redevelop . Milan Rome Turin Naples San Siro Stadio Olimpico Stadio delle Alpi Stadio San Paolo 45 ° 28 ′ 40.89 '' N 9 ° 7 ′ 27.14 '' E / 45.4780250 ° N 9.1242056 ° E / 45.4780250 ; 9.1242056 ( San Siro ) 41 ° 56 ′ 1.99 '' N 12 ° 27 ′ 17.23 '' E / 41.9338861 ° N 12.4547861 ° E / 41.9338861 ; 12.4547861 ( Stadio Olimpico ) 45 ° 06 ′ 34.42 '' N 7 ° 38 ′ 28.54 '' E / 45.1095611 ° N 7.6412611 ° E / 45.1095611 ; 7.6412611 ( Stadio delle Alpi ) 40 ° 49 ′ 40.68 '' N 14 ° 11 ′ 34.83 '' E / 40.8279667 ° N 14.1930083 ° E / 40.8279667 ; 14.1930083 ( Stadio San Paolo ) Capacity : 74,559 Capacity : 73,603 Capacity : 62,628 Capacity : 59,978 Bari Rome Milan Naples Turin Bari Verona Florence Cagliari Bologna Udine Palermo Genoa Florence Stadio San Nicola Stadio Comunale 41 ° 5 ′ 5.05 '' N 16 ° 50 ′ 24.26 '' E / 41.0847361 ° N 16.8400722 ° E / 41.0847361 ; 16.8400722 ( Stadio San Nicola ) 43 ° 46 ′ 50.96 '' N 11 ° 16 ′ 56.13 '' E / 43.7808222 ° N 11.2822583 ° E / 43.7808222 ; 11.2822583 ( Stadio Artemio Franchi ) Capacity : 51,426 Capacity : 38,971 Verona Udine Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi Stadio Friuli 45 ° 26 ′ 7.28 '' N 10 ° 58 ′ 7.13 '' E / 45.4353556 ° N 10.9686472 ° E / 45.4353556 ; 10.9686472 ( Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi ) 46 ° 4 ′ 53.77 '' N 13 ° 12 ′ 0.49 '' E / 46.0816028 ° N 13.2001361 ° E / 46.0816028 ; 13.2001361 ( Stadio Friuli ) Capacity : 35,950 Capacity : 35,713 Cagliari Bologna Palermo Genoa Stadio Sant'Elia Stadio Renato Dall'Ara Stadio La Favorita Stadio Luigi Ferraris 39 ° 11 ′ 57.82 '' N 9 ° 8 ′ 5.83 '' E / 39.1993944 ° N 9.1349528 ° E / 39.1993944 ; 9.1349528 ( Stadio Sant'Elia ) 44 ° 29 ′ 32.33 '' N 11 ° 18 ′ 34.80 '' E / 44.4923139 ° N 11.3096667 ° E / 44.4923139 ; 11.3096667 ( Stadio Renato Dall'Ara ) 38 ° 9 ′ 9.96 '' N 13 ° 20 ′ 32.19 '' E / 38.1527667 ° N 13.3422750 ° E / 38.1527667 ; 13.3422750 ( Stadio Renzo Barbera ) 44 ° 24 ′ 59.15 '' N 8 ° 57 ′ 8.74 '' E / 44.4164306 ° N 8.9524278 ° E / 44.4164306 ; 8.9524278 ( Stadio Luigi Ferraris ) Capacity : 35,238 Capacity : 34,520 Capacity : 33,288 Capacity : 31,823 Squads ( edit ) Further information : 1990 FIFA World Cup squads Squads for the 1990 World Cup consisted of 22 players , as for the previous tournament in 1986 . Replacement of injured players was permitted during the tournament at FIFA 's discretion . Two goalkeepers -- Argentina 's Ángel Comizzo and England 's Dave Beasant -- entered their respective squads during the tournament to replace injured players ( Nery Pumpido and David Seaman ) . Match officials ( edit ) 41 match officials from 34 countries were assigned to the tournament to serve as referees and assistant referees . Officials in italics were only used as assistants during the tournament . Referees dressed only in traditional black jerseys for the final time at a World Cup ( a red change shirt was used for two Group C games in which Scotland wore their navy blue shirts ) . show List of match officials Africa Mohamed Hansal Neji Jouini Jean - Fidèle Diramba Asia Jamal Al Sharif Jassim Mandi Shizuo Takada Europe Luigi Agnolin Emilio Soriano Aladrén George Courtney Pietro D'Elia Erik Fredriksson Siegfried Kirschen Helmut Kohl Tullio Lanese Michał Listkiewicz Rosario Lo Bello Carlo Longhi Pierluigi Magni Peter Mikkelsen Pierluigi Pairetto Zoran Petrović Joël Quiniou Kurt Röthlisberger Aron Schmidhuber Carlos Silva Valente George Smith Alan Snoddy Alexey Spirin Marcel Van Langenhove Michel Vautrot North and Central America Edgardo Codesal Vincent Mauro Berny Ulloa Morera Oceania Richard Lorenc South America Juan Daniel Cardellino Armando Pérez Hoyos Elías Jácome Juan Carlos Loustau Carlos Maciel Hernán Silva José Roberto Wright Groups ( edit ) Seedings ( edit ) The six seeded teams for the 1990 tournament were announced on 7 December 1989 . The seeds were then allocated to the six groups in order of their seeding rank ( 1st seed to Group A , 2nd seed to Group B , etc . ) . The seeds were decided by FIFA based on the nations ' performance in , primarily , the 1986 World Cup with the 1982 World Cup also considered as a secondary influence . Six of the final eight in 1986 had qualified for the 1990 tournament , the missing nations being Mexico ( quarter - final in 1986 ) and France ( third place ) . Italy -- who were seeded first as hosts -- had not reached the final eight in 1986 and this left FIFA needing to exclude one of the three ( qualified ) nations who were eliminated in the 1986 quarter - finals : Brazil , England or Spain . Owing to their performance in 1982 but also to their overall World Cup record , Brazil were seeded third and not considered to drop out of the seedings . FIFA opted to seed England ahead of Spain . Spain had only been eliminated in 1986 on penalties , albeit by fourth - placed Belgium , while England had been defeated in 90 minutes by eventual winners Argentina ; both countries had also reached the second stage in the 1982 event , playing in the same group in the second group stage with England ending up ahead of Spain , but Spain had also appeared in the 1978 event , while England had failed to qualify . FIFA President João Havelange had reportedly earlier stated that Spain would be seeded . Spanish officials believed the seeding was contrived to ensure England would be placed in Group F , the group to be held off the Italian mainland , in a bid to contain England 's hooliganism problems . Their coach Luis Suárez said , `` We feel we 've been cheated ... they wanted to seed England and to send it to Cagliari at all costs . So they invented this formula '' . FIFA countered that `` the formula was based on the teams ' respective showings during the previous two World Cups . England merited the sixth position . This is in no way a concession to English hooliganism '' . Meanwhile , the Netherlands also had an argument that on grounds of recent footballing form , they should be seeded , as the winners of the 1988 European Championship , in which both Spain and England had been eliminated in the group stages , while Belgium ( fourth in the 1986 World Cup after beating Spain , and thus seeded in 1990 ) had failed to even qualify : but this argument was countered by the fact that the Netherlands had themselves failed to qualify for both the 1982 and 1986 World Cups , which was considered the most important factor in the decision not to seed them . As it happened , the two teams considered the most unlucky not to be seeded , namely Spain and the Netherlands , were both drawn in groups against the two teams considered the weakest of the seeded nations , namely Belgium and England : and the arguments over the seeding positions fizzled out . England could be said to have justified their seeded position by narrowly winning their group ahead of the Netherlands : while Spain seemed to have made their own point about being worth a seeded position , by defeating Belgium to top their own group , in doing so gaining a measure of revenge for the fact that it was Belgium who had eliminated them in 1986 . Seeds Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Italy ( 1st ) Argentina ( 2nd ) Brazil ( 3rd ) West Germany ( 4th ) Belgium ( 5th ) England ( 6th ) Cameroon Costa Rica Egypt South Korea United Arab Emirates United States Colombia Czechoslovakia Republic of Ireland Romania Sweden Uruguay Austria Netherlands Scotland Spain Soviet Union Yugoslavia Final draw ( edit ) Ciao , a stick figure in the colours of the Italy Tricolore , was the mascot for the 1990 FIFA World Cup . On 9 December 1989 the draw was conducted at the Palazzetto dello Sport in Rome , where the teams were drawn out from the three pots to be placed with the seeded teams in their predetermined groups . The only stipulation of the draw was that no group could feature two South American teams . The ceremony was hosted by Italian television presenter Pippo Baudo , with Italian actress Sophia Loren and opera singer Luciano Pavarotti conducting the draw alongside FIFA general secretary Sepp Blatter . The draw show was FIFA 's most ambitious yet with Pelé , Bobby Moore and Karl - Heinz Rummenigge appearing , as well as a performance of the Italian version of the tournament 's official song `` To Be Number One '' by Giorgio Moroder , performed as `` Un'estate italiana '' by Edoardo Bennato and Gianna Nannini . The event also featured the official mascot of this World Cup , Ciao , a stick figure player with a football head and an Italian tricolor body that formed the word `` ITALIA '' when deconstructed and reconstructed . Its name is a greeting in Italian . Tournament review ( edit ) The finals tournament began in Italy on 8 June and concluded on 8 July . The format of the 1990 competition remained the same as in 1986 : 24 qualified teams were divided into six groups of four . The top two teams and four best third - place finishers from the six groups advanced to the knockout stage , which eliminated the teams until a winner emerged . In total , 52 games were played . Negative tactics ( edit ) The tournament generated a record low goals - per - game average and a then - record of 16 red cards were handed out . In the knockout stage , many teams played defensively for 120 minutes , with the intention of trying their luck in the penalty shoot - out , rather than risk going forward . Two exceptions were the eventual champions West Germany and hosts Italy , the only teams to win three of their four knockout matches in normal time . There were four penalty shoot - outs , a record subsequently equalled in the 2006 , 2014 and 2018 tournaments . Eight matches went to extra time , a record equalled in the 2014 tournament . Ireland and Argentina were prime examples of this trend of cautious defensive play ; the Irish team fell behind in two of their three group matches and only equalised late in both games . Losing finalists Argentina , meanwhile , scored only five goals in the entire tournament ( a record low for a finalist ) . Argentina also became the first team to advance twice on penalty shoot - outs and the first team to fail to score and have a player sent off in a World Cup final . Largely as a result of this trend FIFA introduced the back - pass rule in time for the 1994 tournament to make it harder for teams to time - waste by repeatedly passing the ball back for their goalkeepers to pick up . Three , rather than two points would be awarded for victories at future tournaments to help further encourage attacking play . Emergence of Cameroon ( edit ) Cameroon reached the quarter - finals , where they were narrowly defeated by England . They opened the tournament with a shock victory over reigning champions Argentina , before topping the group ahead of them , Romania and European Championship runners - up the Soviet Union . Their success was fired by the goals of Roger Milla , a 38 - year - old forward who came out of international retirement to join the national squad at the last moment after a personal request from Cameroonian President Paul Biya . Milla 's four goals and flamboyant goal celebrations made him one of the tournament 's biggest stars as well as taking Cameroon to the last eight . Most of Cameroon 's squad was made up of players who played in France 's premier football league , Ligue 1 - French is one of the officially spoken languages in Cameroon , it being a former French territory . In reaching this stage , they had gone further than any African nation had ever managed in a World Cup before ; a feat only equalled twice since ( by Senegal in 2002 and Ghana in 2010 ) . Their success was African football 's biggest yet on the world stage and FIFA subsequently decided to allocate the CAF qualifying zone an additional place for the next World Cup tournament . All - champion final four ( edit ) Despite the performances of nations such as Cameroon , Colombia , Ireland , Romania and Costa Rica , the semi-finalists consisted of Argentina , England , Italy and West Germany , all previous World Cup winners , with eight previous titles between them . After the 1970 tournament , this is only the second time in the history of the World Cup this has occurred . The teams which finished first , second and third had also contested both the two previous World Cup Finals between themselves . Results ( edit ) Group stage ( edit ) All times are Central European Summer Time ( UTC + 2 ) Champion Runner - up Third place Fourth place Quarter - finals Round of 16 Group stage In the following tables : Pld = total games played W = total games won D = total games drawn ( tied ) L = total games lost GF = total goals scored ( goals for ) GA = total goals conceded ( goals against ) GD = goal difference ( GF − GA ) Pts = total points accumulated The Group stage saw the twenty - four teams divided into six groups of four teams . Each group was a round - robin of six games , where each team played one match against each of the other teams in the same group . Teams were awarded two points for a win , one point for a draw and none for a defeat . The teams coming first and second in each group qualified for the Round of 16 . The four best third - placed teams would also advance to the next stage . Typical of a World Cup staged in Europe , the matches all started at either 5 : 00 or 9 : 00 in the evening ; this allowed for the games to avoid being played in the heat of an Italian summer , which would soar past 86F ( 30C ) all over Italy . If teams were level on points , they were ranked on the following criteria in order : Greatest total goal difference in the three group matches Greatest number of goals scored in the three group matches If teams remained level after those criteria , a mini-group would be formed from those teams , who would be ranked on : Most points earned in matches against other teams in the tie Greatest goal difference in matches against other teams in the tie Greatest number of goals scored in matches against other teams in the tie If teams remained level after all these criteria , FIFA would hold a drawing of lots Group a ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group A Hosts Italy won Group A with a 100 percent record . They beat Austria 1 -- 0 thanks to substitute Salvatore ' Totò ' Schillaci , who had played only one international before but would become a star during the tournament . A second 1 -- 0 victory followed against a United States team already thumped 5 -- 1 by Czechoslovakia . The Czechoslovaks ended runners - up in the group , while the USA 's first appearance in a World Cup Finals since 1950 ended with three consecutive defeats . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Italy ( H ) 0 0 0 + 4 6 Advance to knockout stage Czechoslovakia 0 6 + 3 Austria 0 − 1 United States 0 0 8 − 6 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers ( H ) Host . 9 June 1990 Italy 1 -- 0 Austria Stadio Olimpico , Rome 10 June 1990 United States 1 -- 5 Czechoslovakia Stadio Comunale , Florence 14 June 1990 Italy 1 -- 0 United States Stadio Olimpico , Rome 15 June 1990 Austria 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Stadio Comunale , Florence 19 June 1990 Italy 2 -- 0 Czechoslovakia Stadio Olimpico , Rome Austria 2 -- 1 United States Stadio Comunale , Florence Group B ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group B Cameroon defeated reigning champions Argentina . Despite ending the match with only nine men , the African team held on for a shock 1 -- 0 win , with contrasting fortunes for the brothers Biyik : François Omam scoring the winning goal , shortly after seeing Andre Kana sent off for a serious foul . In their second game the introduction of Roger Milla was the catalyst for a 2 -- 1 win over Romania , Milla scoring twice from the bench ( making him the oldest goalscorer in the tournament ) . With progression assured , Cameroon slumped to a 4 -- 0 defeat in their final group game to the Soviet Union ( in what would be their last World Cup due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union ) , who were striving to stay in the tournament on goal difference after successive 2 -- 0 defeats . Argentina lost their veteran goalkeeper , Nery Pumpido , to a broken leg during their victory over the USSR : his replacement , Sergio Goycochea , proved to be one of the stars of their tournament . In the final match , a 1 -- 1 draw between Romania and Argentina sent both through , equal on points and on goal difference but Romania having the advantage on goals scored : Romania were thus second , Argentina qualified as one of the best third - placed teams . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Cameroon 0 5 − 2 Advance to knockout stage Romania + 1 Argentina + 1 Soviet Union 0 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 8 June 1990 Argentina 0 -- 1 Cameroon San Siro , Milan 9 June 1990 Soviet Union 0 -- 2 Romania Stadio San Nicola , Bari 13 June 1990 Argentina 2 -- 0 Soviet Union Stadio San Paolo , Naples 14 June 1990 Cameroon 2 -- 1 Romania Stadio San Nicola , Bari 18 June 1990 Argentina 1 -- 1 Romania Stadio San Paolo , Naples Cameroon 0 -- 4 Soviet Union Stadio San Nicola , Bari Group C ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group C Costa Rica beat Scotland 1 -- 0 in their first match , lost 1 -- 0 to Brazil in their second , then saw off Sweden 2 -- 1 to claim a place in the second round . Brazil took maximum points from the group . They began with a 2 -- 1 win over Sweden , then beat both Costa Rica and Scotland 1 -- 0 . Scotland 's 2 -- 1 win over Sweden was not enough to save them from an early return home as one of the two lowest - ranked third - placed teams . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 0 + 3 6 Advance to knockout stage Costa Rica 0 + 1 Scotland 0 − 1 Sweden 0 0 6 − 3 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 10 June 1990 Brazil 2 -- 1 Sweden Stadio delle Alpi , Turin 11 June 1990 Costa Rica 1 -- 0 Scotland Stadio Luigi Ferraris , Genoa 16 June 1990 Brazil 1 -- 0 Costa Rica Stadio delle Alpi , Turin Sweden 1 -- 2 Scotland Stadio Luigi Ferraris , Genoa 20 June 1990 Brazil 1 -- 0 Scotland Stadio delle Alpi , Turin Sweden 1 -- 2 Costa Rica Stadio Luigi Ferraris , Genoa Group D ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group D Group D featured the most goals of all the groups , most due to two large wins of West Germany and defensive inadequacies of a United Arab Emirates team that lost 2 -- 0 to Colombia , 5 -- 1 to West Germany and 4 -- 1 to Yugoslavia . The West Germans topped the group after a 4 -- 1 opening victory over group runners - up Yugoslavia . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification West Germany 0 10 + 7 5 Advance to knockout stage Yugoslavia 0 6 5 + 1 Colombia + 1 United Arab Emirates 0 0 11 − 9 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 9 June 1990 United Arab Emirates 0 -- 2 Colombia Stadio Renato Dall'Ara , Bologna 10 June 1990 West Germany 4 -- 1 Yugoslavia San Siro , Milan 14 June 1990 Yugoslavia 1 -- 0 Colombia Stadio Renato Dall'Ara , Bologna 15 June 1990 West Germany 5 -- 1 United Arab Emirates San Siro , Milan 19 June 1990 West Germany 1 -- 1 Colombia San Siro , Milan Yugoslavia 4 -- 1 United Arab Emirates Stadio Renato Dall'Ara , Bologna Group E ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group E The winners of Group E were Spain , for whom Michel hit a hat - trick as they beat South Korea 3 -- 1 in an unbeaten group campaign . Belgium won their first two games against South Korea and Uruguay to ensure their progress ; Uruguay 's advance to the second round came with an injury time winner against South Korea to edge them through as the weakest of the third - placed sides to remain in the tournament . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Spain 0 5 + 3 5 Advance to knockout stage Belgium 0 6 + 3 Uruguay − 1 South Korea 0 0 6 − 5 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 12 June 1990 Belgium 2 -- 0 South Korea Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi , Verona 13 June 1990 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Spain Stadio Friuli , Udine 17 June 1990 Belgium 3 -- 1 Uruguay Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi , Verona South Korea 1 -- 3 Spain Stadio Friuli , Udine 21 June 1990 Belgium 1 -- 2 Spain Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi , Verona South Korea 0 -- 1 Uruguay Stadio Friuli , Udine Group F ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group F Group F , featured the Netherlands , England , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt . In the six group games , no team managed to score more than once in a match . England beat Egypt 1 -- 0 , the only match with a decisive result , and that was enough to win the group . The group containing England , Ireland and the Netherlands was remarkably similar to the group stage of the 1988 European Championship , which had eventually been won by the Netherlands , with England crashing out with three losses ( to Ireland , the Netherlands and the USSR ) and Ireland also narrowly failing to progress after losing to the Netherlands and drawing with the USSR . The results of the 1990 group , however , were different : England took the lead with an early goal for Lineker against Ireland , but Sheedy 's late equalizer gave them a share of the spoils . The Netherlands failed to replicate their form of two years earlier , only drawing against Egypt : they had taken a 1 - 0 lead , but without impressing , and Egypt were well worth their equalizer courtesy of a penalty by Abdelghani . England then had much the better of their goalless draw with the Netherlands : indeed they had the ball in the net once , from a free - kick by Pearce , but it was disallowed . For the second World Cup in succession , however , England lost their captain Bryan Robson to an injury which put him out of the tournament , just over halfway through their second match . Ireland and Egypt barely registered a shot on goal between them in the other 0 - 0 draw : after the first four matches all four teams had equal records with 2 draws , 1 goal for and 1 goal against . England 's victory over Egypt , thanks to a 58th - minute goal from Mark Wright , put them top of the group : in the other match , Gullit gave the Netherlands the lead against Ireland , but Niall Quinn scored a second - half equalizer and the two teams finished in second and third , still with identical records . Both teams qualified but they had to draw lots to place the teams in second and third place . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification England 0 + 1 Advance to knockout stage Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 Egypt 0 − 1 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers The Republic of Ireland and the Netherlands finished with identical records . With both teams assured of progressing , they were split by the drawing of lots to determine second and third place . 11 June 1990 England 1 -- 1 Republic of Ireland Stadio Sant'Elia , Cagliari 12 June 1990 Netherlands 1 -- 1 Egypt Stadio La Favorita , Palermo 16 June 1990 England 0 -- 0 Netherlands Stadio Sant'Elia , Cagliari 17 June 1990 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 0 Egypt Stadio La Favorita , Palermo 21 June 1990 England 1 -- 0 Egypt Stadio Sant'Elia , Cagliari Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Netherlands Stadio La Favorita , Palermo Ranking of third - placed teams ( edit ) Pos Grp Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Argentina + 1 Advance to knockout stage Colombia + 1 Netherlands 0 0 0 Uruguay − 1 5 Austria 0 − 1 6 Scotland 0 − 1 Source : FIFA Ireland won the drawing of lots against the Netherlands for second place in Group F : the Netherlands were the only third - placed team not to have won any matches - or lost any : they progressed with three draws ( 3 points ) , ahead of Austria and Scotland who each had one win and two losses ( 2 points ) . Knockout stage ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup knockout stage The knockout stage involved the 16 teams that qualified from the group stage of the tournament . There were four rounds of matches , with each round eliminating half of the teams entering that round . The successive rounds were : round of 16 , quarter - finals , semi-finals , final . There was also a play - off to decide third / fourth place . For each game in the knockout stage , any draw at 90 minutes was followed by 30 minutes of extra time ; if scores were still level there would be a penalty shoot - out ( five penalties each , if neither team already had a decisive advantage , and more if necessary ) to determine who progressed to the next round . Scores after extra time are indicated by ( aet ) and penalty shoot - outs are indicated by ( p ) . Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 24 June -- Turin Brazil 0 30 June -- Florence Argentina Argentina ( p ) 0 ( 3 ) 26 June -- Verona Yugoslavia 0 ( 2 ) Spain 3 July -- Naples Yugoslavia ( aet ) Argentina ( p ) 1 ( 4 ) 25 June -- Genoa Italy 1 ( 3 ) Republic of Ireland ( p ) 0 ( 5 ) 30 June -- Rome Romania 0 ( 4 ) Republic of Ireland 0 25 June -- Rome Italy Italy 8 July -- Rome Uruguay 0 Argentina 0 23 June -- Bari West Germany Czechoslovakia 1 July -- Milan Costa Rica Czechoslovakia 0 24 June -- Milan West Germany West Germany 4 July -- Turin Netherlands West Germany ( p ) 1 ( 4 ) 23 June -- Naples England 1 ( 3 ) Third place Cameroon ( aet ) 1 July -- Naples 7 July -- Bari Colombia Cameroon Italy 26 June -- Bologna England ( aet ) England England ( aet ) Belgium 0 All times listed are local ( UTC + 2 ) Round of 16 ( edit ) Two of the ties -- Brazil vs Argentina and Italy vs Uruguay -- pitted former champion countries against each other and West Germany met the Netherlands in a rematch of the 1974 World Cup Final . The all - South American game was won for Argentina by a goal from Claudio Caniggia with 10 minutes remaining after a run through the Brazilian defence by Diego Maradona and an outstanding performance from their goalkeeper Sergio Goycochea . It would later come to light that Branco had been offered water spiked with tranquillisers by Maradona and Ricardo Giusti during half time , to slow him down in the second half . Initially discredited by the press , Branco would be publicly proven right years later , when Maradona confessed the episode on a TV show in Argentina . As for Italy , a strong second half showing saw the hosts beat Uruguay 2 -- 0 , thanks to another goal from Schillaci and one from Aldo Serena . The match between West Germany and the Netherlands was held in Milan , and both sides featured several notable players from the two Milanese clubs ( Germans Andreas Brehme , Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann for Internazionale , and Dutchmen Marco van Basten , Ruud Gullit and Frank Rijkaard for Milan ) . After 22 minutes Rudi Völler and Rijkaard were both dismissed after a number of incidents between the two players ( including Rijkaard spitting on Völler ) left the Argentine referee with no option but to send them both off . As the players walked off the pitch together , Rijkaard spat on Völler a second time . Early in the second half , Jürgen Klinsmann put the West Germans ahead and Andreas Brehme added a second with eight minutes left . A Ronald Koeman penalty for the Netherlands in the 89th minute narrowed the score to 2 -- 1 but the Germans saw the game out to gain some revenge for their exit to the Dutch in the previous European Championship . Meanwhile , the heroics of Cameroon and Roger Milla continued in their game with Colombia . Milla was introduced as a second - half substitute with the game goalless , eventually breaking the deadlock midway in extra time . Three minutes later he netted a second after Colombian goalkeeper , René Higuita was dispossessed by Milla while well out of his goal , leaving the striker free to slot the ball into the empty net . Though the deficit was soon reduced to 2 -- 1 , Cameroon held on to become the first African team ever to reach the World Cup quarter - finals . Costa Rica were comfortably beaten 4 -- 1 by Czechoslovakia , for whom Tomáš Skuhravý scored the tournament 's second and final hat - trick . The Republic of Ireland 's match with Romania remained goalless after extra time and the Irish side won 5 -- 4 on penalties . David O'Leary converted the penalty that clinched Ireland 's place in the quarter - finals . Ireland thus became the first team since Sweden in 1938 to reach the last eight in a World Cup finals tournament without winning a match outright . Yugoslavia beat Spain 2 -- 1 after extra time , with Dragan Stojković scoring both the Yugoslavs ' goals . England were the final qualifier against Belgium , as midfielder David Platt 's swivelling volley broke the stalemate with the game moments away from a penalty shoot - out . 23 June 1990 17 : 00 Cameroon 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Colombia Milla 106 ' , 108 ' Report Redín 115 ' Stadio San Paolo , Naples Attendance : 50,026 Referee : Tullio Lanese ( Italy ) 23 June 1990 21 : 00 Czechoslovakia 4 -- 1 Costa Rica Skuhravý 12 ' , 63 ' , 82 ' Kubík 75 ' Report González 54 ' Stadio San Nicola , Bari Attendance : 47,673 Referee : Siegfried Kirschen ( East Germany ) 24 June 1990 17 : 00 Brazil 0 -- 1 Argentina Report Caniggia 80 ' Stadio delle Alpi , Turin Attendance : 61,381 Referee : Joël Quiniou ( France ) 24 June 1990 21 : 00 West Germany 2 -- 1 Netherlands Klinsmann 51 ' Brehme 82 ' Report R. Koeman 89 ' ( pen . ) San Siro , Milan Attendance : 74,559 Referee : Juan Carlos Loustau ( Argentina ) 25 June 1990 17 : 00 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Romania Report Penalties Sheedy Houghton Townsend Cascarino O'Leary 5 -- 4 Hagi Lupu Rotariu Lupescu Timofte Stadio Luigi Ferraris , Genoa Attendance : 31,818 Referee : José Roberto Wright ( Brazil ) 25 June 1990 21 : 00 Italy 2 -- 0 Uruguay Schillaci 65 ' Serena 83 ' Report Stadio Olimpico , Rome Attendance : 73,303 Referee : George Courtney ( England ) 26 June 1990 17 : 00 Spain 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Yugoslavia Salinas 83 ' Report Stojković 78 ' , 92 ' Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi , Verona Attendance : 35,500 Referee : Aron Schmidhuber ( West Germany ) 26 June 1990 21 : 00 England 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Belgium Platt 119 ' Report Stadio Renato Dall'Ara , Bologna Attendance : 34,520 Referee : Peter Mikkelsen ( Denmark ) Quarter - finals ( edit ) The first game of the last 8 saw Argentina and a Yugoslav side , reduced to 10 men after only half an hour , play out a goalless stalemate . The holders reached the semi-finals after winning the penalty shoot - out 3 -- 2 , despite Maradona having his penalty saved . A second Argentine miss ( by Pedro Troglio ) looked to have eliminated them until goalkeeper Sergio Goycochea -- playing because first choice Nery Pumpido broke his leg during the group stage -- rescued his side by stopping the Yugoslavs ' final two spotkicks . The Republic of Ireland 's World Cup run was brought to an end by a single goal from Schillaci in the first half of their quarter - final with hosts Italy . West Germany beat Czechoslovakia with a 25th minute Lothar Matthäus penalty . The quarter - final between England and Cameroon was the only quarter - final to produce more than one goal . Despite Cameroon 's heroics earlier in the tournament , David Platt put England ahead in the 25th minute . At half - time , Milla was brought on . In the second half , the game was turned on its head during a five - minute stretch : first Cameroon were awarded a penalty from which Emmanuel Kunde scored the equaliser ; then in the 65th minute Eugene Ekeke put Cameroon ahead . Cameroon came within eight minutes of reaching the semi-finals before they conceded a penalty , which Gary Lineker converted . Midway through extra time , England were awarded another penalty and Lineker again scored from the spot . England were through to the semi-finals for the first time since the days of Bobby Moore 24 years prior . 30 June 1990 17 : 00 Argentina 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Yugoslavia Report Penalties Serrizuela Burruchaga Maradona Troglio Dezotti 3 -- 2 Stojković Prosinečki Savićević Brnović Hadžibegić Stadio Comunale , Florence Attendance : 38,971 Referee : Kurt Röthlisberger ( Switzerland ) 30 June 1990 21 : 00 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 1 Italy Report Schillaci 38 ' Stadio Olimpico , Rome Attendance : 73,303 Referee : Carlos Silva Valente ( Portugal ) 1 July 1990 17 : 00 Czechoslovakia 0 -- 1 West Germany Report Matthäus 25 ' ( pen . ) San Siro , Milan Attendance : 73,347 Referee : Helmut Kohl ( Austria ) 1 July 1990 21 : 00 Cameroon 2 -- 3 ( a.e.t. ) England Kundé 61 ' ( pen . ) Ekéké 65 ' Report Platt 25 ' Lineker 83 ' ( pen . ) , 105 ' ( pen . ) Stadio San Paolo , Naples Attendance : 55,205 Referee : Edgardo Codesal ( Mexico ) Semi-finals ( edit ) The first semi-final featured the host nation , Italy , and the world champions , Argentina in Naples . ' Toto ' Schillaci scored yet again to put Italy ahead in the 17th minute , but Claudio Caniggia equalised midway through the second half , breaking Walter Zenga 's clean sheet streak throughout the tournament . There were no more goals in the 90 minutes or in extra time despite Maradona ( who played for Naples in Serie A at the time ) showing glimpses of magic , but there was a sending - off : Ricardo Giusti of Argentina was shown the red card in the 13th minute of extra time . Argentina went through on penalties , winning the shoot - out 4 -- 3 after more heroics from Goycochea . The semi-final between West Germany and England at Juventus 's home stadium in Turin was goalless at half - time . Then , in the 60th minute , a shot from Andreas Brehme was deflected by Paul Parker into his own net . England equalised with ten minutes left ; Gary Lineker was the scorer . The game ended 1 -- 1 . Extra time yielded more chances . Klinsmann was guilty of two glaring misses and both sides struck a post . England had another Platt goal disallowed for offside . The match went to penalties , and West Germany went on to win the shoot - out 4 -- 3 . 3 July 1990 20 : 00 Argentina 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Italy Caniggia 67 ' Report Schillaci 17 ' Penalties Serrizuela Burruchaga Olarticoechea Maradona 4 -- 3 Baresi Baggio De Agostini Donadoni Serena Stadio San Paolo , Naples Attendance : 59,978 Referee : Michel Vautrot ( France ) 4 July 1990 20 : 00 West Germany 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Brehme 60 ' Report Lineker 80 ' Penalties Brehme Matthäus Riedle Thon 4 -- 3 Lineker Beardsley Platt Pearce Waddle Stadio delle Alpi , Turin Attendance : 62,628 Referee : José Roberto Wright ( Brazil ) Third - place play - off ( edit ) The game saw three goals in a 15 - minute spell . Roberto Baggio opened the scoring after a rare mistake by England 's goalkeeper Peter Shilton , in his final game before international retirement , presented a simple opportunity . A header by David Platt levelled the game 10 minutes later but Schillaci was fouled in the penalty area five minutes later , leading to a penalty . Schillaci himself got up to convert the kick to win him the tournament 's Golden Boot for his six - goal tally . Nicola Berti had a goal ruled out minutes later , but the hosts claimed third place . England had the consolation prize of the Fair Play award , having received no red cards and the lowest average number of yellows per match . 7 July 1990 20 : 00 Italy 2 -- 1 England Baggio 71 ' Schillaci 86 ' ( pen . ) Report Platt 81 ' Stadio San Nicola , Bari Attendance : 51,426 Referee : Joël Quiniou ( France ) Final ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Final The final between West Germany and Argentina has been cited as the most cynical and lowest - quality of all World Cup Finals . In the 65th minute , Argentina 's Pedro Monzon - himself only recently on as a substitute - was sent off for a foul on Jürgen Klinsmann . Monzon was the first player ever to be sent off in a World Cup Final . Argentina , weakened by suspension and injury , offered little attacking threat throughout a contest dominated by the West Germans , who struggled to create many clear goalscoring opportunities . The only goal of the contest arrived in the 85th minute when Mexican referee Edgardo Codesal awarded a penalty to West Germany , after a foul on Rudi Völler by Roberto Sensini leading to Argentinian protests . Andreas Brehme converted the spot kick to settle the contest . In the closing moments , Argentina were reduced to nine after Gustavo Dezotti , who had already been yellow carded earlier in the match , received a red card when he hauled Jürgen Kohler to the ground during a stoppage in play . The 1 -- 0 scoreline provided another first : Argentina were the first team to fail to score in a World Cup Final . With its third title ( and three second - place finishes ) West Germany -- in its final tournament before national reunification -- became the most successful World Cup nation at the time . West German manager Franz Beckenbauer became the only man to both captain ( in 1974 ) and manage a World Cup winning team , and only the second man ( after Mário Zagallo of Brazil ) to win the World Cup as a player and as team manager . It was also the first time a team from UEFA won the final against a non-European team . 8 July 1990 20 : 00 West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Brehme 85 ' ( pen . ) Report Stadio Olimpico , Rome Attendance : 73,603 Referee : Edgardo Codesal ( Mexico ) Goalscorers ( edit ) Salvatore Schillaci received the Golden Boot award for scoring six goals in the World Cup . This made him the second Italian footballer to have this honour , after Paolo Rossi won the award in 1982 . In total , 115 goals were scored by 75 players ( none credited as own goals ) . 6 goals Salvatore Schillaci 5 goals Tomáš Skuhravý 4 goals Roger Milla Gary Lineker Míchel Lothar Matthäus 3 goals David Platt Andreas Brehme Jürgen Klinsmann Rudi Völler 2 goals Claudio Caniggia Careca Müller Bernardo Redín Michal Bílek Roberto Baggio Gabi Balint Marius Lăcătuș Davor Jozić Darko Pančev Dragan Stojković 1 goal Andreas Ogris Gerhard Rodax Jorge Burruchaga Pedro Monzón Pedro Troglio Jan Ceulemans Lei Clijsters Michel De Wolf Marc Degryse Enzo Scifo Patrick Vervoort Eugène Ekéké Emmanuel Kundé François Omam - Biyik Freddy Rincón Carlos Valderrama Juan Cayasso Róger Flores Rónald González Hernán Medford Ivan Hašek Luboš Kubík Milan Luhový Magdi Abdelghani Mark Wright Giuseppe Giannini Aldo Serena Ruud Gullit Wim Kieft Ronald Koeman Niall Quinn Kevin Sheedy Mo Johnston Stuart McCall Hwangbo Kwan Igor Dobrovolski Oleh Protasov Oleksandr Zavarov Andrei Zygmantovich Alberto Górriz Julio Salinas Tomas Brolin Johnny Ekström Glenn Strömberg Khalid Ismaïl Ali Thani Jumaa Paul Caligiuri Bruce Murray Pablo Bengoechea Daniel Fonseca Uwe Bein Pierre Littbarski Robert Prosinečki Safet Sušić Awards ( edit ) Golden Boot winner Golden Ball winner Best Young Player FIFA Fair Play Trophy Salvatore Schillaci Salvatore Schillaci Robert Prosinečki England All - star team ( edit ) Goalkeeper Defenders Midfielders Forwards Sergio Goycochea Luis Gabelo Conejo Andreas Brehme Paolo Maldini Franco Baresi Diego Maradona Lothar Matthäus Dragan Stojković Paul Gascoigne Salvatore Schillaci Roger Milla Jürgen Klinsmann Final standings ( edit ) After the tournament , FIFA published a ranking of all teams that competed in the 1990 World Cup finals based on progress in the competition , overall results and quality of the opposition . Team GF GA GD Pts . West Germany 7 5 0 15 5 + 10 12 Argentina 7 5 + 1 7 Italy 7 6 0 10 + 8 13 England 7 8 6 + 2 9 Eliminated in the quarter - finals 5 Yugoslavia 5 8 6 + 2 7 6 Czechoslovakia 5 0 10 5 + 5 6 7 Cameroon 5 0 7 9 - 2 6 8 Republic of Ireland 5 0 − 1 Eliminated in the round of 16 9 Brazil 0 + 2 6 10 Spain 6 + 2 5 11 Belgium 0 6 + 2 12 Romania + 1 13 Costa Rica 0 6 − 2 14 Colombia 0 15 Netherlands 0 − 1 16 Uruguay 5 − 3 Eliminated in the group stage 17 Soviet Union 0 0 18 Austria 0 − 1 Scotland 0 − 1 20 Egypt 0 − 1 21 Sweden 0 0 6 − 3 0 22 South Korea 0 0 6 − 5 0 23 United States 0 0 8 − 6 0 24 United Arab Emirates 0 0 11 − 9 0 Statistics ( edit ) Most wins : Italy ( 6 ) Most defeats : South Korea , Sweden , UAE , United States ( 3 ) First goal : François Omam Biyik ( for Cameroon vs Argentina ; Group B , 8 June ) Fastest goal in a match : 3 minutes 59 seconds -- Safet Sušić ( for Yugoslavia vs UAE ; Group D , 19 June ) Latest goal scored in a match ( apart from penalty shoot - outs ) : 119 minutes -- David Platt ( for England vs Belgium ; Round of 16 , 26 June ) Biggest win : 5 -- 1 -- by Czechoslovakia vs United States , and by West Germany vs UAE Most goals in the tournament ( team ) : West Germany ( 15 ) Most goals in the tournament ( player ) : Salvatore Schillaci ( Italy ) ( 6 ) Fewest goals in the tournament ( team ) : Egypt and South Korea ( 1 ) Most goals in a game : 6 ( United States 1 Czechoslovakia 5 ; West Germany 5 UAE 1 ) Most goals in a game ( player ) : 3 , by Míchel ( for Spain vs South Korea ) and Tomáš Skuhravý ( for Czechoslovakia vs Costa Rica ) Fewest goals conceded : Brazil , Egypt and Italy ( 2 ) Total goals scored : 115 ( average 2.21 goals per game , a record low in World Cup history ) Most clean sheets : Italy ( 5 ) Total penalties awarded : 18 ( 13 scored , 5 missed ) Most yellow cards in a game : 9 -- Austria vs United States ( Group A , 19 June ) Most yellow cards in the tournament : Argentina ( 22 ) Total yellow cards : 162 Most red cards in the tournament : Argentina ( 3 ) Total red cards : 16 ( a record high for a 24 team World Cup ) Highest attendance : 74,765 -- West Germany vs Yugoslavia ( Group D , 10 June ) Lowest attendance : 27,833 -- Yugoslavia vs UAE ( Group D , 19 June ) Average attendance : 48,391 ( 5th highest in World Cup history ) Oldest player : Peter Shilton ( England ) ( 40 years 292 days ) Youngest player : Rónald González Brenes ( Costa Rica ) ( 19 years 307 days ) Italy 's performance of 6 wins , 1 draw and 0 losses is the highest ever winning percentage for a team that did not win the World Cup . The Republic of Ireland became the second team in World Cup history to reach the last eight without winning a match ( Sweden progressed to the last eight by default in 1938 when Austria withdrew ) . See also ( edit ) Sir Bobby Robson Trophy match , a 2009 replay of the 1990 England Germany semi-final in honour of the England manager Bobby Robson References and footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Italy 1990 '' . BBC Sport. 17 April 2002 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 1990 '' . ESPN Soccernet. 9 November 2009 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22944 - 1 . Jump up ^ Freddi , Cris ( 2006 ) . Complete Book of the World Cup . HarperSport . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 722916 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup TM Record -- Organisation '' . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` A riot of colour , emotion and memories : the World Cup stands alone in the field of sport '' . The Independent . Retrieved 20 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup and Television '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 6 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` L'Alta Definizione a Torino 1986 -- 2006 di Marzio Barbero e Natasha Shpuza '' . Crit.rai.it . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The FIFA World Cup TV viewing figures '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 27 November 2007 . Retrieved 31 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Italy gain vote over Soviet rival '' . The Times . London . 21 May 1984 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Sports in brief '' . The Times . London . 3 August 1983 . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Sports in brief '' . The Times . London . 2 September 1983 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup formats '' . The Times . London . 12 November 1983 . p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Romania could join the boycott '' . The Times . London . 22 May 1984 . p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico given ban in soccer '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 1 July 1988 . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/sports/world-cup-90-fan-violence-at-world-cup-finals.html Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1990-06-11/sports/sp-210_1_riot-police ^ Jump up to : `` WM 1990 Sonderheft '' . Kicker ( in German ) . May -- June 1990 . p. 185 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup ' 90 : The Complete Collection '' . Orbis . ^ Jump up to : `` England Is Seeded Sixth in 1990 World Cup in Italy '' . The New York Times . 8 December 1989 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cup seedings revealed '' . The New York Times . 30 November 1989 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Times guide to the draw for the World Cup finals '' . The Times . London . 9 December 1989 . p. 51 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Paul ( 10 December 1989 ) . `` U.S. must face Italy in cup '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The FIFA World Cup Final Draw history '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mascots '' . FIFA . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Como Maradona `` envenenou '' Branco na Copa de 90 `` . UOL . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` England v West Germany at Italia ' 90 -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 27 March 2014 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber . p. 303 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22944 - 1 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( 9 July 1990 ) . `` Winning Ugly , Losing Ugly , Just Plain Ugly '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A poor display bare of class '' . The Times . London . 9 July 1990 . Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 2018 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber and Faber . p. 326 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 32556 - 6 . After half - time , the game grew harsher , when Klaus Augenthaler was blantanly tripped in the box by Goycoecha , Germany had far stronger claims for a penalty than that which won the match . Sensini bought down Völler in the area Codesal gave a penalty , Argentina protested furiously , and seemed to have a pretty good case . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1990 in Italy - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide '' . Jump up ^ `` All - time FIFA World Cup Ranking 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : Milestones , facts & figures . Statistical Kit 7 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 26 March 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Figure does not include shoot - outs ; penalties were missed during games by : Michal Bílek ( Czechoslovakia v USA ) , Rubén Sosa ( Uruguay v Spain ) , Faruk Hadžibegić ( Yugoslavia v Colombia ) , Gianluca Vialli ( Italy v USA ) and Enzo Scifo ( Belgium v Spain ) Jump up ^ Figure does not include second yellow cards that led to a red card Jump up ^ Argentina defeated Italy in the semi-finals by a penalty shoot - out which , by FIFA regulations counts as a draw for statistical reasons . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 1990 . 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM , FIFA.com Details at RSSSF FIFA Technical Report ( Part 1 ) , ( Part 2 ) , ( Part 3 ) , ( Part 4 ) , ( Part 5 ) and ( Part 6 ) Planet World Cup -- Italy 1990 1990 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Knockout stage Cameroon v Colombia Final General information Qualification Squads Matches Discipline 1990 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions West Germany Runners - up Argentina Third place Italy Fourth place England Quarter - finals Cameroon Czechoslovakia Republic of Ireland Yugoslavia Round of 16 Belgium Brazil Colombia Costa Rica Netherlands Romania Spain Uruguay Group stage Austria Egypt Scotland South Korea Soviet Union Sweden United Arab Emirates United States 1990 FIFA World Cup stadiums San Nicola ( Bari ) Renato Dall'Ara ( Bologna ) Sant'Elia ( Cagliari ) Comunale ( Florence ) Luigi Ferraris ( Genoa ) San Siro ( Milan ) San Paolo ( Napoli ) La Favorita ( Palermo ) Olimpico ( Rome ) Stadio delle Alpi ( Turin ) Friuli ( Udine ) Marcantonio Bentegodi ( Verona ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . GND : 2111663 - 5 SUDOC : 172044820 VIAF : 150781541 Association football portal 1990s portal Italy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1990_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=855751088 '' Categories : 1990 FIFA World Cup 1990 in association football FIFA World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by Italy 1989 -- 90 in Italian football June 1990 sports events in Europe July 1990 sports events in Europe Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) EngvarB from September 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 63 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 15 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did england play in the semifinals 1990	[ "The semi-final between West Germany and England at Juventus's home stadium in Turin was goalless at half-time. Then, in the 60th minute, a shot from Andreas Brehme was deflected by Paul Parker into his own net. England equalised with ten minutes left; Gary Lineker was the scorer. The game ended 1–1. Extra time yielded more chances. Klinsmann was guilty of two glaring misses and both sides struck a post. England had another Platt goal disallowed for offside. The match went to penalties, and West Germany went on to win the shoot-out 4–3.[27]\t\n" ]	[ "West Germany" ]
-6566235155641769550	Utility pole	Utility pole - wikipedia Utility pole Utility pole supporting wires for electrical power distribution , coaxial cable for cable television , and telephone cable . A pair of shoes can be seen hanging from the wires ( center - left , far right ) A utility pole is a column or post used to support overhead power lines and various other public utilities , such as electrical cable , fiber optic cable , and related equipment such as transformers and street lights . It can be referred to as a transmission pole , telephone pole , telecommunication pole , power pole , hydro pole , telegraph pole , or telegraph post , depending on its application . A stobie pole is a multi-purpose pole made of two steel joists held apart by a slab of concrete in the middle , generally found in South Australia . Electrical wires and cables are routed overhead on utility poles as an inexpensive way to keep them insulated from the ground and out of the way of people and vehicles . Utility poles can be made of wood , metal , concrete , or composites like fiberglass . They are used for two different types of power lines ; subtransmission lines which carry higher voltage power between substations , and distribution lines which distribute lower voltage power to customers . The first poles were used in 1816 by the telegraph inventor Sir Francis Ronalds who set up eight miles of overhead cable in Hammersmith . Utility poles were first used in the mid-19th century in America with telegraph systems , starting with Samuel Morse who attempted to bury a line between Baltimore and Washington , D.C. , but moved it aboveground when this system proved faulty . Today , underground distribution lines are increasingly used as an alternative to utility poles in residential neighborhoods , due to poles ' perceived ugliness . Play media ( video ) Three aerial work platform trucks work together on utility poles , in Bunkyō , Japan Contents 1 Use 2 Description 2.1 Pole materials 2.2 Power distribution wires and equipment 2.3 Communication cables 2.4 Other equipment 3 Pole attachment hardware 3.1 Attachment hardware by pole type 4 Access 5 Dead - end poles 6 History 7 Markings 7.1 Pole brandings 7.2 Coordinates on pole tags 8 Pole route 9 Environmental impact 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Use ( edit ) Utility poles are commonly used to carry two types of electric power lines : distribution lines ( or `` feeders '' ) and subtransmission lines . Distribution lines carry power from local substations to customers . They generally carry voltages from 4.6 to 33 kilovolts ( kV ) for distances up to 30 miles , and include transformers to step the voltage down from the primary voltage to the lower secondary voltage used by the customer . A service drop carries this lower voltage to the customer 's premises . Subtransmission lines carry higher voltage power from regional substations to local substations . They usually carry 46 kV , 69 kV , or 115 kV for distances up to 60 miles . 230 kV lines are often supported on H - shaped towers made with two or three poles . Transmission lines carrying voltages of above 230 kV are usually not supported by poles , but by metal pylons ( known as transmission towers in the US ) . For economic or practical reasons , such as to save space in urban areas , a distribution line is often carried on the same poles as a subtransmission line but mounted under the higher voltage lines ; a practice called `` underbuild '' . Telecommunication cables are usually carried on the same poles that support power lines ; poles shared in this fashion are known as joint - use poles , but may have their own dedicated poles . Description ( edit ) Steel utility pole in Darwin , Australia The standard utility pole in the United States is about 40 ft ( 12 m ) long and is buried about 6 ft ( 2 m ) in the ground . However , poles can reach heights of 120 ft ( 37 m ) or more to satisfy clearance requirements . They are typically spaced about 125 ft ( 38 m ) apart in urban areas , or about 300 ft ( 91 m ) in rural areas , but distances vary widely based on terrain . Joint - use poles are usually owned by one utility , which leases space on it for other cables . In the United States , the National Electrical Safety Code , published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) ( not to be confused with the National Electrical Code published by the National Fire Protection Association ( NFPA ) ) , sets the standards for construction and maintenance of utility poles and their equipment . Pole materials ( edit ) Most utility poles are made of wood , pressure - treated with some type of preservative for protection against rot , fungi and insects . Southern yellow pine is the most widely used species in the United States ; however , many species of long straight trees are used to make utility poles , including Douglas fir , jack pine , lodgepole pine , western red cedar , and Pacific silver fir . Traditionally , the preservative used was creosote , but due to environmental concerns , alternatives such as pentachlorophenol , copper naphthenate and borates are becoming widespread in the United States . In the United States , standards for wood preservative materials and wood preservation processes , along with test criteria , are set by ANSI , ASTM , and American Wood Protection Association ( AWPA ) specifications . Despite the preservatives , wood poles decay and have a life of approximately 25 to 50 years depending on climate and soil conditions , therefore requiring regular inspection and remedial preservative treatments . Woodpecker damage to wood poles is the most significant cause of pole deterioration in the U.S. Other common utility pole materials are steel and concrete , with composites ( such as fibreglass ) also becoming more prevalent . One particular patented utility pole variant used in Australia is the Stobie pole , made up of two vertical steel posts with a slab of concrete between them . In southern Switzerland along various lakes , telephone poles are made of granite . Starting in the early 1900s , these 18 - foot ( 5 m ) poles were originally used for telegraph wires and later for telephone wires . Because they are made of granite , the poles last indefinitely . Power distribution wires and equipment ( edit ) Typical North American utility pole , showing hardware for a residential 240 / 120V split - phase service drop : ( A , B , C ) 3 - phase primary distribution wires , ( D ) neutral wire , ( E ) fuse cutout , ( F ) lightning arrestor , ( G ) single phase distribution transformer , ( H ) ground wire to transformer case , ( J ) `` triplex '' service drop cable carries secondary current to customer , ( K ) telephone and cable television cables On poles carrying both , the electric power distribution lines and associated equipment are mounted at the top of the pole above the communication cables , for safety . The vertical space on the pole reserved for this equipment is called the supply space . The wires themselves are usually uninsulated , and supported by insulators , commonly mounted on a horizontal crossarm. Power is transmitted using the three - phase system , with three wires , or phases , labeled `` A '' , `` B '' , and `` C '' . Subtransmission lines comprise only these 3 wires , plus sometimes an overhead ground wire ( OGW ) , also called a `` static line '' or a `` neutral '' , suspended above them . The OGW acts like a lightning rod , providing a low resistance path to ground thus protecting the phase conductors from lightning . A joint - use utility pole in China Distribution lines use two systems , either grounded - wye ( `` Y '' on electrical schematics ) or delta ( Greek letter `` Δ '' on electrical schematics ) . A delta system requires only a conductor for each of the three phases . A grounded - wye system requires a fourth conductor , the neutral , whose source is the center of the `` Y '' and is grounded . However , `` spur lines '' branching off the main line to provide power to side streets often carry only one or two phase wires , plus the neutral . A wide range of standard distribution voltages are used , from 2,400 V to 34,500 V. On poles near a service drop , there is a pole - mounted step - down transformer to provide the required mains voltage . In North America , service drops provide 240 / 120V split - phase power for residential and light commercial service , using cylindrical single - phase transformers . In Europe and most other countries , 230V three phase ( 230Y400 ) service drops are used . The transformer 's primary is connected to the distribution line through protective devices called fuse cutouts . In the event of an overload , the fuse melts and the device pivots open to provide a visual indication of the problem . They can also be opened manually by linemen using a long insulated rod called a hot stick to disconnect the transformer from the line . The pole may be grounded with a heavy bare copper or copper - clad steel wire running down the pole , attached to the metal pin supporting each insulator , and at the bottom connected to a metal rod driven into the ground . Some countries ground every pole while others only ground every fifth pole and any pole with a transformer on it . This provides a path for leakage currents across the surface of the insulators to get to ground , preventing the current from flowing through the wooden pole which could cause a fire or shock hazard . It provides similar protection in case of flashovers and lightning strikes . A surge arrester ( also called a lightning arrester ) may also be installed between the line ( ahead of the cutout ) and the ground wire for lightning protection . The purpose of the device is to conduct extremely high voltages present on the line directly to ground . If uninsulated conductors touch due to wind or fallen trees , the resultant sparks can start wildfires . To reduce this problem , aerial bundled conductors are being introduced . Communication cables ( edit ) The communications cables are attached below the electric power lines , in a vertical space along the pole designated the communications space . The communications space is separated from the lowest electrical conductor by the communication worker safety zone , which provides room for workers to maneuver safely while servicing the communication cables , avoiding contact with the power lines . The most common communication cables found on utility poles are copper or fibre optic cable ( FOC ) for telephone lines and coaxial cable for cable television ( CATV ) . Coaxial or optical fibre cables linking computer networks are also increasingly found on poles in urban areas . The cable linking the telephone exchange to local customers is a thick cable lashed to a thin supporting cable , containing hundreds of twisted pair subscriber lines . Each twisted pair line provides a single telephone circuit or local loop to a customer . There may also be fibre optic cables interconnecting telephone exchanges . Like electrical distribution lines , communication cables connect to service drops when used to provide local service to customers . Other equipment ( edit ) Utility poles may also carry other equipment such as street lights , supports for traffic lights and overhead electric trolley wires , and cellular network antennas . They can also carry fixtures and decorations specific for certain holidays or events specific to the city where they are located . Solar panels mounted on utility poles may power auxiliary equipment where the expense of a power line connection is unwanted . Streetlights and holiday fixtures are powered directly from secondary distribution . Pole attachment hardware ( edit ) Standard arrangement for telephone poles The primary purpose of pole attachment hardware is to secure the cable and associated aerial plant facilities to poles and to help facilitate necessary plant rearrangements . An aerial plant network requires high - quality reliable hardware to Structurally support the distribution cable plant Provide directional guying to accommodate lateral stresses created on the pole by pole line configurations and pole loading configuration Provide the physical support and protection for drop cable plant from the pole to the customer premises Transition cable plant from the aerial network to underground and buried plant Provide the means for safe and effective grounding , bonding , and isolation connections for the metallic and dielectric components of the network . Functional performance requirements common to pole line hardware for utility poles made of wood , steel , concrete , or Fiber - Reinforced Composite ( FRC ) materials are contained in Telcordia GR - 3174 , Generic Requirements for Hardware Attachments for Utility Poles . Attachment hardware by pole type ( edit ) Wood poles Head of a 400V pole in Switzerland . In Europe , insulators usually were attached directly at the pole . The traditional wood pole material provides great flexibility during placement of hardware and cable apparatus . Holes are easily drilled to fit the exact hardware needs and requirements . In addition , fasteners such as lags and screws are easily applied to wood structures to support outside plant ( OSP ) apparatus . Non-wood poles There are three main non-wood pole materials and structures on which the attachment hardware may be mounted : concrete , steel , and fiber - reinforced composite ( FRC ) . Each material has intrinsic characteristics that need to be considered during the design and manufacture of the attachment hardware . Concrete poles The most widespread use of concrete poles is in marine environments and coastal zones where excellent corrosion resistance is required to reduce the impact of sea water , salt fog , and corrosive soil conditions ( e.g. , marsh ) . Their heavy weight also helps the concrete poles resist the high winds possible in coastal areas . The various designs for concrete poles include tapered structures and round poles made of solid concrete ; pre-stressed concrete ( spun - cast or statically cast ) ; and a hybrid of concrete and steel . The drilling of installed concrete poles is not feasible . Users may wish to have the attachment hardware cast into the concrete during the pole manufacture . As a result of these operational difficulties , banded hardware has become the more popular means to attach cable plant to concrete poles . Design criteria and requirements for concrete poles can be derived from various industry documents including , but not limited to , ASCE - 111 , ACI - 318 , ASTM C935 , and ASTM C1089 . Steel poles Steel poles can provide advantages for high - voltage lines , where taller poles are required for enhanced clearances and longer span requirements . Tubular steel poles are typically made from 11 - gauge galvanized steel , with thicker 10 - or 7 - gauge materials used for some taller poles because of their higher strength and rigidity . For tall tower - type structures , 5 - gauge materials are used . Although steel poles can be drilled on - site with a annular drill bit or standard twist drill , it is not a recommended practice . As with concrete poles , bolt holes could be built into the steel pole during manufacture for use as general attachment points or places for steps to be bolted into the pole . Welding of attachment hardware or attachment ledges to steel poles may be a feasible alternate approach to help provide reliable attachment points . However , operational and practical hazards of welding in the field may make this process undesirable or uneconomical . Steel poles should meet industry specifications such as : TIA / EIA - 222 - G , Structural Standard for Antenna Supporting Structures and Antennas ( current ) ; TIA / EIA - 222 ; Structural Standards for Steel ; and TIA / EIA - RS - 222 , or an equivalent requirement set to help ensure a robust and good quality pole is being used . Fiber - reinforced composite ( FRC ) poles FRC poles cover a family of pole materials that combine fiberglass ( fiber ) strength members with a cross-linked polyester resin and a variety of chemical additives to produce a lightweight , weather - resistant structure . FRC poles are hollow and similar to the tubular steel poles , with a typical wall thickness of 1 / 4 to 1 / 2 inch with an outer polyurethane coating that is ~ 0.002 - inch thin . As with all the other non-wood poles , FRC poles can not be mounted with the traditional climbing hardware of hooks and gaffs . FRC poles can be pre-drilled by the manufacturer , or holes can be drilled on site . Attachments using lag bolts , teeth , nails , and staples are unacceptable for FRC poles . Through - bolts are used instead of lag bolts for maximum bonding to the pole and to avoid loosening of hardware . The relevant industry documents covering FRC poles include : ASTM D4923 , ANSI C136. 20 , OPCS - 03 - 02 , and Telcordia GR - 3159 , Generic Requirements for Fiber - Reinforced Composite ( FRC ) , Concrete , and Steel Utility Poles . Access ( edit ) Pre-apprentice lineman class climbing telephone poles In some countries , such as the United Kingdom , utility poles have sets of brackets arranged in a standard pattern up the pole to act as hand and foot holds so that maintenance and repair workers can climb the pole to work on the lines . In the United States , such steps have been determined to be a public hazard and are no longer allowed on new poles . Linemen may use climbing spikes called gaffs to ascend wooden poles without steps on them . In the UK , boots fitted with steel loops that go around the pole ( known as `` Scandinavian Climbers '' ) are also used for climbing poles . In the US , linemen use bucket trucks for the vast majority of poles that are accessible by vehicle . Dead - end poles ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Example of dead - end riser poles The poles at the end of a straight section of utility line where the line ends or angles off in another direction are called dead - end poles in the United States . Elsewhere they may be referred to as anchor or termination poles . These must carry the lateral tension of the long straight sections of wire . They are usually made with heavier construction . The power lines are attached to the pole by horizontal strain insulators , either placed on crossarms ( which are either doubled , tripled , or replaced with a steel crossarm , to provide more resistance to the tension forces ) or attached directly to the pole itself . Dead - end and other poles that support lateral loads have guy - wires to support them . The guys always have strain insulators inserted in their length to prevent any high voltages caused by electrical faults from reaching the lower portion of the cable that is accessible by the public . In populated areas , guy wires are often encased in a yellow plastic or wood tube reflector attached to their lower end , so that they can be seen more easily , reducing the chance of people and animals walking into them or vehicles crashing into them . Another means of providing support for lateral loads is a push brace pole , a second shorter pole that is attached to the side of the first and runs at an angle to the ground . If there is no space for a lateral support , a stronger pole , e.g. a construction of concrete or iron , is used . History ( edit ) 400V pole in Poland in a typical european design In 1844 , the United States Congress granted Samuel Morse $30,000 to build a 40 - mile telegraph line between Baltimore , Maryland and Washington , D.C. Morse began by having a lead - sheathed cable made . After laying seven miles underground , he tested it . He found so many faults with this system that he dug up his cable , stripped off its sheath , bought poles and strung his wires overhead . On February 7 , 1844 , Morse inserted the following advertisement in the Washington newspaper : `` Sealed proposals will be received by the undersigned for furnishing 700 straight and sound chestnut posts with the bark on and of the following dimensions to wit : ' Each post must not be less than eight inches in diameter at the butt and tapering to five or six inches at the top . Six hundred and eighty of said posts to be 24 feet in length , and 20 of them 30 feet in length . ' '' One of the early Bell System lines was the Washington DC -- Norfolk line which was , for the most part , square - sawn tapered poles of yellow pine probably treated to refusal with creosote . `` Treated to refusal '' means that the manufacturer forces preservatives into the wood , until it refuses to accept more , but performance is not guaranteed . Some of these were still in service after 80 years . The building of pole lines was resisted in some urban areas in the late 19th century , and political pressure for undergrounding remains powerful in many countries . In Eastern Europe , Russia , and third world countries , many utility poles still carry bare communication wires mounted on insulators not only along railway lines , but also along roads and sometimes even in urban areas . Errant traffic being uncommon on railways , their poles are usually less tall . In the United States electricity is predominately carried on unshielded aluminum conductors wound around a solid steel core and affixed to rated insulators made from glass , ceramic , or poly . Telephone , CATV , and fibre optic cables are generally attached directly to the pole without insulators . In the United Kingdom , much of the rural electricity distribution system is carried on wooden poles . These normally carry electricity at 11 or 33 kV ( three phases ) from 132 kV substations supplied from pylons to distribution substations or pole - mounted transformers . Wooden poles have been used for 132kv for a number of years from the early 1980s one is called the trident they are usually used on short sections , though the line from Melbourne , Cambs to near Buntingford , Herts is quite long . The conductors on these are bare metal connected to the posts by insulators . Wood poles can also be used for low voltage distribution to customers . Poles in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada Today , utility poles may hold much more than the uninsulated copper wire that they originally supported . Thicker cables holding many twisted pair , coaxial cable , or even fibre - optic , may be carried . Simple analogue repeaters or other outside plant equipment have long been mounted against poles , and often new digital equipment for multiplexing / demultiplexing or digital repeaters may now be seen . In many places , as seen in the illustration , providers of electricity , television , telephone , street light , traffic signal and other services share poles , either in joint ownership or by renting space to each other . In the United States , ANSI standard 05.1. 2008 governs wood pole sizes and strength loading . Utilities that fall under the Rural Electrification Act must also follow the guidelines set forth in RUS Bulletin 1724E - 150 ( from the US Department of Agriculture ) for pole strength and loading . Steel utility poles are becoming more prevalent in the United States thanks to improvements in engineering and corrosion prevention coupled with lowered production costs . However , premature failure due to corrosion is a concern when compared to wood . The National Association of Corrosion Engineers or NACE is developing inspection , maintenance , and prevention procedures similar to those used on wood utility poles to identify and prevent decay . Markings ( edit ) Pole brandings ( edit ) Markings on a BT post British Telecom posts are usually marked with the following information : This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . ' BT ' - to mark it as a British Telecom UK Pole ( This can also be PO ( Post Office ) or GPO ( General Post Office ) depending on the age of the pole ) a horizontal line marking 3 metres from the bottom of the pole the pole length and size ( e.g. 9L implies a 9 metres long , light pole ) Other poles in use are 7 , 10 , 11 , 13 and 15 metre , as well as ' M ' ( Medium ) and ' S ' ( Stout ) the year of treatment and therefore generally the year of installation ( e.g. the pole in the picture was treated in 2003 ) the batch and type of wood used A date of the last official inspection An alphanumeric designation e.g. DP 242 where DP is an acronym for Distribution Point If relevant , a red D plate meaning ' Dangerous ' and indicating that the pole was structurally unsafe to climb or due to its proximity to other hazards The date on the pole is applied by the manufacturer and refers to the date the pole was `` preserved '' ( treated to withstand the elements ) . Brandings on a pole in Salisbury , Maryland , United States In the United States , utility poles are marked with information concerning the manufacturer , pole height , ANSI strength class , wood species , original preservative , and year manufactured ( vintage ) in accordance with ANSI standard O5. 1.2008 . This is called branding , as it is usually burned into the surface ; the resulting mark is sometimes called the `` birth mark '' . Although the position of the brand is determined by ANSI specification , it is essentially just below `` eye level '' after installation . A rule of thumb for understanding a pole 's brand is the manufacturer 's name or logo at the top with a two - digit date beneath ( sometimes preceded by a month ) . Below the date is a two - character wood species abbreviation and one - to three - character preservative . Some wood species may be marked `` SP '' for southern pine , `` WC '' for western cedar , or `` DF '' for Douglas fir . Common preservative abbreviations are `` C '' for creosote , `` P '' for pentachlorophenol , and `` SK '' for chromated copper arsenate ( originally referred to salts type K ) . The next line of the brand is usually the pole 's ANSI class , used to determine maximum load ; this number ranges from 10 to H6 with a smaller number meaning higher strength . The pole 's height ( from butt to top ) in 5 - foot increments is usually to the right of the class separated by a hyphen , although it is not uncommon for older brands to have the height on a separate line . The pole brand is sometimes an aluminum tag nailed in place . Before the practice of branding , many utilities would set a 2 - to 4 - digit date nail into the pole upon installation . The use of date nails went out of favor during World War II due to war shortages but is still used by a few utilities . These nails are considered valuable to collectors , with older dates being more valuable , and unique markings such as the utilities ' name also increasing the value . However , regardless of the value to collectors , all attachments on a utility pole are the property of the utility company , and unauthorized removal is a felony . Coordinates on pole tags ( edit ) The tags on a Delmarva Power subtransmission pole located in Crisfield , Maryland , United States . The faded tag reads `` 733 '' A practice in some areas is to place poles on coordinates upon a grid . The pole at right is a Delmarva Power pole located in a rural area of the state of Maryland in the United States . The lower two tags are the `` X '' and `` Y '' coordinates along said grid . Just as in a coordinate plane used in geometry , X increases as one travels east and Y increases as one travels north . The upper two tags are specific to the subtransmission section of the pole ; the first refers to the route number , the second to the specific pole along the route . A utility pole replacement in Saugus , Massachusetts , United States However , not all power lines follow the road . In the British region of East Anglia , EDF Energy Networks often add the Ordnance Survey Grid Reference coordinates of the pole or substation to the name sign . In some areas , utility pole name plates may provide valuable coordinate information : a poor man 's GPS . Pole route ( edit ) Telegraph pole with spars , insulators and open wires on a now decommissioned Railway Pole Route , Eccles Road , Norfolk , United Kingdom A pole route ( or pole line in the US ) is a telephone link or electrical power line between two or more locations by way of multiple uninsulated wires suspended between wooden utility poles . This method of link is common especially in rural areas where burying the cables would be expensive . Another situation in which pole routes were extensively used were on the railways to link signal boxes . Traditionally , prior to around 1965 , pole routes were built with open wires along non-electrical operated railways ; this necessitated insulation when the wire passed over the pole , thus preventing the signal from becoming attenuated . At electrical operated railways , pole routes were usually not built as too much jamming from the overhead wire would occur . To accomplish this , cables were separated using spars with insulators spaced along them ; in general four insulators were used per spar . Only one such pole route still exists on the UK rail network , in the highlands of Scotland . There was also a long section in place between Wymondham , Norfolk and Brandon in Suffolk , United Kingdom ; however , this was de-wired and removed during March 2009 . A railway telegraph pole beside a railway bridge on the former railway line between Portadown and Dungannon in Northern Ireland . Environmental impact ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2012 ) White storks ( Ciconia ciconia ) in their nest on a utility pole in Romania Utility poles are used by birds for nesting and to rest on . Utility poles and related structures are regarded by some to be a form of visual pollution . Many lines are placed underground for this reason , in places of high population density or scenic beauty that justify the expense . Architects design some pylons to be pretty , thus avoiding visual pollution . Some chemicals used to preserve wood poles including creosote and pentachlorophenol are toxic and have been found in the environment . Historically , pole - mounted transformers were filled with a polychlorinated biphenyl ( PCB ) liquid . PCBs persist in the environment and have adverse effects on animals . See also ( edit ) Public utility Caber toss , a sport involving the throwing of large poles . Oppenheimer pole High voltage electricity pylon References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Barber , Katherine , ed. ( 1998 ) . The Canadian Oxford dictionary . Toronto ; New York : Oxford University Press . p. 695 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 541120 - X . ^ Jump up to : Grigsby , Leonard L. ( 2001 ) . The Electric Power Engineering Handbook . USA : CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 8578 - 4 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` What 's on a utility pole ? '' . Consumer Assistance . Florida Public Service Commission . 2008 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` PMCPOLE.COM '' ( PDF ) . www.pmcpole.com . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2011 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` PMCPOLE.COM '' ( PDF ) . www.pmcpole.com . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2009 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` PMCPOLE.COM '' ( PDF ) . www.pmcpole.com . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2009 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Graham , Rex ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Resilient Woodpeckers hard to knock -- or stop '' . Birdsnews.com . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Granite Telegraph Poles in Switzerland . '' Archived 2016 - 06 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Popular Mechanics , December 1911 , p. 851 . Jump up ^ GR - 3174 , Generic Requirements for Hardware Attachments for Utility Poles Jump up ^ GR - 3159 , Generic Requirements for Fiber - Reinforced Composite ( FRC ) , Concrete , and Steel Utility Poles Jump up ^ `` '' Treated to refusal '' does not meet the requirements of the international building codes '' ( PDF ) . Western Wood Preserver 's Institute . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James A. Taylor Timber Products Specialist Rural Electrification Administration U.S. Department of Agriculture Washington , D.C. ( 1978 ) . `` Pole Maintenance - Its Need and Its Effectiveness '' ( PDF ) . American Wood Preservers ' Association . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2011 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Vieth , Erich ( 2 February 2009 ) . `` The American War against Telephone Poles '' . Archived from the original on 2 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Standard specifications for wood poles Archived 2012 - 02 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . US Department of Agriculture , Forest Products Laboratory Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` PMCPOLE.COM '' ( PDF ) . www.pmcpole.com . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2009 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` GPO / British Telecom Telephone poles '' . www.britishtelephones.com. 2011 - 10 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` PMCPOLE.COM '' ( PDF ) . www.pmcpole.com . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2009 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ANSI - American National Standards Institute '' . www.ansi.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Taiwan Power Company grid - OSGeo '' . wiki.osgeo.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding coordinates on utility pole numbers '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . A Taiwan Power Company example ; zh : 電力座標 Jump up ^ `` How to read those little metal plates on Hydro pol '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 05 . A British Columbia , Canada example ; External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Utility pole . The Telegraph Pole Appreciation Society Article on Utility - Telecom Joint Use of Poles Lots of photographs Photographs of Various U.S. Utility Poles Hungarian Telephone Poles Utility Poles @ Ann 's Garden Wood Utility Pole Inspection Methods Wood Utility Pole Life Cycle A photo collection of pole routes throughout the UK and abroad American Wood Protection Association USDA Rural Development 's Electric Programs GR - 60 , Generic Requirements for Wooden Utility Poles Electricity delivery Concepts Availability factor Automatic Generation Control Backfeeding Base load Black start Capacity factor Demand factor Droop speed control Economic dispatch Electric power Demand management EROEI Fault Home energy storage Grid storage Intermittency Load factor Load following Nameplate capacity Peak demand Power quality Power - flow study Repowering Utility frequency Variability Sources Nonrenewable Coal Fossil fuel power station Natural gas Petroleum Nuclear Oil shale Renewable Biomass Biofuel Geothermal Hydro Marine Current Osmotic Thermal Tidal Wave Solar Wind Generation AC power Cogeneration Combined cycle Cooling tower Induction generator Micro CHP Microgeneration Rankine cycle Three - phase electric power Virtual power plant Transmission and distribution Blackout ( Rolling blackout ) Brownout Demand response Distributed generation Dynamic demand Electric power distribution Electric power system Electric power transmission Electrical grid Electrical interconnector High - voltage direct current Load management Mains electricity by country Power line Power station Power storage Pumped hydro Smart grid Substation Super grid Transformer Transmission system operator ( TSO ) Transmission tower Utility pole Protective devices Arc - fault circuit interrupter Earth leakage circuit breaker Residual - current device ( GFI ) Power - system protection Protective relay Digital protective relay Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker Economics and policies Carbon offset Cost of electricity by source Ecotax Energy subsidies Feed - in tariff Fossil - fuel phase - out Net metering Pigovian tax Renewable Energy Certificates Renewable energy payments Renewable energy policy Spark / Dark / Quark / Bark spread Statistics and Production List of electricity sectors Electric energy consumption Categories Electric power distribution Electricity economics Power station technology Portals Energy Renewable energy Sustainable development Wood products Lumber / timber Batten Beam Bressummer Cruck Flitch beam Flooring Joist Lath Molding Panelling Plank Plate Post Purlin Rafter Railroad ties Reclaimed Shingle Siding Sill Stud Timber truss Treenail Truss Utility pole Engineered wood Cross-laminated timber Glued laminated timber veneer LVL parallel strand I - joist Fiberboard hardboard Masonite MDF Oriented strand board Oriented structural straw board Particle board Plywood Structural insulated panel Wood - plastic composite lumber Fuelwood Charcoal biochar Firelog Firewood Pellet fuel Wood fuel Fibers Cardboard Corrugated fiberboard Paper Paperboard Pulp Pulpwood Rayon Derivatives Birch - tar Cellulose nano Hemicellulose Cellulosic ethanol Dyes Lignin Liquid smoke Lye Methanol Pyroligneous acid Pine tar Pitch Sandalwood oil Tannin Wood gas By - products Barkdust Black liquor Ramial chipped wood Sawdust Tall oil Wood flour Wood wool Woodchips Historical Axe ties Clapboard Dugout canoe Potash Sawdust brandy Split - rail fence Tanbark Timber framing Wooden masts See also Biomass Certified wood Destructive distillation Dry distillation Engineered bamboo Forestry List of woods Mulch Non-timber forest products Papermaking Wood drying Wood preservation Wood processing Woodworking Forestry portal Commons WikiProject Forestry NDL : 00561471 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utility_pole&oldid=844794128 '' Categories : Electric power distribution Street furniture Pylons Electric power infrastructure Telephony equipment Telecommunications equipment Telecommunications infrastructure Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles needing additional references from August 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Incomplete lists from August 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles to be expanded from August 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית Basa Jawa Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Simple English Türkçe 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018 , at 06 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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8600535048256234617	Second Temple	Second Temple - wikipedia Second Temple Jump to : navigation , search Second Temple בית ־ המקדש השני Model of Herod 's Temple ( a renovation of the Second Temple ) in the Israel Museum , created in 1966 as part of the Holyland Model of Jerusalem . The model was inspired by the writings of Josephus . Alternate name Herod 's Temple Location Jerusalem 31 ° 46 ′ 41 '' N 35 ° 14 ′ 07 '' E / 31.778013 ° N 35.235367 ° E / 31.778013 ; 35.235367 Type Temple Part of Herodian Temple Mount Height 45.72 metres ( 150.0 ft ) History Builder Likely Zerubbabel , largely renovated by Herod the Great . Material local limestone Founded c. 537 - 516 BCE Abandoned 70 CE ( destroyed ) Periods Early Roman Empire Site notes Excavation dates 1930 , 1967 , 1968 , 1970 -- 1978 , 1996 -- 1999 , 2007 Archaeologists Charles Warren , Benjamin Mazar , Ronny Reich , Eli Shukron , Yaakov Billig Condition Ruin , archaeological park Ownership Disputed , currently managed by the Jerusalem Islamic Waqf Public access Yes ( limited ) The Second Temple ( Hebrew : בֵּית ־ הַמִּקְדָּשׁ הַשֵּׁנִי ‎ ‎ , Beit HaMikdash HaSheni ) was the Jewish Holy Temple which stood on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem during the Second Temple period , between 516 BCE and 70 CE . According to Jewish tradition , it replaced Solomon 's Temple ( the First Temple ) , which was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE , when Jerusalem was conquered and part of the population of the Kingdom of Judah was taken into exile to Babylon . Jewish eschatology includes a belief that the Second Temple will be replaced by a future Third Temple . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biblical narrative 2 Rabbinical literature 3 Rededication by the Maccabees 4 Hasmonean dynasty and Roman conquest 5 Herod 's Temple 5.1 Construction 5.2 Platform 5.3 Court of the Gentiles 5.4 Pinnacle 5.5 Inside the Soreg 5.6 Temple sanctuary 6 Pilgrimages 7 Destruction 8 Archaeology 9 Second Temple Judaism 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Biblical narrative ( edit ) Main article : Second Temple period The accession of Cyrus the Great of the Persian Empire in 559 BCE made the re-establishment of the city of Jerusalem and the rebuilding of the Temple possible . According to the Bible , when the Jewish exiles returned to Jerusalem following a decree from Cyrus the Great ( Ezra 1 : 1 -- 4 , 2 Chron 36 : 22 -- 23 ) , construction started at the original site of Solomon 's Temple . After a relatively brief halt due to opposition from peoples who had filled the vacuum during the Jewish captivity ( Ezra 4 ) , work resumed ca . 521 BCE under Darius the Great ( Ezra 5 ) and was completed during the sixth year of his reign ( ca . 516 BCE ) , with the temple dedication taking place the following year . The events take place in the second half of the 5th century BCE . Listed together with the Book of Ezra as Ezra - Nehemiah , it represents the final chapter in the historical narrative of the Hebrew Bible . The original core of the book , the first - person memoir , may have been combined with the core of the Book of Ezra around 400 BCE . Further editing probably continued into the Hellenistic era . The book tells how Nehemiah , at the court of the king in Susa , is informed that Jerusalem is without walls and resolves to restore them . The king appoints him as governor of the province Yehud Medinata and he travels to Jerusalem . There he rebuilds the walls , despite the opposition of Israel 's enemies , and reforms the community in conformity with the law of Moses . After 12 years in Jerusalem , he returns to Susa but subsequently revisits Jerusalem . He finds that the Israelites have been backsliding and taking non-Jewish wives , and he stays in Jerusalem to enforce the Law . Based on the biblical account , after the return from Babylonian captivity , arrangements were immediately made to reorganize the desolated Yehud Province after the demise of the Kingdom of Judah seventy years earlier . The body of pilgrims , forming a band of 42,360 , having completed the long and dreary journey of some four months , from the banks of the Euphrates to Jerusalem , were animated in all their proceedings by a strong religious impulse , and therefore one of their first concerns was to restore their ancient house of worship by rebuilding their destroyed Temple and reinstituting the sacrificial rituals known as the korbanot . On the invitation of Zerubbabel , the governor , who showed them a remarkable example of liberality by contributing personally 1,000 golden darics , besides other gifts , the people poured their gifts into the sacred treasury with great enthusiasm . First they erected and dedicated the altar of God on the exact spot where it had formerly stood , and they then cleared away the charred heaps of debris which occupied the site of the old temple ; and in the second month of the second year ( 535 BCE ) , amid great public excitement and rejoicing , the foundations of the Second Temple were laid . A wide interest was felt in this great movement , although it was regarded with mixed feelings by the spectators ( Haggai 2 : 3 , Zechariah 4 : 10 < / ref > ) . The Samaritans made proposals for co-operation in the work . Zerubbabel and the elders , however , declined all such cooperation , feeling that the Jews must build the Temple without help . Immediately evil reports were spread regarding the Jews . According to Ezra 4 : 5 , the Samaritans sought to `` frustrate their purpose '' and sent messengers to Ecbatana and Susa , with the result that the work was suspended . Seven years later , Cyrus the Great , who allowed the Jews to return to their homeland and rebuild the Temple , died ( 2 Chronicles 36 : 22 -- 23 ) and was succeeded by his son Cambyses . On his death , the `` false Smerdis , '' an impostor , occupied the throne for some seven or eight months , and then Darius became king ( 522 BCE ) . In the second year of his rule the work of rebuilding the temple was resumed and carried forward to its completion ( Ezra 5 : 6 -- 6 : 15 ) , under the stimulus of the earnest counsels and admonitions of the prophets Haggai and Zechariah . It was ready for consecration in the spring of 516 BCE , more than twenty years after the return from captivity . The Temple was completed on the third day of the month Adar , in the sixth year of the reign of Darius , amid great rejoicings on the part of all the people ( Ezra 6 : 15 , 16 ) , although it was evident that the Jews were no longer an independent people , but were subject to a foreign power . The Book of Haggai includes a prediction that the glory of the second temple would be greater than that of the first ( Haggai 2 : 9 ) . Some of the original artifacts from the Temple of Solomon are not mentioned in the sources after its destruction in 597 BCE , and are presumed lost . The Second Temple lacked the following holy articles : The Ark of the Covenant containing the Tablets of Stone , before which were placed the pot of manna and Aaron 's rod The Urim and Thummim ( divination objects contained in the Hoshen ) The holy oil The sacred fire . In the Second Temple , the Kodesh Hakodashim ( Holy of Holies ) was separated by curtains rather than a wall as in the First Temple . Still , as in the Tabernacle , the Second Temple included : The Menorah ( golden lamp ) for the Hekhal The Table of Showbread The golden altar of incense , with golden censers . According to the Mishnah ( Middot iii. 6 ) , the `` Foundation Stone '' stood where the Ark used to be , and the High Priest put his censer on it on Yom Kippur . The Second Temple also included many of the original vessels of gold that had been taken by the Babylonians but restored by Cyrus the Great . According to the Babylonian Talmud ( Yoma 22b ) , however , the Temple lacked the Shekinah , the dwelling or settling divine presence of God , and the Ruach HaKodesh , the Spirit of Holiness , present in the first . Rabbinical literature ( edit ) Traditional rabbinic literature state that the Second Temple stood for 420 years and based on the 2nd - century work Seder Olam Rabbah , placed construction in 350 BCE ( 3408 AM ) , 166 years later than secular estimates , and destruction in 70 CE ( 3829 AM ) . Rededication by the Maccabees ( edit ) Following the conquest of Judea by Alexander the Great , it became part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt until 200 BCE , when King Antiochus III the Great of Syria defeated King Ptolemy V Epiphanes of Egypt at the Battle of Paneion . Judea became at that moment part of the Seleucid empire of Syria . When the Second Temple in Jerusalem was looted and its religious services stopped , Judaism was effectively outlawed . In 167 BCE , Antiochus IV Epiphanes ordered an altar to Zeus erected in the Temple . He also banned circumcision and ordered pigs to be sacrificed at the altar of the Temple . Following the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid empire , the Second Temple was rededicated and became the religious pillar of the Jewish Hasmonean kingdom , as well as culturally associated with the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah . Hasmonean dynasty and Roman conquest ( edit ) There is some evidence from archaeology that further changes to the structure of the Temple and its surroundings were made during the Hasmonean rule . Salome Alexandra , the queen of Hasmonean Kingdom appointed her elder son Hyrcanus II as the high priest of Judaea . Her younger son Aristobulus II was determined to have the throne , and as soon as she died he seized the throne . Hyrcanus , who was in line to be the king , agreed to be contented with being the high priest . Antipater , the governor of Idumæa , encouraged Hyrcanus not to give up his throne . Eventually Hyrcanus fled to Aretas III , king of the Nabateans , and returned with an army to take back the throne . He defeated Aristobulus and besieged Jerusalem . The Roman general Pompey , who was in Syria fighting against the Armenians in the Third Mithridatic War , sent his lieutenant to investigate the conflict in Judaea . Both Hyrcanus and Aristobulus appealed to him for support . Pompey was not diligent in making a decision about this which caused Aristobulus to march off . He was pursued by Pompey and surrendered but his followers closed Jerusalem to Pompey 's forces . The Romans besieged and took the city in 63 BCE . The priests continued with the religious practices inside the Temple during the siege . The temple was not looted or harmed by the Romans . Pompey himself , perhaps inadvertently , went into the Holy of Holies and the next day ordered the priests to repurify the Temple and resume the religious practices . Solomon 's Temple which was on the site prior to the building of the Second Temple Herod 's Temple ( edit ) This picture shows the temple as imagined in 1966 in the Holyland Model of Jerusalem . Reconstruction of the temple under Herod began with a massive expansion of the Temple Mount . Religious worship and temple rituals continued during the construction process . When the Roman emperor Caligula planned to place his own statue inside the temple , Herod 's grandson Agrippa I was able to intervene and convince him against this . Construction ( edit ) James Tissot -- Reconstruction of Jerusalem and the Temple of Herod -- Brooklyn Museum A model of the southern wall and Royal Colonnade or Stoa Eastern portion of the southern wall of the Temple Mount Remains of the Hulda Gates Marwan Mosque on the site of Solomon 's Stables Herod 's Temple was one of the larger construction projects of the 1st century BCE . Josephus records that Herod was interested in perpetuating his name through building projects , that his construction programs were extensive and paid for by heavy taxes , but that his masterpiece was the Temple of Jerusalem . The old temple built by Zerubbabel was replaced by a magnificent edifice . An agreement was made between Herod and the Jewish religious authorities : the sacrificial rituals , called offerings , were to be continued unabated for the entire time of construction , and the Temple itself would be constructed by the priests . Later the Exodus 30 : 13 sanctuary shekel was reinstituted to support the temple as the temple tax . Platform ( edit ) Mt . Moriah had a plateau at the northern end , and steeply declined on the southern slope . It was Herod 's plan that the entire mountain be turned into a giant square platform . The Temple Mount was originally intended to be 1600 feet wide by 900 feet broad by 9 stories high , with walls up to 16 feet thick , but had never been finished . To complete it , a trench was dug around the mountain , and huge stone `` bricks '' were laid . Some of these weighed well over 100 tons , the largest measuring 44.6 feet by 11 feet by 16.5 feet and weighing approximately 567 to 628 tons , while most were in the range of 2.5 by 3.5 by 15 feet ( approximately 28 tons ) . King Herod had architects from Greece , Rome and Egypt plan the construction . The blocks were presumably quarried by using pickaxes to create channels . Then they hammered in wooden beams and flushed them with water to force them out . Once they were removed , they were carved into precise squares and numbered at the quarry to show where they would be installed . The final carving would have been done by using harder stones to grind or chisel them to create precise joints . They would have been transported using oxen and specialized carts . Since the quarry was uphill from the temple they had gravity on their side but care needed to be taken to control the descent . Final installation would have been done using pulleys or cranes . Roman pulleys and cranes were n't strong enough to lift the blocks alone so they may have used multiple cranes and levers to position them . As the mountainside began to rise , the western side was carved away to a vertical wall and bricks were carved to create a virtual continuation of the brick face , which was continued for a while until the northern slope reached ground level . Part of the Antonian hill to the north of Moriah was annexed to the complex and the area between was filled up with landfill . The project began with the building of giant underground vaults upon which the temple would be built so it could be larger than the small flat area on top of Mount Moriah . Ground level at the time was at least 20 ft. ( 6m ) below the current level , as can be seen by walking the Western Wall tunnels . Legend has it that the construction of the entire complex lasted only three years , but other sources such as Josephus say that it took far longer , although the Temple itself may have taken that long . During a Passover visit by Jesus the Jews replied that it had been under construction for 46 years . It is possible that the complex was only a few years completed when the future Emperor Titus destroyed the Temple in 70 CE . Court of the Gentiles ( edit ) This area was primarily a bazaar , with vendors selling souvenirs , sacrificial animals , food , as well as currency changers , exchanging Roman for Tyrian money because the Jews were not allowed to coin their own money and they viewed Roman currency as an abomination to the Lord , as also mentioned in the New Testament account of Jesus and the Money Changers when Jerusalem was packed with Jews who had come for Passover , perhaps numbering 300,000 to 400,000 pilgrims . Guides that provided tours of the premises were also available . Jewish males had the unique opportunity to be shown inside the temple itself . The priests , in their white linen robes and tubular hats , were everywhere , directing pilgrims and advising them on what kinds of sacrifices were to be performed . Behind them , as they entered the Court of the Gentiles from the south through the Huldah Gates , was the Royal Porch , which contained a marketplace , administrative quarters , and a synagogue . On the upper floors , the great Jewish sages held court , priests and Levites performed various chores , and from there , tourists were able to observe the events . The Royal Porch is widely accepted to be part of Herod 's work ; however , recent archaeological finds in the Western Wall tunnels suggest that it was built in the first century during the reign of Agripas , as opposed to the first century BCE , while the theory that Herod began the extension and the Royal Porch is based mainly on Josephus 's possibly politically motivated claim . During Herod 's reign the porch was not yet open to the public ) To the east of the court was Solomon 's Porch , and to the north , the soreg , the `` middle wall of separation '' , a stone wall separating the public area from the inner sanctuary where only Jews could enter , described as being 3 cubits high by Josephus ( Wars 5.5. 2 ( 3b ) 6.2. 4 ) . Pinnacle ( edit ) The accounts of Jesus ' temptations in Matthew 's and Luke 's gospels both suggest that the Second Temple had one or more pinnacles ( Greek : το πτερυγιον του ιερου ) : `` Then he ( Satan ) brought Him to Jerusalem , set Him on the pinnacle of the temple , and said to Him , `` If You are the Son of God , throw Yourself down from here '' . Inside the soreg ( edit ) According to Josephus , there were ten entrances into the inner courts , four on the south , four on the north , one on the east and one leading east to west from the Court of Women to the court of the Israelites , named the Nicanor Gate . The gates were : On the south side ( going from west to east ) the Fuel Gate , the Firstling Gate , the Water Gate . On the north side , from west to east , are the Jeconiah Gate , the Offering Gate , the Women 's Gate and the Song Gate . On the Eastern side , the Nicanor gate , which is where most Jewish visitors entered . A few pieces of the Soreg have survived to the present day . Within this area was the Court of the Women , open to all Jews , male and female . Even a ritually unclean Cohen could enter to perform various housekeeping duties . There was also a place for lepers ( considered ritually unclean ) , as well as a ritual barbershop for Nazirites . In this , the largest of the temple courts , one could see constant dancing , singing and music . Only men were allowed to enter the Court of the Israelites , where they could observe sacrifices of the high priest in the Court of the Priests . The Court of the Priests was reserved for Levite priests . Temple sanctuary ( edit ) The Foundation Stone under the Dome of the Rock , a possible historical location for the Kodesh Hakodashim Between the entrance of the building and the curtain veiling the Holy of Holies were the famous vessels of the temple : the menorah , the incense - burning altar , and various other implements . Pilgrimages ( edit ) Proposed reconstruction of Robinson 's Arch Roman triumphal procession with spoils from the Temple , depicted on the inside wall of the Arch of Titus in Rome The Madaba Map depiction of 6th - century Aelia Capitolina has the Cardo Maximus , the town 's main street , beginning at the northern gate , today 's Damascus Gate , and traversing the city in a straight line from north to south to `` Nea Church '' . Robinson 's Arch -- remains of the entrance built by Herod to the Royal Colonnade Remnants of the 1st century Stairs of Ascent , discovered by archaeologist Benjamin Mazar , to the entrance of the Temple Courtyard . Pilgrims coming to make sacrifices at the Temple would have entered and exited by this stairway . Stones from the Western Wall thrown down by Roman soldiers in 70 CE See also : Pilgrimage § Judaism Jews from distant parts of the Roman Empire would arrive by boat at the port of Jaffa ( now part of Tel Aviv ) , where they would join a caravan for the three - day trek to the Holy City and would then find lodgings in one of the many hotels or hostelries . Then they changed some of their money from the profane standard Greek and Roman currency for Jewish and Tyrian money , the latter two considered religious . The pilgrims would purchase sacrificial animals , usually a pigeon or a lamb , in preparation for the following day 's events . The first thing pilgrims would do would be to approach the public entrance on the south side of the Temple Mount complex . They would check their animals , then visit a mikveh , where they would ritually cleanse and purify themselves . The pilgrims would then retrieve their sacrificial animals , and head to the Huldah gates . After ascending a staircase three stories in height , and passing through the gate , the pilgrims would find themselves in the Court of the Gentiles . Destruction ( edit ) Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans ( 1850 painting by David Roberts ) . Looking southwest View of Temple Mount looking southwest View of the southern part of Temple Mount Main article : Siege of Jerusalem ( AD 70 ) In 66 CE the Jewish population rebelled against the Roman Empire . Four years later , in 70 CE , Roman legions under Titus retook and destroyed much of Jerusalem and the Second Temple . The Arch of Titus , located in Rome and built to commemorate Titus ' victory in Judea , depicts a Roman victory procession with soldiers carrying spoils from the Temple , including the Menorah . According to an inscription on the Colosseum , Emperor Vespasian built the Colosseum with war spoils in 79 CE - possibly from the spoils of the Second Temple . The sects of Judaism that had their base in the Temple dwindled in importance , including the priesthood and the Sadducees . The destruction date according to the Hebrew calendar was the 9th of Av , also known as Tisha B'Av . The Temple itself was located on the site of what today is the Dome of the Rock . The gates let out close to Al - Aqsa Mosque ( which came much later ) . Although Jews continued to inhabit the destroyed city , Emperor Hadrian established a new city called Aelia Capitolina . At the end of the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE , many of the Jewish communities were massacred and Jews were banned from living inside Jerusalem . A pagan Roman temple was set up on the former site of Herod 's Temple . Archaeology ( edit ) In 1871 , a hewn stone measuring 60 × 90 cm. and engraved with Greek uncials was discovered near a court on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem and identified by Charles Simon Clermont - Ganneau as being the Temple Warning inscription . The stone inscription outlined the prohibition extended unto those who were not of the Jewish nation to proceed beyond the soreg separating the larger Court of the Gentiles and the inner courts . The inscription read in seven lines : ΜΗΟΕΝΑΑΛΛΟΓΕΝΗΕΙΣΠΟ ΡΕΥΕΣΟΑΙΕΝΤΟΣΤΟΥΠΕ ΡΙΤΟΙΕΡΟΝΤΡΥΦΑΚΤΟΥΚΑΙ ΠΕΡΙΒΟΛΟΥΟΣΔΑΝΛΗ ΦΘΗΕΑΥΤΩΙΑΙΤΙΟΣΕΣ ΤΑΙΔΙΑΤΟΕΞΑΚΟΛΟΥ ΘΕΙΝΘΑΝΑΤΟΝ Translation : `` Let no foreigner enter within the parapet and the partition which surrounds the Temple precincts . Anyone caught ( violating ) will be held accountable for his ensuing death . '' Today , the stone is preserved in Istanbul 's Museum of Antiquities . In 1936 a fragment of a similar Temple warning inscription was found . After 1967 , archaeologists found that the wall extended all the way around the Temple Mount and is part of the city wall near the Lions ' Gate . Thus , the Western Wall is not the only remaining part of the Temple Mount . Currently , Robinson 's Arch ( named after American Edward Robinson ) remains as the beginning of an arch that spanned the gap between the top of the platform and the higher ground farther away . This had been used by the priests as an entrance . Commoners had entered through the still - extant , but now plugged , gates on the southern side which led through colonnades to the top of the platform . One of these colonnades is still extant and reachable through the Temple Mount . The Southern wall was designed as a grand entrance . Recent archeological digs have found thousands of mikvehs ( ceremonial bathtubs ) for the ritual purification of the worshipers , as well as a grand stairway leading to the now blocked entrance . Inside the walls , the platform was supported by a series of vaulted archways , now called Solomon 's Stables , which still exist and whose current renovation by the Waqf is extremely controversial . The temple itself was constructed of imported white marble that gleamed in the daylight . On September 25 , 2007 Yuval Baruch , archaeologist with the Israeli Antiquities Authority announced the discovery of a quarry compound which may have provided King Herod with the stones to build his Temple on the Temple Mount . Coins , pottery and an iron stake found proved the date of the quarrying to be about 19 BCE . Archaeologist Ehud Netzer confirmed that the large outlines of the stone cuts is evidence that it was a massive public project worked by hundreds of slaves . The Magdala stone , is thought to be a representation of the Second Temple carved before its destruction in the year 70 . Magdala Stone Bar Kokhba tetradracm showing the Jerusalem Temple façade 132 -- 135 CE Arch of Titus showing spoils of Jerusalem Temple The upper corner of Herod 's temple colonnade with ancient Hebrew inscription The Warning Inscription found in 1871 A copy of the inscription found in 1871 Fragment of Second Temple Warning The Trumpeting Place inscription , a stone ( 2.43 x1 m ) with Hebrew inscription `` To the Trumpeting Place '' excavated by Benjamin Mazar at the southern foot of the Temple Mount is believed to be a part of the Second Temple . Second Temple Judaism ( edit ) Main article : Second Temple Judaism The period between the construction of the Second Temple in 515 BCE and its destruction by the Romans in 70 CE witnessed major historical upheavals and significant religious changes that would affect most subsequent Abrahamic religions . The origins of the authority of scripture , of the centrality of law and morality in religion , of the synagogue and of apocalyptic expectations for the future all developed in the Judaism of this period . See also ( edit ) Herodian architecture Jerusalem stone List of artifacts significant to the Bible List of megalithic sites Replicas of the Jewish Temple Temple of Peace , Rome Timeline of Jewish history Archaeological remnants of the Jerusalem Temple References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Albright , William ( 1963 ) . The Biblical Period from Abraham to Ezra : An Historical Survey . HarperCollins College Division . ASIN 0061301027 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 130102 - 7 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Singer , Isidore ; et al. , eds. ( 1901 -- 1906 ) . `` Temple , The Second '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . New York : Funk & Wagnalls Company . Jump up ^ Paul Cartledge , Peter Garnsey , Erich S. Gruen ( editors ) , Hellenistic Constructs : Essays In Culture , History , and Historiography , p. 92 ( University of California Press , 1997 ) . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20676 - 2 Jump up ^ Ezra 2 : 65 ^ Jump up to : Easton , Matthew George ( 1897 ) . `` Temple , the Second '' . Easton 's Bible Dictionary ( New and revised ed . ) . T. Nelson and Sons . Jump up ^ Ezra 2 Jump up ^ Maimonides . `` Mishneh Torah , Sefer Avodah , Beis Habechirah , Chapter 4 , Halacha 1 '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ezra 1 : 7 -- 11 Jump up ^ Goldwurm , Hersh . History of the Jewish people : the Second Temple era , Mesorah Publications , 1982 . Appendix : Year of the Destruction , p. 213 . ISBN 0 - 89906 - 454 - X Jump up ^ De Bellis Antiquitatis ( DBA ) The Battle of Panion ( 200 BC ) Jump up ^ Flavius Josephus , The Wars of the Jews Jewish War i . 34 ^ Jump up to : Lester L. Grabbe ( 2010 ) . An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism : History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah , the Maccabees , Hillel , and Jesus . A&C Black . pp. 19 -- 20 , 26 -- 29 . ISBN 9780567552488 . ^ Jump up to : Secrets of Jerusalem 's Temple Mount , Leen Ritmeyer , Kathleen Ritmeyer , 1998 ^ Jump up to : Flavius Josephus : The Jewish War Jump up ^ The History Channel cited the 16.5 depth 567 ton estimate in `` Lost Worlds of King Herod '' Jump up ^ Dan Bahat : Touching the Stones of our Heritage , Israeli ministry of Religious Affairs , 2002 Jump up ^ `` Modern Marvels : Bible tech '' History channel Jump up ^ Gospel of John 2 : 20 Jump up ^ Beasley - Murray , G. ( 1999 ) . Word biblical commentary : John ( 2 ed. , Vol. 36 ) . Nashville , Tennessee : Thomas Nelson . Jump up ^ Sanders , E.P. The historical figure of Jesus . Penguin , 1993 . p. 249 Jump up ^ Funk , Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar . The acts of Jesus : the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus . HarperSanFrancisco. 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Antiquities Authority '' . Jump up ^ In verse 14 of Ephesians 2 : 11 -- 18 Jump up ^ Luke 4 : 9 Jump up ^ Josephus , War 5.5. 2 ; 198 ; m . Mid . 1.4 Jump up ^ Sanders , E.P. The historical figure of Jesus . Penguin , 1993 . Jump up ^ Ehrman , Bart D ... Jesus , Interrupted , HarperCollins , 2009 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 117393 - 2 Jump up ^ Rome , By Bruce Johnston in . `` Colosseum ' built with loot from sack of Jerusalem temple ' '' . Jump up ^ Alföldy , Géza ( 1995 ) . `` Eine Bauinschrift aus dem Colosseum '' . Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 109 : 195 -- 226 . JSTOR 20189648 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Shraga . `` Tisha B'Av -- Ninth of Av '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Gaffney , Sean ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) . `` USATODAY.com , Report : Herod 's Temple quarry found '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Kershner , Isabel ( 8 December 2015 ) . `` A Carved Stone Block Upends Assumptions About Ancient Judaism '' . New York Times . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Second Jewish temple in Jerusalem . Resources > Second Temple and Talmudic Era > Second Temple Jerusalem The Jewish History Resource Center , Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jewish Encyclopedia : Temple , The Second 4 Enoch : The Online Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism Jerusalem Videos The Southern & Western walls in Jerusalem -- The Temple Mount Resources > Second Temple and Talmudic Era > Second Temple Jerusalem The Jewish History Resource Center , Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Temple Mount Photos The Temple Mount photos including sites below the Mount itself , off limits to any non-Muslims Resources > Second Temple and Talmudic Era > Herod and the Herodian Dynasty The Jewish History Resource Center -- Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jewish Encyclopedia : Temple of Herod PBS Frontline : Temple Culture Picture gallery of a model of the temple Resources > Second Temple and Talmudic Era > Second Temple Jerusalem The Jewish History Resource Center , Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jewish Encyclopedia : Temple , The Second 4 Enoch : The Online Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism Temple Mount Al - Aqsa Mosque Al - Qibli Chapel Fountain of Qasim Pasha Murabitat Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Walls Western Wall Little Western Wall Dung Gate Heritage Foundation Modesty guard Mughrabi Bridge Paratroopers at the Western Wall Placing notes Platoon of the Wall Pro -- Wailing Wall Committee Western Stone Western Wall camera Wilson 's Arch Women for the Wall Western Wall Tunnel Other walls Eastern Wall Southern Wall Hall of Hewn Stones Temples Solomon 's Temple Second Temple Third Temple The Temple Institute Archaeological remnants Dome of the Rock Dome of al - Khalili Dome of the Ascension Dome of the Chain Dome of the Prophet Dome of the Rock Dome of Yusuf Fountain of Qayt Bay Antiquities Foundation Stone Acra Antonia Fortress Birket Israel Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount Excavations Hasmonean Baris Minarets Monastery of the Virgins Pool of Raranj Ptolemaic Baris Robinson 's Arch Royal Stoa Solomon 's Stables Struthion Pool Temple Mount Sifting Project Gates Al - Mawazin Golden Gate Huldah Gates Warren 's Gate Conflicts 1990 Temple Mount riots 2009 Temple Mount riots 2017 Temple Mount crisis 2017 Temple Mount shooting See also Status quo of Holy Land sites Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites Islamic Museum Islamization Jerusalem Islamic Waqf Temple Mount and Eretz Yisrael Faithful Movement Entry restrictions Templum Domini Temple Denial Well of Souls Temple in Jerusalem Structures Tabernacle First Temple / Solomon 's Temple Second Temple / Ezra 's Temple / Herod 's Temple Third Temple / Ezekiel 's Temple Elements Altar Ark of the Covenant Shekhinah Holy of Holies Seven - branched candelabrum Foundation Stone Mercy seat Solomon 's Porch Temple treasury Boaz and Jachin Western Wall Warren 's Gate Western Stone Wilson 's Arch The Sanctuary Molten Sea Urn for ashes of the Red Heifer Priesthood Priestly sash Ephod Holy anointing oil Priestly breastplate Priestly tunic High Priest Sacrifice Priestly robe Priestly undergarments Priestly turban Priestly divisions Shemen Afarsimon Priestly crown Urim and Thummim Priestly covenant History Bar Kokhba revolt Siege of Jerusalem Tisha B'Av Judaea Capta coinage Temple Mount Gates Excavations Mount Zion City of David See also Replicas of the Jewish Temple Navel of the World Temple Denial Hanukkah Traditions Symbols Menorah ( Hanukiah ) Dreidel ( Sevivon ) Gelt Public menorah Foods Latkes ( Levivot ) Sufganiyah Buñuelos Music `` Ma'oz Tzur ( Rock of Ages ) '' `` Dreidel Song '' `` Oh Chanukah '' `` The Chanukah Song '' Other Chrismukkah Thanksgivukkah Hanukkah bush Maccabean Revolt Events Seleucid Empire Temple in Jerusalem Maccabees Hasmonean Kingdom Historical accounts 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Miracle of the cruse of oil People Mattathias Simeon Eleazar Jonathan Judah Antiochus IV Epiphanes List of rulers Battles Ma'aleh Levona Beth Horon Emmaus Beth Zur Beth Zechariah Adasa Dathema Elasa Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Temple&oldid=801203960 '' Categories : Second Temple 1st - century BC religious buildings 1st - century disestablishments 6th - century BC establishments 6th - century BC religious buildings 515 BC 70 disestablishments Ancient Israel and Judah Ancient Jewish Greek history Ancient Jewish history of Roman Republic and Roman Empire eras Ancient Jewish Persian history Ancient Hebrew pilgrimage sites Classical sites in Jerusalem Destroyed temples Ezra -- Nehemiah Herod the Great Jewish Persian and Iranian history Return to Zion Tabernacle and Temples in Jerusalem Cyrus the Great Darius I Hidden categories : CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia without a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Eesti Esperanto فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Македонски 日本語 Norsk Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் 吴语中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 09 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the second temple in jerusalem built	[ "The Second Temple (Hebrew: בֵּית־הַמִּקְדָּשׁ הַשֵּׁנִי‎‎, Beit HaMikdash HaSheni) was the Jewish Holy Temple which stood on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem during the Second Temple period, between 516 BCE and 70 CE. According to Jewish tradition, it replaced Solomon's Temple (the First Temple), which was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE, when Jerusalem was conquered and part of the population of the Kingdom of Judah was taken into exile to Babylon." ]	[ "516 BCE" ]
-2076144803414651018	Breast development	Breast development - Wikipedia Breast development Jump to : navigation , search Breast development , also known as mammogenesis , is a complex biological process in primates that takes place throughout a female 's life . It occurs across several phases , including prenatal development , puberty , and pregnancy . At menopause , breast development ceases and the breasts atrophy . Breast development results in prominent and developed structures on the chest known as breasts in primates , which serve as both a sexual characteristic and as mammary glands . The process is mediated by an assortment of hormones ( and growth factors ) , the most important of which include estrogen , progesterone , prolactin , and growth hormone . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biochemistry 1.1 Hormones 1.2 Growth factors 2 Lactation 3 Breast size and cancer risk 3.1 Rare mutations 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Biochemistry ( edit ) The breast : cross-section scheme of the mammary gland . Chest wall Pectoralis muscles Lobules Nipple Areola Milk duct Fatty tissue Skin Hormones ( edit ) The master regulators of breast development are the steroid hormones , estrogen and progesterone , growth hormone ( GH ) , mostly via its secretory product , insulin - like growth factor 1 ( IGF - 1 ) , and prolactin . These regulators induce the expression of growth factors , such as amphiregulin , epidermal growth factor ( EGF ) , IGF - 1 , and fibroblast growth factor ( FGF ) , which in turn have specific roles in breast growth and maturation . At puberty , gonadotropin - releasing hormone ( GnRH ) begins to be secreted , in a pulsatile manner , from the hypothalamus . GnRH , in turn , induces the secretion of the gonadotropins , follicle - stimulating hormone ( FSH ) and luteinizing hormone ( LH ) , from the pituitary gland . These hormones travel to the ovaries through the bloodstream and cause estrogen and progesterone to be produced by them and released into the body in fluctuating amounts with each menstrual cycle . Growth hormone ( GH ) , which is secreted from the pituitary gland , and insulin - like growth factor 1 ( IGF - 1 ) , which is produced in the body in response to GH , are growth - mediating hormones . During prenatal development , infancy , and childhood , GH and IGF - 1 levels are low , but progressively increase and reach a peak at puberty , with a 1.5 - to 3-fold increase in pulsatile GH secretion and a 3-fold or greater increase in serum IGF - 1 levels being capable of occurring at this time . In late adolescence and early adulthood , GH and IGF - 1 levels significantly decrease , and continue to decrease throughout the rest of life . It has been found that both estrogen and GH are essential for breast development at puberty -- in the absence of either , no development will take place . Moreover , most of the role of GH in breast development has been found to be mediated by its induction of IGF - 1 production and secretion , as IGF - 1 administration rescues breast development in the absence of GH . GH induction of IGF - 1 production and secretion occurs in almost all types of tissue in the body , but especially in the liver , which is the source of approximately 80 % of circulating IGF - 1 , as well as locally in the breasts . Although IGF - 1 is responsible for most of the role of GH in mediating breast development , GH itself has been found to play a direct , augmenting role as well , as it increases estrogen receptor ( ER ) expression in breast stromal ( connective ) tissue , while IGF - 1 , in contrast , has been found to not do this . In addition to estrogen and GH / IGF - 1 both being essential for pubertal breast development , they are synergistic in bringing it about . Development of the breasts during the prenatal stage of life is independent of biological sex and sex hormones . During embryonic development , the breast buds , in which networks of tubules are formed , are generated from the ectoderm . These rudimentary tubules will eventually become the matured lactiferous ( milk ) ducts , which connect the lobules ( milk `` containers '' ) of the breast , grape - like clusters of alveoli , to the nipples . Until puberty , the tubule networks of the breast buds remain rudimentary and quiescent , and the male and female breast do not show any differences . During puberty in females , estrogen , in conjunction with GH / IGF - 1 , through activation of ERα specifically ( and notably not ERβ or GPER ) , causes growth of and transformation of the tubules into the matured ductal system of the breasts . Under the influence of estrogen , the ducts sprout and elongate , and terminal end buds ( TEBs ) , bulbous structures at the tips of the ducts , penetrate into the fat pad and branch as the ducts elongate . This continues until a tree - like network of branched ducts that is embedded into and fills the entire fat pad of the breast is formed . In addition to its role in mediating ductal development , estrogen causes stromal tissue to grow and adipose ( fat ) tissue to accumulate , as well as the nipple - areolar complex to increase in size . Progesterone , in conjunction with GH / IGF - 1 similarly to estrogen , affects the development of the breasts during puberty and thereafter as well . To a lesser extent than estrogen , progesterone contributes to ductal development at this time , as evidenced by the findings that progesterone receptor ( PR ) knockout mice or mice treated with the PR antagonist mifepristone show delayed ( albeit eventually normal , due to estrogen acting on its own ) ductal growth during puberty and by the fact that progesterone has been found to induce ductal growth on its own in the mouse mammary gland mainly via the induction of the expression of amphiregulin , the same growth factor that estrogen primarily induces to mediate its actions on ductal development . In addition , progesterone produces modest lobuloalveolar development ( alveolar bud formation or ductal sidebranching ) starting at puberty , specifically through activation of PRB ( and notably not PRA ) , with growth and regression of the alveoli occurring to some degree with each menstrual cycle . However , only rudimentary alveoli develop in response to pre-pregnancy levels of progesterone and estrogen , and lobuloalveolar development will remain at this stage until pregnancy occurs , if it does . In addition to GH / IGF - 1 , estrogen is required for progesterone to affect the breasts , as estrogen primes the breasts by inducing the expression of the progesterone receptor ( PR ) in breast epithelial tissue . In contrast to the case of the PR , ER expression in the breast is stable and differs relatively little in the contexts of reproductive status , stage of the menstrual cycle , or exogenous hormonal therapy . During pregnancy , pronounced breast growth and maturation occurs in preparation of lactation and breastfeeding . Estrogen and progesterone levels increase dramatically , reaching levels by late pregnancy that are several hundred-fold higher than usual menstrual cycle levels . Estrogen and progesterone cause the secretion of high levels of prolactin from the anterior pituitary , which reach levels as high as 20 times greater than normal menstrual cycle levels . IGF - 1 and IGF - 2 levels also increase dramatically during pregnancy , due to secretion of placental growth hormone ( PGH ) . Further ductal development , by estrogen , again in conjunction with GH / IGF - 1 , occurs during pregnancy . In addition , the concert of estrogen , progesterone ( again specifically through PRB ) , prolactin , and other lactogens such as human placental lactogen ( hPL ) and PGH , in conjunction with GH / IGF - 1 , as well as insulin - like growth factor 2 ( IGF - 2 ) , acting together , mediate the completion of lobuloalveolar development of the breasts during pregnancy . Both PR and prolactin receptor ( PRLR ) knockout mice fail to show lobuloalveolar development , and progesterone and prolactin have been found to be synergistic in mediating growth of alveoli , demonstrating the essential role of both of these hormones in this aspect of breast development . Growth hormone receptor ( GHR ) knockout mice also show greatly impaired lobuloalveolar development . In addition to their role in lobuloalveolar growth , prolactin and hPL act to increase the size of the nipple - areolar complex during pregnancy . By the end of the fourth month of pregnancy , at which time lobuloalveolar maturation is complete , the breasts are fully prepared for lactation and breastfeeding . Insulin , glucocorticoids such as cortisol ( and by extension adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) ) , and thyroid hormones such as thyroxine ( and by extension thyroid - stimulating hormone ( TSH ) and thyrotropin - releasing hormone ( TRH ) ) also play permissive but less well - understood / poorly - characterized roles in breast development during both puberty and pregnancy , and are required for full functional development . Leptin has also been found to be an important factor in mammary gland development , and has been found to promote mammary epithelial cell proliferation . In contrast to the female - associated sex hormones , estrogen and progesterone , the male - associated sex hormones , the androgens , such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , powerfully suppress the action of estrogen in the breasts . At least one way that they do this is by reducing the expression of the estrogen receptor in breast tissue . In the absence of androgenic activity , such as in women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome ( CAIS ) , modest levels of estrogen ( 50 pg / mL ) are capable of mediating significant breast development , with CAIS women showing breast volumes that are even above - average . The combination of much higher levels of androgens ( about 10-fold higher ) and much lower levels of estrogen ( about 10-fold less ) , due to the ovaries in females producing high amounts of estrogens but low amounts of androgens and the testes in males producing high amounts of androgens but low amounts of estrogens , are why males generally do not grow prominent or well - developed breasts relative to females . Calcitriol , the hormonally active form of vitamin D , acting through the vitamin D receptor ( VDR ) , has , like the androgens , been reported to be a negative regulator of mammary gland development in mice , for instance , during puberty . VDR knockout mice show more extensive ductal development relative to wild - type mice , as well as precocious mammary gland development . In addition , VDR knockout has also been shown to result in increased responsiveness of mouse mammary gland tissue to estrogen and progesterone , which was represented by increased cell growth in response to these hormones . Conversely however , it has been found that VDR knockout mice show reduced ductal differentiation , represented by an increased number of undifferentiated TEBs , and this finding has been interpreted as indicating that vitamin D may be essential for lobuloalveolar development . As such , calcitriol , via the VDR , may be a negative regulator of ductal development but a positive regulator of lobuloalveolar development in the mammary gland . A possible mechanism of the negative regulatory effects of the VDR on breast development may be indicated by a study of vitamin D supplementation in women which found that vitamin D suppresses cyclooxygenase - 2 ( COX - 2 ) expression in the breast , and by doing so , reduces and increases , respectively , the levels of prostaglandin E ( PGE ) and transforming growth factor β2 ( TGF - β2 ) , a known inhibitory factor in breast development . Moreover , suppression of PGE in breast tissue is relevant because , via activation of prostaglandin EP receptors , PGE potently induces amphiregulin expression in breast tissue , and activation of the EGFR by amphiregulin increases COX - 2 expression in breast tissue , in turn resulting in more PGE , and thus , a self - perpetuating , synergistic cycle of growth amplification due to COX - 2 appears to potentially be present in normal breast tissue . Accordingly , overexpression of COX - 2 in mammary gland tissue produces mammary gland hyperplasia as well as precocious mammary gland development in female mice , mirroring the phenotype of VDR knockout mice , and demonstrating a strong stimulatory effect of COX - 2 , which is downregulated by VDR activation , on the growth of the mammary glands . Also in accordance , COX - 2 activity in the breasts has been found to be positively associated with breast volume in women . Growth factors ( edit ) Estrogen , progesterone , and prolactin , as well as GH / IGF - 1 , produce their effects on breast development by modulating the local expression in breast tissue of an assortment of autocrine and paracrine growth factors , including IGF - 1 , IGF - 2 , amphiregulin , EGF , FGF , hepatocyte growth factor ( HGF ) , tumor necrosis factor α ( TNF - α ) , tumor necrosis factor β ( TNF - β ) , transforming growth factor α ( TGF - α ) , transforming growth factor β ( TGF - β ) , heregulin , Wnt , RANKL , and leukemia inhibitory factor ( LIF ) . These factors regulate cellular growth , proliferation , and differentiation via activation of intracellular signaling cascades that control cell function , such as Erk , Akt , JNK , and Jak / Stat . Based on research with epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) knockout mice , the EGFR , which is the molecular target of EGF , TGF - α , amphiregulin , and heregulin , has , similarly to the insulin - like growth factor - 1 receptor ( IGF - 1R ) , been found to be essential for mammary gland development . Estrogen and progesterone mediate ductal development mainly through induction of amphiregulin expression , and thus downstream EGFR activation . Accordingly , ERα , amphiregulin , and EGFR knockout mice copy each other phenotypically in regards to their effects on ductal development . Also in accordance , treatment of mice with amphiregulin or other EGFR ligands like TGF - α or heregulin induces ductal and lobuloalveolar development in the mouse mammary gland , actions that occur even in the absence of estrogen and progesterone . As both the IGF - 1R and the EGFR are independently essential for mammary gland development , and as combined application of IGF - 1 and EGF , through their respective receptors , has been found to synergistically stimulate the growth of human breast epithelial cells , these growth factor systems appear to work together in mediating breast development . Elevated levels of HGF and , to a lesser extent , IGF - 1 ( by 5.4-fold and 1.8-fold , respectively ) , in breast stromal tissue , have been found in macromastia , a very rare condition of extremely and excessively large breast size . Exposure of macromastic breast stromal tissue to non-macromastic breast epithelial tissue was found to cause increased alveolar morphogenesis and epithelial proliferation in the latter . A neutralizing antibody for HGF , but not for IGF - 1 or EGF , was found to attenuate the proliferation of breast epithelial tissue caused by exposure to macromastic breast stromal cells , potentially directly implicating HGF in the breast growth and enlargement seen in macromastia . Also , a genome - wide association study has highly implicated HGF and its receptor , c - Met , in breast cancer aggressiveness . Lactation ( edit ) Main article : Lactation Upon parturition ( childbirth ) , estrogen and progesterone rapidly drop to very low levels , with progesterone levels being undetectable . Conversely , prolactin levels remain elevated . As estrogen and progesterone block prolactin - induced lactogenesis by suppressing prolactin receptor ( PRLR ) expression in breast tissue , their sudden absence results in the commencement of milk production and lactation by prolactin . Expression of the PRLR in breast tissue may increase by as much as 20-fold when estrogen and progesterone levels drop upon childbirth . With suckling from the infant , prolactin and oxytocin are secreted and mediate milk production and letdown , respectively . Prolactin suppresses the secretion of LH and FSH , which in turn results in continued low levels of estrogen and progesterone , and temporary amenorrhea ( absence of menstrual cycles ) occurs . In the absence of regular , episodic suckling , which keeps prolactin concentrations high , levels of prolactin will quickly drop , the menstrual cycle will resume and hence normal estrogen and progesterone levels will return , and lactation will cease ( that is , until next parturition , or until induced lactation ( i.e. , with a galactogogue ) , occurs ) . Breast size and cancer risk ( edit ) Some factors of breast morphology , including their density , are clearly implicated in breast cancer . While breast size is moderately heritable , the relationship between breast size and cancer is uncertain . The genetic variants influencing breast size have not been identified . Through genome - wide association studies , a variety of genetic polymorphisms have been linked to breast size . Some of these include rs7816345 near ZNF703 ( zinc finger protein 703 ) ; rs4849887 and rs17625845 flanking INHBB ( inhibin βB ) ; rs12173570 near ESR1 ( ERα ) ; rs7089814 in ZNF365 ( zinc finger protein 365 ) ; rs12371778 near PTHLH ( parathyroid hormone - like hormone ) ; rs62314947 near AREG ( amphiregulin ) ; as well as rs10086016 at 8p11. 23 ( which is in complete linkage disequilibrium with rs7816345 ) and rs5995871 at 22q13 ( contains the MKL1 gene , which has been found to modulate the transcriptional activity of ERα ) . Many of these polymorphisms are also associated with the risk of developing breast cancer , revealing a potential positive association between breast size and breast cancer risk . However , conversely , some polymorphisms show a negative association between breast size and breast cancer risk . In any case , a meta - analysis concluded that breast size and risk of breast cancer are indeed importantly related . Circulating IGF - 1 levels are positively associated with breast volume in women . In addition , the absence of the common 19 - repeat allele in the IGF1 gene is also positively associated with breast volume in women , as well as with high IGF - 1 levels during oral contraceptive use and with lessening of the normal age - associated decline in circulating IGF - 1 concentrations in women . There is great variation in the prevalence of the IGF1 19 - repeat allele between ethnic groups , and its absence has been reported to be highest among African - American women . Genetic variations in the AR have been linked to both breast volume ( as well as body mass index ) and breast cancer aggressiveness . COX - 2 expression has been positively associated with breast volume and inflammation in breast tissue , as well as with breast cancer risk and prognosis . Rare mutations ( edit ) Women with CAIS , who are completely insensitive to the AR - mediated actions of androgens , have , as a group , above - average sized breasts . This is true despite the fact that they simultaneously have relatively low levels of estrogen , which demonstrates the powerful suppressant effect of androgens on estrogen - mediated breast development . Aromatase excess syndrome , an extremely rare condition characterized by marked hyperestrogenism , is associated with precocious breast development and macromastia in females and similarly precocious gynecomastia ( women 's breasts ) in males . In complete androgen insensitivity syndrome , a condition in which the AR is defective and insensitive to androgens , there is full breast development with breast volumes that are in fact above average in spite of relatively low levels of estrogen ( 50 pg / mL estradiol ) . In aromatase deficiency , a form of hypoestrogenism in which aromatase is defective and can not synthesize estrogen , and in complete estrogen insensitivity syndrome , a condition in which ERα is defective and insensitive to estrogen , breast development is completely absent . Gallery ( edit ) Tanner stages of pubertal breast development See also ( edit ) Medicine portal Breast augmentation Breast enlargement Hormonal breast enhancement Mammoplasia Premenstrual water retention Thelarche References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hynes NE , Watson CJ ( 2010 ) . `` Mammary Gland Growth Factors : Roles In Normal Development And In Cancer '' . Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2 ( 8 ) : a003186 . doi : 10.1101 / cshperspect. a003186 . PMC 2908768 . PMID 20554705 . ^ Jump up to : Ismail Jatoi ; Manfred Kaufmann ( 11 February 2010 ) . Management of Breast Diseases . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 12 , 27 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 69743 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Ronnie Ann Rosenthal ; Michael E. Zenilman ; Mark R. Katlic ( 29 June 2013 ) . Principles and Practice of Geriatric Surgery . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 325 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4757 - 3432 - 4 . Jump up ^ Shane Bullock ; Majella Hayes ( 20 September 2012 ) . Principles of Pathophysiology . Pearson Higher Education AU . pp. 349 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4425 - 1045 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Chong YM , Subramanian A , Sharma AK , Mokbel K ( 2007 ) . `` The potential clinical applications of insulin - like growth factor - 1 ligand in human breast cancer '' . Anticancer Res. 27 ( 3B ) : 1617 -- 24 . PMID 17595785 . Jump up ^ Shim KS ( 2015 ) . `` Pubertal growth and epiphyseal fusion '' . Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 20 ( 1 ) : 8 -- 12 . doi : 10.6065 / apem. 2015.20. 1.8 . PMC 4397276 . PMID 25883921 . Jump up ^ Jaak Jürimäe ; Andrew P. Hills ; T. Jürimäe ( 1 January 2010 ) . Cytokines , Growth Mediators , and Physical Activity in Children During Puberty . Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers . pp. 5 -- . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8055 - 9558 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Ruan W , Kleinberg DL ( 1999 ) . `` Insulin - like growth factor I is essential for terminal end bud formation and ductal morphogenesis during mammary development '' . Endocrinology. 140 ( 11 ) : 5075 -- 81 . doi : 10.1210 / endo. 140.11. 7095 . PMID 10537134 . ^ Jump up to : Kleinberg DL , Feldman M , Ruan W ( 2000 ) . `` IGF - I : an essential factor in terminal end bud formation and ductal morphogenesis '' . J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 5 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 17 . PMID 10791764 . ^ Jump up to : Pauline M. Camacho ( 26 September 2012 ) . Evidence - Based Endocrinology . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 20 , 98 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4511 - 7146 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kleinberg DL , Ruan W ( 2008 ) . `` IGF - I , GH , and sex steroid effects in normal mammary gland development '' . J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 13 ( 4 ) : 353 -- 60 . doi : 10.1007 / s10911 - 008 - 9103 - 7 . PMID 19034633 . Jump up ^ Feldman M , Ruan W , Tappin I , Wieczorek R , Kleinberg DL ( 1999 ) . `` The effect of GH on estrogen receptor expression in the rat mammary gland '' . J. Endocrinol. 163 ( 3 ) : 515 -- 22 . doi : 10.1677 / joe. 0.1630515 . PMID 10588825 . Jump up ^ Felice , Dana L. ; El - Shennawy , Lamiaa ; Zhao , Shuangping ; Lantvit , Daniel L. ; Shen , Qi ; Unterman , Terry G. ; Swanson , Steven M. ; Frasor , Jonna ( 2013 ) . `` Growth Hormone Potentiates 17β - Estradiol - Dependent Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation Independently of IGF - I Receptor Signaling '' . Endocrinology. 154 ( 9 ) : 3219 -- 3227 . doi : 10.1210 / en. 2012 - 2208 . ISSN 0013 - 7227 . PMC 3749474 . PMID 23782942 . Jump up ^ Brisken ; Malley ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Hormone Action in the Mammary Gland '' . Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology . Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2 ( 12 ) : a003178 . doi : 10.1101 / cshperspect. a003178 . PMC 2982168 . PMID 20739412 . ^ Jump up to : Leonard R. Johnson ( 2003 ) . Essential Medical Physiology . Academic Press . p. 770 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 387584 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony W. Norman ; Helen L. Henry ( 30 July 2014 ) . Hormones . Academic Press . p. 311 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 091906 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Susan Blackburn ( 14 April 2014 ) . Maternal , Fetal , & Neonatal Physiology . Elsevier Health Sciences . pp. 146 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 323 - 29296 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jerome Frank Strauss ; Robert L. Barbieri ( 13 September 2013 ) . Yen and Jaffe 's Reproductive Endocrinology . Elsevier Health Sciences . pp. 236 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4557 - 2758 - 2 . Jump up ^ Scaling AL , Prossnitz ER , Hathaway HJ ( 2014 ) . `` GPER mediates estrogen - induced signaling and proliferation in human breast epithelial cells and normal and malignant breast '' . Horm Cancer . 5 ( 3 ) : 146 -- 60 . doi : 10.1007 / s12672 - 014 - 0174 - 1 . PMC 4091989 . PMID 24718936 . ^ Jump up to : Jane Coad ; Melvyn Dunstall ( 2011 ) . Anatomy and Physiology for Midwives , with Pageburst online access , 3 : Anatomy and Physiology for Midwives . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 413 . ISBN 0 - 7020 - 3489 - 4 . Jump up ^ Elmar P. Sakala ( 2000 ) . Obstetrics and Gynecology . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 376 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 683 - 30743 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Aupperlee MD , Leipprandt JR , Bennett JM , Schwartz RC , Haslam SZ ( 2013 ) . `` Amphiregulin mediates progesterone - induced mammary ductal development during puberty '' . Breast Cancer Res. 15 ( 3 ) : R44 . doi : 10.1186 / bcr3431 . PMC 3738150 . PMID 23705924 . ^ Jump up to : Sandra Z . Haslam ; Janet R. 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Elsevier Health Sciences . pp. 190 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 323 - 24147 - 2 . Jump up ^ Mechanisms of Leptin in Mammary Tumorigenesis . ProQuest. 2007 . pp. 3 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 16664 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Jernström H , Olsson H ( 1997 ) . `` Breast size in relation to endogenous hormone levels , body constitution , and oral contraceptive use in healthy nulligravid women aged 19 - 25 years '' . Am. J. Epidemiol. 145 ( 7 ) : 571 -- 80 . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. aje. a009153 . PMID 9098173 . ^ Jump up to : Zhou J , Ng S , Adesanya - Famuiya O , Anderson K , Bondy CA ( 2000 ) . `` Testosterone inhibits estrogen - induced mammary epithelial proliferation and suppresses estrogen receptor expression '' . FASEB J. 14 ( 12 ) : 1725 -- 30 . doi : 10.1096 / fj. 99 - 0863com . PMID 10973921 . 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PMID 17572069 . ^ Jump up to : Markkula A , Simonsson M , Rosendahl AH , Gaber A , Ingvar C , Rose C , Jernström H ( 2014 ) . `` Impact of COX2 genotype , ER status and body constitution on risk of early events in different treatment groups of breast cancer patients '' . Int. J. Cancer . 135 ( 8 ) : 1898 -- 910 . doi : 10.1002 / ijc. 28831 . PMC 4225481 . PMID 24599585 . Jump up ^ Hynes , N.E. ; Watson , C.J. ( 2010 ) . `` Mammary Gland Growth Factors : Roles in Normal Development and in Cancer '' . Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology . 2 ( 8 ) : a003186 -- a003186 . doi : 10.1101 / cshperspect. a003186 . ISSN 1943 - 0264 . PMC 2908768 . PMID 20554705 . Jump up ^ Jay R. Harris ; Marc E. Lippman ; C. Kent Osborne ; Monica Morrow ( 28 March 2012 ) . Diseases of the Breast . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 94 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4511 - 4870 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lamote I , Meyer E , Massart - Leën AM , Burvenich C ( 2004 ) . `` Sex steroids and growth factors in the regulation of mammary gland proliferation , differentiation , and involution '' . Steroids. 69 ( 3 ) : 145 -- 59 . doi : 10.1016 / j. steroids. 2003.12. 008 . PMID 15072917 . ^ Jump up to : LaMarca HL , Rosen JM ( 2007 ) . `` Estrogen regulation of mammary gland development and breast cancer : amphiregulin takes center stage '' . Breast Cancer Res. 9 ( 4 ) : 304 . doi : 10.1186 / bcr1740 . PMC 2206713 . PMID 17659070 . Jump up ^ El - Attar HA , Sheta MI ( 2011 ) . `` Hepatocyte growth factor profile with breast cancer '' . Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 54 ( 3 ) : 509 -- 13 . doi : 10.4103 / 0377 - 4929.85083 . PMID 21934211 . Jump up ^ Bates SE , Valverius EM , Ennis BW , Bronzert DA , Sheridan JP , Stampfer MR , Mendelsohn J , Lippman ME , Dickson RB ( 1990 ) . `` Expression of the transforming growth factor - alpha / epidermal growth factor receptor pathway in normal human breast epithelial cells '' . Endocrinology. 126 ( 1 ) : 596 -- 607 . doi : 10.1210 / endo - 126 - 1 - 596 . PMID 2294006 . Jump up ^ Serra R , Crowley MR ( 2005 ) . `` Mouse models of transforming growth factor beta impact in breast development and cancer '' . Endocr . Relat . Cancer . 12 ( 4 ) : 749 -- 60 . doi : 10.1677 / erc. 1.00936 . PMID 16322320 . ^ Jump up to : Kenney NJ , Bowman A , Korach KS , Barrett JC , Salomon DS ( 2003 ) . `` Effect of exogenous epidermal - like growth factors on mammary gland development and differentiation in the estrogen receptor - alpha knockout ( ERKO ) mouse '' . Breast Cancer Res . Treat. 79 ( 2 ) : 161 -- 73 . doi : 10.1023 / a : 1023938510508 . PMID 12825851 . ^ Jump up to : Kariagina A , Xie J , Leipprandt JR , Haslam SZ ( 2010 ) . `` Amphiregulin mediates estrogen , progesterone , and EGFR signaling in the normal rat mammary gland and in hormone - dependent rat mammary cancers '' . Horm Cancer . 1 ( 5 ) : 229 -- 44 . doi : 10.1007 / s12672 - 010 - 0048 - 0 . PMC 3000471 . PMID 21258428 . Jump up ^ Hennighausen L , Robinson GW , Wagner KU , Liu X ( 1997 ) . `` Developing a mammary gland is a stat affair '' . J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2 ( 4 ) : 365 -- 72 . PMID 10935024 . Jump up ^ Rawlings JS , Rosler KM , Harrison DA ( 2004 ) . `` The JAK / STAT signaling pathway '' . J. Cell Sci. 117 ( Pt 8 ) : 1281 -- 3 . doi : 10.1242 / jcs. 00963 . PMID 15020666 . Jump up ^ Sebastian J , Richards RG , Walker MP , Wiesen JF , Werb Z , Derynck R , Hom YK , Cunha GR , DiAugustine RP ( 1998 ) . `` Activation and function of the epidermal growth factor receptor and erbB - 2 during mammary gland morphogenesis '' . 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PMC 2581561 . PMID 18782770 . ^ Jump up to : Zhong , Aimei ; Wang , Guohua ; Yang , Jie ; Xu , Qijun ; Yuan , Quan ; Yang , Yanqing ; Xia , Yun ; Guo , Ke ; Horch , Raymund E. ; Sun , Jiaming ( 2014 ) . `` Stromal - epithelial cell interactions and alteration of branching morphogenesis in macromastic mammary glands '' . Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine . 18 ( 7 ) : 1257 -- 1266 . doi : 10.1111 / jcmm. 12275 . ISSN 1582 - 1838 . PMC 4124011 . PMID 24720804 . Jump up ^ Menashe I , Maeder D , Garcia - Closas M , Figueroa JD , Bhattacharjee S , Rotunno M , Kraft P , Hunter DJ , Chanock SJ , Rosenberg PS , Chatterjee N ( 2010 ) . `` Pathway analysis of breast cancer genome - wide association study highlights three pathways and one canonical signaling cascade '' . Cancer Res. 70 ( 11 ) : 4453 -- 9 . doi : 10.1158 / 0008 - 5472. CAN - 09 - 4502 . PMC 2907250 . 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PMID 25456291 . ^ Jump up to : Jernström H , Sandberg T , Bågeman E , Borg A , Olsson H ( 2005 ) . `` Insulin - like growth factor - 1 ( IGF1 ) genotype predicts breast volume after pregnancy and hormonal contraception and is associated with circulating IGF - 1 levels : implications for risk of early - onset breast cancer in young women from hereditary breast cancer families '' . Br. J. Cancer . 92 ( 5 ) : 857 -- 66 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. bjc. 6602389 . PMC 2361904 . PMID 15756256 . Jump up ^ Lundin KB , Henningson M , Hietala M , Ingvar C , Rose C , Jernström H ( 2011 ) . `` Androgen receptor genotypes predict response to endocrine treatment in breast cancer patients '' . Br. J. Cancer . 105 ( 11 ) : 1676 -- 83 . doi : 10.1038 / bjc. 2011.441 . PMC 3242599 . PMID 22033271 . Jump up ^ Martin RM , Lin CJ , Nishi MY , et al. ( July 2003 ) . `` Familial hyperestrogenism in both sexes : clinical , hormonal , and molecular studies of two siblings '' . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 88 ( 7 ) : 3027 -- 34 . doi : 10.1210 / jc. 2002 - 021780 . PMID 12843139 . Jump up ^ Stratakis CA , Vottero A , Brodie A , et al. ( April 1998 ) . `` The aromatase excess syndrome is associated with feminization of both sexes and autosomal dominant transmission of aberrant P450 aromatase gene transcription '' . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 83 ( 4 ) : 1348 -- 57 . doi : 10.1210 / jc. 83.4. 1348 . PMID 9543166 . Jump up ^ Gregory Makowski ( 22 April 2011 ) . Advances in Clinical Chemistry . Academic Press . p. 158 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 387025 - 4 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ International position paper on women 's health and menopause : a comprehensive approach . DIANE Publishing . pp. 78 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4289 - 0521 - 4 . Jump up ^ J. Larry Jameson ; Leslie J. De Groot ( 25 February 2015 ) . Endocrinology : Adult and Pediatric . Elsevier Health Sciences . pp. 238 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 323 - 32195 - 2 . Jump up ^ Quaynor , Samuel D. ; Stradtman , Earl W. ; Kim , Hyung - Goo ; Shen , Yiping ; Chorich , Lynn P. ; Schreihofer , Derek A. ; Layman , Lawrence C. ( 2013 ) . `` Delayed Puberty and Estrogen Resistance in a Woman with Estrogen Receptor α Variant '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 369 ( 2 ) : 164 -- 171 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa1303611 . ISSN 0028 - 4793 . PMC 3823379 . PMID 23841731 . Further reading ( edit ) Hovey , Russell C. ; Aimo , Lucila ( 2010 ) . `` Diverse and Active Roles for Adipocytes During Mammary Gland Growth and Function '' . Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia. 15 ( 3 ) : 279 -- 290 . doi : 10.1007 / s10911 - 010 - 9187 - 8 . ISSN 1083 - 3021 . Sun , Susie X. ; Bostanci , Zeynep ; Kass , Rena B. ; Mancino , Anne T. ; Rosenbloom , Arlan L. ; Klimberg , V. Suzanne ; Bland , Kirby I. ( 2018 ) . `` Breast Physiology '' : 37 -- 56. e6 . doi : 10.1016 / B978 - 0 - 323 - 35955 - 9.00003 - 9 . Human physiology of sexual reproduction Menstrual cycle Menarche Menstruation Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis ( spermatogonium spermatocyte spermatid sperm ) Oogenesis ( oogonium oocyte ootid ovum ) Germ cell ( gonocyte gamete ) Human sexual behavior Sexual arousal Sexual intercourse Masturbation Erection Orgasm Ejaculation Insemination Fertilisation / Fertility Implantation Pregnancy Postpartum period Mechanics of sex Life span Prenatal development / Sexual dimorphism / Sexual differentiation ( Feminization Virilization ) Puberty ( Gonadarche Pubarche Menarche Spermarche Adrenarche ) Maternal age / Paternal age Climacteric ( Menopause Late - onset hypogonadism ) Tanner scale Egg Ovum Oviposition Oviparity Ovoviviparity Vivipary Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- gonadal axis Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- prolactin axis Andrology Hormone Breast Thelarche Breast development Lactation Breastfeeding Human biological and psychological development Before birth Embryo Fetus After birth Infant Toddler Early childhood Childhood Child Preadolescence Adolescence Adulthood Middle age Old age Definitions Minor Age of majority Events and phases Gestational age Prenatal development Birth Child development stages Cognitive development of infants Human development Adult development Puberty Ageing Senescence Death Developmental psychology Antenatal Positive youth development Young adult Positive adult development Maturity Theorists and theories Freud ( 1856 -- 1939 ) ( Psychosexual development ) Piaget ( 1896 -- 1980 ) ( Theory of cognitive development ) Vygotsky ( 1896 -- 1934 ) ( Cultural - historical psychology ) Erikson ( 1902 -- 1994 ) ( Psychosocial development ) Bowlby ( 1907 -- 1990 ) ( Attachment theory ) Bronfenbrenner ( 1917 -- 2005 ) ( Ecological systems theory ) Kohlberg ( 1927 -- 1987 ) ( Stages of moral development ) Commons ( b . 1939 ) , Fischer ( b . 1943 ) , Kegan ( b . 1946 ) , Demetriou ( b . 1950 ) , and others ( Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development ) Evolutionary developmental psychology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breast_development&oldid=817774292 '' Categories : Breast Endocrinology Human development Puberty Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2017 Use American English from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 14 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	role of estrogen and progesterone in breast development	[]	[]
5405090630295275681	New International Version	New International Version - wikipedia New International Version Jump to : navigation , search `` NIV '' redirects here . For the ventilation process , see non-invasive ventilation . New International Version Cover of an NIV Bible Full name New International Version Other names Nueva Versión Internacional ( Spanish ) ; Nova Versão Internacional ( Portuguese ) Abbreviation NIV ( Spanish : NVI ) ( Portuguese : NVI - PT ) OT published 1978 NT published 1973 Complete Bible published 1978 ( Spanish : 1999 ) ( Portuguese : 1993 ) Authorship Biblica , ( formerly International Bible Society ) Textual basis NT : Nestle - Aland Greek New Testament . OT : Biblia Hebraica Masoretic Hebrew Text , Dead Sea Scrolls , Samaritan Pentateuch , Aquila , Symmachus and Theodotion , Latin Vulgate , Syriac Peshitta , Aramaic Targums , for Psalms Juxta Hebraica of Jerome . Translation type Mixed formal & dynamic equivalence Reading level 7.80 Revision 1984 , 2011 Publisher Biblica ( Worldwide ) , Zondervan ( US ) , Hodder & Stoughton ( UK ) and others Copyright Copyright 1973 , 1978 , 1984 , 2011 Biblica Religious affiliation Protestant Website http://www.biblica.com/bible/niv-bible/ Genesis 1 : 1 -- 3 In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth . Now the earth was formless and empty , darkness was over the surface of the deep , and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters . And God said , `` Let there be light , '' and there was light . Genesis 1 : 1 in other translations John 3 : 16 For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son , that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life . John 3 : 16 in other translations The New International Version ( NIV ) is an English translation of the Bible first published in 1978 by Biblica ( formerly the International Bible Society ) . Many popular , earlier versions of the Bible , such as the King James Bible , were themselves based on earlier translations of average quality . Since then many discoveries had been made . The NIV was published to meet the need for a modern translation done by Bible scholars using the earliest , highest quality scriptures available . Of equal importance was that the Bible be expressed in broadly understood modern English . A team of 15 biblical scholars , representing a variety of denominations , worked from the oldest copies of reliable scripture , variously written in Hebrew , Aramaic , and Greek . Each section was subjected to multiple translations and revisions , and those assessed in detail to produce the best option . Everyday Bible readers were used to provide feedback on ease of understanding and comprehensibility . Finally , plans were made to continue revision of the Bible as new discoveries were made and as changes the use of the English language occurred . The NIV is published by Zondervan in the United States and Hodder & Stoughton in the UK . The NIV was updated in 1984 and 2011 , and has become one of the most popular and best selling modern translations . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 2011 update 1.2 Derivative versions 1.2. 1 Plain English version ( NIrV ) 1.2. 2 Spanish version ( NVI ) 2 Textual basis 3 Translation methodology 4 Circulation 5 Reception 5.1 2011 revision 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Cover of a 1984 New International Version Bible The NIV began in 1956 with the formation of a small committee to study the value of producing a translation in the common language of the American people . The project was formally started after a meeting in 1965 at Trinity Christian College in Palos Heights , Illinois , of the Christian Reformed Church , National Association of Evangelicals , and a group of international scholars . The initial `` Committee on Bible Translation '' consisted of E. Leslie Carlson , Edmund Clowney , Ralph Earle , Jr. , Burton L. Goddard , R. Laird Harris , Earl S. Kalland , Kenneth Kantzer , Robert H. Mounce , Charles F. Pfeiffer , Charles Caldwell Ryrie , Francis R. Steele , John H. Stek , J.C. Wenger , Stephen W. Paine , and Marten Woudstra . The New York Bible Society ( now Biblica ) was selected to do the translation . The New Testament was released in 1973 and the full Bible in 1978 . The NIV underwent a minor revision in 1984 . In 1997 a new version was published in the UK as the New International Version Inclusive Language Edition , but was not published in the U.S. because of opposition from conservative evangelical groups there to inclusive language . A revised English edition titled Today 's New International Version ( TNIV ) released a New Testament in March 2002 , with the complete Bible published February 2005 . 2011 update ( edit ) In 2011 , an updated version of the NIV was released . The update modified and dropped some of the gender - neutral language of the TNIV ( such as going back to using `` mankind '' and `` man '' instead of `` human beings '' and `` people '' ) , along with other changes . Translational issues with Paul 's letters were also addressed . Keith Danby , president and chief executive officer of Biblica , speaking of the TNIV , said they had failed to convince people revisions were needed and underestimated readers ' loyalty to the 1984 edition . Derivative versions ( edit ) Plain English Version ( NIrV ) ( edit ) An ' easy - reader ' version , New International Reader 's Version ( NIrV ) , was published in 1996 ; it was written at a third grade reading level . Spanish Version ( NVI ) ( edit ) In 1979 it was decided to produce a version of the New Testament in Spanish with the title La Santa Biblia , Nueva Versión Internacional ( often abbreviated NVI ) though at this point this version was based only on the former English translation of the historic manuscripts . In 1990 the committee on Bible translation headed by Drs . René Padilla and Luciano Jaramillo conducted a translation from the historic manuscripts directly into Spanish of both testaments , bypassing English altogether and producing a complete Spanish NVI Bible in 1999 . Textual basis ( edit ) The manuscript base for the Old Testament was the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia Masoretic Hebrew Text . Other ancient texts consulted were the Dead Sea Scrolls , the Samaritan Pentateuch , the Aquila , Symmachus and Theodotion , the Latin Vulgate , the Syriac Peshitta , the Aramaic Targum , and for the Psalms the Juxta Hebraica of Jerome . The manuscript base for the New Testament was the Koine Greek language editions of the United Bible Societies and of Nestle - Aland . The deuterocanonical books are not included in the translation . Translation methodology ( edit ) The core translation group consisted of fifteen Biblical scholars using Hebrew , Aramaic , and Greek texts whose goal was to produce a more modern English language text than the King James Version . The translation took ten years and involved a team of over 100 scholars . from the United States , Canada , the United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , and South Africa . The range of those participating included many different denominations such as Anglicans , Assemblies of God , Baptist , Christian Reformed , Lutheran and Presbyterian . The NIV is a balance between word - for - word and thought - for - thought or literal and phrase by phrase translations . Recent archaeological and linguistic discoveries helped in understanding passages that have traditionally been difficult to translate . Familiar spellings of traditional translations were generally retained . In Genesis 2 : 19 a translation such as the NRSV uses `` formed '' in a plain past tense `` So out of the ground the LORD God formed every animal ... '' . Some have questioned the NIV choice of pluperfect `` Now the LORD God had formed out of the ground all the wild animals ... '' to try to make it appear that the animals had already been created . Theologian John Sailhamer states `` Not only is such a translation ... hardly possible ... but it misses the very point of the narrative , namely , that the animals were created in response to God 's declaration that it was not good that the man should be alone . '' Biblical scholar Bruce M. Metzger criticized the NIV 1984 edition for the addition of just into Jeremiah 7 : 22 so the verse becomes `` For when I brought your forefathers / ancestors out of Egypt and spoke to them , I did not just give them commands about burnt offerings and sacrifices . '' Metzger also criticized the addition of your into Matthew 13 : 32 , so it becomes `` Though it ( the mustard seed ) is the smallest of all your seeds . '' The usage of your was removed in the TNIV and did not return in the 2011 revision . Circulation ( edit ) According to the Association for Christian Retail ( CBA ) , the New International Version has become the most popular selling English translation of the Bible in CBA bookstores , having sold more than 450 million copies worldwide . There are numerous study Bibles available with extensive notes on the text and background information to make the Biblical stories more comprehensible . Among these are the NIV Spirit of the Reformation Study Bible , Concordia Study Bible , the Zondervan published NIV Study Bible , the Wesleyan revision , Reflecting God Study Bible , as well as the Life Application Study Bible . Reception ( edit ) In 2009 , the New Testament scholar N.T. Wright wrote that the NIV obscured what Paul the Apostle was saying , making sure that Paul 's words conformed to Protestant and Evangelical tradition . Wright believes that due to paraphrasing and interpretation , Protestants and Evangelicals will never understand what Paul was talking about if they rely on the NIV . According to Wright , this happens in several of Paul 's letters , including Galatians and Romans . 2011 revision ( edit ) Professor of New Testament Studies Daniel B. Wallace has praised the 2011 update , stating : `` it is a well - thought out translation , with checks and balances through rigorous testing , overlapping committees to ensure consistency and accuracy '' . The Southern Baptist Convention rejected the 2011 update because of gender - neutral language , although it had dropped some gender - neutral language of the 2005 revision . Southern Baptist publisher LifeWay declined the SBC 's censor request to remove the NIV from their stores . While the Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod rejected its use , some in the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod ( WELS ) believe many of the translations changes are right and defensible . Professor of New Testament Studies , Rodney J. Decker wrote in Themelios Journal review of the NIV 2011 that , By taking a mediating position between formal and functional equivalence ( though tending , I think , closer to the formal end of the spectrum ) , the NIV has been able to produce a text that is clearer than many translations , especially those weighted more heavily with formal equivalence ... If we are serious about making the word of God a vital tool in the lives of English - speaking Christians , then we must aim for a translation that communicates clearly in the language of the average English - speaking person . It is here that the NIV excels . It not only communicates the meaning of God 's revelation accurately , but does so in English that is easily understood by a wide range of English speakers . It is as well - suited for expository preaching as it is for public reading and use in Bible classes and children 's ministries . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The New International Reader 's Version : What , Who , and Why '' . International Society of Bible Collectors . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` New International Version : : Official Site '' . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` About The NIV , Version Information '' . BibleGateway.com . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` August 2009 CBA Best Sellers '' ( PDF ) . Christian Booksellers Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 14 . New International Version # 1 in dollar and unit sales Jump up ^ Ronald F. Youngblood ; Glen G. Scorgie ; Mark L. Strauss ; Steven M. Voth , eds. ( 2003 ) . The Challenge of Bible Translation : Communicating God 's Word to the World . Zondervan . pp. 236 -- 245 . ISBN 0310246857 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Update of popular ' NIV ' Bible due in 2011 '' . USA TODAY. 2009 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Phan , Katherine T. ( March 13 , 2011 ) . `` New NIV Bible to Debut Amid Ongoing Concern '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Smietana , Bob . `` New Bible drops gender - neutral language of ' 05 version '' . About USATODAY.com . USA TODAY , a division of Gannett Co. Inc . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . But they also made changes -- like going back to using words like `` mankind '' and `` man '' instead of `` human beings '' and `` people '' -- in order to appease critics . Jump up ^ `` Updated NIV Text Available for Online Viewing November 1 '' . Zondervan . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ World 's most popular Bible to be revised , MSN.com , 1 September 2009 , retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 Jump up ^ `` Nueva Versión Internacional - Version Information - BibleGateway.com '' . Jump up ^ Irwin , Ben ( 2002 ) . History of the English Bible . Zondervan . p. 61 . Jump up ^ Barker , Kenneth L. ( 1991 ) . The NIV The Making of a Contemporary Translation . International Bible Society . p. 54 . Jump up ^ `` About the NIV '' . Jump up ^ `` History of the New International Version '' . About.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Irwin , Ben ( 2002 ) . History of the English Bible . Zondervan . p. 60 . Jump up ^ `` Bible Translation Chart '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Background of the New International Version ( NIV ) Bible '' . `` Although archaeological and linguistic discoveries in this century aid in understanding difficult passages '' , `` As for other proper nouns , the familiar spellings of the King James Version are generally retained '' Paragraphs 14 & 17 Jump up ^ Mariottini , Claude F. ( 2013 ) . Rereading the Biblical Text : Searching for Meaning and Understanding . Wipf and Stock . ISBN 978 - 1620328279 . Jump up ^ Sailhamer , John H. The Expositor 's Bible Commentary . Zondervan . ISBN 978 - 0310364405 . ^ Jump up to : Metzger , Bruce M. ( 2001 ) . The Bible in Translation : Ancient and English Versions . Grand Rapids , MI : Baker Academic . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8010 - 2282 - 1 . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Menzie , Nicola ( 27 March 2013 ) . `` NIV remains the bestselling Bible translation '' . Christian Today . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Wright , N.T. ( 2009 ) . Justification : God 's Plan and Paul 's Vision . Downers Grove , Ill. : IVP Academic . pp. 51 -- 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 3863 - 9 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DTS faculty '' . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Dan . `` A Review of the New International Version 2011 '' . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Samuel . `` LifeWay Tells Critics of 2011 NIV Bible : ' Trust the Trustees ' '' . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Marty King . `` LifeWay to continue selling NIV ; trustees select new leadership '' . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Audrey Barrick . `` Lutherans Latest to Reject New NIV Bible Over Gender Language '' . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Cherney , Jr . `` Gender - Neutral Language , with Special Reference to NIV 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ http://tgc-documents.s3.amazonaws.com/themelios/36-3/Themelios36.3.pdf#page=73 Jump up ^ http://tgc-documents.s3.amazonaws.com/themelios/36-3/Themelios36.3.pdf#page=74 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : New International Version Official website Committee on Bible Translation ( CBT ) Biblica Read the New International Version ( NIV ) Bible `` Is Your Modern Translation Corrupt ? '' , Dr. James R. White , Christian Research Institute The NIV : The Making of a Contemporary Translation , Barker , Kenneth L. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the niv translation of the bible	[ "The New International Version (NIV) is an English translation of the Bible first published in 1978 by Biblica (formerly the International Bible Society). Many popular, earlier versions of the Bible, such as the King James Bible, were themselves based on earlier translations of average quality. Since then many discoveries had been made. The NIV was published to meet the need for a modern translation done by Bible scholars using the earliest, highest quality scriptures available. Of equal importance was that the Bible be expressed in broadly understood modern English." ]	[ "an English translation of the Bible first published in 1978 by Biblica (formerly the International Bible Society)" ]
3559591361841680164	Charles Colvile (commentator)	Charles Colvile ( commentator ) - wikipedia Charles Colvile ( commentator ) Jump to : navigation , search Colvile at the Taunton Cricket Ground working for Sky Sports Charles Colvile ( born 29 March 1955 , Westfield , Woking , Surrey ) is a cricket commentator , interviewer and journalist for Sky Sports , especially for UK - based domestic matches . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Life and career 3 Notes 4 External links Early life ( edit ) Colvile was educated at Westminster School , an independent school in London . Life and career ( edit ) Colvile is a cricket commentator , interviewer and journalist for Sky Sports , primarily for English domestic matches . He has worked for Sky since 1990 and has presented some major series for them from various grounds , such as the 1990 / 91 Ashes series in Australia , the 1994 England tour to the West Indies and the 1995 / 6 England tour to South Africa . Before Mark Nicholas signed up as anchorman for Sky Sports in 1996 Colvile was the senior cricket presenter . The majority of his work now is presenting live internationals not involving England , presenting England highlights and heading up Sky 's domestic cricket coverage . Unlike the majority of cricket commentators , Colvile never played cricket professionally ( sometimes a source of amusement for some of his fellow TV pundits ) , but is instead a respected professional sports commentator . He has however always been an enthusiastic club cricketer , playing in the Surrey Championship for Pyrford Cricket Club since the 1970s . Colvile 's catchphrase is `` Got him '' when a bowler takes a wicket -- this became folklore when Angus Fraser ripped through the West Indies in the 1994 Barbados Test match live on Sky TV . He even has his own Facebook group dedicated to him by fans . Before joining Sky , Colvile was one of several sports journalists who covered the sports slots just before the half - hours in BBC Radio 4 's Today programme . In 2005 , Cricinfo released copies of a question and answer article by The Wisden Cricketer on cricket commentators that contained both positive and negative views on Colvile 's commentating . Colvile is a member of Marylebone Cricket Club , as is his brother Oliver Colvile MP . Before becoming a sports presenter , Charles Colvile was a newsreader and continuity announcer for BBC Radio 4 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Video on YouTube ^ Jump up to : Marvelous Monty 's story free of wrong kind of spin The Independent retrieved 29 August 2007 Jump up ^ Turn the volume down Cricinfo retrieved 29 August 2007 Jump up ^ Death seems a better option than listening to those zombies Cricinfo retrieved 29 August 2007 Jump up ^ Sound and Vision The Reverse Swing Manifesto retrieved 29 August 2007 External links ( edit ) Cricket - Sky Sports Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Colvile_(commentator)&oldid=732400217 '' Categories : 1955 births Living people People educated at Stowe School English cricket commentators Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 July 2016 , at 18 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what has happened to the verdict on sky sports	[]	[]
5673570953509988200	Notch signaling pathway	Notch signaling pathway - wikipedia Notch signaling pathway Jump to : navigation , search Notch - mediated juxtacrine signal between adjacent cells . Notch signaling steps The Notch signaling pathway is a highly conserved cell signaling system present in most multicellular organisms . Mammals possess four different notch receptors , referred to as NOTCH1 , NOTCH2 , NOTCH3 , and NOTCH4 . The notch receptor is a single - pass transmembrane receptor protein . It is a hetero - oligomer composed of a large extracellular portion , which associates in a calcium - dependent , non-covalent interaction with a smaller piece of the notch protein composed of a short extracellular region , a single transmembrane - pass , and a small intracellular region . Notch signaling promotes proliferative signaling during neurogenesis , and its activity is inhibited by Numb to promote neural differentiation . It plays a major role in the regulation of embryonic development . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery 2 Mechanism of action 3 Function 4 Pathway 5 Ligand Interactions 6 Embryogenesis 6.1 Embryo polarity 6.2 Somitogenesis 6.3 Epidermal Differentiation 7 Central nervous system development and function 7.1 Neuron cell differentiation 7.2 Neurite development 7.3 Gliogenesis 7.4 Adult brain function 8 Cardiovascular development 8.1 Cardiac development 8.1. 1 Atrioventricular ( AV ) canal development 8.1. 2 Ventricular development 8.1. 3 Ventricular outflow tract development 8.2 Angiogenesis 9 Endocrine development 9.1 Pancreatic development 9.2 Intestinal development 9.3 Bone development 10 Respiratory system development 11 Cancer 11.1 Role of Notch Signaling in Leukemia 11.2 NOTCH Inhibitors 12 External links 13 References Discovery ( edit ) In 1914 , John S. Dexter noticed the appearance of a notch in the wings of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster . The alleles of the gene were identified in 1917 by Thomas Hunt Morgan . Its molecular analysis and sequencing was independently undertaken in the 1980s by Spyros Artavanis - Tsakonas and Michael W. Young . Alleles of the two C. elegans Notch genes were identified based on developmental phenotypes : lin - 12 and glp - 1 . The cloning and partial sequence of lin - 12 was reported at the same time as Drosophila Notch by Iva Greenwald . Mechanism of action ( edit ) Further information : Notch protein The Notch protein spans the cell membrane , with part of it inside and part outside . Ligand proteins binding to the extracellular domain induce proteolytic cleavage and release of the intracellular domain , which enters the cell nucleus to modify gene expression . The cleavage model was first proposed in 1993 based on work done with Drosophila Notch and C. elegans lin - 12 , informed by the first oncogenic mutation affecting a human Notch gene . Compelling evidence for this model was provided in 1998 by in vivo analysis in Drosophila by Gary Struhl and in cell culture by Raphael Kopan . Although this model was initially disputed , the evidence in favor of the model was irrefutable by 2001 . The receptor is normally triggered via direct cell - to - cell contact , in which the transmembrane proteins of the cells in direct contact form the ligands that bind the notch receptor . The Notch binding allows groups of cells to organize themselves such that , if one cell expresses a given trait , this may be switched off in neighbouring cells by the intercellular notch signal . In this way , groups of cells influence one another to make large structures . Thus , lateral inhibition mechanisms are key to Notch signaling . lin - 12 and Notch mediate binary cell fate decisions , and lateral inhibition involves feedback mechanisms to amplify initial differences . The Notch cascade consists of Notch and Notch ligands , as well as intracellular proteins transmitting the notch signal to the cell 's nucleus . The Notch / Lin - 12 / Glp - 1 receptor family was found to be involved in the specification of cell fates during development in Drosophila and C. elegans . The intracellular domain of Notch forms a complex with CBF1 and Mastermind to activate transcription of target genes . The structure of the complex has been determined . Function ( edit ) The Notch signaling pathway is important for cell - cell communication , which involves gene regulation mechanisms that control multiple cell differentiation processes during embryonic and adult life . Notch signaling also has a role in the following processes : neuronal function and development stabilization of arterial endothelial fate and angiogenesis regulation of crucial cell communication events between endocardium and myocardium during both the formation of the valve primordial and ventricular development and differentiation cardiac valve homeostasis , as well as implications in other human disorders involving the cardiovascular system timely cell lineage specification of both endocrine and exocrine pancreas influencing of binary fate decisions of cells that must choose between the secretory and absorptive lineages in the gut expansion of the hematopoietic stem cell compartment during bone development and participation in commitment to the osteoblastic lineage , suggesting a potential therapeutic role for notch in bone regeneration and osteoporosis expansion of the hemogenic endothelial cells along with signaling axis involving Hedgehog signaling and Scl T cell lineage commitment from common lymphoid precursor regulation of cell - fate decision in mammary glands at several distinct development stages possibly some non-nuclear mechanisms , such as control of the actin cytoskeleton through the tyrosine kinase Abl Regulation of the mitotic / meiotic decision in the C. elegans germline Notch signaling is dysregulated in many cancers , and faulty notch signaling is implicated in many diseases including T - ALL ( T - cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia ) , CADASIL ( Cerebral Autosomal - Dominant Arteriopathy with Sub-cortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy ) , Multiple Sclerosis ( MS ) , Tetralogy of Fallot , Alagille syndrome , and many other disease states . Inhibition of notch signaling has been shown to have anti-proliferative effects on T - cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in cultured cells and in a mouse model . It has also been found that Rex1 has inhibitory effects on the expression of notch in mesenchymal stem cells , preventing differentiation . Pathway ( edit ) Maturation of the notch receptor involves cleavage at the prospective extracellular side during intracellular trafficking in the Golgi complex . This results in a bipartite protein , composed of a large extracellular domain linked to the smaller transmembrane and intracellular domain . Binding of ligand promotes two proteolytic processing events ; as a result of proteolysis , the intracellular domain is liberated and can enter the nucleus to engage other DNA - binding proteins and regulate gene expression . Notch and most of its ligands are transmembrane proteins , so the cells expressing the ligands typically must be adjacent to the notch expressing cell for signaling to occur . The notch ligands are also single - pass transmembrane proteins and are members of the DSL ( Delta / Serrate / LAG - 2 ) family of proteins . In Drosophila melanogaster ( the fruit fly ) , there are two ligands named Delta and Serrate . In mammals , the corresponding names are Delta - like and Jagged . In mammals there are multiple Delta - like and Jagged ligands , as well as possibly a variety of other ligands , such as F3 / contactin . In the nematode C. elegans , two genes encode homologous proteins , glp - 1 and lin - 12 . There has been at least one report that suggests that some cells can send out processes that allow signaling to occur between cells that are as much as four or five cell diameters apart . The notch extracellular domain is composed primarily of small cystine - rich motifs called EGF - like repeats . Notch 1 , for example , has 36 of these repeats . Each EGF - like repeat is composed of approximately 40 amino acids , and its structure is defined largely by six conserved cysteine residues that form three conserved disulfide bonds . Each EGF - like repeat can be modified by O - linked glycans at specific sites . An O - glucose sugar may be added between the first and second conserved cysteines , and an O - fucose may be added between the second and third conserved cysteines . These sugars are added by an as - yet - unidentified O - glucosyltransferase ( except for Rumi ) , and GDP - fucose Protein O - fucosyltransferase 1 ( POFUT1 ) , respectively . The addition of O - fucose by POFUT1 is absolutely necessary for notch function , and , without the enzyme to add O - fucose , all notch proteins fail to function properly . As yet , the manner by which the glycosylation of notch affects function is not completely understood . The O - glucose on notch can be further elongated to a trisaccharide with the addition of two xylose sugars by xylosyltransferases , and the O - fucose can be elongated to a tetrasaccharide by the ordered addition of an N - acetylglucosamine ( GlcNAc ) sugar by an N - Acetylglucosaminyltransferase called Fringe , the addition of a galactose by a galactosyltransferase , and the addition of a sialic acid by a sialyltransferase . To add another level of complexity , in mammals there are three Fringe GlcNAc - transferases , named lunatic fringe , manic fringe , and radical fringe . These enzymes are responsible for something called a `` fringe effect '' on notch signaling . If Fringe adds a GlcNAc to the O - fucose sugar then the subsequent addition of a galactose and sialic acid will occur . In the presence of this tetrasaccharide , notch signals strongly when it interacts with the Delta ligand , but has markedly inhibited signaling when interacting with the Jagged ligand . The means by which this addition of sugar inhibits signaling through one ligand , and potentiates signaling through another is not clearly understood . Once the notch extracellular domain interacts with a ligand , an ADAM - family metalloprotease called ADAM10 , cleaves the notch protein just outside the membrane . This releases the extracellular portion of notch ( NECD ) , which continues to interact with the ligand . The ligand plus the notch extracellular domain is then endocytosed by the ligand - expressing cell . There may be signaling effects in the ligand - expressing cell after endocytosis ; this part of notch signaling is a topic of active research . After this first cleavage , an enzyme called γ - secretase ( which is implicated in Alzheimer 's disease ) cleaves the remaining part of the notch protein just inside the inner leaflet of the cell membrane of the notch - expressing cell . This releases the intracellular domain of the notch protein ( NICD ) , which then moves to the nucleus , where it can regulate gene expression by activating the transcription factor CSL . It was originally thought that these CSL proteins suppressed Notch target transcription . However , further research showed that , when the intracellular domain binds to the complex , it switches from a repressor to an activator of transcription . Other proteins also participate in the intracellular portion of the notch signaling cascade . Ligand interactions ( edit ) Crystal structure of the Notch1 - DLL4 complex depicted as the interaction is predicted to occur between two cells ( PDB ID : 4XLW ) Notch signaling is initiated when Notch receptors on the cell surface engage ligands presented in trans on opposing cells . Despite the expansive size of the Notch extracellular domain , it has been demonstrated that EGF domains 11 and 12 are the critical determinants for interactions with Delta . Additional studies have implicated regions outside of Notch EGF11 - 12 in ligand binding . For example , Notch EGF domain 8 plays a role in selective recognition of Serrate / Jagged and EGF domains 6 - 15 are required for maximal signaling upon ligand stimulation . A crystal structure of the interacting regions of Notch1 and Delta - like 4 ( Dll4 ) provided a molecular - level visualization of Notch - ligand interactions , and revealed that the N - terminal MNNL ( or C2 ) and DSL domains of ligands bind to Notch EGF domains 12 and 11 , respectively . The Notch1 - Dll4 structure also illuminated a direct role for Notch O - linked fucose and glucose moieties in ligand recognition , and rationalized a structural mechanism for the glycan - mediated tuning of Notch signaling . Embryogenesis ( edit ) The Notch signaling pathway plays an important role in cell - cell communication , and further regulates embryonic development . Embryo polarity ( edit ) Notch signaling is required in the regulation of polarity . For example , mutation experiments have shown that loss of Notch signaling causes abnormal anterior - posterior polarity in somites . Also , Notch signaling is required during left - right asymmetry determination in vertebrates . Early studies in the nematode model organism C. elegans indicate that Notch signaling has a major role in the induction of mesoderm and cell fate determination . As mentioned previously , C. elegans has two genes that encode for partially functionally redundant Notch homologs , glp - 1 and lin - 12 . During C. elegans , GLP - 1 , the C. elegans Notch homolog , interacts with APX - 1 , the C. elegans Delta homolog . This signaling between particular blastomeres induces differentiation of cell fates and establishes the dorsal - ventral axis . Somitogenesis ( edit ) Notch signaling is central to somitogenesis . In 1995 , Notch1 was shown to be important for coordinating the segmentation of somites in mice . Further studies identified the role of Notch signaling in the segmentation clock . These studies hypothesized that the primary function of Notch signaling does not act on an individual cell , but coordinates cell clocks and keep them synchronized . This hypothesis explained the role of Notch signaling in the development of segmentation and has been supported by experiments in mice and zebrafish . Experiments with Delta1 mutant mice that show abnormal somitogenesis with loss of anterior / posterior polarity suggest that Notch signaling is also necessary for the maintenance of somite borders . During somitogenesis , a molecular oscillator in paraxial mesoderm cells dictates the precise rate of somite formation . A clock and wavefront model has been proposed in order to spatially determine the location and boundaries between somites . This process is highly regulated as somites must have the correct size and spacing in order to avoid malformations within the axial skeleton that may potentially lead to spondylocostal dysostosis . Several key components of the Notch signaling pathway help coordinate key steps in this process . In mice , mutations in Notch1 , Dll1 or Dll3 , Lfng , or Hes7 result in abnormal somite formation . Similarly , in humans , the following mutations have been seen to lead to development of spondylocostal dysostosis : DLL3 , LFNG , or HES7 . Epidermal differentiation ( edit ) Notch signaling is known to occur inside ciliated , differentiating cells found in the first epidermal layers during early skin development . Furthermore , it has found that presenilin - 2 works in conjunction with ARF4 to regulate Notch signaling during this development . However , it remains to determined whether gamma - secretase has a direct or indirect role in modulating Notch signaling . Central nervous system development and function ( edit ) Early findings on Notch signaling in Central Nervous System ( CNS ) development were performed mainly in Drosophila with mutagenesis experiments . For example , the finding that an embryonic lethal phenotype in Drosophila was associated with Notch dysfunction indicated that Notch mutations can lead to the failure of neural and Epidermal cell segregation in early Drosophila embryos . In the past decade , advances in mutation and knockout techniques allowed research on the Notch signaling pathway in mammalian models , especially rodents . The Notch signaling pathway was found to be critical mainly for neural progenitor cell ( NPC ) maintenance and self - renewal . In recent years , other functions of the Notch pathway have also been found , including glial cell specification , neurites development , as well as learning and memory . Neuron cell differentiation ( edit ) The Notch pathway is essential for maintaining NPCs in the developing brain . Activation of the pathway is sufficient to maintain NPCs in a proliferating state , whereas loss - of - function mutations in the critical components of the pathway cause precocious neuronal differentiation and NPC depletion . Modulators of the Notch signal , e.g. , the Numb protein are able to antagonize Notch effects , resulting in the halting of cell cycle and differentiation of NPCs . Conversely , the Fibroblast Growth Factor pathway promotes Notch signaling to keep stem cells of the cerebral cortex in the proliferative state , amounting to a mechanism regulating cortical surface area growth and , potentially , gyrification . In this way , Notch signaling controls NPC self - renewal as well as cell fate specification . A non-canonical branch of the Notch signaling pathway that involves the phosphorylation of STAT3 on the serine residue at amino acid position 727 and subsequent Hes3 expression increase ( STAT3 - Ser / Hes3 Signaling Axis ) has been shown to regulate the number of NPCs in culture and in the adult rodent brain . In adult rodents and in cell culture , Notch3 promotes neuronal differentiation , having a role opposite to Notch1 / 2 . This indicates that individual Notch receptors can have divergent functions , depending on cellular context . Neurite development ( edit ) In vitro studies show that Notch can influence neurite development . In vivo , deletion of the Notch signaling modulator , Numb , disrupts neuronal maturation in the developing cerebellum , whereas deletion of Numb disrupts axonal arborization in sensory ganglia . Although the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not clear , together these findings suggest Notch signaling might be crucial in neuronal maturation . Gliogenesis ( edit ) In gliogenesis , Notch appears to have an instructive role that can directly promote the differentiation of many glial cell subtypes . For example , activation of Notch signaling in the retina favors the generation of Muller glia cells at the expense of neurons , whereas reduced Notch signaling induces production of ganglion cells , causing a reduction in the number of Muller glia . Adult brain function ( edit ) In addition to developmental functions , Notch proteins and ligands are expressed in cells of the adult nervous system , suggesting a role in CNS plasticity throughout life . Adult mice heterozygous for mutations in either Notch1 or Cbf1 have deficits in spatial learning and memory . Similar results are seen in experiments with presenilins 1 and 2 , which mediate the Notch intramembranous cleavage . To be specific , conditional deletion of presenilins at 3 weeks after birth in excitatory neurons causes learning and memory deficits , neuronal dysfunction , and gradual neurodegeneration . Several gamma secretase inhibitors that underwent human clinical trials in Alzheimer 's disease and MCI patients resulted in statistically significant worsening of cognition relative to controls , which is thought to be due to its incidental effect on Notch signalling . Cardiovascular development ( edit ) The Notch signaling pathway is a critical component of cardiovascular formation and morphogenesis in both development and disease . It is required for the selection of endothelial tip and stalk cells during sprouting angiogenesis . Cardiac development ( edit ) Notch signal pathway plays a crucial role in at least three cardiac development processes : Atrioventricular canal development , myocardial development , and cardiac outflow tract ( OFT ) development . Atrioventricular ( AV ) canal development ( edit ) AV boundary formation Notch signaling can regulate the atrioventricular boundary formation between the AV canal and the chamber myocardium . Studies have revealed that both loss - and gain - of - function of the Notch pathway results in defects in AV canal development . In addition , the Notch target genes HEY1 and HEY2 are involved in restricting the expression of two critical developmental regulator proteins , BMP2 and Tbx2 , to the AV canal . AV epithelial - mesenchymal transition ( EMT ) Notch signaling is also important for the process of AV EMT , which is required for AV canal maturation . After the AV canal boundary formation , a subset of endocardial cells lining the AV canal are activated by signals emanating from the myocardium and by interendocardial signaling pathways to undergo EMT . Notch1 deficiency results in defective induction of EMT . Very few migrating cells are seen and these lack mesenchymal morphology . Notch may regulate this process by activating matrix metalloproteinase 2 ( MMP2 ) expression , or by inhibiting vascular endothelial ( VE ) - cadherin expression in the AV canal endocardium while suppressing the VEGF pathway via VEGFR2 . In RBPJk / CBF1 - targeted mutants , the heart valve development is severely disrupted , presumably because of defective endocardial maturation and signaling . Ventricular development ( edit ) Some studies in Xenopus and in mouse embryonic stem cells indicate that cardiomyogenic commitment and differentiation require Notch signaling inhibition . Active Notch signaling is required in the ventricular endocardium for proper trabeculae development subsequent to myocardial specification by regulating BMP10 , NRG1 , and Ephrin B2 expression . Notch signaling sustains immature cardiomyocyte proliferation in mammals and zebrafish . The downstream effector of Notch signaling , HEY2 , was also demonstrated to be important in regulating ventricular development by its expression in the interventricular septum and the endocardial cells of the cardiac cushions . Cardiomyocyte and smooth muscle cell - specific deletion of HEY2 results in impaired cardiac contractility , malformed right ventricle , and ventricular septal defects . Ventricular outflow tract development ( edit ) During development of the aortic arch and the aortic arch arteries , the Notch receptors , ligands , and target genes display a unique expression pattern . When the Notch pathway was blocked , the induction of vascular smooth muscle cell marker expression failed to occur , suggesting that Notch is involved in the differentiation of cardiac neural crest cells into vascular cells during outflow tract development . Angiogenesis ( edit ) Endothelial cells use the Notch signaling pathway to coordinate cellular behaviors during the blood vessel sprouting that occurs in angiogenesis . Activation of Notch takes place primarily in `` connector '' cells and cells that line patent stable blood vessels through direct interaction with the Notch ligand , Delta - like ligand 4 ( Dll4 ) , which is expressed in the endothelial tip cells . VEGF signaling , which is an important factor for migration and proliferation of endothelial cells , can be downregulated in cells with activated Notch signaling by lowering the levels of Vegf receptor transcript . Zebrafish embryos lacking Notch signaling exhibit ectopic and persistent expression of the zebrafish ortholog of VEGF3 , flt4 , within all endothelial cells , while Notch activation completely represses its expression . Notch signaling may be used to control the sprouting pattern of blood vessels during angiogenesis . When cells within a patent vessel are exposed to VEGF signaling , only a restricted number of them initiate the angiogenic process . Vegf is able to induce DLL4 expression . In turn , DLL4 expressing cells down - regulate Vegf receptors in neighboring cells through activation of Notch , thereby preventing their migration into the developing sprout . Likewise , during the sprouting process itself , the migratory behavior of connector cells must be limited to retain a patent connection to the original blood vessel . Endocrine development ( edit ) During development , definitive endoderm and ectoderm differentiates into several gastrointestinal epithelial lineages , including endocrine cells . Many studies have indicated that Notch signaling has a major role in endocrine development . Pancreatic development ( edit ) The formation of the pancreas from endoderm begins in early development . The expression of elements of the Notch signaling pathway have been found in the developing pancreas , suggesting that Notch signaling is important in pancreatic development . Evidence suggests Notch signaling regulates the progressive recruitment of endocrine cell types from a common precursor , acting through two possible mechanisms . One is the `` lateral inhibition '' , which specifies some cells for a primary fate but others for a secondary fate among cells that have the potential to adopt the same fate . Lateral inhibition is required for many types of cell fate determination . Here , it could explain the dispersed distribution of endocrine cells within pancreatic epithelium . A second mechanism is `` suppressive maintenance '' , which explains the role of Notch signaling in pancreas differentiation . Fibroblast growth factor10 is thought to be important in this activity , but the details are unclear . Intestinal development ( edit ) The role of Notch signaling in the regulation of gut development has been indicated in several reports . Mutations in elements of the Notch signaling pathway affect the earliest intestinal cell fate decisions during zebrafish development . Transcriptional analysis and gain of function experiments revealed that Notch signaling targets Hes1 in the intestine and regulates a binary cell fate decision between adsorptive and secretory cell fates . Bone development ( edit ) Early in vitro studies have found the Notch signaling pathway functions as down - regulator in osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis . Notch1 is expressed in the mesenchymal condensation area and subsequently in the hypertrophic chondrocytes during chondrogenesis . Overexpression of Notch signaling inhibits bone morphogenetic protein2 - induced osteoblast differentiation . Overall , Notch signaling has a major role in the commitment of mesenchymal cells to the osteoblastic lineage and provides a possible therapeutic approach to bone regeneration . Respiratory system development ( edit ) Notch is implicated in development of alveoli in the lung . Cancer ( edit ) Role of Notch signaling in leukemia ( edit ) Aberrant Notch signaling is a driver of T cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ( T - ALL ) and is mutated in at least 65 % of all T - ALL cases . Notch signaling can be activated by mutations in Notch itself , inactivating mutations in FBXW7 ( a negative regulator of Notch1 ) , or rarely by t ( 7 ; 9 ) ( q34 ; q34. 3 ) translocation . In the context of T - ALL , Notch activity cooperates with additional oncogenic lesions such as c - MYC to activate anabolic pathways such as ribosome and protein biosythesis thereby promoting leukemia cell growth . Notch inhibitors ( edit ) The involvement of Notch signalling in many cancers has led to investigation of notch inhibitors ( especially gamma - secretase inhibitors ) as cancer treatments which are in different phases of clinical trials . As of 2013 at least 7 notch inhibitors were in clinical trials . MK - 0752 has given promising results in an early clinical trial for breast cancer . External links ( edit ) Diagram : notch signaling pathway in Homo sapiens Diagram : Notch signaling in Drosophila Netpath -- A curated resource of signal transduction pathways in humans Notch Receptors at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Artavanis - Tsakonas S , Rand MD , Lake RJ ( Apr 1999 ) . `` Notch signaling : cell fate control and signal integration in development '' . Science . 284 ( 5415 ) : 770 -- 6 . Bibcode : 1999Sci ... 284 ... 770A . doi : 10.1126 / science. 284.5415. 770 . PMID 10221902 . 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Jump up ^ Hellström M , Phng LK , Hofmann JJ , Wallgard E , Coultas L , Lindblom P , Alva J , Nilsson AK , Karlsson L , Gaiano N , Yoon K , Rossant J , Iruela - Arispe ML , Kalén M , Gerhardt H , Betsholtz C ( Feb 2007 ) . `` Dll4 signalling through Notch1 regulates formation of tip cells during angiogenesis '' . Nature . 445 ( 7129 ) : 776 -- 80 . doi : 10.1038 / nature05571 . PMID 17259973 . Jump up ^ Leslie JD , Ariza - McNaughton L , Bermange AL , McAdow R , Johnson SL , Lewis J ( 2007 ) . `` Endothelial signalling by the Notch ligand Delta - like 4 restricts angiogenesis '' . Development . 134 ( 5 ) : 839 -- 44 . doi : 10.1242 / dev. 003244 . PMID 17251261 . Jump up ^ Lobov IB , Renard RA , Papadopoulos N , Gale NW , Thurston G , Yancopoulos GD , Wiegand SJ ( Feb 2007 ) . `` Delta - like ligand 4 ( Dll4 ) is induced by VEGF as a negative regulator of angiogenic sprouting '' . 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Cell signaling / Signal transduction Signaling pathways GPCR Wnt RTK TGF beta MAPK / ERK Notch JAK - STAT Akt / PKB Fas apoptosis Hippo PI3K / AKT / mTOR pathway Integrin receptors Agents Receptor ligands Hormones Neurotransmitters / Neuropeptides / Neurohormones Cytokines Growth factors Signaling molecules Receptors Cell surface Intracellular Co-receptor Second messenger cAMP - dependent pathway Ca signaling Lipid signaling Assistants : Signal transducing adaptor protein Scaffold protein Transcription factors General Transcription preinitiation complex TFIID TFIIH By distance Juxtacrine Autocrine / Paracrine Endocrine Other concepts Intracrine action Neurocrine signaling Synaptic transmission Chemical synapse Neuroendocrine signaling Exocrine signalling Pheromones Mechanotransduction Phototransduction Ion channel gating Gap junction Signaling pathway : notch signaling pathway Receptor on signaling cell Delta DLL1 DLL3 DLL4 Ligand Jagged JAG1 JAG2 Receptor on receiving cell Notch 1 Notch 2 Notch 3 Notch 4 The development of phenotype Key concepts Genotype -- phenotype distinction Norms of reaction Gene -- environment interaction Gene -- environment correlation Operon Heritability Quantitative genetics Heterochrony Neoteny Heterotopy Genetic architecture Canalisation Genetic assimilation Dominance Epistasis Fitness landscape / evolutionary landscape Pleiotropy Plasticity Polygenic inheritance Transgressive segregation Sequence space Non-genetic influences Epigenetics Maternal effect Dual inheritance theory Polyphenism Developmental architecture Developmental biology Morphogenesis Eyespot Pattern formation Segmentation Modularity Evolution of genetic systems Evolvability Mutational robustness Neutral networks Evolution of sexual reproduction Control of development Systems Regulation of gene expression Gene regulatory network Developmental - genetic toolkit Evolutionary developmental biology Homeobox Hedgehog signaling pathway Notch signaling pathway Elements Homeotic gene Hox gene Pax genes eyeless gene Distal-less Engrailed cis - regulatory element Ligand Morphogen Cell surface receptor Transcription factor Influential figures C.H. Waddington Richard Lewontin François Jacob + Jacques Monod Lac operon Eric F. Wieschaus Christiane Nüsslein - Volhard William McGinnis Mike Levine Sean B. Carroll Endless Forms Most Beautiful Debates Nature versus nurture Morphogenetic field Index of evolutionary biology articles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&oldid=842562196 '' Categories : Signal transduction Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Latina 日本語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 07 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how is it possible that notch cleavage results in two very distinct cell fates	[]	[]
-7504822332379685349	Monster Trucks (film)	Monster Trucks ( film ) - wikipedia Monster Trucks ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the comedy film . For other uses , see Monster Truck ( disambiguation ) . Monster Trucks Theatrical release poster Directed by Chris Wedge Produced by Mary Parent Denis L. Stewart Screenplay by Derek Connolly Story by Matthew Robinson Jonathan Aibel Glenn Berger Starring Lucas Till Jane Levy Amy Ryan Rob Lowe Danny Glover Barry Pepper Holt McCallany Music by Dave Sardy Cinematography Don Burgess Edited by Conrad Buff IV Production companies Paramount Animation Nickelodeon Movies Disruption Entertainment Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date December 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 21 ) ( France ) January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) ( United States ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $125 million Box office $64.5 million Monster Trucks is a 2016 American comedy film produced by Paramount Animation , Nickelodeon Movies and Disruption Entertainment for Paramount Pictures . It was directed by Chris Wedge and written by Derek Connolly , from a story by Jonathan Aibel , Glenn Berger and Matthew Robinson . The film stars Lucas Till , Jane Levy , Amy Ryan , Rob Lowe , Danny Glover , Barry Pepper and Holt McCallany , and follows a high schooler who finds an escaped monster living in his truck . Principal photography of the film began on April 4 , 2014 , in Kamloops , British Columbia , Canada . It was released by Paramount Pictures in the United States on January 13 , 2017 , and received mixed reviews from critics . Monster Trucks grossed $64 million worldwide against its $125 million budget , leading Forbes and The Los Angeles Times to label it as a box office bomb . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Terravex Oil is in the midst of a fracking operation near a lake in North Dakota , overseen by CEO Reece Tenneson and geologist Jim Dowd . The operation releases three subterranean creatures and destroys the drilling rig . Two are captured by Terravex , but one of them escapes the site . Meanwhile , high school senior Tripp Coley is looking for something to do to escape the life of his family ; his parents are divorced , his mother Cindy is in a relationship with Rick the town 's sheriff , who fails to take him seriously , and has taken up a part - time job at a local junkyard , where he builds a pickup truck in hopes of being able to leave his town . One night , Tripp encounters the escaped creature in the junkyard and captures it , but the creature escapes before he can seek authorities . The next day Tripp , along with classmate Meredith , finds the creature has a diet of oil and it takes shelter within the hood of his truck . He quickly befriends him , names him Creech , and promises to help him get home . Tripp modifies the truck to give Creech more control over the truck as a makeshift engine , and Meredith becomes quite impressed and surprised at Creech 's speed and talent . Meanwhile , Tenneson is still concerned about the incident at the drilling rig that exposed Creech , since similar experiments have revealed the other two creatures . He decides to protect the company 's image by drilling poison into a hole leading to the underwater tunnels , and by sending hired mercenary Burke to kill their captured creatures , to the objection of Jim , as he finds the monsters have significant intelligence and emotions . Tripp and Meredith go see Tripp 's dad Wade to seek help . When Tripp goes to check on Wade , however , he realizes he sold him out to Burke , and Tripp and Meredith escape in the truck with Creech , but not before destroying Wade 's trailer . Tripp , Meredith , and Creech are chased by Burke and his team and Rick . Tripp , Meredith , and Creech manage to escape by jumping over a train , and camp at a hunting cabin owned by Meredith 's father near the lake , while Rick chastises Burke for attempting to follow them himself . When Creech gets the sense something bad will happen to the other creatures , he heads to the Terravex headquarters where the other creatures are being held captive . Tripp and Meredith follow Creech using Meredith 's cellphone , as Trip left his phone in the truck . When they arrive , they find Creech 's parents , but are attacked by Terravex workers . Creech arrives and is captured ; Tripp and Meredith are taken to Tenneson , and he tells them to forget about Creech and his parents and has Burke escort them out . Sympathetic to the creatures ' plight , Jim decides to help Tripp and Meredith rescue the creatures . With the help of Tripp 's junkyard boss , Mr. Weathers , they acquire two more trucks , one being a repossession from a rich teen who had failed to make payments , and another being the birthday present of his friend Sam Geldon , whose father owns a local car dealership . They modify the trucks for Creech 's parents to control similar to Creech in Tripp 's truck . Jim helps the group by stealing the Terravex truck on which the monsters , Creech 's parents , are loaded on . At the dealership , the creatures take control of the modified trucks and the group make their escape up the mountain leading to the tunnels . Terravex gives chase up the mountain and the group escape by using the trucks to jump over the edge of the mountain . On the way , Rick helps Tripp and the group escape from Burke . After realizing the poison has been inserted , Tripp gets into a head - on battle with Burke , who attempts to push him into the drilling hole , and Tripp overturns Burke 's truck , destroying the poison machine , but not without falling into the hole . Creech saves him from drowning before he and his parents depart back home and Terravex is exposed by the group for the experimentation that was harming the creature 's habitat . Tenneson is arrested , Tripp and Rick develop on good terms and together build a new engine for the truck , and Tripp and Meredith begin a relationship . Cast ( edit ) Lucas Till as Tripp Coley , a high school senior . Jane Levy as Meredith , Tripp 's tutor and love interest . Amy Ryan as Cindy Coley , Tripp 's mother . Rob Lowe as Reece Tenneson , the film 's main antagonist . Danny Glover as Mr. Weathers , Tripp 's paraplegic boss . Barry Pepper as Rick , the local sheriff and Cindy 's new live - in boyfriend . Holt McCallany as Burke , Reece 's henchman and one of the film 's villains . Frank Whaley as Wade Coley , Tripp 's estranged father and Cindy 's ex-husband . Thomas Lennon as Dr. Jim Dowd , a scientist . Tucker Albrizzi as Sam Geldon , Tripp 's friend . Samara Weaving as Brianne Daniel Bacon as Technician Production ( edit ) On July 31 , 2013 , Paramount Animation announced that they were developing a new live - action / animated franchise , with an entry film titled Monster Trucks , and Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger set to write film 's script . Chris Wedge was set to direct the film , which was produced by Mary Parent , with an initial release date set for May 29 , 2015 . Production took place in Vancouver Film Studios in Vancouver . On February 19 , 2014 , Jane Levy and Lucas Till joined the cast of the film . On March 24 , Amy Ryan was cast in a role , and later that week , Holt McCallany joined the cast as a villain . On April 1 , Frank Whaley and Danny Glover joined the cast of the film . Later that month , Thomas Lennon joined as well , and on April 14 , Barry Pepper joined the cast . On April 24 , Tucker Albrizzi , who starred in Big Time Rush , joined the cast , with Rob Lowe added five days later . In December 2013 , it was announced that the film 's production would begin in early April 2014 in Vancouver , with filming wrapping up in mid-July , and the studio Vancouver Film Studios was booked for the production . Principal photography began on April 4 , 2014 , in Kamloops , British Columbia . Filming was spotted on May 13 , 2014 in downtown Chilliwack , Canada . Release ( edit ) The release date was shifted several times . It was initially set for May 29 , 2015 , but on January 26 , 2015 , the film was pushed back to December 25 , 2015 , a date first assigned for Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation . On May 5 , 2015 , the film was pushed back again , to March 18 , 2016 . On November 10 , 2015 , the film 's release date was pushed back again , to January 13 , 2017 . On September 21 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter stated Paramount would take a $115 million writedown on the film due to its expected poor performance at the box office . Home media ( edit ) Monster Trucks was released on Digital HD on March 28 , 2017 and on Blu - ray and DVD on April 11 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Monster Trucks grossed $33.4 million in the United States and Canada and $31.1 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $64.5 million . In North America , Monster Trucks was released alongside the openings of The Bye Bye Man and Sleepless , as well as the wide releases of Silence , Patriots Day and Live by Night , and was expected to gross $8 -- 10 million from 3,119 theaters in its opening weekend . It ended up making $11 million ( $14.2 million over the four - day MLK weekend ) , finishing 7th at the box office . Due to its $125 million budget , as well as additional amounts spent on promotion , the film was labeled a box office bomb . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 31 % based on 83 reviews and an average rating of 4.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Despite flashes of inspiration , the singularly high - concept Monster Trucks shows that it takes more than monsters and trucks to create a compelling feature film . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 41 out of 100 based on 23 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Monster Trucks ( 2D ) ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 14 , 2016 . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David Lieberman ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Monster Trucks ' Drove Viacom 's $115 M Charge Even Before Its Release '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monster Trucks ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( 31 July 2013 ) . `` Paramount Animation Plans ' Monster Trucks ' Live Action - Toon Franchise : In Final Talks With Blue Sky 's Chris Wedge To Direct '' . deadline.com . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Faughnder , Ryan ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 's first big flop ? How Paramount 's ' Monster Trucks ' went awry '' . Latimes.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Forbes Welcome '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Hidden Figures , ' ' Patriot 's Day ' in Tight Race , ' Monster Trucks , ' ' Live by Night ' Brace to Flop '' . Variety.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paramount Wants Lucas Till & Jane Levy in ' Monster Trucks ' Toy Movie '' . firstshowing.net . February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amy Ryan Gears Up For ' Monster Trucks ' ; Blake Jenner Creeps Into ' Crawlspace ; ' Pablo Larrain Helms ' Scarface ' '' . www.deadline.com . May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rob Lowe driving Monster Trucks '' . moviehole.net. April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frank Whaley , Danny Glover Joining Lucas Till in ' Monster Trucks ' ( Exclusive ) '' . www.hollywoodreporter.com. 2014 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paramount 's ' Monster Trucks ' Adds Barry Pepper '' . deadline.com. April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Holt McCallany Revs Up Villainous Role In Paramount 's ' Monster Trucks ' '' . www.deadline.com . May 20 , 2015 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thomas Lennon Straps In For Paramount 's ' Monster Trucks ' '' . deadline.com. April 10 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chrissie Fit Cast In ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ ; Shohreh Aghdashloo To Narrate ' Alam High School ' ; Tucker Albrizzi Joins ' Monster Trucks ' '' . deadline.com. April 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Animation Looking to Tackle Monster Trucks '' . comingsoon.net. 1 August 2013 . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big - budget ' Monster Trucks ' to roll into Vancouver in April '' . globalnews.ca. 29 December 2013 . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lucas Till - Lucas Till and Jane Levy to star in Monster Trucks '' . contactmusic. April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Lowe Joins ' Monster Trucks ' '' . April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Updated production office info for Chris Wedge 's MONSTER TRUCKS filming in Vancouver to begin early April '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` START : Big - Budget Live - Action Movie MONSTER TRUCKS Begins Filming '' . yvrshoots . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Hellinger , Mike ( 12 May 2014 ) . `` Chilliwack buzzing with film shoot downtown this week '' . starfm.com . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ J. Henderson , Paul ( 15 May 2014 ) . `` Downtown Chilliwack turns into Monster Trucks movie set '' . chilliwacktimes.com . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock . `` Paramount Shifts ' Mission : Impossible 5 ' Release Date to Summer 2015 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary . `` Monster Trucks Release Date Pushed Back to 2016 '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Paramount Sets ' SpongeBob 3 ' for 2019 , Delays ' Monster Trucks ' to 2017 '' . variety.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ; Masters , Kim ( 21 September 2016 ) . `` ' Monster Trucks ' Leads Viacom to Take $115 M Write - Down '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monster Trucks ( 2016 ) '' . DVDs Release Date . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Bill . `` Planet Earth II 4K official , plus Monster Trucks , Saturday Night Fever update & Star Wars : Ralph McQuarrie book deal '' . The Digital Bits . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Wahlberg 's ' Patriots Day ' and ' La La Land ' to battle ' Hidden Figures ' for box office win '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` ' Hidden Figures ' Stays Smart , But Why Are So Many Movies Bombing Over MLK Weekend ? '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Monster Trucks ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monster Trucks reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore . com . External links ( edit ) Official website Monster Trucks on IMDb Monster Trucks at Box Office Mojo Monster Trucks at Rotten Tomatoes Monster Trucks at Metacritic Films directed by Chris Wedge Bunny ( 1998 ) Ice Age ( 2002 ) Robots ( 2005 ) Epic ( 2013 ) Monster Trucks ( 2016 ) Nickelodeon Movies Feature films Animated The Rugrats Movie ( 1998 ) Rugrats in Paris : The Movie ( 2000 ) Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius ( 2001 ) Hey Arnold ! : The Movie ( 2002 ) The Wild Thornberrys Movie ( 2002 ) Rugrats Go Wild ( 2003 ) The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie ( 2004 ) Barnyard ( 2006 ) Rango ( 2011 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water ( 2015 ) Amusement Park ( 2019 ) The Loud House Movie ( 2020 ) Live - action Harriet the Spy ( 1996 ) Good Burger ( 1997 ) Snow Day ( 2000 ) Clockstoppers ( 2002 ) Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2004 ) Mad Hot Ballroom ( 2005 ) Yours , Mine & Ours ( 2005 ) Nacho Libre ( 2006 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 2006 ) The Spiderwick Chronicles ( 2008 ) Hotel for Dogs ( 2009 ) Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging ( 2009 ) Imagine That ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) Fun Size ( 2012 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) Monster Trucks ( 2017 ) Film franchises Rugrats ( 1998 -- 2003 ) The Wild Thornberrys ( 2002 -- 03 ) SpongeBob SquarePants ( 2004 -- present ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 -- present ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 -- 16 ) Book Paramount Animation Feature films The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water ( 2015 ) Monster Trucks ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Gnomeo & Juliet : Sherlock Gnomes ( 2018 ) Amusement Park ( 2019 ) SpongeBob SquarePants 3 ( 2019 ) The Loud House Movie ( 2020 ) Related animation studios Nickelodeon Animation Studio MTV Animation Fleischer Studios Famous Studios Rainbow S.r.l. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monster_Trucks_(film)&oldid=804729723 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 3D films 2016 computer - animated films 2010s action films 2010s comedy films 2010s science fiction films American films American action comedy films American comedy science fiction films American computer - animated films American science fiction action films Films shot in British Columbia Films with live action and animation Paramount Animation films Nickelodeon Movies films Paramount Pictures animated films Films set in North Dakota Film scores by David Sardy Films directed by Chris Wedge Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 19 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did monster trucks come out in theaters	[ "\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nDecember 21, 2016 (2016-12-21) (France)\nJanuary 13, 2017 (2017-01-13) (United States)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)" ]
4374385077836355202	Sex offender registry	Sex offender registry - wikipedia Sex offender registry Jump to : navigation , search A sex offender registry is a system in various countries designed to allow government authorities to keep track of and activities of sex offenders including those who have completed their criminal sentences . In some jurisdictions , where sex offender registration gan , registration is accompanied by residential address notification requirements . In many jurisdictions , registered sex offenders are subject to additional restrictions , including on housing . Those on parole or probation may be subject to restrictions that do not apply to other parolees or probationers . Sometimes , these include ( or have been proposed to include ) restrictions on being in the presence of underage persons ( under the age of majority ) , living in proximity to a school or day care center , owning toys or items targeted towards children , or using the Internet . Sex offender registries exist in many English - speaking countries , including Australia , Canada , New Zealand , the United States , Trinidad and Tobago , Jamaica , South Africa , the United Kingdom , and the Republic of Ireland . Sex offender registration does not exist outside of the English - speaking world , however . The United States is the only country with a registry that is publicly accessible ; all other countries in the English - speaking world have sex offender registries only accessible by law enforcement . In risk - based systems , the offender is screened against a scientifically validated screening tool , and determination of inclusion is made according to the results . In offense - based systems , registration is required when a person is convicted under one of the listed offenses requiring registration . In the United States , the vast majority of the states are applying offense - based registries , leaving the actual risk level of the offender and severity of the offense uncertain . The few U.S. states applying risk - based systems are pressured by the U.S. federal government to adopt offense - based systems in accordance with Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act . Studies have shown that actuarial risk assessment instruments consistently outperform the offense - based system mandated by federal law . Consequently , the effectiveness of offense - based registries have been questioned by professionals , and evidence exists suggesting that such registries are counterproductive . Some aspects of the current sex offender registries in the United States have been widely criticized by civil rights organizations Human Rights Watch and ACLU , professional organizations Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers and Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers , reformist groups Reform Sex Offender Laws , Inc. , Women Against Registry and USA FAIR , and by child safety advocate Patty Wetterling , the Chair of National Center for Missing & Exploited Children . Virtually no studies exist finding U.S. registries effective , prompting some researchers to call them pointless , many even calling them counterproductive , arguing that they increase the rate of re-offense . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sex offender registries by country 1.1 Australia 1.2 Canada 1.3 Ireland 1.4 New Zealand 1.5 South Africa 1.6 Trinidad and Tobago 1.7 United Kingdom 1.8 United States 2 Application to offenses other than felony sexual offenses 3 Public disclosure of sex offender information 3.1 In the United States 4 Additional restrictions beyond public notice 5 Effectiveness and consequences 5.1 Registration and homelessness 5.2 Child perpetrators 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Sex offender registries by country ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) The Australian National Child Offender Register ( ANCOR ) is a web - based system used in all jurisdictions . Authorized police use ANCOR to monitor persons convicted of child sex offences and other specified offences once they have served their sentence . Offenders are monitored for eight years , 15 years or the remainder of their life ( four years or 71⁄2 years for juvenile offenders ) . On 1 March 2011 , there were 12,596 registered offenders across Australia . Canada ( edit ) Canada 's National Sex Offender Registry ( NSOR ) came into force on 15 December 2004 , with the passing of the Sex Offender Information Registration Act ( SOIR Act ) . The public does not have access to the registry . Since 2001 , the Province of Ontario operates its own sex offender registry concurrently with the federal registry . Unlike the federal registry which has an opt - out provision if an offender can convince a judge they are not a threat , the Ontario registry has no such provision . As a result , individuals who have been convicted of a designated offence at any time after 2001 , and relocate to Ontario , are obligated to register for a period of at least 10 years . The registration period begins on the day the ex-offender relocates to Ontario . Ireland ( edit ) Under the 2001 Sexual Offenders Act , all those convicted of certain sexual offenses are obliged to notify the police within 7 days their name and address . They must also notify the police of any changes to this information or if they intend to stay somewhere other than their registered address for more than 7 days ( including if they are traveling abroad ) . Individuals are subject to these registration requirements for varying durations , based on a sliding scale of the severity of the sentence they received . This scale is as follows : Sentence Notification period Suspended or non-custodial 5 years 6 months or less 7 years 6 months to 2 years 10 years More than 2 years Indefinitely New Zealand ( edit ) The New Zealand government has plans to introduce a sex offenders register by the end of 2014 . It will be managed by the New Zealand Police and information will be shared between the Police , Child , Youth and Family , the Department of Corrections , the Ministry of Social Development , and the Department of Building and Housing -- government agencies which deal with child safety . Like the Australian and British registers , the New Zealand sex offenders register will not be accessible to the general public but only to officials with security clearance . It will also include individuals who have been granted name suppression . This proposed register has received support from both the ruling National Party and the opposition Labour Party . However political lobby group the Sensible Sentencing Trust has criticised the proposed register for its lack of public access . On 4 August 2014 , the New Zealand Cabinet formally approved the establishment of a sex offenders register . According to the Minister of Police and Corrections Anne Tolley , Cabinet has agreed to allocate $35.5 million over the next ten years for the technology component of the register and initial ICT work is underway as of 14 August 2014 . The sex offenders ' register is expected to be operational by 2016 once enabling legislation is passed and changes are made to the Corrections Act to enable information sharing . South Africa ( edit ) The National Register for Sex Offenders was established in terms of the Criminal Law ( Sexual Offences and Related Matters ) Amendment Act , 2007 . It records the details of anyone convicted of a sexual offence against a child or a mentally disabled person . The public does not have access to the registry ; it is available to employers of people who work with children or mentally disabled people , to authorities responsible for licensing institutions that care for children or mentally disabled people , and to those responsible for approving foster care and adoptions . People listed on the register are prohibited from working with children or mentally disabled people , from managing institutions that care for children or mentally disabled people , and from being foster parents or adoptive parents . Trinidad and Tobago ( edit ) The Sexual Offences Act Chapter 11 : 28 Part III provides for Notification Requirements for Sex Offenders . This Sex Offenders Registry is only accessible to the Police Service and other branches of government . There are several gaps in this policy noted by members of the Caribbean Committee against Sex Crimes , most notably that the registry only deals with offenses committed within the Jurisdiction of Trinidad and Tobago . Persons who are registered Sex Offenders from other jurisdictions are not registered when they immigrate or are deported to Trinidad and Tobago . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , the Violent and Sex Offender Register ( ViSOR ) is a database of records of those required to register with the Police under the Sexual Offences Act 2003 , those jailed for more than 12 months for violent offences , and unconvicted people thought to be at risk of offending . The Register can be accessed by the Police , National Probation Service and HM Prison Service personnel . It is managed by the National Policing Improvement Agency of the Home Office . United states ( edit ) Main article : Sex offender registries in the United States Sign at the limits of Wapello , Iowa ; sex offender - free districts appeared as a result of Megan 's Law . Sex offender registries in the United States consist of federal and state level systems designed to collect information of convicted sex offenders for law enforcement and public notification purposes . All 50 states and District of Columbia maintain registries that are open to public via sex offender registration websites , although some registered sex offenders are visible to law enforcement only . According to NCMEC , as of 2015 there were 843,260 registered sex offenders in the United States . Registrants have to periodically appear in person to their local law enforcement for purposes of collecting their personal information , such as photograph , fingerprints , name , scars , tattoos , living address , place of employment and vehicle information . Information pertaining to names , addresses , physical description and vehicles are made public via official websites . In addition , registrants are often subject to restrictions that bar loitering , working or living within exclusion zones that sometimes cover entire cities and have forced registrants into encampments , such as the Julia Tuttle Causeway sex offender colony . Anthropology professor Roger Lancaster has called the restrictions `` tantamount to practices of banishment '' that he deems disproportional , noting that registries include not just the `` worst of the worst '' , but also `` adults who supplied pornography to teenage minors ; young schoolteachers who foolishly fell in love with one of their students ; men who urinated in public , or were caught having sex in remote areas of public parks after dark . '' In many instances , individuals have pleaded guilty to an offense like urinating in public decades ago , not realizing the result would be their placement on a sex offender registry , and all of the restrictions that come with it . Depending on jurisdiction , offenses requiring registration range in their severity from public urination or children and teenagers experimenting with their peers , to violent predatory sexual offenses . In some states non-sexual offenses such as unlawful imprisonment may require sex offender registration . According to Human Rights Watch , children as young as 9 have been placed on the registry for sexually experimenting with their peers . Juvenile convicts account for as much as 25 percent of the registrants . Federal Adam Walsh Act pressured states to register juveniles by tying federal funding to the degree to which state registries comply with the federal law 's classification system for sex offenders . States apply differing sets of criteria dictating which offenders are made visible to public . Some states scientifically evaluate the future risk of the offender and hide low - risk offenders from public . In other states , offenders are categorized according to the tier level related to statute of conviction . Duration of registration vary usually from 10 years to life depending on the state legislation and tier / risk category . Some states exclude low tier offenders from public registries while in others , all offenders are publicly listed . Some states offer possibility to petition to be removed from the registry under certain circumstances . A majority of states apply systems based on conviction offenses only , where sex offender registration is mandatory if person pleads or is found guilty of violating any of the listed offenses . Under these systems , the sentencing judge does not sentence the convict into sex offender registry and can not usually use judicial discretion to forgo registration requirement , even if s / he thinks the registration would be unreasonable , taking into account mitigating factors pertaining to individual cases . Instead , registration is a mandatory collateral consequence of criminal conviction . Due to this feature , laws target a wide range of behaviors and tend to treat all offenders the same . Civil right groups , law reform activists , academics , some child safety advocates , politicians and law enforcement officials think that current laws often target the wrong people , swaying attention away from high - risk sex offenders , while severely impacting lives of all registrants , and their families , attempting to re-integrate to society . The Supreme Court of the United States has upheld sex offender registration laws twice , in two respects . Several challenges to some parts of state level sex offender laws have succeeded , however . Application to offenses other than felony Sexual offenses ( edit ) Sex offender registration has been applied to crimes other than rape , child molestation , and child pornography offenses and is sometimes applied to certain non-sexual offenses . In Connecticut , those with state convictions for certain misdemeanors have to register , including : Public Indecency , in violation of C.G.S. § 53a - 186 , provided the court finds the victim was under 18 ; and Sexual Assault , 4th Degree , in violation of C.G.S. § 53a - 73a . In New York and various other states , crimes that society does not necessarily view as sexual in nature are also considered to be registerable sex offenses , such as kidnapping , `` sexual misconduct '' , unlawful imprisonment , and in some cases `` sexually motivated offenses '' ( such as assault , burglary , etc . ) that are not categorized as sexual offenses unless the court determines that the offense was committed pursuant to the offender 's own sexual gratification . In New York specifically , kidnapping and unlawful imprisonment are registerable offenses only if the victim is under 17 and the offender is not a parent of the victim . In Kentucky , all sex offenders who move into the state and are required to register in their previous home states are required to register with Kentucky for life , even if they were not required to register for life in their previous residence . A few states have also created separate online registries for crimes other than sex offenses . Montana , for example , has a publicly accessible violent offender registry that includes crimes such as aggravated assault , robbery , assaulting a police officer , both deliberate and non-deliberate homicide and a third conviction for domestic violence . Kansas has publicly accessible registries of people convicted of both serious drug offenses and people convicted of crimes involving a weapon . Indiana , Illinois , Kansas , Oklahoma , and Montana all have publicly accessible registries for those convicted of murder . Florida requires all felons , regardless of the crime , to register with law enforcement for 5 years after release , although the Florida felon registry is not available to the general public . If a felon in Florida is convicted of enough non-sexual felonies in a certain period of time , however , they are required to register for the rest of their life on a `` Habitual Offender '' registry that is available to the general public . Ohio has a publicly accessible registry for people convicted five or more times of drunken driving . In 2014 , a murder registry was proposed in Rhode Island and an animal abuser registry was proposed in Pennsylvania . A bill to create a publicly accessible registry for domestic violence offenders passed the Texas House of Representatives in 2013 , but was not voted on in the Texas Senate . Public disclosure of sex offender information ( edit ) Currently , only the United States allows , and more often than not requires public disclosure of offender information , regardless of individual risk . Other countries do not make sex offender information public , unless the risk assessment has been conducted and the offender has been determined to pose a high risk of re-offending . In the United states ( edit ) In some localities in the United States , the lists of all sex offenders are made available to the public : for example , through the newspapers , community notification , or the Internet . However , in other localities , the complete lists are not available to the general public but are known to the police . In the United States offenders are often classified in three categories : Level ( Tier ) I , Level II , and Level III offenders , Information is usually accessible related to that level ( information being more accessible to the public for higher level offenders ) . In some US jurisdictions , the level of offender is reflecting the evaluated recidivism risk of the individual offender , while in others , the level is designated merely by the virtue of conviction , without assessing the risk level posed by the offender . In general , in states applying risk - based registry schemes , low - risk ( Tier I ) offenders are often excluded from the public disclosure . In some states only the highest risk ( Tier III ) offenders are subject to public disclosure , while some states also include moderate - risk ( Tier II ) offenders in public websites . In SORNA compliant states , only Tier I registrants may be excluded from public disclosure , but since SORNA merely sets the minimum set of rules that states must follow , many SORNA compliant states have adopted stricter system and have opted to disclose information of all tiers . Some states have disclosed some of Tier I offenders , while in some states all Tier I offenders are excluded from public disclosure . Just like states differ with respect to disclosure of information regarding different Tiers / Levels , they also differ with respect to classifying offenses into tiers . Thus , identical offenses committed in different states could produce very different outcomes in terms of public disclosure and registration period . Offense classified as Tier I offense in one state with no public disclosure , might be classified as Tier II or Tier III offense in another , leading to considerably longer registration period and public disclosure . These disparities in state legislation have caused unexpected problems to some registrants when moving from state to another , finding themselves subject to public disclosure on their destination state 's sex offender website , and longer registration periods ( sometimes for life ) , even though they originally were excluded from public registry and required to register for a shorter period . Some states appear to apply `` catch - all '' statutes for former registrants moving into their jurisdiction , requiring registration and public posting of information , even when the person has completed their original registration period . At least one state ( Illinois ) reclassifies all registrants moving in the state into the highest possible tier ( Sexual Predator ) , regardless of the original tier of the person , leading to a lifetime registration requirement and being publicly labelled as a `` Sexual Predator '' . As noted previously , Kentucky requires lifetime registration for all currently registered individuals who move into the state . Determining the tier level and whether or not a person would be subject to public disclosure , when relocating to another state , can be close to impossible without consulting an attorney or officials responsible for managing registration in the destination state , due to constantly changing laws and vagueness in some states legislative language . While these disparities in level of public disclosure among different states might cause unexpected problems after registration , they have also caused some registrants to move into locations where public disclosure of lower level offenders is not permitted , in order to avoid public persecution and other adverse effects of public disclosure they were experiencing in their original location . Additional restrictions beyond public notice ( edit ) Sex offenders on parole or probation are generally subject to the same restrictions as other parolees and probationers . Sex offenders who have completed probation or parole may also be subject to restrictions above and beyond those of most felons . In some jurisdictions , they can not live within a certain distance of places children or families gather . Such places are usually schools , worship centers , and parks , but could also include public venues ( stadiums ) , airports , apartments , malls , major retail stores , college campuses , and certain neighborhoods ( unless for essential business ) . In some states , they may also be barred from voting after a sentence has been completed and , at the federal level , barred from owning firearms , like all felons . Some states have Civic Confinement laws , which allow very - high - risk sex offenders to be placed in secure facilities , `` in many ways like prisons '' , where they are supposed to be offered treatment and regularly reevaluated for possible release . In practice , most states with Civil Commitment centers rarely release anyone . Texas has not released anyone in the 15 years since the program was started . In 2015 , in response to a class action lawsuit , a Federal judge ruled Minnesota 's Civil Commitment program to be unconstitutional , both for not providing effective treatment and for not fully releasing anyone since the program was started in 1994 . The state of Missouri now restricts the activities of registered sex offenders on Halloween , requiring them to avoid Halloween - related contact with children and remain at their registered home address from 5 p.m. to 10 : 30 p.m. , unless they are required to work that evening . Regardless of whether they are at work , offenders must extinguish all outside residential lighting and post a sign stating , `` No candy or treats at this residence - sex offender at this residence '' . In the United Kingdom , anyone convicted of any criminal offense can not work in the legal , medical , teaching , or nursing professions . List 99 includes people convicted of sex offenses barred from working in education and social work , though it also includes people convicted of theft , fraud , corruption , assault , and drugs offenses . Facebook and Instagram prohibit any convicted sex offender from accessing or contributing to their websites . Effectiveness and consequences ( edit ) The vast majority of sexual offense victims are known to the offender -- including friends , family , or other trusted adults such as teachers . This is contrary to media depictions of stranger assaults or child molesters who kidnap children unknown to them . Thus , despite the public awareness of the whereabouts of convicted sex offenders , there has been little evidence to back the claim that mandatory registration has made society safer . According to ATSA , only in the states that utilize empirically derived risk assessment procedures and publicly identify only high risk offenders , has community notification demonstrated some effectiveness . The majority of U.S states do not utilize risk assessment tools when determining ones inclusion on the registry , although studies have shown that actuarial risk assessment instruments , which are created by putting together risk factors found by research to correlate with re-offending , consistently outperform the offense based systems . Studies almost always show that residency restrictions increase offender 's recidivism rates by increasing offender homelessness and increasing instability in a sex offender 's life . According to a Department of Justice study , 5.3 % of sex offenders who were released from prison in 1994 were arrested for a new sex offense after 3 years . Robbers , arsonists and property crime committers ( all of which have a recidivism rate of 60 -- 70 percent after 3 years ) were the most likely to re-offend group . Despite the public perception of sex offenders as having high recidivism , sex offenders had the second lowest recidivism rate , after only murderers . A later study done by the Department of Justice showed an even lower sex offender recidivism rate of about 2.1 percent after 3 years . However , since sex crimes are the most under - reported crimes , whether or not the Department of Justice 's 5.3 % sex offender recidivism rate is deceptively low is unclear . Recidivism rates only measure how many people return to prison or are arrested for a new offense and do not measure how many people actually commit a new criminal offense ( some criminals commit new offenses after release from prison but do not get caught . ) In the late 2000s , a study showed that Indiana sex offenders have recidivism of about 1.03 % after 3 years . Studies consistently show sex offender recidivism rates of 1 -- 4 % after 3 years , recividism is usually at about 5 -- 10 % after a long follow up ( such as a 10 -- 25 year follow up ) . A study by professors from Columbia University and the University of Michigan found that having police - only sex offender registries ( e.g. , Britain , Canada , Australia ) significantly reduces sex offender recidivism , but making information about sex offenders publicly available significantly increases recidivism rates . This is because making sex offender information public increases offender stress and also makes the thought of returning to prison less threatening , as some sex offenders may feel returning to prison is not significantly worse than being on the public registry . Some sex offenders may come to view their central identity as being that of a sex offender due to the registry , and the more a sex offender views themselves as being a criminal the more likely they are to reoffend . However , the study also found that making sex offender registration publicly available may deter some potential first time sex offenders from committing an offense that would get them on the registry in the first place . The thought of getting on the sex offender registry may or may not deter non-sex offenders from committing sex crimes . A 2008 study found no evidence that New York 's registry or notification laws reduced sexual offenses by rapists , child molesters , sexual recidivists , or first - time sex offenders . A study by University of Chicago graduate student Amanda Agan compared sex offender recidivism rates in states where sex offenders were required to register in 1994 with states where they were not required to register in 1994 . The results of the study were that sex offender recidivism was , in fact , slightly lower in states where sex offenders were not required to register . This made Agan question whether creating sex offender registries was a rational idea . The study also showed that blocks in Washington DC where sex offenders lived did not have higher molestation rates than blocks where sex offenders did not live . In at least two instances , convicted sex offenders were murdered after their information was made available over the Internet . The spouse , children and other family members of a sex offender often have negative consequences as a result of having a family member on the registry . For example , residency restrictions will make it harder for a sex offender 's spouse and children , not just a sex offender themselves , to find housing . Residency restrictions may even cause a sex offender 's family to be homeless . Sex offenders ' spouses and children can also face harassment and financial hardship as a result of their loved one 's sex offender status . More than half of the children of sex offenders say that fellow students treat them worse due to a parent 's RSO status . The Human Rights Watch organization criticized these laws in a 146 - page report published in 2007 , and in another report in 2013 . Registration and homelessness ( edit ) People who are registered in offender databases are usually required to notify the government when they change their place of residence . This notification requirement is problematic in cases where the registered offender is homeless . The state of Washington is among those that have special provisions in their registration code covering homeless offenders , but not all states have such provisions . A November 2006 Maryland Court of Appeals ruling exempts homeless persons from that state 's registration requirements , which has prompted a drive to compose new laws covering this contingency . News reports in 2007 revealed that some registered sex offenders were living outside or under the Julia Tuttle Causeway in Miami , Florida because Miami - Dade County ordinances , which are more restrictive than Florida 's state laws , made it virtually impossible for them to find housing . The colony at the causeway grew to as many as 140 registrants living there as of July 2009 , but eventually became a political embarrassment and was disbanded in April 2010 , when the residents moved into acceptable housing in the area . However , many have lapsed back into homelessness , sleeping alongside railroad tracks . As of 2013 Suffolk County , New York , which had imposed onerous restrictions on sex offenders exceeding those required by New York state law , was faced with a situation where 40 sex offenders were living in two cramped trailers located in isolated locations . This situation had been created by the county in 2007 as a solution to the problem of housing sex offenders . Child perpetrators ( edit ) The question of how to appropriately deal with underage sex assault perpetrators has led to some of the most emotional appeals against sex offender registries . In 2017 , an Associated Press investigation found that for every adult - on - child offence , there are seven child - on - child sex offences . These crimes are rarely reported in the media or prosecuted . However , in Human Rights Watch 's 2013 investigation of strict US laws , it was found that child perpetrators as young as 11 have , at times , been forced to register on long - term publicly searchable databases . In some US jurisdictions , consenting teenage couples in possession of each other 's nude photographs have also been charged with possessing child pornography and forced to register as sex offenders under mandatory sentencing requirements . See also ( edit ) Law portal Circles of Support and Accountability Sarah 's Law United States Marshals Service References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New study finds federal sex offender law not effective '' . lynn.edu . Lynn University . 20 November 2012 . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` No Easy Answers : Sex Offender Laws in the US '' . Human Rights Watch . 11 September 2007 . Retrieved 21 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Raised on the Registry : The Irreparable Harm of Placing Children on Sex Offender Registries in the US ( 2012 ) Human Rights Watch ISBN 978 - 1 - 62313 - 0084 ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Deborah . `` Why Sex Offender Laws Do More Harm Than Good '' . American Civil Liberties Union . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Registration and Community Notification of Adult Sexual Offenders '' . Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers. 5 April 2010 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sexual Offender Residence Restrictions '' . Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers. 5 April 2010 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sex Offenses '' . National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Ian ( 1 October 2013 ) . `` Restricted Group Speaks Up , Saying Sex Crime Measures Go Too Far '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Ulmer , Nick ( 21 February 2014 ) . `` Taking a Stand : Women Against Registry responds to our 14 News investigation '' . 14News . WFIE . NBC . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rowan , Shana ( 14 July 2013 ) . `` My Word : Forget broad brush for sex offenders '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patty Wetterling questions sex offender laws '' . Archived from the original on 13 November 2014 . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Patty Wetterling . `` Patty Wetterling : The harm in sex - offender laws '' . The Sacramento Bee . Archived from the original on 14 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Gunderson , Dan ( 18 June 2007 ) . `` Sex offender laws have unintended consequences '' . MPR news . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mellema , Matt ( 11 August 2014 ) . `` Sex Offender Laws Have Gone Too Far '' . Slate . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sethi , Chanakya ( 15 August 2014 ) . `` Reforming the Registry '' . Slate . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Wright , Richard ( 16 March 2009 ) . Sex Offender Laws : Failed Policies , New Directions . New York : Springer Publishing Company . pp. 101 -- 116 . ISBN 978 -- 0 - 8261 - 1109 - 8 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2009 . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California 's Sane New Approach to Sex Offenders '' . The Slate. 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Print Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 24 July 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Vance , Andrea ( 6 March 2014 ) . `` Sex offender registry to open '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Quilliam , Rebecca ( 27 April 2014 ) . `` Sex offender register will need iron - clad security -- experts '' . New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Kirk , Stacey ( 27 April 2014 ) . `` Public access to sex offenders register ruled out '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Blackhouse , Matthew ( 4 August 2014 ) . `` Cabinet signs off first sex offenders register '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Work begins on child sex offenders register '' . One News . 14 August 2014 . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ : National Register for Sex Offenders ( NRSO ) '' . Department of Justice and Constitutional Development . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Map of Registered Sex Offenders in the United States '' ( PDF ) . National Center for Missing and Exploited Children . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` State Supreme Court overturns sex offender housing rules in San Diego ; law could affect Orange County , beyond '' . The Orange County Register . 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Miami sex offenders limited to life under a bridge '' . Tampa Bay Times . 14 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Flatov , Nicole ( 23 October 2014 ) . `` Inside Miami 's Hidden Tent City For ' Sex Offenders ' '' . Think Progress . Jump up ^ `` Court keeps man on sex offender list but says ' troubling ' '' . Toledo News . 28 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When Kids Are Sex Offenders '' . Boston Review . 20 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lehrer , Eli ( 7 September 2015 ) . `` A Senseless Policy - Take kids off the sex - offender registries . '' . The Weekly Standard . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Megan 's Law by State '' . Klaas Kids Foundation . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Harris , A.J. ; Lobanov - Rostovsky , C. ; Levenson , J.S. ( 2 April 2010 ) . `` Widening the Net : The Effects of Transitioning to the Adam Walsh Act 's Federally Mandated Sex Offender Classification System '' . Criminal Justice and Behavior . 37 ( 5 ) : 503 -- 519 . doi : 10.1177 / 0093854810363889 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Ian ( 1 October 2013 ) . `` Restricted Group Speaks Up , Saying Sex Crime Measures Go Too Far '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Ulmer , Nick ( 21 February 2014 ) . `` Taking a Stand : Women Against Registry responds to our 14 News investigation '' . 14News . NBC . Jump up ^ Levenson , Jill ( 6 August 2015 ) . `` Does youthful mistake merit sex - offender status ? '' . cnn.com . ^ Jump up to : `` RE : Pending Sex Offender Registry Legislation ( HR 4472 ) '' ( PDF ) . 8 August 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Wright , Richard ( 16 March 2009 ) . Sex Offender Laws : Failed Policies , New Directions . New York : Springer Publishing Company . pp. 101 -- 116 . ISBN 978 -- 0 - 8261 - 1109 - 8 . Archived from the original on 10 July 2015 . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Meloy , Michelle ; Curtis , Kristin ; Boatwright , Jessica ( 23 November 2012 ) . `` Policy - makers ' perceptions on their sex offender laws : the good , the bad , and the ugly '' . Criminal Justice Studies : A CriticalJournal of Crime , Law and Society . 26 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1080 / 1478601.2012. 744307 . Therefore , state - level policy - makers from across the country , who sponsored and passed at least one sex offender law in their state , ( n = 61 ) were interviewed about sex offenders and sex crimes . Policy - makers believe sex offender laws are too broad . The laws extend to nonviolent offenses , low - risk offenders , and thus dilute the law enforcement potency of sex offender registries . Jump up ^ `` Board wants to remove low - risk sex offenders from registry '' . SFGate. 25 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Levenson , J.S. ( 1 February 2005 ) . `` The Effect of Megan 's Law on Sex Offender Reintegration '' . Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice . 21 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 66 . doi : 10.1177 / 1043986204271676 . Jump up ^ Tewksbury , R. ( 1 February 2005 ) . `` Collateral Consequences of Sex Offender Registration '' . Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice . 21 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 81 . doi : 10.1177 / 1043986204271704 . Jump up ^ Mercado , C.C. ; Alvarez , S. ; Levenson , J. ( 1 June 2008 ) . `` The Impact of Specialized Sex Offender Legislation on Community Reentry '' . Sexual Abuse : A Journal of Research and Treatment . 20 ( 2 ) : 188 -- 205 . doi : 10.1177 / 1079063208317540 . Jump up ^ Levenson , Jill S. ; D'Amora , David A. ; Hern , Andrea L. ( July 2007 ) . `` Megan 's law and its impact on community re-entry for sex offenders '' . Behavioral Sciences & the Law . 25 ( 4 ) : 587 -- 602 . PMID 17620324 . doi : 10.1002 / bsl. 770 . Jump up ^ Balko , Radley ( 28 August 2015 ) . `` The collateral damage of sex offender laws '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Yoder , Steven ( 27 August 2015 ) . `` Collateral damage : Harsh sex offender laws may put whole families at risk '' . Al Jazeera America . Jump up ^ `` Man seeks new trial for vigilante justice in Sterling Heights '' . Toledo News Now . 28 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Registration of Sexual Offenders '' , Justia U.S. Laws : Connecticut Code , Chapter 969 , Section 54 - 250 , Definitions . Jump up ^ `` New York State Sex Offender Registry , Registerable Offenses '' , New York State , Division of Criminal Justice Services Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Kentucky State Police Sex Offender Registry . Kentucky State Police . 12 February 2014 . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan 's sex offender registry would put more crimes involving minors online under advancing legislation '' . Mlive . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Illinois sex offender information . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portland : Sex offender magnet ? '' . Portland Tribune . 14 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Unsigned , `` The State of Texas '' , 6 April 2015 , Texas Monthly , http://www.texasmonthly.com/the-daily-post/the-state-of-texas-april-6-2015/ Jump up ^ Monica Davey , `` Minnesota 's Holding of Sex Offenders After Prison Is Ruled Unconstitutional '' , New York Times , 18 June 2015 , http://mobile.nytimes.com/2015/06/18/us/minnesotas-holding-of-sex-offenders-after-prison-is-ruled-unconstitutional.html Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Missouri Senate bill modifies various provisions relating to sexual offenses Jump up ^ `` Statement of Rights and Responsibilities '' . Facebook . 11 December 2012 . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Myths and Facts About Sex Offenders '' ( PDF ) . Center For Sex Offender Management . August 2000 . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sexual Offender Residence Restrictions '' . atsa.com/ . Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers. 5 April 2010 . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . There is no research to support that adult sex offenders ' proximity to schools or parks leads to recidivism . Jump up ^ `` New study finds federal sex offender law not effective '' . lynn.edu . Lynn University . 28 November 2012 . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Justice Statistics Press Release : Recidivism of Sex Offenders Released from Prison in 1994 '' . Jump up ^ according to National Research Council Jump up ^ `` Recidivism Rates Compared 2005 - 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Indiana Department of Correction . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . Jump up ^ JJ Prescott , Jonah E. Rockoff ( January 2010 ) . `` Do Sex Offender Registration and Notification Laws Affect Criminal Behavior ? '' ( PDF ) . Columbia.edu . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandler , Jeffrey C. ; Freeman , Naomi J. ; Socia , Kelly M. ( 2008 ) . `` Does a watched pot boil ? A time - series analysis of New York state 's sex offender registration and notification law . '' . Psychology , Public Policy , and Law . 14 ( 4 ) : 284 -- 302 . doi : 10.1037 / a0013881 . Jump up ^ Agan , Amanda Y. ( February 2011 ) . `` Sex Offender Registries : Fear without Function ? '' . The Journal of Law and Economics . 54 ( 1 ) : 207 -- 239 . JSTOR 10.1086 / 658483 . doi : 10.1086 / 658483 . Jump up ^ Ahuja , Gitika ( 18 April 2006 ) . `` Sex Offender Registries : Putting Lives At Risk ? '' . ABC News . Retrieved 5 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Karl Vick ( 27 December 2008 ) . `` Laws to Track Sex Offenders Encouraging Homelessness '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Homeless Sex Offenders Told To Live Under Bridge - Miami News Story '' . WPLG Miami . 23 March 2007 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2009 . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ John Zarrella , Patrick Oppmann ( 6 April 2007 ) . `` Florida housing sex offenders under bridge '' . CNN . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Miami 's Hidden Tent City For ' Sex Offenders ' '' . Thinkprogress.org. 23 October 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Schwirtz ( 4 February 2013 ) . `` In 2 Trailers , the Neighbors Nobody Wants '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Corey Kilgannon ( 17 February 2007 ) . `` Suffolk County to Keep Sex Offenders on the Move '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . Now officials of this county on Long Island say they have a solution : putting sex offenders in trailers to be moved regularly around the county , parked for several weeks at a time on public land away from residential areas and enforcing stiff curfews . Jump up ^ `` Thousands of children sexually assaulted at school , AP finds '' . NOLA.com. April 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 8th - graders caught sexting could have to register as sex offenders - The Boston Globe '' . BostonGlobe.com. April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) US Dept. of Justice sex offender registry Sex offender registry by state on PublicRecordsWire.com Reform Sex Offender , Laws Inc . RSOL Reports & Papers on Sex Offenses Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers Registry inaccuracies Sex Offender Accused of Falsely Registering Family 's Address Sometimes ' sorry ' does n't cut it Police raid apartment long after sex offender has moved out Sex Offender Community Notification in Scotland ( Briefing Paper ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sex_offender_registry&oldid=800123562 '' Categories : Sex offender registration Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from May 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles needing style editing from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Español Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 17 : 00 . 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-8079756428407988699	Joe Redington	Joe Redington - wikipedia Joe Redington Jump to : navigation , search Joe Redington , Senior ( February 1 , 1917 -- June 24 , 1999 ) was an American dog musher and kennel owner , who is best known as the `` Father of the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race '' , a long distance sled dog race run annually from the Anchorage area to Nome , Alaska . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Iditarod 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Redington was born in Kingfisher , Oklahoma on February 1 , 1917 and lived there until he was six years old . His mother left him shortly after his birth , and he grew up with his father and his brothers James and Ray . Joe said there were rumors that his mother was the outlaw Belle Starr . Joe Redington 's father was a laborer who worked was a rancher , on the oil fields , and In 1940 , Redington enlisted in the United States Army , and joined the 6th Field Artillery Regiment at Fort Hoyle , Maryland . He was later transferred to Fort Sill , Oklahoma , where he became part of the infantry , and was trained in the Field Artillery Jump School . He fought in the Pacific Theater of World War II , and was part of the Seabees , building runways and depots . He was discharged from Fort Dix , New Jersey after the war and returned to Pennsylvania . Iditarod ( edit ) In 1948 , Redington moved to Flat Horn Lake , Alaska community of Knik River and the ghost town of Knik , where Redington was known to hail from , are two entirely different places , and are about 45 miles apart by road to boot . ) ) where he filed a Homestead Act claim along the Iditarod Trail in Knik , and started the Knik Kennels . The trail was overgrown , and he learned of Alaska 's history of dog mushing from local `` sourdoughs '' . On February 18 , 1953 he married Violet Redington , and they moved to a new homestead on Flat Horn Lake , Alaska and worked from 1954 to 1958 as hunting guides along the Iditarod trail . He and his wife also helped clear the overgrown trail , and lobbied to make it a National Historic Trail . Redington met Dorothy Page , the future `` Mother of the Iditarod '' , at the Willow Winter Carnival in 1966 . She wanted to sponsor a dog sled race to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the purchase of Alaska from Russia , but had been unable to get the support of an experienced musher . Redington 's interest was in revitalizing dog sledding , which was on the verge of vanishing . In his own words , `` When I visited Interior villages in the 1950s , every household had five or six dogs . They were the only transportation . But by the late 1960s , village dogs were almost gone . '' 2 Redington agreed to help if a purse of USD $25,000 would be split among the winners . According to Redington , `` I wanted the biggest dog race in Alaska ... and the best way to do that was to offer the biggest purse ''. 3 The Redingtons returned to Knik , and the money was raised . In February 1967 , 58 dog mushers competed in two heats along a 25 - mile ( 40 km ) stretch of the old Iditarod Trail between Wasilla and Knik . The race was modeled after the 1908 to 1918 All - Alaska Sweepstakes ( AAS ) of Nome , and was named the Iditarod Trail Seppala Memorial Race , after the three - time champion Leonhard Seppala . The 1968 race was canceled due to lack of snow , and with a purse of just $1,000 , only 12 mushers participated in the second event in 1969 . While initially a success , enthusiasm had waned . Redington wanted to expand the race , from Knik to the historic gold rush town of Iditarod , but changed the end - point to the more - recognizable Nome , more than 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) away . In 1969 he promised there would be a purse of $50,000 . Despite widespread skepticism , the trail was cleared and a total of $51,325 was raised . In 1973 , Dick Wilmarth of Red Devil , Alaska , and his lead sled dog Hotfoot beat a pack of 34 mushers who competed in the race to Nome . Negative publicity caused by the death of several dogs during the race reduced the purse to only $31,000 in 1974 , but the event still attracted a field of 44 mushers . In 1975 , the race instituted stronger dog care requirements , and a corporate sponsor raised the purse back to $50,000 . Despite more negative publicity and funding problems in 1976 , the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race has since grown into the premiere sporting event in the state , and the largest dog sled race in the world . This popularity also caused dog mushing to revive in the 1970s as a recreational sport . Largely due to Redington 's efforts , the Iditarod was designated one of the first four National Historic Trails in 1978 , and the first official trail marker was put up outside his home in 1980 . Redington became known as the `` Father of the Iditarod '' for his work promoting the race , and personally competed in seventeen Iditarods from 1974 to 1997 , but never placed higher than fifth . Including a 5th - place finish at the age of 72 ! He was the honorary musher in the 1997 race , as he was 80 years old when he completed the race . Joe also organized and ran 5 Iditarod Challenges , a guided trip to Nome for paying clients , 1993 - 1997 . Redington died on June 24 , 1999 from cancer , and was buried in his favorite dog sled in Wasilla , Alaska . A memorial with a life - size bronze statue was unveiled nearby at the Iditarod Trail Committee Headquarters , on February 1 , 2003 . Notes ( edit ) Sherwonit ( 1991 , pages 45 -- 46 ) . Sherwonit ( 1991 , page 47 ) . References ( edit ) Iditarod Trail Committee . Joe Redington Memorial . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Dorothy G. Page ( 1974 / 2000 ) . Joe Redington , Sr. ( Father of Iditarod ) . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Bill Sherwonit ( 1991 ) . Iditarod : The Great Race to Nome . ISBN 0 - 88240 - 411 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Joe Redington at Find a Grave VIAF : 57840368 LCCN : n00006657 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joe_Redington&oldid=813946069 '' Categories : 1917 births 1999 deaths People from Bucks County , Pennsylvania Sportspeople from Jersey City , New Jersey People from Kingfisher , Oklahoma People from Matanuska - Susitna Borough , Alaska American military personnel of World War II Dog mushers from Alaska United States Army soldiers Sportspeople from Oklahoma Sportspeople from Pennsylvania Hidden categories : Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 02 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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5759122798013952421	SAT	SAT - wikipedia SAT This article is about the college admission test in the United States Of America . For the exams in England colloquially known as SATs , see National Curriculum assessment . For other uses , see SAT ( disambiguation ) . This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) SAT Type Paper - based standardized test Developer / administrator College Board , Educational Testing Service . Knowledge / skills tested Writing , critical reading , mathematics . Purpose Admission to undergraduate programs of universities or colleges . Year started 1926 ( 1926 ) Duration 3 to 4 hours Score / grade range Test scored on scale of 200 -- 800 , ( in 10 - point increments ) , on each of two sections ( total 400 -- 1600 ) . Essay scored on scale of 2 -- 8 , in 1 - point increments , on each of three criteria ( total 6 -- 24 ) . Offered 4 times annually outside USA and 7 times annually within USA Countries / regions Worldwide Languages English Annual number of test takers Over 2.1 million high school graduates in the class of 2018 Prerequisites / eligibility criteria No official prerequisite . Intended for high school students . Fluency in English assumed . Fee US $ 52.50 to US $101.50 , depending on country . Scores / grades used by Most universities and colleges offering undergraduate programs in the U.S. Website sat.collegeboard.org The SAT ( / ˌɛsˌeɪˈtiː / ess - ay - TEE ) is a standardized test widely used for college admissions in the United States . Introduced in 1926 , its name and scoring have changed several times ; originally called the Scholastic Aptitude Test , it was later called the Scholastic Assessment Test , then the SAT I : Reasoning Test , then the SAT Reasoning Test , and now , simply the SAT . The SAT is owned , developed , and published by the College Board , a private , non-profit organization in the United States . It is administered on behalf of the College Board by the Educational Testing Service , which until recently developed the SAT as well . The test is intended to assess students ' readiness for college . The SAT was originally designed not to be aligned with high school curricula , but several adjustments were made for the version of the SAT introduced in 2016 , and College Board president , David Coleman , has said that he also wanted to make the test reflect more closely what students learned in high school . On March 5 , 2014 , the College Board announced that a redesigned version of the SAT would be administered for the first time in 2016 . The current SAT , introduced in 2016 , takes three hours to finish , plus 50 minutes for the SAT with essay , and as of 2017 costs US $45 ( US $57 with the optional essay ) , excluding late fees , with additional processing fees if the SAT is taken outside the United States . Scores on the SAT range from 400 to 1600 , combining test results from two 800 - point sections : mathematics , and critical reading and writing . Although taking the SAT , or its competitor the ACT , is required for freshman entry to many colleges and universities in the United States many colleges and universities are experimenting with test - optional admission requirements and alternatives to the SAT and ACT . Starting with the 2015 -- 16 school year , the College Board began working with Khan Academy to provide free SAT preparation . Contents 1 Function 2 Structure 2.1 Reading Test 2.2 Writing and Language Test 2.3 Mathematics 2.3. 1 Calculator use 2.4 Style of questions 3 Logistics 4 Raw scores , scaled scores , and percentiles 5 SAT - ACT score comparisons 6 History 6.1 1901 essay exams 6.2 1926 test 6.3 1928 and 1929 tests 6.4 1930 test and 1936 changes 6.5 1941 and 1942 score scales 6.6 1946 test and associated changes 6.7 1960s and 1970s score declines 6.8 1994 changes 6.9 1995 recentering ( raising mean score back to 500 ) 6.10 1995 re-centering controversy 6.11 2002 changes -- Score Choice 6.12 2005 changes , including a new 2400 - point score 6.13 Scoring problems of October 2005 tests 6.14 2008 changes 6.15 2012 changes 6.16 2016 changes , including the return to a 1600 - point score 7 Name changes 8 Math -- verbal achievement gap 9 Reuse of old SAT exams 10 Elucidation 10.1 Association with culture 10.2 Association with family income 10.3 Association with gender 10.4 Association with race and ethnicity 11 Perception 11.1 Optional SAT 11.2 IQ studies 11.3 Preparation 11.4 Use by high - IQ societies 11.5 Writing section 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Function ( edit ) Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Pre-kindergarten -- Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal The SAT is typically taken by high school juniors and seniors . The College Board states that the SAT measures literacy , numeracy and writing skills that are needed for academic success in college . They state that the SAT assesses how well the test takers analyze and solve problems -- skills they learned in school that they will need in college . However , the test is administered under a tight time limit ( speeded ) to help produce a range of scores . The College Board also states that use of the SAT in combination with high school grade point average ( GPA ) provides a better indicator of success in college than high school grades alone , as measured by college freshman GPA . Various studies conducted over the lifetime of the SAT show a statistically significant increase in correlation of high school grades and college freshman grades when the SAT is factored in . A large independent validity study on the SAT 's ability to predict college freshman GPA was performed by the University of California . The results of this study found how well various predictor variables could explain the variance in college freshman GPA . It found that independently high school GPA could explain 15.4 % of the variance in college freshman GPA , SAT I ( the SAT Math and Verbal sections ) could explain 13.3 % of the variance in college freshman GPA , and SAT II ( also known as the SAT subject tests -- in the UC 's case specifically Writing , Mathematics IC or IIC , plus a third subject test of the student 's choice ) could explain 16 % of the variance in college freshman GPA . When high school GPA and the SAT I were combined , they explained 20.8 % of the variance in college freshman GPA . When high school GPA and the SAT II were combined , they explained 22.2 % of the variance in college freshman GPA . When SAT I was added to the combination of high school GPA and SAT II , it added a . 1 percentage point increase in explaining the variance in college freshman GPA for a total of 22.3 % . There are substantial differences in funding , curricula , grading , and difficulty among U.S. secondary schools due to U.S. federalism , local control , and the prevalence of private , distance , and home schooled students . SAT ( and ACT ) scores are intended to supplement the secondary school record and help admission officers put local data -- such as course work , grades , and class rank -- in a national perspective . However , independent research has shown that high school GPA is better than the SAT at predicting college grades regardless of high school type or quality . This map of the United States shows the states in which ( blue color ) more seniors in the class of 2006 took the SAT than the ACT , and the states in which ( red color ) more seniors took the ACT than the SAT . This map of the United States shows the states in which ( blue color ) more seniors in the class of 2017 took the SAT than the ACT , and the states in which ( red color ) more seniors took the ACT than the SAT . Historically , the SAT was more widely used by students living in coastal states and the ACT was more widely used by students in the Midwest and South ; in recent years , however , an increasing number of students on the East and West coasts have been taking the ACT . Since 2007 , all four - year colleges and universities in the United States that require a test as part of an application for admission will accept either the SAT or ACT , and over 950 four - year colleges and universities do not require any standardized test scores at all for admission . Structure ( edit ) The SAT has four sections : Reading , Writing and Language , Math ( no calculator ) , and Math ( calculator allowed ) . The test taker may optionally write an essay which , in that case , is the fifth test section . The total time for the scored portion of the SAT is three hours ( or three hours and fifty minutes if the optional essay section is taken ) . Some test takers who are not taking the essay may also have a fifth section , which is used , at least in part , for the pretesting of questions that may appear on future administrations of the SAT . ( These questions are not included in the computation of the SAT score . ) Two section scores result from taking the SAT : Evidence - Based Reading and Writing , and Math . Section scores are reported on a scale of 200 to 800 , and each section score is a multiple of ten . A total score for the SAT is calculated by adding the two section scores , resulting in total scores that range from 400 to 1600 . There is no penalty for guessing on the SAT : scores are based on the number of questions answered correctly . In addition to the two section scores , three `` test '' scores on a scale of 10 to 40 are reported , one for each of Reading , Writing and Language , and Math . The essay , if taken , is scored separately from the two section scores . Reading test ( edit ) The Reading Test of the SAT is made up of one section with 52 questions and a time limit of 65 minutes . All questions are multiple - choice and based on reading passages . Tables , graphs , and charts may accompany some passages , but no math is required to correctly answer the corresponding questions . There are five passages ( up to two of which may be a pair of smaller passages ) on the Reading Test and 10 - 11 questions per passage or passage pair . SAT Reading passages draw from three main fields : history , social studies , and science . Each SAT Reading Test always includes : one passage from U.S. or world literature ; one passage from either a U.S. founding document or a related text ; one passage about economics , psychology , sociology , or another social science ; and , two science passages . Answers to all of the questions are based only on the content stated in or implied by the passage or passage pair . Writing and Language test ( edit ) The Writing and Language Test of the SAT is made up of one section with 44 multiple - choice questions and a time limit of 35 minutes . As with the Reading Test , all questions are based on reading passages which may be accompanied by tables , graphs , and charts . The test taker will be asked to read the passages , find mistakes or weaknesses in writing , and to provide corrections or improvements . Reading passages on this test range in content from topic arguments to nonfiction narratives in a variety of subjects . The skills being evaluated include : increasing the clarity of argument ; improving word choice ; improving analysis of topics in social studies and science ; changing sentence or word structure to increase organizational quality and impact of writing ; and , fixing or improving sentence structure , word usage , and punctuation . Mathematics ( edit ) An example of an SAT `` grid - in '' math question and the correctly gridded answer . The mathematics portion of the SAT is divided into two sections : Math Test -- Calculator and Math Test -- No Calculator . In total , the SAT math test is 80 minutes long and includes 58 questions : 45 multiple choice questions and 13 grid - in questions . The multiple choice questions have four possible answers ; the grid - in questions are free response and require the test taker to provide an answer . The Math Test -- No Calculator section has 20 questions ( 15 multiple choice and 5 grid - in ) and lasts 25 minutes . The Math Test -- Calculator section has 38 questions ( 30 multiple choice and 8 grid - in ) and lasts 55 minutes . Several scores are provided to the test taker for the math test . A subscore ( on a scale of 1 to 15 ) is reported for each of three categories of math content : `` Heart of Algebra '' ( linear equations , systems of linear equations , and linear functions ) , `` Problem Solving and Data Analysis '' ( statistics , modeling , and problem - solving skills ) , and `` Passport to Advanced Math '' ( non-linear expressions , radicals , exponentials and other topics that form the basis of more advanced math ) . A test score for the math test is reported on a scale of 10 to 40 , and a section score ( equal to the test score multiplied by 20 ) is reported on a scale of 200 to 800 . Calculator use ( edit ) All scientific and most graphing calculators , including Computer Algebra System ( CAS ) calculators , are permitted on the SAT Math -- Calculator section only . All four - function calculators are allowed as well ; however , these devices are not recommended . All mobile phone and smartphone calculators , calculators with typewriter - like ( QWERTY ) keyboards , laptops and other portable computers , and calculators capable of accessing the Internet are not permitted . Research was conducted by the College Board to study the effect of calculator use on SAT I : Reasoning Test math scores . The study found that performance on the math section was associated with the extent of calculator use : those using calculators on about one third to one half of the items averaged higher scores than those using calculators more or less frequently . However , the effect was `` more likely to have been the result of able students using calculators differently than less able students rather than calculator use per se . '' There is some evidence that the frequent use of a calculator in school outside of the testing situation has a positive effect on test performance compared to those who do not use calculators in school . Style of questions ( edit ) Most of the questions on the SAT , except for the optional essay and the grid - in math responses , are multiple choice ; all multiple - choice questions have four answer choices , one of which is correct . Thirteen of the questions on the math portion of the SAT ( about 22 % of all the math questions ) are not multiple choice . They instead require the test taker to bubble in a number in a four - column grid . All questions on each section of the SAT are weighted equally . For each correct answer , one raw point is added . No points are deducted for incorrect answers . The final score is derived from the raw score ; the precise conversion chart varies between test administrations . Section Average Score Time ( Minutes ) Content Mathematics 531 80 Number and operations ; algebra and functions ; geometry ; statistics , probability , and data analysis Evidence - Based Reading and Writing 536 100 Vocabulary , Critical reading , sentence - level reading , Grammar , usage , and diction . Logistics ( edit ) The SAT is offered seven times a year in the United States : in August , October , November , December , March , May , and June . For international students SAT is offered four times a year out of USA : in October , December , March and May. The test is typically offered on the first Saturday of the month for the October , November , December , May , and June administrations . The test was taken by 2,136,539 high school graduates in the class of 2018 . Candidates wishing to take the test may register online at the College Board 's website or by mail at least three weeks before the test date . The SAT costs $45 ( $57 with the optional essay ) , plus additional fees if testing outside the United States ) as of 2017 . The College Board makes fee waivers available for low income students . Additional fees apply for late registration , standby testing , registration changes , scores by telephone , and extra score reports ( beyond the four provided for free ) . Candidates whose religious beliefs prevent them from taking the test on a Saturday may request to take the test on the following day , except for the October test date in which the Sunday test date is eight days after the main test offering . Such requests must be made at the time of registration and are subject to denial . Students with verifiable disabilities , including physical and learning disabilities , are eligible to take the SAT with accommodations . The standard time increase for students requiring additional time due to learning disabilities or physical handicaps is time + 50 % ; time + 100 % is also offered . Raw scores , scaled scores , and percentiles ( edit ) Students receive their online score reports approximately three weeks after test administration ( six weeks for mailed , paper scores ) , with each section graded on a scale of 200 -- 800 and two sub scores for the writing section : the essay score and the multiple choice sub score . In addition to their score , students receive their percentile ( the percentage of other test takers with lower scores ) . The raw score , or the number of points gained from correct answers and lost from incorrect answers is also included . Students may also receive , for an additional fee , the Question and Answer Service , which provides the student 's answer , the correct answer to each question , and online resources explaining each question . The corresponding percentile of each scaled score varies from test to test -- for example , in 2003 , a scaled score of 800 in both sections of the SAT Reasoning Test corresponded to a percentile of 99.9 , while a scaled score of 800 in the SAT Physics Test corresponded to the 94th percentile . The differences in what scores mean with regard to percentiles are due to the content of the exam and the caliber of students choosing to take each exam . Subject Tests are subject to intensive study ( often in the form of an AP , which is relatively more difficult ) , and only those who know they will perform well tend to take these tests , creating a skewed distribution of scores . The percentiles that various SAT scores for college - bound seniors correspond to are summarized in the following chart : Percentile Score , 1600 Scale ( official , 2006 ) Score , 2400 Scale ( official , 2006 ) 99.93 / 99.98 * 1600 2400 99.5 ≥ 1540 ≥ 2280 99 ≥ 1480 ≥ 2200 98 ≥ 1450 ≥ 2140 97 ≥ 1420 ≥ 2100 93 ≥ 1340 ≥ 1990 88 ≥ 1280 ≥ 1900 81 ≥ 1220 ≥ 1800 72 ≥ 1150 ≥ 1700 61 ≥ 1090 ≥ 1600 48 ≥ 1010 ≥ 1500 36 ≥ 950 ≥ 1400 24 ≥ 870 ≥ 1300 15 ≥ 810 ≥ 1200 8 ≥ 730 ≥ 1090 ≥ 650 ≥ 990 ≥ 590 ≥ 890 * The percentile of the perfect score was 99.98 on the 2400 scale and 99.93 on the 1600 scale . The older SAT ( before 1995 ) had a very high ceiling . In any given year , only seven of the million test - takers scored above 1580 . A score above 1580 was equivalent to the 99.9995 percentile . In 2015 the average score for the Class of 2015 was 1490 out of a maximum 2400 . That was down 7 points from the previous class 's mark and was the lowest composite score of the past decade . SAT - ACT score comparisons ( edit ) The College Board and ACT , Inc. conducted a joint study of students who took both the SAT and the ACT between September 2004 ( for the ACT ) or March 2005 ( for the SAT ) and June 2006 . Tables were provided to concord scores for students taking the SAT after January 2005 and before March 2016 . In May , 2016 , the College Board released concordance tables to concord scores on the SAT used from March 2005 through January 2016 to the SAT used since March 2016 , as well as tables to concord scores on the SAT used since March 2016 to the ACT . History ( edit ) Mean SAT Scores by year Year of exam Reading / Verbal Score Math Score 1972 530 509 1973 523 506 521 505 512 498 1976 509 497 1977 507 496 1978 507 494 1979 505 493 1980 502 492 1981 502 492 1982 504 493 503 494 1984 504 497 1985 509 500 1986 509 500 507 501 505 501 504 502 500 501 1991 499 500 500 501 500 503 499 504 1995 504 506 505 508 505 511 1998 505 512 1999 505 511 2000 505 514 506 514 2002 504 516 2003 507 519 508 518 2005 508 520 2006 503 518 2007 502 515 2008 502 515 2009 501 515 501 516 2011 497 514 2012 496 514 2013 496 514 2014 497 513 2015 495 511 2016 494 508 2017 533 527 2018 536 531 Historical average SAT scores of college - bound seniors . Many college entrance exams in the early 1900s were specific to each school and required candidates to travel to the school to take the tests . The College Board , a consortium of colleges in the northeastern United States , was formed in 1900 to establish a nationally administered , uniform set of essay tests based on the curricula of the boarding schools that typically provided graduates to the colleges of the Ivy League and Seven Sisters , among others . In the same time period , Lewis Terman and others began to promote the use of tests such as Alfred Binet 's in American schools . Terman in particular thought that such tests could identify an innate `` intelligence quotient '' ( IQ ) in a person . The results of an IQ test could then be used to find an elite group of students who would be given the chance to finish high school and go on to college . By the mid-1920s , the increasing use of IQ tests , such as the Army Alpha test administered to recruits in World War I , led the College Board to commission the development of the SAT . The commission , headed by Carl Brigham , argued that the test predicted success in higher education by identifying candidates primarily on the basis of intellectual promise rather than on specific accomplishment in high school subjects . In 1934 , James Conant and Henry Chauncey used the SAT as a means to identify recipients for scholarships to Harvard University . Specifically , Conant wanted to find students , other than those from the traditional northeastern private schools , that could do well at Harvard . The success of the scholarship program and the advent of World War II led to the end of the College Board essay exams and to the SAT being used as the only admissions test for College Board member colleges . The SAT rose in prominence after World War II due to several factors . Machine - based scoring of multiple - choice tests taken by pencil had made it possible to rapidly process the exams . The G.I. Bill produced an influx of millions of veterans into higher education . The formation of the Educational Testing Service ( ETS ) also played a significant role in the expansion of the SAT beyond the roughly fifty colleges that made up the College Board at the time . The ETS was formed in 1947 by the College Board , Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching , and the American Council on Education , to consolidate respectively the operations of the SAT , the GRE , and the achievement tests developed by Ben Wood for use with Conant 's scholarship exams . The new organization was to be philosophically grounded in the concepts of open - minded , scientific research in testing with no doctrine to sell and with an eye toward public service . The ETS was chartered after the death of Brigham , who had opposed the creation of such an entity . Brigham felt that the interests of a consolidated testing agency would be more aligned with sales or marketing than with research into the science of testing . It has been argued that the interest of the ETS in expanding the SAT in order to support its operations aligned with the desire of public college and university faculties to have smaller , diversified , and more academic student bodies as a means to increase research activities . In 1951 , about 80,000 SATs were taken ; in 1961 , about 800,000 ; and by 1971 , about 1.5 million SATs were being taken each year . A timeline of notable events in the history of the SAT follows . 1901 essay exams ( edit ) On June 17 , 1901 , the first exams of the College Board were administered to 973 students across 67 locations in the United States , and two in Europe . Although those taking the test came from a variety of backgrounds , approximately one third were from New York , New Jersey , or Pennsylvania . The majority of those taking the test were from private schools , academies , or endowed schools . About 60 % of those taking the test applied to Columbia University . The test contained sections on English , French , German , Latin , Greek , history , mathematics , chemistry , and physics . The test was not multiple choice , but instead was evaluated based on essay responses as `` excellent '' , `` good '' , `` doubtful '' , `` poor '' or `` very poor '' . 1926 test ( edit ) The first administration of the SAT occurred on June 23 , 1926 , when it was known as the Scholastic Aptitude Test . This test , prepared by a committee headed by Princeton psychologist Carl Campbell Brigham , had sections of definitions , arithmetic , classification , artificial language , antonyms , number series , analogies , logical inference , and paragraph reading . It was administered to over 8,000 students at over 300 test centers . Men composed 60 % of the test - takers . Slightly over a quarter of males and females applied to Yale University and Smith College . The test was paced rather quickly , test - takers being given only a little over 90 minutes to answer 315 questions . The raw score of each participating student was converted to a score scale with a mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 100 . This scale was effectively equivalent to a 200 to 800 scale , although students could score more than 800 and less than 200 . 1928 and 1929 tests ( edit ) In 1928 , the number of sections on the SAT was reduced to seven , and the time limit was increased to slightly under two hours . In 1929 , the number of sections was again reduced , this time to six . These changes were designed in part to give test - takers more time per question . For these two years , all of the sections tested verbal ability : math was eliminated entirely from the SAT . 1930 test and 1936 changes ( edit ) In 1930 the SAT was first split into the verbal and math sections , a structure that would continue through 2004 . The verbal section of the 1930 test covered a more narrow range of content than its predecessors , examining only antonyms , double definitions ( somewhat similar to sentence completions ) , and paragraph reading . In 1936 , analogies were re-added . Between 1936 and 1946 , students had between 80 and 115 minutes to answer 250 verbal questions ( over a third of which were on antonyms ) . The mathematics test introduced in 1930 contained 100 free response questions to be answered in 80 minutes , and focused primarily on speed . From 1936 to 1941 , like the 1928 and 1929 tests , the mathematics section was eliminated entirely . When the mathematics portion of the test was re-added in 1942 , it consisted of multiple choice questions . 1941 and 1942 score Scales ( edit ) Until 1941 , the scores on all SATs had been scaled to a mean of 500 with a standard deviation of 100 . Although one test - taker could be compared to another for a given test date , comparisons from one year to another could not be made . For example , a score of 500 achieved on an SAT taken in one year could reflect a different ability level than a score of 500 achieved in another year . By 1940 , it had become clear that setting the mean SAT score to 500 every year was unfair to those students who happened to take the SAT with a group of higher average ability . In order to make cross-year score comparisons possible , in April 1941 the SAT verbal section was scaled to a mean of 500 , and a standard deviation of 100 , and the June 1941 SAT verbal section was equated ( linked ) to the April 1941 test . All SAT verbal sections after 1941 were equated to previous tests so that the same scores on different SATs would be comparable . Similarly , in June 1942 the SAT math section was equated to the April 1942 math section , which itself was linked to the 1942 SAT verbal section , and all SAT math sections after 1942 would be equated to previous tests . From this point forward , SAT mean scores could change over time , depending on the average ability of the group taking the test compared to the roughly 10,600 students taking the SAT in April 1941 . The 1941 and 1942 score scales would remain in use until 1995 . 1946 test and associated changes ( edit ) Paragraph reading was eliminated from the verbal portion of the SAT in 1946 , and replaced with reading comprehension , and `` double definition '' questions were replaced with sentence completions . Between 1946 and 1957 , students were given 90 to 100 minutes to complete 107 to 170 verbal questions . Starting in 1958 , time limits became more stable , and for 17 years , until 1975 , students had 75 minutes to answer 90 questions . In 1959 , questions on data sufficiency were introduced to the mathematics section , and then replaced with quantitative comparisons in 1974 . In 1974 , both verbal and math sections were reduced from 75 minutes to 60 minutes each , with changes in test composition compensating for the decreased time . 1960s and 1970s score declines ( edit ) From 1926 to 1941 , scores on the SAT were scaled to make 500 the mean score on each section . In 1941 and 1942 , SAT scores were standardized via test equating , and as a consequence , average verbal and math scores could vary from that time forward . In 1952 , mean verbal and math scores were 476 and 494 , respectively , and scores were generally stable in the 1950s and early 1960s . However , starting in the mid-1960s and continuing until the early 1980s , SAT scores declined : the average verbal score dropped by about 50 points , and the average math score fell by about 30 points . By the late 1970s , only the upper third of test takers were doing as well as the upper half of those taking the SAT in 1963 . From 1961 to 1977 , the number of SATs taken per year doubled , suggesting that the decline could be explained by demographic changes in the group of students taking the SAT . Commissioned by the College Board , an independent study of the decline found that most ( up to about 75 % ) of the test decline in the 1960s could be explained by compositional changes in the group of students taking the test ; however , only about 25 percent of the 1970s decrease in test scores could similarly be explained . Later analyses suggested that up to 40 percent of the 1970s decline in scores could be explained by demographic changes , leaving unknown at least some of the reasons for the decline . 1994 changes ( edit ) In early 1994 , substantial changes were made to the SAT . Antonyms were removed from the verbal section in order to make rote memorization of vocabulary less useful . Also , the fraction of verbal questions devoted to passage - based reading material was increased from about 30 % to about 50 % , and the passages were chosen to be more like typical college - level reading material , compared to previous SAT reading passages . The changes for increased emphasis on analytical reading were made in response to a 1990 report issued by a commission established by the College Board . The commission recommended that the SAT should , among other things , `` approximate more closely the skills used in college and high school work '' . A mandatory essay had been considered as well for the new version of the SAT ; however , criticism from minority groups as well as a concomitant increase in the cost of the test necessary to grade the essay led the College Board to drop it from the planned changes . Major changes were also made to the SAT mathematics section at this time , due in part to the influence of suggestions made by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics . Test - takers were now permitted to use calculators on the math sections of the SAT . Also , for the first time since 1935 , the SAT would now include some math questions that were not multiple choice , instead requiring students to supply the answers . Additionally , some of these `` student - produced response '' questions could have more than one correct answer . The tested mathematics content on the SAT was expanded to include concepts of slope of a line , probability , elementary statistics including median and mode , and counting problems . 1995 re-centering ( raising mean score back to 500 ) ( edit ) By the early 1990s , average total SAT scores were around 900 ( typically , 425 on the verbal and 475 on the math ) . The average scores on the 1994 modification of the SAT I were similar : 428 on the verbal and 482 on the math . SAT scores for admitted applicants to highly selective colleges in the United States were typically much higher . For example , the score ranges of the middle 50 % of admitted applicants to Princeton University in 1985 were 600 to 720 ( verbal ) and 660 to 750 ( math ) . Similarly , median scores on the modified 1994 SAT for freshmen entering Yale University in the fall of 1995 were 670 ( verbal ) and 720 ( math ) . For the majority of SAT takers , however , verbal and math scores were below 500 : In 1992 , half of the college - bound seniors taking the SAT were scoring between 340 and 500 on the verbal section and between 380 and 560 on the math section , with corresponding median scores of 420 and 470 , respectively . The drop in SAT verbal scores , in particular , meant that the usefulness of the SAT score scale ( 200 to 800 ) had become degraded . At the top end of the verbal scale , significant gaps were occurring between raw scores and uncorrected scaled scores : a perfect raw score no longer corresponded to an 800 , and a single omission out of 85 questions could lead to a drop of 30 or 40 points in the scaled score . Corrections to scores above 700 had been necessary to reduce the size of the gaps and to make a perfect raw score result in an 800 . At the other end of the scale , about 1.5 percent of test takers would have scored below 200 on the verbal section if that had not been the reported minimum score . Although the math score averages were closer to the center of the scale ( 500 ) than the verbal scores , the distribution of math scores was no longer well approximated by a normal distribution . These problems , among others , suggested that the original score scale and its reference group of about 10,000 students taking the SAT in 1941 needed to be replaced . Beginning with the test administered in April 1995 , the SAT score scale was recentered to return the average math and verbal scores close to 500 . Although only 25 students had received perfect scores of 1600 in all of 1994 , 137 students taking the April test scored a 1600 . The new scale used a reference group of about one million seniors in the class of 1990 : the scale was designed so that the SAT scores of this cohort would have a mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 110 . Because the new scale would not be directly comparable to the old scale , scores awarded on April 1995 and later were officially reported with an `` R '' ( for example , `` 560R '' ) to reflect the change in scale , a practice that was continued until 2001 . Scores awarded before April 1995 may be compared to those on the recentered scale by using official College Board tables . For example , verbal and math scores of 500 received before 1995 correspond to scores of 580 and 520 , respectively , on the 1995 scale . 1995 re-centering controversy ( edit ) Certain educational organizations viewed the SAT re-centering initiative as an attempt to stave off international embarrassment in regards to continuously declining test scores , even among top students . As evidence , it was presented that the number of pupils who scored above 600 on the verbal portion of the test had fallen from a peak of 112,530 in 1972 to 73,080 in 1993 , a 36 % backslide , despite the fact that the total number of test - takers had risen to over 500,000 . Other authors have argued that the evidence for a decline in student quality is mixed , citing that the reduced use of the SAT by elite colleges has decreased the number of high scorers on that test , that top scorers on the ACT have shown little change in the same period , and that the proportion of 17 - year - olds scoring at the highest performance level on the NAEP long - term trend assessment has been roughly stable for decades . 2002 changes -- score choice ( edit ) Since 1993 , using a policy referred to as `` Score Choice '' , students taking the SAT - II subject exams were able to choose whether or not to report the resulting scores to a college to which the student was applying . In October 2002 , the College Board dropped the Score Choice option for SAT - II exams , matching the score policy for the traditional SAT tests that required students to release all scores to colleges . The College Board said that , under the old score policy , many students who waited to release scores would forget to do so and miss admissions deadlines . It was also suggested that the old policy of allowing students the option of which scores to report favored students who could afford to retake the tests . 2005 changes , including a New 2400 - point score ( edit ) In 2005 , the test was changed again , largely in response to criticism by the University of California system . In order to have the SAT more closely reflect high school curricula , certain types of questions were eliminated , including analogies from the verbal section and quantitative comparison items from the math section . A new writing section , with an essay , based on the former SAT II Writing Subject Test , was added , in part to increase the chances of closing the opening gap between the highest and midrange scores . Other factors included the desire to test the writing ability of each student ; hence the essay . The essay section added an additional maximum 800 points to the score , which increased the new maximum score to 2400 . The `` New SAT '' was first offered on March 12 , 2005 , after the last administration of the `` old '' SAT in January 2005 . The mathematics section was expanded to cover three years of high school mathematics . To emphasize the importance of reading , the verbal section 's name was changed to the Critical Reading section . Scoring problems of October 2005 tests ( edit ) In March 2006 , it was announced that a small percentage of the SATs taken in October 2005 had been scored incorrectly due to the test papers ' being moist and not scanning properly , and that some students had received erroneous scores . The College Board announced they would change the scores for the students who were given a lower score than they earned , but at this point many of those students had already applied to colleges using their original scores . The College Board decided not to change the scores for the students who were given a higher score than they earned . A lawsuit was filed in 2006 on behalf of the 4,411 students who received an incorrect score on the SAT . The class - action suit was settled in August 2007 , when the College Board and Pearson Educational Measurement , the company that scored the SATs , announced they would pay $2.85 million into a settlement fund . Under the agreement , each student could either elect to receive $275 or submit a claim for more money if he or she felt the damage was greater . A similar scoring error occurred on a secondary school admission test in 2010 -- 2011 , when the ERB ( Educational Records Bureau ) announced , after the admission process was over , that an error had been made in the scoring of the tests of 2010 students ( 17 % ) , who had taken the Independent School Entrance Examination for admission to private secondary schools for 2011 . Commenting on the effect of the error on students ' school applications in The New York Times , David Clune , President of the ERB stated `` It is a lesson we all learn at some point -- that life is n't fair . '' 2008 changes ( edit ) As part of an effort to `` reduce student stress and improve the test - day experience '' , in late 2008 the College Board announced that the Score Choice option , recently dropped for SAT subject exams , would be available for both the SAT subject tests and the SAT starting in March , 2009 . At the time , some college admissions officials agreed that the new policy would help to alleviate student test anxiety , while others questioned whether the change was primarily an attempt to make the SAT more competitive with the ACT , which had long had a comparable score choice policy . Recognizing that some colleges would want to see the scores from all tests taken by a student , under this new policy , the College Board would encourage but not force students to follow the requirements of each college to which scores would be sent . A number of highly selective colleges and universities , including Yale , the University of Pennsylvania , Cornell , and Stanford , rejected the Score Choice option at the time and continue to require applicants to submit all scores . Others , such as MIT and Harvard , allow students to choose which scores they submit , and use only the highest score from each section when making admission decisions . Still others , such as Oregon State University and University of Iowa , allow students to choose which scores they submit , considering only the test date with the highest combined score when making admission decisions . 2012 changes ( edit ) Beginning in the fall of 2012 , test takers were required to submit a current , recognizable photo during registration . In order to be admitted to their designated test center , students were required to present their photo admission ticket -- or another acceptable form of photo ID -- for comparison to the one submitted by the student at the time of registration . The changes were made in response to a series of cheating incidents , primarily at high schools in Long Island , New York , in which high - scoring test takers were using fake photo IDs to take the SAT for other students . In addition to the registration photo stipulation , test takers were required to identify their high school , to which their scores as well as the submitted photos would be sent . In the event of an investigation involving the validity of a student 's test scores , his or her photo may be made available to institutions to which they have sent scores . Any college that is granted access to a student 's photo is first required to certify that they are all admitted students . 2016 changes , including the return to a 1600 - point score ( edit ) On March 5 , 2014 , the College Board announced its plan to redesign the SAT in order to link the exam more closely to the work high school students encounter in the classroom . The new exam was administered for the first time in March 2016 . Some of the major changes are : an emphasis on the use of evidence to support answers , a shift away from obscure vocabulary to words that students are more likely to encounter in college and career , a math section that is focused on fewer areas , a return to the 1600 - point score scale , an optional essay , and the removal of penalty for wrong answers ( rights - only scoring ) . To combat the perceived advantage of costly test preparation courses , the College Board announced a new partnership with Khan Academy to offer free online practice problems and instructional videos . Name changes ( edit ) The SAT has been renamed several times since its introduction in 1926 . It was originally known as the Scholastic Aptitude Test . In 1990 , a commission set up by the College Board to review the proposed changes to the SAT program recommended that the meaning of the initialism SAT be changed to `` Scholastic Assessment Test '' because a `` test that integrates measures of achievement as well as developed ability can no longer be accurately described as a test of aptitude '' . In 1993 , the College Board changed the name of the test to SAT I : Reasoning Test ; at the same time , the name of the Achievement Tests was changed to SAT II : Subject Tests . The Reasoning Test and Subject Tests were to be collectively known as the Scholastic Assessment Tests . According to the president of the College Board at the time , the name change was meant `` to correct the impression among some people that the SAT measures something that is innate and impervious to change regardless of effort or instruction . '' The new SAT debuted in March 1994 , and was referred to as the Scholastic Assessment Test by major news organizations . However , in 1997 , the College Board announced that the SAT could not properly be called the Scholastic Assessment Test , and that the letters SAT did not stand for anything . In 2004 , the Roman numeral in SAT I : Reasoning Test was dropped , making SAT Reasoning Test the new name of the SAT . Math -- verbal achievement gap ( edit ) Main article : Math -- verbal achievement gap In 2002 , Richard Rothstein ( education scholar and columnist ) wrote in The New York Times that the U.S. math averages on the SAT and ACT continued their decade - long rise over national verbal averages on the tests . Reuse of old SAT exams ( edit ) The College Board has been accused of completely reusing old SAT papers previously given in the United States . The recycling of questions from previous exams has been exploited to allow for cheating on exams and impugned the validity of some students ' test scores , according to college officials . Test preparation companies in Asia have been found to provide test questions to students within hours of a new SAT exam 's administration . On August 25 , 2018 , the SAT test given in America was discovered to be a recycled October 2017 international SAT test given in China . The leaked PDF file was on the internet before the August 25 , 2018 exam . Elucidation ( edit ) Association with culture ( edit ) For decades many critics have accused designers of the verbal SAT of cultural bias as an explanation for the disparity in scores between poorer and wealthier test - takers . A famous ( and long past ) example of this bias in the SAT I was the oarsman -- regatta analogy question . The object of the question was to find the pair of terms that had the relationship most similar to the relationship between `` runner '' and `` marathon '' . The correct answer was `` oarsman '' and `` regatta '' . The choice of the correct answer was thought to have presupposed students ' familiarity with rowing , a sport popular with the wealthy . However , according to Murray and Herrnstein , the black - white gap is smaller in culture - loaded questions like this one than in questions that appear to be culturally neutral . Analogy questions have since been replaced by short reading passages . Association with family income ( edit ) A report from The New York Times stated that family income can explain much of the variance in SAT scores . In response , Lisa Wade , contributor at the website The Society Pages , commented that those with higher family income , `` tend to have better teachers , more resource - rich educational environments , more educated parents who can help them with school and , sometimes , expensive SAT tutoring . '' However , University of California system research found that after controlling for family income and parental education , the already low ability of the SAT to measure aptitude and college readiness fell sharply while the more substantial aptitude and college readiness measuring abilities of high school GPA and the SAT II each remained undiminished ( and even slightly increased ) . The University of California system required both the SAT and the SAT II from applicants to the UC system during the four years included in the study . They further found that , after controlling for family income and parental education , the so - called achievement tests known as the SAT II measure aptitude and college readiness 10 times higher than the SAT . As with racial bias , correlation with income could also be due to the social class of the makers of the test , although according to the authors of The Bell Curve , empirical research suggests that poorer students actually perform worse on questions the authors believed to be `` neutral '' compared to the ones they termed as `` privileged . '' Association with gender ( edit ) The largest association with gender on the SAT is found in the math section , where male students , on average , score higher than female students by approximately 30 points . In 2013 , the American College Testing Board released a report stating that boys outperformed girls on the mathematics section of the test . Some researchers believe that the difference in scores for both race and gender is closely related to psychological phenomenon known as stereotype threat . Stereotype threat happens when an individual who identifies themselves within a subgroup of people , is taking a test and comes across a stereotype ( usually of American origin ) regarding their subgroup . This along with additional test anxiety , will usually cause a low test performance for that individual or group affected . This is because the individual is under increased pressure to overcome the stereotype threat and prove it wrong. This form of stereotype can be translated into a form of gender or race bias and is found in numerous SAT tests spanning throughout the years it has existed . Gender bias of the SAT tests can happen within certain sections which include the questions or passages themselves . This bias itself is usually for that against females . Specific examples of this can be seen in the demographics , verbal / reading and mathematics portions of the SAT tests. . Other researchers question this assertion , and point to evidence in support of greater male variability in spatial ability and mathematics . Greater male variability has been found in both body weight , height , and cognitive abilities across cultures , leading to a larger number of males in the lowest and highest distributions of testing . This results in a higher number of males scoring in the upper extremes of mathematics tests such as the SAT , resulting in the gender discrepancy . For the demographics example , students are often asked to identify their race or gender before taking the exam , just this alone is enough to create the threat since this puts the issues regarding their gender or race in front and center of their mind . For the mathematics example , a question in the May 2016 SAT test involved a chart which identified more boys than girls in mathematics classes overall . Due to this , the girls taking the test might feel that mathematics is not for them and may even feel as if they are not intelligent enough to complete to engage in mathematics and / or the question itself . This is also based on the common stereotype that `` men are better at math than women , '' For the verbal / reading example , a question in the May 2016 SAT test asked students to analyze and interpret a 19 century polemic arguing that women 's place was at home . The reading passage itself was paired with 1837 's `` Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism '' by Catherine E. Beecher with a 183 reply from Angelina E Grimké who was an abolitionist at the time . The Beecher essays argued that women have a lower stature than men and are able to be their best when in domestic situations while Grimké argue that no one 's right 's should be crippled just because of their gender . The questions regarding the passages are considered by critics to be of mutual ground but it 's the placement of these passages that may have been the real issue . Since the passages were in the beginning it may have allowed this new information to linger in the minds of the test takers for the rest of their test taking time , especially the females who may now have the new thought as to not being intellectually competent of doing things other than house work and chores . Studies suggest that teaching about stereotype threat might offer a practical means of reducing its detrimental effects . It can be shown when women were informed about stereotype threat problems in standardized tests , they tend to achieve higher scores . Thus , informing women about stereotype threat may be a useful intervention to improve their performance in a threatening testing situation . This is also known as a stereotype threat mitigation . The main study that supports these findings comes from two well - known professionals on Education known as Claude Steele and Steve Spencer . For their study , they created a test which was a close replication to the math portion on SAT or GRE exams . With this test , one group from each gender would be given the test with an intro sentence. The other group within each gender would not be given this sentence . The sentence itself stated : you may have heard that women do n't do as well as men on difficult standardized math tests , but that 's not true for the particular standardized math test ; on this particular test , women always do as well as men . The results were as follows : among participants who were n't given the intro sentence , where the women could still feel the threat of stigma confirmation , women did worse than equally skilled men . But among participants who were given the intro sentence that stated the test did not show gender differences , where the women were free of confirming anything about being a woman , woman performed at the same high level as equally skilled men . Their under - performance was eliminated . In another study , researchers created a similar mock SAT math section exam which had both men and women complete difficult math problems described either as a problem - solving task or as a math test . In a third ( teaching - intervention ) condition , the test was also described as a math test , but participants were additionally informed that stereotype threat could interfere with women 's math performance and that the threat itself should n't be considered to be true for any woman . Results showed that women performed worse than men when the problems were described as a math test ( where the stereotype threat was not discussed ) , but did not differ from men in the problem - solving condition or the men that learned about stereotype threat . For the women in the teaching - intervention condition in which they learned about the threat , they indeed had a greater overall performance than the women without this treatment . Although aspects of testing such as stereotype are a concern , research on the predictive validity of the SAT has demonstrated that it tends to be a more accurate predictor of female GPA in university as compared to male GPA . Association with race and ethnicity ( edit ) African American , Hispanic , and Native American students , on average , perform an order of one standard deviation lower on the SAT than white and Asian students . Researchers believe that the difference in scores is closely related to the overall achievement gap in American society between students of different racial groups . This gap may be explainable in part by the fact that students of disadvantaged racial groups tend to go to schools that provide lower educational quality . This view is supported by evidence that the black - white gap is higher in cities and neighborhoods that are more racially segregated . It has also been suggested that stereotype threat has a significant effect on lowering achievement of minority students . For example , African Americans perform worse on a test when they are told that the test measures `` verbal reasoning ability '' , than when no mention of the test subject is made . Other research cites poorer minority proficiency in key coursework relevant to the SAT ( English and math ) , as well as peer pressure against students who try to focus on their schoolwork ( `` acting white '' ) . Cultural issues are also evident among black students in wealthier households , with high achieving parents . John Ogbu , a Nigerian - American professor of anthropology , found that instead of looking to their parents as role models , black youth chose other models like rappers and did not put forth the effort to be a good student . One set of studies has reported differential item functioning -- namely , some test questions function differently based on the racial group of the test taker , reflecting some kind of systematic difference in a groups ability to understand certain test questions or to acquire the knowledge required to answer them . In 2003 Freedle published data showing that Black students have had a slight advantage on the verbal questions that are labeled as difficult on the SAT , whereas white and Asian students tended to have a slight advantage on questions labeled as easy . Freedle argued that these findings suggest that `` easy '' test items use vocabulary that is easier to understand for white middle class students than for minorities , who often use a different language in the home environment , whereas the difficult items use complex language learned only through lectures and textbooks , giving both student groups equal opportunities to acquiring it . The study was severely criticized by the ETS board , but the findings were replicated in a subsequent study by Santelices and Wilson in 2010 . There is no evidence that SAT scores systematically underestimate future performance of minority students . However , the predictive validity of the SAT has been shown to depend on the dominant ethnic and racial composition of the college . Some studies have also shown that African American students under - perform in college relative to their white peers with the same SAT scores ; researchers have argued that this is likely because white students tend to benefit from social advantages outside of the educational environment ( for example , high parental involvement in their education , inclusion in campus academic activities , positive bias from same - race teachers and peers ) which result in better grades . Christopher Jencks concludes that as a group African Americans have been harmed by the introduction of standardized entrance exams such as the SAT . This , according to him , is not because the tests themselves are flawed , but because of labeling bias and selection bias ; the tests measure the skills that African Americans are less likely to develop in their socialization , rather than the skills they are more likely to develop . Furthermore , standardized entrance exams are often labeled as tests of general ability , rather than of certain aspects of ability . Thus , a situation is produced in which African American ability is consistently underestimated within the education and workplace environments , contributing in turn to selection bias against them which exacerbates underachievement . Perception ( edit ) Optional SAT ( edit ) In the 1960s and 1970s there was a movement to drop achievement scores . After a period of time , the countries , states and provinces that reintroduced them agreed that academic standards had dropped , students had studied less , and had taken their studying less seriously . They reintroduced the tests after studies and research concluded that the high - stakes tests produced benefits that outweighed the costs . In a 2001 speech to the American Council on Education , Richard C. Atkinson , the president of the University of California , urged dropping the SAT as a college admissions requirement : Anyone involved in education should be concerned about how overemphasis on the SAT is distorting educational priorities and practices , how the test is perceived by many as unfair , and how it can have a devastating impact on the self - esteem and aspirations of young students . There is widespread agreement that overemphasis on the SAT harms American education . Even now , no firm conclusions can be reached regarding the SAT 's usefulness in the admissions process . It may or may not be biased , and it may or may not serve as a check on grade inflation in secondary schools . IQ studies ( edit ) Frey and Detterman ( 2003 ) investigated associations of SAT scores with intelligence test scores . Using an estimate of general mental ability , or g , based on the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery , which can be best thought of as representing crystallized intelligence ( learned abilities ) , they found SAT scores to be highly correlated with g ( r =. 82 in their sample , . 857 when adjusted for non-linearity ) in their sample taken from a 1979 national probability survey . Additionally , they investigated the correlation between SAT results , using the revised and recentered form of the test , and scores on the Raven 's Advanced Progressive Matrices , a test of fluid intelligence ( reasoning ) , this time using a non-random sample . They found that the correlation of SAT results with scores on the Raven 's Advanced Progressive Matrices was . 483 . They estimated that this latter correlation would have been about 0.72 were it not for the restriction of ability range in the sample . They also noted that there appeared to be a ceiling effect on the Raven 's scores which may have suppressed the correlation . Beaujean and colleagues ( 2006 ) have reached similar conclusions to those reached by Frey and Detterman . Preparation ( edit ) SAT preparation is a highly lucrative field . The field was pioneered by Stanley Kaplan , whose SAT preparation course began in 1946 as a 64 - hour course . Many companies and organizations offer test preparation in the form of books , classes , online courses , and tutoring . The test preparation industry began almost simultaneously with the introduction of university entrance exams in the U.S. and flourished from the start . The College Board maintains that the SAT is essentially uncoachable and research by the College Board and the National Association of College Admission Counseling suggests that tutoring courses result in an average increase of about 20 points on the math section and 10 points on the verbal section . Other studies have shown significantly different results . A longitudinal study from Ohio State showed that taking private SAT prep classes correlated with scores higher by ~ 60 points . A study from Oxford showed that coaching courses boosted scores by an average of 56 points . Montgomery and Lilly ( 2012 ) performed a systematic literature review of all published SAT coaching research in search of high quality studies ( defined as those with randomized controlled trials ) . They found that the randomized treatments resulted in V / M gains of + 23 / 32 points for a total of + 56 ; the high quality study that showed the highest score increase was Johnson ( 1984 ; San Francisco ) which was based on a 30 - hour prep course that showed an average increase of 178 points . The Johnson San Francisco study was also the only high quality study found on a prep course of 30 hours or more in length , although validity of this outlier study is uncertain due to the attrition of half the participants . Use by high - IQ societies ( edit ) Certain high IQ societies , like Mensa , the Prometheus Society and the Triple Nine Society , use scores from certain years as one of their admission tests . For instance , the Triple Nine Society accepts scores ( verbal and math combined ) of 1450 or greater on SAT tests taken before April 1995 , and scores of at least 1520 on tests taken between April 1995 and February 2005 . The SAT is sometimes given to students younger than 13 by organizations such as the Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth , Johns Hopkins Center for Talented Youth , Duke TIP , and other organizations who use the results to select , study and mentor students of exceptional ability . Writing section ( edit ) In 2005 , MIT Writing Director Pavan Sreekireddy plotted essay length versus essay score on the new SAT from released essays and found a high correlation between them . After studying over 50 graded essays , he found that longer essays consistently produced higher scores . In fact , he argues that by simply gauging the length of an essay without reading it , the given score of an essay could likely be determined correctly over 90 % of the time . He also discovered that several of these essays were full of factual errors ; the College Board does not claim to grade for factual accuracy . Perelman , along with the National Council of Teachers of English also criticized the 25 - minute writing section of the test for damaging standards of writing teaching in the classroom . They say that writing teachers training their students for the SAT will not focus on revision , depth , accuracy , but will instead produce long , formulaic , and wordy pieces . `` You 're getting teachers to train students to be bad writers '' , concluded Perelman . See also ( edit ) ACT ( test ) , a college entrance exam , competitor to the SAT College admissions in the United States List of admissions tests PSAT / NMSQT SAT Subject Tests References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 SAT Suite of Assessments Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . College Board . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fees And Costs '' . The College Board . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About ETS '' . ETS . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Massive ' breach exposes hundreds of questions for upcoming SAT exams '' . Reuters . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Baird , Katherine ( 2012 ) . Trapped in Mediocrity : Why Our Schools Are n't World - Class and What We Can Do About It . Lanham : Rowman and Littlefield Publishers . `` And a separate process that began in 1926 was complete by 1942 : the much easier SAT -- a test not aligned to any particular curriculum and thus better suited to a nation where high school students did not take a common curriculum -- replaced the old college boards as the nations 's college entrance exam . This broke the once tight link between academic coursework and college admission , a break that remains to this day . '' Jump up ^ Lewin , Tamar ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` A New SAT Aims to Realign With Schoolwork '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . He said he also wanted to make the test reflect more closely what students did in high school ^ Jump up to : Lewin , Tamar ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` A New SAT Aims to Realign With Schoolwork '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` SAT Registration Fees '' . 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Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Key shifts of the SAT redesign '' . The Washington Post . March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` SAT FAQ : Frequently Asked Questions '' . College Board . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2008 . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Commission on New Possibilities for the Admissions Testing Program ( 1990 ) . Beyond Prediction . College Entrance Examination Board . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Pitsch , Mark ( November 7 , 1990 ) . `` S.A.T. Revisions Will Be Included In Spring ' 94 Test '' . Education Week . Jump up ^ Jordan , Mary ( March 27 , 1993 ) . `` SAT Changes Name , But It Wo n't Score 1,600 With Critics '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Horwitz , Sari ( May 5 , 1995 ) . `` Perfectly Happy With Her SAT ; D.C. Junior Aces Scholastic Assessment Test With a 1,600 '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Applebome , Peter ( April 2 , 1997 ) . `` Insisting It 's Nothing , Creator Says SAT , Not S.A.T. '' The New York Times . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Richard ( August 28 , 2002 ) . `` Sums vs. Summarizing : SAT 's Math - Verbal Gap '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Pope , Justin . `` Old SAT Exams Get Reused '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Renee Dudley ; Steve Stecklow ; Alexandra Harney ; Irene Jay Liu ( 28 March 2016 ) . `` As SAT was hit by security breaches , College Board went ahead with tests that had leaked '' . Archived from the original on 22 September 2016 . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Renee Dudley ; Steve Stecklow ; Alexandra Harney ; Irene Jay Liu ( 28 March 2016 ) . `` How Asian test - prep companies quickly penetrated the new SAT '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 18 October 2016 . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Vives , Ruben . `` Taking the SAT is hard enough . Then students learned the test 's answers may have been leaked online '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Zwick , Rebecca ( 2004 ) . Rethinking the SAT : The Future of Standardized Testing in University Admissions . New York : RoutledgeFalmer . pp. 203 -- 204 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 94835 - 7 . Jump up ^ Herrnstein , Richard Ol ; Murray , Charles ( 1994 ) . The Bell Curve : Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life . New York : Free Press . pp. 281 -- 282 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 914673 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rampell , Catherine ( August 27 , 2009 ) . `` SAT Scores and Family Income '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wade , L ( 29 August 2012 ) . `` The Correlation Between Income and SAT Scores '' . The Society Pages . Jump up ^ Geiser , Saul ; Studley , Roger ( October 29 , 2001 ) , UC and the SAT : Predictive Validity and Differential Impact of the SAT I ad SAT II at the University of California ( PDF ) , University of California , Office of the President . Jump up ^ Herrnstein , Richard Ol ; Murray , Charles ( 1994 ) . The Bell Curve : Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life . New York : Free Press . pp. 281 -- 282 . Jump up ^ Groves , Martha ( 29 August 2001 ) . `` SAT 's Gender Gap Widening '' . Jump up ^ Cummins , Denise ( 17 March 2014 ) . `` Boys outperform girls on mathematic portion '' . psychology today . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stereotype threat harms female , minority performance '' . Stanford University . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Hartocollis , Anemona ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Tutors See Stereotypes and Gender Bias in SAT . Testers See None of the Above '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Lehre , Anne - Catherine ; Lehre , Knut P. ; Laake , Petter ; Danbolt , Niels C. ( 2009 ) . `` Greater intrasex phenotype variability in males than in females is a fundamental aspect of the gender differences in humans '' . Developmental Psychobiology. 51 ( 2 ) : 198 -- 206 . doi : 10.1002 / dev. 20358 . ISSN 0012 - 1630 . PMID 19031491 . Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variability_hypothesis Jump up ^ Wai , Jonathan ; Hodges , Jaret ; Makel , Matthew C. ( 2018 ) . `` Sex differences in ability tilt in the right tail of cognitive abilities : A 35 - year examination '' . Intelligence ( Submitted manuscript ) . 67 : 76 -- 83 . doi : 10.1016 / j. intell. 2018.02. 003 . ISSN 0160 - 2896 . ^ Jump up to : Steele , Claude ( 2010 ) . Whistling Vivaldi : How Stereotypes Affect us and What We Can Do . New York : W.W Norton & Company . pp. 17 -- 113 . ISBN 9780393339727 . Jump up ^ Johns , Michael ( March 1 , 2005 ) . `` Knowing Is Half the Battle : Teaching Stereotype Threat as a Means of Improving Women 's Math Performance '' . Association for Psychological Science . 16 ( 3 ) : 175 -- 179 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0956 - 7976.2005. 00799. x . PMID 15733195 . Jump up ^ https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED582459.pdf Jump up ^ Status and Trends in the Education of Racial and Ethnic Minorities : Average SAT scores for 12th - grade SAT - taking population , by race / ethnicity : 2006 Jump up ^ `` Average SAT scores for 12th - grade SAT - taking population , by race / ethnicity : 2006 '' . Institute of Educational Sciences . The College Board , College Bound Seniors , 2006 . 2006 . Jump up ^ Abigail Thernstrom & Stephan Thernstrom. 2004 . No Excuses : Closing the Racial Gap in Learning . Simon and Schuster Jump up ^ Jaschik , S ( 21 June 2010 ) . `` New Evidence of Racial Bias on the SAT '' . Inside Higher ED . Jump up ^ Card , D. ; Rothstein , Ol ( 2007 ) . `` Racial segregation and the black -- white test score gap '' . Journal of Public Economics ( Submitted manuscript ) . 91 ( 11 ) : 2158 -- 2184 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpubeco. 2007.03. 006 . ^ Jump up to : Jencks , C. ( 1998 ) . Racial bias in testing . The Black - White test score gap , 55 , 84 . Jump up ^ `` The Widening Racial Scoring Gap on the SAT College Admissions Test '' . The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Ogbu , John U. ( 3 January 2003 ) . Black American Students in An Affluent Suburb : A Study of Academic Disengagement ( Sociocultural , Political , and Historical Studies in Education ) . New York : Routledge . pp. 16 , 164 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8058 - 4516 - 7 . Jump up ^ Freedle , R.O. ( 2003 ) . `` Correcting the SAT 's ethnic and social - class bias : A method for reestimating SAT Scores '' . Harvard Educational Review . 73 : 1 -- 38 . doi : 10.17763 / haer. 73.1. 8465k88616hn4757 . Jump up ^ Crain , W ( 2004 ) . `` Biased test '' . ENCOUNTER : Education for Meaning and Social Justice . 17 ( 3 ) : 2 -- 4 . Jump up ^ http://files.campus.edublogs.org/blogs.leeward.hawaii.edu/dist/c/124/files/2011/10/BiasedTests-ths23o.pdf Jump up ^ `` New Evidence of Racial Bias on SAT '' . insidehighered.com . Jump up ^ Santelices , M.V. ; Wilson , M. ( 2010 ) . `` Unfair treatment ? The case of Freedle , the SAT , and the standardization approach to differential item functioning '' . Harvard Educational Review . 80 ( 1 ) : 106 -- 134 . doi : 10.17763 / haer. 80.1. j94675w001329270 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Ol ( 2002 ) . Who will succeed in college ? When the SAT predicts Black students ' performance . The Review of Higher Education , 25 ( 3 ) , 281 - 296 . Jump up ^ Phelps , Richard ( 2003 ) . Kill the Messenger . New Brunswick , New Jersey : Transaction Publishers . p. 220 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0178 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Achievement Versus Aptitude Tests in College Admissions '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Jack ; Letukas , Lynn ; Wildavsky , Ben ( 2017 ) , Measuring Success : Testing , Grades , and the Future of College Admissions , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , p. 344 , ISBN 9781421424965 Jump up ^ Frey , M.C. ; Detterman , D.K. ( 2003 ) . `` Scholastic Assessment or g ? The Relationship Between the Scholastic Assessment Test and General Cognitive Ability '' ( PDF ) . Psychological Science . 15 ( 6 ) : 373 -- 378 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0956 - 7976.2004. 00687. x . PMID 15147489 . Jump up ^ Beaujean , A.A. ; Firmin , M.W. ; Knoop , A. Ol ; Michonski , Ol D. ; Berry , T.B. ; Lowrie , R.E. ( 2006 ) . `` Validation of the Frey and Detterman ( 2004 ) IQ prediction equations using the Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales '' ( PDF ) . Personality and Individual Differences. 41 : 353 -- 357 . doi : 10.1016 / Olpaid. 2006.01. 014 ( inactive 2018 - 09 - 23 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Research and Markets ltd. `` 2009 Worldwide Exam Preparation & Tutoring Industry Report '' . researchandmarkets.com . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Stanley ( 2001 ) . Test Pilot : How I Broke Testing Barriers for Millions of Students and Caused a Sonic Boom in the Business of Education . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 30 -- 33 . ISBN 978 - 0743201681 . ^ Jump up to : Montgomery , Paul ; Lilly , Jane ( 2012 ) . `` Systematic Reviews of the Effects of Preparatory Courses on University Entrance Examinations in High School - Age Students '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Social Welfare. 21 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 12 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 2397.2011. 00812. x . Jump up ^ Allen Grove . `` SAT Prep -- Are SAT Prep Courses Worth the Cost ? '' . About.com Education . Jump up ^ Jeff Grabmeier ( August 7 , 2006 ) . `` SAT PREP TOOLS GIVE ADVANTAGE TO STUDENTS FROM WEALTHIER FAMILIES '' . Ohio State University . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2015 . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Qualifying Scores for the Triple Nine Society '' . Jump up ^ Winerip , Michael ( May 4 , 2005 ) . `` SAT Essay Test Rewards Length and Ignores Errors '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Harris , Lynn ( May 17 , 2005 ) . `` Testing , testing '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Balf , Todd ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` The Story Behind the SAT Overhaul '' . The New York Times Magazine . Lewin , Tamar ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` A New SAT Aims to Realign With Schoolwork '' . The New York Times . `` Key shifts of the SAT redesign '' . The Washington Post . March 5 , 2014 . Coyle , T.R. & Pillow , D.R. ( 2008 ) . `` SAT and ACT predict college GPA after removing g '' . Intelligence . 36 ( 6 ) : 719 -- 729 . doi : 10.1016 / Olintell. 2008.05. 001 ( inactive 2018 - 09 - 23 ) . Coyle , T. ; Snyder , A. ; Pillow , D. ; Kochunov , P. ( 2011 ) . `` SAT predicts GPA better for high ability subjects : Implications for Spearman 's Law of Diminishing Returns '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 50 ( 4 ) : 470 -- 474 . doi : 10.1016 / j. paid. 2010.11. 009 . PMC 3090148 . PMID 21562615 . Frey , M.C. ; Detterman , D.K. ( 2003 ) . `` Scholastic Assessment or g ? The Relationship Between the Scholastic Assessment Test and General Cognitive Ability '' ( PDF ) . Psychological Science . 15 ( 6 ) : 373 -- 378 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0956 - 7976.2004. 00687. x . PMID 15147489 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 05 . Gould , Stephen Jay ( 1996 ) . The Mismeasure of Man ( Rev / Expd ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31425 - 0 . Hoffman , Banesh ( 1962 ) . The Tyranny of Testing . Orig . pub . Collier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 43091 - 1 . ( and others ) Hubin , David R. ( 1988 ) . The Scholastic Aptitude Test : Its Development and Introduction , 1900 -- 1948 . Ph. D. dissertation in American History at the University of Oregon . Owen , David ( 1999 ) . None of the Above : The Truth Behind the SATs ( Revised ed . ) . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 9507 - 2 . Sacks , Peter ( 2001 ) . Standardized Minds : The High Price of America 's Testing Culture and What We Can Do to Change It . Perseus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7382 - 0433 - 8 . Zwick , Rebecca ( 2002 ) . Fair Game ? The Use of Standardized Admissions Tests in Higher Education . Falmer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 92560 - 0 . Gladwell , Malcolm ( December 17 , 2001 ) . `` Examined Life : What Stanley H. Kaplan taught us about the S.A.T. '' The New Yorker . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : SAT Study Guide Wikimedia Commons has media related to SAT . Official website Admission tests to colleges and universities Africa South Africa : Matriculation in South Africa Tunisia : Tunisian Baccalaureate Americas Brazil : Vestibular , ENEM Canada : Alberta Diploma Exam Chile : PSU Colombia : ICFES United States : SAT , ACT Asia - Pacific Australia : ATAR , STAT China : Gaokao Hong Kong : HKDSE ( JUPAS ) India : JEE - Advanced , JEE - Main , EAMCET Indonesia : UN , SBMPTN Iran : Concours Israel : The Psychometry Japan : NCTUA , EJU Kazakhstan : UBT Malaysia : STPM Myanmar : University Entrance Examination Philippines : UPCAT , PUPCET Singapore : GCE - O , GCE - A South Korea : Suneung Taiwan : GSAT , DRT Thailand : GAT , PAT Europe Belarus : CTRB Denmark : Studentereksamen Estonia : Küpsuseksamid Finland : Ylioppilastutkinto France : Baccalauréat Germany : Abitur Ireland : Leaving Certificate Netherlands : Eindexamen Portugal : ENES Romania : Bacalaureat Russia : Unified State Exam ( EGE ) Spain : Selectividad Sweden : Högskoleprovet Turkey : YGS - LYS Ukraine : External independent evaluation ( ZNO ) United Kingdom : A-Level , Higher Albania , Austria , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Croatia , Czech Republic , Hungary , Italy , Kosovo , Liechtenstein , Republic of Macedonia , Montenegro , Poland , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , and Switzerland : Matura College Board Presidents Gaston Caperton ( 1999 -- 2012 ) David Coleman ( 2012 -- present ) SAT Tests Main Tests SAT PSAT / NMSQT Subject Tests Biology E / M Chemistry English Language Proficiency ( discontinued ) French Literature Mathematics Level 1 Mathematics Level 2 Physics U.S. History World History AP exams Arts Art History Music Theory Studio Art : 2 - D Design Studio Art : 3 - D Design Studio Art : Drawing English English Language English Literature History & Social Science Comparative Government and Politics European History Human Geography Macroeconomics Microeconomics Psychology U.S. History U.S. Government and Politics World History Math & Computer Science Calculus AB Calculus BC Computer Science A Computer Science Principles Statistics Sciences Biology Chemistry Environmental Science Physics 1 : Algebra - Based Physics 2 : Algebra - Based AP Physics B ( discontinued ) Physics C : Mechanics Electricity and Magnetism World Languages & Cultures Chinese French French Literature ( discontinued ) German Italian Japanese Latin Latin Literature ( discontinued ) Russian ( in development ) Spanish Spanish Literature Programs & apps Advanced Placement College Level Examination CSS PROFILE Related Educational Testing Service Math -- verbal achievement gap National Merit Scholarship Corporation Glossaries of science and engineering Aerospace engineering Archaeology Architecture Artificial intelligence Astronomy Biology Botany Calculus Chemistry Civil engineering Clinical research Computer science Ecology Economics Electrical and electronics engineering Engineering Entomology Environmental science Genetics Geography Geology Machine vision Mathematics Mechanical engineering Medicine Meteorology Physics Probability and statistics Psychiatry Robotics Speciation Structural engineering Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SAT&oldid=866408272 '' Categories : Standardized tests in the United States 1901 introductions Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages with DOIs inactive since 2018 Articles lacking reliable references from May 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 03 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	when did the sat go from 2400 to 1600	[ "On March 5, 2014, the College Board announced its plan to redesign the SAT in order to link the exam more closely to the work high school students encounter in the classroom.[7] The new exam was administered for the first time in March 2016.[83] Some of the major changes are: an emphasis on the use of evidence to support answers, a shift away from obscure vocabulary to words that students are more likely to encounter in college and career, a math section that is focused on fewer areas, a return to the 1600-point score scale, an optional essay, and the removal of penalty for wrong answers (rights-only scoring).[84] To combat the perceived advantage of costly test preparation courses, the College Board announced a new partnership with Khan Academy to offer free online practice problems and instructional videos.[7]\n" ]	[ "March 2016" ]
-5916043393664122782	Flag of Ohio	Flag of Ohio - wikipedia Flag of Ohio Jump to : navigation , search Ohio Name The Ohio burgee Use Civil and state flag Proportion 8 : 13 Adopted May 9 , 1902 ; 115 years ago ( 1902 - 05 - 09 ) Design Guidon consisting of 5 horizontal stripes alternating between red and white . The chevron is azure containing a white and red `` O '' and 17 white stars . Designed by John Eisenmann The Ohio Burgee is the official flag of the U.S. state of Ohio . Ohio 's swallowtail flag is the only non-rectangular U.S. state flag . Its red , white , and blue elements symbolize the state 's natural features and order of admission into the Union . A prominent disc in the flag 's triangular canton is suggestive of the state 's name . The flag was designed in 1901 by John Eisenmann for the Pan-American Exposition and adopted in 1902 . Before that , for nearly a century after statehood , Ohio did not have a legally - authorized state flag . One unsuccessful proposal called for a design based on the state seal . Ohio has adopted an official salute to the flag and a 17 - step procedure for folding it . The Ohio flag has influenced a number of logos and municipal flags within the state . A scarlet - colored gubernatorial flag is based on the state seal . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 History 2.1 Arsenal flag 2.2 Eisenmann 's guidon 3 Usage 3.1 Salute 3.2 Folding the flag 3.3 Derivations 4 Flag of the Governor 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Design ( edit ) An Ohio flag flies above Sawyer Point in Cincinnati . The Ohio state flag 's design is defined in the Ohio Revised Code , section 5.01 : The flag of the state shall be burgee - shaped . It shall have three red and two white horizontal stripes that represent the roads and waterways of the state . The union of the flag shall be seventeen five - pointed stars , white in a blue triangular field that represents the state 's hills and valleys , the base of which shall be the staff end or vertical edge of the flag , and the apex of which shall be the center of the middle red stripe . The stars shall be grouped around a red disc superimposed upon a white circular `` O . '' The thirteen stars grouped around the `` O '' represent the original states of the United States and the four stars added to the peak of the triangle symbolize that Ohio was the seventeenth state admitted to the union . The `` O '' represents the `` O '' in `` Ohio '' and suggests the state 's nickname , the buckeye state . The proportional dimensions of the flag and of its various parts shall be according to the official design on file in the office of the secretary of state . A typical 34 - star Union guidon , carried by many Ohio cavalry units during the Civil War . In addition to resembling the letter O and a buckeye nut , the flag 's annulus also represents `` the original territory of Ohio '' in the Northwest Territory . Ohio 's flag is the only non-rectangular U.S. state flag . It is a rare example of a non-quadrilateral civil flag , another well - known example being the flag of Nepal . According to vexillologist Whitney Smith , it may be loosely based upon cavalry flags of the Civil War and Spanish -- American War . The flag has been officially defined as a `` burgee '' since 2002 , even though burgees are typically used as maritime flags . Its shape , lack of text , and mirror symmetry allow it to be flown or hung in various orientations without affecting legibility . On account of the flag 's uncommon shape , foreign manufacturers have occasionally set the entire design against a white , rectangular field . History ( edit ) For nearly a century after statehood , Ohio had no legally authorized state flag . The state militia carried regimental colors based on the Stars and Stripes , with the addition of `` a large eagle , with the number of the regiment and the prescribed number of stars above '' . Arsenal flag ( edit ) From 1831 to 1865 , the design of the state seal was unregulated , but common embellishments included a flatboat or canal boat . By the early 1850s , Ohioans expressed interest in adopting a state flag , as several other states had already done . In late 1860 , Qtr . Mr. Gen. David L. Wood and Adj. Gen. Henry B. Carrington devised a flag consisting of the state seal upon a white field . They had it flown above the Ohio State Arsenal in Columbus , in hopes that it might someday become the state flag . On January 17 , 1861 , at a banquet organized by the Columbus Typographical Union Local # 5 , future U.S. President James A. Garfield gave a speech defending the national flag as the only flag Ohio 's soldiers would march to battle under . The generals , in attendance , were moved to set aside their proposal and hoist the Stars and Stripes in its place . Later that year , Wood and Carrington joined fellow Ohioans in battle under the 34 - star Union flag , which would serve as the inspiration for a state banner decades later . Eisenmann 's guidon ( edit ) Eisenmann 's original specification In 1901 , Cleveland architect John Eisenmann was commissioned to design an exhibition hall for his state at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo , New York . He developed a distinctive flag to fly over each corner of the Ohio Building . The wool flags officially represented the Ohio Pan-American Exposition Commission rather than the state . On July 18 , Governor George K. Nash visited the exposition , where he was presented with one of the flags , which is now held in the Ohio History Connection collections . Eisenmann secured a U.S. design patent for his design , which he described as `` a triangular forked or swallow - tailed flag corresponding to the shape generally known as a ' cavalry - guidon ' or ' broad pennant . ' '' In 1902 , State Representative William S. McKinnon , a member of the Ohio Pan-American Exposition Commission , introduced House Bill 213 designating Eisenmann 's design as the official flag . It became law on May 9 , making it the 20th U.S. state flag or banner . ( Eisenmann had assigned his patent , which had a term of three and a half years , to the State of Ohio on April 24 . ) The Ohio Building at the 1901 Pan-American Exposition Because Eisenmann 's design deviated from the `` seal on a bedsheet '' design then nearly universal among state flags , the press looked overseas for precedents : the layout was likened to either the flag of Cuba or of the Philippines , while the red and white annulus was derided for its similarity to the sun on the Japanese flag . Initially , Ohio 's flag was seldom used , in part due to the prevailing opinion that the Stars and Stripes should hold a monopoly on patriotic displays . Similar sentiment hindered the adoption of municipal flags in Cleveland and Cincinnati , to the extent that both were downplaced as mere `` banners '' for promotional purposes . In 1903 , it was reported that , among state politicians , only Governor Nash displayed the guidon . In the century following its adoption , the guidon gained significant popularity , being flown not only by the state but frequently also by its residents and businesses . In 2001 , the North American Vexillological Association surveyed its members on the best design among the 72 official flags of the U.S. states and territories and Canadian provinces . Ohio 's ranked 15th . Usage ( edit ) Salute ( edit ) In 2002 , the Ohio General Assembly commemorated the 100th anniversary of the state flag 's adoption by adopting a salute to the flag , to be recited after the Pledge of Allegiance : I salute the flag of the state of Ohio and pledge to the Buckeye State respect and loyalty . -- Ohio Rev. Code § 5.013 . `` Pledge to the state flag '' . Folding the flag ( edit ) The flag of Ohio is officially folded in 17 steps . A method of folding the flag of Ohio was created by Alex Weinstock , an Ohio Boy Scout , for his Eagle Scout service project . It requires two people . The procedure was passed by the 125th Ohio General Assembly as House Bill 552 and signed into law by Governor Bob Taft on February 15 , 2005 : The general assembly hereby establishes a recommended procedure for the folding of the state flag by two people . The procedure is as follows : With the flag unfolded , fold the flag in half lengthwise so that the points of the flag are aligned . Fold the flag in half lengthwise a second time to form a long strip with the red disc facing the ground . Next , fold the pointed end back onto itself to form a rectangle . These steps entail three folds . Starting on the end formed by the fold of the pointed end back onto itself , fold two inches of the flag onto itself for a flag with a three - foot hoist and a five - foot fly , or another appropriate width of fold for a flag of a different size . Repeat the folds a total of fourteen times , alternating the folds in a fan - like manner . The result is a total of seventeen folds symbolizing that Ohio was the seventeenth state admitted to the Union . Finally , neatly and snugly wrap the remaining length of flag around the fan - folds to form a compact rectangle . -- Ohio Rev. Code § 5.014 . `` Procedure for folding state flag '' . Ohio is not the only state that has designated a folding procedure for its flag ; however , Ohio 's procedure takes on special importance due to the flag 's irregular shape . A flag vendor in Arkansas has described the procedure as `` quite a challenge '' . Derivations ( edit ) Ohio 's flag is regularly flown during football games by The Ohio State University Marching Band 's `` JI - Row '' as the percussion section 's row mascot . The Columbus Blue Jackets logo and Cincinnati Bengals fan flag are both based on the state flag . A number of municipalities and counties in Ohio have adopted pennants and swallowtails based on the state burgee . The city of Mentor and Adams County have flags that essentially replace the annulus with a seal and modify the pattern of stars in the triangular union . Flag of the Governor ( edit ) See also : Flags of governors of the U.S. states The Flag of the Governor of Ohio , incorporating the 1996 state coat of arms The flag of the Governor of Ohio consists of the Great Seal of Ohio encircled with 13 white stars on a scarlet field , with a five - point star in each corner . Like the state flag , it has 17 stars in total . The Adjutant General 's office adopted this design in 1905 to represent the Governor on official occasions . One such flag hangs in the Rutherford B. Hayes Center Library , a memorial to the 32nd Ohio Governor and 19th U.S. President . The design was officially recognized by the 96th General Assembly effective October 3 , 1945 : It shall have a white star in each of the four corners on an oblong scarlet background with the official seal of the state of Ohio in the center surrounded by thirteen white stars . The proportional dimensions of the flag and of its various parts shall be according to a design approved by the adjutant general and in accordance with the governor 's flag used by the adjutant general 's office for over thirty years . -- 96 HJR 49 Since September 30 , 1963 , the flag has been defined in greater detail : The flag of the governor of this state will be of scarlet wool bunting , six feet eight inches hoist by ten feet six inches fly . In each of the four corners will be a white five - pointed star with one point upward . The centers of these stars will be twelve inches from the long edges and seventeen inches from the short edges of the flag . In the center of the flag will be a reproduction of the great seal of Ohio in proper colors , three feet in diameter , surrounded by thirteen white stars equally spaced with their centers on an imaginary circle four feet three inches in diameter . All stars shall be of such size that their points would lie on the circumference of an imaginary circle ten inches in diameter . -- Ohio Rev. Code § 5.011 . `` Ohio governor 's flag '' . The Ohio Revised Code also specifies smaller versions of this design to be used as the governor 's naval flag and automobile flag . See also ( edit ) Ohio portal Flag of Cincinnati Flag of Cleveland List of Ohio state symbols Seal of Ohio Flags of the U.S. states References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ohio Rev. Code § 5.01 ^ Jump up to : Eisenmann , John ( 1901 ) . `` The Ohio State Flag '' -- via Ohio Memory . ^ Jump up to : Purcell , John M. ( July 23 , 2001 ) . The Centennial of Ohio 's Flag : From Obscurity to Esteem ( PDF ) . International Congress of Vexillology . York : International Federation of Vexillological Associations . pp. 181 -- 184 . Jump up ^ Smith , Whitney ( 2014 ) . `` flag of Ohio ( United States state flag ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` State Flag of Ohio : The Ohio Burgee '' . Profile Ohio . Columbus , Ohio : Ohio Secretary of State . 2011 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 124 SB 240 Jump up ^ `` Ohio Day at Pan-American Exposition '' . Ohio Archæological and Historical Quarterly . Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society . 10 ( 2 ) : 144 . October 21 , 1901 . Jump up ^ Preble , George Henry ( 1880 ) . History of the Flag of the United States of America ( 2nd revised ed . ) . Boston : A. Williams & Co. p. 639 . Jump up ^ Sloane , Rush R. ( 1903 ) . `` The Organization and Admission of Ohio into the Union and the Great Seal of the State '' . Ohio Centennial Anniversary Celebration at Chillicothe , May 20 -- 21 , 1903 , under the auspices of the Ohio State Archælogical and Historical Society : complete proceedings . Ohio Centennial Anniversary Celebration . Chillicothe , Ohio : Ohio State Archæological and Historical Society . pp. 90 -- 119 . LCCN 04018527 . OCLC 855752 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Smith , William Henry ( November 25 , 1865 ) . Report of the Secretary of State . Columbus , Ohio . pp. 435 -- 441 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Hodge , Orlando John ( April 19 , 1904 ) . Speech by State Regent O.J. Hodge ( Speech ) . Thirteenth Continental Congress of the Daughters of the American Revolution . Washington , D.C. -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Hodge , Orlando John ( 1902 ) . Reminiscences. 1 . The Imperial Press . pp. 117 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Eisenmann , John ( 1901 ) . `` Flag Burgee '' . OCLC 70657823 -- via Ohio Memory . Jump up ^ US patent D34810S , John Eisenmann , `` Design for a flag '' , issued 1901 - 07 - 23 ( US D34810 S via Google Patents ) ^ Jump up to : Huntington , Webster Perit , ed . ( July 1906 ) . `` The Flag of Ohio ( editorial ) '' . The Ohio Illustrated Magazine . Vol. 1 no . 1 . pp. 96 -- 97 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Eisenmann , John ( April 24 , 1902 ) . `` Assignment for patent of design for Ohio flag '' ( Letter ) . Letter to the Ohio Secretary of State . Jump up ^ Galbreath , Charles Burleigh ( 1902 ) . `` Seals and Ohio flag '' . Monthly Bulletins of the Ohio State Library . Columbus , Ohio : Ohio Board of Library Commissioners. 2 ( 4 ) : 1 -- 5 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Smites ( April 19 , 1903 ) . `` Himself on the Jawbone Every Time He Looks at the Bundle of Ohio Flag For Which There Is No Call . '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer. 60 ( 109 ) . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . A sample flag done in silk hung in the office of the Governor for months . Most of the people who saw it were under the impression that it was a Filipino trophy sent home by some daring Ohio soldier who had captured it in Balignan from the Society of the Katipunan. ... The only flag , as state , seen in these parts was the one that hung in the Executive chambers . Jump up ^ `` Against It Are Citizens Generally '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer. 53 ( 28 ) . January 28 , 1896 . p. 8 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ' Well , there does seem to be a lot of people who object to the idea of Cincinnati having a flag , ' was ( Mayor Caldwell 's ) answer , ' but I think that the question is not properly understood. ... In fact , it is not a flag . It is merely a banner , which may be taken on excursions by Cincinnati people to advertise the city . It can be worn in miniature in the buttonhole . ' Jump up ^ Kaye , Ted ( June 10 , 2001 ) . `` New Mexico tops state / provincial flags survey , Georgia loses by wide margin '' ( Press release ) . North American Vexillological Association . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 125 HB 552 Jump up ^ For example , Texas , as prescribed in `` Folded state flag '' ( Texas Government Code § 3100.073 ) , and Minnesota , per 2013 Minnesota Statutes 1.141 Subd. 6 . Jump up ^ McCoy , Kerry ( January 25 , 2005 ) . `` It 's tricky folding the state flag of Ohio '' . Kerry 's business blog . FlagandBanner.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Instrumentation '' . The Ohio State University Marching & Athletic Bands . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . The American Flag accompanies JI - Row 's Ohio Flag in the stands to show the Pride in our country and to honor the military tradition of the OSUMB . Jump up ^ `` Jackets unveil new uniforms '' . The Columbus Dispatch. 23 June 2007 . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Fan Flag Winners - PHOTOS '' . KSDK . St. Louis . September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` County Flags '' . Ohio Statehouse . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Slagle , Craig D. ( 1945 ) . `` H.J.R. No. 49 : Providing for the designation of a governor 's flag '' . House Journal . Ohio Legislative Service Commission : 548 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Whitney ( 1975 ) . The Flag Book of the United States . New York City : William Morrow and Company . p. 164 . Smith notes that the prior design had a ratio of 40 × 63 , equivalent to the modern specification . Jump up ^ Keeler , Lucy E. , ed. ( 1916 ) . Dedication of the Hayes Memorial Library and Museum in Honor of Rutherford Birchard Hayes at Spiegel Grove State Park , Fremont , Ohio , May 30 , 1916 . Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society . p. 77 . Additionally , a glimpse of the flag can be seen in a photograph of the rotunda opposite page 22 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ohio state flag . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the shape of the ohio flag called	[ "The Ohio Burgee is the official flag of the U.S. state of Ohio. Ohio's swallowtail flag is the only non-rectangular U.S. state flag. Its red, white, and blue elements symbolize the state's natural features and order of admission into the Union. A prominent disc in the flag's triangular canton is suggestive of the state's name." ]	[ "swallowtail" ]
-2410148333572877148	African nationalism	African nationalism - wikipedia African nationalism Not to be confused with black nationalism which defines national identity in purely racial terms . Kenneth Kaunda , a leading anti-colonial nationalist , pictured at a political rally in Northern Rhodesia ( now Zambia ) in 1960 African nationalism is an umbrella term which refers to a group of political ideologies , mainly within Sub-Saharan Africa , which are based on the idea of national self - determination and the creation of nation states . The ideology emerged under European colonial rule during the 19th and 20th centuries and was loosely inspired by nationalist ideas from Europe . Originally , African nationalism was based on demands for self - determination and played an important role in forcing the process of decolonisation of Africa ( c. 1957 -- 66 ) . However , the term refers to a broad range of different ideological and political movements and should not be confused with Pan-Africanism which may seek the federation of several or all nation states in Africa . Contents 1 History 2 Tribalism and ethnic nationalism 3 Women in African nationalism 3.1 Women in National Organisations 3.2 Women as National Leaders 3.3 Women and Informal Methods of Protest 4 By country 4.1 Gambia 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading History ( edit ) Ghanaian nationalists celebrating the 50th anniversary of national independence in 2007 Nationalist ideas in Sub-Saharan Africa emerged during the mid-19th century among the emerging black middle classes in West Africa . Early nationalists hoped to overcome ethnic fragmentation by creating nation - states . In its earliest period , it was inspired by African - American and Afro - Caribbean intellectuals from the Back - to - Africa movement who imported nationalist ideals current in Europe and the Americas at the time . The early African nationalists were elitist and believed in the supremacy of Western culture but sought a greater role for themselves in political decision - making . They rejected African traditional religions and tribalism as `` primitive '' and embraced western ideas of Christianity , modernity , and the nation state . However , one of the challenges faced by nationalists in unifying their nation after European rule were the divisions of tribes and the formation of ethnicism . Part of the Politics series on Pan-Africanism Arts ( show ) African art Black Star of Africa Pan-African colours Pan-African flag Ideology ( hide ) African nationalism African philosophy African socialism Afrocentrism Black nationalism Garveyism Lumumbism Mobutism Négritude Nkrumaism Rastafari Sankarism Third International Theory Ujamaa People ( show ) Yosef Ben - Jochannan Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof Cheikh Anta Diop W.E.B. Du Bois Frantz Fanon Muammar Gaddafi Marcus Garvey Félix Houphouët - Boigny C.L.R. James Patrice Lumumba Malcolm X Julius Malema Robert Mugabe Kwame Nkrumah George Padmore Walter Rodney Thomas Sankara Haile Selassie Ahmed Sékou Touré Omali Yeshitela Related ( show ) Africa African and Black Topics Afro - Asian Afro - Latino Anti-Colonialism Black people Reparations for slavery Africa portal Politics portal African nationalism first emerged as a mass movement in the years after World War II as a result of wartime changes in the nature of colonial rule as well as social change in Africa itself . Nationalist political parties were established in almost all African colonies during the 1950s and their rise was an important reason for the decolonisation of Africa between c. 1957 and 1966 . However , African nationalism was never a single movement and political groups considered to be African nationalists varied by economic orientation and degrees of radicalism and violence . Nationalists leaders struggled to find their own social and national identity following the European influence that controlled the political landscape during the colonial occupation . African nationalism in the colonial era was often framed purely in opposition to colonial rule and was therefore frequently unclear or contradictory about its other objectives . According to historian Robert I. Rotberg , African nationalism would not have emerged without colonialism . Its relation to Pan-Africanism was also ambiguous with many nationalist leaders professing Pan-African loyalties but still refusing to commit to supranational unions . African nationalists of the period have also been criticised for their continued use of ideas and policies associated with colonial states . In particular , nationalists usually attempted to preserve national frontiers created arbitrarily under colonial rule after independence and create a national sense of national identity among the heterogeneous populations inside them . Tribalism and ethnic nationalism ( edit ) African nationalism exists in an uneasy relationship with tribalism and sub-national ethnic nationalism which differ in their conceptions of political allegiance . Many Africans distinguish between their ethnic and national identities . Some nationalists have argued that tribes were a colonial creation . Women in African nationalism ( edit ) During the late 1950s and 1960s , scholars of African nationalist struggles have primarily focused on the Western - educated male elites who led the nationalist movements and assumed power after independence . The history of studies of women 's involvement in African nationalist struggle , mobilization , and party politics can be traced along intellectual and political paths that initially followed , later paralleled , but have seldom deviated from or led the course of Africanist historiography . The goal of these women involved in the African nationalism movement was to recover Africa 's past and to celebrate the independent emergence of independent Africa . It was necessary to raise awareness of this cause , calling to the new emerging generation of African women , raised in a better , more stable society . Although , the challenges they faced seemed increasingly more significant , they however had it better than past generations , allowing them to raise awareness of the African Nationalist moment . Whereas women 's historians interested in effecting changes in the process and production of American or European history had to fight their way onto trains that had been moving through centuries on well - worn gauges , the `` new '' Africanist train had barely left the station in the early ' 60s . With a few exceptions , scholars have devoted little more than a passing mention of the presence of African women as conscious political actors in African nationalism . Anne McClintock has stressed that `` all nationalisms are gendered . '' Undoubtedly , women played a significant role in arousing national consciousness as well as elevating their own political and social position through African nationalism . It is with this in mind , that both feminism and the research of these women become critical to the re-evaluation of the history of African nationalism . In 1943 , a prominent organization called the African National Congress Women 's League used its branches throughout the country to build a national campaign . Women in national organisations ( edit ) As leaders and activists , women participated in African nationalism through national organisations . The decade of the 1950s was a landmark because of the significant number of women who were politically involved in the nationalist struggle . A minority of women were incorporated and affiliated into male - dominated national organisations . Founded by women in 1960 , The National Council of Sierra Leone was to become , in 1968 , the women 's section of the ruling All People 's Congress and dedicated primarily to the vigorous support of head of state , President Stevens . Women activists extended and conveyed militant behaviours . Nancy Dolly Steele was the organizing secretary and co-founder of the Congress , and has been noted for her militant political and nationalist activities . In the same way , throughout Africa , the influence of trade union movements , in particular , became the spawning ground for women organisers as such . South African women , for instance , emerged as primary catalysts for protests against the Apartheid regime . These women first participated in resistance movements through women 's branches of the larger male dominated liberation organizations , as through the African National Congress ( ANC ) . Nevertheless , in 1943 , the ANC adopted a new constitution which included a new position for women to become full members of the national movement . Women also formed their own national organisations , such as the Federation of South African Women in 1954 , which boasted a membership of 230,000 women . Though at the time women viewed themselves primarily as mothers and wives , the act of their joining in political organisations illustrated a kind of feminist consciousness . Women as national leaders ( edit ) Women were fundamental nationalist leaders in their own right . Under the inspiration of Bibi Titi Mohammed , a former singer in Dar es Salaam who became a Tanganyikan nationalist , Tanzanian women were organised into a Women 's Section of the Tanganyikan African National Union . Mohammed , who was semi-illiterate , was an impressive orator and later combined her nationalist work in the 1950s with her political ambitions . She was one of the most visible Tanganyikan nationalists during the struggle against colonialism and imperialism . She was the only nationalist leader , besides Julius Nyerere , who was recognized across the country at the time of Tanzanian independence . Her legacy as a leader , speaker , organiser and activist is testimony to the pivotal role played by many uneducated women in spreading a national consciousness , a political awareness and securing independence from British rule in Tanzania . Women and informal methods of protest ( edit ) Whilst some female - oriented initiatives may have been conceived and presented to women by male party - leaders , others were clearly created by women themselves . These women used nationalism as a platform to address their own concerns as wives , mothers , industrial workers , peasants , and as women affiliated to the ANC . The 1940s Anti-tax protest in Tanzania involved the women of Peasant Pare , where women employed methods of direct confrontation , provocative language and physical violence . Explicit use of sexual insult was also central to the powerful Anlu protest of the Cameroon in 1958 , where women refused to implement agricultural regulations that would have undermined their farming system . In the same way , women used music , dance and informal methods to convey their solidarity for African nationalism . The production of Tanganyikan nationalism in Tanzania can be seen as `` woman 's work , '' where women evoked , created and performed nationalism through their dances and songs . Equally , women were considered the best sloganeers , as traditional story - tellers and singers using ideas , images and phrases that appealed to the non-elite population . Market women in coastal Nigeria and Guinea also used their networks to convey anti-government information . ' Ordinary ' women themselves had transformed `` traditional '' methods for networking and expressing disapproval against individuals , into mechanisms for challenging and unsettling the local colonial administration . However , although these women contributed to African nationalist politics , they had limited impact as their strategies were concerned with shaming , retaliation , restitution and compensation , and were not directly about radical transformation . This problem was a reflection of the extent to which most African women had already been marginalized politically , economically and educationally under colonial regimes in Africa . By country ( edit ) Gambia ( edit ) Main article : Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof See also : Politics of the Gambia and History of the Gambia In the Gambia , one of the prominent Gambian nationalists and Pan-Africanists during the colonial era was Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof . From the 1950s up to Gambia 's independence , Cham Joof ( as he is commonly referred to ) , held a series of campaigns against the British colonial administration . In 1958 , he spearheaded the All Party Committee - the purpose of which was for self - governance and to determine the political direction of the Gambia free from European colonialism and neo-colonialism . In 1959 , he organised the Bread and Butter demonstration from outside his house in Barthurst now Banjul , and led his followers to Government House to lobby the British colonial administration . Following that demonstration , Cham Joof and his associates Crispin Grey Johnson and M.B. Jones were indicted as `` inciting the public to disobey the laws of the land '' and charged as political prisoners . ' See also ( edit ) General African Nationalist Movement African socialism African Union Black nationalism Organisation of African Unity Types of nationalism By state Afrikaner nationalism Algerian nationalism Ethiopian nationalism Libyan nationalism Nigerian nationalism By ethnicity Amazighism Igbo nationalism Kabylism Africa portal Politics portal Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ African nationalism Archived 21 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Rotberg 1966 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Berman , Bruce J. ( 1998 ) . `` Ethnicity , Patronage and the African State : The Politics of Uncivil Nationalism '' . African Affairs . 97 : 305 -- 341 . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. afraf. a007947 . JSTOR 723213 -- via EBSCOhost . Jump up ^ Davidson 1978 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Davidson 1978 , pp. 166 - 7 . Jump up ^ Davidson 1978 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Davidson 1978 , p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson 1978 , p. 374 . ^ Jump up to : Rotberg 1966 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Isabirye , Stephen ( April 30 , 1995 ) . `` Tribalism in Africa '' . hartford-hwp.com . Jump up ^ Southall , Aiden ( 2010 ) . `` The Illusion of Tribe '' . Perspectives on Africa : A Reader in Culture , History , and Representation ( 2nd ed . ) . Chichester : John Wiley & Sons . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 9060 - 2 . Jump up ^ A. McClintock , ' `` No Longer in Future Heaven '' : Gender , Race and Nationalism , ' in Dangerous Liaisons : Gender , Nation and Postcolonial Perspectives ed . A. McClintock , A. Mufti , E. Shohat ( United States , 1997 ) . Jump up ^ S. Geiger , J.M Allman and N. Musisi , Women in African Colonial Histories ( Bloomington , 2002 ) . Jump up ^ L.L. Frates , ' Women in the South African National Liberation Movement , 1948 -- 1960 : An Historiographical Overview , ' Ufahamu : A Journal of African Studies Vol. 21 , No. 1 - 2 ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ S. Geiger , `` Women in Nationalist Struggle : Tanu Activists in Dar es Salaam , '' The International Journal of African Historical Studies , Vol. 20 , No. 1 , ( 1987 ) , 1 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Jean O'Barr , ' African Women in Politics , ' in African Women South of the Sahara , ed . M.J. Hay and S. Stichter ( London , 1984 ) . Jump up ^ S. Geiger , ' Women and African Nationalism , ' Journal of Women 's History Vol. 2 , No. 1 ( SAPRING , 1990 ) , 227 -- 244 . Jump up ^ E. Schmidt , ' Top Down or Bottom Up ? Nationalist Mobilization Reconsidered , with Special Reference to Guinea ( French West Africa , ' American Historical Review ( October , 2005 ) , 975 -- 1014 . Jump up ^ S. Geiger , ' Women and African Nationalism , ' Journal of Women 's History Vol. 2 , No. 1 ( SAPRING , 1990 ) , 227 -- 244 . Jump up ^ * Foroyaa : Exclusive interview with Foroyaa Panorama ( TRIBUTE TO ALHAJI A.E. CHAM JOOF ) Jump up ^ Joof , Alh . A.E. Cham . Party Politics in The Gambia ( 1945 -- 1970 ) , p. 21 . Jump up ^ All Africa Gambia : AE Cham Joof Passes Away ( 4 APRIL 2011 ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Joof , Alh . A.E. Cham . The root cause of the bread and butter demonstration . s.n. ( 1959 ) Jump up ^ Joof , Alh . A.E. Cham . Party Politics in The Gambia ( 1945 -- 1970 ) , , pp. 53 - 56 ) . Jump up ^ Jawara , Dawda Kairaba . Kairaba ( 2009 ) . p. 200 , ISBN 0 - 9563968 - 0 - 1 Jump up ^ The Point Newspaper : `` Cham Joof 's speech on Pan-Africanism '' . Archived 2011 - 11 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . References ( edit ) Davidson , Basil ( 1978 ) . Let Freedom Come : Africa in Modern History ( First US ed . ) . Boston : Little - Brown . ISBN 0 - 316 - 17435 - 1 ... Rotberg , Robert I. ( May 1966 ) . `` African Nationalism : Concept or Confusion ? '' . The Journal of Modern African Studies . 4 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 46 . doi : 10.1017 / s0022278x00012957 . JSTOR 159414 . Geiger , S. ( 1990 ) . `` Women and African Nationalism '' . Journal of Women 's History . 2 ( 1 ) : 227 -- 244 . Schmidt , E. ( 2005 ) . `` Top Down or Bottom Up ? Nationalist Mobilization Reconsidered , with Special Reference to Guinea ( French West Africa ) '' . American Historical Review : 975 -- 1014 . Geiger , S. ( 1987 ) . `` Women in Nationalist Struggle : Tanu Activists in Dar es Salaam '' . The International Journal of African Historical Studies . 20 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 26 . Geiger , S. ; Allman , J. ; Musisi , N. ( 2002 ) . Women in African Colonial Histories . Frates , L. ( 1993 ) . `` Women in the South African National Liberation Movement , 1948 -- 1960 : An Historiographical Overview '' . Ufahamu : A Journal of African Studies . 21 ( 1 / 2 ) . O'Barr , J. ; Hay , M. ; Stichter , S. ( 1984 ) . African Women South of the Sahara . McClintock , A. ; Mufti , A. ; Shohat , E. ( 1997 ) . Dangerous Liaisons : Gender , Nation and Postcolonial Perspectives . Sheldon , Kathleen ( 2017 ) . African Women : Early History to the 21st Century . Indiana Press University . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 02716 - 0 . Foroyaa : Exclusive interview with Foroyaa Panorama ( TRIBUTE TO ALHAJI A.E. CHAM JOOF ) Joof , Alh . A.E. Cham , Party Politics in The Gambia ( 1945 -- 1970 ) , pp. 21 , 53 - 56 All Africa : Gambia : AE Cham Joof Passes Away ( 4 APRIL 2011 ) ( 2 ) Joof , Alh . A.E. Cham . The root cause of the bread and butter demonstration . s.n. ( 1959 ) Jawara , Dawda Kairaba . Kairaba ( 2009 ) . p. 200 , ISBN 0 - 9563968 - 0 - 1 The Point Newspaper : `` Cham Joof 's speech on Pan-Africanism '' . Archived 2011 - 11 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Further reading ( edit ) Almond Gabriel and James S. Coleman , The Politics of the Developing Areas ( 1971 ) Eze , M. The Politics of History in Contemporary Africa ( Springer , 2010 . ) Hodgkin , Thomas . Nationalism in Colonial Africa ( 1956 ) . Hussain , Arif ( 1974 ) . `` The educated elite : collaborators , assailants nationalists : A note on African nationalists and nationalism '' . Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 7 ( 3 ) : 485 -- 497 . JSTOR 41857033 . Ohaegbulam , Festus Ugboaja . Nationalism in colonial and post-colonial Africa ( University Press of America , 1977 ) . Shepherd , George W. , junior ( 1962 ) . The Politics of African Nationalism : Challenge to American Policy . New York : F.A. Praeger . Pan-Africanism Ideology Variants Afrocentrism African nationalism African socialism Black nationalism Garveyism Nkrumaism Sankarism Uhuru Movement Zikism Concepts African century Black Power Négritude Ubuntu Ujamaa United States of Africa Proponents Politicians Nnamdi Azikiwe Amílcar Cabral David Comissiong Muammar Gaddafi Marcus Garvey Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof Kenneth Kaunda Jomo Kenyatta Patrice Lumumba Thabo Mbeki Robert Mugabe Abdias do Nascimento Gamal Abdel Nasser Kwame Nkrumah John Nyathi Pokela Julius Nyerere Thomas Sankara Ahmed Sékou Touré Haile Selassie Robert Sobukwe I. T. A. Wallace - Johnson Others Marimba Ani Molefi Kete Asante Steve Biko Edward Wilmot Blyden Stokely Carmichael John Henrik Clarke Cheikh Anta Diop W.E.B. Du Bois Frantz Fanon John G. Jackson Leonard Jeffries Yosef Ben - Jochannan Maulana Karenga Fela Kuti Malcolm X Zephania Mothopeng George Padmore Motsoko Pheko Runoko Rashidi Paul Robeson Randall Robinson Walter Rodney Burning Spear Henry Sylvester - Williams Issa Laye Thiaw Omali Yeshitela Organizations African Union African Unification Front All - African People 's Revolutionary Party Conseil de l'Entente Convention People 's Party Economic Freedom Fighters International African Service Bureau Organisation of African Unity Pan Africanist Congress of Azania Rassemblement Démocratique Africain UNIA - ACL Symbols Black Star of Africa Lion of Judah Pan-African colours Pan-African flag Related African philosophy African - American leftism Africanization All - African Peoples ' Conference Kwanzaa Year of Africa Africa articles History Chronology Antiquity North Africa Archaeology Pre-colonial kingdoms Bantu expansion Arab conquest Exploration European colonisation Slavery Atlantic Arab Scramble for Africa Decolonisation By topic Economy Empires Historiography Military conflicts By region Central East North South West Geography Countries and territories Highest points Impact craters Islands Natural history Regions Central East North South West Rivers Politics African Union Elections Heads of government Heads of state Human rights LGBT rights Linguistic rights Religious rights Women 's rights International organisations Pan-African Parliament Pan-Africanism Politics parties United States of Africa Economy Central banks and currencies Countries by GDP ( nominal ) Countries by GDP ( PPP ) Countries by HDI Education Internet Millionaires Natural resources Poverty Renewable energy Stock exchanges Society Caste systems Etiquette Health Circumcision Infrastructure Languages Philosophy Culture Architecture Art contemporary Cinema films film festivals Cuisine Literature writers by country Media Newspapers Radio TV Music musicians guitarists Religion Irreligion World Heritage Sites Sport African Cricket Association African Games Afro - Asian Games Australian - rules football Confederation of African Football Africa Cup of Nations FIBA Africa Rugby Africa Africa Cup Stadiums by capacity Tour d'Afrique Demographics Countries by population density Emigration Ethnic groups HIV / AIDS Urbanization cities metropolitan areas Youth in Africa By year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Outline Index Book Portal Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof Biography Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof Youth and education St. Mary 's Kings School The Gambia Scout Association Wolf Cub Scout Wood Badge ( award ) St Augustine 's High School University of the Gambia ( lecturer ) Politics and trade unionism Bathurst Trade Union Bread and Butter Demonstration ( 1959 ) Democratic Party ( Gambia ) Democratic Congress Alliance Gambia Congress Party Gambia Workers ' Union Gambia nationalism Organisation of African Unity Pan-Africanism People 's Progressive Party ( Gambia ) Books and manuscripts Gambia , Land of our heritage The history of the Banjul Mosque Senegambia , The land of our heritage The history of the Bushell . Origin of The Gambia Chamber of Commerce & Industries Getting to know The Gambia Reviving a culture that had refused to die ( 1995 ) The calendar of historical events in The Gambia , 1455 - 1995 ( 1995 ) The Research Committee of Mbootaayi Xamxami Wolof The Centenary of Muhammedan School , 1903 -- 2003 . The First School Built by Muslim Community in Bathurst . A Memory Lane . The lives of the Great Islamic Scholars and Religious leaders of Senegambia . ( November 1998 ) Banjul , The Gambia From : Freedom . To : Slavery . The evil that men do . Lives after them . Alex Haley 's `` Roots '' The century of historic events in The Gambia . Third Edition , 1900 -- 1999 Ethnic groups of The Gambia. 1990 The history of Fanal ( January 1991 ) Party politics in The Gambia , 1945 - 1970 The visit of the venerable Sheikh Alhaji Sekou Umar ( Futi ) Taal , Njol Futa to The Gambia . A visit which illuminates a whole nation Know your country , General knowledge , Questions Know your country , General knowledge , Answers The Adventurer The traditional way of life in Gambian society The root cause of the bread and butter demonstration , s.n. ( 1959 ) Banjul Daemba 1816 - 1999 Tagator ( 1999 ) Media and broadcasting Radio Gambia Radiodiffusion Télévision Sénégalaise Chossani Senegambia ( radio programme ) Columnist The Daily Observer ( Weekend Observer ) The Point Organisations founded or co-founded Central Council of Youths ( progenitor of The Gambia National Youth Council ) Gambia Development Company Bathurst Studios The Gambia Farmers Poultry and Fishermen Union Mbootaayi Xamxami Wolof ( The Wolof Wisdom 's Association ) Education Through Culture and Communication Organisation ( ECCO ) Relatives Alboury Ndiaye ( great - grand - uncle ) Bai Konte ( cousin by marriage ) Bai Modi Joof ( brother ) Dembo Konte Kebba Tamsir Njie ( nephew ) Lat Dior Ngoné Latyr Diop ( great - grand - uncle ) Maba Diakhou Bâ ( great - grand - uncle through marriage ) Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof Maad Semou Njekeh Joof Pap Cheyassin Secka ( nephew ) Tamsier Joof ( nephew ) See also Joof family Index of Joof dynasty Index Category : Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof Related articles Dawda Jawara Edward Francis Small History of the Gambia History of Senegal History of Senegambia topics Reverend John Colley Faye ( J.C. Faye ) Pierre Sarr N'Jie History of Senegambia topics Serer people Wolof people Cham Joof category Cham Joof portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_nationalism&oldid=854182354 '' Categories : African and Black nationalism Politics of Africa Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Languages Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 14 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the factors that aided nationalism in west africa	[]	[]
-4276372438918500746	Clyde Langer	Clyde Langer - wikipedia Clyde Langer Jump to : navigation , search Clyde Langer Doctor Who character First appearance Revenge of the Slitheen Last appearance The Man Who Never Was Portrayed by Daniel Anthony Information Affiliated Sarah Jane Smith Species Human Home planet Earth Home era Early 21st century Clyde Langer is a fictional character played by Daniel Anthony in the British children 's science fiction television programme The Sarah Jane Adventures . He first appears in the second and third episodes , Revenge of the Slitheen , and is a replacement for the character Kelsey Hooper , who had been featured in the series premiere . Within the narrative of the series , Clyde is a friend of alien investigator Sarah Jane Smith ( Elisabeth Sladen ) and her son Luke ( Tommy Knight ) , and helps the Smiths to investigate alien activity in and around London . Through his friendship with Luke , popular Clyde becomes more confident in his own intelligence and artistic ability , staying on at sixth form , while also helping Luke -- a genetically engineered boy genius -- better adapt to the cultural norms of being a teenager . From the show 's second series onwards , Clyde 's storylines in particular have suggested romantic tension with his fellow alien investigator , classmate and friend Rani Chandra ( Anjli Mohindra ) . Clyde has had two adventures primarily from his point of view being , The Mark of the Berserker and The Curse of Clyde Langer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character history 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Series 2 Alternate timelines 3 Parallel universe 4 References 5 External links Character history ( edit ) Introduction ( edit ) Born in Hounslow but moved down to London after his father having run off with his aunt to Germany when he was ten . Clyde moved to the same catchment area as Maria and Luke sometime before Revenge of the Slitheen , and like them was a new student at the local school . Clyde lives with his mother , and agrees with Maria that he , like her , is happier for his parents to live apart rather than to argue . Clyde appears to put a lot of value in appearing `` cool '' , and is a bit of a troublemaker . He initially finds Maria and Luke strange -- especially Luke . However , Clyde is not without his tender side , and encourages Sarah Jane to allow Luke to call her `` Mum '' , suspecting that this is what she really wants . Series ( edit ) Introduced in the second episode of series one , Revenge of the Slitheen , Clyde discovers that aliens exist , follow Maria Jackson ( Yasmin Paige ) into the school technology block and seeing several Slitheen ( including a child Slitheen ) whom he sees change out of their disguises . While Sarah Jane was annoyed to have another person depending on her she eventually warmed to Clyde when he proved helpful in figuring out the Slitheen 's weakness and in defeating the family . Clyde forms a friendship with the socially inept but intellectually brilliant Luke Smith at this time , helping him attempt to function as an average boy in social situations . In Warriors of Kudlak , Luke asks Clyde to explain about girls . In The Lost Boy , Clyde is trapped inside Mr Smith to stop him from exposing the computer as a villain and to use as a hostage . From within Mr Smith however , Clyde managed to surprise the computer by sending messages to another computer from within him . In the Doctor Who episode `` The Stolen Earth '' , he is said by Luke Smith to be safe in London with his mother during the Dalek invasion . At the conclusion of The Last Sontaran , Maria moves to America . At the start of The Day of the Clown , Clyde meets new friend and member Rani Chandra . He is banned by the Judoon from extraterrestrial travel as punishment for interference in their work in Prisoner of the Judoon . Despite having been grounded , Clyde finds himself briefly transported to an alien world in Death of the Doctor but is not caught by the Judoon . He subsequently becomes nobility of an unspecified planet when its ruler , Gavin , creates him Lord Clyde in recognition of Clyde 's assistance in Gavin 's succession which simultaneously saved the whole of humanity . The Empty Planet . During The Wedding of Sarah Jane Smith , Clyde is temporarily charged with artron energy when he comes in contact with the TARDIS while it is attempting to penetrate a time trap created by the Trickster , allowing him to briefly hurt the Trickster long enough for the Tenth Doctor ( David Tennant ) to communicate with Sarah . The Eleventh Doctor ( Matt Smith ) later uses the Artron energy apparently still in Clyde to transport across time and space in Death of the Doctor . In The Curse of Clyde Langer , Clyde finds himself isolated from his friends and family and living in the streets after being splintered from a totem pole . Hetocumtek , an extraterrestrial warrior god , resides in the trap , finally making his escape plan as he places a curse on Clyde 's name . New recruit Sky Smith ( Sinead Michael ) , who is not affected by the curse , is able to realise the problem and helps Sarah Jane and Rani break the curse before helping him destroy Hetocumtek . Alternate timelines ( edit ) This article or section may fail to make a clear distinction between fact and fiction . Please rewrite it according to the fiction guidelines , so that it meets Wikipedia 's quality standards . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Whatever Happened to Sarah Jane ? , a mysterious being known as the Trickster changes the universe to that Sarah Jane had died as a child . Consequently , Clyde forgets about friend Maria Jackson and Luke , who temporarily cease to exist . Parallel universe ( edit ) Clyde is mentioned for the first time in the Doctor Who episode `` Turn Left '' . The episode sees the Time Beetle creating a parallel world where the series ' protagonist the Doctor never meets companion Donna Noble , and is thus killed . In this world , Clyde is said to have been killed along with Sarah Jane , Maria , Luke , and medical student Martha Jones while stopping the events of the Doctor Who episode `` Smith and Jones '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Arnop , Jason ( 17 October 2007 , released 19 September 2007 ) . `` Doctor Who Magazine '' ( 387 ) : 18 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Writer Joseph Lidster , Director Joss Agnew , Producer Matthew Bouch ( 3 November 2008 ) . `` Part One '' . The Mark of the Berserker . The Sarah Jane Adventures . Cardiff . BBC . CBBC Channel . External links ( edit ) Clyde Langer profile on CBBC Website ( hide ) The Sarah Jane Adventures General Episodes Creatures and aliens Minor characters Items Characters Sarah Jane Smith Luke Smith Maria Jackson Clyde Langer Rani Chandra Sky Smith Mr Smith K - 9 Alan Jackson Related articles Whoniverse Sonic lipstick Tenth Doctor Eleventh Doctor The Brigadier Jo Grant Slitheen Sontarans Judoon `` School Reunion '' `` The Stolen Earth '' / `` Journey 's End '' The End of Time Related shows Doctor Who Torchwood K - 9 and Company K - 9 Sarah Jane 's Alien Files Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clyde_Langer&oldid=799955204 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 2007 The Sarah Jane Adventures characters Fictional people from London Fictional Black British people Fictional artists Fictional British people Fictional English people Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from October 2009 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 20 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the trickster in sarah jane adventures	[]	[]
7367363382397565331	Korean War	Korean War - Wikipedia Korean War For other conflicts and wars involving Korea , see List of Korean battles . For the conflict spanning after the WWII , see Korean conflict . 1950 -- 1953 war between North Korea and South Korea Korean War In South Korea : ( 한국 전쟁 , 6 25 전쟁 ) In North Korea : ( 조국 해방 전쟁 ) Part of the Cold War and the inter-Korean conflict Clockwise from top : A column of the U.S. 1st Marine Division 's infantry and armor moves through Chinese lines during their breakout from the Chosin Reservoir ; UN landing at Incheon harbor , starting point of the Battle of Incheon ; Korean refugees in front of a U.S. M26 Pershing tank ; U.S. Marines , led by First Lieutenant Baldomero Lopez , landing at Incheon ; F - 86 Sabre fighter aircraft Date 25 June 1950 -- 27 July 1953 ( 3 years , 1 month and 2 days ) Location Korean Peninsula , Yellow Sea , Sea of Japan , Korea Strait , China -- North Korea border Result Military stalemate North Korean invasion of South Korea repelled Subsequent U.S. - led United Nations invasion of North Korea repelled Subsequent Chinese invasion of South Korea repelled Korean Armistice Agreement signed in 1953 Korean conflict ongoing Territorial changes Korean Demilitarized Zone established North Korea gains city of Kaesong but loses a net total of 3,900 km ( 1,500 sq mi ) to South Korea Belligerents South Korea United Nations : United States United Kingdom Canada Turkey Australia Philippines New Zealand Thailand Ethiopia Greece France Colombia Belgium South Africa Netherlands Luxembourg Medical support ( show ) Denmark Italy West Germany India Israel Norway Sweden Other support ( show ) Taiwan Japan Cuba El Salvador Spain North Korea China Soviet Union Medical support ( show ) Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Romania Other support ( show ) India Mongolia Commanders and leaders Syngman Rhee Chung Il - kwon Paik Sun - yup Shin Sung - mo Harry S. Truman Douglas MacArthur Matthew Ridgway Mark Wayne Clark Clement Attlee Winston Churchill Kim Il - sung Pak Hon - yong Choi Yong - kun Kim Chaek † Mao Zedong Peng Dehuai Chen Geng Deng Hua Joseph Stalin † Georgy Malenkov Lavrentiy Beria Vyacheslav Molotov Strength 602,902 326,863 14,198 8,123 5,453 2,282 1,496 1,385 1,290 1,271 1,263 1,185 1,068 900 826 819 170 120 105 100 72 70 44 Total : 972,334 Note : The figures vary by source ; peak unit strength varied during war . 1,350,000 266,600 26,000 Total : 1,642,600 Note : The figures vary by source ; peak unit strength varied during war . Casualties and losses Total : 178,405 dead and 32,925 missing Total wounded : 566,434 Details ( show ) South Korea : 137,899 dead 450,742 wounded 24,495 MIA 8,343 POW United States : 36,574 dead 103,284 wounded 7,926 MIA 4,714 POW United Kingdom : 1,109 dead 2,674 wounded 179 MIA 977 POW Turkey : 741 dead 2,068 wounded 163 MIA 244 POW Canada : 516 dead 1,042 wounded 1 MIA 33 POW Australia : 339 dead 1,216 wounded 43 MIA 26 POW France : 262 dead 1,008 wounded 7 MIA 12 POW Kingdom of Greece 192 dead 543 wounded 3 POW Colombia : 163 dead 448 wounded 28 POW Thailand : 129 dead 1,139 wounded 5 MIA Ethiopian Empire 121 dead 536 wounded Netherlands : 122 dead 645 wounded 3 MIA Belgium : 101 dead 478 Wounded 5 MIA 1 POW Philippines : 92 dead 299 wounded 97 MIA / POW South Africa 34 dead 9 POW New Zealand : 34 dead 299 wounded 1 MIA / POW Norway : 3 dead Luxembourg : 2 dead 13 wounded India : 1 dead Total : 398,000 -- 750,000 + dead and 145,000 + missing Total wounded : 686,500 -- 789,000 Details ( show ) North Korea : 215,000 -- 350,000 dead 303,000 wounded 120,000 MIA or POW China : ( Chinese sources ) : 183,108 dead 383,500 wounded 450,000 hospitalized 25,621 missing ( Those who defected or were captured were included in missing ) 7,110 captured 14,190 defected ( U.S. estimates ) : 400,000 + dead 486,000 wounded Soviet Union : 299 dead 335 planes lost Total civilians killed / wounded : 2.5 million ( est . ) South Korea : 990,968 killed / wounded 373,599 killed 229,625 wounded 387,744 abducted / missing North Korea : 1,550,000 killed / wounded ( est . ) Korean War North Korean Offensive Pokpoong Chuncheon 1st Seoul Gorangpo Kaesong - Munsan Korea Strait Ongjin Uijeongbu Suwon Airfield Air Campaign Andong Chumonchin Chan Osan Pyongtaek Chonan Chochiwon Taejon Sangju Yongdong Hwanggan Hadong Notch Pusan Perimeter Masan P'ohang - Dong Taegu 1st Naktong Bulge Bowling Alley Battle Mountain Kyongju Haman Nam River Ka - San Tabu - Dong Yongsan 2nd Naktong Bulge UN Command Counteroffensive Haeju Inchon 2nd Seoul Hill 282 12 October 1950 Sariwon Pyongyang Yongju Kujin Chongju Chinese Intervention Onjong Unsan Pakchon Ch'ongch'on River Wawon Chosin Reservoir Task Force Faith 3rd Seoul Uijeongbu Chaegunghyon 1st and 2nd Wonju Thunderbolt Twin Tunnels Hoengsong Chipyong - Ni 3rd Wonju Chuam - Ni Wonsan Killer Ripper ( 4th Battle of Seoul ) Maehwa - San Courageous Tomahawk Rugged Dauntless Spring Offensive Imjin River Yultong Kapyong Soyang River Air operations MiG Alley Sunchon Strangle Sui - ho Dam Stalemate Bloody Ridge Minden Punchbowl Heartbreak Ridge Han River Commando 1st Maryang San Haktang - ni Polecharge 2nd Maryang San Sunchon Hill Eerie Sui - Ho Dam Old Baldy Blaze White Horse Triangle Hill 1st Hook 2nd Hook Chatkol Outpost Vegas Pork Chop Hill 3rd Hook Outpost Harry Kumsong Samichon River Korean Armistice Agreement Panmunjom Declaration The Korean War ( in South Korean Hangul : 한국 전쟁 ; Hanja : 韓國戰爭 ; RR : Hanguk Jeonjaeng , `` Korean War '' ; in North Korean Chosŏn'gŭl : 조국 해방 전쟁 ; Hancha : 祖國解放戰爭 ; MR : Choguk haebang chǒnjaeng , `` Fatherland : Liberation War '' ; 25 June 1950 -- 27 July 1953 ) was a war between North Korea ( with the support of China and the Soviet Union ) and South Korea ( with the principal support of the United States ) . The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following a series of clashes along the border . The United Nations , with the United States as the principal force , came to the aid of South Korea . China came to the aid of North Korea , and the Soviet Union also gave some assistance to the North . As a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , Korea was split into two regions with separate governments . Both claimed to be the legitimate government of all of Korea , and neither accepted the border as permanent . The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces -- supported by the Soviet Union and China -- moved into the south on 25 June 1950 . The United Nations Security Council authorized the formation and dispatch of UN forces to Korea to repel what was recognized as a North Korean invasion . Twenty - one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force , with the United States providing around 90 % of the military personnel . After the first two months of war , South Korean and U.S. forces rapidly dispatched to Korea were on the point of defeat , forced back to a small area in the south known as the Pusan Perimeter . In September 1950 , an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Incheon , and cut off many North Korean troops . Those who escaped envelopment and capture were forced back north . UN forces rapidly approached the Yalu River -- the border with China -- but in October 1950 , mass Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war . The surprise Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951 . After these reversals of fortune , which saw Seoul change hands four times , the last two years of fighting became a war of attrition , with the front line close to the 38th parallel . The war in the air , however , was never a stalemate . North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign . Jet fighters confronted each other in air - to - air combat for the first time in history , and Soviet pilots covertly flew in defense of their communist allies . The fighting ended on 27 July 1953 , when an armistice was signed . The agreement created the Korean Demilitarized Zone to separate North and South Korea , and allowed the return of prisoners . However , no peace treaty has been signed , and according to some sources the two Koreas are technically still at war , engaged in a frozen conflict . In April 2018 , the leaders of North and South Korea met at the demilitarized zone and agreed to sign a treaty by the end of the year to formally end the Korean War . As a war undeclared by all participants , the conflict helped bring the term `` police action '' into common use . It also led to the permanent alteration of the balance of power within the United Nations , where Resolution 377 -- passed in 1950 to allow a bypassing of the Security Council if that body could not reach an agreement -- led to the General Assembly displacing the Security Council as the primary organ of the UN . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 Background 2.1 Imperial Japanese rule ( 1910 -- 1945 ) 2.2 Soviet -- Japanese War ( 1945 ) 2.3 Korea divided ( 1945 -- 1949 ) 2.4 Chinese Civil War ( 1945 -- 1949 ) 2.5 Prelude to war ( 1950 ) 2.6 Comparison of forces 3 Course of the war 3.1 Factors in U.S. intervention 3.2 United Nations Security Council Resolutions 3.3 United Nations ' response ( July -- August 1950 ) 3.4 The drive south and Pusan ( July -- September 1950 ) 3.5 Battle of Inchon ( September 1950 ) 3.6 UN forces cross partition line ( September -- October 1950 ) 3.7 China intervenes ( October -- December 1950 ) 3.8 Fighting around the 38th parallel ( January -- June 1951 ) 3.9 Stalemate ( July 1951 -- July 1953 ) 3.10 Armistice ( July 1953 -- November 1954 ) 3.11 Division of Korea ( 1954 -- present ) 4 Characteristics 4.1 Casualties 4.2 U.S. unpreparedness for war 4.3 Armored warfare 4.4 Naval warfare 4.5 Aerial warfare 4.6 Bombing of North Korea 4.7 U.S. threat of atomic warfare 4.8 War crimes 4.8. 1 Civilian deaths and massacres 4.8. 2 Prisoners of war 4.8. 2.1 Chinese POWs 4.8. 2.2 UN Command POWs 4.8. 3 Starvation 4.9 Recreation 5 Aftermath 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Citations 9 References 10 External links 10.1 Historical 10.2 Media 10.3 Organizations 10.4 Memorials Names Korean War South Korean name Hangul 한국 전쟁 show Transcriptions Revised Romanization Hanguk Jeonjaeng McCune -- Reischauer Han'guk Chŏnjaeng North Korean name Chosŏn'gŭl 조선 전쟁 show Transcriptions Revised Romanization Joseon Jeonjaeng McCune -- Reischauer Chosŏn Chŏnjaeng In South Korea , the war is usually referred to as `` 625 '' or the `` 6 -- 2 -- 5 Upheaval '' ( 6.25 동란 ( 動亂 ) , yook - i-o dongnan ) , reflecting the date of its commencement on 25 June . In North Korea , the war is officially referred to as the `` Fatherland Liberation War '' ( Choguk haebang chǒnjaeng ) or alternatively the `` Chosǒn ( Korean ) War '' ( 조선 전쟁 , Chosǒn chǒnjaeng ) . In China , the war is officially called the `` War to Resist America and Aid Korea '' ( simplified Chinese : 抗美援朝战争 ; traditional Chinese : 抗美援朝戰爭 ; pinyin : Kàngměi Yuáncháo Zhànzhēng ) , although the term `` Chaoxian ( Korean ) War '' ( simplified Chinese : 朝鲜战争 ; traditional Chinese : 朝鮮戰爭 ; pinyin : Cháoxiǎn Zhànzhēng ) is also used in unofficial contexts , along with the term `` Han ( Korean ) War '' ( simplified Chinese : 韩战 ; traditional Chinese : 韓戰 ; pinyin : Hán Zhàn ) more commonly used in regions such as Hong Kong and Macau . In the U.S. , the war was initially described by President Harry S. Truman as a `` police action '' as the United States never formally declared war on its opponents and the operation was conducted under the auspices of the United Nations . It has been referred to in the English - speaking world as `` The Forgotten War '' or `` The Unknown War '' because of the lack of public attention it received both during and after the war , and in relation to the global scale of World War II , which preceded it , and the subsequent angst of the Vietnam War , which succeeded it . Background Imperial Japanese rule ( 1910 -- 1945 ) Main article : Korea under Japanese rule Imperial Japan destroyed the influence of China over Korea in the First Sino - Japanese War ( 1894 -- 95 ) , ushering in the short - lived Korean Empire . A decade later , after defeating Imperial Russia in the Russo - Japanese War ( 1904 -- 05 ) , Japan made Korea its protectorate with the Eulsa Treaty in 1905 , then annexed it with the Japan -- Korea Annexation Treaty in 1910 . Many Korean nationalists fled the country . A Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was founded in 1919 in Nationalist China . It failed to achieve international recognition , failed to unite nationalist groups , and had a fractious relationship with its U.S. - based founding president , Syngman Rhee . From 1919 to 1925 and beyond , Korean communists led internal and external warfare against the Japanese . In China , the Nationalist National Revolutionary Army and the communist People 's Liberation Army helped organize Korean refugees against the Japanese military , which had also occupied parts of China . The Nationalist - backed Koreans , led by Yi Pom - Sok , fought in the Burma Campaign ( December 1941 -- August 1945 ) . The communists , led by Kim Il - sung among others , fought the Japanese in Korea and Manchuria . At the Cairo Conference in November 1943 , China , the United Kingdom , and the United States all decided that `` in due course Korea shall become free and independent '' . Soviet -- Japanese War ( 1945 ) Main article : Soviet -- Japanese War At the Tehran Conference in November 1943 and the Yalta Conference in February 1945 , the Soviet Union promised to join its allies in the Pacific War within three months of the victory in Europe . Accordingly , it declared war on Japan on 9 August 1945 , three days after the USA dropped the bomb on Hiroshima . By 10 August , the Red Army had begun to occupy the northern part of the Korean peninsula . On the night of 10 August in Washington , U.S. colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III were tasked with dividing the Korean Peninsula into Soviet and U.S. occupation zones and proposed the 38th parallel . This was incorporated into the U.S. General Order No. 1 which responded to the Japanese surrender on 15 August . Explaining the choice of the 38th parallel , Rusk observed , `` even though it was further north than could be realistically reached by U.S. forces , in the event of Soviet disagreement ... we felt it important to include the capital of Korea in the area of responsibility of American troops '' . He noted that he was `` faced with the scarcity of US forces immediately available , and time and space factors , which would make it difficult to reach very far north , before Soviet troops could enter the area '' . As Rusk 's comments indicate , the U.S. doubted whether the Soviet government would agree to this . Stalin , however , maintained his wartime policy of co-operation , and on 16 August the Red Army halted at the 38th parallel for three weeks to await the arrival of U.S. forces in the south . Korea divided ( 1945 -- 1949 ) See also : Division of Korea On 8 September 1945 , U.S. Lieutenant General John R. Hodge arrived in Incheon to accept the Japanese surrender south of the 38th parallel . Appointed as military governor , Hodge directly controlled South Korea as head of the United States Army Military Government in Korea ( USAMGIK 1945 -- 48 ) . He attempted to establish control by restoring Japanese colonial administrators to power , but in the face of Korean protests quickly reversed this decision . The USAMGIK refused to recognize the provisional government of the short - lived People 's Republic of Korea ( PRK ) due to its suspected Communist sympathies . In December 1945 , Korea was administered by a U.S. - Soviet Union Joint Commission , as agreed at the Moscow Conference , with the aim of granting independence after a five - year trusteeship . The idea was not popular among Koreans and riots broke out . To contain them , the USAMGIK banned strikes on 8 December 1945 and outlawed the PRK Revolutionary Government and the PRK People 's Committees on 12 December 1945 . Following further large - scale civilian unrest , the USAMGIK declared martial law . Citing the inability of the Joint Commission to make progress , the U.S. government decided to hold an election under United Nations auspices with the aim of creating an independent Korea . The Soviet authorities and the Korean Communists refused to co-operate on the grounds it would not be fair , and many South Korean politicians boycotted it . A general election was held in the South on 10 May 1948 . North Korea held parliamentary elections three months later on 25 August . The resultant South Korean government promulgated a national political constitution on 17 July 1948 , and elected Syngman Rhee as president on 20 July 1948 . The Republic of Korea ( South Korea ) was established on 15 August 1948 . In the Soviet Korean Zone of Occupation , the Soviet Union established a communist government led by Kim Il - sung . The Soviet Union withdrew as agreed from Korea in 1948 , and U.S. troops withdrew in 1949 . Chinese Civil War ( 1945 -- 1949 ) Main article : Chinese Civil War With the end of the war with Japan , the Chinese Civil War resumed in earnest between the Communists and Nationalists . While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria , they were supported by the North Korean government with matériel and manpower . According to Chinese sources , the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of supplies while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) during the war . North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China . The North Korean contributions to the Chinese Communist victory were not forgotten after the creation of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 . As a token of gratitude , between 50,000 and 70,000 Korean veterans that served in the PLA were sent back along with their weapons , and they later played a significant role in the initial invasion of South Korea . China promised to support the North Koreans in the event of a war against South Korea . After the formation of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 , the Chinese government named the Western nations , led by the United States , as the biggest threat to its national security . Basing this judgment on China 's century of humiliation beginning in the early 19th century , U.S. support for the Nationalists during the Chinese Civil War , and the ideological struggles between revolutionaries and reactionaries , the Chinese leadership believed that China would become a critical battleground in the United States ' crusade against Communism . As a countermeasure and to elevate China 's standing among the worldwide Communist movements , the Chinese leadership adopted a foreign policy that actively promoted Communist revolutions throughout territories on China 's periphery . Prelude to War ( 1950 ) By 1949 , South Korean forces had reduced the active number of communist guerrillas in the South from 5,000 to 1,000 . However , Kim Il - sung believed that the guerrillas weakened the South Korean military and that a North Korean invasion would be welcomed by much of the South Korean population . Kim began seeking Stalin 's support for an invasion in March 1949 , traveling to Moscow to attempt to persuade him . Serious border clashes between South and North occurred on 4 August 1949 , when thousands of North Korean troops attacked South Korean troops occupying territory north of the 38th parallel . The 2nd and 18th infantry regiments of ROKA repulsed initial attacks in Kuksa - bong ( above the 38th parallel ) and Ch'ungmu , and at the end of the clashes ROKA troops were `` completely routed '' . Stalin initially did not think the time was right for a war in Korea . Chinese Communist forces were still embroiled in the Chinese Civil War , while U.S. forces remained stationed in South Korea . By spring 1950 , he believed that the strategic situation had changed : Mao 's Communist forces had secured final victory in China , U.S. forces had withdrawn from Korea , and the Soviets detonated their first nuclear bomb , breaking the U.S. atomic monopoly . As the U.S. had not directly intervened to stop the communist victory in China , Stalin calculated that they would be even less willing to fight in Korea , which had much less strategic significance . The Soviets had also cracked the codes used by the U.S. to communicate with their embassy in Moscow , and reading these dispatches convinced Stalin that Korea did not have the importance to the US that would warrant a nuclear confrontation . Stalin began a more aggressive strategy in Asia based on these developments , including promising economic and military aid to China through the Sino - Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Alliance , and Mutual Assistance . In April 1950 , Stalin gave Kim permission to invade the South under the condition that Mao would agree to send reinforcements if needed . Stalin made it clear that Soviet forces would not openly engage in combat , to avoid a direct war with the United States . Kim met with Mao in May 1950 . Mao was concerned the U.S. would intervene but agreed to support the North Korean invasion . China desperately needed the economic and military aid promised by the Soviets . However , Mao sent more ethnic Korean PLA veterans to Korea and promised to move an army closer to the Korean border . Once Mao 's commitment was secured , preparations for war accelerated . Soviet generals with extensive combat experience from the Second World War were sent to North Korea as the Soviet Advisory Group . These generals completed the plans for the attack by May . The original plans called for a skirmish to be initiated in the Ongjin Peninsula on the west coast of Korea . The North Koreans would then launch a counterattack that would capture Seoul and encircle and destroy the South Korean army . The final stage would involve destroying South Korean government remnants , capturing the rest of South Korea , including the ports . On 7 June 1950 , Kim Il - sung called for a Korea - wide election on 5 -- 8 August 1950 and a consultative conference in Haeju on 15 -- 17 June 1950 . On 11 June , the North sent three diplomats to the South as a peace overture that Rhee rejected outright . On 21 June , Kim Il - Sung revised his war plan to involve a general attack across the 38th parallel , rather than a limited operation in the Ongjin peninsula . Kim was concerned that South Korean agents learned about the plans and South Korean forces were strengthening their defenses . Stalin agreed to this change of plan . While these preparations were underway in the North , there were frequent clashes along the 38th parallel , especially at Kaesong and Ongjin , many initiated by the South . The Republic of Korea Army ( ROK Army ) was being trained by the U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group ( KMAG ) . On the eve of war , KMAG 's commander General William Lynn Roberts voiced utmost confidence in the ROK Army and boasted that any North Korean invasion would merely provide `` target practice '' . For his part , Syngman Rhee repeatedly expressed his desire to conquer the North , including when U.S. diplomat John Foster Dulles visited Korea on 18 June . Although some South Korean and U.S. intelligence officers predicted an attack from the North , similar predictions were made before and nothing happened . The Central Intelligence Agency noted the southward movement by the Korean People 's Army ( KPA ) , but assessed this as a `` defensive measure '' and concluded an invasion was `` unlikely '' . On 23 June , UN observers inspected the border and did not detect that war was imminent . Comparison of forces Throughout 1949 and 1950 , the Soviets continued arming North Korea . After the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War , ethnic Korean units in the Chinese People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) were released to North Korea . The combat veterans from China , the tanks , artillery and aircraft supplied by the Soviets , and rigorous training increased North Korea 's military superiority over the South , armed by the US military with mostly small arms and given no heavy weaponry such as tanks . According to the first official census in 1949 the population of North Korea numbered 9,620,000 , and by mid-1950 North Korean forces numbered between 150,000 and 200,000 troops , organized into 10 infantry divisions , one tank division , and one air force division , with 210 fighter planes and 280 tanks , who captured scheduled objectives and territory , among them Kaesong , Chuncheon , Uijeongbu , and Ongjin . Their forces included 274 T - 34 - 85 tanks , 200 artillery pieces , 110 attack bombers , and some 150 Yak fighter planes , and 35 reconnaissance aircraft . In addition to the invasion force , the North KPA had 114 fighters , 78 bombers , 105 T - 34 - 85 tanks , and some 30,000 soldiers stationed in reserve in North Korea . Although each navy consisted of only several small warships , the North and South Korean navies fought in the war as sea - borne artillery for their armies . In contrast , the Republic of Korea population totaled 20,188,641 , and its army was unprepared and ill - equipped . As of 25 June 1950 the ROK Army had 98,000 soldiers ( 65,000 combat , 33,000 support ) , no tanks ( they had been requested from the U.S. military , but requests were denied ) , and a 22 - piece air force comprising 12 liaison - type and 10 AT6 advanced - trainer airplanes . Large U.S. garrisons and air forces were in Japan , but only 200 -- 300 American troops were in Korea . Course of the War Territory often changed hands early in the war , until the front stabilized . North Korean , Chinese , and Soviet forces South Korean , U.S. , Commonwealth , and United Nations forces Hundreds of thousands of South Koreans fled south in mid-1950 after the North Korean army invaded . At dawn on Sunday , 25 June 1950 , the Korean People 's Army crossed the 38th parallel behind artillery fire . The KPA justified its assault with the claim that ROK troops attacked first and that the KPA were aiming to arrest and execute the `` bandit traitor Syngman Rhee '' . Fighting began on the strategic Ongjin peninsula in the west . There were initial South Korean claims that they captured the city of Haeju , and this sequence of events has led some scholars to argue that the South Koreans fired first . Whoever fired the first shots in Ongjin , within an hour , North Korean forces attacked all along the 38th parallel . The North Koreans had a combined arms force including tanks supported by heavy artillery . The South Koreans had no tanks , anti-tank weapons or heavy artillery to stop such an attack . In addition , South Koreans committed their forces in a piecemeal fashion and these were routed in a few days . On 27 June , Rhee evacuated from Seoul with some of the government . On 28 June , at 2 am , the South Korean Army blew up the Hangang Bridge across the Han River in an attempt to stop the North Korean army . The bridge was detonated while 4,000 refugees were crossing it and hundreds were killed . Destroying the bridge also trapped many South Korean military units north of the Han River . In spite of such desperate measures , Seoul fell that same day . A number of South Korean National Assemblymen remained in Seoul when it fell , and forty - eight subsequently pledged allegiance to the North . On 28 June , Rhee ordered the massacre of suspected political opponents in his own country . In five days , the South Korean forces , which had 95,000 men on 25 June , was down to less than 22,000 men . In early July , when U.S. forces arrived , what was left of the South Korean forces were placed under U.S. operational command of the United Nations Command . Factors in U.S. intervention The Truman administration was unprepared for the invasion . Korea was not included in the strategic Asian Defense Perimeter outlined by Secretary of State Dean Acheson . Truman himself was at his home in Independence , Missouri . Military strategists were more concerned with the security of Europe against the Soviet Union than East Asia . At the same time , the administration was worried that a war in Korea could quickly widen into another world war should the Chinese or Soviets decide to get involved . One facet of the changing attitude toward Korea and whether to get involved was Japan . Especially after the fall of China to the Communists , U.S. experts on East Asia saw Japan as the critical counterweight to the Soviet Union and China in the region . While there was no United States policy dealing with South Korea directly as a national interest , its proximity to Japan increased the importance of South Korea . Said Kim : `` The recognition that the security of Japan required a non-hostile Korea led directly to President Truman 's decision to intervene ... The essential point ... is that the American response to the North Korean attack stemmed from considerations of U.S. policy toward Japan . '' Another major consideration was the possible Soviet reaction in the event that the U.S. intervened . The Truman administration was fearful that a war in Korea was a diversionary assault that would escalate to a general war in Europe once the United States committed in Korea . At the same time , `` ( t ) here was no suggestion from anyone that the United Nations or the United States could back away from ( the conflict ) '' . Yugoslavia -- a possible Soviet target because of the Tito - Stalin Split -- was vital to the defense of Italy and Greece , and the country was first on the list of the National Security Council 's post-North Korea invasion list of `` chief danger spots '' . Truman believed if aggression went unchecked , a chain reaction would be initiated that would marginalize the United Nations and encourage Communist aggression elsewhere . The UN Security Council approved the use of force to help the South Koreans and the U.S. immediately began using what air and naval forces that were in the area to that end . The Truman administration still refrained from committing on the ground because some advisers believed the North Koreans could be stopped by air and naval power alone . The Truman administration was still uncertain if the attack was a ploy by the Soviet Union or just a test of U.S. resolve . The decision to commit ground troops became viable when a communiqué was received on 27 June indicating the Soviet Union would not move against U.S. forces in Korea . The Truman administration now believed it could intervene in Korea without undermining its commitments elsewhere . United Nations Security Council resolutions Further information : List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea On 25 June 1950 , the United Nations Security Council unanimously condemned the North Korean invasion of the Republic of Korea , with UN Security Council Resolution 82 . The Soviet Union , a veto - wielding power , had boycotted the Council meetings since January 1950 , protesting that the Taiwanese `` Republic of China '' and not the mainland `` People 's Republic of China '' held a permanent seat in the UN Security Council . After debating the matter , the Security Council , on 27 June 1950 , published Resolution 83 recommending member states provide military assistance to the Republic of Korea . On 27 June President Truman ordered U.S. air and sea forces to help the South Korean regime . On 4 July the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister accused the United States of starting armed intervention on behalf of South Korea . The Soviet Union challenged the legitimacy of the war for several reasons . The ROK Army intelligence upon which Resolution 83 was based came from U.S. Intelligence ; North Korea was not invited as a sitting temporary member of the UN , which violated UN Charter Article 32 ; and the fighting was beyond the UN Charter 's scope , because the initial north - south border fighting was classed as a civil war . Because the Soviet Union was boycotting the Security Council at the time , legal scholars posited that deciding upon an action of this type required the unanimous vote of all the five permanent members including the Soviet Union . Within days of the invasion , masses of ROK Army soldiers -- of dubious loyalty to the Syngman Rhee regime -- were retreating southwards or defecting en masse to the northern side , the KPA . United Nations ' response ( July -- August 1950 ) A U.S. howitzer position near the Kum River , 15 July As soon as word of the attack was received , U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson informed President Truman that the North Koreans had invaded South Korea . Truman and Acheson discussed a U.S. invasion response and agreed that the United States was obligated to act , paralleling the North Korean invasion with Adolf Hitler 's aggressions in the 1930s , with the conclusion being that the mistake of appeasement must not be repeated . Several U.S. industries were mobilized to supply materials , labor , capital , production facilities , and other services necessary to support the military objectives of the Korean War . However , President Truman later acknowledged that he believed fighting the invasion was essential to the U.S. goal of the global containment of communism as outlined in the National Security Council Report 68 ( NSC 68 ) ( declassified in 1975 ) : Communism was acting in Korea , just as Hitler , Mussolini and the Japanese had ten , fifteen , and twenty years earlier . I felt certain that if South Korea was allowed to fall , Communist leaders would be emboldened to override nations closer to our own shores . If the Communists were permitted to force their way into the Republic of Korea without opposition from the free world , no small nation would have the courage to resist threat and aggression by stronger Communist neighbors . In August 1950 , the President and the Secretary of State obtained the consent of Congress to appropriate $12 billion for military action in Korea . Because of the extensive defense cuts and the emphasis placed on building a nuclear bomber force , none of the services were in a position to make a robust response with conventional military strength . General Omar Bradley , Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , was faced with re-organizing and deploying a U.S. military force that was a shadow of its World War II counterpart . Acting on Secretary of State Acheson 's recommendation , President Truman ordered General MacArthur to transfer matériel to the South Korean military while giving air cover to the evacuation of U.S. nationals . The President disagreed with advisers who recommended unilateral U.S. bombing of the North Korean forces , and ordered the U.S. Seventh Fleet to protect the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , whose government asked to fight in Korea . The United States denied ROC 's request for combat , lest it provoke a communist Chinese retaliation . Because the United States had sent the Seventh Fleet to `` neutralize '' the Taiwan Strait , Chinese premier Zhou Enlai criticized both the UN and U.S. initiatives as `` armed aggression on Chinese territory '' . The drive South and Pusan ( July -- September 1950 ) G.I. comforting a grieving infantryman Crew of an M - 24 tank along the Nakdong River front , August 1950 The Battle of Osan , the first significant U.S. engagement of the Korean War , involved the 540 - soldier Task Force Smith , which was a small forward element of the 24th Infantry Division which had been flown in from Japan . On 5 July 1950 , Task Force Smith attacked the North Koreans at Osan but without weapons capable of destroying the North Koreans ' tanks . They were unsuccessful ; the result was 180 dead , wounded , or taken prisoner . The KPA progressed southwards , pushing back the U.S. force at Pyongtaek , Chonan , and Chochiwon , forcing the 24th Division 's retreat to Taejeon , which the KPA captured in the Battle of Taejon ; the 24th Division suffered 3,602 dead and wounded and 2,962 captured , including its commander , Major General William F. Dean . By August , the KPA steadily pushed back the ROK Army and the Eighth United States Army southwards . The impact of the Truman administration 's defense budget cutbacks were now keenly felt , as U.S. troops fought a series of costly rearguard actions . Lacking sufficient anti-tank weapons , artillery or armor , they were driven down the Korean peninsula . During their advance , the KPA purged the Republic of Korea 's intelligentsia by killing civil servants and intellectuals . On 20 August , General MacArthur warned North Korean leader Kim Il - sung he was responsible for the KPA 's atrocities . By September , UN forces were hemmed into a small corner of southeast Korea , near Pusan . This 140 - mile perimeter enclosed about 10 % of Korea , in a line partially defined by the Nakdong River . Although Kim 's early successes led him to predict he would end the war by the end of August , Chinese leaders were more pessimistic . To counter a possible U.S. deployment , Zhou Enlai secured a Soviet commitment to have the Soviet Union support Chinese forces with air cover , and deployed 260,000 soldiers along the Korean border , under the command of Gao Gang . Zhou commanded Chai Chengwen to conduct a topographical survey of Korea , and directed Lei Yingfu , Zhou 's military advisor in Korea , to analyze the military situation in Korea . Lei concluded that MacArthur would most likely attempt a landing at Incheon . After conferring with Mao that this would be MacArthur 's most likely strategy , Zhou briefed Soviet and North Korean advisers of Lei 's findings , and issued orders to Chinese army commanders deployed on the Korean border to prepare for U.S. naval activity in the Korea Strait . In the resulting Battle of Pusan Perimeter ( August -- September 1950 ) , the U.S. Army withstood KPA attacks meant to capture the city at the Naktong Bulge , P'ohang - dong , and Taegu . The United States Air Force ( USAF ) interrupted KPA logistics with 40 daily ground support sorties that destroyed 32 bridges , halting most daytime road and rail traffic . KPA forces were forced to hide in tunnels by day and move only at night . To deny matériel to the KPA , the USAF destroyed logistics depots , petroleum refineries , and harbors , while the U.S. Navy air forces attacked transport hubs . Consequently , the over-extended KPA could not be supplied throughout the south . On 27 August , 67th Fighter Squadron aircraft mistakenly attacked facilities in Chinese territory and the Soviet Union called the UN Security Council 's attention to China 's complaint about the incident . The U.S. proposed that a commission of India and Sweden determine what the U.S. should pay in compensation but the Soviets vetoed the U.S. proposal . Meanwhile , U.S. garrisons in Japan continually dispatched soldiers and matériel to reinforce defenders in the Pusan Perimeter . Tank battalions deployed to Korea directly from the U.S. mainland from the port of San Francisco to the port of Pusan , the largest Korean port . By late August , the Pusan Perimeter had some 500 medium tanks battle - ready . In early September 1950 , ROK Army and UN Command forces outnumbered the KPA 180,000 to 100,000 soldiers . Battle of Inchon ( September 1950 ) Main article : Battle of Inchon General Douglas MacArthur , UN Command CiC ( seated ) , observes the naval shelling of Incheon from USS Mount McKinley , 15 September 1950 Combat in the streets of Seoul Against the rested and re-armed Pusan Perimeter defenders and their reinforcements , the KPA were undermanned and poorly supplied ; unlike the UN Command , they lacked naval and air support . To relieve the Pusan Perimeter , General MacArthur recommended an amphibious landing at Incheon , near Seoul and well over 160 km ( 100 mi ) behind the KPA lines . On 6 July , he ordered Major General Hobart R. Gay , commander of the 1st Cavalry Division , to plan the division 's amphibious landing at Incheon ; on 12 -- 14 July , the 1st Cavalry Division embarked from Yokohama , Japan , to reinforce the 24th Infantry Division inside the Pusan Perimeter . Soon after the war began , General MacArthur began planning a landing at Incheon , but the Pentagon opposed him . When authorized , he activated a combined U.S. Army and Marine Corps , and ROK Army force . The X Corps , led by Major General Edward Almond , consisted of 40,000 men of the 1st Marine Division , the 7th Infantry Division and around 8,600 ROK Army soldiers . By 15 September , the amphibious assault force faced few KPA defenders at Incheon : military intelligence , psychological warfare , guerrilla reconnaissance , and protracted bombardment facilitated a relatively light battle . However , the bombardment destroyed most of the city of Incheon . After the Incheon landing , the 1st Cavalry Division began its northward advance from the Pusan Perimeter . `` Task Force Lynch '' ( after Lieutenant Colonel James H. Lynch ) , 3rd Battalion , 7th Cavalry Regiment , and two 70th Tank Battalion units ( Charlie Company and the Intelligence -- Reconnaissance Platoon ) effected the `` Pusan Perimeter Breakout '' through 171.2 km ( 106.4 mi ) of enemy territory to join the 7th Infantry Division at Osan . The X Corps rapidly defeated the KPA defenders around Seoul , thus threatening to trap the main KPA force in Southern Korea . On 18 September , Stalin dispatched General H.M. Zakharov to Korea to advise Kim Il - sung to halt his offensive around the Pusan perimeter and to redeploy his forces to defend Seoul . Chinese commanders were not briefed on North Korean troop numbers or operational plans . As the overall commander of Chinese forces , Zhou Enlai suggested that the North Koreans should attempt to eliminate the enemy forces at Incheon only if they had reserves of at least 100,000 men ; otherwise , he advised the North Koreans to withdraw their forces north . On 25 September , Seoul was recaptured by South Korean forces . U.S. air raids caused heavy damage to the KPA , destroying most of its tanks and much of its artillery . North Korean troops in the south , instead of effectively withdrawing north , rapidly disintegrated , leaving Pyongyang vulnerable . During the general retreat only 25,000 to 30,000 North Korean soldiers managed to reach the KPA lines . On 27 September , Stalin convened an emergency session of the Politburo , in which he condemned the incompetence of the KPA command and held Soviet military advisers responsible for the defeat . UN forces cross partition line ( September -- October 1950 ) Main article : UN Offensive , 1950 On 27 September , MacArthur received the top secret National Security Council Memorandum 81 / 1 from Truman reminding him that operations north of the 38th parallel were authorized only if `` at the time of such operation there was no entry into North Korea by major Soviet or Chinese Communist forces , no announcements of intended entry , nor a threat to counter our operations militarily '' . On 29 September MacArthur restored the government of the Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee . On 30 September , Defense Secretary George Marshall sent an eyes - only message to MacArthur : `` We want you to feel unhampered tactically and strategically to proceed north of the 38th parallel . '' During October , the ROK police executed people who were suspected to be sympathetic to North Korea , and similar massacres were carried out until early 1951 . U.S. Air Force attacking railroads south of Wonsan on the eastern coast of North Korea On 30 September , Zhou Enlai warned the United States that China was prepared to intervene in Korea if the United States crossed the 38th parallel . Zhou attempted to advise North Korean commanders on how to conduct a general withdrawal by using the same tactics which allowed Chinese communist forces to successfully escape Chiang Kai - shek 's Encirclement Campaigns in the 1930s , but by some accounts North Korean commanders did not use these tactics effectively . Historian Bruce Cumings argues , however , the KPA 's rapid withdrawal was strategic , with troops melting into the mountains from where they could launch guerrilla raids on the UN forces spread out on the coasts . By 1 October 1950 , the UN Command repelled the KPA northwards past the 38th parallel ; the ROK Army crossed after them , into North Korea . MacArthur made a statement demanding the KPA 's unconditional surrender . Six days later , on 7 October , with UN authorization , the UN Command forces followed the ROK forces northwards . The X Corps landed at Wonsan ( in southeastern North Korea ) and Riwon ( in northeastern North Korea ) , already captured by ROK forces . The Eighth U.S. Army and the ROK Army drove up western Korea and captured Pyongyang city , the North Korean capital , on 19 October 1950 . The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team made their first of two combat jumps during the Korean War on 20 October 1950 at Sunchon and Sukchon . The missions of the 187th were to cut the road north going to China , preventing North Korean leaders from escaping from Pyongyang ; and to rescue U.S. prisoners of war . At month 's end , UN forces held 135,000 KPA prisoners of war . As they neared the Sino - Korean border , the UN forces in the west were divided from those in the east by 50 -- 100 miles of mountainous terrain . Taking advantage of the UN Command 's strategic momentum against the communists , General MacArthur believed it necessary to extend the Korean War into China to destroy depots supplying the North Korean war effort . President Truman disagreed , and ordered caution at the Sino - Korean border . China intervenes ( October -- December 1950 ) Chinese forces cross the Yalu River . On 20 August 1950 , Premier Zhou Enlai informed the UN that `` Korea is China 's neighbor ... The Chinese people can not but be concerned about a solution of the Korean question '' . Thus , through neutral - country diplomats , China warned that in safeguarding Chinese national security , they would intervene against the UN Command in Korea . President Truman interpreted the communication as `` a bald attempt to blackmail the UN '' , and dismissed it . On 1 October 1950 , the day that UN troops crossed the 38th parallel , the Soviet ambassador forwarded a telegram from Stalin to Mao and Zhou requesting that China send five to six divisions into Korea , and Kim Il - sung sent frantic appeals to Mao for Chinese military intervention . At the same time , Stalin made it clear that Soviet forces themselves would not directly intervene . Three commanders of PVA during the Korean War . From left to right : Chen Geng ( 1952 ) , Peng Dehuai ( 1950 -- 1952 ) and Deng Hua ( 1952 -- 1953 ) In a series of emergency meetings that lasted from 2 to 5 October , Chinese leaders debated whether to send Chinese troops into Korea . There was considerable resistance among many leaders , including senior military leaders , to confronting the U.S. in Korea . Mao strongly supported intervention , and Zhou was one of the few Chinese leaders who firmly supported him . After Lin Biao politely refused Mao 's offer to command Chinese forces in Korea ( citing his upcoming medical treatment ) , Mao decided that Peng Dehuai would be the commander of the Chinese forces in Korea after Peng agreed to support Mao 's position . Mao then asked Peng to speak in favor of intervention to the rest of the Chinese leaders . After Peng made the case that if U.S. troops conquered Korea and reached the Yalu they might cross it and invade China the Politburo agreed to intervene in Korea . On 4 August 1950 , with a planned invasion of Taiwan aborted due to the heavy U.S. naval presence , Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the People 's Liberation Army 's ( PLA ) Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force . On 8 October 1950 , Mao Zedong redesignated the PLA North East Frontier Force as the Chinese People 's Volunteer Army ( PVA ) . To enlist Stalin 's support , Zhou and a Chinese delegation arrived in Moscow on 10 October , at which point they flew to Stalin 's home at the Black Sea . There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov , Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov . Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition , but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union 's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations . In a subsequent meeting , Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis , and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace , and only after an undisclosed period of time . Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951 . Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful , as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu . Soviet shipments of matériel , when they did arrive , were limited to small quantities of trucks , grenades , machine guns , and the like . Immediately on his return to Beijing on 18 October 1950 , Zhou met with Mao Zedong , Peng Dehuai , and Gao Gang , and the group ordered two hundred thousand Chinese troops to enter North Korea , which they did on 25 October . UN aerial reconnaissance had difficulty sighting PVA units in daytime , because their march and bivouac discipline minimized aerial detection . The PVA marched `` dark - to - dark '' ( 19 : 00 -- 03 : 00 ) , and aerial camouflage ( concealing soldiers , pack animals , and equipment ) was deployed by 05 : 30 . Meanwhile , daylight advance parties scouted for the next bivouac site . During daylight activity or marching , soldiers were to remain motionless if an aircraft appeared , until it flew away ; PVA officers were under order to shoot security violators . Such battlefield discipline allowed a three - division army to march the 460 km ( 286 mi ) from An - tung , Manchuria , to the combat zone in some 19 days . Another division night - marched a circuitous mountain route , averaging 29 km ( 18 mi ) daily for 18 days . Meanwhile , on 15 October 1950 , President Truman and General MacArthur met at Wake Island in the mid-Pacific Ocean . This meeting was much publicized because of the General 's discourteous refusal to meet the President on the continental United States . To President Truman , MacArthur speculated there was little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea , and that the PRC 's opportunity for aiding the KPA had lapsed . He believed the PRC had some 300,000 soldiers in Manchuria , and some 100,000 -- 125,000 soldiers at the Yalu River . He further concluded that , although half of those forces might cross south , `` if the Chinese tried to get down to Pyongyang , there would be the greatest slaughter '' without air force protection . Soldiers from the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division in action near the Ch'ongch'on River , 20 November 1950 After secretly crossing the Yalu River on 19 October , the PVA 13th Army Group launched the First Phase Offensive on 25 October , attacking the advancing UN forces near the Sino - Korean border . This military decision made solely by China changed the attitude of the Soviet Union . Twelve days after Chinese troops entered the war , Stalin allowed the Soviet Air Force to provide air cover , and supported more aid to China . After inflicting heavy losses on the ROK II Corps at the Battle of Onjong , the first confrontation between Chinese and U.S. military occurred on 1 November 1950 ; deep in North Korea , thousands of soldiers from the PVA 39th Army encircled and attacked the U.S. 8th Cavalry Regiment with three - prong assaults -- from the north , northwest , and west -- and overran the defensive position flanks in the Battle of Unsan . The surprise assault resulted in the UN forces retreating back to the Ch'ongch'on River , while the Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts following victory . It is unclear why the Chinese did not press the attack and follow up their victory . The UN Command , however , were unconvinced that the Chinese had openly intervened because of the sudden Chinese withdrawal . On 24 November , the Home - by - Christmas Offensive was launched with the U.S. Eighth Army advancing in northwest Korea , while the US X Corps attacked along the Korean east coast . But the PVA were waiting in ambush with their Second Phase Offensive which they executed at two sectors : the Eastern one at the Chosin Reservoir and the Western sector at Ch'ongch'on River . After consulting with Stalin , on 13 November , Mao appointed Zhou Enlai the overall commander and coordinator of the war effort , with Peng as field commander . On 25 November at the Korean western front , the PVA 13th Army Group attacked and overran the ROK II Corps at the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River , and then inflicted heavy losses on the US 2nd Infantry Division on the UN forces ' right flank . The UN Command retreated ; the U.S. Eighth Army 's retreat ( the longest in US Army history ) was made possible because of the Turkish Brigade 's successful , but very costly , rear - guard delaying action near Kunuri that slowed the PVA attack for two days ( 27 -- 29 November ) . By 30 November , the PVA 13th Army Group managed to expel the U.S. Eighth Army from northwest Korea . Retreating from the north faster than they had counter-invaded , the Eighth Army crossed the 38th parallel border in mid December . UN morale hit rock bottom when Lieutenant General Walton Walker , commander of the U.S. Eighth Army , was killed on 23 December 1950 in an automobile accident . A column of the US 1st Marine Division move through Chinese lines during their breakout from the Chosin Reservoir . Map of the UN retreat in the wake of Chinese intervention Concurrent to the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River was the Battle of Chosin Reservoir which the PVA 9th Army Group initiated on 27 November . Here the UNC forces fared comparatively better : like the Eighth Army the surprise attack forced X Corps to also retreat from northeast Korea but were in the process able to breakout from the attempted encirclement by the PVA and execute a successful tactical withdrawal . X Corps managed to establish a defensive perimeter at the port city of Hungnam on 11 December and were able to evacuate by 24 December in order to reinforce the badly depleted U.S. Eighth Army to the south . During the Hungnam evacuation , about 193 shiploads of UN Command forces and matériel ( approximately 105,000 soldiers , 98,000 civilians , 17,500 vehicles , and 350,000 tons of supplies ) were evacuated to Pusan . The SS Meredith Victory was noted for evacuating 14,000 refugees , the largest rescue operation by a single ship , even though it was designed to hold 12 passengers . Before escaping , the UN Command forces razed most of Hungnam city , especially the port facilities ; and on 16 December 1950 , President Truman declared a national emergency with Presidential Proclamation No. 2914 , 3 C.F.R. 99 ( 1953 ) , which remained in force until 14 September 1978 . The next day ( 17 December 1950 ) Kim Il - sung was deprived of the right of command of KPA by China . China justified its entry into the war as a response to `` American aggression in the guise of the UN '' . Later , the Chinese claimed that U.S. bombers had violated PRC national airspace on three separate occasions and attacked Chinese targets before China intervened . Fighting around the 38th parallel ( January -- June 1951 ) With Lieutenant General Matthew Ridgway assuming the command of the U.S. Eighth Army on 26 December , the PVA and the KPA launched their Third Phase Offensive ( also known as the `` Chinese New Year 's Offensive '' ) on New Year 's Eve of 1950 . Utilizing night attacks in which UN Command fighting positions were encircled and then assaulted by numerically superior troops who had the element of surprise , the attacks were accompanied by loud trumpets and gongs , which fulfilled the double purpose of facilitating tactical communication and mentally disorienting the enemy . UN forces initially had no familiarity with this tactic , and as a result some soldiers panicked , abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south . The Chinese New Year 's Offensive overwhelmed UN forces , allowing the PVA and KPA to conquer Seoul for the second time on 4 January 1951 . B - 26 Invaders bomb logistics depots in Wonsan , North Korea , 1951 These setbacks prompted General MacArthur to consider using nuclear weapons against the Chinese or North Korean interiors , with the intention that radioactive fallout zones would interrupt the Chinese supply chains . However , upon the arrival of the charismatic General Ridgway , the esprit de corps of the bloodied Eighth Army immediately began to revive . UN forces retreated to Suwon in the west , Wonju in the center , and the territory north of Samcheok in the east , where the battlefront stabilized and held . The PVA had outrun its logistics capability and thus were unable to press on beyond Seoul as food , ammunition , and matériel were carried nightly , on foot and bicycle , from the border at the Yalu River to the three battle lines . In late January , upon finding that the PVA had abandoned their battle lines , General Ridgway ordered a reconnaissance - in - force , which became Operation Roundup ( 5 February 1951 ) . A full - scale X Corps advance proceeded , which fully exploited the UN Command 's air superiority , concluding with the UN reaching the Han River and recapturing Wonju . Following the failure of ceasefire negotiations in January , the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 498 on 1 February , condemning PRC as an aggressor , and called upon its forces to withdraw from Korea . In early February , the South Korean 11th Division ran the operation to destroy the guerrillas and their sympathizer citizens in Southern Korea . During the operation , the division and police conducted the Geochang massacre and Sancheong - Hamyang massacre . In mid-February , the PVA counterattacked with the Fourth Phase Offensive and achieved initial victory at Hoengseong . But the offensive was soon blunted by the IX Corps positions at Chipyong - ni in the center . The U.S. 2nd Infantry `` Warrior '' Division 's 23rd Regimental Combat Team and the French Battalion fought a short but desperate battle that broke the attack 's momentum . The battle is sometimes known as the `` Gettysburg of the Korean War '' . 5,600 South Korean , U.S. , and French troops were surrounded on all sides by 25,000 Chinese . United Nations forces had previously retreated in the face of large Communist forces instead of getting cut off , but this time they stood and fought , and won . U.S. Marines move out over rugged mountain terrain while closing with North Korean forces . In the last two weeks of February 1951 , Operation Roundup was followed by Operation Killer , carried out by the revitalized Eighth Army . It was a full - scale , battlefront - length attack staged for maximum exploitation of firepower to kill as many KPA and PVA troops as possible . Operation Killer concluded with I Corps re-occupying the territory south of the Han River , and IX Corps capturing Hoengseong . On 7 March 1951 , the Eighth Army attacked with Operation Ripper , expelling the PVA and the KPA from Seoul on 14 March 1951 . This was the city 's fourth conquest in a year 's time , leaving it a ruin ; the 1.5 million pre-war population was down to 200,000 , and people were suffering from severe food shortages . On 1 March 1951 , Mao sent a cable to Stalin , in which he emphasized the difficulties faced by Chinese forces and the need for air cover , especially over supply lines . Apparently impressed by the Chinese war effort , Stalin agreed to supply two air force divisions , three anti-aircraft divisions , and six thousand trucks . PVA troops in Korea continued to suffer severe logistical problems throughout the war . In late April Peng Dehuai sent his deputy , Hong Xuezhi , to brief Zhou Enlai in Beijing . What Chinese soldiers feared , Hong said , was not the enemy , but having no food , bullets , or trucks to transport them to the rear when they were wounded . Zhou attempted to respond to the PVA 's logistical concerns by increasing Chinese production and improving supply methods , but these efforts were never sufficient . At the same time , large - scale air defense training programs were carried out , and the Chinese Air Force began participating in the war from September 1951 onward . On 11 April 1951 , Commander - in - Chief Truman relieved the controversial General MacArthur , the Supreme Commander in Korea . There were several reasons for the dismissal . MacArthur crossed the 38th parallel in the mistaken belief that the Chinese would not enter the war , leading to major allied losses . He believed that whether to use nuclear weapons should be his decision , not the president 's . MacArthur threatened to destroy China unless it surrendered . While MacArthur felt total victory was the only honorable outcome , Truman was more pessimistic about his chances once involved in a land war in Asia , and felt a truce and orderly withdrawal from Korea could be a valid solution . MacArthur was the subject of congressional hearings in May and June 1951 , which determined that he had defied the orders of the president and thus had violated the U.S. Constitution . A popular criticism of MacArthur was that he never spent a night in Korea , and directed the war from the safety of Tokyo . MacArthur was relieved primarily due to his determination to expand the war into China , which other officials believed would needlessly escalate a limited war and consume too many already overstretched resources . Despite MacArthur 's claims that he was restricted to fighting a limited war when China was fighting all - out , congressional testimony revealed China was using restraint as much as the U.S. was , as they were not using air power against front - line troops , communication lines , ports , naval air forces , or staging bases in Japan , which had been crucial to the survival of UN forces in Korea . Simply fighting on the peninsula had already tied down significant portions of U.S. airpower ; as Air Force chief of staff Hoyt Vandenberg said , 80 -- 85 % the tactical capacity , one - fourth of the strategic portion , and 20 % of air defense forces of the United States were engaged in a single country . There was also fear that crossing into China would provoke the Soviet Union into entering the war ; General Omar Bradley testified that there were 35 Russian divisions totaling some 500,000 troops in the Far East , which if sent into action with the approximately 85 Russian submarines in the vicinity of Korea , could overwhelm U.S. forces and cut supply lines , as well as potentially assist China in taking over territory in Southeast Asia . British UN troops advance alongside a Centurion tank , March 1951 General Ridgway was appointed Supreme Commander , Korea ; he regrouped the UN forces for successful counterattacks , while General James Van Fleet assumed command of the U.S. Eighth Army . Further attacks slowly depleted the PVA and KPA forces ; Operations Courageous ( 23 -- 28 March 1951 ) and Tomahawk ( 23 March 1951 ) were a joint ground and airborne infilltration meant to trap Chinese forces between Kaesong and Seoul . UN forces advanced to `` Line Kansas '' , north of the 38th parallel . The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team 's ( `` Rakkasans '' ) second of two combat jumps was on Easter Sunday , 1951 , at Munsan - ni , South Korea , codenamed Operation Tomahawk . The mission was to get behind Chinese forces and block their movement north . The 60th Indian Parachute Field Ambulance provided the medical cover for the operations , dropping an ADS and a surgical team and treating over 400 battle casualties apart from the civilian casualties that formed the core of their objective as the unit was on a humanitarian mission . The Chinese counterattacked in April 1951 , with the Fifth Phase Offensive , also known as the Chinese Spring Offensive , with three field armies ( approximately 700,000 men ) . The offensive 's first thrust fell upon I Corps , which fiercely resisted in the Battle of the Imjin River ( 22 -- 25 April 1951 ) and the Battle of Kapyong ( 22 -- 25 April 1951 ) , blunting the impetus of the offensive , which was halted at the `` No - name Line '' north of Seoul . On 15 May 1951 , the Chinese commenced the second impulse of the Spring Offensive and attacked the ROK Army and the U.S. X Corps in the east at the Soyang River . After initial success , they were halted by 20 May . At month 's end , the U.S. Eighth Army counterattacked and regained `` Line Kansas '' , just north of the 38th parallel . The UN 's `` Line Kansas '' halt and subsequent offensive action stand - down began the stalemate that lasted until the armistice of 1953 . Stalemate ( July 1951 -- July 1953 ) U.S. M46 Patton tanks , painted with tiger heads thought to demoralize Chinese forces For the remainder of the Korean War the UN Command and the PVA fought , but exchanged little territory ; the stalemate held . Large - scale bombing of North Korea continued , and protracted armistice negotiations began 10 July 1951 at Kaesong . On the Chinese side , Zhou Enlai directed peace talks , and Li Kenong and Qiao Guanghua headed the negotiation team . Combat continued while the belligerents negotiated ; the UN Command forces ' goal was to recapture all of South Korea and to avoid losing territory . The PVA and the KPA attempted similar operations , and later effected military and psychological operations in order to test the UN Command 's resolve to continue the war . The principal battles of the stalemate include the Battle of Bloody Ridge ( 18 August -- 15 September 1951 ) , the Battle of the Punchbowl ( 31 August - 21 September 1951 ) , the Battle of Heartbreak Ridge ( 13 September -- 15 October 1951 ) , the Battle of Old Baldy ( 26 June -- 4 August 1952 ) , the Battle of White Horse ( 6 -- 15 October 1952 ) , the Battle of Triangle Hill ( 14 October -- 25 November 1952 ) , the Battle of Hill Eerie ( 21 March -- 21 June 1952 ) , the sieges of Outpost Harry ( 10 -- 18 June 1953 ) , the Battle of the Hook ( 28 -- 29 May 1953 ) , the Battle of Pork Chop Hill ( 23 March -- 16 July 1953 ) , and the Battle of Kumsong ( 13 -- 27 July 1953 ) . Chinese troops suffered from deficient military equipment , serious logistical problems , overextended communication and supply lines , and the constant threat of UN bombers . All of these factors generally led to a rate of Chinese casualties that was far greater than the casualties suffered by UN troops . The situation became so serious that , in November 1951 , Zhou Enlai called a conference in Shenyang to discuss the PVA 's logistical problems . At the meeting it was decided to accelerate the construction of railways and airfields in the area , to increase the number of trucks available to the army , and to improve air defense by any means possible . These commitments did little to directly address the problems confronting PVA troops . New Zealand artillery crew in action , 1952 In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities . Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted , and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future . On 24 February 1952 , the Military Commission , presided over by Zhou , discussed the PVA 's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort . After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war , Peng , in an angry outburst , shouted : `` You have this and that problem ... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have ! Not to speak of the casualties ! For what are they giving their lives ? We have no aircraft . We have only a few guns . Transports are not protected . More and more soldiers are dying of starvation . Ca n't you overcome some of your difficulties ? '' The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference . Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings , where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups , to be dispatched to Korea in shifts ; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots ; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines ; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union ; to provide the army with more food and clothing ; and , to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government . Armistice ( July 1953 -- November 1954 ) Men from the Royal Australian Regiment , June 1953 The on - again , off - again armistice negotiations continued for two years , first at Kaesong , on the border between North and South Korea , and then at the neighboring village of Panmunjom . A major , problematic negotiation point was prisoner of war ( POW ) repatriation . The PVA , KPA , and UN Command could not agree on a system of repatriation because many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north , which was unacceptable to the Chinese and North Koreans . In the final armistice agreement , signed on 27 July 1953 , a Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission , under the chairman Indian General K.S. Thimayya , was set up to handle the matter . In 1952 , the United States elected a new president , and on 29 November 1952 , the president - elect , Dwight D. Eisenhower , went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War . With the United Nations ' acceptance of India 's proposed Korean War armistice , the KPA , the PVA , and the UN Command ceased fire with the battle line approximately at the 38th parallel . Upon agreeing to the armistice , the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) , which has since been patrolled by the KPA and ROKA , United States , and Joint UN Commands . The Demilitarized Zone runs northeast of the 38th parallel ; to the south , it travels west . The old Korean capital city of Kaesong , site of the armistice negotiations , originally was in pre-war South Korea , but now is part of North Korea . The United Nations Command , supported by the United States , the North Korean People 's Army , and the Chinese People 's Volunteers , signed the Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953 to end the fighting . The Armistice also called upon the governments of South Korea , North Korea , China and the United States to participate in continued peace talks . The war is considered to have ended at this point , even though there was no peace treaty . North Korea nevertheless claims that it won the Korean War . After the war , Operation Glory was conducted from July to November 1954 , to allow combatant countries to exchange their dead . The remains of 4,167 U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps dead were exchanged for 13,528 KPA and PVA dead , and 546 civilians dead in UN prisoner - of - war camps were delivered to the South Korean government . After Operation Glory , 416 Korean War unknown soldiers were buried in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific ( The Punchbowl ) , on the island of Oahu , Hawaii . Defense Prisoner of War / Missing Personnel Office ( DPMO ) records indicate that the PRC and the DPRK transmitted 1,394 names , of which 858 were correct . From 4,167 containers of returned remains , forensic examination identified 4,219 individuals . Of these , 2,944 were identified as from the U.S. , and all but 416 were identified by name . From 1996 to 2006 , the DPRK recovered 220 remains near the Sino - Korean border . Division of Korea ( 1954 -- present ) See also : Korean Demilitarized Zone Delegates sign the Korean Armistice Agreement in P'anmunjŏm . The Korean Armistice Agreement provided for monitoring by an international commission . Since 1953 , the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission ( NNSC ) , composed of members from the Swiss and Swedish Armed Forces , has been stationed near the DMZ . In April 1975 , South Vietnam 's capital was captured by the North Vietnamese army . Encouraged by the success of Communist revolution in Indochina , Kim Il - sung saw it as an opportunity to invade the South . Kim visited China in April of that year , and met with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai to ask for military aid . Despite Pyongyang 's expectations , however , Beijing refused to help North Korea for another war in Korea . A U.S. Army officer confers with South Korean soldiers at Observation Post ( OP ) Ouellette , viewing northward , in April 2008 . The DMZ as seen from the north , 2005 Since the armistice , there have been numerous incursions and acts of aggression by North Korea . In 1976 , the axe murder incident was widely publicized . Since 1974 , four incursion tunnels leading to Seoul have been uncovered . In 2010 , a North Korean submarine torpedoed and sank the South Korean corvette ROKS Cheonan , resulting in the deaths of 46 sailors . Again in 2010 , North Korea fired artillery shells on Yeonpyeong island , killing two military personnel and two civilians . After a new wave of UN sanctions , on 11 March 2013 , North Korea claimed that the armistice had become invalid . On 13 March 2013 , North Korea confirmed it ended the 1953 Armistice and declared North Korea `` is not restrained by the North - South declaration on non-aggression '' . On 30 March 2013 , North Korea stated that it entered a `` state of war '' with South Korea and declared that `` The long - standing situation of the Korean peninsula being neither at peace nor at war is finally over '' . Speaking on 4 April 2013 , the U.S. Secretary of Defense , Chuck Hagel , informed the press that Pyongyang `` formally informed '' the Pentagon that it `` ratified '' the potential use of a nuclear weapon against South Korea , Japan and the United States of America , including Guam and Hawaii . Hagel also stated the United States would deploy the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense anti-ballistic missile system to Guam , because of a credible and realistic nuclear threat from North Korea . In 2016 , it was revealed that North Korea approached the United States about conducting formal peace talks to formally end the war . While the White House agreed to secret peace talks , the plan was rejected due to North Korea 's refusal to discuss nuclear disarmament as part of the terms of the treaty . On 27 April 2018 , it was announced that North Korea and South Korea agreed to talks to end the ongoing 65 year conflict . They committed themselves to the complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula . However , on 15 May 2018 , North Korea cancelled a high - level meeting due to military drills South Korea and the US conducted . Characteristics Korean War memorials are found in every UN Command Korean War participant country ; this one is in Pretoria , South Africa . Casualties According to the data from the U.S. Department of Defense , the United States suffered 33,686 battle deaths , along with 2,830 non-battle deaths , during the Korean War . U.S. battle deaths were 8,516 up to their first engagement with the Chinese on 1 November 1950 . South Korea reported some 373,599 civilian and 137,899 military deaths . Western sources estimate the PVA suffered about 400,000 killed and 486,000 wounded , while the KPA suffered 215,000 killed and 303,000 wounded . Data from official Chinese sources , on the other hand , reported that the Chinese PVA had suffered 114,000 battle deaths , 34,000 non-battle deaths , 340,000 wounded , 7,600 missing and during the war . 7,110 Chinese POWs were repatriated to China . Chinese sources also reported that North Korea had suffered 290,000 casualties , 90,000 captured and a large number of civilian deaths . CNN reported , citing Encyclopædia Britannica that North Korean civilian casualties were 600,000 , while South Korean civilian casualties reached one million . The Chinese and North Koreans estimated that about 390,000 soldiers from the United States , 660,000 soldiers from South Korea and 29,000 other UN soldiers were `` eliminated '' from the battlefield . Recent scholarship puts the full battle death toll on all sides at just over 1.2 million . U.S. unpreparedness for War In a postwar analysis of the unpreparedness of U.S. Army forces deployed to Korea during the summer and fall of 1950 , Army Major General Floyd L. Parks stated that `` Many who never lived to tell the tale had to fight the full range of ground warfare from offensive to delaying action , unit by unit , man by man ... ( T ) hat we were able to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat ... does not relieve us from the blame of having placed our own flesh and blood in such a predicament . '' By 1950 , U.S. Secretary of Defense Louis A. Johnson had established a policy of faithfully following President Truman 's defense economization plans , and had aggressively attempted to implement it even in the face of steadily increasing external threats . He consequently received much of the blame for the initial setbacks in Korea and the widespread reports of ill - equipped and inadequately trained U.S. military forces in the war 's early stages . As an initial response to the invasion , Truman called for a naval blockade of North Korea , and was shocked to learn that such a blockade could be imposed only `` on paper '' , since the U.S. Navy no longer had the warships with which to carry out his request . Army officials , desperate for weaponry , recovered Sherman tanks from World War II Pacific battlefields and reconditioned them for shipment to Korea . Army Ordnance officials at Fort Knox pulled down M26 Pershing tanks from display pedestals around Fort Knox in order to equip the third company of the Army 's hastily formed 70th Tank Battalion . Without adequate numbers of tactical fighter - bomber aircraft , the Air Force took F - 51 ( P - 51 ) propeller - driven aircraft out of storage or from existing Air National Guard squadrons , and rushed them into front - line service . A shortage of spare parts and qualified maintenance personnel resulted in improvised repairs and overhauls . A Navy helicopter pilot aboard an active duty warship recalled fixing damaged rotor blades with masking tape in the absence of spares . Army Reserve and Army National Guard infantry soldiers and new inductees called to duty to fill out understrength infantry divisions found themselves short of nearly everything needed to repel the North Korean forces : artillery , ammunition , heavy tanks , ground - support aircraft , even effective anti-tank weapons such as the M20 3.5 - inch ( 89 mm ) Super Bazooka . Some Army combat units sent to Korea were supplied with worn out , ' red - lined ' M - 1 rifles or carbines in immediate need of ordnance depot overhaul or repair . Only the Marine Corps , whose commanders had stored and maintained their World War II surplus inventories of equipment and weapons , proved ready for deployment , though they still were woefully under - strength , as well as in need of suitable landing craft to practice amphibious operations ( Johnson had transferred most of the remaining craft to the Navy and reserved them for use in training Army units ) . Due to public criticism of his handling of the Korean War , Truman decided to ask for Johnson 's resignation . On 19 September 1950 , Johnson resigned as Secretary of Defense , and the president quickly replaced him with General of the Army George C. Marshall . Armored warfare The initial assault by North Korean KPA forces was aided by the use of Soviet T - 34 - 85 tanks . A North Korean tank corps equipped with about 120 T - 34s spearheaded the invasion . These drove against a ROK Army with few anti-tank weapons adequate to deal with the Soviet T - 34s . Additional Soviet armor was added as the offensive progressed . The North Korean tanks had a good deal of early successes against South Korean infantry , elements of the 24th Infantry Division , and the United States built M24 Chaffee light tanks that they encountered . Interdiction by ground attack aircraft was the only means of slowing the advancing Korean armor . The tide turned in favour of the United Nations forces in August 1950 when the North Koreans suffered major tank losses during a series of battles in which the UN forces brought heavier equipment to bear , including M4A3 Sherman medium tanks backed by U.S. M26 heavy tanks , along with British Centurion , Churchill , and Cromwell tanks . The U.S. landings at Inchon on 15 September cut off the North Korean supply lines , causing their armored forces and infantry to run out of fuel , ammunition , and other supplies . As a result , the North Koreans had to retreat , and many of the T - 34s and heavy weapons had to be abandoned . By the time the North Koreans withdrew from the South , a total of 239 T - 34s and 74 SU - 76s were lost . After November 1950 , North Korean armor was rarely encountered . Following the initial assault by the north , the Korean War saw limited use of tanks and featured no large - scale tank battles . The mountainous , forested terrain , especially in the Eastern Central Zone , was poor tank country , limiting their mobility . Through the last two years of the war in Korea , UN tanks served largely as infantry support and mobile artillery pieces . Naval warfare Naval engagements of the Korean War ( 1950 -- 1953 ) and post-armistice incidents Pre Armistice Korea Strait Chumonchin Chan Haeju Inchon Operation Wonsan Operation Tailboard Wonsan Operation Fireball Buzz Saw Operation Kickoff USS Walke Incident Han River Post Armistice Gangneung Incident ( 1996 ) Sokcho Incident ( 1998 ) Yeosu ( 1998 ) Maritime border incidents First Yeonpyeong ( 1999 ) Second Yeonpyeong ( 2002 ) Daecheong ( 2009 ) Cheonan sinking ( 2010 ) Further information : List of US Navy ships sunk or damaged in action during the Korean conflict To disrupt North Korean communications , USS Missouri fires a salvo from its 16 - inch guns at shore targets near Chongjin , North Korea , 21 October 1950 Because neither Korea had a significant navy , the Korean War featured few naval battles . A skirmish between North Korea and the UN Command occurred on 2 July 1950 ; the U.S. Navy cruiser USS Juneau , the Royal Navy cruiser HMS Jamaica , and the frigate HMS Black Swan fought four North Korean torpedo boats and two mortar gunboats , and sank them . USS Juneau later sank several ammunition ships that had been present . The last sea battle of the Korean War occurred at Inchon , days before the Battle of Inchon ; the ROK ship PC - 703 sank a North Korean mine layer in the Battle of Haeju Island , near Inchon . Three other supply ships were sunk by PC - 703 two days later in the Yellow Sea . Thereafter , vessels from the UN nations held undisputed control of the sea about Korea . The gun ships were used in shore bombardment , while the aircraft carriers provided air support to the ground forces . During most of the war , the UN navies patrolled the west and east coasts of North Korea , sinking supply and ammunition ships and denying the North Koreans the ability to resupply from the sea . Aside from very occasional gunfire from North Korean shore batteries , the main threat to United States and UN navy ships was from magnetic mine s . During the war , five U.S. Navy ships were lost to mines : two minesweepers , two minesweeper escorts , and one ocean tug . Mines and gunfire from North Korean coastal artillery damaged another 87 U.S. warships , resulting in slight to moderate damage . Aerial warfare Further information : MiG Alley , USAF Units and Aircraft of the Korean War , and Korean People 's Air Force The Korean War was the first war in which jet aircraft played the central role in air combat . Once - formidable fighters such as the P - 51 Mustang , F4U Corsair , and Hawker Sea Fury -- all piston - engined , propeller - driven , and designed during World War II -- relinquished their air - superiority roles to a new generation of faster , jet - powered fighters arriving in the theater . For the initial months of the war , the P - 80 Shooting Star , F9F Panther , Gloster Meteor and other jets under the UN flag dominated North Korea 's prop - driven air force of Soviet Yakovlev Yak - 9 and Lavochkin La - 9s . A B - 29 Superfortress bomber dropping its bombs The Chinese intervention in late October 1950 bolstered the Korean People 's Air Force ( KPAF ) of North Korea with the MiG - 15 , one of the world 's most advanced jet fighters . The heavily armed MiGs were faster than first - generation UN jets and so could reach and destroy U.S. B - 29 Superfortress bomber flights despite their fighter escorts . With increasing B - 29 losses , the Air Force was forced to switch from a daylight bombing campaign to a safer but less accurate nighttime bombing of targets . The USAF countered the MiG - 15 by sending over three squadrons of its most capable fighter , the F - 86 Sabre . These arrived in December 1950 . The MiG was designed as a bomber interceptor . It had a very high service ceiling -- 15,000 m ( 50,000 ft ) and carried very heavy weaponry : one 37 mm cannon and two 23 mm cannons . The F - 86 had a ceiling of 13,000 m ( 42,000 ft ) and were armed with six . 50 caliber ( 12.7 mm ) machine guns , which were range adjusted by radar gunsights . If coming in at higher altitude the advantage of engaging or not went to the MiG . Once in a level flight dogfight , both swept - wing designs attained comparable maximum speeds of around 1,100 km / h ( 660 mph ) . The MiG climbed faster , but the Sabre turned and dived better . In summer and autumn 1951 , the outnumbered Sabres of the USAF 's 4th Fighter Interceptor Wing -- only 44 at one point -- continued seeking battle in MiG Alley , where the Yalu River marks the Chinese border , against Chinese and North Korean air forces capable of deploying some 500 aircraft . Following Colonel Harrison Thyng 's communication with the Pentagon , the 51st Fighter - Interceptor Wing finally reinforced the beleaguered 4th Wing in December 1951 ; for the next year - and - a-half stretch of the war , aerial warfare continued . A US Navy Sikorsky HO4S flying near USS Sicily Unlike the Vietnam War , in which the Soviet Union only officially sent `` advisers '' , in the Korean aerial war Soviet forces participated via the 64th Fighter Aviation Corps . Fearful of confronting the United States directly , the Soviet Union denied involvement of their personnel in anything other than an advisory role , but air combat quickly resulted in Soviet pilots dropping their code signals and speaking over the wireless in Russian . This known direct Soviet participation was a casus belli that the UN Command deliberately overlooked , lest the war for the Korean peninsula expand to include the Soviet Union , and potentially escalate into atomic warfare . After the war , and to the present day , the USAF reports an F - 86 Sabre kill ratio in excess of 10 : 1 , with 792 MiG - 15s and 108 other aircraft shot down by Sabres , and 78 Sabres lost to enemy fire . The Soviet Air Force reported some 1,100 air - to - air victories and 335 MiG combat losses , while China 's People 's Liberation Army Air Force ( PLAAF ) reported 231 combat losses , mostly MiG - 15s , and 168 other aircraft lost . The KPAF reported no data , but the UN Command estimates some 200 KPAF aircraft lost in the war 's first stage , and 70 additional aircraft after the Chinese intervention . The USAF disputes Soviet and Chinese claims of 650 and 211 downed F - 86s , respectively . However , one source claims that the U.S. Air Force has more recently cited 224 losses ( c. 100 to air combat ) out of 674 F - 86s deployed to Korea . The Korean War marked a major milestone not only for fixed - wing aircraft , but also for rotorcraft , featuring the first large - scale deployment of helicopters for medical evacuation ( medevac ) . In 1944 -- 1945 , during the Second World War , the YR - 4 helicopter saw limited ambulance duty , but in Korea , where rough terrain trumped the jeep as a speedy medevac vehicle , helicopters like the Sikorsky H - 19 helped reduce fatal casualties to a dramatic degree when combined with complementary medical innovations such as Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals . The limitations of jet aircraft for close air support highlighted the helicopter 's potential in the role , leading to development of the AH - 1 Cobra and other helicopter gunships used in the Vietnam War ( 1965 -- 75 ) . Bombing of North Korea Main article : Bombing of North Korea 1950 - 1953 Pyongyang in May 1951 The initial bombing attack on North Korea was approved on the fourth day of the war , 29 June 1950 , by General Douglas MacArthur immediately upon request by the commanding general of the Far East Air Forces , George E. Stratemeyer . Major bombing began in late July . On 12 August 1950 , the U.S. Air Force dropped 625 tons of bombs on North Korea ; two weeks later , the daily tonnage increased to some 800 tons . From June through October , official U.S. policy was to pursue precision bombing aimed at communication centers ( railroad stations , marshaling yards , main yards , and railways ) and industrial facilities deemed vital to war making capacity . The policy was the result of debates after World War II , in which U.S. policy rejected the mass civilian bombings that had been conducted in the later stages of World War II as unproductive and immoral . In early July , General Emmett `` Rosie '' O'Donnell requested permission to burn five North Korean cities . He proposed that MacArthur announce that the UN would employ the firebombing methods that `` brought Japan to its knees . '' The announcement would warn the leaders of North Korea `` to get women and children and other noncombatants the hell out . '' According to O'Donnell , MacArthur responded , `` No , Rosy , I 'm not prepared to go that far yet . My instructions are very explicit ; however , I want you to know that I have no compunction whatever to your bombing bona fide military objectives , with high explosives , in those five industrial centers . If you miss your target and kill people or destroy other parts of the city , I accept that as a part of war . '' In September 1950 , MacArthur said in his public report the United Nations , `` The problem of avoiding the killing of innocent civilians and damages to the civilian economy is continually present and given my personal attention . '' In October 1950 , FEAF commander General Stratemeyer requested permission to attack the city of Sinuiju , a provincial capital with an estimated population of 60,000 , `` over the widest area of the city , without warning , by burning and high explosive . '' MacArthur 's headquarters responded the following day : `` The general policy enunciated from Washington negates such an attack unless the military situation clearly requires it . Under present circumstances this is not the case . '' Following the intervention of the Chinese in November , General MacArthur ordered increased bombing on North Korea which included incendiary attacks against the country 's arsenals and communications centers and especially against the `` Korean end '' of all the bridges across the Yalu River . As with the aerial bombing campaigns over Germany and Japan in World War II , the nominal objective of the U.S. Air Force was to destroy North Korea 's war infrastructure and shatter the country 's morale . On 3 November 1950 , General Stratemeyer forwarded to MacArthur the request of Fifth Air Force commander General Earle E. Partridge for clearance to `` burn Sinuiju . '' As he had done previously in July and October , MacArthur again denied the request , explaining that he planned to use the town 's facilities after seizing it . However , at the same meeting , MacArthur agreed for the first time to a firebombing campaign , agreeing to Stratemeyer 's request to burn the city of Kanggye and several other towns : `` Burn it if you so desire . Not only that , Strat , but burn and destroy as a lesson any other of those towns that you consider of military value to the enemy . '' The same evening , MacArthur 's chief of staff told Stratemeyer that the firebombing of Sinuiju had also been approved . In his diary , Stratemeyer summarized the instructions as follows : `` Every installation , facility , and village in North Korea now becomes a military and tactical target . '' Stratemeyer sent orders to the Fifth Air Force and Bomber Command to `` destroy every means of communications and every installation , factory , city , and village . '' On 5 November 1950 , General Stratemeyer gave the following order to the commanding general of the Fifth Air Force : `` Aircraft under Fifth Air Force control will destroy all other targets including all buildings capable of affording shelter . '' The same day , twenty - two B - 29s attacked Kanggye , destroying 75 % of the city . After MacArthur was removed as Supreme Commander in Korea in April 1951 , his successors continued this policy and ultimately extended it to all of North Korea . The U.S. dropped a total of 635,000 tons of bombs , including 32,557 tons of napalm , on Korea , more than during the whole Pacific campaign of World War II . A USAF Douglas B - 26B Invader of the 452nd Bombardment Wing bombing a target in North Korea , 29 May 1951 Almost every substantial building in North Korea was destroyed as a result . The war 's highest - ranking U.S. POW , U.S. Major General William F. Dean , reported that the majority of North Korean cities and villages he saw were either rubble or snow - covered wasteland . North Korean factories , schools , hospitals , and government offices were forced to move underground , and air defenses were `` non-existent . '' In November 1950 , the North Korean leadership instructed their population to build dugouts and mud huts and to dig underground tunnels , in order to solve the acute housing problem . U.S. Air Force General Curtis LeMay commented , `` we went over there and fought the war and eventually burned down every town in North Korea anyway , some way or another , and some in South Korea , too . '' Pyongyang , which saw 75 percent of its area destroyed , was so devastated that bombing was halted as there were no longer any worthy targets . On 28 November , Bomber Command reported on the campaign 's progress : 95 percent of Manpojin was destroyed , along with 90 percent of Hoeryong , Namsi and Koindong , 85 percent of Chosan , 75 percent of both Sakchu and Huichon , and 20 percent of Uiju . According to USAF damage assessments , `` eighteen of twenty - two major cities in North Korea had been at least half obliterated . '' By the end of the campaign , US bombers had difficulty in finding targets and were reduced to bombing footbridges or jettisoning their bombs into the sea . As well as conventional bombing , the Communist side claimed that the U.S. used biological weapons . These claims have been disputed ; Conrad Crane asserts that while the U.S. worked towards developing chemical and biological weapons , the U.S. military `` possessed neither the ability , nor the will '' , to use them in combat . U.S. threat of atomic warfare Mark 4 bomb , seen on display , transferred to the 9th Bombardment Wing , Heavy On 5 November 1950 , the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS ) issued orders for the retaliatory atomic bombing of Manchurian PRC military bases , if either their armies crossed into Korea or if PRC or KPA bombers attacked Korea from there . The President ordered the transfer of nine Mark 4 nuclear bombs `` to the Air Force 's Ninth Bomb Group , the designated carrier of the weapons ... ( and ) signed an order to use them against Chinese and Korean targets '' , which he never transmitted . Many U.S. officials viewed the deployment of nuclear - capable ( but not nuclear - armed ) B - 29 bombers to Britain as helping to resolve the Berlin Blockade of 1948 -- 1949 . Truman and Eisenhower both had military experience and viewed nuclear weapons as potentially usable components of their military . During Truman 's first meeting to discuss the war on 25 June 1950 , he ordered plans be prepared for attacking Soviet forces if they entered the war . By July , Truman approved another B - 29 deployment to Britain , this time with bombs ( but without their cores ) , to remind the Soviets of U.S. offensive ability . Deployment of a similar fleet to Guam was leaked to The New York Times . As United Nations forces retreated to Pusan , and the CIA reported that mainland China was building up forces for a possible invasion of Taiwan , the Pentagon believed that Congress and the public would demand using nuclear weapons if the situation in Korea required them . As Chinese forces pushed back the United States forces from the Yalu River , Truman stated during a 30 November 1950 press conference that using nuclear weapons was `` always ( under ) active consideration '' , with control under the local military commander . The Indian ambassador , K. Madhava Panikkar , reports `` that Truman announced he was thinking of using the atom bomb in Korea . But the Chinese seemed unmoved by this threat ... The PRC 's propaganda against the U.S. was stepped up . The `` Aid Korea to resist America '' campaign was made the slogan for increased production , greater national integration , and more rigid control over anti-national activities . One could not help feeling that Truman 's threat came in useful to the leaders of the Revolution , to enable them to keep up the tempo of their activities . '' After his statement caused concern in Europe , Truman met on 4 December 1950 with UK prime minister and Commonwealth spokesman Clement Attlee , French Premier René Pleven , and Foreign Minister Robert Schuman to discuss their worries about atomic warfare and its likely continental expansion . The United States ' forgoing atomic warfare was not because of `` a disinclination by the Soviet Union and People 's Republic of China to escalate '' the Korean War , but because UN allies -- notably from the UK , the Commonwealth , and France -- were concerned about a geopolitical imbalance rendering NATO defenseless while the United States fought China , who then might persuade the Soviet Union to conquer Western Europe . The Joint Chiefs of Staff advised Truman to tell Attlee that the United States would use nuclear weapons only if necessary to protect an evacuation of UN troops , or to prevent a `` major military disaster '' . On 6 December 1950 , after the Chinese intervention repelled the UN Command armies from northern North Korea , General J. Lawton Collins ( Army Chief of Staff ) , General MacArthur , Admiral C. Turner Joy , General George E. Stratemeyer , and staff officers Major General Doyle Hickey , Major General Charles A. Willoughby , and Major General Edwin K. Wright met in Tokyo to plan strategy countering the Chinese intervention ; they considered three potential atomic warfare scenarios encompassing the next weeks and months of warfare . In the first scenario : If the PVA continued attacking in full and the UN Command was forbidden to blockade and bomb China , and without ROC reinforcements , and without an increase in U.S. forces until April 1951 ( four National Guard divisions were due to arrive ) , then atomic bombs might be used in North Korea . In the second scenario : If the PVA continued full attacks and the UN Command blockaded China and had effective aerial reconnaissance and bombing of the Chinese interior , and the ROC soldiers were maximally exploited , and tactical atomic bombing was to hand , then the UN forces could hold positions deep in North Korea . In the third scenario : if China agreed to not cross the 38th parallel border , General MacArthur recommended UN acceptance of an armistice disallowing PVA and KPA troops south of the parallel , and requiring PVA and KPA guerrillas to withdraw northwards . The U.S. Eighth Army would remain to protect the Seoul -- Incheon area , while X Corps would retreat to Pusan . A UN commission should supervise implementation of the armistice . Both the Pentagon and the State Department were cautious about using nuclear weapons because of the risk of general war with China and the diplomatic ramifications . Truman and his senior advisors agreed , and never seriously considered using them in early December 1950 despite the poor military situation in Korea . In 1951 , the U.S. escalated closest to atomic warfare in Korea . Because China deployed new armies to the Sino - Korean frontier , pit crews at the Kadena Air Base , Okinawa , assembled atomic bombs for Korean warfare , `` lacking only the essential pit nuclear cores '' . In October 1951 , the United States effected Operation Hudson Harbor to establish a nuclear weapons capability . USAF B - 29 bombers practised individual bombing runs from Okinawa to North Korea ( using dummy nuclear or conventional bombs ) , coordinated from Yokota Air Base in east - central Japan . Hudson Harbor tested `` actual functioning of all activities which would be involved in an atomic strike , including weapons assembly and testing , leading , ground control of bomb aiming '' . The bombing run data indicated that atomic bombs would be tactically ineffective against massed infantry , because the `` timely identification of large masses of enemy troops was extremely rare . '' Ridgway was authorized to use nuclear weapons if a major air attack originated from outside Korea . An envoy was sent to Hong Kong to deliver a warning to China . The message likely caused Chinese leaders to be more cautious about potential U.S. use of nuclear weapons , but whether they learned about the B - 29 deployment is unclear and the failure of the two major Chinese offensives that month likely was what caused them to shift to a defensive strategy in Korea . The B - 29s returned to the United States in June . Despite the greater destructive power deploying atomic weapons would bring to the war , their effects on determining the war 's outcome would have likely been minimal . Tactically , given the dispersed nature of Chinese and North Korean forces , the relatively primitive infrastructure for staging and logistics centers , and the small number of bombs available ( most would have been conserved for use against the Soviets ) , atomic attacks would have limited effects against the ability of China to mobilize and move forces . Strategically , attacking Chinese cities to destroy civilian industry and infrastructure would cause the immediate dispersion of the leadership away from such areas and give propaganda value for the communists to galvanize the support of Chinese civilians . Since the Soviets were not expected to intervene with their few primitive atomic weapons on China or North Korea 's behalf if the U.S. used theirs first , factors such as little operational value and the lowering of the `` threshold '' for using atomic weapons against non-nuclear states in future conflicts played more of a role in not employing them than the threat of a possible nuclear exchange . When Eisenhower succeeded Truman in early 1953 he was similarly cautious about using nuclear weapons in Korea , including for diplomatic purposes to encourage progress in ongoing truce discussions . The administration prepared contingency plans to use them against China , but like Truman , the new president feared doing so would result in Soviet attacks on Japan . The war ended as it began , without U.S. nuclear weapons deployed near battle . War crimes Civilian deaths and massacres Further information : Bodo League massacre , Seoul National University Hospital massacre , No Gun Ri Massacre , Sinchon Massacre , Ganghwa massacre , Sancheong - Hamyang massacre , and Geochang massacre South Korean soldiers walk among the bodies of political prisoners executed near Daejon , July 1950 Civilians killed during a night battle near Yongsan , August 1950 There were numerous atrocities and massacres of civilians throughout the Korean war committed by both the North and South Koreans . Many started on the first days of the war . South Korean President Syngman Rhee ordered the Bodo League massacre on 28 June , beginning killings of more than 100,000 suspected leftist sympathizers and their families by South Korean officials and right - wing groups . During the massacre , the British protested to their allies and saved some citizens . In occupied areas , North Korean Army political officers purged South Korean society of its intelligentsia by executing every educated person -- academic , governmental , religious -- who might lead resistance against the North ; the purges continued during the NPA retreat . When the North Koreans retreated north in September 1950 , they abducted tens of thousands of South Korean men . The reasons are not clear , but the intention might have been to acquire skilled professionals to the North . In addition to conventional military operations , North Korean soldiers fought the UN forces by infiltrating guerrillas among refugees . These soldiers disguised as refugees would approach UN forces asking for food and help , then open fire and attack . U.S. troops acted under a `` shoot - first - ask - questions - later '' policy against any civilian refugee approaching U.S. battlefield positions , a policy that led U.S. soldiers to kill an estimated 400 civilians at No Gun Ri ( 26 -- 29 July 1950 ) in central Korea because they believed some of the refugees to be North Korean soldiers in disguise . The South Korean Truth and Reconciliation Commission defended this policy as a `` military necessity '' . Beginning in 2005 , the South Korean Truth and Reconciliation Commission has investigated numerous atrocities committed by the Japanese colonial government , North Korean military , U.S. military , and the authoritarian South Korean government . It has investigated atrocities before , during and after the Korean War . The Commission verified over 14,000 civilians were killed in the Jeju uprising ( 1948 -- 49 ) that involved South Korean military and paramilitary units against pro-North Korean guerrillas . Although most of the fighting subsided by 1949 , it continued until 1950 . The Commission estimates 86 % of the civilians were killed by South Korean forces . The Americans on the island documented the events , but never intervened . Prisoners of War See also : Korean War POWs detained in North Korea , Hill 303 massacre , and List of American and British defectors in the Korean War A US Marine guards North Korean prisoners of war aboard an American warship in 1951 . Chinese POWs At Geoje prison camp on Geoje Island , Chinese POWs experienced anti-communist lecturing and missionary work from secret agents from the U.S. and Taiwan in No. 71 , 72 and 86 camps . Pro-Communist POWs experienced torture , cutting off of limbs , or were executed in public . Being forced to write confession letters and receiving tattoos of an anti-Communism slogan and Flag of the Republic of China were also commonly seen , in case any wanted to go back to mainland China . Pro-Communist POWs who could not endure the torture formed an underground group to fight the pro-Nationalist POWs secretly by assassination which led to the Geoje Uprising . The rebellion captured Francis Dodd , and was cracked down by the 187th Infantry Regiment . In the end , 14,235 Chinese POWs went to Nationalist China ( Taiwan ) and less than 6,000 POWs went back to mainland China . Those who went to Taiwan are called `` righteous men '' and experienced brainwashing again and were sent to the army or were arrested ; while the survivors who went back to mainland China were welcomed as a `` hero '' first , but experienced anti-brainwashing , strict interrogation , and house arrest eventually , after the tattoos were discovered . After 1988 , the Taiwanese government allowed POWs to go back to mainland China , and helped remove anti-communist tattoos ; while the mainland Chinese government started to accept old POWs to return from Taiwan . UN Command POWs During the first days of the war North Korean soldiers committed the Seoul National University Hospital massacre . The United States reported that North Korea mistreated prisoners of war : soldiers were beaten , starved , put to forced labor , marched to death , and summarily executed . The KPA killed POWs at the battles for Hill 312 , Hill 303 , the Pusan Perimeter , and Daejeon ; these massacres were discovered afterwards by the UN forces . Later , a U.S. Congress war crimes investigation , the United States Senate Subcommittee on Korean War Atrocities of the Permanent Subcommittee of the Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations , reported that `` two - thirds of all American prisoners of war in Korea died as a result of war crimes '' . Although the Chinese rarely executed prisoners like their North Korean counterparts , mass starvation and diseases swept through the Chinese - run POW camps during the winter of 1950 -- 51 . About 43 percent of U.S. POWs died during this period . The Chinese defended their actions by stating that all Chinese soldiers during this period were suffering mass starvation and diseases due to logistical difficulties . The UN POWs said that most of the Chinese camps were located near the easily supplied Sino - Korean border , and that the Chinese withheld food to force the prisoners to accept the communism indoctrination programs . According to Chinese reports , over a thousand U.S. POWs died by the end of June 1951 , while a dozen British POWs died , and all Turkish POW survived . According to Hastings , wounded U.S. POWs died for lack of medical attention and were fed a diet of corn and millet `` devoid of vegetables , almost barren of proteins , minerals , or vitamins '' with only 1 / 3 the calories of their usual diet . Especially in early 1951 , thousands of prisoners lost the will to live and `` declined to eat the mess of sorghum and rice they were provided . '' Two Hill 303 survivors after being rescued by US units , 17 August 1950 The unpreparedness of U.S. POWs to resist heavy communist indoctrination during the Korean War led to the Code of the United States Fighting Force which governs how U.S. military personnel in combat should act when they must `` evade capture , resist while a prisoner or escape from the enemy '' . North Korea may have detained up to 50,000 South Korean POWs after the ceasefire . Over 88,000 South Korean soldiers were missing and the Communists ' claimed they captured 70,000 South Koreans . However , when ceasefire negotiations began in 1951 , the Communists reported they held only 8,000 South Koreans . The UN Command protested the discrepancies and alleged that the Communists were forcing South Korean POWs to join the KPA . The Communist side denied such allegations . They claimed their POW rosters were small because many POWs were killed in UN air raids and that they had released ROK soldiers at the front . They insisted only volunteers were allowed to serve in the KPA . By early 1952 , UN negotiators gave up trying to get back the missing South Koreans . The POW exchange proceeded without access to South Korean POWs not on the Communist rosters . North Korea continued to claim that any South Korean POW who stayed in the North did so voluntarily . However , since 1994 , South Korean POWs have been escaping North Korea on their own after decades of captivity . As of 2010 , the South Korean Ministry of Unification reported that 79 ROK POWs escaped the North . The South Korean government estimates 500 South Korean POWs continue to be detained in North Korea . The escaped POWs have testified about their treatment and written memoirs about their lives in North Korea . They report they were not told about the POW exchange procedures , and were assigned to work in mines in the remote northeastern regions near the Chinese and Russian border . Declassified Soviet Foreign Ministry documents corroborate such testimony . In 1997 , the Geoje POW Camp in South Korea was turned into a memorial . Starvation See also : National Defense Corps Incident In December 1950 , National Defense Corps was founded ; the soldiers were 406,000 drafted citizens . In the winter of 1951 , 50,000 to 90,000 South Korean National Defense Corps soldiers starved to death while marching southward under the Chinese offensive when their commanding officers embezzled funds earmarked for their food . This event is called the National Defense Corps Incident . There is no evidence that Syngman Rhee was personally involved in or benefited from the corruption . Recreation Further information : United Service Organizations Bob Hope entertained X Corps in Korea on 26 October 1950 . In 1950 , Secretary of Defense George C. Marshall and Secretary of the Navy Francis P. Matthews called on the USO which was disbanded by 1947 to provide support for U.S. servicemen . By the end of the war , more than 113,000 USO volunteers from the U.S. were working at home front and abroad . Many stars came to Korea to give their performances . Throughout the Korean War , UN Comfort Stations were operated by South Korean officials for UN soldiers . Aftermath Main article : Aftermath of the Korean War The Korean Peninsula at night , shown in a 2012 composite photograph from NASA Postwar recovery was different in the two Koreas . South Korea stagnated in the first postwar decade . In 1953 , South Korea and the United States signed a Mutual Defense Treaty . In 1960 , the April Revolution occurred and students joined an anti-Syngman Rhee demonstration ; 142 were killed by police ; in consequence Syngman Rhee resigned and left for exile in the United States . Park Chung - hee 's May 16 coup enabled social stability . In the 1960s , prostitution and related services represented 25 percent of South Korean GNP . From 1965 to 1973 , South Korea dispatched troops to Vietnam and received $235,560,000 in allowance and military procurement from the United States . GNP increased fivefold during the Vietnam War . South Korea industrialized and modernized . Contemporary North Korea remains underdeveloped . South Korea had one of the world 's fastest - growing economies from the early 1960s to the late 1990s . In 1957 South Korea had a lower per capita GDP than Ghana , and by 2010 it was ranked thirteenth in the world ( Ghana was 86th ) . Following extensive USAF bombing , North Korea `` had been virtually destroyed as an industrial society . '' After the armistice , Kim Il - Sung requested Soviet economic and industrial assistance . In September 1953 , the Soviet government agreed to `` cancel or postpone repayment for all ... outstanding debts '' , and promised to grant North Korea one billion rubles in monetary aid , industrial equipment and consumer goods . Eastern European members of the Soviet Bloc also contributed with `` logistical support , technical aid , ( and ) medical supplies . '' China canceled North Korea 's war debts , provided 800 million yuan , promised trade cooperation , and sent in thousands of troops to rebuild damaged infrastructure . Postwar , about 100,000 North Koreans were executed in purges . According to Rummel , forced labor and concentration camps were responsible for over one million deaths in North Korea from 1945 to 1987 ; others have estimated 400,000 deaths in concentration camps alone . Estimates based on the most recent North Korean census suggest that 240,000 to 420,000 people died as a result of the 1990s North Korean famine and that there were 600,000 to 850,000 unnatural deaths in North Korea from 1993 to 2008 . A study by South Korean anthropologists of North Korean children who had defected to China found that 18 - year - old males were 13 centimetres ( 5 in ) shorter than South Koreans their age because of malnutrition . South Korean anti-Americanism after the war was fueled by the presence and behavior of U.S. military personnel ( USFK ) and U.S. support for the authoritarian regime , a fact still evident during the country 's democratic transition in the 1980s . However , anti-Americanism has declined significantly in South Korea in recent years , from 46 % favorable in 2003 to 74 % favorable in 2011 , making South Korea one of the most pro-U.S. countries in the world . In addition , a large number of mixed - race `` G.I. babies '' ( offspring of U.S. and other UN soldiers and Korean women ) were filling up the country 's orphanages . Because Korean traditional society places significant weight on paternal family ties , bloodlines , and purity of race , children of mixed race or those without fathers are not easily accepted in South Korean society . International adoption of Korean children began in 1954 . The U.S. Immigration Act of 1952 legalized the naturalization of non-blacks and non-whites as U.S. citizens , and made possible the entry of military spouses and children from South Korea after the Korean War . With the passage of the Immigration Act of 1965 , which substantially changed U.S. immigration policy toward non-Europeans , Koreans became one of the fastest - growing Asian groups in the United States . Mao Zedong 's decision to take on the United States in the Korean War was a direct attempt to confront what the Communist bloc viewed as the strongest anti-Communist power in the world , undertaken at a time when the Chinese Communist regime was still consolidating its own power after winning the Chinese Civil War . Mao supported intervention not to save North Korea , but because he believed that a military conflict with the United States was inevitable after the United States entered the Korean War , and to appease the Soviet Union to secure military dispensation and achieve Mao 's goal of making China a major world military power . Mao was equally ambitious in improving his own prestige inside the communist international community by demonstrating that his Marxist concerns were international . In his later years Mao believed that Stalin only gained a positive opinion of him after China 's entrance into the Korean War . Inside mainland China , the war improved the long - term prestige of Mao , Zhou , and Peng , allowing the Chinese Communist Party to increase its legitimacy while weakening anti-Communist dissent . North Koreans touring the Museum of American War Atrocities in 2009 The Chinese government have encouraged the point of view that the war was initiated by the United States and South Korea , though ComIntern documents have shown that Mao sought approval from Joseph Stalin to enter the war . In Chinese media , the Chinese war effort is considered as an example of China 's engaging the strongest power in the world with an under - equipped army , forcing it to retreat , and fighting it to a military stalemate . These successes were contrasted with China 's historical humiliations by Japan and by Western powers over the previous hundred years , highlighting the abilities of the People 's Liberation Army and the Chinese Communist Party . The most significant negative long - term consequence of the war for China was that it led the United States to guarantee the safety of Chiang Kai - shek 's regime in Taiwan , effectively ensuring that Taiwan would remain outside of PRC control through the present day . Mao had also discovered the usefulness of large - scale mass movements in the war while implementing them among most of his ruling measures over PRC . Finally , anti-U.S. sentiments , which were already a significant factor during the Chinese Civil War , was ingrained into Chinese culture during the Communist propaganda campaigns of the Korean War . The Korean War affected other participant combatants . Turkey , for example , entered NATO in 1952 , and the foundation was laid for bilateral diplomatic and trade relations with South Korea . See also Korea portal North Korea portal South Korea portal War portal Cold War portal 1950s portal 1st Commonwealth Division Australia in the Korean War Canada in the Korean War Historical revisionism ( negationism ) # North Korea and the Korean War Joint Advisory Commission , Korea Korean conflict Korean DMZ Conflict ( 1966 -- 1969 ) Korean reunification Korean War in popular culture List of books about the Korean War List of Korean War weapons List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients List of military equipment used in the Korean War List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll New Zealand in the Korean War North Korea in the Korean War Operation Big Switch Operation Little Switch Operation Moolah Partisans in Korean War , Partisan Movement Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea Pyongyang Sally UNCMAC -- the UN Command Military Armistice Commission operating from 1953 to the present UNCURK -- the 1951 UN Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea UNTCOK -- the 1950 United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea M * A * S * H -- TV series MASH -- film War memorials : United Nations Memorial Cemetery , Busan , Republic of Korea Korean War Veterans Memorial , Washington , D.C. Philadelphia Korean War Memorial National War Memorial ( New Zealand ) Korean War Memorial Wall , Brampton , Ontario War Memorial of Korea Yongsan - dong , Yongsan - gu , Seoul , South Korea Footnotes ^ Jump up to : On 9 July 1951 troop constituents were : US : 70.4 % , ROK : 23.3 % other UNC : 6.3 % Jump up ^ End of physical conflict and signing of an armistice . De jure , North and South Korea are still at war . Jump up ^ As per armistice agreement of 1953 , the opposing sides had to `` insure a complete cessation of hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final peaceful settlement is achieved '' . Jump up ^ See 50 U.S.C. S 1601 : `` All powers and authorities possessed by the President , any other officer or employee of the Federal Government , or any executive agency ... as a result of the existence of any declaration of national emergency in effect on 14 September 1976 are terminated two years from 14 September 1976 . '' ; Jolley v. INS , 441 F. 2d 1245 , 1255 n. 17 ( 5th Cir. 1971 ) . Citations Jump up ^ Kim , Heesu ( 1996 ) . Anglo - American Relations and the Attempts to Settle the Korean Question 1953 -- 1960 ( PDF ) ( Thesis ) . London School of Economics and Political Science . p. 213 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 April 2017 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Young , Sam Ma ( 2010 ) . `` Israel 's Role in the UN during the Korean War '' ( PDF ) . Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs . 4 ( 3 ) : 81 -- 89 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Post-War Warriors : Japanese Combatants in the Korean War '' . Jump up ^ Edles , Laura Desfor ( 1998 ) . Symbol and Ritual in the New Spain : the transition to democracy after Franco . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 32 . ISBN 0521628857 . Jump up ^ `` Českoslovenští lékaři stáli v korejské válce na straně KLDR . Jejich mise stále vyvolává otazníky '' ( in Czech ) . Czech Radio . 11 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 October 2016 . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Paul M. ( 2006 ) . Korean War Almanac . Almanacs of American wars . New York : Infobase Publishing . p. 528 . ISBN 978 - 0816074679 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kocsis , Piroska ( 2005 ) . `` Magyar orvosok Koreában ( 1950 -- 1957 ) '' ( Hungarian physicians in Korea ( 1950 -- 1957 ) ) . ArchivNet : XX . századi történeti források ( in Hungarian ) . Budapest : Magyar Országos Levéltár . Archived from the original on 10 May 2017 . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Romania 's `` Fraternal Support '' to North Korea during the Korean War , 1950 -- 1953 `` . Wilson Centre . Archived from the original on 21 February 2013 . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Stueck 1995 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Millett , Allan Reed , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Korean War , Volume 3 . Korea Institute of Military History . U of Nebraska Press . p. 541 . ISBN 978 - 0803277960 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . India could not be considered neutral . Jump up ^ Birtle , Andrew J. ( 2000 ) . The Korean War : Years of Stalemate . U.S. Army Center of Military History . p. 34 . Archived from the original on 14 December 2007 . Retrieved 14 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Millett , Allan Reed , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Korean War , Volume 3 . Korea Institute of Military History . U of Nebraska Press . p. 692 . ISBN 978 - 0803277960 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Total Strength 602,902 troops Jump up ^ Tim Kane ( 27 October 2004 ) . `` Global U.S. Troop Deployment , 1950 -- 2003 '' . Reports . The Heritage Foundation . Archived from the original on 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Ashley Rowland ( 22 October 2008 ) . `` U.S. to keep troop levels the same in South Korea '' . Stars and Stripes . Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Colonel Tommy R. Mize , United States Army ( 12 March 2012 ) . `` U.S. Troops Stationed in South Korea , Anachronistic ? '' . United States Army War College . Defense Technical Information Center . Archived from the original on 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Louis H. Zanardi ; Barbara A. Schmitt ; Peter Konjevich ; M. Elizabeth Guran ; Susan E. Cohen ; Judith A. McCloskey ( August 1991 ) . `` Military Presence : U.S. Personnel in the Pacific Theater '' ( PDF ) . Reports to Congressional Requesters . United States General Accounting Office . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : USFK Public Affairs Office . `` USFK United Nations Command '' . United States Forces Korea . United States Department of Defense . Archived from the original on 11 July 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Republic of Korea -- 590,911 Colombia -- 1,068 United States -- 302,483 Belgium -- 900 United Kingdom -- 14,198 South Africa -- 826 Canada -- 6,146 The Netherlands -- 819 Turkey -- 5,453 Luxembourg -- 44 Australia -- 2,282 Philippines -- 1,496 New Zealand -- 1,385 Thailand -- 1,204 Ethiopia -- 1,271 Greece -- 1,263 France -- 1,119 Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon L. ( 2002 ) . Korean War Order of Battle : United States , United Nations , and Communist Ground , Naval , and Air Forces , 1950 -- 1953 . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 0275978358 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . A peak strength of 14,198 British troops was reached in 1952 , with over 40,000 total serving in Korea . `` UK - Korea Relations '' . British Embassy Pyongyang . Foreign and Commonwealth Office . 9 February 2012 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . When war came to Korea in June 1950 , Britain was second only to the United States in the contribution it made to the UN effort in Korea . 87,000 British troops took part in the Korean conflict , and over 1,000 British servicemen lost their lives Jack D. Walker . `` A Brief Account of the Korean War '' . Information . Korean War Veterans Association . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Other countries to furnish combat units , with their peak strength , were : Australia ( 2,282 ) , Belgium / Luxembourg ( 944 ) , Canada ( 6,146 ) , Colombia ( 1,068 ) , Ethiopia ( 1,271 ) , France ( 1,119 ) , Greece ( 1,263 ) , Netherlands ( 819 ) , New Zealand ( 1,389 ) , Philippines ( 1,496 ) , Republic of South Africa ( 826 ) , Thailand ( 1,294 ) , Turkey ( 5,455 ) , and the United Kingdom ( Great Britain 14,198 ) . Jump up ^ `` Land of the Morning Calm : Canadians in Korea 1950 -- 1953 '' . Veterans Affairs Canada . Government of Canada . 7 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Peak Canadian Army strength in Korea was 8,123 all ranks . ^ Jump up to : `` Casualties of Korean War '' ( in Korean ) . Ministry of National Defense of Republic of Korea . Archived from the original on 20 January 2013 . Retrieved 14 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Paul M. ( 2006 ) . Korean War Almanac . Almanacs of American wars . Infobase Publishing . p. 517 . ISBN 978 - 0816074679 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Zhang 1995 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Shrader , Charles R. ( 1995 ) . Communist Logistics in the Korean War . Issue 160 of Contributions in Military Studies . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 0313295096 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . NKPA strength peaked in October 1952 at 266,600 men in eighteen divisions and six independent brigades . Jump up ^ Kolb , Richard K. ( 1999 ) . `` In Korea we whipped the Russian Air Force '' . VFW Magazine . Veterans of Foreign Wars . 86 ( 11 ) . Archived from the original on 10 May 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Soviet involvement in the Korean War was on a large scale . During the war , 72,000 Soviet troops ( among them 5,000 pilots ) served along the Yalu River in Manchuria . At least 12 air divisions rotated through . A peak strength of 26,000 men was reached in 1952 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Military Casualties -- Korean War Casualty Summary '' . Defense Casualty Analysis System . United States Department of Defense . 5 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Summary Statistics '' . Defense POW / Missing Personnel Office . United States Department of Defense . 24 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 25 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records of American Prisoners of War During the Korean War , created , 1950 -- 1953 , documenting the period 1950 -- 1953 '' . Access to Archival Databases . National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original on 1 November 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . This series has records for 4,714 U.S. military officers and soldiers who were prisoners of war ( POWs ) during the Korean War and therefore considered casualties . ^ Jump up to : Office of the Defence Attaché ( 30 September 2010 ) . `` Korean war '' . British Embassy Seoul . Foreign and Commonwealth Office . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Korean War WebQuest '' . Veterans Affairs Canada . Government of Canada . 11 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . In Brampton , Ontario , there is a 60 - metre long `` Memorial Wall '' of polished granite , containing individual bronze plaques which commemorate the 516 Canadian soldiers who died during the Korean War . `` Canada Remembers the Korean War '' . Veterans Affairs Canada . Government of Canada . 1 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2012 . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . The names of 516 Canadians who died in service during the conflict are inscribed in the Korean War Book of Remembrance located in the Peace Tower in Ottawa . Jump up ^ Aiysha Abdullah ; Kirk Fachnie ( 6 December 2010 ) . `` Korean War veterans talk of `` forgotten war '' `` . Canadian Army . Government of Canada . Archived from the original on 23 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Canada lost 516 military personnel during the Korean War and 1,042 more were wounded . `` Canadians in the Korean War '' . kvacanada.com . Korean Veterans Association of Canada Inc . Archived from the original on 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Canada 's casualties totalled 1,558 including 516 who died . `` 2013 declared year of Korean war veteran '' . MSN News . The Canadian Press . 8 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . The 1,558 Canadian casualties in the three - year conflict included 516 people who died . Jump up ^ Ted Barris ( 1 July 2003 ) . `` Canadians in Korea '' . legionmagazine.com . Royal Canadian Legion . Archived from the original on 20 July 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Not one of the 33 Canadian PoWs imprisoned in North Korea signed the petitions . Jump up ^ Australian War Memorial Korea MIA Archived 28 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 17 March 2012 ^ Jump up to : Sandler , Stanley , ed. ( 2002 ) . Ground Warfare : H -- Q. Volume 2 of Ground Warfare : An International Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 1576073445 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Philippines : KIA 92 ; WIA 299 ; MIA / POW 97 New Zealand : KIA 34 ; WIA 299 ; MIA / POW 1 Jump up ^ `` Two War Reporters Killed '' . The Times . London . 14 August 1950 . ISSN 0140 - 0460 . ^ Jump up to : Rummel , Rudolph J. ( 1997 ) . `` Chapter 10 , Statistics of North Korean Democide Estimates , Calculations , And Sources '' . Statistics of Democide : Genocide and Murder Since 1900 . ISBN 978 - 3825840105 . Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hickey , Michael . `` The Korean War : An Overview '' . Archived from the original on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Li , Xiaobing ( 2007 ) . A History of the Modern Chinese Army . Lexington , KY : University Press of Kentucky . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 0813124384 . Jump up ^ `` 180,000 Chinese soldiers killed in Korean War , says Chinese general '' Archived 3 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... China Daily , 28 June 2010 . State Council Information Office , Chinese government , Beijing . `` According to statistics compiled by the army 's medical departments and hospitals , 114,084 servicemen were killed in military action or accidents , and 25,621 soldiers had gone missing . 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( 2002 ) , Rethinking the Korean War : A New Diplomatic and Strategic History , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press , ISBN 0691118477 Weathersby , Kathryn ( 1993 ) , Soviet Aims in Korea and the Origins of the Korean War , 1945 -- 50 : New Evidence From the Russian Archives , Cold War International History Project : Working Paper No. 8 Weathersby , Kathryn ( 2002 ) , `` Should We Fear This ? '' Stalin and the Danger of War with America , Cold War International History Project : Working Paper No. 39 Werrell , Kenneth P. ( 2005 ) . Sabres Over MiG Alley . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1591149330 . Zaloga , Steven J. , Jim Kinnear , Andrey Aksenov & Aleksandr Koshchavtsev ( 1997 ) . Soviet Tanks in Combat 1941 -- 45 : The T - 28 , T - 34 , T - 34 - 85 , and T - 44 Medium Tanks , Hong Kong : Concord Publication . ISBN 9623616155 Zhang , Shu Guang ( 1995 ) , Mao 's Military Romanticism : China and the Korean War , 1950 -- 1953 , Lawrence , KS : University Press of Kansas , ISBN 0700607234 External links Find more aboutKorean Warat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Historical Anniversary of the Korean War Armistice : Truman on Acheson 's Crucial Role in Going to War Shapell Manuscript Foundation Korean War resources , Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library North Korea International Documentation Project Grand Valley State University Veteran 's History Project digital collection The Forgotten War , Remembered -- four testimonials in The New York Times Collection of Books and Research Materials on the Korean War an online collection of the United States Army Center of Military History Korean War , US Army Signal Corps Photograph Collection US Army Heritage and Education Center , Carlisle , Pennsylvania The Korean War at History.com Koreanwar-educator.org The short film Film No. 927 is available for free download at the Internet Archive Media The Korean War You Never Knew -- slideshows by Life magazine QuickTime sequence of 27 maps adapted from the West Point Atlas of American Wars Animation for operations in 1950 Animation for operations in 1951 US Army Korea Media Center official Korean War online image archive Rare pictures of the Korean War from the U.S. Library of Congress and National Archives Land of the Morning Calm Canadians in Korea -- multimedia project including veteran interviews Pathé Online newsreel archive featuring films on the war CBC Digital Archives -- Forgotten Heroes : Canada and the Korean War Organizations Korea Defense Veterans of America Korean War Ex-POW Association Korean War Veterans Association The Center for the Study of the Korean War Memorials Korean Children 's War Memorial Chinese 50th Anniversary Korean War Memorial Korean War Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( Korean People 's Army ) Republic of Korea ( Republic of Korea Armed Forces ) Participants Australia Belgium and Luxembourg Canada China Colombia Ethiopia France Greece Netherlands New Zealand Philippines Thailand Turkey South Africa Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Arkansas Army National Guard 65th Infantry Regiment ( Puerto Rico ) Medical ( non-combat ) participants Denmark India Italy Norway Sweden Hungary Popular culture Documentary films Films Books Reenactment M * A * S * H Television series Order of battle Australia China United Nations contingents United States Eighth Army United States Seventh Fleet Aftermath Armistice DMZ Korean DMZ Conflict Northern Limit Line Other Korean conflict Allegations of biological warfare American and British defectors Flying aces Impact on the economy of the United States MiG Alley Operation Blacklist Forty Operation Glory United Nations Memorial Cemetery Weapons Films Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution Die Wende 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Apartheid Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations USSR -- USA summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Russia -- NATO relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces listed chronologically Domestic Shays ' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion John Fries Rebellion German Coast Uprising Mormon War Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Brooks -- Baxter War Range War Lincoln County War Johnson County War Coal Creek War Homestead strike Battle of Blair Mountain Bonus Army Battle of Athens Foreign Revolutionary War Cherokee War of 1776 Northwest Indian War Cherokee War of 1786 Coldwater Indian War Cherokee - Franklin War of 1788 Southwest Territory Indian War Quasi-War First Barbary War Tecumseh 's War War of 1812 Creek War Second Barbary War First Seminole War First Sumatran expedition Second Seminole War Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Mexican -- American War Jicarilla War Battle of the Diablo Mountains First Fiji Expedition Third Seminole War Second Opium War Antelope Hills expedition Battle of Little Robe Creek Second Fiji Expedition Battle of Pease River First Battle of Adobe Walls Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion Santo Domingo Affair Mexican Revolution United States occupation of Nicaragua First United States occupation of Nicaragua United States occupation of Haiti United States occupation of the Dominican Republic World War I Russian Civil War Posey War Second United States occupation of Nicaragua World War II Korean War Vietnam War 1958 Lebanon crisis Laotian Civil War Bay of Pigs Invasion Communist insurgency in Thailand Korean DMZ Conflict Dominican Civil War Insurgency in Bolivia Cambodian Civil War Shaba II Operation Eagle Claw Gulf of Sidra incident Lebanese Civil War Operation Urgent Fury Action in the Gulf of Sidra Operation El Dorado Canyon Tanker War 1989 air battle near Tobruk Operation Just Cause Gulf War Iraqi no - fly zones Somali Civil War Bosnian War Operation Uphold Democracy Kosovo War Operation Infinite Reach USS Cole bombing Afghanistan War Al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Operation Enduring Freedom -- Horn of Africa Iraq War Second Liberian Civil War United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti War in North - West Pakistan Insurgency in the Maghreb Libyan Civil War Operation Enduring Freedom -- Philippines Intervention against ISIL Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Yemeni Civil War Related articles List of conflicts in the U.S. List of wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Overseas expansion Military history Covert regime - change actions Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector War on Terror Armed conflicts involving Russia ( incl . Imperial and Soviet times ) Internal Razin 's Rebellion Bulavin Rebellion Pugachev 's Rebellion Decembrist revolt Russian Civil War August Uprising Bitch Wars Coup d'état attempt ( 1991 ) 1993 Russian constitutional crisis First Chechen War War of Dagestan Second Chechen War Insurgency in the North Caucasus Pre-17th century Muscovite -- Volga Bulgars war ( 1376 ) First Muscovite -- Lithuanian War ( 1492 -- 94 ) Russo - Swedish War ( 1495 -- 97 ) Second Muscovite -- Lithuanian War ( 1500 -- 03 ) Third Muscovite -- Lithuanian War ( 1507 -- 08 ) Fourth Muscovite -- Lithuanian War ( 1512 -- 22 ) Fifth Muscovite -- Lithuanian War ( 1534 -- 37 ) Russo - Crimean Wars Russo - Kazan Wars Russo - Swedish War ( 1554 -- 57 ) Livonian War Russian Conquest of Siberia ( 1580 -- 1747 ) Russo - Swedish War ( 1590 -- 95 ) Polish -- Muscovite War ( 1605 -- 18 ) and the Time of Troubles Ingrian War Smolensk War Russo - Persian War ( 1651 -- 53 ) Sino - Russian border conflicts ( 1652 -- 89 ) Russo - Polish War ( 1654 -- 67 ) Deluge Second Northern War Russo - Turkish War ( 1676 -- 81 ) Russo - Turkish War ( 1686 -- 1700 ) 18th -- 19th century Great Northern War Russo - Turkish War ( 1710 -- 11 ) Russo - Persian War ( 1722 -- 23 ) War of the Polish Succession ( 1733 -- 38 ) Austro - Russian -- Turkish War ( 1735 -- 39 ) War of the Austrian Succession ( 1740 -- 48 ) Russo - Swedish War ( 1741 -- 43 ) Seven Years ' War Russo - Turkish War ( 1768 -- 74 ) Bar Confederation Russo - Turkish War ( 1787 -- 92 ) Russo - Swedish War ( 1788 -- 90 ) Russo - Polish War ( 1792 ) Kościuszko Uprising Russo - Persian War ( 1796 ) War of the Second Coalition War of the Third Coalition Russo - Persian War ( 1804 -- 13 ) War of the Fourth Coalition Russo - Turkish War ( 1806 -- 12 ) Anglo - Russian War Finnish War War of the Fifth Coalition French invasion of Russia War of the Sixth Coalition War of the Seventh Coalition Russian conquest of the Caucasus Caucasian War Russo - Circassian War Murid War Russo - Persian War ( 1826 -- 28 ) Russo - Turkish War ( 1828 -- 29 ) November Uprising Russian conquest of Bukhara Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Crimean War January Uprising Russo - Turkish War ( 1877 -- 78 ) Boxer Rebellion Russian invasion of Manchuria 20th century Russo - Japanese War Russian Invasion of Tabriz , 1911 World War I Russian Civil War Ukrainian -- Soviet War Finnish Civil War Heimosodat Soviet westward offensive of 1918 -- 19 Estonian War of Independence Latvian War of Independence Lithuanian -- Soviet War Polish -- Soviet War Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan Red Army invasion of Armenia Red Army invasion of Georgia Red Army intervention in Mongolia Sino - Soviet conflict ( 1929 ) Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts Soviet invasion of Xinjiang Xinjiang War ( 1937 ) World War II Soviet invasion of Poland Winter War Soviet occupation of the Baltic states ( 1940 ) Continuation War Eastern Front ( World War II ) Anglo - Soviet invasion of Iran Soviet -- Japanese War Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Ili Rebellion First Indochina War Korean War Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Eritrean War of Independence War of Attrition Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Sino - Soviet border conflict Vietnam War Ogaden War South African Border War Soviet -- Afghan War Post-Soviet Nagorno - Karabakh War Transnistria War Georgian Civil War Tajikistani Civil War Russo - Georgian War Intervention in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea War in Donbass Intervention in Syria Military history of Russia Russian Winter Russian Revolution Cold War Sphere of influence Armed conflicts involving the People 's Republic of China Internal Chinese Civil War ( 1927 -- 50 ) Kuomintang insurgency ( 1949 -- 1961 ) Kuomintang Islamic insurgency ( 1950 -- 58 ) Battle of Chamdo ( 1950 ) Tibetan uprising ( 1959 ) Xinjiang conflict ( 1980 -- present ) Tiananmen Square protests ( 1989 ) Cross-Taiwan Strait ( vs Taiwan ) ( after 1 Oct 1949 ) Kuningtou ( 1949 ) Dengbu Island ( 1949 ) Hainan Island ( 1950 ) Nanri Island ( 1952 ) Dongshan Island ( 1953 ) Yijiangshan Islands ( 1955 ) Dachen Archipelago ( 1955 ) Second Taiwan Strait Crisis ( 1958 ) Burmese border ( 1960 -- 61 ) Dong - Yin ( 1965 ) Third Taiwan Strait Crisis ( 1995 -- 96 ) Others vs USSR Sino - Soviet border conflict ( 1969 ) vs United States and allies Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) Vietnam War ( 1965 -- 70 ) vs India Sino - Indian War ( 1962 ) Chola incident ( 1967 ) Sino - Indian skirmish ( 1987 ) Sino - Indian Standoff ( 2017 ) vs South Vietnam / Vietnam Paracel Islands ( 1974 ) Sino - Vietnamese War ( 1979 ) Sino - Vietnamese conflicts 1979 -- 90 Johnson South Reef Skirmish ( 1988 ) See also Incorporation of Tibet into the People 's Republic of China Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People 's Republic of China Armed conflicts involving Philippines Pre-modern Manila ( 1365 ) Manila ( 1500 ) Early modern Mactan Dagami Bangkusay Channel Manila ( 1574 ) Conspiracy of the Maharlikas Dingras Cagayan Magalat Igorot Gaddang La Naval de Manila Sumuroy Palaris Manila ( 1762 ) Cavite Late modern Philippine Revolution Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Moro ( 1899 - 1913 ) World War II Japanese invasion Allied invasion Hukbalahap CPP -- NPA -- NDF Moro ( 1969 - present ) Cold War Korean War Vietnam War Philippine involvement in Korean War and the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea Notable Members of the PEFTOK Fidel Ramos Fortunato Abat Emilio S. Liwanag Battles and Military Operations Operation Tomahawk Battle of Bloody Ridge Battle of the Imjin River Battle of Yultong Battle of Heartbreak Ridge Battle of Hill Eerie Related articles Philippine Army Korean War Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea GND : 4032467 - 9 LCCN : sh85073117 NARA : 10637595 NDL : 00573716 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_War&oldid=850224534 '' Categories : Korean War Revolution - based civil wars Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Asia History of Korea United Nations operations in Asia Wars involving Australia Wars involving Canada Wars involving Belgium Wars involving the People 's Republic of China Wars involving Ethiopia Wars involving France Wars involving Greece Wars involving Luxembourg Wars involving New Zealand Wars involving South Africa Wars involving Thailand Wars involving Turkey Wars involving the Netherlands Wars involving the Philippines Wars involving the Soviet Union Wars involving the United Kingdom Wars involving the United States Conflicts in 1950 Conflicts in 1951 Conflicts in 1952 Conflicts in 1953 Civil wars post-1945 Communism - based civil wars Aftermath of World War II Wars involving North Korea Wars involving South Korea 1950s in North Korea 1950s in South Korea Proxy wars Wars involving Korea Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with incorrect ref formatting CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2017 CS1 uses Korean - language script ( ko ) CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 maint : Date format CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with short description Use American English from December 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from April 2016 Articles containing Korean - language text Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 Winaray 吴语粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 99 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 14 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was winning the war at its start in june 1950	[]	[]
-9013342563176214130	Foreign-born population of the United Kingdom	Foreign - born population of the United Kingdom - Wikipedia Foreign - born population of the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search This article is about foreign - born groups in the United Kingdom . For ethnic groups in the United Kingdom regardless of birthplace , see Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom . This article needs to be updated . In particular : Please add 2011 Census data to the `` Countries of origin '' section . Probably more reliable than `` UN estimates '' . Some of the articles about the migrant groups disagree with the numbers in the table ( e.g. DPRK and ROK ) . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2017 ) The foreign - born population of the United Kingdom includes immigrants from a wide range of countries who are resident in the United Kingdom . In the period January 2010 to December 2010 , there were 19 foreign - born groups that consisted of at least 100,000 individuals residing in the UK ( people originating from Australia , Bangladesh , China , France , Germany , India , Italy , Jamaica , Kenya , Nigeria , Pakistan , Philippines , Poland , Republic of Ireland , Somalia , South Africa , Sri Lanka , United States and Zimbabwe ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Size of the foreign - born population 2 Countries of origin 3 Institute for Public Policy Research analysis 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Size of the foreign - born population ( edit ) At the time of the UK census conducted in April 2001 , 8.3 percent of the country 's population were foreign - born . This was substantially less than that of major immigration countries such as Australia ( 23 percent ) , Canada ( 19.3 percent ) and the USA ( 12.3 percent ) . In 2005 , the foreign - born population was estimated at 9.1 percent , compared to a European Union average of 8.6 percent . The 2011 census recorded 7,337,139 foreign - born residents in England , corresponding to 13.8 percent of the population . The foreign - born population of Wales was recorded as 167,871 ( 5.5 percent ) , Scotland 's as 369,284 ( 7 percent ) and Northern Ireland 's as 119,186 ( 6.6 percent ) , making the total foreign - born population of the UK 7,993,480 . Figures for each census since 1951 are given in the table below . A 2010 estimate for the whole of the UK shows that 4.76 million people ( 7.7 percent ) were born outside the EU and 2.24 million ( 3.6 percent ) were born in another EU member state . The Office for National Statistics produces annual estimates of the size of the UK population by country of birth , based on the Annual Population Survey . The estimates for 2015 show that one in seven ( 13.6 percent ) of the usual resident population were born abroad , that is 8,570,000 people . Census Foreign - born population Percentage increase over previous decade Percentage of total population 1951 2,118,600 4.2 1961 2,573,500 21.5 4.9 1971 3,190,300 24.0 5.8 1981 3,429,100 7.5 6.2 1991 3,835,400 11.8 6.7 4,896,600 27.7 8.3 2011 7,993,480 63.0 12.7 Countries of origin ( edit ) The table below lists the places of birth of UK residents according to the 2001 Census , as reported by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . The table also lists population estimates of the foreign - born population for the top 60 foreign countries of birth in the period January 2010 to December 2010 , published by the Office for National Statistics . In 2001 , the five most common foreign countries of birth were the Republic of Ireland , India , Pakistan , Germany and the United States respectively . In 2010 , the most common foreign countries of birth were India , Poland ( up from 18th in 2001 ) , Pakistan , the Republic of Ireland and Germany respectively . The United States dropped to eighth place behind South Africa and Bangladesh , despite growth in the size of the US - born population . The period between 2001 and 2010 saw significant change in the UK 's foreign - born population . In particular , the 2004 and 2007 enlargements of the European Union have led to mass migration from Bulgaria , Latvia , Romania , Poland , Slovakia and Lithuania . The number of Poland - born people resident in the UK increased from 60,711 in 2001 to an estimated 532,000 in the year to December 2010 , whilst the population born in Lithuania increased from 4,363 to an estimated 87,000 . The most significant decrease in a foreign - born population resident in the UK between 2001 and 2010 is in the number of those originating from the Republic of Ireland . Whereas in 2001 , 533,901 people born in the Republic of Ireland were resident in the UK , this is estimated to have declined to 405,000 by 2010 . Country of birth Population ( 2001 census ) Population ( 2015 UN Estimate ) Corresponding article ( s ) United Kingdom 53,923,642 56,254,898 British people , Cornish people , English people , Manx people , Northern Irish people , Scottish people , Welsh people Republic of Ireland 537,108 503,288 Irish migration to Great Britain India 467,634 776,603 Indians in the United Kingdom Pakistan 321,167 540,495 Pakistanis in the United Kingdom Germany 266,136 322,220 Germans in the United Kingdom United States 158,434 212,150 Americans in the United Kingdom Bangladesh 154,362 230,143 Bangladeshis in the United Kingdom Jamaica 146,401 172,829 Jamaicans in the United Kingdom South Africa 141,405 218,732 South Africans in the United Kingdom Kenya 129,633 151,073 Kenyans in the United Kingdom Australia 107,871 135,786 Australians in the United Kingdom Italy 107,244 151,790 Italians in the United Kingdom Hong Kong 96,445 119,990 Hong Kongers in the United Kingdom France 96,281 149,872 French in the United Kingdom Nigeria 88,378 216,268 Nigerians in the United Kingdom Cyprus 77,673 84,815 Cypriots in the United Kingdom Canada 72,518 86,415 Canadians in the United Kingdom Sri Lanka 67,938 138,752 Sri Lankans in the United Kingdom Poland 60,711 703,050 Poles in the United Kingdom New Zealand 58,286 67,276 New Zealanders in the United Kingdom Ghana 56,112 102,837 Ghanaians in the United Kingdom Uganda 55,213 65,447 Ugandans in the United Kingdom Spain 54,482 91,179 Spaniards in the United Kingdom Turkey 54,079 100,956 Turks in the United Kingdom China 51,078 182,628 Chinese in the United Kingdom Malaysia 49,886 75,182 Malaysians in the United Kingdom Zimbabwe 49,524 132,942 Zimbabweans in the United Kingdom Somalia 43,532 110,775 Somalis in the United Kingdom Iran 42,494 91,087 Iranians in the United Kingdom Singapore 40,474 45,351 Singaporeans in the United Kingdom Netherlands 40,438 68,489 Dutch in the United Kingdom Philippines 40,118 139,570 Filipinos in the United Kingdom Japan 37,535 40,127 Japanese in the United Kingdom Portugal 36,555 98,967 Portuguese in the United Kingdom Greece 35,169 39,700 Greeks in the United Kingdom Tanzania 32,630 38,691 Tanzanians in the United Kingdom Iraq 32,236 80,939 Iraqis in the United Kingdom Serbia 31,244 ( including Kosovo ) 9,008 Serbs in the United Kingdom Malta 30,178 31,758 Maltese in the United Kingdom Mauritius 27,078 45,123 Mauritians in the United Kingdom Egypt 24,700 33,686 Egyptians in the United Kingdom Vietnam 23,347 32,429 Vietnamese in the United Kingdom Sweden 22,525 35,055 Swedes in the United Kingdom Belgium 21,668 29,142 Barbados 21,601 20,271 Barbadians in the United Kingdom Zambia 21,529 30,897 Trinidad and Tobago 21,283 25,364 Trinidadians in the United Kingdom Guyana 20,872 23,458 Guyanese in the United Kingdom Austria 19,503 21,698 Austrians in the United Kingdom Denmark 18,695 24,972 Sierra Leone 17,048 25,281 Sierra Leoneans in the United Kingdom Thailand 16,257 47,389 Thais in the United Kingdom Switzerland 16,010 21,458 Brazil 15,215 56,055 Brazilians in the United Kingdom Russia 15,160 42,491 Russians in the United Kingdom Afghanistan 14,875 68,256 Afghans in the United Kingdom Norway 13,798 18,236 Hungary 13,159 56,166 Hungarians in the United Kingdom Yemen 12,508 19,405 Yemenis in the United Kingdom Morocco 12,348 23,519 Moroccans in the United Kingdom Malawi 12,340 17,871 Colombia 12,331 27,691 Colombians in the United Kingdom South Korea 12,310 6,767 Koreans in the United Kingdom Czech Republic 12,220 41,605 Czechs in the United Kingdom Ukraine 11,913 23,414 Ukrainians in the United Kingdom Israel 11,892 19,608 Israelis in the United Kingdom Gibraltar 11,830 11,955 Gibraltarians in the United Kingdom Finland 11,322 14,325 Sudan 10,671 19,758 Sudanese in the United Kingdom Algeria 10,670 26,826 Algerians in the United Kingdom Lebanon 10,459 17,128 Lebanese in the United Kingdom Burma ( Myanmar ) 9,924 13,064 Grenada 9,783 10,009 Grenadians in the United Kingdom Libya 9,141 17,684 Saudi Arabia 8,789 36,148 Democratic Republic of the Congo 8,569 20,971 Congolese in the United Kingdom Saint Lucia 8,265 9,836 Montserrat 7,983 7,828 Montserratians in the United Kingdom Ethiopia 7,775 16,654 Ethiopians in the United Kingdom Romania 7,631 89,402 Romanians in the United Kingdom Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7,091 8,008 Croatia 6,992 9,029 Argentina 6,796 11,339 Dominica 6,739 6,851 Indonesia 6,711 10,344 Bosnia - Herzegovina 6,692 8,469 Taiwan 6,588 N / A Eritrea 6,561 19,031 Eritreans in the United Kingdom Saint Kitts and Nevis 6,519 6,067 Nepal 5,943 54,695 Nepalis in the United Kingdom Angola 5,914 15,712 Kuwait 5,882 14,054 United Arab Emirates 5,406 12,314 Emiratis in the United Kingdom Bulgaria 5,351 51,875 Bulgarians in the United Kingdom Slovakia 5,273 67,781 Chile 5,131 7,673 Chileans in the United Kingdom Mexico 5,049 10,502 Mexicans in the United Kingdom Lithuania 4,363 116,861 Lithuanians in the United Kingdom Latvia 4,275 66,046 Bahrain 4,185 6,261 Syria 4,168 9,950 Syrians in the United Kingdom Peru 4,066 7,787 Peruvians in the United Kingdom Venezuela 3,996 9,834 Gambia 3,924 12,194 Antigua and Barbuda 3,891 3,995 Antiguans in the United Kingdom Fiji 3,464 6,754 Fijians in the United Kingdom Mozambique 3,353 6,368 Congo 3,266 9,561 Cameroon 3,233 11,009 Jordan 3,115 6,321 Tunisia 3,070 6,606 Ecuador 3,035 9,422 Ecuadorians in the United Kingdom Bermuda 2,986 4,602 Seychelles 2,905 3,878 Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) 2,794 8,535 Ivoirians in the United Kingdom Brunei 2,782 5,731 West Bank ( Palestinian territories ) 2,483 N / A Rwanda 2,373 4,781 Saint Helena 2,355 2,917 Albania 2,314 14,688 Albanians in the United Kingdom Botswana 2,051 3,513 Oman 2,024 3,432 Burundi 2,022 4,820 Estonia 2,005 9,361 Bahamas 1,797 2,071 Liberia 1,583 3,844 Iceland 1,552 2,225 Macau 1,490 N / A Macedonia 1,285 3,170 Belize 1,233 1,452 Namibia 1,230 2,649 Slovenia 1,228 2,298 Luxembourg 1,222 2,092 Belarus 1,154 4,734 Netherlands Antilles 1,151 N / A Bolivia 1,143 4,046 Bolivians in the United Kingdom Cuba 1,083 2,665 Qatar 1,062 2,706 Papua New Guinea 1,057 1,199 Falkland Islands 1,044 968 Uruguay 963 1,472 Kazakhstan 871 5,432 Swaziland 863 1,596 Madagascar 789 1,121 Senegal 723 2,135 Cambodia 706 1,304 El Salvador 595 948 Armenia 589 1,790 Armenians in the United Kingdom Azerbaijan 561 3,126 Azerbaijanis in the United Kingdom Togo 553 1,743 Georgia 551 3,388 Georgians in the United Kingdom Dominican Republic 523 1,485 Uzbekistan 521 2,864 Guatemala 499 1,049 Anguilla 498 583 Paraguay 493 816 Panama 492 769 Laos 464 716 Moldova 455 3,417 Honduras 420 683 Guinea - Bissau 381 2,572 Costa Rica 370 777 Cayman Islands 369 914 Lesotho 331 851 N / A Cape Verde N / A 1,279 Central African Republic 312 171 Solomon Islands 309 364 Puerto Rico 306 N / A Mongolia 293 1,821 Mongolians in the United Kingdom Guinea 265 2,529 Suriname 264 476 Benin 239 678 Djibouti 237 486 Monaco 225 430 Nicaragua 223 406 Maldives 200 402 Chad 183 371 Kiribati 179 182 Haiti 164 340 British Virgin Islands 163 292 Tonga 143 298 Gabon 135 393 Vanuatu 135 168 Kyrgyzstan 133 1,132 Samoa 125 233 United States Virgin Islands 124 134 Mali 121 411 São Tomé and Príncipe 102 1,028 Tajikistan 101 455 Burkina Faso 99 237 Turkmenistan 99 784 Niger 96 217 Bhutan 86 463 Comoros 62 154 Guam 61 N / A Turks and Caicos Islands 56 N / A Equatorial Guinea 51 312 Cook Islands 37 N / A Andorra 35 63 American Samoa 30 N / A Mauritania 28 233 Liechtenstein 23 31 North Korea 22 18,697 British Indian Ocean Territory 19 N / A Nauru 14 30 Tuvalu 10 N / A San Marino 9 N / A Norfolk Island N / A Micronesia , Federated States of N / A Niue N / A Pitcairn Islands N / A Palau N / A East Timor 2,008 Aruba 0 678 Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands 0 N / A Northern Mariana Islands 0 N / A Tokelau 0 N / A Vatican City 0 N / A Institute for Public Policy Research analysis ( edit ) In 2005 the Institute for Public Policy Research published an analysis of data from the 2001 Census , revealing the number of people included in the census who were born outside the British Isles , where they lived , and comparing this information against the 1991 Census . The results were made available on the BBC website . Note that this data refers to Great Britain only , rather than the whole of the UK , because of the lack of digital boundaries in the census data for Northern Ireland . See also ( edit ) Modern immigration to the United Kingdom MigrationWatch UK References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Table 1.3 : Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom , by foreign country of birth , January 2010 to December 2010 '' . Office for National Statistics . Archived from the original ( XLS ) on 5 January 2016 . Retrieved 4 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign - born : 1 in 12 in UK born overseas '' . Office for National Statistics . 15 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 15 February 2006 . Retrieved 16 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Rendall , Michael ; Salt , John ( 2005 ) . `` The foreign - born population '' . In Office for National Statistics . Focus on People and Migration : 2005 edition ( PDF ) . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 131 -- 152 . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 9327 - 0 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Muenz , Rainer ( June 2006 ) . `` Europe : Population and migration in 2005 '' . Migration Policy Institute . Archived from the original on 9 June 2008 . Retrieved 14 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Krausova , Anna ; Vargas - Silva , Carlos ( 19 August 2014 ) . `` England : Census Profile '' . Migration Observatory , University of Oxford . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Krausova , Anna ; Vargas - Silva , Carlos ( 4 March 2014 ) . `` Wales : Census Profile '' . Migration Observatory , University of Oxford . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Krausova , Anna ; Vargas - Silva , Carlos ( 3 December 2013 ) . `` Scotland : Census Profile '' . Migration Observatory , University of Oxford . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Krausova , Anna ; Vargas - Silva , Carlos ( 26 June 2014 ) . `` Northern Ireland : Census Profile '' . Migration Observatory , University of Oxford . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Migration in Great Britain : Census factsheet '' ( XLS ) . Migration Observatory , University of Oxford . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Table 13a : Foreign - born population by continent / country of birth , age and sex - Both sexes '' ( XLS ) . Office for National Statistics . 21 January 2015 . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Vasileva , Katya ( 7 July 2011 ) . `` Population and social conditions : 6.5 % of the EU population are foreigners and 9.4 % are born abroad '' ( PDF ) . Eurostat . ISSN 1977 - 0316 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 January 2012 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/bulletins/ukpopulationbycountryofbirthandnationality/august2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Country - of - birth database '' . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . Archived from the original ( XLS ) on 17 June 2009 . Retrieved 21 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Amy ( 2009 ) . `` UK resident population by country of birth '' ( PDF ) . Population Trends . 135 ( 135 ) : 20 -- 28 . doi : 10.1057 / pt. 2009.5 . PMID 19391440 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Trends in International Migrant Stock : Migrants by Destination and Origin ( United Nations database , POP / DB / MIG / Stock / Rev. 2015 ) '' ( XLS ) . United Nations , Department of Economic and Social Affairs . 2015 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kyambi , Sarah ( 2005 ) . Beyond Black and White : Mapping new immigrant communities . London : Institute for Public Policy Research . ISBN 1 - 86030 - 284 - X . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction and figures for Britain '' . Born Abroad : An immigration map of Britain . BBC News . 7 September 2005 . Retrieved 16 February 2009 . External links ( edit ) Beyond Black and White : Mapping new immigrant communities Born Abroad : An immigration map of Britain Migration to the United Kingdom from the Americas North America American African Americans Antiguan and Barbudan Bahamian Barbadian Canadian Dominican Grenadian Jamaican Mexican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevisian Saint Lucian Saint Vincentian Trinidadian and Tobagonian South America Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Peruvian See also British African - Caribbean community British Indo - Caribbean community Latin American migration to the United Kingdom Notes 1 . Montserrat is a British overseas territory and not an independent state Migration to the United Kingdom from Africa North Africa Algerian Egyptian Moroccan Sudanese Horn of Africa Eritrean Ethiopian Somali East Africa Kenyan Mauritian Mozambican Tanzanian Ugandan Southern Africa Angola South African Zimbabwean Central Africa Congolese ( DRC ) West Africa Ivoirian Ghanaian Nigerian Sierra Leonean Migration to the United Kingdom from Asia East Asia Chinese in London Hongkonger Mongolian Japanese ( in London ) Korean South Asia Bangladeshi Indian in London Punjabi Nepali Pakistani in London Mirpuri Punjabi Sindhi Sri Lankan Tamil Southeast Asia Burmese Filipino Indonesians Malaysian Singaporean Thai Vietnamese West Asia Afghan Arab Armenian Assyrian Azerbaijanis Emirati Iranian Syrians Iraqi Israeli Kurdish Lebanese Turkish in London Yemeni Migration to the United Kingdom from Europe Central Europe Austrian Czech German Hungarian Polish Eastern Europe Belarusian Russian Ukrainian Northern Europe Baltic Lithuanian Scandinavian Swedish Southeast Europe Albanians Bulgarian Cypriot Greek Kosovan Macedonian Romanian Serbian Turkish Southern Europe Gibraltarian Italian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Iberian Jews Western Europe Dutch French Huguenot Irish Irish Travellers Migration to the United Kingdom from Oceania Australian Fijian New Zealander Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign-born_population_of_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=814841461 '' Categories : Demographics of the United Kingdom Immigration to the United Kingdom Immigration to the United Kingdom by country of origin Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from February 2015 Use British English from February 2015 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 06 : 52 . 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-8926782683153099084	To Kill a Mockingbird (film)	To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) - wikipedia To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search To Kill a Mockingbird Theatrical release poster Directed by Robert Mulligan Produced by Alan J. Pakula Screenplay by Horton Foote Based on To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Starring Gregory Peck Mary Badham Phillip Alford John Megna Ruth White Paul Fix Brock Peters Frank Overton Narrated by Kim Stanley Music by Elmer Bernstein Cinematography Russell Harlan , A.S.C. Edited by Aaron Stell , A.C.E. Production companies Brentwood Productions Pakula - Mulligan Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date December 25 , 1962 ( 1962 - 12 - 25 ) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $2 million Box office $13.1 million To Kill a Mockingbird is a 1962 American drama film directed by Robert Mulligan . The screenplay by Horton Foote is based on Harper Lee 's 1960 Pulitzer Prize - winning novel of the same name . It stars Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch and Mary Badham as Scout . The film received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics and was a box - office success , earning more than 10 times its budget . The film won three Academy Awards , including Best Actor for Peck , and was nominated for eight , including Best Picture . In 1995 , the film was listed in the National Film Registry . In 2003 , the American Film Institute named Atticus Finch the greatest movie hero of the 20th century . In 2007 the film ranked twenty - fifth on the AFI 's 10th anniversary list of the greatest American movies of all time . To Kill a Mockingbird marked the film debuts of Robert Duvall , William Windom , and Alice Ghostley . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Music 4 Critical response 4.1 Gregory Peck 5 Awards and honors 5.1 Academy Awards 5.2 Golden Globe Awards 5.3 Cannes Film Festival 6 Restoration 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The film 's young protagonists , Jean Louise `` Scout '' Finch ( Mary Badham ) and her brother Jeremy Atticus `` Jem '' Finch ( Phillip Alford ) , live in the fictional town of Maycomb , Alabama , during the early 1930s . The story covers three years , during which Scout and Jem undergo changes in their lives . They are innocent children , spending their days happily playing games with each other and spying on Arthur `` Boo '' Radley ( Robert Duvall ) who has not left his home for many years and about whom many rumors circulate . Their widowed father , Atticus ( Gregory Peck ) , is a town lawyer and has strong beliefs that all people are to be treated fairly , to turn the other cheek , and to stand for what you believe . He also allows his children to call him by his first name . Early in the film , the children see their father accept hickory nuts , and other produce , from Mr. Cunningham ( Crahan Denton ) for legal work because the client has no money . Through their father 's work as a lawyer , Scout and Jem begin to learn of the racism and evil in their town , aggravated by poverty ; they mature quickly as they are exposed to it . The local judge ( Paul Fix ) appoints Atticus to defend a black man , Tom Robinson ( Brock Peters ) , against an accusation of rape of a white girl , Mayella Ewell ( Collin Wilcox ) . Atticus accepts the case . Jem and Scout experience schoolyard taunts for their father 's decision . Later , as Atticus is sitting in front of the local jail to safeguard Robinson , a lynch mob arrives , which includes Mr. Cunningham . Scout , Jem and their friend , Dill ( John Megna ) , interrupt the confrontation . Scout , unaware of the mob 's purpose , recognizes Cunningham as the man who paid her father in hickory nuts and tells him to say hello to his son , who is her schoolmate . Cunningham becomes embarrassed and the mob disperses . At the trial , it is undisputed that Tom came to Mayella 's home at her request to help with the chopping up of a chifforobe , and that Mayella showed signs of having been beaten around that time . Among Atticus ' chief arguments is that Tom has a crippled left arm , yet the supposed rapist would have had to make extensive use of his left hand in assaulting Mayella before raping her . Atticus then points out that Mayella 's father , Bob Ewell ( James Anderson ) , is left handed , implying that he -- rather than Tom -- was the one who beat Mayella . Atticus also states that the girl had not been examined by a doctor to check for signs of rape after the supposed assault . In his closing argument Atticus asks the all - white male jury to cast aside their prejudices and instead focus on Tom 's obvious innocence . In taking the stand in his own defense , Tom denies he attacked Mayella , but states she kissed him . He testifies he voluntarily assisted Mayella because `` I felt sorry for her because ... '' . Although Tom does not finish his sentence , the prosecutor ( William Windom ) hammers home the point that he was a black man feeling sorry for a white woman . In a town where whites are viewed as superior to blacks , Tom 's sympathy for Mayella dooms his case , and he is found guilty . As Atticus leaves the courtroom , the black spectators in the balcony rise to their feet as a sign of respect and appreciation . Reverend Sykes says to Scout , `` Miss Jean Louise , stand up . Your father 's passing . '' When Atticus arrives home , Sheriff Heck Tate ( Frank Overton ) tells him that Tom has been killed by a deputy during his transfer to prison . According to this deputy , Tom was trying to escape , `` running like a crazy man '' before he was shot . Atticus and Jem go to the Robinson family home to inform them of Tom 's death . Bob Ewell , Mayella 's father , appears and spits in Atticus ' face while Jem waits in the car . Atticus wipes his face and leaves . Autumn arrives , and Scout and Jem attend a nighttime Halloween pageant at their school . Scout wears a large hard - shelled ham costume , portraying one of Maycomb county 's products . At some point during the pageant , Scout 's dress and shoes are misplaced . She is forced to walk home without shoes , wearing her ham costume . While cutting through the woods , Scout and Jem are attacked by an unidentified man who has been following them . Scout 's costume , like an awkward suit of armor , protects her from the attack but restricts her movement and severely restricts her vision . Jem is knocked unconscious and Scout escapes unharmed in a brief but violent struggle . Their attacker is thwarted and overcome by another unidentified man . Scout escapes her costume in time to see the second man carrying Jem to their home . Scout follows the stranger inside and runs into the arms of a concerned Atticus . Doc Reynolds comes over and treats the broken arm of an unconscious Jem . When Sheriff Tate asks Scout what happened , she sees a man standing quietly in the corner behind the door of Jem 's room . Atticus formally introduces Scout to Arthur Radley , whom she has known as Boo , the man who came to the aid of Jem and Scout in the woods . It is revealed that their attacker was Bob Ewell , who Boo overpowered , before carrying Jem home . The sheriff reports that Ewell was discovered dead at the scene of the attack with a knife in his ribs . Atticus assumes that Jem killed Ewell in self - defense . Sheriff Tate , however , believes that Boo killed Ewell in defense of the children , and he tells Atticus that to drag the shy and reserved Boo into the spotlight for his heroism would be `` a sin '' . To protect Boo , Sheriff Tate suggests that Ewell `` fell on his knife '' . Scout draws a startlingly precocious analogy , to likening unwelcome public attention to Boo to the killing of a mockingbird . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of To Kill a Mockingbird characters In the order of the film 's opening credits : Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch John Megna as Charles Baker `` Dill '' Harris Frank Overton as Sheriff Heck Tate Rosemary Murphy as Miss Maudie Atkinson Ruth White as Mrs Dubose Brock Peters as Tom Robinson Estelle Evans as Calpurnia Paul Fix as Judge John Taylor Collin Wilcox as Mayella Violet Ewell James Anderson as Robert E. Lee `` Bob '' Ewell Alice Ghostley as Aunt Stephanie Crawford Robert Duvall as Arthur `` Boo '' Radley William Windom as Horace Gilmer , District Attorney Crahan Denton as Walter Cunningham Richard Hale as Nathan Radley Mary Badham as Jean Louise `` Scout '' Finch Phillip Alford as Jeremy Atticus `` Jem '' Finch Uncredited roles ( in order of appearance ) Kim Stanley - The narrator , as the voice of the adult Scout Paulene Myers - Dubose 's servant , sitting close to her on the Dubose porch . Jamie Forster - Townsend , sitting on a bench , wit h three men , near the courthouse . Steve Condit - Cunningham 's son Walter , at dinner with the Finch family . David Crawford - David , Tom Robinson 's son , sitting on the steps to the Robinsons ' shack . Kim Hamilton - Helen , Tom Robinson 's wife , inside the Robinsons ' shack . Dan White - Mob leader approaching as Atticus Finch sits in front of the jailhouse . Kelly Thordsen - Member of the mob who grabs and picks up Jem . William `` Bill '' Walker - Reverend Sykes , at the courthouse for Tom Robinson 's trial . Charles Fredericks - Court clerk at Tom Robinson 's trial . Guy Wilkerson - Jury foreman at Tom Robinson 's trial . Jay Sullivan - Court reporter at Tom Robinson 's trial . Jester Hairston - Spence , Tom Robinson 's father in front of the Robinsons ' shack . Hugh Sanders - Doctor Scott Reynolds , who examines Jem 's arm . Music ( edit ) To Kill a Mockingbird Soundtrack album by Elmer Bernstein Released Early April 1963 Recorded August 1 -- 2 , 1996 , City Halls , Glasgow Label Varèse Sarabande Elmer Bernstein 's score for To Kill a Mockingbird is regarded as one of the greatest film scores and has been recorded three times . It was first released in April 1963 on Ava ; then Bernstein re-recorded it in the 1970s for his Film Music Collection series ; and finally , he recorded the complete score ( below ) in 1996 with the Royal Scottish National Orchestra for the Varese Sarabande Film Classics series . `` Main Title '' -- 3 : 21 `` Remember Mama '' -- 1 : 08 `` Atticus Accepts The Case -- Roll in the Tire '' -- 2 : 06 `` Creepy Caper -- Peek - A-Boo '' -- 4 : 10 `` Ewell 's Hatred '' -- 3 : 33 `` Jem 's Discovery '' -- 3 : 47 `` Tree Treasure '' -- 4 : 23 `` Lynch Mob '' -- 3 : 04 `` Guilty Verdict '' -- 3 : 10 `` Ewell Regret It '' -- 2 : 11 `` Footsteps in the Dark '' -- 2 : 07 `` Assault in the Shadows '' -- 2 : 28 `` Boo Who '' -- 3 : 00 `` End Title '' -- 3 : 25 Critical response ( edit ) The film received widespread critical acclaim . As of March 2017 , it maintains a 91 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 56 reviews . According to Bosley Crowther : `` Horton Foote 's script and the direction of Mr. Mulligan may not penetrate that deeply , but they do allow Mr. Peck and little Miss Badham and Master Alford to portray delightful characters . Their charming enactments of a father and his children in that close relationship , which can occur at only one brief period , are worth all the footage of the film . Rosemary Murphy as a neighbor , Brock Peters as the Negro on trial , and Frank Overton as a troubled sheriff are good as locality characters , too . James Anderson and Collin Wilcox as Southern bigots are almost caricatures . But those are minor shortcomings in a rewarding film . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times criticized the film for focusing less on the blacks , denouncing the cliché of the honest , white man standing for a helpless black : `` It expresses the liberal pieties of a more innocent time , the early 1960s , and it goes very easy on the realities of small - town Alabama in the 1930s . One of the most dramatic scenes shows a lynch mob facing Atticus , who is all by himself on the jailhouse steps the night before Tom Robinson 's trial . The mob is armed and prepared to break in and hang Robinson , but Scout bursts onto the scene , recognizes a poor farmer who has been befriended by her father , and shames him ( and all the other men ) into leaving . Her speech is a calculated strategic exercise , masked as the innocent words of a child ; one shot of her eyes shows she realizes exactly what she 's doing . Could a child turn away a lynch mob at that time , in that place ? Is n't it nice to think so . '' Gregory Peck 's performance became synonymous with the role and character of Atticus Finch . Producer Alan J. Pakula remembered hearing from Peck when he was first approached with the role : `` He called back immediately . No maybes . ( ... ) I must say the man and the character he played were not unalike '' . Peck later said in an interview that he was drawn to the role because the book reminded him of growing up in La Jolla , California . `` Hardly a day passes that I do n't think how lucky I was to be cast in that film '' , Peck said in a 1997 interview . `` I recently sat at a dinner next to a woman who saw it when she was 14 years old , and she said it changed her life . I hear things like that all the time '' . Gregory Peck ( edit ) The 1962 softcover edition of the novel opens with the following : The Southern town of Maycomb , Alabama , reminds me of the California town I grew up in . The characters of the novel are like people I knew as a boy . I think perhaps the great appeal of the novel is that it reminds readers everywhere of a person or a town they have known . It is to me a universal story -- moving , passionate and told with great humor and tenderness . Gregory Peck . Harper Lee , in liner notes written for the film 's DVD re-release by Universal , wrote : `` When I learned that Gregory Peck would play Atticus Finch in the film production of To Kill a Mockingbird , I was of course delighted : here was a fine actor who had made great films -- what more could a writer ask for ? ... The years told me his secret . When he played Atticus Finch , he had played himself , and time has told all of us something more : when he played himself , he touched the world '' . Upon Peck 's death in 2003 , Brock Peters , who played Tom Robinson in the film version , quoted Harper Lee at Peck 's eulogy , saying , `` Atticus Finch gave him an opportunity to play himself '' . Peters concluded his eulogy stating , `` To my friend Gregory Peck , to my friend Atticus Finch , vaya con Dios '' . Peters remembered the role of Tom Robinson when he recalled , `` It certainly is one of my proudest achievements in life , one of the happiest participations in film or theater I have experienced '' . Peters remained friends not only with Peck but with Mary Badham throughout his life . Peck himself admitted that many people have reminded him of this film more than any other film he has ever done . Awards and honors ( edit ) In 1995 To Kill a Mockingbird was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . It is also Robert Duvall 's big - screen debut , as the misunderstood recluse Boo Radley . Duvall was cast on the recommendation of screenwriter Horton Foote , who met him at Neighborhood Playhouse in New York City where Duvall starred in a 1957 production of Foote 's play , The Midnight Caller . The American Film Institute named Atticus Finch the greatest movie hero of the 20th century . Additionally , the AFI ranked the movie second on their 100 Years ... 100 Cheers list , behind It 's a Wonderful Life . The film was ranked number 34 on AFI 's list of the 100 greatest movies of all time , but moved up to number 25 on the 10th Anniversary list . In June 2008 , the AFI revealed its `` Ten top Ten '' -- the best ten films in ten `` classic '' American film genres -- after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community . To Kill a Mockingbird was acknowledged as the best film in the courtroom drama genre . In 2007 Hamilton was honored by the Harlem community for her part in the movie . She was the last surviving African - American adult who had a speaking part in the movie . When told of the award , she said , `` I think it is terrific . I 'm very pleased and very surprised '' . American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 34 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Atticus Finch -- # 1 Hero AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Miss Jean Louise , stand up . Your father 's passing . '' -- Nominated `` You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view , until you climb inside of his skin and walk around in it . -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- # 17 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- # 2 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies : 10th Anniversary Edition -- # 25 AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- # 1 Courtroom Drama Academy Awards ( edit ) The film won three Academy Awards out of the eight for which it was nominated . Academy Award for Best Actor -- Gregory Peck ( The award was presented to Peck by Sophia Loren ) Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay -- Horton Foote Academy Award for Best Art Direction -- Set Decoration , Black - and - White -- ( Henry Bumstead , Alexander Golitzen , and Oliver Emert ) Other nominations were for Best Picture ( Producer , Alan J. Pakula ) Best Director ( Robert Mulligan ) Best Cinematography , Black - and - White ( Russell Harlan ) , Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( Mary Badham ) Best Music , Score -- Substantially Original ( Elmer Bernstein ) Its main competition was Lawrence of Arabia , which won the Oscar for Best Picture , Best Director and Best Original Score . Peter O'Toole had been nominated for Best Actor for his performance as T.E. Lawrence , but Peck won for Mockingbird . The Longest Day claimed the award for Best Cinematography , while Patty Duke was awarded Best Supporting Actress for her work in The Miracle Worker . Golden Globe Awards ( edit ) Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama -- Gregory Peck Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score -- Motion Picture -- Elmer Bernstein Golden Globe Award for Best Film Promoting International Understanding -- To Kill a Mockingbird Cannes film Festival ( edit ) The film was selected for the 1963 Cannes Film Festival in feature film category , winning the Gary Cooper Award . Restoration ( edit ) The film was restored and released on Blu - ray and DVD in 2012 as part of the 100th anniversary of Universal Pictures . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1962 La Joven ( The Young One ) , the 1960 film Trial film White savior narrative in film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD ( A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 20 , 1962 . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` To Kill A Mockingbird -- Box Office Data , DVD and Blu - ray Sales , Movie News , Cast and Crew Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harper Lee . `` To Kill a Mockingbird : Chapters 2 -- 3 '' . SparkNotes . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Billboard Apr 13 , 1963 Jump up ^ Erikson , Matthew . `` Elmer Bernstein : ' One of the Greatest Film Composers Ever ' '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` To Kill A Mockingbird '' . www.rottentomatoes.com. 1962 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( February 15 , 1963 ) . `` One Adult Omission in a Fine Film : 2 Superb Discoveries Add to Delight '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` To Kill a Mockingbird '' . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Peter . `` Time Ca n't Kill ' Mockingbird ' ; ( Review ) . '' New York Times : February 27 , 1998 . pg . E. 1 Jump up ^ King , Susan . `` How the Finch Stole Christmas ; Q & A WITH GREGORY PECK . '' Los Angeles Times : December 22 , 1997 . pg. 1 Jump up ^ Bobbin , Jay . `` Gregory Peck is Atticus Finch in Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird . '' Birmingham News ( Alabama ) : December 21 , 1997 Pg . 1F . Jump up ^ Universal Pictures Legacy Series DVD 2005 Jump up ^ Hoffman , Allison , Rubin , H. `` Peck Memorial Honors Beloved Actor and Man ; The longtime star is remembered for his integrity and constancy '' . Los Angeles Times : June 17 , 2003 . pg . B. 1 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Myrna . `` Obituaries ; Brock Peters , 78 ; Stage , Screen , TV Actor Noted for Role in ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' ; '' Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles , Calif. : August 24 , 2005 . pg . B. 8 . Jump up ^ Gregory Peck Interview with Jimmy Carter at YouTube Jump up ^ To Kill a Mockingbird -- Awards -- IMDb Jump up ^ Robert Duvall ( actor ) , Gary Hertz ( director ) ( 2002 - 04 - 16 ) . Miracles & Mercies ( Documentary ) . West Hollywood , California : Blue Underground . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/handv100.pdf?docID=246 Jump up ^ http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/cheers100.pdf?docID=202 Jump up ^ http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/100Movies.pdf?docID=301 Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 '' . American Film Institute . 2008 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Harlem community honors ' Mockingbird ' actress '' from the USA Today . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NY Times : To Kill a Mockingbird '' . NY Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : To Kill a Mockingbird '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 Cannes Film Festival '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Appelo , Tim ( 2012 - 01 - 10 ) . `` Universal Celebrates 100th Birthday With New Logo and 13 Film Restorations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) '' dated 2017 - 04 - 13 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) To Kill a Mockingbird on IMDb To Kill a Mockingbird at the TCM Movie Database To Kill a Mockingbird at Box Office Mojo To Kill a Mockingbird at Rotten Tomatoes To Kill a Mockingbird at the American Film Institute Catalog To Kill a Mockingbird study notes Atticus Finch 's closing argument in text and audio from AmericanRhetoric.com To Kill A Mockingbird location and production notes Films directed by Robert Mulligan Fear Strikes Out ( 1957 ) The Rat Race ( 1960 ) The Great Impostor ( 1961 ) Come September ( 1961 ) The Spiral Road ( 1962 ) To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) Love with the Proper Stranger ( 1963 ) Baby the Rain Must Fall ( 1965 ) Inside Daisy Clover ( 1965 ) Up the Down Staircase ( 1967 ) The Stalking Moon ( 1968 ) The Pursuit of Happiness ( 1971 ) Summer of ' 42 ( 1971 ) The Other ( 1972 ) The Nickel Ride ( 1974 ) Bloodbrothers ( 1978 ) Same Time , Next Year ( 1978 ) Kiss Me Goodbye ( 1982 ) Clara 's Heart ( 1988 ) The Man in the Moon ( 1991 ) Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1960 ) Characters Atticus Finch Film To Kill a Mockingbird Prequel Go Set a Watchman Other characters popular culture Broken `` '' Hey , Boo `` : Harper Lee and To Kill A Mockingbird '' VIAF : 316752024 GND : 7657026 - 5 SUDOC : 159296595 BNF : cb16267813t ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_(film)&oldid=801560515 '' Categories : 1962 films English - language films To Kill a Mockingbird American films 1960s drama films American black - and - white films American drama films American legal films American legal drama films Courtroom films Film scores by Elmer Bernstein Films about miscarriage of justice Films about race and ethnicity Films about racism Films based on American novels Films directed by Robert Mulligan Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films set in Alabama Films set in the 1930s Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award Great Depression films Screenplays by Horton Foote Southern Gothic films United States National Film Registry films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2015 Film articles using image size parameter Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Spoken articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Azərbaycanca Български Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 12 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the judge in to kill a mockingbird	[ "The local judge (Paul Fix) appoints Atticus to defend a black man, Tom Robinson (Brock Peters), against an accusation of rape of a white girl, Mayella Ewell (Collin Wilcox). Atticus accepts the case. Jem and Scout experience schoolyard taunts for their father's decision. Later, as Atticus is sitting in front of the local jail to safeguard Robinson, a lynch mob arrives, which includes Mr. Cunningham. Scout, Jem and their friend, Dill (John Megna), interrupt the confrontation. Scout, unaware of the mob's purpose, recognizes Cunningham as the man who paid her father in hickory nuts and tells him to say hello to his son, who is her schoolmate. Cunningham becomes embarrassed and the mob disperses." ]	[ "Paul Fix" ]
8197468213212945800	List of second moments of area	List of second moments of area - wikipedia List of second moments of area Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of second moments of area of some shapes . The second moment of area , also known as area moment of inertia , is a geometrical property of an area which reflects how its points are distributed with regard to an arbitrary axis . The unit of dimension of the second moment of area is length to fourth power , L , and should not be confused with the mass moment of inertia . If the piece is thin , however , the mass moment of inertia equals the area density times the area moment of inertia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Second moments of area 2 Parallel axis theorem 3 See also 4 References Second moments of area ( edit ) Description Figure Area moment of inertia A filled circular area of radius r I x = π 4 r 4 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) r ^ ( 4 ) ) I y = π 4 r 4 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) r ^ ( 4 ) ) I z = π 2 r 4 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( z ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) r ^ ( 4 ) ) I z ( \ displaystyle I_ ( z ) ) is the Polar moment of inertia . An annulus of inner radius r and outer radius r I x = π 4 ( r 2 4 − r 1 4 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) \ left ( ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 4 ) - ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 4 ) \ right ) ) I y = π 4 ( r 2 4 − r 1 4 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) \ left ( ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 4 ) - ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 4 ) \ right ) ) I z = π 2 ( r 2 4 − r 1 4 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( z ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 4 ) - ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 4 ) \ right ) ) For thin tubes , r ≡ r 1 ≈ r 2 ( \ displaystyle r \ equiv r_ ( 1 ) \ approx r_ ( 2 ) ) and r 2 ≡ r 1 + t ( \ displaystyle r_ ( 2 ) \ equiv r_ ( 1 ) + t ) . So , for a thin tube , I x = I y ≈ π r 3 t ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = I_ ( y ) \ approx \ pi ( r ) ^ ( 3 ) ( t ) ) . I z ( \ displaystyle I_ ( z ) ) is the Polar moment of inertia . A filled circular sector of angle θ in radians and radius r with respect to an axis through the centroid of the sector and the center of the circle I x = ( θ − sin ⁡ θ ) r 4 8 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = \ left ( \ theta - \ sin \ theta \ right ) ( \ frac ( r ^ ( 4 ) ) ( 8 ) ) ) This formula is valid only for 0 ≤ θ ( \ displaystyle \ theta ) ≤ π ( \ displaystyle \ pi ) A filled semicircle with radius r with respect to a horizontal line passing through the centroid of the area I x = ( π 8 − 8 9 π ) r 4 ≈ 0.1098 r 4 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 8 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 8 ) ( 9 \ pi ) ) \ right ) r ^ ( 4 ) \ approx 0.1098 r ^ ( 4 ) ) I y = π r 4 8 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi r ^ ( 4 ) ) ( 8 ) ) ) A filled semicircle as above but with respect to an axis collinear with the base I x = π r 4 8 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi r ^ ( 4 ) ) ( 8 ) ) ) I y = π r 4 8 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi r ^ ( 4 ) ) ( 8 ) ) ) I x ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) ) : This is a consequence of the parallel axis theorem and the fact that the distance between the x axes of the previous one and this one is 4 r 3 π ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 4r ) ( 3 \ pi ) ) ) A filled quarter circle with radius r with the axes passing through the bases I x = π r 4 16 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi r ^ ( 4 ) ) ( 16 ) ) ) I y = π r 4 16 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi r ^ ( 4 ) ) ( 16 ) ) ) A filled quarter circle with radius r with the axes passing through the centroid I x = ( π 16 − 4 9 π ) r 4 ≈ 0.0549 r 4 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 16 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 9 \ pi ) ) \ right ) r ^ ( 4 ) \ approx 0.0549 r ^ ( 4 ) ) I y = ( π 16 − 4 9 π ) r 4 ≈ 0.0549 r 4 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( y ) = \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 16 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 9 \ pi ) ) \ right ) r ^ ( 4 ) \ approx 0.0549 r ^ ( 4 ) ) This is a consequence of the parallel axis theorem and the fact that the distance between these two axes is 4 r 3 π ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 4r ) ( 3 \ pi ) ) ) A filled ellipse whose radius along the x-axis is a and whose radius along the y - axis is b I x = π 4 a b 3 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) ab ^ ( 3 ) ) I y = π 4 a 3 b ( \ displaystyle I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) a ^ ( 3 ) b ) A filled rectangular area with a base width of b and height h I x = b h 3 12 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = ( \ frac ( bh ^ ( 3 ) ) ( 12 ) ) ) I y = b 3 h 12 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( b ^ ( 3 ) h ) ( 12 ) ) ) A filled rectangular area as above but with respect to an axis collinear with the base I x = b h 3 3 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = ( \ frac ( bh ^ ( 3 ) ) ( 3 ) ) ) I y = b 3 h 3 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( b ^ ( 3 ) h ) ( 3 ) ) ) This is a result from the parallel axis theorem A filled triangular area with a base width of b and height h with respect to an axis through the centroid I x = b h 3 36 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = ( \ frac ( bh ^ ( 3 ) ) ( 36 ) ) ) I y = b 3 h 36 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( b ^ ( 3 ) h ) ( 36 ) ) ) A filled triangular area as above but with respect to an axis collinear with the base I x = b h 3 12 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = ( \ frac ( bh ^ ( 3 ) ) ( 12 ) ) ) I y = b 3 h 12 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( b ^ ( 3 ) h ) ( 12 ) ) ) This is a consequence of the parallel axis theorem An equal legged angle , commonly found in engineering applications I x = I y = t ( 5 L 2 − 5 L t + t 2 ) ( L 2 − L t + t 2 ) 12 ( 2 L − t ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( t ( 5L ^ ( 2 ) - 5Lt + t ^ ( 2 ) ) ( L ^ ( 2 ) - Lt + t ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( 12 ( 2L - t ) ) ) ) I ( x y ) = L 2 t ( L − t ) 2 4 ( t − 2 L ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( ( xy ) ) = ( \ frac ( L ^ ( 2 ) t ( L-t ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 ( t - 2L ) ) ) ) I a = t ( 2 L − t ) ( 2 L 2 − 2 L t + t 2 ) 12 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( a ) = ( \ frac ( t ( 2L - t ) ( 2L ^ ( 2 ) - 2Lt + t ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( 12 ) ) ) I b = t ( 2 L 4 − 4 L 3 t + 8 L 2 t 2 − 6 L t 3 + t 4 ) 12 ( 2 L − t ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( b ) = ( \ frac ( t ( 2L ^ ( 4 ) - 4L ^ ( 3 ) t + 8L ^ ( 2 ) t ^ ( 2 ) - 6Lt ^ ( 3 ) + t ^ ( 4 ) ) ) ( 12 ( 2L - t ) ) ) ) I ( x y ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( ( xy ) ) ) is the often unused product of inertia , used to define inertia with a rotated axis A filled regular hexagon with a side length of a I x = 5 3 16 a 4 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = ( \ frac ( 5 ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ) ( 16 ) ) a ^ ( 4 ) ) I y = 5 3 16 a 4 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( 5 ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ) ( 16 ) ) a ^ ( 4 ) ) The result is valid for both a horizontal and a vertical axis through the centroid , and therefore is also valid for an axis with arbitrary direction that passes through the origin . Parallel axis theorem ( edit ) Main article : Parallel axis theorem The parallel axis theorem can be used to determine the second moment of area of a rigid body about any axis , given the body 's moment of inertia about a parallel axis through the object 's center of mass and the perpendicular distance ( d ) between the axes . I x ′ = I x + A d 2 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ' ) = I_ ( x ) + Ad ^ ( 2 ) ) See also ( edit ) List of moments of inertia List of centroids Polar moment of inertia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Circle '' . eFunda . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Circular Half '' . eFunda . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Quarter Circle '' . eFunda . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rectangular area '' . eFunda . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Triangular area '' . eFunda . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_second_moments_of_area&oldid=805204051 '' Categories : Mechanics Physics - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 19 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	moment of inertia formula for right angled triangle	[]	[]
-2628887148542445550	lac operon	Lac operon - wikipedia Lac operon Jump to : navigation , search The lac operon ( lactose operon ) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and many other enteric bacteria . Although glucose is the preferred carbon source for most bacteria , the lac operon allows for the effective digestion of lactose when glucose is not available through the activity of beta - galactosidase . Gene regulation of the lac operon was the first genetic regulatory mechanism to be understood clearly , so it has become a foremost example of prokaryotic gene regulation . It is often discussed in introductory molecular and cellular biology classes for this reason . This lactose metabolism system was used by Jacob and Monod to determine how a cell knows which enzyme to synthesize . Their work on the lac operon won them the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1965 . Bacterial operons are polycistronic transcripts that are able to produce multiple proteins from one mRNA transcript . In this case , when lactose is required as a sugar source for the bacterium , the three genes of the lac operon can be expressed and their subsequent proteins translated : lacZ , lacY , and lacA . The gene product of lacZ is β - galactosidase which cleaves lactose , a disaccharide , into glucose and galactose . lacY encodes Beta - galactoside permease , a protein which becomes embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane to enable transport of lactose into the cell . Finally , lacA encodes β - galactoside transacetylase . The lac operon . Top : Repressed , Bottom : Active . 1 : RNA Polymerase , 2 : Repressor , 3 : Promoter , 4 : Operator , 5 : Lactose , 6 : lacZ , 7 : lacY , 8 : lacA . It would be wasteful to produce the enzymes when there is no lactose available or if there is a more preferable energy source available , such as glucose . The lac operon uses a two - part control mechanism to ensure that the cell expends energy producing the enzymes encoded by the lac operon only when necessary . In the absence of lactose , the lac repressor , lacI , halts production of the enzymes encoded by the lac operon . The lac repressor is always expressed unless a co-inducer binds to it . In other words , it is transcribed only in the presence of small molecule co-inducer . In the presence of glucose , the catabolite activator protein ( CAP ) , required for production of the enzymes , remains inactive , and EIIA shuts down lactose permease to prevent transport of lactose into the cell . This dual control mechanism causes the sequential utilization of glucose and lactose in two distinct growth phases , known as diauxie . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Genetic nomenclature 2 Regulation 2.1 Repressor structure 2.1. 1 Mechanism of induction 2.1. 2 Role of non-specific binding 2.2 Lactose analogs 3 Development of the classic model 3.1 Classification of regulatory mutants 3.2 Regulation by cyclic AMP 4 Use in molecular biology 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) Structure of lactose and the products of its cleavage . The lac operon consists of three structural genes , and a promoter , a terminator , regulator , and an operator . The three structural genes are : lacZ , lacY , and lacA . lacZ encodes β - galactosidase ( LacZ ) , an intracellular enzyme that cleaves the disaccharide lactose into glucose and galactose . lacY encodes Beta - galactoside permease ( LacY ) , a transmembrane symporter that pumps β - galactosides including lactose into the cell using a proton gradient in the same direction . lacA encodes β - galactoside transacetylase ( LacA ) , an enzyme that transfers an acetyl group from acetyl - CoA to β - galactosides . Only lacZ and lacY appear to be necessary for lactose catabolism . Genetic nomenclature ( edit ) Three - letter abbreviations are used to describe phenotypes in bacteria including E. coli . Examples include : Lac ( the ability to use lactose ) , His ( the ability to synthesize the amino acid histidine ) Mot ( swimming motility ) Sm ( resistance to the antibiotic streptomycin ) In the case of Lac , wild type cells are Lac and are able to use lactose as a carbon and energy source , while Lac mutant derivatives can not use lactose . The same three letters are typically used ( lower - case , italicized ) to label the genes involved in a particular phenotype , where each different gene is additionally distinguished by an extra letter . The lac genes encoding enzymes are lacZ , lacY , and lacA . The fourth lac gene is lacI , encoding the lactose repressor -- `` I '' stands for inducibility . One may distinguish between structural genes encoding enzymes , and regulatory genes encoding proteins that affect gene expression . Current usage expands the phenotypic nomenclature to apply to proteins : thus , LacZ is the protein product of the lacZ gene , β - galactosidase . Various short sequences that are not genes also affect gene expression , including the lac promoter , lac p , and the lac operator , lac o . Although it is not strictly standard usage , mutations affecting lac o are referred to as lac o , for historical reasons . Regulation ( edit ) Specific control of the lac genes depends on the availability of the substrate lactose to the bacterium . The proteins are not produced by the bacterium when lactose is unavailable as a carbon source . The lac genes are organized into an operon ; that is , they are oriented in the same direction immediately adjacent on the chromosome and are co-transcribed into a single polycistronic mRNA molecule . Transcription of all genes starts with the binding of the enzyme RNA polymerase ( RNAP ) , a DNA - binding protein , which binds to a specific DNA binding site , the promoter , immediately upstream of the genes . Binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter is aided by the cAMP - bound catabolite activator protein ( CAP , also known as the cAMP receptor protein ) . However , the lacI gene ( regulatory gene for lac operon ) produces a protein that blocks RNAP from binding to the promoter of the operon . This protein can only be removed when allolactose binds to it , and inactivates it . The protein that is formed by the lacI gene is known as the lac repressor . The type of regulation that the lac operon undergoes is referred to as negative inducible , meaning that the gene is turned off by the regulatory factor ( lac repressor ) unless some molecule ( lactose ) is added . Because of the presence of the lac repressor protein , genetic engineers who replace the lacZ gene with another gene will have to grow the experimental bacteria on agar with lactose available on it . If they do not , the gene they are trying to express will not be expressed as the repressor protein is still blocking RNAP from binding to the promoter and transcribing the gene . Once the repressor is removed , RNAP then proceeds to transcribe all three genes ( lacZYA ) into mRNA . Each of the three genes on the mRNA strand has its own Shine - Dalgarno sequence , so the genes are independently translated . The DNA sequence of the E. coli lac operon , the lacZYA mRNA , and the lacI genes are available from GenBank ( view ) . The first control mechanism is the regulatory response to lactose , which uses an intracellular regulatory protein called the lactose repressor to hinder production of β - galactosidase in the absence of lactose . The lacI gene coding for the repressor lies nearby the lac operon and is always expressed ( constitutive ) . If lactose is missing from the growth medium , the repressor binds very tightly to a short DNA sequence just downstream of the promoter near the beginning of lacZ called the lac operator . The repressor binding to the operator interferes with binding of RNAP to the promoter , and therefore mRNA encoding LacZ and LacY is only made at very low levels . When cells are grown in the presence of lactose , however , a lactose metabolite called allolactose , made from lactose by the product of the lacZ gene , binds to the repressor , causing an allosteric shift . Thus altered , the repressor is unable to bind to the operator , allowing RNAP to transcribe the lac genes and thereby leading to higher levels of the encoded proteins . The second control mechanism is a response to glucose , which uses the catabolite activator protein ( CAP ) homodimer to greatly increase production of β - galactosidase in the absence of glucose . Cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP ) is a signal molecule whose prevalence is inversely proportional to that of glucose . It binds to the CAP , which in turn allows the CAP to bind to the CAP binding site ( a 16 bp DNA sequence upstream of the promoter on the left in the diagram below , about 60 bp upstream of the transcription start site ) , which assists the RNAP in binding to the DNA . In the absence of glucose , the cAMP concentration is high and binding of CAP - cAMP to the DNA significantly increases the production of β - galactosidase , enabling the cell to hydrolyse lactose and release galactose and glucose . More recently inducer exclusion was shown to block expression of the lac operon when glucose is present . Glucose is transported into the cell by the PEP - dependent phosphotransferase system . The phosphate group of phosphoenolpyruvate is transferred via a phosphorylation cascade consisting of the general PTS ( phosphotransferase system ) proteins HPr and EIA and the glucose - specific PTS proteins EIIA and EIIB , the cytoplasmic domain of the EII glucose transporter . Transport of glucose is accompanied by its phosphorylation by EIIB , draining the phosphate group from the other PTS proteins , including EIIA . The unphosphorylated form of EIIA binds to the lac permease and prevents it from bringing lactose into the cell . Therefore , if both glucose and lactose are present , the transport of glucose blocks the transport of the inducer of the lac operon . Repressor structure ( edit ) Tetrameric LacI binds two operator sequences and induces DNA looping . Two dimeric LacI functional subunits ( red + blue and green + orange ) each bind a DNA operator sequence ( labeled ) . These two functional subunits are coupled at the tetramerization region ( labeled ) ; thus , tetrameric LacI binds two operator sequences . This allows tetrameric LacI to induce DNA looping . The lac repressor is a four - part protein , a tetramer , with identical subunits . Each subunit contains a helix - turn - helix ( HTH ) motif capable of binding to DNA . The operator site where repressor binds is a DNA sequence with inverted repeat symmetry . The two DNA half - sites of the operator together bind to two of the subunits of the repressor . Although the other two subunits of repressor are not doing anything in this model , this property was not understood for many years . Eventually it was discovered that two additional operators are involved in lac regulation . One ( O ) lies about - 90 bp upstream of O in the end of the lacI gene , and the other ( O ) is about + 410 bp downstream of O in the early part of lacZ . These two sites were not found in the early work because they have redundant functions and individual mutations do not affect repression very much . Single mutations to either O or O have only 2 to 3-fold effects . However , their importance is demonstrated by the fact that a double mutant defective in both O and O is dramatically de-repressed ( by about 70-fold ) . In the current model , lac repressor is bound simultaneously to both the main operator O and to either O or O . The intervening DNA loops out from the complex . The redundant nature of the two minor operators suggests that it is not a specific looped complex that is important . One idea is that the system works through tethering ; if bound repressor releases from O momentarily , binding to a minor operator keeps it in the vicinity , so that it may rebind quickly . This would increase the affinity of repressor for O . Mechanism of induction ( edit ) 1 : RNA Polymerase , 2 : Repressor , 3 : Promoter , 4 : Operator , 5 : Lactose , 6 : lacZ , 7 : lacY , 8 : lacA . Top : The gene is essentially turned off . There is no allolactose to inhibit the lac repressor , so the repressor binds tightly to the operator , which obstructs the RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter , resulting in no laczya mRNA transcripts . Bottom : The gene is turned on . Allolactose inhibits the repressor , allowing the RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter and express the genes , resulting in production of LacZYA . Eventually , the enzymes will digest all of the lactose , until there is no allolactose that can bind to the repressor . The repressor will then bind to the operator , stopping the transcription of the LacZYA genes . The repressor is an allosteric protein , i.e. it can assume either one of two slightly different shapes , which are in equilibrium with each other . In one form the repressor will bind to the operator DNA with high specificity , and in the other form it has lost its specificity . According to the classical model of induction , binding of the inducer , either allolactose or IPTG , to the repressor affects the distribution of repressor between the two shapes . Thus , repressor with inducer bound is stabilized in the non-DNA - binding conformation . However , this simple model can not be the whole story , because repressor is bound quite stably to DNA , yet it is released rapidly by addition of inducer . Therefore , it seems clear that an inducer can also bind to the repressor when the repressor is already bound to DNA . It is still not entirely known what the exact mechanism of binding is . Role of non-specific binding ( edit ) Non-specific binding of the repressor to DNA plays a crucial role in the repression and induction of the Lac - operon . The specific binding site for the Lac - repressor protein is the operator . The non-specific interaction is mediated mainly by charge - charge interactions while binding to the operator is reinforced by hydrophobic interactions . Additionally , there is an abundance of non-specific DNA sequences to which the repressor can bind . Essentially , any sequence that is not the operator , is considered non-specific . Studies have shown , that without the presence of non-specific binding , induction ( or unrepression ) of the Lac - operon could not occur even with saturated levels of inducer . It had been demonstrated that , without non-specific binding , the basal level of induction is ten thousand times smaller than observed normally . This is because the non-specific DNA acts as sort of a `` sink '' for the repressor proteins , distracting them from the operator . The non-specific sequences decrease the amount of available repressor in the cell . This in turn reduces the amount of inducer required to unrepress the system . Lactose analogs ( edit ) IPTG ONPG X-gal allolactose A number of lactose derivatives or analogs have been described that are useful for work with the lac operon . These compounds are mainly substituted galactosides , where the glucose moiety of lactose is replaced by another chemical group . Isopropyl - β - D - thiogalactopyranoside ( IPTG ) is frequently used as an inducer of the lac operon for physiological work . IPTG binds to repressor and inactivates it , but is not a substrate for β - galactosidase . One advantage of IPTG for in vivo studies is that since it can not be metabolized by E. coli its concentration remains constant and the rate of expression of lac p / o - controlled genes , is not a variable in the experiment . IPTG intake is dependent on the action of lactose permease in P. fluorescens , but not in E. coli . Phenyl - β - D - galactose ( phenyl - Gal ) is a substrate for β - galactosidase , but does not inactivate repressor and so is not an inducer . Since wild type cells produce very little β - galactosidase , they can not grow on phenyl - Gal as a carbon and energy source . Mutants lacking repressor are able to grow on phenyl - Gal . Thus , minimal medium containing only phenyl - Gal as a source of carbon and energy is selective for repressor mutants and operator mutants . If 10 cells of a wild type strain are plated on agar plates containing phenyl - Gal , the rare colonies which grow are mainly spontaneous mutants affecting the repressor . The relative distribution of repressor and operator mutants is affected by the target size . Since the lacI gene encoding repressor is about 50 times larger than the operator , repressor mutants predominate in the selection . Thiomethyl galactosidase ( TMG ) is another lactose analog . These inhibit the lacI repressor . At low inducer concentrations , both TMG and IPTG can enter the cell through the lactose permease . However at high inducer concentrations , both analogs can enter the cell independently . TMG can can reduce growth rates at high extracellular concentrations . Other compounds serve as colorful indicators of β - galactosidase activity . ONPG is cleaved to produce the intensely yellow compound , orthonitrophenol and galactose , and is commonly used as a substrate for assay of β - galactosidase in vitro . Colonies that produce β - galactosidase are turned blue by X-gal ( 5 - bromo - 4 - chloro - 3 - indolyl - β - D - galactoside ) which is an artificial substrate for B - galactosidase whose cleavage results in galactose and 4 - Cl , 3 - Br indigo thus producing a deep blue color . Allolactose is an isomer of lactose and is the inducer of the lac operon . Lactose is galactose - ( β1 - > 4 ) - glucose , whereas allolactose is galactose - ( β1 - > 6 ) - glucose . Lactose is converted to allolactose by β - galactosidase in an alternative reaction to the hydrolytic one . A physiological experiment which demonstrates the role of LacZ in production of the `` true '' inducer in E. coli cells is the observation that a null mutant of lacZ can still produce LacY permease when grown with IPTG but not when grown with lactose . The explanation is that processing of lactose to allolactose ( catalyzed by β - galactosidase ) is needed to produce the inducer inside the cell . Development of the classic model ( edit ) The experimental microorganism used by François Jacob and Jacques Monod was the common laboratory bacterium , E. coli , but many of the basic regulatory concepts that were discovered by Jacob and Monod are fundamental to cellular regulation in all organisms . The key idea is that proteins are not synthesized when they are not needed -- E. coli conserves cellular resources and energy by not making the three Lac proteins when there is no need to metabolize lactose , such as when other sugars like glucose are available . The following section discusses how E. coli controls certain genes in response to metabolic needs . During World War II , Monod was testing the effects of combinations of sugars as nutrient sources for E. coli and B. subtilis . Monod was following up on similar studies that had been conducted by other scientists with bacteria and yeast . He found that bacteria grown with two different sugars often displayed two phases of growth . For example , if glucose and lactose were both provided , glucose was metabolized first ( growth phase I , see Figure 2 ) and then lactose ( growth phase II ) . Lactose was not metabolized during the first part of the diauxic growth curve because β - galactosidase was not made when both glucose and lactose were present in the medium . Monod named this phenomenon diauxie . Figure 2 : Monod 's `` bi-phasic '' growth curve Monod then focused his attention on the induction of β - galactosidase formation that occurred when lactose was the sole sugar in the culture medium . Classification of regulatory mutants ( edit ) A conceptual breakthrough of Jacob and Monod was to recognize the distinction between regulatory substances and sites where they act to change gene expression . A former soldier , Jacob used the analogy of a bomber that would release its lethal cargo upon receipt of a special radio transmission or signal . A working system requires both a ground transmitter and a receiver in the airplane . Now , suppose that the usual transmitter is broken . This system can be made to work by introduction of a second , functional transmitter . In contrast , he said , consider a bomber with a defective receiver . The behavior of this bomber can not be changed by introduction of a second , functional aeroplane . To analyze regulatory mutants of the lac operon , Jacob developed a system by which a second copy of the lac genes ( lacI with its promoter , and lacZYA with promoter and operator ) could be introduced into a single cell . A culture of such bacteria , which are diploid for the lac genes but otherwise normal , is then tested for the regulatory phenotype . In particular , it is determined whether LacZ and LacY are made even in the absence of IPTG ( due to the lactose repressor produced by the mutant gene being non-functional ) . This experiment , in which genes or gene clusters are tested pairwise , is called a complementation test . This test is illustrated in the figure ( lacA is omitted for simplicity ) . First , certain haploid states are shown ( i.e. the cell carries only a single copy of the lac genes ) . Panel ( a ) shows repression , ( b ) shows induction by IPTG , and ( c ) and ( d ) show the effect of a mutation to the lacI gene or to the operator , respectively . In panel ( e ) the complementation test for repressor is shown . If one copy of the lac genes carries a mutation in lacI , but the second copy is wild type for lacI , the resulting phenotype is normal -- - but lacZ is expressed when exposed to inducer IPTG . Mutations affecting repressor are said to be recessive to wild type ( and that wild type is dominant ) , and this is explained by the fact that repressor is a small protein which can diffuse in the cell . The copy of the lac operon adjacent to the defective lacI gene is effectively shut off by protein produced from the second copy of lacI . If the same experiment is carried out using an operator mutation , a different result is obtained ( panel ( f ) ) . The phenotype of a cell carrying one mutant and one wild type operator site is that LacZ and LacY are produced even in the absence of the inducer IPTG ; because the damaged operator site , does not permit binding of the repressor to inhibit transcription of the structural genes . The operator mutation is dominant . When the operator site where repressor must bind is damaged by mutation , the presence of a second functional site in the same cell makes no difference to expression of genes controlled by the mutant site . A more sophisticated version of this experiment uses marked operons to distinguish between the two copies of the lac genes and show that the unregulated structural gene ( s ) is ( are ) the one ( s ) next to the mutant operator ( panel ( g ) . For example , suppose that one copy is marked by a mutation inactivating lacZ so that it can only produce the LacY protein , while the second copy carries a mutation affecting lacY and can only produce LacZ . In this version , only the copy of the lac operon that is adjacent to the mutant operator is expressed without IPTG . We say that the operator mutation is cis - dominant , it is dominant to wild type but affects only the copy of the operon which is immediately adjacent to it . This explanation is misleading in an important sense , because it proceeds from a description of the experiment and then explains the results in terms of a model . But in fact , it is often true that the model comes first , and an experiment is fashioned specifically to test the model . Jacob and Monod first imagined that there must be a site in DNA with the properties of the operator , and then designed their complementation tests to show this . The dominance of operator mutants also suggests a procedure to select them specifically . If regulatory mutants are selected from a culture of wild type using phenyl - Gal , as described above , operator mutations are rare compared to repressor mutants because the target - size is so small . But if instead we start with a strain which carries two copies of the whole lac region ( that is diploid for lac ) , the repressor mutations ( which still occur ) are not recovered because complementation by the second , wild type lacI gene confers a wild type phenotype . In contrast , mutation of one copy of the operator confers a mutant phenotype because it is dominant to the second , wild type copy . Regulation by cyclic AMP ( edit ) Explanation of diauxie depended on the characterization of additional mutations affecting the lac genes other than those explained by the classical model . Two other genes , cya and crp , subsequently were identified that mapped far from lac , and that , when mutated , result in a decreased level of expression in the presence of IPTG and even in strains of the bacterium lacking the repressor or operator . The discovery of cAMP in E. coli led to the demonstration that mutants defective the cya gene but not the crp gene could be restored to full activity by the addition of cAMP to the medium . The cya gene encodes adenylate cyclase , which produces cAMP . In a cya mutant , the absence of cAMP makes the expression of the lacZYA genes more than ten times lower than normal . Addition of cAMP corrects the low Lac expression characteristic of cya mutants . The second gene , crp , encodes a protein called catabolite activator protein ( CAP ) or cAMP receptor protein ( CRP ) . However the lactose metabolism enzymes are made in small quantities in the presence of both glucose and lactose ( sometimes called leaky expression ) due to the fact that the LacI repressor rapidly associates / dissociates from the DNA rather than tightly binding to it , which can allow time for RNAP to bind and transcribe mRNAs of lacZYA . Leaky expression is necessary in order to allow for metabolism of some lactose after the glucose source is expended , but before lac expression is fully activated . In summary : When lactose is absent then there is very little Lac enzyme production ( the operator has Lac repressor bound to it ) . When lactose is present but a preferred carbon source ( like glucose ) is also present then a small amount of enzyme is produced ( Lac repressor is not bound to the operator ) . When glucose is absent , CAP - cAMP binds to a specific DNA site upstream of the promoter and makes a direct protein - protein interaction with RNAP that facilitates the binding of RNAP to the promoter . The delay between growth phases reflects the time needed to produce sufficient quantities of lactose - metabolizing enzymes . First , the CAP regulatory protein has to assemble on the lac promoter , resulting in an increase in the production of lac mRNA . More available copies of the lac mRNA results in the production ( see translation ) of significantly more copies of LacZ ( β - galactosidase , for lactose metabolism ) and LacY ( lactose permease to transport lactose into the cell ) . After a delay needed to increase the level of the lactose metabolizing enzymes , the bacteria enter into a new rapid phase of cell growth . lac operon in detail Two puzzles of catabolite repression relate to how cAMP levels are coupled to the presence of glucose , and secondly , why the cells should even bother . After lactose is cleaved it actually forms glucose and galactose ( easily converted to glucose ) . In metabolic terms , lactose is just as good a carbon and energy source as glucose . The cAMP level is related not to intracellular glucose concentration but to the rate of glucose transport , which influences the activity of adenylate cyclase . ( In addition , glucose transport also leads to direct inhibition of the lactose permease . ) As to why E. coli works this way , one can only speculate . All enteric bacteria ferment glucose , which suggests they encounter it frequently . It is possible that a small difference in efficiency of transport or metabolism of glucose v. lactose makes it advantageous for cells to regulate the lac operon in this way . Use in molecular biology ( edit ) The lac gene and its derivatives are amenable to use as a reporter gene in a number of bacterial - based selection techniques such as two hybrid analysis , in which the successful binding of a transcriptional activator to a specific promoter sequence must be determined . In LB plates containing X-gal , the colour change from white colonies to a shade of blue corresponds to about 20 -- 100 β - galactosidase units , while tetrazolium lactose and MacConkey lactose media have a range of 100 -- 1000 units , being most sensitive in the high and low parts of this range respectively . Since MacConkey lactose and tetrazolium lactose media both rely on the products of lactose breakdown , they require the presence of both lacZ and lacY genes . The many lac fusion techniques which include only the lacZ gene are thus suited to X-gal plates or ONPG liquid broths . See also ( edit ) Catabolite repression References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Griffiths , Anthony J.F. ; Wessler , Susan R. ; Carroll , Sean B. ; Doebley , John ( 2015 ) . An Introduction to Genetic Analysis ( 11 ed . ) . Freeman , W.H. & Company . pp. 400 -- 412 . ISBN 9781464109485 . Jump up ^ `` Prokaryotic Gene Expression '' . www.ndsu.edu . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Prokaryotic Gene Expression '' . www.ndsu.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Busby S. , Ebright RH. ( 2001 ) . `` Transcription activation by catabolite activator protein ( CAP ) '' . J. Mol. Biol. 293 ( 2 ) : 199 -- 213 . doi : 10.1006 / jmbi. 1999.3161 . PMID 10550204 . Jump up ^ Kennell , David ; Riezman , Howard ( July 1977 ) . `` Transcription and translation initiation frequencies of the Escherichia coli lac operon '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 114 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 21 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 2836 ( 77 ) 90279 - 0 . PMID 409848 . Jump up ^ Malan , T. Philip ; Kolb , Annie ; Buc , Henri ; McClure , William ( December 1984 ) . `` Mechanism of CRP - cAMP Activation of lac Operon Transcription Initiation Activation of the P1 Promoter '' . J. Mol. Biol. 180 ( 4 ) : 881 -- 909 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 2836 ( 84 ) 90262 - 6 . PMID 6098691 . Jump up ^ Görke B , Stülke J ( August 2008 ) . `` Carbon catabolite repression in bacteria : many ways to make the most out of nutrients '' . Nature Reviews . Microbiology. 6 ( 8 ) : 613 -- 24 . doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro1932 . PMID 18628769 . Jump up ^ Oehler , S. ; Eismann , E.R. ; Krämer , H. ; Müller - Hill , B. ( 1990 ) . `` The three operators of the lac operon cooperate in repression '' . The EMBO Journal . 9 ( 4 ) : 973 -- 979 . PMC 551766 . PMID 2182324 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Anthony JF ; Gelbart , William M. ; Miller , Jeffrey H. ; Lewontin , Richard C. ( 1999 ) . `` Regulation of the Lactose System '' . Modern Genetic Analysis . New York : W.H. Freeman . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3118 - 5 . Jump up ^ von Hippel , P.H. ; Revzin , A. ; Gross , C.A. ; Wang , A.C. ( December 1974 ) . `` Non-specific DNA binding of genome regulating proteins as a biological control mechanism : I . The lac operon : equilibrium aspects '' . PNAS. 71 ( 12 ) : 4808 -- 12 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 71.12. 4808 . PMC 433986 . PMID 4612528 . Jump up ^ Hansen LH , Knudsen S , Sørensen SJ ( June 1998 ) . `` The effect of the lacY gene on the induction of IPTG inducible promoters , studied in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens '' . Curr . Microbiol. 36 ( 6 ) : 341 -- 7 . doi : 10.1007 / s002849900320 . PMID 9608745 . Jump up ^ Marbach A , Bettenbrock K ( Jan 2012 ) . `` lac operon induction in Escherichia coli : Systematic comparison of IPTG and TMG induction and influence of the transacetylase LacA '' . Journal of Biotechnology . 157 ( 1 ) : 82 -- 88 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jbiotec. 2011.10. 009 . PMID 22079752 . Jump up ^ `` ONPG ( β - Galactosidase ) test '' . September 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Joung J , Ramm E , Pabo C ( 2000 ) . `` A bacterial two - hybrid selection system for studying protein -- DNA and protein -- protein interactions '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 97 ( 13 ) : 7382 -- 7 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 110149297 . PMC 16554 . PMID 10852947 . Jump up ^ `` Milestone 2 - A visionary pair : Nature Milestones in gene expression '' . www.nature.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Muller - Hill , Benno ( 1996 ) . The lac Operon , a Short History of a Genetic Paradigm . Berlin : Walter de Gruyter . pp. 7 -- 10 . ISBN 3 - 11 - 014830 - 7 . Jump up ^ McKnight , Steven L. ( 1992 ) . Transcriptional Regulation . Cold Spring Harbor , NY : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press . pp. 3 -- 24 . ISBN 0 - 87969 - 410 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jacob F. ; Monod J ( June 1961 ) . `` Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins '' . J Mol Biol. 3 ( 3 ) : 318 -- 56 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 2836 ( 61 ) 80072 - 7 . PMID 13718526 . Jump up ^ Montminy , M. ( 1997 ) . `` Transcriptional regulation by cyclic AMP '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 66 : 807 -- 822 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 66.1. 807 . ISSN 0066 - 4154 . PMID 9242925 . Jump up ^ Botsford , JL ; Harman , JG ( March 1992 ) . `` Cyclic AMP in prokaryotes '' . Microbiological Reviews . 56 ( 1 ) : 100 -- 122 . ISSN 0146 - 0749 . PMC 372856 . PMID 1315922 . Jump up ^ Vazquez A , Beg QK , Demenezes MA , et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Impact of the solvent capacity constraint on E. coli metabolism '' . BMC Syst Biol. 2 : 7 . doi : 10.1186 / 1752 - 0509 - 2 - 7 . PMC 2270259 . PMID 18215292 . Jump up ^ `` Induction of the lac operon in E. coli '' ( PDF ) . SAPS . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lac Operon at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) lac operon in NCBI Bookshelf ( 2 ) Virtual Cell Animation Collection Introducing : The Lac Operon The lac Operon : Bozeman Science Staining Whole Mouse Embryos for β - Galactosidase ( lacZ ) Activity Transcription ( Bacterial , Eukaryotic ) Transcriptional regulation prokaryotic Operon lac operon trp operon gab operon ara operon gal operon Repressor lac repressor trp repressor eukaryotic Histone - modifying enzymes ( histone / nucleosome ) : Histone methylation / Histone methyltransferase EZH2 Histone demethylase Histone acetylation and deacetylation Histone deacetylase HDAC1 Histone acetyltransferase DNA methylation : DNA methyltransferase Chromatin remodeling : CHD7 both Transcription coregulator Coactivator Corepressor Inducer Promotion Promoter Pribnow box TATA box BRE CAAT box Response element Enhancer E-box Response element Insulator Silencer Internal control region Initiation ( bacterial , eukaryotic Transcription start site Elongation bacterial RNA polymerase : rpoB eukaryotic RNA polymerase : RNA polymerase II Termination ( bacterial , eukaryotic ) Terminator Intrinsic termination Rho factor The development of phenotype Key concepts Genotype -- phenotype distinction Norms of reaction Gene -- environment interaction Gene -- environment correlation Operon Heritability Quantitative genetics Heterochrony Neoteny Heterotopy Genetic architecture Canalisation Genetic assimilation Dominance Epistasis Fitness landscape / evolutionary landscape Pleiotropy Plasticity Polygenic inheritance Transgressive segregation Sequence space Non-genetic influences Epigenetics Maternal effect Dual inheritance theory Polyphenism Developmental architecture Developmental biology Morphogenesis Eyespot Pattern formation Segmentation Modularity Evolution of genetic systems Evolvability Mutational robustness Neutral networks Evolution of sexual reproduction Control of development Systems Regulation of gene expression Gene regulatory network Developmental - genetic toolkit Evolutionary developmental biology Homeobox Hedgehog signaling pathway Notch signaling pathway Elements Homeotic gene Hox gene Pax genes eyeless gene Distal-less Engrailed cis - regulatory element Ligand Morphogen Cell surface receptor Transcription factor Influential figures C.H. Waddington Richard Lewontin François Jacob + Jacques Monod Lac operon Eric F. Wieschaus Christiane Nüsslein - Volhard William McGinnis Mike Levine Sean B. Carroll Endless Forms Most Beautiful Debates Nature versus nurture Morphogenetic field Index of evolutionary biology articles Molecular and Cellular Biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lac_operon&oldid=841860837 '' Categories : Gene expression Bacterial genetics Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Nederlands 日本語 Occitan Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Svenska ไทย 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 15 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	structural and regulatory genes of the lac operon	[]	[]
-3247793995304937465	New Soul	New Soul - wikipedia New Soul For the genre , see Neo soul . `` New Soul '' Single by Yael Naïm from the album Yael Naim Released February 15 , 2008 ( Europe ) February 18 , 2008 ( UK ) March 4 , 2008 ( U.S. ) Format Digital download Recorded 2007 Genre Indie folk Length 3 : 34 ( Album Version ) 3 : 44 ( Single Version ) Label Tôt ou tard Songwriter ( s ) Yael Naïm Producer ( s ) Yael Naïm , David Donatien Yael Naïm singles chronology `` Toxic '' ( 2007 ) `` New Soul '' ( 2008 ) `` Too Long '' ( 2008 ) `` Toxic '' ( 2007 ) `` New Soul '' ( 2008 ) `` Too Long '' ( 2008 ) `` New Soul '' is a song by the French - Israeli R&B / soul singer Yael Naïm , from her self - titled second album . The song gained popularity in the United States following its use by Apple in an advertisement for their MacBook Air laptop . In the song Naïm sings of being a new soul who has come into the world to learn `` a bit ' bout how to give and take . '' However , she finds that things are harder than they seem . The song , also featured in the films The House Bunny and Wild Target , features a prominent `` la la la la '' section as its hook . It remains Naïm 's biggest hit single in the U.S. to date , and her only one to reach the Top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 . `` New Soul '' was mixed and mastered by S. Husky Höskulds at Groundlift Studios , Reykjavik and Los Angeles . Contents 1 Music video 2 Chart performance 3 Charts 3.1 Year - end charts 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Music video ( edit ) The video shows Naïm moving into an empty apartment . She covers the walls in wallpaper depicting a lake surrounded by forest . She then begins unpacking several other things , including furniture , a piano , a goldfish in a bowl and a number of photographs of people , which she hangs on the wall . As she hangs the photographs , the people in the pictures are shown in real life , in the setting depicted in the pictures . Naïm then begins painting on the photographs , and whatever she paints appears with the people in real life . She removes one of the pictures to discover a hole in the wall , revealing the actual forest setting shown in the wallpaper . She pushes on the wall , and it falls away into the lake . The remaining walls fall onto the water leaving the floor of the apartment like a raft floating on the lake , together with her furniture . The people from her pictures reach her by boat . They climb onto the makeshift raft with her , as they all celebrate , dancing and playing instruments , whilst she empties the goldfish bowl into the lake . In 2008 , the video received strong airplay on MTV . Chart performance ( edit ) In the issue dated February 16 , 2008 , `` New Soul '' debuted on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 at number 9 , giving Naïm her first single ever to enter any U.S. chart . It reached number 7 on the Hot 100 before falling to number 42 the following week . It later rebounded due to being featured on the Apple MacBook Air commercials , but nonetheless the song spent a total of 19 weeks on the chart . It debuted at number 44 on the Canadian Hot 100 , and jumped to number 7 on the chart the following week . In her birth country of France , the single hit number 1 on the French Singles Chart . In February 2008 , it debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 42 and reached a peak of number 30 one month later . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 29 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 7 France ( SNEP ) Hungarian Airplay Chart 7 Italy ( FIMI ) 6 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 11 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 21 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 30 US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 9 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 16 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Rank German Singles Chart 33 See also ( edit ) Ultratop 40 number - one hits of 2008 List of number - one hits of 2008 ( France ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Yael Naim - Keep listening Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Yael Naim -- New Soul '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Yael Naim -- New Soul '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Yael Naim -- New Soul '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Yael Naim -- New Soul '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yael Naim -- Chart history '' European Hot 100 for Yael Naim . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yael Naim Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Yael Naim -- New Soul '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hungarian Airplay Chart Archived 2008 - 07 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... mahasz.hu . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Yael Naim -- New Soul '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot 100 - Charts - Billboard JAPAN '' . billboard-japan.com . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Yael Naim -- New Soul '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Yael Naim -- New Soul '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yael Naim : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yael Naim Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yael Naim Chart History ( Adult Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yael Naim Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.mtv.de/charts/Jahrescharts2008 External links ( edit ) Official video Yael Naim on MySpace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Soul&oldid=848396956 '' Categories : 2008 singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Wallonia ) number - one singles Yael Naim songs 2008 songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Billboardeuropeanhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 17 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what movie is the song new soul in	[ "\"New Soul\" is a song by the French-Israeli R&B/soul singer Yael Naïm, from her self-titled second album. The song gained popularity in the United States following its use by Apple in an advertisement for their MacBook Air laptop. In the song Naïm sings of being a new soul who has come into the world to learn \"a bit 'bout how to give and take.\" However, she finds that things are harder than they seem. The song, also featured in the films The House Bunny and Wild Target, features a prominent \"la la la la\" section as its hook. It remains Naïm's biggest hit single in the U.S. to date, and her only one to reach the Top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100.\n", "\"New Soul\" is a song by the French-Israeli R&B/soul singer Yael Naïm, from her self-titled second album. The song gained popularity in the United States following its use by Apple in an advertisement for their MacBook Air laptop. In the song Naïm sings of being a new soul who has come into the world to learn \"a bit 'bout how to give and take.\" However, she finds that things are harder than they seem. The song, also featured in the films The House Bunny and Wild Target, features a prominent \"la la la la\" section as its hook. It remains Naïm's biggest hit single in the U.S. to date, and her only one to reach the Top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100.\n" ]	[ "The House Bunny", "Wild Target" ]
7148166504616094214	The Silence of the Lambs (film)	The Silence of the Lambs ( film ) - wikipedia The Silence of the Lambs ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Silence of the Lambs Theatrical release poster Directed by Jonathan Demme Produced by Kenneth Utt Edward Saxon Ron Bozman Screenplay by Ted Tally Based on The Silence of the Lambs by Thomas Harris Starring Jodie Foster Anthony Hopkins Scott Glenn Ted Levine Music by Howard Shore Cinematography Tak Fujimoto Edited by Craig McKay Production company Strong Heart / Demme Production Distributed by Orion Pictures Release date January 30 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 30 ) ( New York City ) February 14 , 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 14 ) ( United States ) Running time 118 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $19 million Box office $272.7 million The Silence of the Lambs is a 1991 American horror - thriller film directed by Jonathan Demme and starring Jodie Foster , Anthony Hopkins , and Scott Glenn . It was adapted by Ted Tally from Thomas Harris 's 1988 novel of the same name . The novel was Harris 's second to feature the character of Dr. Hannibal Lecter , a brilliant psychiatrist and cannibalistic serial killer . The film was the second adaptation of a Harris novel to feature Lecter , preceded by the Michael Mann - directed Manhunter in 1986 . In the film , Clarice Starling , a young U.S. FBI trainee , seeks the advice of the imprisoned Dr. Lecter to apprehend another serial killer , known only as `` Buffalo Bill '' . The Silence of the Lambs was released on February 14 , 1991 , and grossed $272.7 million worldwide against its $19 million budget . It was only the third film , the other two being It Happened One Night and One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest , to win Academy Awards in all the top five categories : Best Picture , Best Actor , Best Actress , Best Director , and Adapted Screenplay . It is also the first ( and so far only ) Best Picture winner widely considered to be a horror film , and only the third such film to be nominated in the category , after The Exorcist in 1973 and Jaws in 1975 . The film is considered `` culturally , historically or aesthetically '' significant by the U.S. Library of Congress and was selected to be preserved in the National Film Registry in 2011 . A sequel titled Hannibal was released in 2001 , in which Hopkins reprised his role . It was followed by two prequels : Red Dragon ( 2002 ) and Hannibal Rising ( 2007 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Accolades 5 Accusations of homophobia , transphobia and sexism 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot FBI trainee and UVA graduate , Clarice Starling , is pulled from her training at the FBI Academy at Quantico , Virginia by Jack Crawford of the Bureau 's Behavioral Science Unit . He assigns her to interview Hannibal Lecter , a former psychiatrist and incarcerated cannibalistic serial killer , whose insight might prove useful in the pursuit of a serial killer nicknamed `` Buffalo Bill '' , who skins his female victims ' corpses . Starling travels to the Baltimore State Hospital for the Criminally Insane , where she is led by Dr. Frederick Chilton to Lecter 's solitary quarters . Although initially pleasant and courteous , Lecter grows impatient with Starling 's attempts at `` dissecting '' him and rebuffs her . As she is leaving , one of the prisoners flicks semen at her . Lecter , who considers this act `` unspeakably ugly '' , calls Starling back and tells her to seek out an old patient of his . This leads her to a storage shed , where she discovers a man 's severed head with a sphinx moth lodged in its throat . She returns to Lecter , who tells her that the man is linked to Buffalo Bill . He offers to profile Buffalo Bill on the condition that he may be transferred away from Chilton , whom he detests . Buffalo Bill abducts a Senator 's daughter , Catherine Martin . Crawford authorizes Starling to offer Lecter a fake deal , promising a prison transfer if he provides information that helps them find Buffalo Bill and rescue Catherine . Instead , Lecter demands a quid pro quo from Starling , offering clues about Buffalo Bill in exchange for personal information . Starling tells Lecter about the murder of her father when she was ten years old . Chilton secretly records the conversation and reveals Starling 's deceit before offering Lecter a deal of Chilton 's own making . Lecter agrees and is flown to Memphis , Tennessee , where he verbally torments Senator Ruth Martin , and gives her misleading information on Buffalo Bill , including the name `` Louis Friend '' . Starling notices that `` Louis Friend '' is an anagram of `` iron sulfide '' -- fool 's gold . She visits Lecter , who is now being held in a cage - like cell in a Tennessee courthouse , and asks for the truth . Lecter tells her that all the information she needs is contained in the case file . Rather than give her the real name , he insists that they continue their quid pro quo and she recounts a traumatic childhood incident where she was awakened by the sound of spring lambs being slaughtered on a relative 's farm in Montana . Starling admits that she still sometimes wakes thinking she can hear lambs screaming , and Lecter speculates that she is motivated to save Catherine in the hope that it will end the nightmares . Lecter gives her back the case files on Buffalo Bill after their conversation is interrupted by Chilton and the police , who escort her from the building . Later that evening , Lecter kills his guards , escapes from his cell , and disappears . Starling analyzes Lecter 's annotations to the case files and realizes that Buffalo Bill knew his first victim personally . Starling travels to the victim 's hometown and discovers that Buffalo Bill was a tailor , with dresses and dress patterns identical to the patches of skin removed from each of his victims . She telephones Crawford to inform him that Buffalo Bill is trying to form a `` woman suit '' out of real skin , but Crawford is already en route to make an arrest , having cross-referenced Lecter 's notes with hospital archives and finding a transsexual man named Jame Gumb , who once applied unsuccessfully for a sex - change operation . Starling continues interviewing friends of Buffalo Bill 's first victim in Ohio , while Crawford leads an FBI HRT team to Gumb 's address in Illinois . The house in Illinois is empty , and Starling is led to the house of `` Jack Gordon '' , whom she realizes is actually Jame Gumb , again by finding a sphinx moth . She pursues him into his multi-room basement , where she discovers that Catherine is still alive , but trapped in a dry well . After turning off the basement lights , Gumb stalks Starling in the dark with night - vision goggles , but gives his position away when he cocks his revolver . Starling reacts just in time and fires all of her rounds at Gumb , killing him . Sometime later , at the FBI Academy graduation party , Starling receives a phone call from Lecter , who is at an airport in Bimini . He assures her that he does not plan to pursue her and asks her to return the favor , which she says she can not do . Lecter then hangs up the phone , saying that he is `` having an old friend for dinner '' , and starts following a newly arrived Chilton before disappearing into the crowd . Cast Jodie Foster as Clarice Starling Masha Skorobogatov as young Clarice Anthony Hopkins as Dr. Hannibal Lecter Scott Glenn as Jack Crawford Ted Levine as Jame `` Buffalo Bill '' Gumb Anthony Heald as Dr. Frederick Chilton Brooke Smith as Catherine Martin Diane Baker as U.S. Senator Ruth Martin Kasi Lemmons as Ardelia Mapp Frankie Faison as Barney Matthews Tracey Walter as Lamar Charles Napier as Lt. Boyle Danny Darst as Sgt . Tate Alex Coleman as Sgt . Jim Pembry Dan Butler as Roden Paul Lazar as Pilcher Ron Vawter as Paul Krendler Roger Corman as FBI Director Hayden Burke Chris Isaak as SWAT Commander Harry Northup as Mr. Bimmel Production Development The Silence of the Lambs is based on Thomas Harris ' 1988 novel of the same name and is the second film to feature the character Hannibal Lecter following the 1986 film Manhunter . Prior to the novel 's release , Orion Pictures partnered with Gene Hackman to bring the novel to the big screen . With Hackman set to direct and possibly star in the role of Lecter , negotiations were made to split the $500,000 cost of rights between Hackman and the studio . In addition to securing the rights to the novel , producers also had to acquire the rights to the name `` Hannibal Lecter '' , which were owned by Manhunter producer Dino De Laurentiis . Owing to the financial failure of the earlier film , De Laurentiis lent the character rights to Orion Pictures for free . In November 1987 , Ted Tally was brought on to write the adaptation ; Tally had previously crossed paths with Harris many times , with his interest in adapting The Silence of the Lambs originating from receiving an advance copy of the book from Harris himself . When Tally was about halfway through with the first draft , Hackman withdrew from the project and financing fell through . However , Orion Pictures co-founder Mike Medavoy assured Tally to keep writing as the studio itself took care of financing and searched for a replacement director . As a result , Orion Pictures sought director Jonathan Demme to helm the project . With the screenplay not yet completed , Demme signed on after reading the novel . From there , the project quickly took off , as Tally explained , `` ( Demme ) read my first draft not long after it was finished , and we met , then I was just startled by the speed of things . We met in May 1989 and were shooting in November . I do n't remember any big revisions . '' Casting Jodie Foster was interested in playing the role of Clarice Starling immediately after reading the novel . However , despite Foster 's having just won an Academy Award for her performance in the 1988 film The Accused , Demme was not convinced that she was right for the part . Having previously collaborated on Married to the Mob , Demme 's first choice for the role of Starling was Michelle Pfeiffer , who turned it down , later saying , `` It was a difficult decision , but I got nervous about the subject matter '' . As a result , Foster was awarded the role due to her passion towards the character . For the role of Dr. Hannibal Lecter , Demme originally approached Sean Connery . After the actor turned it down , Anthony Hopkins was then offered the part based on his performance in The Elephant Man . Other actors considered for the role included Al Pacino , Robert De Niro , Dustin Hoffman , Derek Jacobi and Daniel Day - Lewis . Gene Hackman was originally going to play Jack Crawford , the Agent - in - Charge of the Behavioral Science Unit of the FBI in Quantico , Virginia but he found the script `` too violent . '' Scott Glenn was then cast in the role . To prepare for the role , Glenn met with John E. Douglas , after whom the character is modeled . Douglas gave Glenn a tour of the Quantico facility and also played for him an audio tape containing various recordings that serial killers Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris had made of themselves raping and torturing a 16 - year - old girl . According to Douglas , Glenn wept as he experienced the recordings and even changed his liberal stance on the death penalty . Filming Principal photography for The Silence of the Lambs began on November 15 , 1989 and concluded on March 1 , 1990 . Filming primarily took place in and around Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , with some scenes shot in nearby northern West Virginia . The home of Buffalo Bill used for exterior scenes was in Layton , Pennsylvania . The exterior of the Western Center near Canonsburg , Pennsylvania served as the setting for Baltimore State Hospital for the Criminally Insane . In what was a rare act of cooperation at the time , the FBI allowed scenes to be filmed at the FBI Academy in Quantico ; some FBI staff members even acted in bit parts . Music The Silence of the Lambs : The Original Motion Picture Score Film score by Howard Shore Released February 5 , 1991 Recorded August , 1990 in Munich Length 57 : 09 Label MCA Records Producer Howard Shore Howard Shore chronology Big ( 1988 ) Big 1988 The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Naked Lunch ( 1991 ) Naked Lunch 1991 Hannibal Lecter chronology Manhunter ( 1986 ) Manhunter 1986 The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) The Silence of the Lambs1991 Hannibal ( 2001 ) Hannibal 2001 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Filmtracks.com The musical score for The Silence of the Lambs was composed by Howard Shore , who would also go on to collaborate with Demme on Philadelphia . Recorded in Munich during the latter half of the summer of 1990 , the score was performed by the Munich Symphony Orchestra . `` I tried to write in a way that goes right into the fabric of the movie , '' explained Shore on his approach . `` I tried to make the music just fit in . When you watch the movie you are not aware of the music . You get your feelings from all elements simultaneously , lighting , cinematography , costumes , acting , music . Jonathan Demme was very specific about the music . '' A soundtrack album was released by MCA Records on February 5 , 1991 . Music from the film was later used in the trailers for its sequel , Hannibal . The Silence of the Lambs : The Original Motion Picture Score No . Title Length 1 . `` Main Title '' 5 : 04 2 . `` The Asylum '' 3 : 53 3 . `` Clarice '' 3 : 03 4 . `` Return to the Asylum '' 2 : 35 5 . `` The Abduction '' 3 : 01 6 . `` Quid Pro Quo '' 4 : 41 7 . `` Lecter in Memphis '' 5 : 41 8 . `` Lambs Screaming '' 5 : 34 9 . `` Lecter Escapes '' 5 : 06 10 . `` Belvedere , Ohio '' 3 : 32 11 . `` The Moth '' 2 : 20 12 . `` The Cellar '' 7 : 02 13 . `` Finale '' 4 : 50 Total length : 57 : 09 Release The Silence of the Lambs was released on February 14 , 1991 , grossing $14 million during its opening weekend . At the time it closed on October 10 , 1991 , the film had grossed $131 million domestically with a total worldwide gross of $273 million . It was the fourth highest - grossing film of 1991 . Critical reception The Silence of the Lambs was a sleeper hit that gradually gained widespread success and critical acclaim . Hopkins , Foster , and Levine garnered much acclaim for their performances . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 95 % of 84 film critics have given the film a positive review , with an average rating of 8.7 out of 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads : `` Director Jonathan Demme 's smart , taut thriller teeters on the edge between psychological study and all - out horror , and benefits greatly from stellar performances by Anthony Hopkins and Jodie Foster . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned the film a weighted average score of 85 out of 100 , based on 19 reviews from mainstream critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert , of Chicago Sun - Times , specifically mentioned the `` terrifying qualities '' of Hannibal Lecter . Ebert later added the film to his list of The Great Movies , recognizing the film as a `` horror masterpiece '' alongside such classics as Nosferatu , Psycho , and Halloween . However , the film is also notable for being one of two multi-Academy Award winners ( the other being Unforgiven ) disapproved of by Ebert 's colleague , Gene Siskel . Writing for Chicago Tribune , Siskel said , `` Foster 's character , who is appealing , is dwarfed by the monsters she is after . I 'd rather see her work on another case . '' Accolades Academy Awards record Best Picture , Edward Saxon , Kenneth Utt , Ronald M. Bozman Best Director , Jonathan Demme Best Actor , Anthony Hopkins Best Actress , Jodie Foster Best Adapted Screenplay , Ted Tally Golden Globe Awards record Best Actress , Jodie Foster British Academy Film Awards record Best Actor , Anthony Hopkins Best Actress , Jodie Foster The film won the Big Five Academy Awards : Best Picture , Best Director ( Demme ) , Best Actor ( Hopkins ) , Best Actress ( Foster ) , and Best Adapted Screenplay ( Ted Tally ) , making it only the third film in history to accomplish that feat . It was also nominated for Best Sound Mixing ( Tom Fleischman and Christopher Newman ) and Best Film Editing , but lost to Terminator 2 : Judgment Day and JFK , respectively . Other awards include being named Best Film by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures , CHI Awards and PEO Awards . Demme won the Silver Bear for Best Director at the 41st Berlin International Film Festival and was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Director . The film was nominated for the Grand Prix of the Belgian Film Critics Association . It was also nominated for the British Academy Film Award for Best Film . Screenwriter Ted Tally received an Edgar Award for Best Motion Picture Screenplay . The film was awarded Best Horror Film of the Year during the 2nd Horror Hall of Fame telecast , with Vincent Price presenting the award to the film 's executive producer Gary Goetzman . In 1998 , the film was listed as one of the 100 greatest films in the past 100 years by the American Film Institute . In 2006 , at the Key Art Awards , the original poster for The Silence of the Lambs was named best film poster `` of the past 35 years '' . The Silence of the Lambs placed seventh on Bravo 's The 100 Scariest Movie Moments for Lecter 's escape scene . The American Film Institute named Hannibal Lecter ( as portrayed by Hopkins ) the number one film villain of all time and Clarice Starling ( as portrayed by Foster ) the sixth - greatest film hero of all time . In 2011 , ABC aired a prime - time special , Best in Film : The Greatest Movies of Our Time , that counted down the best films chosen by fans based on results of a poll conducted by ABC and People magazine . The Silence of the Lambs was selected as the No. 1 Best Suspense / Thriller and Dr. Hannibal Lecter was selected as the No. 4 Greatest Film Character . The film and its characters have appeared in the following AFI `` 100 Years '' lists : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 65 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- # 5 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Hannibal Lecter -- # 1 Villain Clarice Starling -- # 6 Hero `` Buffalo Bill '' ( Jame Gumb ) -- Nominated Villain AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` A census taker once tried to test me . I ate his liver with some fava beans and a nice Chianti . '' -- # 21 `` I do wish we could chat longer , but I 'm having an old friend for dinner . '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- # 74 In 2015 , Entertainment Weekly 's 25th anniversary year , it included The Silence of the Lambs in its list of the 25 best movies made since the magazine 's beginning . Organization / Association Award Actor / Crew Outcome Remarks 64th Academy Awards Best Actor Anthony Hopkins Won Best Actress Jodie Foster Won Best Adapted Screenplay Ted Tally Won Adapted from The Silence of the Lambs by Thomas Harris Best Director Jonathan Demme Won Best Picture Edward Saxon , Kenneth Utt , Ron Bozman Won Best Film Editing Craig McKay Nominated Best Sound Mixing Tom Fleischman , Christopher Newman Nominated 49th Golden Globe Awards Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama Jodie Foster Won Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Anthony Hopkins Nominated Best Director Jonathan Demme Nominated Best Motion Picture -- Drama Kenneth Utt Nominated Best Screenplay Ted Tally Nominated 45th British Academy Film Awards Best Actor in a Leading Role Anthony Hopkins Won Best Actress in a Leading Role Jodie Foster Won Best Adapted Screenplay Ted Tally Nominated Best Cinematography Tak Fujimoto Nominated Best Direction Jonathan Demme Nominated Best Editing Craig McKay Nominated Best Film Ron Bozman , Edward Saxon , Kenneth Utt Nominated Best Film Music Howard Shore Nominated Best Sound Skip Lievsay , Christopher Newman , Tom Fleischman Nominated Accusations of homophobia , transphobia and sexism Upon its release , The Silence of the Lambs was criticized by members of the LGBT community for its portrayal of Buffalo Bill as bisexual and transsexual . In response to the critiques , Demme replied that Buffalo Bill `` was n't a gay character . He was a tormented man who hated himself and wished he was a woman because that would have made him as far away from himself as he possibly could be . '' Demme added that he `` came to realize that there is a tremendous absence of positive gay characters in movies '' . In a 1992 interview with Playboy magazine , notable feminist and women 's rights advocate Betty Friedan stated , `` I thought it was absolutely outrageous that The Silence of the Lambs won four ( sic ) Oscars . ( ... ) I 'm not saying that the movie should n't have been shown . I 'm not denying the movie was an artistic triumph , but it was about the evisceration , the skinning alive of women . That is what I find offensive . Not the Playboy centerfold . '' See also List of films based on crime books Silence ! The Musical , an unauthorized parody musical adaptation of the film . List of Academy Award records United States portal Crime portal Film portal References Jump up ^ `` The Silence of the Lambs '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Silence of the Lambs '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Facts About ' The Silence of the Lambs ' You Did n't Know '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Silence of the Lambs added to U.S. film archive '' . BBC . 28 December 2011 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Tiech , John ( June 20 , 2012 ) . Pittsburgh Film History : On Set in the Steel City . Stroud , Gloucestershire : The History Press . p. 63 . ISBN 1 - 60949 - 709 - 0 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Jill ( February 8 , 2001 ) . `` How Ridley Scott 's Hannibal came to be made '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Medavoy , Mike ( June 25 , 2013 ) . You 're Only as Good as Your Next One : 100 Great Films , 100 Good Films , and 100 for Which I Should Be Shot ( Reprint ed . ) . New York City : Atria Books . p. 183 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Konow , David ( October 2 , 2012 ) . Reel Terror : The Scary , Bloody , Gory , Hundred - Year History of Classic Horror Films . London : St. Martin 's Press . p. 459 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 66883 - X . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Engel , Joel ( February 12 , 2013 ) . Screenwriters on Screen - Writing : The Best in the Business Discuss Their Craft ( Kindle ed . ) . New York City : Hyperion Books . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kapsis , Robert E. ( December 19 , 2008 ) . Jonathan Demme : Interviews ( Conversations With Filmmakers Series ) . Jackson , Mississippi : University Press of Mississippi . pp. 71 -- 75 . ISBN 1 - 60473 - 118 - 4 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott , Kevin Conroy ( April 28 , 2006 ) . Screenwriters ' Masterclass : Screenwriters Discuss their Greatest Films . New York City : HarperCollins . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Total Film Interview -- Jodie Foster '' . Total Film . Future Publishing . December 1 , 2005 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Davis , Cindy ( February 27 , 2012 ) . `` Mindhole Blowers : 20 Facts About The Silence of the Lambs That Might Make You Crave a Nice Chianti '' . Pajiba . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Barbara Walters Special , American Broadcast Company , 1992 Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( February 19 , 1991 ) . `` How to Film a Gory Story With Restraint '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Odam , Matthew ( October 26 , 2013 ) . `` AFF panel wrap : Jonathan Demme in conversation with Paul Thomas Anderson '' . Austin American - Statesman . Cox Media Group . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : White , Peter ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) . `` Jodie Foster Lifts The Lid On ' The Silence Of The Lambs ' At BFI -- Q&A '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( September 11 , 2013 ) . `` Derek Jacobi , Daniel Day - Lewis Almost Played Hannibal Lecter in ' Silence of the Lambs ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newton , Michael . `` Lawrence Bittaker & Roy Norris : Killing Time '' . Crime Library . TruTV . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Ronald ( October 1 , 1993 ) . The FBI . New York City : Pocket Books . p. 258 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 78657 - 1 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Douglas , John E. ; Mark Olshaker ( October 31 , 1995 ) . Mindhunter : Inside the FBI 's Elite Serial Crime Unit . New York City : Scribner . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80376 - 3 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) -- Miscellaneous Notes '' . Leonard Maltin 's Classic Movie Guide . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` City lands good share of movies '' . The Vindicator. 10 December 1995 . Retrieved 30 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Silence of the Lambs ' House Ca n't Find a Buyer '' . New York Times . January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ The house used in the film sold in July 2016 for $195,000 , reported USA Today on July 12th , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kirsch , Tom . `` Western Center -- Abandoned Photography '' . Opacity . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Carl N. ( January 2 , 2001 ) . Responsibilities and Dispensations : Behavior , Science , & American Justice . Dover , Massachusetts : Four Oaks Press . p. 132 . ISBN 0 - 9705128 - 8 - 0 . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lurie , Rod ( June 1991 ) . `` Dr. Lecter Will See You Now '' . Empire Magazine . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Howard Shore -- The Silence Of The Lambs ( The Original Motion Picture Score ) '' . Discogs . Zink Media , Inc . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Büdinger , Matthias ; Luc Van de Ven ( 1991 ) . `` Howard Shore on The Silence of the Lambs '' . Soundtrack Magazine . 10 ( 37 ) . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Filmtracks : The Silence of the Lambs ( Howard Shore ) '' . Filmtracks.com . November 24 , 2009 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Trailer Music : Hannibal ( 2001 ) '' . Soundtrack.net . Autotelics , LLC . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Silence of the Lambs '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Collins , Jim ( 1992 ) . Film Theory Goes to the Movies . Routledge . p. 35 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 90576 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Silence of the Lambs Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( February 14 , 1991 ) . `` The Silence of the Lambs Movie Review ( 1991 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media Group . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( February 18 , 2001 ) . `` The Silence of the Lambs Movie Review ( 1991 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media Group . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Siskel , Gene ( February 15 , 1991 ) . `` Jodie Foster Appealing , But Not ' Silence Of The Lambs ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pristin , Terry ( March 31 , 1992 ) . `` ' Silence of the Lambs ' Sweeps 5 Major Oscars '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 64th Academy Awards ( 1992 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Berlinale : 1991 Prize Winners '' . berlinale.de . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ 2nd Annual Horror Hall of Fame Telecast , 1991 Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Accessed 14 March 2007 . Archived March 5 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ' Sin City ' place to be at Key Art Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 9 October 2006 . Retrieved 7 October 2007 ^ Jump up to : AFI 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains Accessed 14 March 2007 . Archived March 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` EW 's 25 Best Movies in 25 Years '' . ew.com . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Schmalz , Jeffrey ( 28 February 1993 ) . `` From Visions of Paradise to Hell on Earth '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Interview of Friedan '' by David Sheff , Playboy , September 1992 , pp. 51 -- 54 , 56 , 58 , 60 , 62 , 149 ; reprinted in full in Interviews with Betty Friedan , Janann Sherman , ed . Univ . Press of Mississippi , 2002 , ISBN 1 - 57806 - 480 - 5 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Silence of the Lambs The Silence of the Lambs on IMDb The Silence of the Lambs at the TCM Movie Database The Silence of the Lambs at Box Office Mojo The Silence of the Lambs at Rotten Tomatoes The Silence of the Lambs at Metacritic Criterion Collection Essay by Amy Taubin Thomas Harris ' Hannibal Lecter Characters Hannibal Lecter Will Graham Clarice Starling Jack Crawford Frederick Chilton Francis Dolarhyde Buffalo Bill Mason Verger Freddy Lounds Bedelia Du Maurier Novels Red Dragon ( 1981 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1988 ) Hannibal ( 1999 ) Hannibal Rising ( 2006 ) Films Manhunter ( 1986 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Hannibal ( 2001 ) Red Dragon ( 2002 ) Hannibal Rising ( 2007 ) Television Hannibal ( 2013 -- 15 ) episodes `` Apéritif '' `` Amuse - Bouche '' `` Potage '' `` Oeuf '' Related productions The Silence of the Hams ( 1994 ) Silence ! The Musical ( 2005 ) Films directed by Jonathan Demme Caged Heat ( 1974 ) Crazy Mama ( 1975 ) Fighting Mad ( 1976 ) Handle with Care ( 1977 ) Last Embrace ( 1979 ) Melvin and Howard ( 1980 ) Who Am I This Time ? 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( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave / Gravity ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) The Big Short ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Horror Film Blacula ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1974 / 75 ) Burnt Offerings ( 1976 ) The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane ( 1977 ) The Wicker Man ( 1978 ) Dracula ( 1979 ) The Howling ( 1980 ) An American Werewolf in London ( 1981 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Gremlins ( 1984 ) Fright Night ( 1985 ) The Fly ( 1986 ) The Lost Boys ( 1987 ) Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) Arachnophobia ( 1989 / 90 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1992 ) Army of Darkness ( 1993 ) Interview with the Vampire ( 1994 ) From Dusk till Dawn ( 1995 ) Scream ( 1996 ) The Devil 's Advocate ( 1997 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) The Sixth Sense ( 1999 ) Final Destination ( 2000 ) The Others ( 2001 ) The Ring ( 2002 ) 28 Days Later ( 2003 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) The Exorcism of Emily Rose ( 2005 ) The Descent ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Hellboy II : The Golden Army ( 2008 ) Drag Me to Hell ( 2009 ) Let Me In ( 2010 ) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) The Cabin in the Woods ( 2012 ) The Conjuring ( 2013 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Crimson Peak ( 2015 ) Do n't Breathe ( 2016 ) VIAF : 215347338 LCCN : n93121265 GND : 4324289 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Silence_of_the_Lambs_(film)&oldid=836744027 '' Categories : 1991 films English - language films Crime horror films 1990s crime drama films 1990s crime thriller films 1990s horror thriller films 1990s serial killer films 1991 horror films American crime drama films American crime thriller films American films American horror thriller films American serial killer films BAFTA winners ( films ) Best Picture Academy Award winners Cannibalism in fiction Edgar Award - winning works Federal Bureau of Investigation in fiction Films scored by Howard Shore Films about abduction Films about psychopaths Films based on thriller novels Films directed by Jonathan Demme Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Drama Actress Golden Globe - winning performance Films set in Baltimore Films set in Illinois Films set in Memphis , Tennessee Films set in Ohio Films set in Virginia Films set in Washington , D.C. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how did silence of the lambs get its name	[]	[]
-2804093176701755630	Eleven (Stranger Things)	Eleven ( Stranger Things ) - wikipedia Eleven ( Stranger Things ) Jump to : navigation , search This television - related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Eleven Stranger Things character First appearance `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Created by The Duffer Brothers Portrayed by Millie Bobby Brown Information Full name Jane Hopper Nickname ( s ) El , The Weirdo Aliases Eleven Jane Ives ( birth name ) Gender Female Family Jim Hopper ( adoptive father ) Terry Ives ( mother ) Becky Ives ( maternal aunt ) Martin Brenner ( former guardian ) Jane Hopper , also known as Eleven , is a fictional character from the Netflix series Stranger Things . Portrayed by Millie Bobby Brown , she is a girl with psychokinetic and telepathic abilities and a limited vocabulary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fictional character biography 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 2 Reception 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Fictional character biography ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Eleven is the daughter of Teresa `` Terry '' Ives , a participant in the Project MKUltra experiments conducted by the United States Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) . Eleven was taken from her mother at birth by Dr. Martin Brenner and was raised in the Hawkins National Laboratory in Hawkins , Indiana , as a test subject to develop her psychokinetic skills . When placed in a sensory deprivation tank she can engage in astral projection and access other dimensions , primarily for the purposes of international espionage . Eleven encounters a creature living in the Upside Down dimension , and on the evening of November 6 , 1983 , she finally makes contact with it . In efforts to make contact , Eleven opens a gate between the Hawkins Laboratory and the Upside Down dimension and the creature gains the ability to travel between the human world and the Upside Down . She then escapes from Hawkins Laboratory and attempts to steal food from a local restaurant but the owner calls social services . The responding social worker , actually a Hawkins Laboratory CIA agent , kills the owner , causing Eleven to flee . She is then found by Mike Wheeler , Lucas Sinclair and Dustin Henderson , who are looking for their missing friend , Will Byers . Mike allows Eleven to live in his basement . Eleven , fearing capture , asks Mike not to tell any adults about her . Eleven helps to locate Will using her supernatural abilities , and determines that he is trapped in the Upside Down . However , the use of her abilities temporarily weakens her and gives her nosebleeds . The group sets out to find Will using their compasses , but Eleven interferes with their search when she realizes that they are being led towards the laboratory . Lucas , noticing her deception , becomes angry at her ( having mistrusted her from the beginning ) . She flees , steals boxes of frozen waffles from a store , and consumes them in a forest . When Mike and Dustin are threatened by bullies , Eleven returns and saves them . Mike , Dustin , and Eleven reunite with Lucas and make amends , and they travel to their middle school with Dr. Brenner and his associates in close pursuit . During the chase , Eleven uses her powers to cause a laboratory van to flip through the air . The group , aided by Joyce Byers , Chief Jim Hopper , Nancy Wheeler , and Jonathan Byers , produce a makeshift isolation tank with a pool and bags of salt . Eleven accesses the Upside Down and confirms that Will is alive . As laboratory personnel close in on the school , Mike tells Eleven that she can be a part of his family and asks her to the school dance . He then kisses her after struggling to explain his feelings towards her . Eleven helps the group escape by using her powers to kill most of the agents , although doing so leaves her drained . The monster from the Upside Down makes its way into their dimension , and Eleven seemingly sacrifices herself to destroy the creature and save her friends . One month later , after a Christmas party , Hopper leaves the police station and drives to the woods . There , he leaves waffles in a concealed box . The whereabouts or condition of Eleven are left ambiguous . Season 2 ( edit ) It is revealed that Eleven woke up in the Upside Down shortly after having destroyed the creature , and returned to the human world ; however , with the government forces still searching for her , she was forced to flee into the forest , where she struggled to survive . She found the eggos Hopper left for her , and followed them to him . After this , the two move into a cabin in the woods where he forbids her to leave , fearing for her safety . Hopper hides Eleven for almost a year , telling no one of her whereabouts . During this time , Eleven has managed to gain better control over her powers ; she is less weakened by the use of her telekinesis , and she is now able to project her mind into other dimensions without the use of a sensory deprivation tank . She uses the latter ability to listen to Mike 's attempts to contact her , though she is increasingly frustrated at her inability to reply . Eleven also significantly expands her vocabulary during this time , learning from Hopper and television . Eleven becomes restless and longs to reunite with Mike , and this causes tension between her and Hopper . She runs away from home one day and travels to Hawkins Middle School . When she finds Mike , he is with Max , a new student . Eleven mistakenly thinks that Max is Mike 's new girlfriend and , out of spite , uses her powers to knock her off of her skateboard before leaving . Upon returning to the cabin , she gets into a heated argument with Hopper over her leaving the cabin , ending with her using her powers to damage the cabin out of anger . The next day , cleaning the mess she made of the cabin , she discovers by looking through records in the cabin 's basement that her birth mother is alive , a contradiction to what Hopper had told her . She then goes to meet her birth mother , Terry , and her aunt , Becky , and discovers what happened to Terry at Hawkins Laboratory . While there , she realizes Terry is trying to talk with her , but due to her catatonic state , is unable to . Eleven , using her powers , views a flashback from her mother . Terry , after her daughter was taken from her , attempted to force her way into Hawkins Lab to save her . As a response , Brenner and his assistants captured her and subjected her to electroshock therapy , resulting in her current condition . Eleven then uses her abilities to find out she has a `` sister '' -- another gifted girl taken by Dr. Brenner for experimentations -- and sets out to find her . Using her abilities once again , Eleven locates her sister and discovers that she is an older girl named Kali ( `` Eight '' ) , with the ability to cause people to have visual hallucinations . Eleven stays with Kali and her friends -- runaways who are determined to take revenge on people who have hurt them . Kali tells Eleven that while using her powers , she needs to think about what makes her most angry . When they go to get revenge on Brenner 's assistant who helped hurt Eleven 's mother , Eleven begins to choke him to death but stops upon realizing that he has two daughters . She then stops Kali from shooting him . While they are about to flee , Eleven realizes she needs to go back to her friends because they need her help . Eleven goes back to Hawkins and is reunited with Mike and her friends after saving them from a Demodog . The group realizes that she needs to close the gate to the Upside Down , and she and Hopper head to Hawkins Laboratory . There , Eleven uses Kali 's advice and focuses her anger into her powers , closing the gate and draining her powers . Afterward , it is discovered that Dr. Owens has forged a birth certificate allowing for Hopper to become her legal adoptive father as a way to help keep Eleven in hiding . Eleven 's new legal name is Jane Hopper . Though she is still not allowed out for her safety , Hopper lets her attend the Snow Ball at Hawkins Middle School . She meets up with Mike , dances with him , and they share a second kiss . Reception ( edit ) Millie Bobby Brown has received critical acclaim for her performance as Eleven The character and Brown 's performance has received highly positive reviews . Alice Vincent of The Telegraph wrote that `` Millie Bobby Brown continues to be the star of the show : she has inspired fan art and tattoos , a worldwide acknowlegment of Eggos , the waffles her character devours and given a whole new life to the phrase ' mouth breather ' '' . Ashley Hoffman of TIME magazine recommended Eleven as a mascot for National Waffle Day . However , Lenika Cruz of The Atlantic stated that `` despite a rich backstory , Eleven is the show 's most thinly sketched protagonist '' . At the 69th ceremony of the Primetime Emmy Awards in 2016 , Brown received a nomination for the category Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . She won the MTV Movie & TV Award for Best Actor in a Show and Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series , and was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series . See also ( edit ) Psychokinesis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( 18 July 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things ' Millie Bobby Brown on Playing Eleven , Her Love - Hate Relationship With Scary Movies , and Acting Without Speaking '' . Vulture . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Berkshire , Geoff ( 18 July 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Finale : Duffer Brothers Talk Cliffhangers , Death and Season 2 '' . Variety . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Emily ( 29 July 2016 ) . `` On Stranger Things ' season finale , promises are made to be broken '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( 24 September 2016 ) . `` Eleven out of 10 : how Stranger Things star Millie Bobby Brown charmed the world '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Ashley ( 24 August 2016 ) . `` Why Eleven From Stranger Things Is the Perfect National Waffle Day Mascot '' . TIME . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Lenika ( 26 July 2016 ) . `` Where Stranger Things Loses Its Magic '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . External links ( edit ) Eleven on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eleven_(Stranger_Things)&oldid=821810776 '' Categories : Child characters in television Female characters in television Fictional characters from Indiana Fictional characters introduced in 2016 Fictional telekinetics Fictional telepaths Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from January 2017 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Português Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 19 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who's the girl that plays 11 on stranger things	[ "Jane Hopper, also known as Eleven, is a fictional character from the Netflix series Stranger Things. Portrayed by Millie Bobby Brown, she is a girl with psychokinetic and telepathic abilities and a limited vocabulary.[1]" ]	[ "Millie Bobby Brown" ]
7729289114887492501	Where Do We Go from Here? (Chicago song)	Where Do We Go from Here ? ( Chicago song ) - wikipedia Where Do We Go from Here ? ( Chicago song ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Where Do We Go from Here ? '' Single by Chicago from the album Chicago A-side `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' Released June 1970 Format 7 '' single Recorded August 1969 Genre Rock Length 2 : 35 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Peter Cetera Producer ( s ) James William Guercio Chicago singles chronology `` Where Do We Go from Here ? '' ( 1970 ) `` Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is ? '' ( 1970 ) `` 25 or 6 to 4 / Where Do We Go from Here ? '' ( 1970 ) `` Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is ? '' ( 1970 ) `` Where Do We Go from Here ? '' is a song from the American rock band Chicago 's second studio album , Chicago ( 1970 ) . It was released as the B - side to the single `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' , one of the leading songs off of the record . With that single , it went to number four on the Pop Singles chart in June 1970 . The song was also the very first musical composition from bassist Peter Cetera , who was by this time contributing more than on the debut album released the year before . The song deals with how life is short , and that if you look around you can see that people need to embrace each other with love all the time , and not just when the country is at an all - time low ( hence the Vietnam War ) . The title line is taken from a TV reporter 's comment during the broadcast of the 1969 moon landing -- a historically positive event in stark contrast to the social upheaval on Earth at the time . A live performance of the song can be found on their 1971 Chicago at Carnegie Hall album . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personnel 2 Notes 3 References 4 External links Personnel ( edit ) Peter Cetera - lead vocals , bass Robert Lamm - piano , backing vocals Terry Kath - acoustic guitar , backing vocals Danny Seraphine - drums Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Both the original 1970 Columbia vinyl LP ( KGP 24 CS 9977 XSM 151852 ) of the album , Chicago and the 2002 Rhino reissue of the album on CD ( R2 76172 ) shows the title of the track , `` Where Do We Go From Here ? '' with and without the question mark . On the 1970 vinyl LP , the track title is listed with the question mark on the inside front cover , but without the question mark on the center label of the disc . On the 2002 Rhino reissue on CD , the title appears with the question mark on the outside back page of the CD booklet , but appears without the question mark on page 13 inside the booklet . A catalog of copyright entries shows the title with the question mark , therefore the question mark is shown as part of the title in this article . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Catalog of Copyright Entries : Third series . 1971 . p. 833 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William James ( 1991 ) . Chicago Group Portrait ( Box Set ) ( CD booklet archived online ) ( Media notes ) . New York City , NY : Columbia Records . p. 4 . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_Do_We_Go_from_Here%3F_(Chicago_song)&oldid=843981326 '' Categories : Chicago ( band ) songs Songs written by Peter Cetera 1970 singles Songs of the Vietnam War Columbia Records singles Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from March 2014 All articles lacking sources Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 1 June 2018 , at 19 : 26 . About Wikipedia	where do we go from here song musical	[]	[]
-6879356907733975807	Oil reserves in Canada	Oil reserves in Canada - wikipedia Oil reserves in Canada This article is part of a series on Petroleum in Canada Early history Story of natural gas Oil sands and heavy oil The frontiers Gas liquids Resources and producers Oil reserves Petroleum companies Categories Oil fields Oil refineries Oil companies Economy of Canada Energy policy of Canada Canada proved oil reserves : conventional crude oil in red ( data from OPEC ) and total proved reserves including from oil sands in black ( data from US Energy Information Administration ) Conventional crude oil reserves in Canada ( excludes condensate , natural gas liquids , and petroleum from oil sands ) . Oil reserves in Canada were estimated at 172 billion barrels ( 27 × 10 ^ m ) as of the start of 2015 . This figure includes the oil sands reserves that are estimated by government regulators to be economically producible at current prices using current technology . According to this figure , Canada 's reserves are third only to Venezuela and Saudi Arabia . Over 95 % of these reserves are in the oil sands deposits in the province of Alberta . Alberta contains nearly all of Canada 's oil sands and much of its conventional oil reserves . The balance is concentrated in several other provinces and territories . Saskatchewan and offshore areas of Newfoundland in particular have substantial oil production and reserves . Alberta has 39 % of Canada 's remaining conventional oil reserves , offshore Newfoundland 28 % and Saskatchewan 27 % , but if oil sands are included , Alberta 's share is over 98 % . Contents 1 Status 2 See also 3 External links 4 References Status ( edit ) Canadian conventional oil production peaked in 1973 , but oil sands production is forecast to increase to at least 2020 Canada has a highly sophisticated energy industry and is both an importer and exporter of oil and refined products . In 2006 , in addition to producing 1.2 billion barrels ( 190 × 10 ^ m ) , Canada imported 440 million barrels ( 70 × 10 ^ m ) , consumed 800 million barrels ( 130 × 10 ^ m ) itself , and exported 840 million barrels ( 134 × 10 ^ m ) to the U.S. The excess of exports over imports was 400 million barrels ( 64 × 10 ^ m ) . Over 99 % of Canadian oil exports are sent to the United States , and Canada is the United States ' largest supplier of oil . The decision of accounting 174 billion barrels ( 28 × 10 ^ m ) of the Alberta oil sands deposits as proven reserves was made by the Energy Resources Conservation Board ( ERCB ) , now known as the Alberta Energy and Utilities Board ( AEUB ) . Although now widely accepted , this addition was controversial at the time because oil sands contain an extremely heavy form of crude oil known as bitumen which will not flow toward a well under reservoir conditions . Instead , it must be mined , heated , or diluted with solvents to allow it to be produced , and must be upgraded to lighter oil to be usable by refineries . Historically known as bituminous sands or sometimes as `` tar sands '' , the deposits were exposed as major rivers cut through the oil - bearing formations to reveal the bitumen in the river banks . In recent years technological breakthroughs have overcome the economical and technical difficulties of producing the oil sands , and by 2007 64 % of Alberta 's petroleum production of 1.86 million barrels per day ( 296,000 m / d ) was from oil sands rather than conventional oil fields . The ERCB estimates that by 2017 oil sands production will make up 88 % of Alberta 's predicted oil production of 3.4 million barrels per day ( 540,000 m / d ) . The fivefold increase in oil prices from 1998 to 2007 made Canadian oil sands production profitable . Analysts estimate that a price of $30 to $40 per barrel is required to make new oil sands production profitable . In recent years prices have greatly exceeded those levels and the Alberta government expects $116 billion worth of new oil sands projects to be undertaken between 2008 and 2017 . However the biggest constraint on oil sands development is a serious labor and housing shortage in Alberta as a whole and the oil sands centre of Fort McMurray in particular . According to Statistics Canada , by September , 2006 unemployment rates in Alberta had fallen to record low levels and per - capita incomes had risen to double the Canadian average . Another hurdle has been Canada 's capacity to rapidly increase its export pipelines . The National Energy Board indicated that exporters faced pipeline apportionment in 2007 . However , surging crude oil prices sparked a jump in applications for oil pipelines in 2007 , and new pipelines were planned to carry Canadian oil as far south as U.S. refineries on the Gulf of Mexico . Up until 2010 Canada was the only major oil producer in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) to have an increase in oil production in recent years . Production in the other major OECD producers ( the United States , United Kingdom , Norway and Mexico ) at that time have been declining , as was conventional oil production in Canada . Total crude oil production in Canada was projected to increase by an average of 8.6 percent per year from 2008 to 2011 as a result of new non-conventional oil projects . See also ( edit ) Athabasca Oil Sands History of the petroleum industry in Canada ( oil sands and heavy oil ) External links ( edit ) Map of Canadian Oil and gas infrastructure References ( edit ) Jump up ^ EIA ( 2015 ) . `` International Energy Statistics '' . Energy Information Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : EIA ( 2007 ) . `` Country Analysis Brief : Canada '' . U.S. Energy Information Administration . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ USask ( 2006 ) . `` Canadian frontier petroleum '' ( DOC ) . University of Saskatchewan . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ NEB ( May 2008 ) . `` Canadian Energy Overview 2007 '' . National Energy Board of Canada . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ EIA ( 2007 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Crude Oil and Total Petroleum Imports Top 15 Countries October 2007 Import Highlights : Released on December 28 , 2007 '' . Energy Information Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : ERCB ( 2008 ) . `` ST98 : Alberta 's Energy Reserves 2007 and Supply / Demand Outlook 2008 - 2017 '' . Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Cross , Philip ; Geoff Bowlby ( September 2006 ) . `` The Alberta economic juggernaut '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Economic Observer . Statistics Canada . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 26 , 2009 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ NEB ( July 2007 ) . `` Capacity constraints coming '' . 2007 Canadian Hydrocarbon Transportation System Assessment . National Energy Board of Canada . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ NEB ( 6 May 2008 ) . `` Surging crude oil prices sparked a jump in applications for oil pipelines in 2007 '' . National Energy Board of Canada . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Clavet , Frederic ( February 2007 ) . `` Canada 's Oil Extraction Industry : Industrial Outlook , Winter 2007 '' . The Conference Board of Canada . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 01 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where in canada are most of our oil/gas reserves	[ "Oil reserves in Canada were estimated at 172 billion barrels (27×10^9 m3) as of the start of 2015. This figure includes the oil sands reserves that are estimated by government regulators to be economically producible at current prices using current technology.[1] According to this figure, Canada's reserves are third only to Venezuela and Saudi Arabia. Over 95% of these reserves are in the oil sands deposits in the province of Alberta.[2] Alberta contains nearly all of Canada's oil sands and much of its conventional oil reserves. The balance is concentrated in several other provinces and territories. Saskatchewan and offshore areas of Newfoundland in particular have substantial oil production and reserves.[3] Alberta has 39% of Canada's remaining conventional oil reserves, offshore Newfoundland 28% and Saskatchewan 27%, but if oil sands are included, Alberta's share is over 98%.[4]\n" ]	[ "oil sands deposits in the province of Alberta" ]
-366291320137071148	Super Bowl LII halftime show	Super Bowl LII halftime show - Wikipedia Super Bowl LII halftime show Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl LII halftime show Date February 4 , 2018 Location Minneapolis , Minnesota , U.S. Venue U.S. Bank Stadium Headliner Justin Timberlake Special guests The Tennessee Kids , University of Minnesota Marching Band Sponsor Pepsi Director Hamish Hamilton Producer Ricky Kirshner Super Bowl halftime show chronology LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) The Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ( officially known as the Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ) took place on February 4 , 2018 at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota , as part of Super Bowl LII . Justin Timberlake was the featured performer , as confirmed by the National Football League ( NFL ) on October 22 , 2017 . It was televised nationally by NBC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Background 3 Development 4 Critical response 5 Commercial reception 6 Setlist 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Timberlake with dancers during the halftime performance Timberlake during halftime show Timberlake performing `` Suit & Tie '' with the University of Minnesota Marching Band The show began with Jimmy Fallon introducing Justin Timberlake , followed by a video screen depicting Timberlake performing `` Filthy '' in a club setting below the field level of the stadium . He then walked up a staircase and appeared on a ramp stage extending outward into the field , descending into a series of stages surrounded by a crowd . Timberlake proceeded to move through the crowd performing `` Rock Your Body '' with a troupe of female backup dancers , abruptly stopping short of the end of the song and shifting to `` Señorita '' on a small stage with his backing dancers . Upon reaching the main stage , he performed a number of songs , including `` SexyBack '' , `` My Love '' , and `` Cry Me a River '' , which featured a dance break mid-field . Upon reaching the next stage , Timberlake performed his hit song `` Suit & Tie '' as the University of Minnesota Marching Band , wearing black tuxedos , played backup instrumentals and marched out to meet him . The Stadium and the city of Minneapolis were shown to be lit purple during Timberlake 's tribute to Prince Dancers fill the field during Timberlake 's performance of `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' Timberlake proceeded to walk up to a white grand piano while performing `` Until the End of Time '' , then segued into `` I Would Die 4 U '' as a tribute to Minneapolis - native Prince . A video of Prince performing the song played in the background , projected onto on a large multi-story sheet . An aerial shot showed downtown Minneapolis covered in purple lighting that morphed into Prince 's trademark Love Symbol , with the stadium at the center . He then returned to the main stage to perform `` Mirrors '' , as hundreds of dancers and members of the marching band performed choreography with large mirrors , creating bright reflections in the broadcast and across the roof of the stadium . Timberlake closed the show with `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' , entering the stands at the conclusion of the song . For the first time since the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show in Indianapolis in 2012 , no pyrotechnics were used throughout the performance . The show relied mostly on lasers and video screens for visual effects . Background ( edit ) Field being set up for Timberlake 's performance In July 2017 , multiple media outlets reported that Britney Spears was in talks to perform at Halftime , but Pepsi quickly denied it a few days later . During August and September 2017 , several publications informed that Timberlake was the frontrunner to performer at the Super Bowl LII halftime , first along with his frequent - collaborator Jay - Z as co-headliner , and then as the solo performer . A spokesperson from the NFL stated at the time , `` along with Pepsi , we know that we will put on a spectacular show . When it is time to announce her name we will do it . Or his name . Or their names . '' The NFL confirmed the announcement on October 22 with a video starring Timberlake and Jimmy Fallon . This was Timberlake 's third appearance in a Super Bowl halftime show . As a member of NSYNC , Timberlake appeared in the Super Bowl XXXV ( 2001 ) halftime show , and as a guest artist in the Super Bowl XXXVIII ( 2004 ) , which performance featured a controversial incident where Timberlake accidentally exposed one of Janet Jackson 's breasts on national television , described as a wardrobe malfunction . The Parents Television Council penned an open letter to Timberlake asking to keep the performance `` family - friendly . '' While the organization acknowledged that Timberlake apologized for the 2004 incident , they asked him to stay true to his word , saying `` we are heartened by your response that the events of 2004 are not going to happen in 2018 , '' as the singer stated in a prior interview that `` we are not going to do that again . '' In an interview with Billboard , Pepsi executives expressed : We are all big fans of Justin Timberlake . We 've kind of felt that Justin deserves , and has for a number of years , to be the main artist for the halftime show because previously he was n't the main artist . It was just about the timing . To be honest , we have discussed Justin for the last number of years for coming and doing halftime , and this year just felt really right to us . He is hands down one of the greatest entertainers currently alive , it was a no - brainer . We know he 's gon na bring it . The Halftime Show included a remembrance for Indianapolis Colts linebacker Edwin Jackson , who died just hours before Super Bowl LII after being struck by a vehicle . Development ( edit ) The U.S. Bank Stadium , where Super Bowl and the halftime show was held . During the performance , Timberlake wore an outfit designed by Stella McCartney , which consists of `` alter nappa fringed jacket with a shirt , featuring a landscape artwork by British artist Martin Ridley , '' according to a press release . Also part of the look is a Prince of Wales - check and camouflage splatter - print suit and matching jacket . As usual for McCartney , these pieces were made from animal - free leather and organic cotton . Timberlake stated in a press conference that there would be no guest musicians in the halftime show and that the event would focus solely on himself and his backing band , the Tennessee Kids . Regarding the Prince tribute , the performance 's creative visual lead , Fireplay 's Nick Whitehouse , told Rolling Stone : Paying tribute to Prince was something JT highlighted as an important moment for this show , and we spent quite a bit of time ensuring this moment would be true to his legacy . Ultimately , Justin decided that the only person who could do Prince justice is Prince . The band held 50 - hours worth of rehearsals in preparation for the show . Prince had previously stated he did not want to be included in new music after death in a 1998 interview , citing The Beatles ' `` Free as a Bird '' as an example of a practice he considered to be `` demonic . '' His family granted permission to use Prince 's likeness on the condition that it not be used in a hologram , and they approved of the final result . Sheila E , a former bandmate of Prince 's who was involved in negotiations over the use of his likeness , stated that `` a bigger company '' ( she declined to specify whether it was Pepsi or the NFL ) had insisted on including the Prince apparition and that the notion was not originally Timberlake 's idea . Despite the lack of an individual guest artist , the more than 300 - member University of Minnesota Marching Band was featured in the show . The band 's drumline , brass , and saxophone sections pre-recorded and performed with Timberlake during his performance of `` Suit & Tie . '' The upper woodwind and auxiliary sections led drill formations and held large mirrors during Timberlake 's performance of his song `` Mirrors '' , and acted as fans and dancers throughout other portions of the show , including the club scene at the show 's opening . All members of the band were featured on the field in the show 's finale , `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' . The band had previously performed in the halftime show of Super Bowl XXVI . Critical response ( edit ) Timberlake 's performance received mixed reviews . In a positive review , Bruce R. Miller of Sioux City Journal wrote `` Timberlake is a masterful live performer -- which made Sunday 's Super Bowl performance about the only sure bet , '' he continued commenting the performer `` did a lot of infectious dancing and managed to play with the crowd like no other . '' Although it did not have a moment that `` stuck , '' he considered the Prince tribute the best moment of the show . In a similarly positive review , Taylor Weatherby of Billboard said `` there is no denying that Timberlake absolutely rocked his first headlining ( halftime ) '' , further adding `` Timberlake 's halftime show was undeniably mesmerizing . From starting in the concourse to making his way into the crowd ( and making # SelfieKid an instant superstar ) for the ending . '' She also considered it `` is made for a TV experience '' rather than for the public in the stadium , mainly for the sound quality difficulties , but also criticized him for including Rock Your Body in the set list . From the same magazine , Nina Braca wrote `` his moves were on point , '' and Andrew Ubterberger said two things were `` relatively certain '' about the performance . `` most of America would love it , and most of the Internet would hate it , '' and added Timberlake was `` in a situation that was both a ca n't - lose and a ca n't - win . It would 've been virtually impossible for him to please the critics he 'd alienated over the last couple years . '' Also from Billboard , Andrew Unterberge wrote , `` Timberlake 's audio was somewhat lacking throughout ... but the choreography , live - band energy and song selection were all pretty impeccable '' . Chris Willman of Variety stated that , `` Timberlake turned in a more enjoyably physical performance than just about anybody else who 's done the Bowl show ... and if it was more a feat of athleticism than aestheticism , you ca n't say that 's entirely inappropriate for the occasion . '' Willman also wrote that the show , `` was n't one for the ages , but was impressive as a show of athleticism '' Jon Caramanica of The New York Times wrote that Timberlake 's performance was , `` heavy on dance spectacle , light on vocal authority '' . Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called the show , `` energetic , but also entirely lacking in live excitement . '' Feinberg criticized the show for largely lacking spontaneity and live vocals . Feinberg wrote that Timberlake delivered , `` one of the most over-planned , least surprising performances imaginable . '' Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly graded Timberlake 's performance a `` C '' , calling it , `` dutiful , and empty '' . Franich faulted Timberlake for playing too safe with his performance . Similarly , Fran Guan of Vulture.com wrote , `` Technically speaking , Timberlake 's set was a testament to precision '' . Guan , however , criticized Timberlake 's performance from lacking in personality , and regarded his performance as unmemorable . The Guardian gave Timberlake 3 out of 5 stars , calling his performance forgettable but flashy . In an interview with NPR , Ann Powers said that `` the entire performance was shrouded in the sense of Timberlake not being right for this moment -- and the Janet Jackson controversy haunted it . '' Daniel D'Addarrio of Time.com gave the performance a negative review , criticizing Timberlake for singing Cry Me A River in addition to Rock Your Body , calling the song 's lyrics about an evil promiscuous woman out of step with the national mood , and said that the only message from Timberlake 's performance was that he loves his back catalog Deadline felt `` but you could see the motions more than you felt the music . '' Chris Richards of The Washington Post regarded Timberlake 's performance as , `` unambiguously underwhelming '' . USA Today and Vulture compared Timberlake 's performance unfavorably to Prince 's own 2007 halftime show . Amanda Petrusich of The New Yorker wrote that Timberlake 's decision to omit the end of `` Rock Your Body '' ( which was performed during the controversial 2004 halftime ) felt , `` less like an apology than yet more spineless deflection '' . However , Andrew Unterberge of Billboard considered Timberlake 's decision to cut the song short to be wise . Timberlake 's Stella McCartney - designed outfit received negative reviews , with some critics regarding it as `` tacky '' . The LA Times also gave a very critical review , one which also stated that Timberlake had nothing to say in his performance , and said that it lacked soul and meaning . The Digital Journal gave him 2 / 5 stars and called it lackluster . Commercial reception ( edit ) The Super Bowl LII halftime show was seen by 106.6 million television viewers in the United States , 9 % less than Lady Gaga 's in 2017 . It had higher average viewership than the game itself , and the decline for the halftime show was roughly in line with that of the game as a whole , which had lost 7 % compared to the previous year . According to initial sales reports from Nielsen Music , sales of the songs Timberlake performed during the halftime show gained 534 % in the United States on February 4 , the day of the Super Bowl , compared to Feb. 3 , while his streams on Spotify gained 214 % . Janet Jackson likewise gained 150 % on Spotify . Setlist ( edit ) Timberlake performing alongside a video projection of Prince `` Filthy '' `` Rock Your Body '' `` Señorita '' `` SexyBack '' ( with elements of `` Supplies '' ) `` My Love '' `` Cry Me a River '' ( with elements of `` Kashmir '' ) `` Suit & Tie '' ( with elements of `` Pusher Love Girl '' ) ( featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band ) `` Until the End of Time '' `` I Would Die 4 U '' ( along with a pre-recorded video of Prince , displayed on a projection screen ) `` Mirrors '' `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' See also ( edit ) 2018 in American television References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schad , Tom ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Headline Super Bowl LII Halftime Show '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` No hologram , but still a Prince tribute in Justin Timberlake 's halftime show '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ NFL ( February 4 , 2018 ) , Justin Timberlake 's FULL Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ! NFL Highlights , retrieved February 5 , 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` U of M Marching Band steals the halftime show '' . KARE . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake and everything but the football -- Super Bowl half - time show as it happened '' . Guardian . 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl halftime show : Here 's who Justin Timberlake 's guest performers might be '' . CBS Sports . February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake reportedly ' finalizing ' deal to headline Super Bowl LII halftime show '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Headlines Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halfitme Show '' . National Football League . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aniftos , Rania ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` The Parents Television Council Pens Open Letter to Justin Timberlake Asking to Keep Super Bowl Performance Appropriate ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Set to Deliver ' Mesmerizing ' Super Bowl Halftime Show : Pepsi Execs Reveal It 's ' Justin at His Best ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sebra , Matt ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Finally Gets the Super Bowl Halftime Show Outfit He Deserves '' . GQ . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Sarah ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake to wear Stella McCartney at the Super Bowl '' . Harper 's Bazaar . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2018 Justin Timberlake press conference highlights '' . People . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Legaspi , Althea ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl LII : Watch Justin Timberlake Honor Prince in Halftime Spectacle '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilstein , Matt ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Prince 's Family Approves of Justin Timberlake Super Bowl Halftime Tribute '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sheila E. says Justin Timberlake was n't behind Prince hologram idea '' . TMZ . February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Braca , Nina ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` From ' Cry Me a River ' to ' Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! , ' Justin Timberlake 's 10 Best Live Performances : Critic 's Picks '' . www.billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bruce R. ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` REVIEW : Justin Timberlake does a great Super Bowl job , even without NSYNC '' . Sioux City Journal . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherby , Taylor ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show : 5 Takeaways From Seeing It In Person '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Plays the Hits , Largely Avoids Controversy With Sigh - of - Relief Super Bowl LII Halftime Performance '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberge , Andrew ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Plays the Hits , Largely Avoids Controversy With Sigh - of - Relief Super Bowl LII Halftime Performance '' . www.billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Willman , Chris ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Halftime Review : Justin Timberlake Emerges Fumble - Free After Bad Pre-Game PR '' . Variety . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caramanica , Jon ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Plays It Safe , Seeking Super Bowl Redemption '' . www.nytimes.com . New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feinberg , Daniel ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Performance Is Light on Singing , Spontaneity '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl halftime show was dutiful , and empty : EW review '' . www.ew.com . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Guan , Fran ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` It Was His Halftime Show , But Justin Timberlake Was the Least Memorable Musician at the Super Bowl '' . www.vulture.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nevins , Jake ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl performance : a forgettable but flashy medley of hits '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` As The Pop World Seeks Accountability , Justin Timberlake Seems Lost In The Woods '' . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Was a Man in the Weeds at His Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . Time . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Botched Super Bowl Halftime Show Return Not Princely -- Review '' . Jump up ^ Richards , Chris ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` This is how Justin Timberlake lost the Super Bowl '' . www.washingtonpost.com . Washington Post . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Maeve ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Compared with Prince 's , Justin Timberlake 's halftime show was a wimpy joke '' . www. usatoday . USA Today . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petrusich , Amanda ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show , Reviewed '' . www.newyorker.com . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wood , Mikael . `` Justin Timberlake had nothing to say at the Super Bowl and would n't stop saying it '' . latimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Review : Justin Timberlake lackluster at Super Bowl halftime performance ( Includes first - hand account ) '' . February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Eagles ' 1st Super Bowl Win Draws 103.4 M Viewers , Smallest Audience In Nine Years -- Update '' . Deadline . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Caufield , Keith ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show Spurs 534 % Sales Gain '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krzaczek , Katie ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Bump : Justin Timberlake Streams Jump 214 Percent on Spotify '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Janet Jackson 's Spotify Streams Surge After Super Bowl LII '' . February 5 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Super Bowl LII halftime show at Wikimedia Commons Justin Timberlake Awards Discography Songs Performances Videography Studio albums Justified FutureSex / LoveSounds The 20 / 20 Experience The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 Man of the Woods Compilation albums 12 '' Masters -- The Essential Mixes The 20 / 20 Experience -- The Complete Experience Video albums Justin Timberlake : Live from London FutureSex / LoveShow : Live from Madison Square Garden Justin Timberlake + The Tennessee Kids Concert tours The Justified World Tour Justified and Stripped Tour FutureSex / LoveShow Legends of the Summer The 20 / 20 Experience World Tour Man of the Woods Tour Related Tennman Records Jessica Biel NSYNC Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy Super Bowl LII halftime show Book Super Bowl halftime shows 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) Other Counterprogramming Minnesota portal National Football League portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_LII_halftime_show&oldid=832806565 '' Categories : 2018 in American music 2018 in American television 2018 in sports in Minnesota February 2018 events in the United States Justin Timberlake Prince ( musician ) Super Bowl halftime shows Hidden categories : Pages with citations having redundant parameters Use American English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 02 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is performing the super bowl 2018 halftime show	[ "The Super Bowl LII Halftime Show (officially known as the Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show) took place on February 4, 2018 at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota, as part of Super Bowl LII. Justin Timberlake was the featured performer, as confirmed by the National Football League (NFL) on October 22, 2017.[1] It was televised nationally by NBC." ]	[ "Justin Timberlake" ]
-5309687048941666320	The Book of Mormon (musical)	The Book of Mormon ( musical ) - wikipedia The Book of Mormon ( musical ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Book of Mormon ( disambiguation ) . The Book of Mormon Official poster of the original Broadway production Music Trey Parker Robert Lopez Matt Stone Lyrics Trey Parker Robert Lopez Matt Stone Book Trey Parker Robert Lopez Matt Stone Premiere February 24 , 2011 : Eugene O'Neill Theatre , New York City Productions 2011 Broadway 2012 First US tour 2012 Chicago 2013 West End 2013 Second US tour 2017 Stockholm 2017 Australia 2017 Oslo 2018 Third US tour 2018 Copenhagen Awards List of awards Tony Award for Best Musical Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical Tony Award for Best Original Score Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lyrics New York Drama Critics ' Circle Award for Best Musical Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding New Broadway Musical Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding New Score Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical Helpmann Award for Best Musical The Book of Mormon is a musical comedy about two young Mormon missionaries who travel to Africa to preach the Mormon religion . First staged in 2011 , the play mocks various Mormon beliefs and practices . The script , lyrics , and music were written by Trey Parker , Robert Lopez , and Matt Stone . Parker and Stone were best known for creating the animated comedy South Park ; Lopez had co-written the music for the musical Avenue Q . The Book of Mormon follows two Mormon missionaries as they attempt to share their scriptures with the inhabitants of a remote Ugandan village . The earnest young men are challenged by the lack of interest of the locals , who are preoccupied with more pressing troubles such as AIDS , famine , and oppression from the local warlord . In 2003 , after Parker and Stone saw Avenue Q , they met with Lopez and began developing the musical , meeting sporadically for several years . Parker and Stone grew up in Colorado , and references to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints had been commonplace in their previous works . For research , the trio took a trip to Salt Lake City to meet with current and former Mormon missionaries . Beginning in 2008 , developmental workshops were staged . The show 's producer , Scott Rudin , opted to open the show directly on Broadway . The show opened on Broadway in March 2011 , after nearly seven years of development . The LDS Church issued a polite , measured response to the musical , and purchased advertising space in its playbill in later runs . The Book of Mormon garnered overwhelmingly positive critical responses , and set records in ticket sales for the Eugene O'Neill Theatre . The show was awarded nine Tony Awards , one of which was for Best Musical , and a Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album . The original Broadway cast recording became the highest - charting Broadway cast album in over four decades , reaching number three on the Billboard charts . In 2013 , the musical premiered in the West End , followed by two US national tours . A production in Melbourne and the first non-English version , in Stockholm , both opened in January 2017 . Productions in Oslo and Copenhagen followed . The Book of Mormon has grossed over $500 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Development 1.2 Song alterations 1.3 Workshops 1.4 Broadway Premiere 2 Productions 2.1 Broadway ( 2011 -- ) 2.2 First U.S. national tour ( 2012 -- 2016 ) 2.3 Chicago ( 2012 -- 2013 ) 2.4 West End ( 2013 -- ) 2.5 Second U.S. national tour ( 2013 -- ) 2.6 Australia ( 2017 -- ) 2.7 Nordic countries 3 Synopsis 3.1 Act I 3.2 Act II 4 Music 4.1 Musical numbers 4.2 Instrumentation 4.3 Original Broadway cast recording 5 Characters and cast members 5.1 Original casts 6 Themes and references 7 Reception 7.1 LDS Church response 8 Awards and honors 8.1 Broadway production 8.2 London production 8.3 Melbourne production 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) The Book of Mormon was conceived by Trey Parker , Matt Stone and Robert Lopez . Parker and Stone grew up in Colorado , and were familiar with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) and its members . They became friends at the University of Colorado Boulder and collaborated on a musical film , Cannibal ! The Musical ( 1993 ) , their first experience with movie musicals . In 1997 , they created the TV series South Park for Comedy Central and in 1999 , the musical film South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut . The two had first thought of a fictionalized Joseph Smith , religious leader and founder of the Latter Day Saint movement , while working on an aborted Fox series about historical characters . Their 1997 film , Orgazmo , and a 2003 episode of South Park , `` All About Mormons '' , both gave comic treatment to Mormonism. Smith was also included as one of South Park 's `` Super Best Friends '' , a Justice League parody team of religious figures like Jesus and Buddha . Development ( edit ) During the summer of 2003 , Parker and Stone flew to New York City to discuss the script of their new film , Team America : World Police , with friend and producer Scott Rudin ( who also produced South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut ) . Rudin advised the duo to see the musical Avenue Q on Broadway , finding the cast of marionettes in Team America similar to the puppets of Avenue Q. Parker and Stone went to see the production during that summer and the writer - composers of Avenue Q , Lopez and Jeff Marx , noticed them in the audience and introduced themselves . Lopez revealed that South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut was highly influential in the creation of Avenue Q. The quartet went for drinks afterwards , and soon found that each camp wanted to write something involving Joseph Smith . The four began working out details nearly immediately , with the idea to create a modern story formulated early on . For research purposes , the quartet took a field trip to Salt Lake City where they `` interviewed a bunch of missionaries -- or ex-missionaries . '' They had to work around Parker and Stone 's South Park schedule . In 2006 , Parker and Stone flew to London where they spent three weeks with Lopez , who was working on the West End production of Avenue Q. There , the three wrote `` four or five songs '' and came up with the basic idea of the story . After a disagreement between Parker and Marx , who felt he was not getting enough creative control , Marx was separated from the project . For the next few years , the remaining trio met frequently to develop what they initially called The Book of Mormon : The Musical of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . `` There was a lot of hopping back and forth between L.A. and New York , '' Parker recalled . Song alterations ( edit ) There are numerous revealed changes from original script to final production . A song named `` Family Home Evening '' , which was in early workshops of the show , was cut . The warlord in Uganda was called General Kony in previews but later changed to General Butt Fucking Naked . The song `` The Bible Is A Trilogy '' went through a major rewrite to become `` All - American Prophet '' . The earlier version was based around how the third movie in movie trilogies is always the best one and sums everything up which led to a recurring Matrix joke where a Ugandan man said `` I thought the third Matrix was the worst one '' which later changed to `` I have maggots in my scrotum '' in the rewritten version . The song `` Spooky Mormon Hell Dream '' was originally called `` H-E Double Hockey Sticks . '' Workshops ( edit ) Lopez pushed to `` workshop '' the project , which baffled Parker and Stone , clueless about what he meant . Developmental workshops were directed by Jason Moore , and starred Cheyenne Jackson . Other actors in readings included Benjamin Walker and Daniel Reichard . The crew embarked on the first of a half - dozen workshops that would take place during the next four years , ranging from 30 - minute mini-performances for family and friends to much larger - scale renderings of the embryonic show . They spent hundreds of thousands of dollars of their own money , still unconvinced they would take it any further . In February 2008 , a fully staged reading starred Walker and Josh Gad as Elders Price and Cunningham , respectively . Moore was originally set to direct , but left the production in June 2010 . Other directors , including James Lapine , were optioned to join the creative team , but the producers recruited Casey Nicholaw . A final five - week workshop took place in August 2010 , when Nicholaw came on board as choreographer and co-director with Parker . Broadway premiere ( edit ) Rudin was named as the producer of the show . Originally , Rudin planned to stage The Book of Mormon off - Broadway at the New York Theatre Workshop in summer 2010 , but opted to premiere it directly on Broadway , `` ( s ) ince the guys ( Parker and Stone ) work best when the stakes are highest . '' Rudin booked the Eugene O'Neill Theatre and hired key players while sets were designed and built . Rudin expected the production to cost $11 million , but it came in under budget at $9 million . Hundreds of actors auditioned and 28 were cast . The crew did four weeks of rehearsals , with an additional two weeks of technical rehearsals , and then went directly into previews . The producers first heard the musical with the full pit six days before the first paying audience . Productions ( edit ) Broadway ( 2011 -- ) ( edit ) The Eugene O'Neill Theatre several months after the musical 's launch . The Book of Mormon premiered on Broadway at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre on March 24 , 2011 , following previews since February 24 . The production is choreographed by Casey Nicholaw and co-directed by Nicholaw and Parker . Set design is by Scott Pask , with costumes by Ann Roth , lighting by Brian MacDevitt , and sound by Brian Ronan . Orchestrations were co-created by Larry Hochman and the show 's musical director and vocal arranger Stephen Oremus . The production was originally headlined by Josh Gad and Andrew Rannells in the two leading roles . On April 25 , 2011 , the producers confirmed that `` counterfeit tickets to the Broadway production had been sold to and presented by theatergoers on at least five different occasions '' . An article in The New York Times reported , `` In each case , the tickets were purchased on Craigslist , and while a single seller is suspected , the ticket purchases have taken place in different locations each time ... ( T ) he production 's management and Jujamcyn Theaters , which operates the O'Neill , had notified the New York Police Department '' . The New York production of The Book of Mormon employed an innovative pricing strategy , similar to the ones used in the airline and hotel industries . The producers charged as much as $477 for the best seats for performances with particularly high demand . The strategy paid off handsomely . During its first year , the show was consistently one of the top five best - selling shows on Broadway and set 22 new weekly sales records for the Eugene O'Neill Theater . For the week of Thanksgiving 2011 , the average paid admission was over $170 even though the highest - priced regular seat was listed at $155 . High attendance coupled with aggressive pricing allowed the financial backers to recoup their investment of $11.4 million after just nine months of performances . After Gad 's departure in June 2012 , standby Jared Gertner played the role , until June 26 when Cale Krise permanently took over the role as Gertner left to play Elder Cunningham in the First National Tour . Two days after Gad left ( June 2012 ) , original star Rannells was replaced by his standby Nic Rouleau . The same day , Samantha Marie Ware played Nabulungi on Broadway as the start of a 6 - week engagement ( James was shooting a film ) in preparation for her tour performance . Following Rouleau 's departure in November 2012 ( to originate the role of Elder Price in Chicago ) , the role of Elder Price was taken over by Matt Doyle . In December 2012 , Jon Bass joined as Elder Cunningham . Original cast member Rory O'Malley was replaced by Matt Loehr in January 2013 . In April 2013 , Stanley Wayne Mathis joined the cast as Mafala Hatimbi . In May 2013 , Jon Bass left the role of Elder Cunningham , and was replaced by Cody Jamison Strand . After Doyle and Strand 's contracts finished in January 2014 , Rouleau and Ben Platt ( who had previously played the role of Elder Cunningham while in Chicago with Rouleau ) joined the Broadway cast to reprise their roles as Elder Price and Elder Cunningham . On August 26 , 2014 Grey Henson took over for Loehr as Elder McKinley . Henson had previously played the role on the First National Tour . Rouleau and Platt left Broadway in January 2015 . They were replaced by Gavin Creel and Christopher John O'Neill who played the roles of Price and Cunningham ( respectively ) on the First National Tour . On January 3 , 2016 Creel left the show after three and a half years with The Book of Mormon . He was replaced by Kyle Selig , former Second National Tour Elder Price standby , who is scheduled to play the role through February 21 , 2016 . On January 25 , 2016 , Christopher John O'Neill was temporarily replaced by longtime Elder Cunningham standby Nyk Bielak . Bielak has been a standby for Elder Cunningham on all three North American companies before becoming the Broadway Elder Cunningham . On February 17 , 2016 Nic Rouleau announced via Twitter that he would be taking over the role of Elder Price starting on February 23 , 2016 . This will be Rouleau 's third time playing the role on Broadway ; he previously played the role in Chicago , the Second National Tour , and most recently , the West End . O'Neill and Rouleau 's first performance together was on February 23 , 2016 . August 21 , 2016 was Grey Henson 's last performance as Elder McKinley . On August 23 , 2016 , Henson was replaced by Stephen Ashfield who came over from the West End Production . On November 7 , 2016 , Nikki Rene Daniels announced she was pregnant with her second child , and would be going on maternity leave . Later that week , Kim Exum then took over the role of Nabalungi . On February 20 , 2017 Chris O'Neill and Daniel Breaker had their final performances as Elder Cunningham and Mafala Hatimbi . O'Neill was replaced by Brian Sears , who came over from the London Production . Breaker was replaced by Billy Eugene Jones . Other Broadway cast members include , Original Broadway Cast member Lewis Cleale as Joseph Smith / Mission President and other roles , and Derrick Williams as the General . First US National tour ( 2012 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) The first North American tour began previews on August 14 , 2012 at the Denver Center for the Performing Arts in Denver , Colorado , before moving to the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles beginning September 5 , with the official opening night for the tour on September 12 . Originally planned to begin in December 2012 , production was pushed forward four months . Gavin Creel ( Price ) and Jared Gertner ( Cunningham ) led the cast until late December when West End performer Mark Evans and Christopher John O'Neill took over , allowing time for Creel and Gertner to begin rehearsals for their move to the West End production . After Evans left the show on June 30 , 2014 , Broadway Elder Price stand - by , K.J. Hippensteel , temporarily covered as Elder Price . Hippensteel returned to Broadway and Ryan Bondy ( who was covering for Hippensteel as the Broadway Elder Price stand - by ) took over the role of Elder Price . Bondy continued on as Elder Price until Creel returned from London later in the summer of 2014 . When Creel and O'Neill left the touring production to join the Broadway production , Bondy again took over the role of Elder Price while Chad Burris took over for O'Neill as Elder Cunningham . The two were only leads for six weeks as they waited for replacements to come from the West End Production . Billy Harrigan Tighe and A.J. Holmes moved over from the West End production to reprise their roles as Elder 's Price and Cunningham , respectively . Bondy and Burris then returned to the Second National Tour as stand - bys for Elder Price and Elder Cunningham . As part of the tour , the musical was performed in Salt Lake City for the first time at the end of July and early August 2015 . The tour closed on May 1 , 2016 in Honolulu , Hawaii . Chicago ( 2012 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) The first replica sit - down production , separate from the tour , began previews on December 11 , 2012 , and officially opened on December 19 of that year , at the Bank of America Theatre in Chicago , Illinois as part of Broadway in Chicago . The limited engagement closed October 6 , 2013 and became the second U.S. national tour . The cast included Nic Rouleau in the role of Price , along with Ben Platt as Cunningham . West End ( 2013 -- ) ( edit ) A UK production debuted in the West End on February 25 , 2013 at the Prince of Wales Theatre . Gavin Creel and Jared Gertner reprised their North American tour performances . The London cast members hosted a gala performance of the new musical on March 13 , 2013 , raising £ 200,000 for the British charity Comic Relief 's Red Nose Day . A typical London performance runs two hours and 30 minutes , including an interval of 15 minutes . In March 2014 , The Book of Mormon was voted Funniest West End Show as part of the 2014 West End Frame Awards . On July 28 , 2014 , both Creel and Gertner left the production . Creel left the West End production to return to the 1st National Tour and was replaced by his stand - by , Billy Harrigan Tighe . Gertner was replaced by one of his stand - by 's , A.J. Holmes , who had previously played Cunningham on both the National Tour and Broadway . After February 2 , 2015 , Broadway actor Nic Rouleau , cast in the role Elder Kevin Price replaced Billy Harrigan Tighe , and Brian Sears , who also starred on Broadway ( as an ensemble member ) , replaced A.J. Holmes as Elder Cunningham . Tighe and Holmes then joined the cast of the 1st National Tour , filling the void that was there when Creel and O'Neill left the tour to play the leads on Broadway . On January 25 , 2016 Rouleau announced via Twitter that January 30 , 2016 will be his last performance as Elder Price in the West End . On February 1 , 2016 , longtime Broadway stand - by K.J. Hippensteel officially took over the role as Elder Price in the West End cast . On August 6 , 2016 Stephen Ashfield had his last performance as Elder McKinley , as he was transferring over to the Broadway Production . On August 9 , 2016 Steven Webb took over for Ashfield as Elder McKinley . On January 14 , 2017 Brian Sears performed his last performance in the West End . Sears left London to join the Broadway company on February 20th . Sears was replaced by longtime Second National Tour Elder Cunningham , Cody Jamison Strand . Strand 's first performance was on January 30th , 2017 . Second US National tour ( 2013 -- ) ( edit ) After the Chicago production closed on October 6 , 2013 , the same production began touring the U.S. Platt never went on tour with the production and Rouleau performed in only a few cities on the tour before they both moved to New York and started rehearsals in preparation of joining the Broadway production . David Larsen succeeded Nic Rouleau as Elder Price . A.J. Holmes succeeded Ben Platt as Elder Cunningham . Cody Jamison Strand then succeeded A.J. Holmes in the role . December 14 , 2014 was Pierce Cassedy 's last performance as Elder McKinley . He was replaced by former Broadway swing Daxton Bloomquist . On January 3 , 2016 , Larsen completed his final show as Elder Price . Larsen was replaced by his stand - by , Ryan Bondy . Gabe Gibbs replaced Bondy as Elder Price in October 2016 . Oge Agulué replaced David Aron Damane as the General in December 2016 . On January 1 , 2017 Cody Jamison Strand had his last performance as Elder Cunningham . Strand left the show to join the West End Production . Strand was replaced by Connor Pierson on January 3 , 2017 . On October 24 , 2017 long time ensemble member Kevin Clay assumed the role of Elder Price . Clay had been with the tour since November 2015 , and worked his way up from ensemble , to Elder Price Understudy , and Elder Price Standby , before finally assuming the role . Bondy left the touring cast to take over the role of Elder Price in the Australia production . Other cast members include Kayla Pecchioni as Nabulungi , PJ Adzima as Elder McKinley , and Sterling Jarvis as Mafala Hatimbi . January 28 , 2018 was PJ Adzima 's last performance as Elder McKinley . He was replaced by Andy Huntington Jones . Australia ( 2017 -- ) ( edit ) The Australia production of Book of Mormon opened at Melbourne 's Princess Theatre on January 18 , 2017 . Auditions were held in January 2016 in Sydney and Melbourne ; rehearsals began in November . In November 2016 , it was announced that Ryan Bondy and A.J. Holmes would reprise their roles as Elder Price and Elder Cunningham respectively . Zahra Newman would play Nabulungi , Bert Labonté would play Mafala , and Rowan Witt would play Elder McKinley . The production moved to the Sydney Lyric theater on February 28 , 2018 . Nordic countries ( edit ) The first non-English version of the musical opened at the Chinateatern in Stockholm , Sweden , in January 2017 . A Norwegian production opened at Det Norske Teatret in Oslo , Norway September 2017 to favorable reviews with demand crashing the ticketing website . The musical opened in Denmark at Copenhagen 's Det Ny Teater in January 2018 . Synopsis ( edit ) Act I ( edit ) At LDS Church Missionary Training Center , devout , handsome , supercilious missionary - to - be Elder Kevin Price leads his classmates in a demonstration of the door - to - door method to convert people to Mormonism ( `` Hello ! '' ) . Price believes if he prays enough , he will be sent to Orlando , Florida for his two - year mission , but he and Elder Arnold Cunningham , an insecure , compulsive liar , are instead sent to Uganda as a pair ( `` Two By Two '' ) . Price is sure he is destined to do something incredible , while Cunningham is just happy to follow . ( `` You and Me ( But Mostly Me ) '' ) . Upon arrival in northern Uganda , the two are robbed by soldiers of a local warlord , General Butt - Fucking Naked ( an allusion to the real General Butt Naked ) . They are welcomed to the village where a group of villagers share their daily reality of living in appalling conditions while being ruled by the General . To make their lives seem better , the villagers repeat a phrase that translates as `` Fuck you , God ! '' ( `` Hasa Diga Eebowai '' ) . Price and Cunningham are led to their living quarters by Nabulungi , where they meet their fellow missionaries stationed in the area , who have been unable to convert anyone to Mormonism . Elder McKinley , the district leader , teaches Price and Cunningham a widely accepted method of dealing with the negative and upsetting feelings ( `` Turn It Off '' ) . Though Price is riddled with anxiety , Cunningham reassures him that he will succeed and that , as his partner , Cunningham will be by his side no matter what ( `` I Am Here for You '' ) . Price is certain he can succeed where the other Mormon elders have failed , teaching the villagers about Joseph Smith through a song that begins as a tribute to Smith but eventually descends into a tribute by Price to himself ( `` All - American Prophet '' ) . The General arrives and announces his demand for the genital mutilation of all female villagers . After a villager protests , the General executes him . Safely hiding back at home , Nabulungi , moved by Price 's promise of an earthly paradise , dreams of a better life in a new land ( `` Sal Tlay Ka Siti '' ) . The Mission President has requested a progress report on their mission . Shocked by the execution and the reality of Africa , Price decides to abandon his mission and requests a transfer to Orlando , while Cunningham , ever loyal , assures Price he will follow him anywhere ( `` I Am Here For You ( Reprise ) '' ) . However , Price unceremoniously dumps him as mission companion . Cunningham is crushed and alone , but when Nabulungi comes to him , wanting to learn more about the Book of Mormon and having convinced the villagers to listen to him , Cunningham finds the courage to take control of the situation ( `` Man Up '' ) . Act II ( edit ) When his audience begins to get frustrated and leave , Cunningham quickly makes up stories by combining what he knows of Mormon doctrines with pieces of science fiction and fantasy . Cunningham 's conscience ( personified by his father , Joseph Smith , hobbits , Lt. Uhura , Darth Vader , and Yoda ) admonishes him , but he rationalizes that if it helps people , it surely can not be wrong ( `` Making Things Up Again '' ) . Price joyfully arrives in Orlando but then realizes that he is dreaming . He is reminded of the nightmares of hell he had as a child and panics when his nightmare begins once again ( `` Spooky Mormon Hell Dream '' ) . Price awakens and decides to re-commit to his mission . Cunningham announces several Ugandans are interested in the church . McKinley points out that unless the General is dealt with , no one will convert . Price , seeing the chance to prove his worth , sets off on the `` mission he was born to do '' . After re-affirming his faith , he confronts the General determined to convert him ( `` I Believe '' ) . The General is unimpressed and drags Price away . Cunningham concludes his preaching and the villagers are baptized , with Nabulungi and Cunningham sharing a tender moment as they do ( `` Baptize Me '' ) . The Mormon missionaries feel oneness with the people of Uganda and celebrate ( `` I Am Africa '' ) . Price is seen in the village doctor 's office , having the Book of Mormon removed from his rectum . Meanwhile , the General hears of the villagers ' conversion and resolves to kill them all . Having lost his faith , Price drowns his sorrows in coffee . Cunningham finds Price and tells him they need to at least act like mission companions , as the Mission President is coming to visit the Ugandan mission . Price reflects on all the broken promises the Church , his parents , his friends and life in general made to him ( `` Orlando '' ) . Nabulungi and the villagers perform a pageant to `` honor ( them ) with the story of Joseph Smith , the American Moses '' ( `` Joseph Smith American Moses '' ) , which reflects the distortions put forth by Cunningham , such as making love to a frog to cure their AIDS . The Mission President is appalled , orders all the missionaries to go home , and tells Nabulungi that she and her fellow villagers are not Mormons . Nabulungi , heartbroken at the thought that she will never reach paradise , curses God for forsaking her ( `` Hasa Diga Eebowai ( Reprise ) '' ) . Price has had an epiphany and realizes Cunningham was right all along : though scriptures are important , what is more important is getting the message across ( `` You and Me ( But Mostly Me ) ( Reprise ) '' ) . The General arrives , and Nabulungi is ready to submit to him , telling the villagers that the stories Cunningham told them are untrue . To her shock , they respond that they have always known that the stories were metaphors rather than the literal truth . Price rallies the Mormons and the Ugandans to work together to make this their paradise . In an imagined future , the newly minted Ugandan elders go door to door to evangelize `` The Book of Arnold . '' ( `` Tomorrow Is a Latter Day '' / `` Hello ! ( Reprise ) '' / `` Finale '' ) . Music ( edit ) Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I `` Hello '' -- Price , Cunningham and Mormon Boys `` Two by Two '' -- Price , Cunningham and Mormon Boys `` You and Me ( But Mostly Me ) '' -- Price and Cunningham `` Hasa Diga Eebowai '' -- Mafala , Price , Cunningham , Nabulungi and Ugandans `` Turn It Off '' -- McKinley and Missionaries `` I Am Here for You '' -- Cunningham and Price `` All American Prophet '' -- Price , Cunningham , Joseph Smith , Angel Moroni and Company `` Sal Tlay Ka Siti '' -- Nabulungi `` I Am Here for You '' ( Reprise ) † -- Cunningham `` Man Up '' -- Cunningham , Nabulungi , Price and Company Act II `` Making Things Up Again '' -- Cunningham , Cunningham 's Dad , Joseph Smith , Mormon , Moroni , Uhura , Hobbits and Ugandans `` Spooky Mormon Hell Dream '' -- Price and Company `` I Believe '' -- Price and Company `` Baptize Me '' -- Cunningham and Nabulungi `` I Am Africa '' -- McKinley , Cunningham and Missionaries `` Orlando '' † -- Price `` Joseph Smith American Moses '' -- Nabulungi , Mafala and Ugandans `` Hasa Diga Eebowai '' ( Reprise ) † -- Nabulungi `` You and Me ( But Mostly Me ) '' ( Reprise ) † -- Price and Cunningham `` Tomorrow Is a Latter Day '' -- Price , Cunningham , McKinley , Nabulungi and Company `` Hello '' ( Reprise ) † -- Company `` Encore '' † -- Company † This song is not on the cast album . Instrumentation ( edit ) The Book of Mormon uses a nine - member orchestra : Reeds ( Flute , Piccolo , Alto , Tenor Saxophones , Clarinet , Oboe , Bansuri , Soprano and Alto Recorders ) Trumpet ( doubling Piccolo Trumpet and Flugelhorn ) Trombone ( doubling Bass Trombone ) Drums / Percussion / Electronic percussion Keyboard I Keyboard II Violin / Viola Guitars ( Electric , Acoustic , Classical and Archtop ) Basses ( Electric , Fretless and Upright ) Original Broadway cast recording ( edit ) For more information , see The Book of Mormon : Original Broadway Cast Recording . A cast recording of the original Broadway production was released on May 17 , 2011 , by Ghostlight Records . All of the songs featured on stage are present on the recording with the exception of `` I Am Here For You '' ( Reprise ) , `` Orlando '' ( Reprise ) , `` Hasa Diga Eebowai '' ( Reprise ) and `` You and Me ( But Mostly Me ) '' ( Reprise ) . `` Hello '' ( Reprise ) and the `` Encore '' are attached to the end of the last track of the CD , titled , `` Tomorrow Is a Latter Day '' . A free preview of the entire recording was released on NPR starting on May 9 , 2011 . Excerpts from the cast recording are featured in an extended Fresh Air interview . During its first week of its iTunes Store release , the recording became `` the fastest - selling Broadway cast album in iTunes history , '' according to representatives for the production , ranking No. 2 on its day of release on the iTunes Top 10 Chart . According to Playbill , `` It 's a rare occurrence for a Broadway cast album to place among the iTunes best sellers . '' The record has received positive reviews , with Rolling Stone calling the recording an `` outstanding album that highlights the wit of the lyrics and the incredible tunefulness of the songs while leaving you desperate to score tickets to see the actual show . '' Although the cast album had a respectable debut on the US Billboard 200 chart in its initial week of release , after the show 's success at the 2011 Tony Awards , the record rapidly ascended the chart to number three , making it the highest - charting Broadway cast album in over four decades . A vinyl version is planned . Characters and cast members ( edit ) The principal cast members of all major productions of The Book of Mormon . Original casts ( edit ) Characters Broadway ( 2011 -- present ) West End ( 2013 -- present ) 1st National Tour ( 2012 -- 16 ) 2nd National Tour ( 2012 -- present ) Current National Tour ( 2014 - present ) Australia ( 2017 -- present ) Norway ( 2017 -- present ) Denmark ( 2018 -- present ) Elder Price Andrew Rannells Gavin Creel Nic Rouleau Kevin Clay Ryan Bondy Frank Kjosås Silas Holst Elder Cunningham Josh Gad Jared Gertner Ben Platt Connor Peirson A.J. Holmes Kristoffer Olsen Carsten Svendsen Nabulungi Nikki M. James Alexia Khadime Samantha Marie Ware Syesha Mercado Kayla Pecchioni Zahra Newman Anette Amelia Larsen Lea Thiim Harder / Gina Marie Hudson Elder McKinley Rory O'Malley Stephen Ashfield Grey Henson Pierce Cassedy Andrew Huntington Jones Rowan Witt Preben Hodneland Simon Nøiers Mafala Hatimbi Michael Potts Giles Terera Kevin Mambo James Vincent Meredith Sterling Jarvis Bert LaBonté Marvin Amoroso Robert Bengtsson Joseph Smith and others Lewis Cleale Haydn Oakley Mike McGowan Christopher Shyer Ron Bohmer Andrew Broadbent Niklas Gundersen Kim Hammelsvang General Brian Tyree Henry Chris Jarman Derrick Williams David Aron Damane Corey Jones Augustin Aziz Tchantcho Markus Bailey Al Agami Themes and references ( edit ) The Book of Mormon contains many religious themes , most notably those of faith and doubt . Although the musical satirizes organized religion and the literal credibility of the LDS Church , the Mormons in The Book of Mormon are portrayed as well - meaning and optimistic , if a little naïve and unworldly . In addition , the central theme that many religious stories are rigid , out of touch , and silly comes to the conclusion that , essentially , religion itself can do enormous good as long as it is taken metaphorically and not literally . Matt Stone , one of the show 's creators , described The Book of Mormon as `` an atheist 's love letter to religion . '' The opening scenes of Act I and II parody the Hill Cumorah Pageant . Reception ( edit ) The Book of Mormon received broad critical praise for the plot , score , actors ' performances , direction and choreography . Vogue Magazine called the show `` the filthiest , most offensive , and -- surprise -- sweetest thing you 'll see on Broadway this year , and quite possibly the funniest musical ever . '' New York Post reported that audience members were `` sore from laughing so hard '' . It praised the score , calling it `` tuneful and very funny , '' and added that `` the show has heart . It makes fun of organized religion , but the two Mormons are real people , not caricatures . '' Ben Brantley of The New York Times compared the show favorably to Rodgers and Hammerstein 's The King and I and The Sound of Music but `` rather than dealing with tyrannical , charismatic men with way too many children , our heroes ... must confront a one - eyed , genocidal warlord with an unprintable name ... That 's enough to test the faith of even the most optimistic gospel spreaders ( not to mention songwriters ) . Yet in setting these dark elements to sunny melodies The Book of Mormon achieves something like a miracle . It both makes fun of and ardently embraces the all - American art form of the inspirational book musical . No Broadway show has so successfully had it both ways since Mel Brooks adapted his film The Producers for the stage a decade ago . '' Jon Stewart , host of The Daily Show , spent much of his interview with Parker and Stone on the March 10 , 2011 episode praising the musical . Charles McNulty of the Los Angeles Times praised the music , and stated : `` The songs , often inspired lampoons of contemporary Broadway styles , are as catchy as they are clever . '' McNulty concluded by stating `` Sure it 's crass , but the show is not without good intentions and , in any case , vindicates itself with musical panache . '' Peter Marks of the Washington Post wrote : `` The marvel of The Book of Mormon is that even as it profanes some serious articles of faith , its spirit is anything but mean . The ardently devout and comedically challenged are sure to disagree . Anyone else should excitedly approach the altar of Parker , Stone and Lopez and expect to drink from a cup of some of the sweetest poison ever poured . '' Marks further describes the musical as `` one of the most joyously acidic bundles Broadway has unwrapped in years . '' However , The Wall Street Journal 's Terry Teachout called the show `` slick and smutty : The Book of Mormon is the first musical to open on Broadway since La Cage aux Folles that has the smell of a send - in - the - tourists hit ... The amateurish part relates mostly to the score , which is jointly credited to the three co-creators and is no better than what you might hear at a junior - varsity college show . The tunes are jingly - jangly , the lyrics embarrassingly ill - crafted . '' Other critics have called the show `` crassly commercial '' as well as `` dull '' and `` derivative '' . The show 's depiction of Africans has been called racist . NPR 's Janice Simpson notes that `` the show does n't work unless the villagers are seen mainly as noble savages who need white people to show them the way to enlightenment . '' She further criticized the depiction of African doctors as well as the references to AIDS and female genital mutilation . Max Perry Mueller of Harvard writes that `` The Book of Mormon producers worked so hard to get the ' Mormon thing ' right , while completely ignoring the Ugandan culture '' . The Aid Leap blog noted that `` the gleeful depiction of traditional stereotypes about Africa ( dead babies , warlord , HIV , etc ) reinforced rather than challenged general preconceptions '' , and `` the Africans are just a background to the emotional development of the Mormons '' . LDS Church response ( edit ) The response of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints to the musical has been described as `` measured . '' The church released an official response to inquiries regarding the musical , stating , `` The production may attempt to entertain audiences for an evening , but the Book of Mormon as a volume of scripture will change people 's lives forever by bringing them closer to Christ . '' Michael Otterson , the head of Public Affairs for the church , followed in April 2011 with measured criticism . `` Of course , parody is n't reality , and it 's the very distortion that makes it appealing and often funny . The danger is not when people laugh but when they take it seriously -- if they leave a theater believing that Mormons really do live in some kind of a surreal world of self - deception and illusion , '' Otterson wrote , outlining various humanitarian efforts achieved by Mormon missionaries in Africa since the early 2000s . Stone and Parker were unsurprised : The official church response was something along the lines of `` The Book of Mormon the musical might entertain you for a night , but the Book of Mormon , '' -- the book as scripture -- `` will change your life through Jesus . '' Which we actually completely agree with . The Mormon church 's response to this musical is almost like our Q.E.D. at the end of it . That 's a cool , American response to a ribbing -- a big musical that 's done in their name . Before the church responded , a lot of people would ask us , `` Are you afraid of what the church would say ? '' And Trey and I were like , `` They 're going to be cool . '' And they were like , `` No , they 're not . There are going to be protests . '' And we were like , `` Nope , they 're going to be cool . '' We were n't that surprised by the church 's response . We had faith in them . The LDS Church has advertised in the playbills at many of the musical 's venues to encourage attendees to learn more about the Book of Mormon , with phrases like `` you 've seen the play , now read the book '' and `` the book is always better . '' In Melbourne during the 2017 run , the Church advertised at Southern Cross railway station and elsewhere in the city , as well as on television with ads featuring prominent Australian Mormons , including rugby player Will Hopoate , stage actor Patrice Tipoki and ballet dancer Jake Mangakahia . Mormons themselves have had varying responses to the musical . Richard Bushman , professor of Mormon studies , said of the musical , `` Mormons experience the show like looking at themselves in a fun - house mirror . The reflection is hilarious but not really you . The nose is yours but swollen out of proportion . '' Bushman said that the musical was not meant to explain Mormon belief , and that many of the ideas in Elder Price 's `` I Believe '' ( like God living on a planet called Kolob ) , though having some roots in Mormon belief , are not doctrinally accurate . When asked in January 2015 if he had met Mormons who disliked the musical , Gad stated `` In the 1.5 years I did that show , I never got a single complaint from a practicing Mormon ... To the contrary , I probably had a few people -- a dozen -- tell me they were so moved by the show that they took up the Mormon faith . '' Awards and honors ( edit ) Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref 2011 Tony Award Best Musical Won Best Book of a Musical Robert Lopez , Trey Parker , and Matt Stone Won Best Original Score Won Best Actor in a Musical Andrew Rannells Nominated Josh Gad Nominated Best Featured Actor in a Musical Rory O'Malley Nominated Best Featured Actress in a Musical Nikki M. James Won Best Direction of a Musical Casey Nicholaw and Trey Parker Won Best Choreography Casey Nicholaw Nominated Best Orchestrations Larry Hochman and Stephen Oremus Won Best Scenic Design Scott Pask Won Best Costume Design Ann Roth Nominated Best Lighting Design Brian MacDevitt Won Best Sound Design Brian Ronan Won Drama Desk Award Outstanding Musical Won Outstanding Lyrics Robert Lopez , Trey Parker , and Matt Stone Won Outstanding Music Won Outstanding Book of a Musical Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Musical Andrew Rannells Nominated Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Rory O'Malley Nominated Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Nikki M. James Nominated Outstanding Choreography Casey Nicholaw Nominated Outstanding Director of a Musical Casey Nicholaw and Trey Parker Won Outstanding Costume Design Ann Roth Nominated Outstanding Sound Design of a Musical Brian Ronan Nominated Outstanding Orchestrations Larry Hochman and Stephen Oremus Won Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding New Broadway Musical Won Outstanding New Score Trey Parker , Robert Lopez and Matt Stone Won Outstanding Director of a Musical Casey Nicholaw and Trey Parker Won Outstanding Choreographer Casey Nicholaw Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Musical Josh Gad Won Outstanding Actress in a Musical Nikki M. James Nominated 2012 Grammy Award Best Musical Theater Album Andrew Rannells & Josh Gad ( principal soloists ) ; Robert Lopez , Trey Parker , and Matt Stone ( composers / lyricists ) ; Anne Garefino , Robert Lopez , Trey Parker , Stephen Oremus , Scott Rudin , & Matt Stone ( producers ) ; Frank Filipetti ( engineer / mixer ) Won London production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref 2013 Evening Standard Award Best Musical Nominated Best Night Out Won 2014 Laurence Olivier Award Best New Musical Won Best Actor in a Musical Gavin Creel Won Jared Gertner Nominated Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical Stephen Ashfield Won Best Theatre Choreographer Casey Nicholaw Won Outstanding Achievement in Music Robert Lopez , Trey Parker , & Matt Stone Nominated Whatsonstage.com Awards Best New Musical Won Best Actor in a Musical Gavin Creel Won Best Supporting Actor in a Musical Stephen Ashfield Won Best Supporting Actress in a Musical Alexia Khadime Won Best Choreographer Casey Nicholaw Nominated Melbourne production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 2017 Helpmann Awards Best Musical Won Best Choreography of a Musical Casey Nicholaw Nominated Best Direction of a Musical Casey Nicholaw & Trey Parker Won Best Female Actor in a Musical Zahra Newman Nominated Best Male Actor in a Musical AJ Holmes Nominated Best Male Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical Bert LaBonte Nominated Rowan Witt Nominated Best Original Score Trey Parker , Matt Stone & Robert Lopez Nominated See also ( edit ) Book : Latter Day Saints in popular culture Musical Theatre portal Book of Mormon portal LDS Church portal Portrayals of Mormons in popular media Broadway Bro Down : October 2011 South Park episode written by Parker & Lopez ( uncredited ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Book Of Mormon ' Creators On Their Broadway Smash '' . NPR . May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.playbill.com/gallery/the-29-top-grossing-broadway-shows-of-all-time/?slide=23 ^ Jump up to : Galloway , Stephen ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Why South Park 's Trey Parker and Matt Stone Now Say It 's ' Wrong ' to Offend '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Zoglin , Richard . `` Bigger , Live and Uncut '' , Time magazine , March 28 , 2011 , pp. 70 -- 72 Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` ' South Park ' and ' Avenue Q ' Guys Bringing ' Book of Mormon ' to Broadway '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kenneth ( April 4 , 2011 ) , `` Playbill 's brief encounter with Robert Lopez '' , Playbill , archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Book Of Mormon Creators On Their Broadway Smash '' . Fresh Air . NPR . May 19 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gardener , Elysa . `` ' South Park ' duo goes Broadway : ' Mormon ' is a ' pro-faith musical ' '' . Stage . USA Today . February 21 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marx , Jeff . `` the Creation of Avenue Q '' . Video . Youtube . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` comingsoon '' . Jump up ^ Adams , Guy ( November 19 , 2008 ) , `` Mormons to get ' South Park ' treatment '' , The Independent , London ^ Jump up to : Healy , Patrick ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` The Path of ' The Book of Mormon ' to Broadway '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Andrew Gans , Musical by South Park - Avenue Q Creators Aiming for Broadway in 2011 Archived April 17 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , April 14 , 2010 Jump up ^ Stack , Peggy Fletcher ( February 25 , 2011 ) . `` ' Book of Mormon ' musical called surprisingly sweet '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Jump up ^ `` ' The Book Of Mormon ' to Open at Eugene O'Neill 3 / 24 ; Previews 2 / 24 '' , broadwayworld.com , September 13 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Book Of Mormon ' Cast Announced ! '' , broadwayworld.com , November 17 , 2010 Jump up ^ Itzkoff , David ( April 25 , 2011 ) . `` Heavens ! Fake Tickets Showing Up at ' Book of Mormon ' on Broadway '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ( November 24 , 2011 ) . `` Broadway Hits Make Most of Premium Pricing '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Thanksgiving Week Broadway Box Office Stuffed with Good News '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` In Only Nine Months , ' Book of Mormon ' Earns Back Its Broadway Costs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Two By Two `` : Josh Gad and Andrew Rannells Will Be Succeeded By Jared Gertner and Nic Rouleau in Book of Mormon '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Doyle to Play Elder Price on Broadway in The Book of Mormon '' . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` ' The Book of Mormon ' Will Launch National Tour Four Months Early '' Archived October 2 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Playbill.com , September 2 , 2012 Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Hello ! National Tour of ' The Book of Mormon ' , Starring Gavin Creel and Jared Gertner , Launches Aug. 14 in Denver '' playbill.com , August 14 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` The Book of Mormon on Broadway Official Site Tour Schedule '' . Bookofmormonbroadway.com. 2015 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` ' The Book of Mormon ' Will Open Separate Chicago Company in 2012 '' Archived October 3 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Playbill.com , September 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Book of Mormon announces Chicago cast '' . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 's Ben Platt and Nic Rouleau to Star in The Book of Mormon in Chicago '' . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris . `` ' Book of Mormon ' announces Chicago cast - chicagotribune.com '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Shenton , Mark . `` ' The Book of Mormon ' Plans West End Premiere ; London Website Launched , Tickets to Go on Sale in September '' Archived June 11 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , June 7 , 2012 Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` Gavin Creel and Jared Gertner to Reprise National Tour Roles in West End 's THE BOOK OF MORMON , Beginning Feb 2013 '' . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Corden & More Attend BOOK OF MORMON 's Red Nose Gala Performance '' . broadwayworld.com . Broadway World . March 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Mormon '' . timeout.com . Time Out . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BOOK OF MORMON '' . london-theatreland.co.uk . London Theatreland . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ End , West ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` The Book of Mormon voted Funniest West End Show '' . West End Frame . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Book Of Mormon & Shakespeare In Love Welcome New Casts , 2015 Theatre Gossip + More # WestEndUpdate . LondonTheatreDirect.com . Retrieved : January 15 , 2015 Jump up ^ Extension for the Book of Mormon in West End boxoffice.co.uk Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Chicago Engagement of The Book of Mormon to End This Fall ; Additional Stops in L.A. and Denver Planned '' Archived June 10 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Playbill.com , May 17 , 2013 Jump up ^ Wainman , Laura . `` Hello ! Fairfax native makes Kennedy Center debut in The Book of Mormon '' . dcrefined . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` General Auditions for The Book of Mormon '' . StarNow . October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Nathanael ( 2017 - 09 - 04 ) . `` The Mormons are coming : The Book of Mormon announces Sydney season in 2018 '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` THE BOOK OF MORMON Opens in Sweden 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE BOOK OF MORMON TIL DET NORSKE TEATRET '' . www.detnorsketeatret.no . March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sommer , Petter ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Nye billetter til `` Book Of Mormon '' førte til nytt krasj `` . Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation ( NRK ) . Jump up ^ Weaver , Ray ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Book of Mormon ' coming to Denmark '' . The Copenhagen Post . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Parker , Trey ; Lopez , Robert ; Stone , Matt ; Harris , Mark ( 2011 ) . The Book of Mormon : The Testament of a Broadway Musical . Newmarket Press . p. 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 223494 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Mormon '' . Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Woodwind Doubling in Musicals Archived December 28 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` NPR Now Offering Free Listen to Entire Original Cast Recording of The Book of Mormon '' . Playbill . May 9 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Mormon -- Original Cast Recording -- CD Sh - K - Boom & Ghostlight Records '' . Sh-k-boom.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Mormon Cast Album Will Get Digital Release May 17 ; In - Store to Follow in June '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( May 2 , 2011 ) . `` The Book of Mormon Cast Album Debuts on iTunes Top 10 Chart '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Perpetua , Matthew ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Listen to the Hilarious and Ridiculously Catchy Book of Mormon '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Adele Reclaims No. 1 on Billboard 200 , Book of Mormon Makes History '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kavner , Lucas ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` ' Book of Mormon ' Cast Album Breaks Billboard Records '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Book of Mormon Is Going Vinyl '' . Playbill . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fletcher Stack , Peggy ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` Mormons find musical Book of Mormon surprisingly sweet '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ David Brooks ( April 21 , 2011 ) . `` Creed or Chaos '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Literature that moves beyond stereotypes of the latter day saints '' . Boston.com , March 20 , 2011 Jump up ^ Applebome , Peter ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` A Mormon Spectacle , Way Off Broadway '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Broadway Review Roundup : THE BOOK OF MORMON '' . BroadwayWorld.com . March 25 , 2011 . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Green , Adam ( December 22 , 2010 ) . `` Get Cheeky '' . Vogue . Jump up ^ Rediel , Michael . `` Sure to offend and succeed '' Archived December 28 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... The New York Post , September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Missionary Men With Confidence in Sunshine '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( March 11 , 2011 ) . `` Jon Stewart is somewhere probably STILL raving about The Book of Mormon '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Charles. `` Theater review : The Book of Mormon at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre '' Los Angeles Times , March 24 , 2011 Jump up ^ Marks , Peter ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Review of Broadway 's ' The Book of Mormon ' '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Teachout , Terry ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` Everybody but Muhammad '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Williams , Tom ( December 20 , 2012 ) . `` The Book of Mormon '' . Chicago Critic . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burger , David ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Utah Local News -- Salt Lake City News , Sports , Archive -- The Salt Lake Tribune '' . Sltrib.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lahr , John . `` Trey Parker , Matt Stone , and `` The Book of Mormon '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Janice ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` The Root : Is Broadway 's ' Book Of Mormon ' Offensive ? '' . NPR.org . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Max Perry . `` A Cringe - worthy Depiction of Africa '' . Harvard Divinity School . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Is the `` Book of Mormon -- the Musical '' racist ? `` . Aid Leap . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Sean P. Means , `` Testing Mormons ' tolerance for mockery , '' The Salt Lake Tribune , February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Church Statement Regarding The Book of Mormon Musical '' . LDS Church . February 7 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Scott ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Mormon PR leader : ' Why I wo n't be seeing the Book of Mormon musical ' '' . Deseret News . Jump up ^ Otterson , Michael ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Why I Wo n't Be Seeing the Book of Mormon Musical '' . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . Jump up ^ Lee , Jordan ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` LDS Church advertises with ' The Book of Mormon ' musical '' . The Universe . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Mormon : An Opportunity to Set the Record Straight '' . www.abc.net.au. 2017 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Richard Bushman : ' The Book of Mormon ' is like looking into a fun - house mirror ; the reflection is hilarious but not really you '' . CNN . June 27 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jay Kernis ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` True or False ? : How accurate is `` The Book of Mormon '' song `` I Believe '' `` . nbcnews.com . ( Interview with religious scholar Matthew Bowman ) Jump up ^ Gad , Josh ( January 6 , 2015 ) . `` Josh Gad here . AMA '' . Reddit . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Tony Nominations Announced ; Book of Mormon Earns 14 Nominations '' . Playbill . May 3 , 2011 . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` Drama Desk Awards Go to Book of Mormon , Normal Heart , War Horse , Sutton Foster , Norbert Leo Butz '' Archived June 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , playbill.com , May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WAR HORSE , MORMON , THE KID , Benanti , Gad Among 2011 Outer Critics Circle Winners ! '' broadwayworld.com , May 16 , 2011 Jump up ^ BWW News Desk ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` The 2012 Grammy for Best Musical Theater Album Goes to THE BOOK OF MORMON ! '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best Musical Theater Album '' . grammy.com . December 2 , 2011 . Retrieved Dec 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National directors past , present and future vie for Evening Standard award '' . theguardian.com . The Guardian . November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` London Evening Standard Theatre Awards 2013 : how we chose the winners '' . standard.co.uk . London Evening Standard Award . December 30 , 2013 . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Evening Standard Theatre Awards 2013 : Book of Mormon voted Best Night Out in London '' . standard.co.uk . London Evening Standard . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Olivier awards 2014 the full nominations '' . theguardian.com . The Guardian . March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The full 2014 WhatsOnStage Awards shortlists '' . whatsonstage.com . Whats On Stage . January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Singh , Anita ( February 23 , 2014 ) . `` Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint win at WhatsOnStage Awards '' . telegraph.co.uk . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) The Book of Mormon : the Testament of a Broadway Musical Book , Music , and Lyrics by Trey Parker , Robert Lopez , & Matt Stone . Text , New Interviews , and Annotations by Steven Suskin . Principal photography by Joan Marcus . Design by BLT Communications . NY : HarperCollins , ISBN 9780062234940 . The Book of Mormon : The Complete Book and Lyrics of the Broadway Musical . Newmarket Press , 2011 ISBN 9781557049933 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Book of Mormon ( musical ) . Official West End website The Book of Mormon at the Internet Broadway Database The Book of Mormon at Playbill Vault `` The Book of Mormon Musical Tour Update '' `` Trey Parker & Matt Stone Talk Book Of Mormon on The Daily Show '' , Huffington Post , March 11 , 2011 Charlie Rose -- `` Trey Parker & Matt Stone '' Cast Recording for The Book of Mormon from NPR 's First Listen The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints : church outreach site Trey Parker and Matt Stone Parker filmography Stone filmography Feature films Cannibal ! The Musical ( 1993 ) Orgazmo ( 1997 ) South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut ( 1999 ) Team America : World Police ( 2004 ) Television Time Warped ( 1995 ) South Park ( since 1997 ) That 's My Bush ! ( 2001 ) Music DVDA Chef Aid : The South Park Album South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut soundtrack `` Blame Canada '' Mr. Hankey 's Christmas Classics `` Timmy and the Lords of the Underworld '' The Book of Mormon : Original Broadway Cast Recording Theatre The Book of Mormon ( since 2011 ) Video games South Park : The Stick of Truth ( 2014 ) South Park : The Fractured but Whole ( 2017 ) Characters Parker Stan Marsh Eric Cartman Randy Marsh Mr. Garrison Stone Kyle Broflovski Kenny McCormick Butters Stotch Gerald Broflovski See also The Spirit of Christmas Your Studio and You Princess 6 Days to Air Tony Award for Best Musical ( 2001 -- 2025 ) The Producers ( 2001 ) Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 2002 ) Hairspray ( 2003 ) Avenue Q ( 2004 ) Monty Python 's Spamalot ( 2005 ) Jersey Boys ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening ( 2007 ) In the Heights ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2009 ) Memphis ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) Once ( 2012 ) Kinky Boots ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder ( 2014 ) Fun Home ( 2015 ) Hamilton ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen ( 2017 ) Complete list ( 1949 -- 1975 ) ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Tony Award for Best Original Score ( 2001 -- 2025 ) The Producers by Mel Brooks ( 2001 ) Urinetown by Mark Hollmann and Greg Kotis ( 2002 ) Hairspray by Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman ( 2003 ) Avenue Q by Robert Lopez and Jeff Marx ( 2004 ) The Light in the Piazza by Adam Guettel ( 2005 ) The Drowsy Chaperone by Lisa Lambert and Greg Morrison ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening by Duncan Sheik and Steven Sater ( 2007 ) In the Heights by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2008 ) Next to Normal by Tom Kitt and Brian Yorkey ( 2009 ) Memphis by David Bryan and Joe DiPietro ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon by Trey Parker , Robert Lopez and Matt Stone ( 2011 ) Newsies by Alan Menken and Jack Feldman ( 2012 ) Kinky Boots by Cyndi Lauper ( 2013 ) The Bridges of Madison County by Jason Robert Brown ( 2014 ) Fun Home by Jeanine Tesori and Lisa Kron ( 2015 ) Hamilton by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2017 ) Complete list ( 1947 -- 1975 ) ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical ( 2001 -- 2025 ) The Producers by Mel Brooks and Thomas Meehan ( 2001 ) Urinetown by Greg Kotis ( 2002 ) Hairspray by Thomas Meehan and Mark O'Donnell ( 2003 ) Avenue Q by Jeff Whitty ( 2004 ) The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee by Rachel Sheinkin ( 2005 ) The Drowsy Chaperone by Bob Martin and Don McKellar ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening by Steven Sater ( 2007 ) Passing Strange by Stew ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical by Lee Hall ( 2009 ) Memphis by Joe DiPietro ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon by Trey Parker , Robert Lopez and Matt Stone ( 2011 ) Once by Enda Walsh ( 2012 ) Matilda the Musical by Dennis Kelly ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder by Robert L. Freedman ( 2014 ) Fun Home by Lisa Kron ( 2015 ) Hamilton by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen by Steven Levenson ( 2017 ) Complete list ( 1950 -- 1975 ) ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical The Wiz ( 1975 ) A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) Annie ( 1977 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd ( 1979 ) Evita ( 1980 ) The Pirates of Penzance ( 1981 ) Nine ( 1982 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1983 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1984 ) The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1986 ) Les Miserables ( 1987 ) Into the Woods ( 1988 ) Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) City of Angels ( 1990 ) The Secret Garden ( 1991 ) Crazy for You ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) Passion ( 1994 ) Show Boat ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) The Life ( 1997 ) Ragtime ( 1998 ) Parade ( 1999 ) Contact ( 2000 ) The Producers ( 2001 ) Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 2002 ) Hairspray ( 2003 ) Wicked ( 2004 ) Spamalot ( 2005 ) The Drowsy Chaperone ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening ( 2007 ) Passing Strange ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2009 ) Memphis ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) Once ( 2012 ) Matilda the Musical ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder ( 2014 ) Hamilton ( 2015 ) Shuffle Along ( 2016 ) Come from Away ( 2017 ) Helpmann Award for Best Musical The Boy from Oz ( 2001 ) Mamma Mia ! ( 2002 ) Cabaret ( 2003 ) The Lion King ( 2004 ) The Producers ( 2005 ) The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee ( 2006 ) Keating ! ( 2007 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2008 ) Wicked ( 2009 ) Jersey Boys ( 2010 ) Mary Poppins ( 2011 ) A Chorus Line ( 2012 ) Legally Blonde ( 2013 ) The King and I ( 2014 ) Les Misérables ( 2015 ) Matilda the Musical ( 2016 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2017 ) Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Merrily We Roll Along ( 2001 ) Our House ( 2003 ) Jerry Springer : The Opera ( 2004 ) The Producers ( 2005 ) Billy Elliot ( 2006 ) Caroline , or Change ( 2007 ) Hairspray ( 2008 ) Jersey Boys ( 2009 ) Spring Awakening ( 2010 ) Legally Blonde ( 2011 ) Matilda the Musical ( 2012 ) Top Hat ( 2013 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2014 ) Sunny Afternoon ( 2015 ) Kinky Boots ( 2016 ) Groundhog Day ( 2017 ) Complete list ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Book_of_Mormon_(musical)&oldid=827406051 '' Categories : 2011 musicals Broadway musicals West End musicals Criticism of Mormonism Latter Day Saints in popular culture Musicals based on religious traditions Works by Trey Parker and Matt Stone Plays set in Uganda Tony Award for Best Musical Drama Desk Award - winning musicals Black comedy plays Original musicals Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from January 2015 Pages with timeline metadata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 February 2018 , at 15 : 34 . 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-498871929477093351	Styles and titles in the Joseon dynasty	Styles and titles in the Joseon Dynasty - wikipedia Styles and titles in the Joseon Dynasty During the Joseon Dynasty royal titles and styles ( forms of address ) had been extensive and complex . The general title of the king was wang ( 왕 , 王 ) , while Gojong of Korea crowned himself hwangje ( 황제 ) , or emperor , a title that was only allowed for Chinese emperors . Official titles came with official forms of address , depending on who the addressee was and by whom he or she was addressed . Contents 1 Royal family 1.1 Naming 1.2 Titles and styles 1.3 Consorts and concubines 2 Royal court 3 References Royal family ( edit ) Naming ( edit ) Rulers in Korea ( following Chinese customs ) had several names , changing with their titles . Sons were given children 's names , and when they were appointed crown prince , they were given an adult name and the crown prince name . When they became king , they were addressed as such , personal names were not used . After the death of a king , he was given several names . One is the temple name ( 묘호 , myoho ) , which he was given when his spirit tablet was placed at Jongmyo Shrine . This is the name by which historians usually refer to Joseon kings . The myoho could end in either jo ( 조 , 祖 , `` founder '' ) or jong ( 종 , 宗 ) . The preceding syllable was an adjective suitable for the king . The other name was the posthumous name ( 시호 , siho ) . This is a longer name , made up of adjectives characteristic of the king 's rule . For example , Gyeongjong of Joseon 's posthumous name was Gyeongjong Gakgong Deokmun Ingmu Sunin Seonhyo Daewang ( 경종 각 공덕문 익 무순 인선 효 대왕 ) , while his temple name was Gyeongjong . Titles and styles ( edit ) Forms of address were combined with names , titles or both , for example : Taejo daewang mama ( `` His Royal Highness ( the departed ) great king Taejo '' ) Donggung mama ( used by older relatives ) ; seja joha ( His Royal Highness the Crown Prince ) Gongju agissi ( in childhood ) ; gongju mama ( in adulthood ) ( Her Royal Highness , the Princess ) Title Forms of address Explanation Revised Romanization Hangul Hanja RR Hangul Hanja Monarch Wang Jusang Imgeum Narannim Gukwang Geumsang Sanggam Daejeon Gwain 왕 주상 임금 나랏님 국왕 금상 상감 대전 과인 王主上 -- -- 國王今上上監大殿寡人 Jeonha 전하 殿下 The King , the current monarch . He was addressed in different ways depending on the speaker and the situation . Sangwang 상왕 上王 Jeonha 전하 殿下 Former King , a yet living king who has voluntarily abdicated to the current king . Taesangwang 태상왕 太上王 Jeonha 전하 殿下 Grand King Former , an abdicated king whose relinquishment of power precedes that of another former king . Seondawang 선대왕 先大王 Mama 마마 媽媽 Great Predecessor King , a deceased king 's title and form of address . See also : Daewang Daewang 대왕 大王 Mama 마마 媽媽 Great King , deceased formed king , see also : Seondaewang Main consort of monarch Wangbi Jungjeon 왕비 중전 王妃中殿 Mama 마마 媽媽 Queen consort , the main consort of the current king . Taesangwangbi 태상 왕비 太上王妃 Mama 마마 媽媽 Queen consort of a Taesangwang Daebi 대비 大妃 Mama 마마 媽媽 Queen dowager , the main consort of the deceased king ( perhaps the mother of the current king ) . Wangdaebi 왕대비 王大妃 Mama 마마 媽媽 Royal Queen dowager , a former king 's main consort preceding a daebi or current king 's aunt or grandmother . Daewangdaebi 대왕 대비 大王大妃 Mama 마마 媽媽 Grand Royal Queen dowager , a former king 's main consort senior to daebi and wangdaebi or current king 's great - grandmother . Wanghu 왕후 王后 Mama 마마 媽媽 A queen 's posthumous title . Parents of monarch Daewongun 대원군 大院君 Mama 마마 媽媽 When a king 's father was not himself king before , he was given this title . It approximately means `` grand prince '' . Budaebuin 부대 부인 府大夫人 Mama 마마 媽媽 Wife of a Daewongun Buwongun 부원군 府院君 Daegam 대감 大監 The queen consort 's father , translates roughly to `` Prince '' and his form of address as `` His lordship '' . Bubuin 부부 인 府夫人 The queen consort 's mother . Monarch 's descendant and their main consorts Wonja 원자 元子 Mama 마마 媽媽 Prince Royal . Title and form of address of the king 's eldest son , before he is appointed crown prince . Wangseja Seja Donggung 왕세자 세자 동궁 王世子世子東宮 Jeoha Jeoha Mama 저하 저하 마마 邸下邸下媽媽 Crown prince , the son of the king who appointed as heir to the throne . Wangsejabin Sejabin Bingung 왕세자빈 세자빈 빈궁 王世子嬪世子嬪嬪宮 Mama 마마 媽媽 Crown princess consort , main consort of the heir to the throne . Wangseje 왕세제 王世弟 Jeoha 저하 邸下 The king 's brother when appointed as heir Wangseson 왕세손 王世孫 Hapa 합하 閤下 The crown prince 's son . Daegun 대군 大君 Daegam 대감 大監 Grand prince , the son of the king and queen consort , not entitled to be crown prince . Bubuin 부부 인 府夫人 Mama 마마 媽媽 Wife of a prince bearing the title of `` Daegun '' . Gun Wangja 군 왕자 君王子 Daegam 대감 大監 Prince , the son of the king and concubine , or the king 's grandson born from a son not appointed crown prince . They were addressed as wangja before adulthood . Gunbuin 군부인 郡夫人 Mama 마마 媽媽 Wife of a prince addressed as `` Gun '' . Gongju 공주 公主 Agissi Mama 아기씨 마마 -- 媽媽 Princess , the daughter of the king and queen consort . Agissi was used in childhood , Mama was used in adulthood . Ongju 옹주 翁主 Agissi Mama 아기씨 마마 -- 媽媽 Princess , the daughter of the king and concubine . Gunwi 군위 君尉 Buma 부마 駙馬 The king 's son in law , a princess ' husband . Sources : Royalark Consorts and concubines ( edit ) See also : Royal Noble Consort of Korean Kings Consorts and concubines of the king in the harem ( hugung , 후궁 / 後宮 ) had a certain rank , according to which their titles and forms of address were formulated . Titles came with the form of address of mama ( 마마 / 媽媽 ) . Ranks in order after the queen consort : Hangul Hanja Revised romanization Rank Consorts ( bi , 비 ) 귀비 貴妃 Gwibi senior 1 ( 정 1 품 ) 숙비 淑妃 Sukbi 원비 元妃 Wonbi 덕비 德妃 Deokbi 현비 賢妃 Hyeonbi Concubines ( Gwibin , 귀빈 ) 빈 嬪 Bin senior 1 ( 정 1 품 ) 귀인 貴人 Gwiin junior 1 ( 종 1 품 ) 소의 昭儀 Soui senior 2 ( 정 2 품 ) 숙의 淑儀 Sugui junior 2 ( 종 2 품 ) 소용 昭容 Soyong senior 3 ( 정 3 품 ) 숙용 淑容 Sugyeong junior 3 ( 종 3 품 ) 소원 昭媛 Sowon senior 4 ( 정 4 품 ) 숙원 淑媛 Sugwon junior 4 ( 종 4 품 ) Crown prince 's concubines 양제 良娣 Yangje junior 2 ( 종 2 품 ) 양원 良媛 Yangwon junior 3 ( 종 3 품 ) 승휘 承徽 Seunghwi junior 4 ( 종 4 품 ) 소훈 昭訓 Sohun junior 5 ( 종 5 품 ) Sources : Royalark Royal court ( edit ) Gungnyeo Hangul Hanja Revised Romanization Rank Court ladies ( Gungnyeo , 궁녀 ) 상궁 尙宮 Sanggung senior 5 ( 정 5 품 ) 상의 尙儀 Sangui 상복 尙服 Sangbok junior 5 ( 종 5 품 ) 상식 尙食 Sangsik 상침 尙寢 Sangchim senior 6 ( 정 6 품 ) 상공 尙功 Sanggong 상정 尙正 Sangjeong junior 6 ( 종 6 품 ) 상기 尙記 Sanggi 전빈 典賓 Jeonbin senior 7 ( 정 7 품 ) 전의 典衣 Jeoni 전선 典膳 Jeonseon 전설 典設 Jeonseol junior 7 ( 종 7 품 ) 전제 典製 Jeongje 전언 典言 Jeoneon 전찬 典贊 Jeonchan senior 8 ( 정 8 품 ) 전식 典飾 Jeonshik 전약 典藥 Jeonyak 전등 典燈 Jeondeung junior 8 ( 종 8 품 ) 전채 典彩 Jeonchae 전정 典正 Jeonjeong 주궁 奏宮 Jugung senior 9 ( 정 9 품 ) 주상 奏商 Jusang 주각 奏角 Jugak 주변 징 奏變徵 Jubyeonjing junior 9 ( 종 9 품 ) 주징 主徵 Jujing 주우 奏羽 Juu 주변 궁 奏變宮 Jubyeongung Eunuchs ( naesi , 내시 ) 상선 尙膳 Sangseon junior 2 ( 종 2 품 ) 상온 尙醞 Sangon senior 3 ( 정 3 품 ) 상다 尙茶 Sangda 상약 尙藥 Sangyak junior 3 ( 종 3 품 ) 상전 尙傳 Sangjeon senior 4 ( 정 4 품 ) 상책 尙冊 ) Sangchaek junior 4 ( 종 4 품 ) 상호 尙弧 Sangho senior 5 ( 정 5 품 ) 상탕 尙帑 Sangtang junior 5 ( 종 5 품 ) 상세 尙洗 Sangse senior 6 ( 정 6 품 ) 상촉 尙燭 Sangchok junior 6 ( 종 6 품 ) 상훼 尙煊 Sanghwe senior 7 ( 정 7 품 ) 상설 尙設 Sangseol junior 7 ( 종 7 품 ) 상제 尙除 Sangje senior 8 ( 정 8 품 ) 상문 尙門 Sangmun junior 8 ( 종 8 품 ) 상경 尙更 Sanggyeong senior 9 ( 정 9 품 ) 상원 尙苑 Sangwon junior 9 ( 종 9 품 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ian Mladjov . `` KOREA ( HANGUK / JOSEON ) '' ( pdf ) . University of Michigan . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Rediscovering aesthetics of Jongmyo Shrine '' . Korea Times . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Korea : Notes '' . archontology.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 조선 시대 국왕 호칭 의 종류 와 의미 The Kinds and Meaning of King 's Name in the Chosun Dynasty '' . 역사 와 경계 ( in English and Korean ) . NRF ( 52 ) : 46 -- 67 . 2004 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` 왕 '' ( in Korean ) . Naver Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 주상 '' ( in Korean ) . Naver Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 나랏님 '' ( in Korean ) . Daum Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 국왕 '' ( in Korean ) . Naver Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 금상 '' ( in Korean ) . Naver Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 상감 '' ( in Korean ) . Naver Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 대전 '' ( in Korean ) . Britannica Korea . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ The king used to address himself this way . `` 과인 '' ( in Korean ) . Daum Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 상왕 '' ( in Korean ) . Daum Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` 태상왕 '' ( in Korean ) . Naver Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 선대왕 '' ( in Korean ) . Daum Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 대왕 '' ( in Korean and English ) . Daum Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 왕비 '' ( in Korean ) . Naver Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 중전 '' ( in Korean ) . Daum Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 대비 '' ( in Korean ) . Naver Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 왕대비 '' . National Institute of Korean History . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 대왕 대비 '' ( in Korean ) . National Institute of Korean History . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 왕후 '' ( in Korean ) . Naver Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 대원군 '' ( in Korean and English ) . Daum Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 부대 부인 '' ( in Korean ) . Naver Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 부원군 '' ( in Korean ) . Naver Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 원자 '' ( in Korean and English ) . Daum Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Could only be used by older relatives ^ Jump up to : `` 왕세자 '' ( in Korean ) . Daum Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 동궁 '' ( in Korean ) . Daum Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` 왕세자빈 '' ( in Korean ) . Naver Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 빈궁 '' ( in Korean ) . Naver Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 왕세제 '' ( in Korean ) . Naver Dictionary . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 왕세손 '' ( in Korean ) . Naver Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 대군 '' ( in Korean ) . Naver Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 부부 인 '' ( in Korean ) . Naver Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 군 '' ( in Korean ) . Britannica Korea . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 군부인 '' ( in Korean ) . Naver Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 공주 '' ( in Korean ) . Naver Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 옹주 '' ( in Korean ) . Britannica Korea . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 부마 '' ( in Korean ) . Naver Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Styles and Titles '' . Royalark . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glossary '' . Royalark . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 정일품 '' ( in Korean ) . Academy of Korean Studies . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Had several different versions , like 희빈 ( Huibin ) / 숙빈 ( Sukbin ) / 경빈 ( Gyeongbin ) / 창빈 ( Changbin ) / 선빈 ( Seonbin ) etc . Jump up ^ `` 궁인 직 '' ( in Korean ) . Academy of Korean Studies . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 궁궐 ( 宮闕 ) '' ( in Korean ) . The Academy of Korean Studies . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 궁녀 '' ( in Korean ) . Britannica Korea via Daum . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 내시부 '' ( in Korean ) . Britannica Korea via Daum . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 15 . 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-998279579199286055	Carrie Bradshaw	Carrie Bradshaw - wikipedia Carrie Bradshaw Jump to : navigation , search Carrie Bradshaw Sarah Jessica Parker as Carrie Bradshaw First appearance Sex and the City : `` Sex and the City '' ( episode 1.01 ) The Carrie Diaries : `` Pilot '' ( episode 1.01 ) Last appearance Original series : Sex and the City 2 The Carrie Diaries : `` Run to You '' ( episode 2.13 ) Created by Character Candace Bushnell Developed for Television Darren Star Portrayed by Sarah Jessica Parker ( adult ; original series ) AnnaSophia Robb ( teenager ; prequel series ) Information Occupation Author Newspaper columnist ( for The New York Star ) Writer at Vogue magazine Family Tom Bradshaw ( father ) Grace Bradshaw ( mother ; deceased ) Dorrit Bradshaw ( sister ) Brady Hobbes ( godchild ) Spouse ( s ) John James `` Mr. Big '' Preston ( 2008 -- present ) Nationality American Caroline `` Carrie '' Marie Bradshaw is a fictional character and lead character of the HBO romantic sitcom Sex and the City , as well as the CW series The Carrie Diaries , portrayed by actresses Sarah Jessica Parker and AnnaSophia Robb , respectively . She is a semi-autobiographical character created by Candace Bushnell , who published the book Sex and the City , based on her own columns in the New York Observer . On the HBO series , Bradshaw is a New York City newspaper columnist , fashionista , and later , freelance writer for Vogue and a published author . Her weekly column , `` Sex and the City , '' provides the title , storylines , and narration for each episode . When the series premiered , the character was praised by critics for being a positive example of an independent woman in the vein of Mary Tyler Moore . However , retrospective analysis of the show tends to place more emphasis on the character 's repeated and often unrepentant infidelities , with many critics instead viewing her as self - centered and narcissistic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character history and personality 2 Wardrobe 3 Relationships 3.1 `` Mr. Big '' John James Preston 3.2 Aidan Shaw 3.3 Jack Berger 3.4 Aleksandr Petrovsky 4 Carrie 's ex-lovers 4.1 Sebastian Kydd 4.2 George Silver 4.3 Adam Weaver 4.4 Capote Duncan 4.5 Bernard Singer 5 Bibliography 6 Critical reception 7 References 8 External links Character history and personality ( edit ) This section may be written from a fan 's point of view , rather than a neutral point of view . Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality , and to make it neutral in tone . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Carrie writes a weekly column called `` Sex and the City '' for fictional newspaper , The New York Star . The column focuses on Carrie 's sexual escapades and those of her close friends , as well as musings about the relationships between men and women , dating , and New York . It provides Carrie with a certain amount of recognition in the city . People who read her column occasionally describe her as their icon . In the third season , her column is optioned for a film produced by Matthew McConaughey . In the fifth season , some of her columns are compiled into a book . At the end of season four , Carrie begins to write freelance articles for Vogue . Although she initially has trouble dealing with Enid ( Candice Bergen ) , her abrasive , demanding editor at Vogue , she does find her feet and ends up befriending her . Carrie is notoriously led by her emotions . She seeks acceptance ( a door key , bathroom cabinet space ) from Mr. Big and others ( she obsesses over the review her book received from book critic Michiko Kakutani in The New York Times ) . `` Just tell me I 'm the one '' she urges Mr. Big at the end of Season 1 , worried about his refusal to introduce her to his mother . She often behaves in a selfish manner ( as seen during her affair ) but unless her self - involvement is pointed out by friends , she is apt to blame this on her tendency to get ' Carried Away ' , a phrase coined by Mr. Big in Season 2 . The result is a flawed but relatable character due to the self - deprecating humor with which she tackles stereotypical issues within male -- female relationships ( commitment being the running theme ) . Carrie is an on - off smoker and when she smokes , she is mostly seen with Marlboro Lights . She tries to quit in seasons 3 and 4 using the Nicotine patch while dating Aidan . She enjoys cocktails ( particularly cosmopolitans -- her character 's fondness for them helped to popularize the drink ) . While Carrie is a realist about the difficulties of relationships , having experienced many bad ones throughout the course of the series , she is a romantic on an endless search for true love , and refuses to settle for , as she puts it , `` anything less than butterflies . '' Because of this , she repeatedly expresses doubts that she is the type to get married and raise a family . AnnaSophia Robb played Carrie Bradshaw as a teenager in the Carrie Diaries TV series Carrie is a resident of the borough of Manhattan in New York City . She lives in a brownstone on the Upper East Side at the fictional house number of 245 , on East 73rd Street , between Park and Madison . She lives in this apartment throughout the series , having bought it from Aidan in the fourth season , after Aidan had bought it and the apartment next - door for himself and Carrie during their engagement . In the initial episodes of the first season , Carrie 's apartment is seen to be above a coffee shop somewhere near the vicinity of Madison Avenue . By approximately the fourth episode , the usual facade of a series of brownstones adjacent to hers is adopted , and remains that way throughout the series . The first episode also features a different apartment from the one used for the next 93 episodes and the movies . In the real life , the building with the famous stairs is 66 Perry Street , N.Y.C ( West Village , Manhattan ) . Little is mentioned about Carrie 's life before the series . Carrie arrived in Manhattan on Tuesday , June 11 , 1986 when she was approximately 21 , given her age that is mentioned at other points in the series . She says in the movie that she 's lived in Manhattan for 20 years ( although she states at age 35 that she had been living there for a decade ) . In season four , Carrie tells a photographer that she was so poor when she first moved to New York that she would purchase Vogue instead of dinner . It is mentioned that her father left her and her mother when she was five ; no siblings are mentioned . It is also revealed that Carrie had an abortion in 1988 after a one - night stand with a waiter when she was 22 . She tells Charlotte that she lost her virginity in Seth Bateman 's smelly rec room on the ping pong table in eleventh grade . In Season 6 ( `` Boy Interrupted '' ) , Carrie meets up with another boyfriend from high school named Jeremy ( David Duchovny ) . Carrie states that she never had sex with him because they were young and wanted to wait . A TV series was made after the production of Sex and the City , called The Carrie Diaries which featured Carrie 's life as a teenager prior to her life in Sex and the City . It focused mainly on Carrie who lived with her father and younger sister , Dorrit . She had a few relationships , the main one being her on and off relationship with Sebastian Kydd . She started working at Interview , a magazine firm , juggling between her school and work life . The series was discontinued after Season 2 as it was said that it was not economically feasible although it got positive feedback from its audience . Candace Bushnell , author of Sex and the City , recently released her new book , Summer and the City : A Carrie Diaries Novel as part of her young adult series that follows the Sex and the City characters as teenagers . This novel reveals that Carrie attended the prestigious Ivy League University , Brown , in the 1980s . It also reveals that she took summer classes at the New School . TV Guide described the young version of Carrie Bradshaw as `` Even when she 's trying to play adult in the city with her fashion - forward style and ' grown - up ' conversations , she still exudes an aura that manages to be innocent , cute and self - confident at the same time . '' Wardrobe ( edit ) Carrie has been described as someone who lives for fashion , and has confessed to buying Vogue instead of dinner . A known shoe lover with a penchant for expensive designer shoes ( notably Manolo Blahniks , but also Christian Louboutins and Jimmy Choos ) , Miranda once estimated that Carrie has spent over $40,000 on shoes . Her shoes seem to average at least $400 a pair ( according to Miranda ) , and it is implied that she has at least 100 unique pairs . She frequently mixes kitschy vintage finds with high - end labels . It is mentioned that Barneys , Bergdorf Goodman , Bloomingdale 's , and Saks Fifth Avenue are among her favorite places to shop . Carrie once agreed to model for a charity fashion show ( featuring both `` real people '' and models ) , on the condition that she could keep the outfit , a Dolce and Gabbana original . The plan backfired when Carrie 's dress was replaced by jeweled silk underwear . Carrie is also known to have worn Alexander McQueen , Anna Molinari , Balenciaga , Betsey Johnson , Bottega Veneta , Céline , Chanel , Chloé , Christian Dior , Christian Lacroix , Christian Louboutin , Diane von Fürstenberg , Fendi , Givenchy , Gucci , Heatherette , Helmut Lang , Hermès , Jean Paul Gaultier , Jeremy Scott , Judith Leiber , Jil Sander , Jimmy Choo , Louis Vuitton , Lanvin , Manolo Blahnik , Marc Jacobs , Marni , Missoni , Miu Miu , Moschino , Prada , Oscar de la Renta , Roberto Cavalli , Sonia Rykiel , Tom Ford , Yves Saint Laurent , Vera Wang , Valentino , Versace , Vivienne Westwood , among others . Carrie 's incredible wardrobe appears to be unaffordable for a writer on a moderate income ( at least until season 5 , at which time she is given a book offer . By the time of the films she appears to be more affluent , though that may be because of her husband 's wealth ) . Indeed , many of the people around her comment that she can not afford her shopping addiction . Carrie occasionally maxes out credit cards , could not secure a loan on her own due to poor savings and a bad credit rating as a result of extensive shopping , and has admitted her `` shoe needs '' have accounted for most of her spending . In one episode , she wryly comments that she might `` literally be the woman who lived in her shoe '' . Carrie is particularly known for her addiction to shoes , calling it her `` substance abuse problem '' in the episode `` Power of Female Sex '' in Season One . Notable couture moments include an incident when she is mugged near West Broadway and the bandit makes off with her Fendi Baguette clutch and Manolo Blahnik pink suede strappy sandals , which she purchased `` half off at a sample sale ! '' , adding that they are her favorite shoes . In season 3 she chases after the Staten Island ferry and ends up missing it after slipping out of her shoe , yelling , `` Wait , I lost my Choo ! '' . In `` A Woman 's Right To Shoes '' she unashamedly asks for reimbursement from a friend after a pair of Manolos are stolen at that friend 's party due to her friend 's insistence upon no shoes inside the house . Carrie notes the hypocrisy in the fact that the friend , who ' shoe shames ' her ( `` it was your choice to buy shoes that expensive '' ) is rewarded over the years with thousands of dollars worth of gifts for her life choices ( baby showers , engagement presents , wedding gifts , etc . ) , whereas single women do not have their life choices celebrated ( `` Hallmark do n't make a ' congratulations - you - did n't - marry - the - wrong - guy card ' ! '' ) and so comes to the conclusion that it is okay to spend that much on oneself to make the single girl 's walk through life a little more fun . Relationships ( edit ) `` Mr. Big '' John James Preston ( edit ) Main article : Mr. Big ( Sex and the City ) Introduced in the first episode and closing the final episode , `` Mr. Big '' ( Chris Noth ) is Carrie 's central love interest throughout the series and recurring romantic foil -- his continual romantic ambiguity and Carrie 's diffidence about confronting him over it highlight Carrie 's fears , insecurities , and emotional needs . Despite the turmoil in their relationship , Carrie and Big make continuous appearances in each other 's lives , which is the source of both joy and stress for Carrie . `` Big '' is introduced as a wealthy man who runs into Carrie on the street , helping her pick up a large number of condoms that fell out of her purse after it had been knocked from her hand . He later spots her at a party , and after waving to her at the beginning of the evening , he later gives her a ride home in his limo . Their relationship runs the length of the series . At the start , she is intimidated and awed by him , and immediately gives him the nickname `` Mr. Big '' . However , eventually Carrie and Big share a friendly and often passionate intimacy , yet he remains ( in producer Michael Patrick King 's words ) , `` always slightly out of reach . '' Mr. Big 's name is never mentioned until the last episode of the final season , where it is revealed to be John via Carrie 's cell phone caller ID . His full name is finally uncovered in the first movie as John James Preston . They break up for the first time due to Mr. Big 's inability to be emotionally intimate with Carrie . They reunite but split again when Big announces that he is moving to Paris because of work . When he returns to the United States , he and Carrie bump into each other unexpectedly in the Hamptons . Upon his return , Carrie discovers that he is engaged to a young woman named Natasha , who was working for Ralph Lauren in Paris . Unsurprisingly , Carrie struggles to come to terms with Big 's decision and moves on , beginning a relationship with Aidan Shaw . However , Carrie can not put Big behind her and they have an affair , which she confesses to Aidan moments before Charlotte 's wedding . Carrie and Big continue a close , sometimes sexual , always flirtatious yet tempestuous friendship until the final episode . Here we witness a romantic display of love and affection when Big whispers the sorely awaited words to Carrie -- `` you 're the one . '' At the start of the movie Sex and the City Carrie and Big , in a businesslike fashion , decide to marry . The wedding starts out somewhat simply with 75 guests and with Carrie choosing to wear a simple white skirt suit that she found in a vintage shop . However , after Vivenne Westwood gifts an expensive and exquisite wedding dress that Carrie wore in a Vogue modeling shoot featuring Carrie as a `` 40 year old bride , '' the wedding plans balloon into something much more elaborate and now with 200 guests . Leading up to their wedding day , Big becomes overwhelmed by the media attention and the number of guests , telling Carrie that he would have been happy with eloping to City Hall , that all he wanted was Carrie and that he 's embarrassed by the attention because it 's his third marriage . On the day of the ceremony , Big has a `` freakout '' and leaves the wedding venue without even getting out of his limousine . When Carrie calls him and asks where he is , he states `` I ca n't do this '' and Carrie leaves devastated . He immediately realizes his mistake and tells the limo driver to turn around but the damage is already done . Carrie , hurt and betrayed , blocks all communication , unknowingly ignoring his love letters and apologetic emails . Over the course of the next 7 or 8 months , Carrie reflects on what happened and realizes that she is partially to blame for the wedding fiasco , because she let the wedding `` get bigger than Big . '' Finally , Carrie and Big unintentionally meet , come to terms with each other , reaffirm their feelings and love , and privately marry at City Hall - the way Big had originally envisioned - with Carrie wearing the simple `` label-less '' vintage suit she had initially chosen , along with the blue Manolo Blahniks that had played a big part in the two of them reuniting . During the second movie , Carrie and Big 's passion has waned . Carrie begins to feel that their marriage has lost its `` sparkle '' as Big enjoys spending nights eating in and watching TV . Carrie feels the urge to escape to her old apartment for two days to meet a writing deadline and enjoy some time to herself , and is surprised when Big picks her up for dinner , and feels the romance re-enter their marriage . Big then suggests to Carrie they spend two days a week apart , to enjoy their own time , which he feels is what is giving their marriage new life . Carrie , somewhat hurt and resistant , reluctantly agrees , and then travels to Abu Dhabi with Samantha , Charlotte and Miranda . While in Abu Dhabi , Carrie learns how important a marriage can be when her butler tells her how he is separated from his wife for months at a time , but when they see each other , nothing else matters . Carrie also reunites with her old flame , Aidan Shaw , whom she meets in a chance encounter at an Abu Dhabi market . Carrie feels distressed due to a bad review of her new book in the New Yorker , and meets Aidan for dinner . The two of them reconnect , and briefly kiss . Carrie immediately regrets it and asks her friends for advice on whether to tell Big . Samantha and Miranda both advise Carrie not to tell Big because it was a minor incident , but Carrie feels too guilty to let it slide and tells Big immediately . Big is hurt , and Carrie worries that Big will go from wanting two days off , to seven days off . Upon Carrie 's arrival back in New York , she is upset that Big does n't pick her up at the airport as originally planned , is n't home and has n't called . That night , he gets home and Carrie and Big talk about their marriage . Big tells Carrie to stop worrying that they will become a tired , boring old married couple , and they take new wedding vows for each other . Big forgives Carrie and gives her a black diamond ring ( to make up for his unromantic marriage proposal - without a ring - 3 years earlier ) to really show the world she 's off the market . As their marriage grows out of the `` terrible twos '' Big and Carrie seem very happy and relaxed with each other . Now that they are both making an effort , and due to the ring Big gave her , they have their `` sparkle '' back . Aidan Shaw ( edit ) Manhattan furniture designer Aidan Shaw ( John Corbett ) is Carrie 's next serious boyfriend after the painful break - up with Mr. Big . Aidan is the opposite of Mr. Big , as he is a laid - back , low - key nature lover who is patient , straightforward , and somewhat traditional in his relationship with Carrie . Carrie met him through her friend Stanford Blatch when the two of them visited Aidan 's furniture store . They share an uncomplicated , loving relationship , which initially confuses Carrie , as she had become used to the stresses of dating Mr. Big . She begins to feel trapped and can not shake off Mr. Big 's presence in her life . Carrie and Aidan first break up when Carrie confesses , on Charlotte and Trey 's wedding day , that she had an affair with Mr. Big . Later in the series , Carrie and Aidan get back together , move in together , and become engaged . However , the engagement is broken when Carrie discovers she is not ready to marry him , and he is not willing to wait for her . Further hurt is caused when Carrie realizes Aidan only wants to marry her because he still does n't trust her . Aidan hoped that by marrying Carrie , it would show the world she was his . During the sixth - season premiere , Carrie runs into Aidan on the street . She discovers that he has married a fellow furniture designer , Cathy , and has a son named Tate ( played by Sarah Jessica Parker 's son ) . The two agree to meet for coffee ; Carrie states in voiceover that `` there are some dates you can not wait to keep , and there are some you both know you will never keep . '' In the film Sex and the City 2 , a chance encounter between Aidan and Carrie in Abu Dhabi is a major plot point . While shopping at a local market with Miranda in Abu Dhabi , Carrie and Aidan encounter each other , they make a plan to catch up over dinner , where Aidan reveals he and Cathy are still married and have two more sons , Wyatt and Homer and in a moment of passion , share a brief kiss . Carrie becomes emotionally distraught over this and confesses the kiss to Big . After taking his time coming to terms with this revelation and understanding Carrie 's mistake was because of her domestic crisis of faith , he forgives her . Jack Berger ( edit ) Following the end of her relationship with Aidan , Carrie begins to date Jack Berger ( Ron Livingston ) , a novelist with a mixed degree of success . She meets him while discussing her upcoming book at her publisher 's ( Amy Sedaris ) office . That day , Carrie and Berger go for a walk , during which Carrie gets a strawberry milkshake from McDonald 's . Berger states to her , `` How can anyone order strawberry after the age of eleven ? '' , and Carrie obviously likes his sense of humor . However , when she asks him to be her `` Plus One '' at her party , he states he has a girlfriend . After an initially rocky start ( in which Berger must break ties with his ex-girlfriend , Lauren ) , they form a rather playful relationship ; one that initially seems to make Carrie very happy . Berger is particularly notable for uttering the line , `` He 's just not that into you , '' as a response to Miranda 's wondering why a recent date has not called her . The line inspired a book and later a film by Sex and the City writers . As Carrie 's success begins to mount , and particularly after Berger 's second novel is not picked up for publication , the relationship deteriorates . Berger feels insecure about Carrie 's newfound success as a writer after her book goes international and she begins receiving high - sum royalties . This is made worse by Carrie 's thoughtless reaction to his first novel ; her initial reaction -- that she loves the book -- is overshadowed by her simultaneous criticism of a minor detail about a lead character 's hair accessory ( i.e. , that a modern - day New York woman would not wear a `` scrunchie '' while out and about ) . Carrie and Berger fight frequently , culminating in a `` break '' in their relationship . Berger returns , professing his love for Carrie , and stating that he wishes to try again . However , he ends up leaving later , in the middle of the night , breaking up with Carrie via a Post-it note which reads , `` I 'm sorry , I ca n't . Do n't hate me . '' After this hasty departure , Berger is referenced in only one more episode -- after Carrie runs into his friends at a bar , she regrets leaving Berger an angry message ( through his friends ) , stating that his break - up method was rude and pathetic . Aleksandr Petrovsky ( edit ) Next , Carrie meets and begins a relationship with Aleksandr Petrovsky ( rus . Aлeкcaндp Пeтpoвcкий ; Mikhail Baryshnikov ) , in the sixth season . He is a rich , successful , and older Russian artist . Carrie enjoys the relationship , but problems arise when she discovers that he already has a daughter in her twenties , and he does n't want any more children . To ensure this , he has had a vasectomy . Carrie feels forced to choose between a long - term relationship with Petrovsky and the possibility of having children . She wonders if his love will be enough to compensate for the lack of children . She decides to stay in the relationship , despite mounting evidence that he will never be able to fully commit to her emotionally , as he is a very self - involved artist , and even at one point he claims that Carrie is `` not his friend '' , but his lover . He asks Carrie to leave her job and life in New York and move with him to Paris , where he has a museum show . After some degree of convincing , she accepts , giving up her job , her apartment , and her friends . But she finds herself to be lonely , disappointed , and confused upon her arrival , waiting for hours to meet with him , while he forgets his dates with her . She does n't speak French well , and Petrovsky often leaves her alone in order to tend to his own career . His ex-wife warns Carrie that the relationship will be all about him . Meanwhile , Carrie has no friends there , but things start to look up when she meets some fans of her book , and she agrees to meet them at a cafe . However , a very anxious and panicking Alex begs her to accompany him to his museum show preview , and she agrees . But once there , he deserts her and seems to forget about her , and she realizes he does n't need her . She rushes to meet with the fans , but they have left and mangled her book in the wake of her standing them up . In the series finale , after an argument and Alex impulsively slaps her , Carrie leaves him after facing his emotional shortcomings and his inability to give her an appropriate amount of attention . While in the lobby of the hotel trying to secure a room of her own , she runs into Mr. Big , who runs to defend her against Aleksandr . He finally understands that she is `` the one '' and pursued her to Paris with the encouragement of her friends . Carrie returns with Mr. Big to New York City . Carrie 's ex-lovers ( edit ) Sebastian Kydd ( edit ) Carrie shares her first kiss with Sebastian Kydd , a rich kid from town , at her swim club when she was 15 . He later becomes her boyfriend , and they share an on - and - off relationship throughout the first season of The Carrie Diaries . They broke up due to being incompatible . During the second season of The Carrie Diaries , the two reignite their love for each other . Sebastian leaves to California with his father , but he and Carrie maintain a long distance relationship . When Sebastian returns to Manhattan , moving into Larissa 's old apartment , Carrie realizes his interests have changed . Sebastian remains busy with interests in starting a clothing line and it causes problems in the relationship . Sebastian wanted to move to California to pursue his dreams , but Carrie wanted to stay in Manhattan to work for Interview Magazine . Carrie decides to say yes to a full - time job offer at Interview but loses her chances at going to NYU . She is later fired because of a dispute between Larissa , and Andy . Carrie tries to attend NYU , but she is told it is too late . After hearing about Carrie 's situation , Sebastian decides to invite her to go live with him in Malibu where he will work on his clothing business . Carrie agrees to move until she later realizes she belongs in Manhattan . The two say their final goodbyes at Larrisa 's wedding . George silver ( edit ) Carrie 's second boyfriend . She starts dating George after meeting him at her internship at a law firm . She ends their relationship after he tries to force her to have sex in the back of a car . Throughout the relationship she still has feelings for Sebastian , using George to incite feelings of jealousy in Sebastian . Adam Weaver ( edit ) Carrie 's third boyfriend , appearing in Season 2 of The Carrie Diaries . Larissa , Carrie 's boss , wanted Carrie to get an interview with Weaver for Interview Magazine . Carrie attends a role play of Weaver 's piece . When she laughs during the funeral scene she is frowned at by her friend Bennet , but Adam Weaver later finds her after the show and is charmed by her understanding of the scene . Carrie and Weaver become close as Carrie tries to pry information out of him for Interview . She later drops the assignment and they start to date . In The Carrie diaries she loses her virginity to him . Carrie and Weaver start to have problems when Weaver begins critiquing her work . They get in a fight that ends their relationship , and Weaver accuses her for having feelings for Sebastian . After they break up over Carrie still being in love with Sebastian , Adam writes an article about Carrie as ' Mystery Girl ' , in which rude and untrue things are said , although nobody knows that the ' Mystery Girl ' is Carrie . At the end of Season 2 , he goes to her senior prom , apologizing for his behavior . Capote Duncan ( edit ) According to Candace Bushnell 's book , Summer and the City , Capote Duncan was Carrie 's classmate in The New School . At the beginning , Carrie hated him because of his arrogance but at the end of the book , it was said that he 's the person with whom Carrie lost her virginity . He appears briefly in the beginning of the TV series adaption . Bernard Singer ( edit ) In Summer and the City , Bernard Singer is a famous writer who Carrie has a brief relationship with , only to realise that Bernard does n't love Carrie and that she loves Capote Duncan . Bibliography ( edit ) Books : Sex and the City ( a collection of her columns ) MEN - hattan A Single Life Love Letters I Do ! Do I ? Critical reception ( edit ) Critical reception to Carrie tended to be positive during the show 's run and in the years immediately thereafter . In 2004 , Carrie Bradshaw was listed as number 11 on Bravo 's 100 Greatest TV Characters . In 2009 The Guardian named Bradshaw as an icon of the decade , stating that `` Carrie Bradshaw did as much to shift the culture around certain women 's issues as real - life female groundbreakers . '' In 2010 , Carrie Bradshaw was listed as the 2nd in TV Guide 's list `` 25 Greatest TV Characters of All - Time '' . AOL ranked her the 41st Most Memorable Female TV Character . TV Guide named her the most fashionable TV character . Her relationship with Mr. Big was included in TV Guide 's list of the best TV couples of all time . Parker received two Emmy Awards , three Screen Actors Guild Awards , and four Golden Globe Awards for her performance . In retrospective analysis of the show , critics have generally reassessed Carrie Bradshaw as an unsympathetic protagonist , despite the show 's portrayal of her as a positive figure . In 2013 , Glamour magazine called Carrie `` the worst '' character on the show , saying that `` her brattiness and self - absorption eclipsed her redeeming qualities and even her awesome shoes . '' In a 2010 retrospective about the previous two decades in pop culture , ABC News named Carrie one of the ten worst characters of the past twenty years , calling her a `` snippy , self - righteous Manhattan snob '' and citing the character 's actions in Sex and the City 2 as evidence that she was beyond personal growth or redemption . The New Yorker , looking back on the show a decade after it went off the air , felt that while the character began as a `` happy , curious explorer , out companionably smoking with modellizers , '' from the second season on she `` spun out , becoming anxious , obsessive , and , despite her charm , wildly self - centered . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Since season 5 episode 2 Jump up ^ `` TV Characters More Adorable Than New Girl 's Jess '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bravo > 100 Greatest TV Characters '' . Bravo . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Jim ( November 7 , 2004 ) . `` Bravo to salute icons of the television age '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Naomi ( December 22 , 2009 ) . `` Carrie Bradshaw -- Icons of the decade '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Potts , Kim ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` 100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters '' . AOL TV . AOL , Inc . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Carrie Bradshaw Pictures -- Photo Gallery : Who Are the Most Fashionable TV Characters ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Couples Pictures , Sex and the City Photos -- Photo Gallery : The Best TV Couples of All Time '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Angelo , Megan ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` Confession : I 've Never Been Able to Stand Carrie Bradshaw '' . Glamour . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marikar , Sheila , Heron , Liz ( June 4 , 2010 ) . `` Top 10 Worst TV and Film Characters in the Last 20 '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` How `` Sex and the City '' Lost its Good Name `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Carrie Bradshaw on IMDb Official Sex and the City homepage ( hide ) Sex and the City by Candace Bushnell Episodes Season 1 5 6 ( `` To Market , to Market '' ) Characters Carrie Bradshaw Samantha Jones Charlotte York Goldenblatt Miranda Hobbes John James `` Mr. Big '' Preston Steve Brady Films Sex and the City soundtrack Sex and the City 2 Miscellaneous Book Sex and the City : Music from the HBO Series The Carrie Diaries episodes Accolades Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carrie_Bradshaw&oldid=815375969 '' Categories : Sex and the City characters Fictional reporters Fictional storytellers Fictional writers Fictional socialites Fictional smokers Fictional characters from New York City Fictional characters introduced in 1998 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with a promotional tone from December 2014 All articles with a promotional tone Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from December 2014 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Македонски Norsk Polski Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 13 : 25 . 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4071154355195581903	Crime in Jamaica	Crime in Jamaica - Wikipedia Crime in Jamaica Some areas of Jamaica , particularly cities such as Kingston , Montego Bay and Spanish Town , experience high levels of crime and violence . Jamaica has had one of the highest murder rates in the world for many years , according to United Nations estimates . Former Prime Minister P.J. Patterson described the situation as `` a national challenge of unprecedented proportions '' . Contents 1 Murder rate 2 Violence against homosexuals 3 See also 4 References Murder rate ( edit ) When Jamaica gained independence in 1962 , the murder rate was 3.9 per 100,000 inhabitants , one of the lowest in the world . In 2005 , Jamaica had 1,674 murders for a murder rate of 58 per 100,000 people . That year , Jamaica had the highest murder rate in the world . In November 2008 , the Jamaican Parliament voted to retain the death penalty , which is performed by hanging . There were 1,682 reported murders in 2009 and 1,428 in 2010 . Since 2011 the murder rate has continued to fall following the downward trend started in 2010 , with increases in police patrols , curfews , and more effective anti-gang activities . In 2012 , the Ministry of National Security reported a 30 percent decrease in murders . Many of the murders in Jamaica are connected to organized crime in the country 's urban centers , and most of this organized crime involves the illegal drug trade . Violence against homosexuals ( edit ) Further information : LGBT rights in Jamaica here has been a vast reduction in violence against LGBT individuals in Jamaica . The U.S. Department of State reported that brutality with homosexuals , mainly by private citizens , was widespread in 2008 . Homosexuality per se is not illegal in Jamaica ; however the Offenses Against the Person Act criminalizes buggery ( anal sex ) as well as `` acts of gross indecency '' between men . Many Jamaicans are hostile toward LGBT and intersex people , and several mob attacks against gay people have been reported . International human rights groups , the local LGBT rights organization , Jamaica Forum for Lesbians , All - Sexuals and Gays ( JFLAG ) and many Jamaicans have called on the government to take measures to protect LGBT people , including repealing the buggery law . See also ( edit ) Jamaican posse The Harder They Come Yardies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` North and Central America and Caribbean Jamaica '' . Travel advice by country . United Kingdom , Foreign & Commonwealth Office . 2009 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nationmaster Crime Stats '' ... com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Post Foreign Service '' . Nisat.org . Archived from the original on 15 May 2008 . Retrieved 4 July 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.focal.ca/en/publications/focalpoint/307-september-2010-don-robotham Jump up ^ `` Crime , violence and development : trends , costs , and policy opons in the Caribbean '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime . p. 37 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaica votes for death penalty '' . BBC . 2008 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Minister Golding Speaks on Crime Reduction '' . Jump up ^ Pachico , Elyssa ( 2012 - 3 - 30 ) . `` Jamaica Murder Rate Dropped 30 % in 2012 '' . InSightCrime : Organized Crime in the Americas . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices , 2008 Human Rights Report : Jamaica '' . United States , Department of State , Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor . 2009 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ . Lacey , Marc ( 2008 - 02 - 24 ) . `` Attacks Show Easygoing Jamaica Is Dire Place for Gays '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaica : Shield Gays from Mob Attacks '' . Human Rights Watch . 2008 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Document - Jamaica : Amnesty International condemns homophobic violence '' ( Press release ) . Amnesty International . 2007 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Padgett , Tim ( 2006 - 05 - 12 ) . `` The Most Homophobic Place on Earth ? '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Henry , Paul ( 2013 - 6 - 26 ) Court to Hear Motion Challenging Buggery Law Today . The Jamaica Observer . Retrieved 2013 - 6 - 26 . Jump up ^ Blanket Anti-Buggery Law is Archaic ( 2013 - 7 - 3 ) . The Jamaica Observer . Retrieved 2013 - 7 - 2 . Jamaica articles History Arawaks Taínos Atlantic slave trade British conquest Governors Port Royal Piracy Maroons 1692 earthquake First Maroon War Tacky 's War Second Maroon War Baptist War Morant Bay rebellion 1907 earthquake British West Indies West Indies Federation Hurricane Charley Hurricane Ivan Geography Cities Fauna Flora Islands Parishes Rivers Water resources Politics Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Governor - General Judiciary Law enforcement LGBT rights Military Monarchy Parliament Political parties Prime Minister Attorney general Chief Justice Economy Central bank Dollar ( currency ) Free trade zones Stock exchange Telecommunications Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Languages Religion Water supply and sanitation Culture Anthem Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Heritage sites Literature Music Newspapers Public holidays Sports Television Outline Index Portal Crime in the Americas North America South America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Jamaica&oldid=854641308 '' Categories : Crime in Jamaica Hidden categories : Use Jamaican English from June 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Jamaican English Use dmy dates from June 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 20 : 24 ( UTC ) . 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7800816726077209294	Blue Planet II	Blue Planet II - wikipedia Blue Planet II Jump to : navigation , search Blue Planet II Series title card Genre Nature documentary Presented by David Attenborough Composer ( s ) Hans Zimmer David Fleming Jacob Shea Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 7 Production Executive producer ( s ) James Honeyborne Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) BBC Natural History Unit BBC Studios The Open University BBC America WDR France Télévisions Tencent CCTV - 9 Release Original network BBC One BBC One HD BBC Earth Picture format 16 : 9 576i ( SDTV ) 16 : 9 1080i ( HDTV ) 16 : 9 2160p ( 4K UHD ) Audio format Stereo ( SD ) Dolby Digital ( HD & 4K ) Original release 29 October ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) -- 10 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) Chronology Preceded by The Blue Planet Related shows Planet Earth II External links Website Blue Planet II is a 2017 British nature documentary series on marine life produced by the BBC Natural History Unit . Like its predecessor , The Blue Planet ( 2001 ) , it is narrated and presented by naturalist Sir David Attenborough , while the main music score was composed by Hans Zimmer . The series was debuted on 29 October 2017 and was simulcast on BBC One , BBC One HD and BBC Earth , making it the first natural history series to premiere on the same day in the United Kingdom , Nordic regions , Europe and in Asia . In the United States , the series premiered on Saturday , January 20 , 2018 , at 9 PM as part of a five - network simulcast on BBC America , AMC , IFC , Sundance , and WE tv . Subsequent episodes aired on successive Saturdays on BBC America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music 3 Broadcast 3.1 British television 3.2 International 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Awards and nominations 6 Merchandise 6.1 DVD and Blu - ray 6.2 Book 6.3 Open University poster 7 Soundtrack 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The series was announced by the BBC in 2013 with the working title Oceans , but the title was later changed to Blue Planet II as it revealed on 19 February 2017 . Filming took place over a course of more than four years ; involving 125 expeditions across 39 countries and produced more than 6,000 hours of underwater dive footage from over an estimated 4000 dives . A boxset of the Blue Planet II DVDs , with a private letter from presenter Sir David Attenborough , was presented by Theresa May to Chinese leader Xi Jinping during her visit to China on 1 February 2018 , expressing the determination to end the plastic pollution with China . Music ( edit ) Composer Hans Zimmer returned to score the series . In September 2017 , the BBC announced that the English rock band Radiohead had collaborated with Zimmer to record a new version of `` Bloom '' , a song from their 2011 album The King of Limbs . The new track , `` ( ocean ) Bloom '' , was recorded alongside the BBC Concert Orchestra . In a press release , Radiohead singer Thom Yorke said : `` ' Bloom ' was inspired by the original Blue Planet series so it 's great to be able to come full circle with the song . '' Broadcast ( edit ) British television ( edit ) The premiere of the series took place at Bristol 's Cinema de Lux on 11 October 2017 , with special guest appearance by Attenborough alongside with the producers and wildlife experts . Bristol has been the global home of BBC 's Natural History programme making for the past 60 years . The series was first broadcast on 29 October 2017 ( from 20 : 00 GMT to 21 : 00 GMT ) on BBC One and BBC One HD . The first six episodes included a 10 - minute making - of documentary called Into the Blue . The previous week 's episode was repeated in an earlier time slot the following Sunday . The series was critically acclaimed and gained the highest UK viewing figure for 2017 , 14.1 million . International ( edit ) The BBC pre-sold the series to several overseas broadcasters , which includes Canada ( Blue Ant Media 's licensed channel for BBC Earth ) , Australia ( Channel Nine ) and New Zealand ( TVNZ ) , to Europe with Denmark ( DR ) , Netherlands ( NPO ) , Sweden ( SVT ) , Spain ( Telefonica 's BBC Earth block ) , Discovery Channel for Latin America and co-production partnerships with BBC America , Germany 's WDR , France Télévisions , China 's Tencent and CCTV - 9 . The series was eventually sold to more than 30 countries . The series is set to broadcast internationally on BBC Earth channel , and also commercial television channels in various countries , besides . The series debuted in Nordic regions and other European countries on 29 October 2017 . In Asia , the series began to premiere on each early Monday ( from 04 : 05 SGT to 05 : 05 SGT ) starting from 30 October 2017 , the episode was then repeated on following each Tuesday evening ( from 20 : 00 SGT ) . In Poland , it premiered on 16 November 2017 . As for South Africa , it aired from 4 February 2018 . In China , the premiere took place at Shanghai 's East China Normal University on 27 October 2017 , with guest appearance by the producer Orla Doherty and Mike Gunton , the executive producer of Planet Earth II . The series is streaming broadcast at Tencent 's QQLive from 30 October 2017 , with episodes updating every Monday at 18 : 00 CST . It would also be broadcast on the state owned China Central Television 's documentary channel , CCTV - 9 , with episodes airing each Monday from 6 November 2017 at 21 : 00 CST . In the Netherlands , the series is airing on the Dutch channel NPO 1 , with episodes airing each Thursday from 28 December 2017 . In Belgium , it will air on the Flemish channel Canvas , with episodes airing each Saturday starting from 2 January 2018 . The series is airing in Canada and the United States on 20 January 2018 . In Canada , it will broadcast with a three - network simulcast across BBC Earth , Cottage Life and T + E channel . In the United States , the series will premier the first episode - with a five - network simulcast across BBC America , AMC , IFC , WE tv and Sundance TV , while the remaining episodes will continue to be air every Saturday on BBC America . It is also available on BBCAmerica.com and the BBCA app . As for Australia , the series will premiere on Nine Network and 9Now on 17 February 2018 . In New Zealand , it premiered on 12 November 2017 on TVNZ 1 . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Produced by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) - `` The Prequel '' N / A 27 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) N / A A 5 - minute clip introduction which focus for the upcoming stories from the ocean depths . `` One Ocean '' Jonathan Smith 29 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 14.01 `` The Deep '' Orla Doherty 5 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 13.97 `` Coral Reefs '' Jonathan Smith 12 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 13.45 `` Big Blue '' John Ruthven 19 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 13.11 5 `` Green Seas '' Kathryn Jeffs 26 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 12.62 6 `` Coasts '' Miles Barton 3 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 11.45 7 `` Our Blue Planet '' Orla Doherty , Will Ridgeon 10 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 11.91 Examining the role of human anthropogenic activity on the oceans . Microplastics and pollution are an increasing problem for the world 's seas , threatening the lives of marine life and ultimately affecting the ecosystem . Can humans reverse their activity to protect the seas and the wildlife that inhabit it ? - `` Oceans of Wonder '' N / A 1 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 01 ) N / A A 90 - minute compilation episode which highlights the wonders of our world 's oceans as well as filming some extraordinary animal behaviours which were never seen before . Reception ( edit ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Ref . 2018 National Television Awards Impact Award Blue Planet II & David Attenborough Won Merchandise ( edit ) DVD and Blu - Ray ( edit ) The series was released as a three - disc DVD set as well as a standard Blu - ray set on 27 November 2017 , and as a six - disc 4K UHD Blu - ray + Blu - ray set on 15 January 2018 . It is distributed by BBC Worldwide in the UK . In the US and Canada , the DVD , Blu - ray and 4K UHD Blu Ray sets were released on 6 March 2018 and distributed by BBC Worldwide Americas . Book ( edit ) An accompanying hardback book was written by James Honeyborne and Mark Brownlow , with foreword by David Attenborough . It was published by BBC Books ( ISBN 978 - 1849909679 ) . The book was released on 19 October 2017 in the UK and on 1 January 2018 in the US . Open University poster ( edit ) A free poster was made available through the Open University 's OpenLearn website . Soundtrack ( edit ) Blue Planet II Soundtrack album by Hans Zimmer , David Fleming & Jacob Shea Released 29 October 2017 ( Digital ) 1 December 2017 ( Audio CD ) Genre Soundtrack , Classical music Length 1 : 11 : 29 Label Silva Screen Records Producer BBC Worldwide BBC Earth The musical score and songs featured in the series were composed by Hans Zimmer , Jacob Shea and David Fleming for Bleeding Fingers Music . A digital soundtrack was released on 29 October 2017 , while a single physical disc will be available on 1 December 2017 in the UK . The soundtrack will be released as special edition LP for Record Store Day on 21 April 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jackson , Jasper . `` Sir David Attenborough to return for BBC 's Blue Planet II '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Academy Award Winner Hans Zimmer & Bleeding Fingers Music To Create The Score For Blue Planet II '' . BBC Media Centre . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC commissions Blue Planet follow up '' . BBC News . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sir David Attenborough to present Blue Planet II for BBC One '' . BBC Media Centre . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II explores underwater realms , spotlights ocean 's plight '' . CBC News . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Connett , David ; Elgot , Jessica ( 31 January 2018 ) . `` Blue Planet gift from Theresa May to remind Beijing of plastic waste '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Steve ; Dunn , Tom Newton ( 31 January 2018 ) . `` PM to give Chinese leader Blue Planet DVDs and letter from Sir David Attenborough demanding action on plastics '' . The Sun . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Association , Press ( 2017 - 09 - 14 ) . `` The ultimate chill out song ? Radiohead record new music for David Attenborough 's Blue Planet 2 '' . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II : Preview Screening '' . BBC Shows & Tours . Jump up ^ `` David Attenborough coming to Bristol for Blue Planet II premiere '' . Bristol 24 / 7 . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sir David Attenborough is hosting a screening of Blue Planet II in Bristol '' . Bristol Post . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Hans Zimmer and Radiohead transformed `` Bloom '' for Blue Planet II `` . Vox Media . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II : 22 things to know about the new series '' . BBC News . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Times top 40 TV shows of 2017 '' . Radio Times . 2017 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II is year 's most watched British TV show '' . The Guardian . 2017 - 11 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC Worldwide makes waves with Blue Planet II sales '' . BBC Media Centre . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC Worldwide signs Blue Planet II co-production deal with Tencent in China '' . BBC Media Centre . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II on BBC Earth Nordic '' ( in Finnish ) . Canal Digital . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FOTO . Planeta Albastra II va fi pe BBC Earth România , în același timp cu premiera mondială '' ( in Romanian ) . Pagina de media . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II on BBC Earth '' ( in Greek ) . Cosmote TV Official YouTube channel . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II '' ( in Bosnian ) . Crnogorski Telekom . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Movistar+ estrena ' Planeta Azul II ' : la historia de los oceános del mundo '' ( in Spanish ) . Ecoteuve.es . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide - 30 - 10 - 2017 '' . BBC Asia . ^ Jump up to : `` Blue Planet II on BBC Earth Asia '' . StarHub . ^ Jump up to : `` David Attenborough talks about the making of Blue Planet II , and the peril of plastic in our oceans '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II on BBC Earth Asia '' . StarHub Official YouTube channel . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Błękitna Planeta II niebawem w BBC Earth Polska '' ( in Polish ) . Geekweek . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II splashing onto BBC Earth in February '' . Channel24 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 《蓝色星球 2 》要上线了 , BBC 的口碑纪录片是怎么诞生的 ? '' ( in Chinese ) . Qdaily . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 纪录片《蓝色星球 2 》 10.30 腾讯视频独家播出 '' ( in Chinese ) . 腾讯娱乐 ( QQ Entertainment ) . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC 最美纪录片《蓝色星球》第二季回归 '' ( in Chinese ) . 网易娱乐 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 蓝色星球 2 播放预告 '' ( in Chinese ) . CCTV - 9 Official Sina Weibo Page . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II in december op NPO 1 '' ( in Dutch ) . TVGids . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canvas zendt `` Blue planet II '' uit vanaf 2 januari , bekijk hier de trailer '' ( in Dutch ) . VRT News . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC Earth to Premiere the Worldwide Phenomenon Planet Earth : Blue Planet II in Early 2018 '' . BBC Worldwide North America Press Room . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oceans Make Up 70 Percent of the Earth , 100 Percent of AMC Networks will Carry the Premiere of the Worldwide Phenonmenon Planet Earth : Blue Planet II Next Month '' . BBC Worldwide North America Press Room . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Planet Earth : Blue Planet II ' : BBC America & 4 Sibling Nets To Premiere Documentary Series Next Month '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbcamerica.com/shows/planet-earth-blue-planet-ii/full-episodes/season-1/episode-01-one-ocean Jump up ^ `` David Attenborough Returns In The UK 's Highest Rating Series Of 2017 '' . Nine Entertainment . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Airdate : Blue Planet II '' . TV Tonight Australia . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II '' . TVNZ . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II Due Soon '' . ScreenScribe . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . BARB . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . ( data available for Blue Planet II broadcast weeks by searching archive ) Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II , The Prequel '' . BBC One . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II - The Prequel '' . BBC Earth Youtube Channel . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II - Episode 1 : One Ocean '' . BBC Media Centre . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II - Episode 2 : The Deep '' . BBC Media Centre . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II - Episode 3 : Coral Reefs '' . BBC Media Centre . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II - Episode 4 : Big Blue '' . BBC Media Centre . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II - Episode 5 : Green Seas '' . BBC Media Centre . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II - Episode 6 : Coasts '' . BBC Media Centre . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet 2 : How plastic is slowly killing our sea creatures , fish and birds '' . BBC News . 19 November 2017 . Episode 7 looks at how tiny plastic particles ( micro-plastics ) may play a role in the uptake of industrial pollution in marine life . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II - Episode 7 : Our Blue Planet '' . BBC Media Centre . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II , Oceans of Wonder '' . BBC One . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emotional Blue Planet chief reveals incredible truth behind heartbreaking sperm whale intervention '' . Mirror UK . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NTAs 2018 : Ant and Dec win big with three awards and full list of winners '' . BBC News . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NTAs : David Attenborough on Blue Planet II 's Impact '' . BBC News . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II ( Blu - Ray ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II ( 4K UHD Blu - Ray + Blu - Ray ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II ( DVD ) '' . BBC Shop US . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II ( Blu - Ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II ( Blu - Ray ) '' . BBC Shop US . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II ( 4K UHD Blu - Ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II ( 4K UHD Blu - Ray ) '' . BBC Shop US . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II ( Hardback ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II ( Hardback ) '' . Penguin Books . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II : A New World of Hidden Depths ( Hardback ) '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II - Order your free ' Oceans ' poster '' . Open University . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II Soundtrack Announced '' . Film Music Reporter . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II Soundtrack Release For Series Premiere October 29th '' . Silva Screen Records . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II Original Television Soundtrack '' . Hans Zimmer . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II Original Soundtrack ( Audio Disc ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ http://recordstoreday.nl/album/blue-planet-2-rsd/ External links ( edit ) Blue Planet II at BBC Programmes Blue Planet II at BBC Earth Blue Planet II at BBC Earth Asia Blue Planet II at BBC Media Centre Blue Planet II OpenLearn at The Open University Blue Planet II on IMDb BBC Natural History Unit Television Landmarks The Blue Planet Planet Earth Nature 's Great Events Life Human Planet Frozen Planet Africa Life Story Shark The Hunt Planet Earth II Blue Planet II Life series Life on Earth The Living Planet The Trials of Life Life in the Freezer The Private Life of Plants The Life of Birds The Life of Mammals Life in the Undergrowth Life in Cold Blood Walking with ... series Walking with Dinosaurs The Ballad of Big Al Walking with Beasts Walking with Cavemen Chased by Dinosaurs Sea Monsters Walking with Monsters Prehistoric Park British wildlife Bellamy 's Backyard Safari Living Britain British Isles Springwatch The Nature of Britain The Great British Year The One Show Continents Land of the Eagle Spirits of the Jaguar Land of the Tiger Andes to Amazon Wild Africa Wild New World Wild Down Under Europe Wild Caribbean Wild China South Pacific Wild Arabia Wild Brazil Wild West Locations The First Eden Congo Nile Galapagos Ganges Yellowstone The Great Rift : Africa 's Wild Heart Madagascar Great Barrier Reef Wild Burma : Nature 's Lost Kingdom Alaska : Earth 's Frozen Kingdom Japan : Earth 's Enchanted Islands Atlantic : The Wildest Ocean on Earth Patagonia : Earth 's Secret Paradise New Zealand : Earth 's Mythical Islands Thailand : Earth 's Tropical Paradise Wild Ireland : The Edge of the World Mexico : Earth 's Festival of Life Expeditions Amazon Abyss Expedition Borneo Pacific Abyss Lost Land of the Jaguar Lost Land of the Volcano Lost Land of the Tiger The Dark : Nature 's Nighttime World Prehistoric Life Wild New World Planet Dinosaur Ice Age Giants Rise of Animals : Triumph of the Vertebrates Children 's TV Animal Magic The Really Wild Show Roar Deadly 60 Inside Life Other Wildlife on One The World About Us Natural World BBC Wildlife Specials Supersense Sea Trek Lifesense Big Cat Diary Supernatural Cousins State of the Planet Dragons Alive Planet Earth : The Future Orangutan Diary Saving Planet Earth The Secret Life of Elephants The Museum of Life Mountain Gorilla The Bear Family & Me Unnatural Histories Ocean Giants Earthflight Planet Earth Live Nature 's Microworlds The Polar Bear Family & Me Hidden Kingdoms Monkey Planet Wonders of the Monsoon Nature 's Greatest Dancers India : Nature 's Wonderland Nature 's Wonderlands Earth 's Greatest Spectacles Extreme Mountain Challenge Tribes , Predators & Me Life in the Air Nature 's Epic Journeys Earth 's Seasonal Secrets Animal Babies Elephant Family & Me Life in the Snow Yellowstone : Wildest Winter to Blazing Summer Spy in the Wild Mountain : Life at the Extreme Radio World on the Move David Attenborough 's Life Stories The Living World Saving Species Film Earth : One Amazing Day Deep Blue Earth The Meerkats One Life Walking with Dinosaurs 3D Walking with Dinosaurs : Prehistoric Planet 3D Tiny Giants 3D Enchanted Kingdom 3D Heads of the NHU Bruce Campbell Christopher Parsons Alastair Fothergill Keith Scholey Neil Nightingale Wendy Darke Julian Hector David Attenborough Filmography The Life series Life on Earth ( 1979 ) The Living Planet ( 1984 ) The Trials of Life ( 1990 ) Life in the Freezer ( 1993 ) The Private Life of Plants ( 1995 ) The Life of Birds ( 1998 ) The Life of Mammals ( 2002 ) Life in the Undergrowth ( 2005 ) Life in Cold Blood ( 2008 ) Other TV series and programmes Zoo Quest ( 1954 -- 63 ) The People of Paradise ( 1960 ) The World About Us ( 1967 ) The Miracle of Bali ( 1969 ) The Tribal Eye ( 1975 ) Wildlife on One ( 1977 ) The First Eden ( 1987 ) Lost Worlds , Vanished Lives ( 1989 ) BBC Wildlife Specials ( 1995 -- 2008 ) State of the Planet ( 2000 ) The Blue Planet ( 2001 ) Planet Earth ( 2006 ) Are We Changing Planet Earth ? ( 2006 ) Charles Darwin and the Tree of Life ( 2009 ) Nature 's Great Events ( 2009 ) Life ( 2009 ) First Life ( 2010 ) Madagascar ( 2011 ) Frozen Planet ( 2011 ) Attenborough : 60 Years in the Wild ( 2012 ) Africa ( 2013 ) David Attenborough 's Natural Curiosities ( episodes ) ( 2013 -- ) David Attenborough 's Rise of Animals : Triumph of the Vertebrates ( 2013 ) When Björk Met Attenborough ( 2013 ) Life Story ( 2014 ) The Hunt ( 2015 ) Great Barrier Reef ( 2015 ) Planet Earth II ( 2016 ) Blue Planet II ( 2017 ) 3D programmes and films Flying Monsters 3D ( 2010 ) The Bachelor King 3D ( 2011 ) Kingdom of Plants 3D ( 2012 ) Galapagos 3D ( 2013 ) David Attenborough 's Natural History Museum Alive ( 2014 ) David Attenborough 's Conquest of the Skies 3D ( 2015 ) DVD collections Great Wildlife Moments ( 2003 ) Attenborough in Paradise ( 2005 ) The Life Collection ( 2005 ) Life on Land ( 2008 ) Radio David Attenborough 's Life Stories ( 2009 -- 11 ) Tweet of the Day ( 2013 -- 14 ) Related Frederick Attenborough ( father ) Richard Attenborough ( brother ) John Attenborough ( brother ) Michael Attenborough ( nephew ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Planet_II&oldid=834436704 '' Categories : 2017 British television programme debuts 2017 British television programme endings 2010s British documentary television series BBC high definition programmes BBC television documentaries BBC Television programmes David Attenborough Documentary films about nature English - language television programs Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 Bosnian - language sources ( bs ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use dmy dates from October 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters BBC programme ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch עברית മലയാളം Nederlands 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 18 : 41 . 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About Wikipedia	how many episodes of blue planet 2 will there be	[ "\n\nNo.\nTitle\nProduced by\nOriginal air date\nUK viewers\n(millions) [43]\n\n\n-\n\"The Prequel\"\nN/A\n27 September 2017 (2017-09-27)[44][45]\nN/A\n\n\nA 5-minute clip introduction which focus for the upcoming stories from the ocean depths.\n\n\n1\n\"One Ocean\"\nJonathan Smith\n29 October 2017 (2017-10-29)[46]\n14.01\n\n\n2\n\"The Deep\"\nOrla Doherty\n5 November 2017 (2017-11-05)[47]\n13.97\n\n\n3\n\"Coral Reefs\"\nJonathan Smith\n12 November 2017 (2017-11-12)[48]\n13.45\n\n\n4\n\"Big Blue\"\nJohn Ruthven\n19 November 2017 (2017-11-19)[49]\n13.11\n\n\n5\n\"Green Seas\"\nKathryn Jeffs\n26 November 2017 (2017-11-26)[50]\n12.62\n\n\n6\n\"Coasts\"\nMiles Barton\n3 December 2017 (2017-12-03)[51]\n11.45\n\n\n7\n\"Our Blue Planet\"\nOrla Doherty, Will Ridgeon\n10 December 2017 (2017-12-10)[53]\n11.91\n\n\nExamining the role of human anthropogenic activity on the oceans. Microplastics and pollution are an increasing problem for the world's seas, threatening the lives of marine life and ultimately affecting the ecosystem. Can humans reverse their activity to protect the seas and the wildlife that inhabit it?[52]\n\n\n-\n\"Oceans of Wonder\"\nN/A\n1 January 2018 (2018-01-01)[54]\nN/A\n\n\nA 90-minute compilation episode which highlights the wonders of our world's oceans as well as filming some extraordinary animal behaviours which were never seen before.\n\n" ]	[ "7" ]
6054944222576360356	I Don't Fuck with You	I Do n't Fuck with You - wikipedia I Do n't Fuck with You Jump to : navigation , search `` I Do n't Fuck with You '' Single by Big Sean featuring E-40 from the album Dark Sky Paradise Released September 19 , 2014 Format Digital download Recorded 2014 Genre Hip hop Length 4 : 44 Label GOOD Def Jam Songwriter ( s ) Sean Anderson Kanye West Dijon McFarlane Willie Hansbro Dacoury Natche Dwane Weir II Earl Stevens D.J. Rogers Producer ( s ) DJ Mustard Kanye West Big Sean singles chronology `` All Me '' ( 2013 ) `` I Do n't Fuck with You '' ( 2014 ) `` Paradise '' ( 2014 ) `` All Me '' ( 2013 ) `` I Do n't Fuck with You '' ( 2014 ) `` Paradise '' ( 2014 ) E-40 singles chronology `` Function '' ( 2012 ) Function 2012 `` I Do n't Fuck with You '' ( 2014 ) I Do n't Fuck with You2014 `` Gamed Up '' ( 2015 ) Gamed Up2015 `` I Do n't Fuck with You '' is a song by American rapper Big Sean , featuring E-40 , released on September 19 , 2014 as the lead single from his third studio album Dark Sky Paradise ( 2015 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Commercial performance 3 Music video 4 Usage in other media 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Certifications 7 References Background and release ( edit ) On March 19 , 2014 Justin Bieber uploaded a snippet of `` Turn Up '' on Instagram which has the same beat . The record was supposed to be Justin 's but there was no communication with the management . The producer DJ Mustard decided to give the record to Big Sean . On September 12 , 2014 , Big Sean announced he had signed with Roc Nation for a management deal , but he is still with GOOD Music . `` I Do n't Fuck with You '' was released on the same day with three more new songs : `` Paradise '' , `` 4th Quarter '' , and `` Jit / Juke '' . Producers included Mike Will Made It , DJ Dahi , Nate Fox , Da Internz , L&F , and Key Wane . `` I Do n't Fuck with You '' was produced by DJ Mustard and Kanye West and samples the D.J. Rogers song `` Say You Love Me One More Time '' ( 1976 ) , with the closing adlibs being performed over a slightly sped - up version of the Earth , Wind & Fire song `` September '' ( 1978 ) . The clean edit of the song produced for radio airplay does not contain either the word `` fuck '' or other words in the lyrics prohibited by the FCC . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` I Do n't Fuck with You '' has peaked at number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Big Sean 's third highest - charting single on the chart and E-40's second - highest . It is also Big Sean 's seventh and E-40's fifth top 20 single . As of February 2015 , the song has sold 1,268,000 copies in the US . Music video ( edit ) The official music video for `` I Do n't Fuck with You '' directed by Lawrence Lamont was released on November 6 , 2014 . It portrays Big Sean as a quarterback during a football game , and E-40 as a commentator . The song 's producers , Kanye West and DJ Mustard , appear in the video along with Teyana Taylor , Big Boy , Jamal Lewis and internet sensations Simone Shepherd and Khalil Underwood . Usage in other Media ( edit ) The song is featured in the films American Honey and Fist Fight . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 -- 15 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 47 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 49 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 35 France ( SNEP ) 138 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 95 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 25 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 67 US Billboard Hot 100 11 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 27 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia Urban ( ARIA ) 22 US Billboard Hot 100 47 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Since May 2013 , RIAA certifications for digital singles include on - demand audio and video song streams in addition to downloads . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- I Do n't F * * k With You ( feat . E-40 ) -- Single by Big Sean '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Apple . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2014 . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleischer , Adam ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Had Big Sean 's ' IDFWU ' Beat First -- And DJ Mustard Explains What Happened '' . MTV . Jump up ^ Rani , Taj ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Big Sean Drops Four New Songs '' . BET . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Sean -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Big Sean . ^ Jump up to : Balfour , Jay ( February 21 , 2015 ) . `` Hip Hop Singles Sales : Rihanna , The Weeknd , Young Money '' . HipHopDX . Cheri Media Group . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Leight , Elias ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Big Sean , DJ Mustard & Kanye West Lead Football Team to Victory in ' IDFWU ' Video '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Big Sean Feat . E-40 -- I Do n't F * * k With You '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Big Sean Feat . E-40 -- I Do n't F * * k With You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Big Sean -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Big Sean . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Big Sean Feat . E-40 -- I Do n't F * * k With You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Big Sean Feat . E-40 -- I Do n't F * * k With You '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Big Sean Feat . E-40 -- I Do n't F * * k With You '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Big Sean : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Big Sean -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Big Sean . Jump up ^ `` Big Sean -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Big Sean . Jump up ^ `` Big Sean -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Big Sean . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Urban Singles 2015 '' . ARIA . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . billboard.com . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( April 18 , 2015 ) . `` ARIA Singles : Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth Remain On Top '' . Noise11 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Big Sean -- I Do n't Fuck With You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter I Do n't Fuck With You in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- Big Sean '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Adds Digital Streams To Historic Gold & Platinum Awards '' . Recording Industry Association of America . May 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2016 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 09 . Big Sean singles Discography Finally Famous `` My Last '' `` Marvin & Chardonnay '' `` Dance ( Ass ) '' Cruel Summer `` Mercy '' `` Clique '' Hall of Fame `` Guap '' `` Switch Up '' `` Beware '' `` Fire '' Dark Sky Paradise `` I Do n't Fuck with You '' `` Paradise '' `` Blessings '' `` One Man Can Change the World '' `` Play No Games '' I Decided . `` Bounce Back '' `` Moves '' Other singles `` Detroit vs. Everybody '' `` Champions '' `` Miracles ( Someone Special ) '' Featured singles `` Lay It on Me '' `` Till I Die '' `` Naked '' `` My Homies Still '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Burn '' `` Show Out '' `` All That ( Lady ) '' `` Wild '' `` Right There '' `` Sorry '' `` All Me '' `` Open Wide '' `` B Boy '' `` How Many Times '' `` Back Up '' `` Workin '' ( remix ) `` Holy Key '' `` I Think of You '' `` Feels '' Promotional singles `` Oh My '' ( remix ) `` What Yo Name Iz ? '' ( remix ) `` Control '' `` Best Mistake '' Other songs `` See Me Now '' `` Do n't Like '' ( remix ) `` Sanctified '' `` Research '' `` No Favors '' `` On Everything '' E-40 Discography Studio albums Federal The Mail Man In a Major Way Tha Hall of Game The Element of Surprise Charlie Hustle : The Blueprint of a Self - Made Millionaire Loyalty and Betrayal Grit & Grind Breakin ' News My Ghetto Report Card The Ball Street Journal Revenue Retrievin ' : Day Shift Revenue Retrievin ' : Night Shift Revenue Retrievin ' : Overtime Shift Revenue Retrievin ' : Graveyard Shift The Block Brochure : Welcome to the Soil 1 The Block Brochure : Welcome to the Soil 2 The Block Brochure : Welcome to the Soil 3 The Block Brochure : Welcome to the Soil 4 The Block Brochure : Welcome to the Soil 5 The Block Brochure : Welcome to the Soil 6 Sharp On All 4 Corners : Corner 1 Sharp On All 4 Corners : Corner 2 The D - Boy Diary : Book 1 The D - Boy Diary : Book 2 Collaborative albums Let 's Side Down and Dirty Game Related Money & Muscle History : Function Music History : Mob Music Compilations The Hogg in Me Southwest Riders Sick Wid It 's Greatest Hits The Best of E-40 : Yesterday , Today and Tomorrow EPs Mr. Flamboyant Singles `` Rapper 's Ball '' `` Tell Me When to Go '' `` U and Dat '' `` Wake It Up '' `` Bitch '' `` Function '' Featured singles `` Snap Yo Fingers '' `` Candy ( Drippin ' Like Water ) '' `` Oh Yeah ( Work ) '' `` I Do n't Fuck with You '' `` Saved '' `` Law '' Related articles The Click Sick Wid It Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Don%27t_Fuck_with_You&oldid=798267654 '' Categories : 2014 singles 2014 songs Big Sean songs Def Jam Recordings singles GOOD Music singles Song recordings produced by DJ Mustard Song recordings produced by Kanye West Songs written by Big Sean Songs written by E-40 Songs written by Kanye West Songs written by DJ Mustard Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 22 : 38 . 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344447043667406423	Indian Standard Time	Indian Standard time - Wikipedia Indian Standard time Jump to : navigation , search IST in relation with the bordering nations Indian Standard Time ( IST ) is the time observed throughout India and Sri Lanka , with a time offset of UTC + 05 : 30 . India does not observe daylight saving time ( DSTu ) or other seasonal adjustments . In military and aviation time IST is designated E * ( `` Echo - Star '' ) . Indian Standard Time is calculated on the basis of 82.30 ' E longitude , in Kakinada , ( 16 ° 35 ′ N 82 ° 09 ′ E / 16.58 ° N 82.15 ° E / 16.58 ; 82.15 ) which is nearly on the corresponding longitude reference line . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Criticism and proposals 3 Time signals 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Time in India After independence in 1947 , the Indian government established IST as the official time for the whole country , although Kolkata and Mumbai retained their own local time ( known as Calcutta Time and Bombay Time ) until 1948 and 1955 , respectively . The Central observatory was moved from Chennai to a location at Shankargarh Fort Allahabad district , so that it would be as close to UTC + 5 : 30 as possible . Daylight Saving Time ( DST ) was used briefly during the China -- Indian War of 1962 and the Indo -- Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971 . Criticism and proposals ( edit ) The country 's east -- west distance of more than 2,933 kilometres ( 1,822 mi ) covers over 29 degrees of longitude , resulting in the sun rising and setting almost two hours earlier on India 's eastern border than in the Rann of Kutch in the far west . Inhabitants of the northeastern states have to advance their clocks with the early sunrise and avoid the extra consumption of energy after daylight hours . In the late 1980s , a team of researchers proposed separating the country into two or three time zones to conserve energy . The binary system that they suggested involved a return to British -- era time zones ; the recommendations were not adopted . In 2001 , the government established a four -- member committee under the Ministry of Science and Technology to examine the need for multiple time zones and daylight saving . The findings of the committee , which were presented to Parliament in 2004 by the Minister for Science and Technology , Kapil Sibal , did not recommend changes to the unified system , stating that `` the prime meridian was chosen with reference to a central station , and that the expanse of the Indian State was not large . '' Though the government has consistently refused to split the country into multiple time zones , provisions in labour laws such as the Plantations Labour Act , 1951 allow the Central and State governments to define and set the local time for a particular industrial area . In Assam , tea gardens follow a separate time zone , known as the Chaibagaan or Bagan time ( ' Tea Garden Time ' ) , which is one hour ahead of IST . Still Indian Standard Time remains the only officially used time . The filmmaker Jahnu Barua has been campaigning for a separate time zone ( daylight saving time ) for the past 25 years . In 2010 , he suggested creating a separate time zone for the Development of Northeastern Region . In 2014 , Chief Minister of Assam Tarun Gogoi started campaigning for another time zone for Assam and other northeastern states of India . However , the proposal would need to be cleared by the Central Government of India . In June 2017 , Department of Science and Technology ( DST ) indicated that they are once again studying feasibility of two time - zones for India . A proposal for both creating an additional Eastern India Timezone ( EIT @ UTC + 6 : 00 ) shifting default IST to UTC + 5 : 00 and Day - light saving ( IDT for IST and EID for EIT ) starting on 14 April ( Ambedkar Jayanti ) and ending on 2 October ( Gandhi Jayanti ) was submitted to DST for consideration . Time signals ( edit ) Official time signals are generated by the Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory at the National Physical Laboratory in New Delhi , for both commercial and official use . The signals are based on atomic clocks and are synchronised with the worldwide system of clocks that support the Coordinated Universal Time . Features of the Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory include : High frequency broadcast service operating at 10 MHz under call sign ATA to synchronise the user clock within a millisecond ; Indian National Satellite System satellite - based standard time and frequency broadcast service , which offers IST correct to ± 10 microsecond and frequency calibration of up to ± 10 ; and Time and frequency calibrations made with the help of pico - and nanoseconds time interval frequency counters and phase recorders . IST is taken as the standard time as it passes through almost the centre of India . To communicate the exact time to the people , the exact time is broadcast over the national All India Radio and Doordarshan television network . Telephone companies have dedicated phone numbers connected to mirror time servers that also relay the precise time . Another increasingly popular means of obtaining the time is through Global Positioning System ( GPS ) receivers . See also ( edit ) Equation of time International Atomic Time Terrestrial Time Time zone ( lists ) Zoneinfo Time in India Bombay Time Calcutta Time Madras Time Port Blair mean time Railway time of India Sri Lanka Standard Time References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Military and Civilian Time Designations '' . Greenwich Mean Time . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Two - timing India '' . Hindustan Times . 4 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Odds and Ends '' . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` India Time Zones '' . Greenwich Mean Time . Archived from the original on 19 May 2007 . Retrieved 25 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Sen , Ayanjit ( 2001 - 08 - 21 ) . `` India investigates different time zones '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ S. Muthiah ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) . `` A matter of time '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Standard Time for Different Regions '' . Department of Science and Technology . 22 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 25 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` A matter of time '' . National Resource Centre for Women . Archived from the original on 19 March 2006 . Retrieved 25 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Rahul Karmakar ( 24 September 2012 ) . `` Change clock to bagantime '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 6 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 September 2008 . Jump up ^ http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-02/india/45797966_1_jahnu-barua-tarun-gogoi-separate-time-zone Jump up ^ http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/india-could-get-second-time-zone-with-assam-one-hour-ahead-466326?curl=1388743528 Jump up ^ `` Government assessing feasibility of different time zones in India '' . The Economic Times . 2017 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Satellites for Navigation '' . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 25 . External links ( edit ) National Physical Laboratory Evaluating two timezones and Daylight Saving Time for India , by Viral Shah & Vikram Aggarwal . ( hide ) Time in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Standard_Time&oldid=806333993 '' Categories : Time in India Geography of India Time zones Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2017 Use Indian English from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা भोजपुरी Español Fiji Hindi Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português संस्कृतम् Simple English Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 09 : 22 . 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-6280781758832378223	Directionality (molecular biology)	Directionality ( molecular biology ) - wikipedia Directionality ( molecular biology ) Jump to : navigation , search A furanose ( sugar - ring ) molecule with carbon atoms labeled using standard notation . The 5 ′ is upstream ; the 3 ′ is downstream . DNA and RNA are synthesized in the 5 ′ to 3 ′ direction . Directionality , in molecular biology and biochemistry , is the end - to - end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid . In a single strand of DNA or RNA , the chemical convention of naming carbon atoms in the nucleotide sugar - ring means that there will be a 5 ′ - end , which frequently contains a phosphate group attached to the 5 ′ carbon of the ribose ring , and a 3 ′ - end ( usually pronounced `` five prime end '' and `` three prime end '' ) , which typically is unmodified from the ribose - OH substituent . In a DNA double helix , the strands run in opposite directions to permit base pairing between them , which is essential for replication or transcription of the encoded information . Nucleic acids can only be synthesized in vivo in the 5 ′ - to - 3 ′ direction , as the polymerases that assemble various types of new strands generally rely on the energy produced by breaking nucleoside triphosphate bonds to attach new nucleoside monophosphates to the 3 ′ - hydroxyl ( - OH ) group , via a phosphodiester bond . The relative positions of structures along a strand of nucleic acid , including genes and various protein binding sites , are usually noted as being either upstream ( towards the 5 ′ - end ) or downstream ( towards the 3 ′ - end ) . ( See also upstream and downstream . ) Directionality is related to , but independent from , sense . Transcription of single - stranded RNA from a double - stranded DNA template requires the selection of one strand of the DNA template as the template strand that directly interacts with the nascent RNA due to complementary sequence . The other strand is not copied directly , but necessarily its sequence will be similar to that of the RNA . Transcription initiation sites generally occur on both strands of an organism 's DNA , and specify the location , direction , and circumstances under which transcription will occur . If the transcript encodes one or ( rarely ) more proteins , translation of each protein by the ribosome will proceed in a 5 ′ to 3 ′ direction , and will extend the protein from its N terminus toward its C terminus . For example , in a typical gene a start codon ( 5 ′ - ATG - 3 ′ ) is a DNA sequence within the sense strand . Transcription begins at an upstream site ( relative to the sense strand ) , and as it proceeds through the region it copies the 3 ′ - TAC - 5 ′ from the template strand to produce 5 ′ - AUG - 3 ′ within a messenger RNA . The mRNA is scanned by the ribosome from the 5 ′ end , where the start codon directs the incorporation of a methionine ( in eukaryotes ) at the N terminus of the protein . By convention , single strands of DNA and RNA sequences are written in a 5 ′ - to - 3 ′ direction except as needed to illustrate the pattern of base pairing . Contents ( hide ) 1 5 ′ - end 2 3 ′ - end 3 See also 4 Further reading 5 External links 5 ′ - end ( edit ) In the DNA segment shown , the 5 ′ to 3 ′ directions are down the left strand and up the right strand The 5 ′ - end ( pronounced `` five prime end '' ) designates the end of the DNA or RNA strand that has the fifth carbon in the sugar - ring of the deoxyribose or ribose at its terminus . A phosphate group attached to the 5 ′ - end permits ligation of two nucleotides , i.e. , the covalent binding of a 5 ′ - phosphate to the 3 ′ - hydroxyl group of another nucleotide , to form a phosphodiester bond . Removal of the 5 ′ - phosphate prevents ligation . To prevent unwanted nucleic acid ligation ( e.g. self - ligation of a plasmid vector in DNA cloning ) , molecular biologists commonly remove the 5 ′ - phosphate with a phosphatase . The 5 ′ - end of nascent messenger RNA is the site at which post-transcriptional capping occurs , a process which is vital to producing mature messenger RNA . Capping increases the stability of the messenger RNA while it undergoes translation , providing resistance to the degradative effects of exonucleases . It consists of a methylated nucleotide ( methylguanosine ) attached to the messenger RNA in a rare 5 ′ - to 5 ′ - triphosphate linkage . The 5 ′ - flanking region of a gene often denotes a region of DNA which is not transcribed into RNA . The 5 ′ - flanking region contains the gene promoter , and may also contain enhancers or other protein binding sites . The 5 ′ - untranslated region ( 5 ′ - UTR ) is a region of a gene which is transcribed into mRNA , and is located at the 5 ′ - end of the mRNA . This region of an mRNA may or may not be translated , but is usually involved in the regulation of translation . The 5 ′ - untranslated region is the portion of the DNA starting from the cap site and extending to the base just before the AUG translation initiation codon of the main coding sequence . This region may have sequences , such as the ribosome binding site and Kozak sequence , which determine the translation efficiency of the mRNA , or which may affect the stability of the mRNA . 3 ′ - end ( edit ) Phosphodiester bonds ( circled ) between nucleotides The 3 ′ - end of a strand is so named due to it terminating at the hydroxyl group of the third carbon in the sugar - ring , and is known as the tail end . The 3 ′ - hydroxyl is necessary in the synthesis of new nucleic acid molecules as it is ligated ( joined ) to the 5 ′ - phosphate of a separate nucleotide , allowing the formation of strands of linked nucleotides . Molecular biologists can use nucleotides that lack a 3 ′ - hydroxyl ( dideoxyribonucleotides ) to interrupt the replication of DNA . This technique is known as the dideoxy chain - termination method or the Sanger method , and is used to determine the order of nucleotides in DNA . The 3 ′ - end of nascent messenger RNA is the site of post-transcriptional polyadenylation , which attaches a chain of 50 to 250 adenosine residues to produce mature messenger RNA . This chain helps in determining how long the messenger RNA lasts in the cell , influencing how much protein is produced from it . The 3 ′ - flanking region is a region of DNA that is not copied into the mature mRNA , but which is present adjacent to 3 ′ - end of the gene . It was originally thought that the 3 ′ - flanking DNA was not transcribed at all , but it was discovered to be transcribed into RNA and quickly removed during processing of the primary transcript to form the mature mRNA . The 3 ′ - flanking region often contains sequences that affect the formation of the 3 ′ - end of the message . It may also contain enhancers or other sites to which proteins may bind . The 3 ′ - untranslated region ( 3 ′ - UTR ) is a region of the DNA which is transcribed into mRNA and becomes the 3 ′ - end of the message , but which does not contain protein coding sequence . Everything between the stop codon and the polyA tail is considered to be 3 ′ - untranslated . The 3 ′ - untranslated region may affect the translation efficiency of the mRNA or the stability of the mRNA . It also has sequences which are required for the addition of the poly ( A ) tail to the message , including the hexanucleotide AAUAAA . See also ( edit ) Sense ( molecular biology ) Further reading ( edit ) Harvey Lodish ; Arnold Berk ; Paul Matsudaira ; Chris A. Kaiser ( 2004 ) . Molecular Cell Biology ( 5th ed . ) . New York City : W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 4366 - 3 . External links ( edit ) A Molecular Biology Glossary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Directionality_(molecular_biology)&oldid=831627820 '' Categories : DNA Molecular genetics RNA Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano Македонски Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe اردو 粵語中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 14 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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-8234807155487854682	Gluconeogenesis	Gluconeogenesis - wikipedia Gluconeogenesis Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Glycogenesis or Glyceroneogenesis . Simplified Gluconeogenesis Pathway Gluconeogenesis ( GNG ) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates . From breakdown of proteins , these substrates include glucogenic amino acids ( although not ketogenic amino acids ) ; from breakdown of lipids ( such as triglycerides ) , they include glycerol ( although not fatty acids ) ; and from other steps in metabolism they include pyruvate and lactate . Gluconeogenesis is one of several main mechanisms used by humans and many other animals to maintain blood glucose levels , avoiding low levels ( hypoglycemia ) . Other means include the degradation of glycogen ( glycogenolysis ) and fatty acid catabolism . Gluconeogenesis is a ubiquitous process , present in plants , animals , fungi , bacteria , and other microorganisms . In vertebrates , gluconeogenesis takes place mainly in the liver and , to a lesser extent , in the cortex of the kidneys . In ruminants , this tends to be a continuous process . In many other animals , the process occurs during periods of fasting , starvation , low - carbohydrate diets , or intense exercise . The process is highly endergonic until it is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP or GTP , effectively making the process exergonic . For example , the pathway leading from pyruvate to glucose - 6 - phosphate requires 4 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of GTP to proceed spontaneously . Gluconeogenesis is often associated with ketosis . Gluconeogenesis is also a target of therapy for type 2 diabetes , such as the antidiabetic drug , metformin , which inhibits glucose formation and stimulates glucose uptake by cells . In ruminants , because dietary carbohydrates tend to be metabolized by rumen organisms , gluconeogenesis occurs regardless of fasting , low - carbohydrate diets , exercise , etc . Contents ( hide ) 1 Precursors 2 Location 3 Pathway 4 Regulation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Precursors ( edit ) Catabolism of proteinogenic amino acids . Amino acids are classified according to the abilities of their products to enter gluconeogenesis : Glucogenic amino acids have this ability Ketogenic amino acids do not . These products may still be used for ketogenesis or lipid synthesis . Some amino acids are catabolized into both glucogenic and ketogenic products . In humans the main gluconeogenic precursors are lactate , glycerol ( which is a part of the triacylglycerol molecule ) , alanine and glutamine . Altogether , they account for over 90 % of the overall gluconeogenesis . Other glucogenic amino acids as well as all citric acid cycle intermediates , the latter through conversion to oxaloacetate , can also function as substrates for gluconeogenesis . In ruminants , propionate is the principal gluconeogenic substrate . Generally , consumption of gluconeogenic substrates in food does not result in increased gluconeogenesis . Lactate is transported back to the liver where it is converted into pyruvate by the Cori cycle using the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase . Pyruvate , the first designated substrate of the gluconeogenic pathway , can then be used to generate glucose . Transamination or deamination of amino acids facilitates entering of their carbon skeleton into the cycle directly ( as pyruvate or oxaloacetate ) , or indirectly via the citric acid cycle . The contribution of Cori cycle lactate to overall glucose production increases with fasting duration . Specifically , after 12 , 20 , and 40 hours of fasting by human volunteers , the contribution of Cori cycle lactate to gluconeogenesis was 41 % , 71 % , and 92 % , respectively . Whether even - chain fatty acids can be converted into glucose in animals has been a longstanding question in biochemistry . It is known that odd - chain fatty acids can be oxidized to yield propionyl - CoA , a precursor for succinyl - CoA , which can be converted to pyruvate and enter into gluconeogenesis . In plants , specifically seedlings , the glyoxylate cycle can be used to convert fatty acids ( acetate ) into the primary carbon source of the organism . The glyoxylate cycle produces four - carbon dicarboxylic acids that can enter gluconeogenesis . In 1995 , researchers identified the glyoxylate cycle in nematodes . In addition , the glyoxylate enzymes malate synthase and isocitrate lyase have been found in animal tissues . Genes coding for malate synthase have been identified in other metazoans including arthropods , echinoderms , and even some vertebrates . Mammals found to possess these genes include monotremes ( platypus ) and marsupials ( opossum ) but not placental mammals . Genes for isocitrate lyase are found only in nematodes , in which , it is apparent , they originated in horizontal gene transfer from bacteria . The existence of glyoxylate cycles in humans has not been established , and it is widely held that fatty acids can not be converted to glucose in humans directly . However , carbon - 14 has been shown to end up in glucose when it is supplied in fatty acids . Despite these findings , it is considered unlikely that the 2 - carbon acetyl - CoA derived from the oxidation of fatty acids would produce a net yield of glucose via the citric acid cycle -- however , acetyl - CoA can be converted into pyruvate and lactate through the ketogenic pathway . Put simply , acetic acid ( in the form of acetyl - CoA ) is used to partially produce glucose ; acetyl groups can only form part of the glucose molecules ( not the 5th carbon atom ) and require extra substrates ( such as pyruvate ) in order to form the rest of the glucose molecule . But a roundabout pathway does lead from acetyl - coA to pyruvate , via acetoacetate , acetone , hydroxyacetone ( acetol ) and then either propylene glycol or methylglyoxal . Location ( edit ) In mammals , gluconeogenesis has been believed to be restricted to the liver , the kidney , the intestine , and muscle , but recent evidence indicates gluconeogenesis occurring in astrocytes of the brain . These organs use somewhat different gluconeogenic precursors . The liver preferentially uses lactate , alanine and glycerol ( especially alanine ) while the kidney preferentially uses lactate , glutamine and glycerol ( especially glutamine ) . Lactate from the Cori cycle , is quantitatively the largest source of substrate for gluconeogenesis , especially for the kidney . The liver uses both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to produce glucose , whereas the kidney only uses gluconeogenesis . After a meal , the liver shifts to glycogen synthesis , whereas the kidney increases gluconeogenesis . The intestine uses mostly glutamine and glycerol . Propionate is the principal substrate for gluconeogenesis in the ruminant liver , and the ruminant liver may make increased use of gluconeogenic amino acids , e.g. alanine , when glucose demand is increased . The capacity of liver cells to use lactate for gluconeogenesis declines from the preruminant stage to the ruminant stage in calves and lambs . In sheep kidney tissue , very high rates of gluconeogenesis from propionate have been observed . In all species , the formation of oxaloacetate from pyruvate and TCA cycle intermediates is restricted to the mitochondrion , and the enzymes that convert Phosphoenolpyruvic acid ( PEP ) to glucose are found in the cytosol . The location of the enzyme that links these two parts of gluconeogenesis by converting oxaloacetate to PEP -- PEP carboxykinase ( PEPCK ) -- is variable by species : it can be found entirely within the mitochondria , entirely within the cytosol , or dispersed evenly between the two , as it is in humans . Transport of PEP across the mitochondrial membrane is accomplished by dedicated transport proteins ; however no such proteins exist for oxaloacetate . Therefore , in species that lack intra-mitochondrial PEPCK , oxaloacetate must be converted into malate or aspartate , exported from the mitochondrion , and converted back into oxaloacetate in order to allow gluconeogenesis to continue . Gluconeogenesis pathway with key molecules and enzymes . Many steps are the opposite of those found in the glycolysis . Pathway ( edit ) Gluconeogenesis is a pathway consisting of a series of eleven enzyme - catalyzed reactions . The pathway will begin in either the liver or kidney , in the mitochondria or cytoplasm of those cells , this being dependent on the substrate being used . Many of the reactions are the reverse of steps found in glycolysis . Gluconeogenesis begins in the mitochondria with the formation of oxaloacetate by the carboxylation of pyruvate . This reaction also requires one molecule of ATP , and is catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase . This enzyme is stimulated by high levels of acetyl - CoA ( produced in β - oxidation in the liver ) and inhibited by high levels of ADP and glucose . Oxaloacetate is reduced to malate using NADH , a step required for its transportation out of the mitochondria . Malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate using NAD in the cytosol , where the remaining steps of gluconeogenesis take place . Oxaloacetate is decarboxylated and then phosphorylated to form phosphoenolpyruvate using the enzyme PEPCK . A molecule of GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP during this reaction . The next steps in the reaction are the same as reversed glycolysis . However , fructose 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase converts fructose 1 , 6 - bisphosphate to fructose 6 - phosphate , using one water molecule and releasing one phosphate ( in glycolysis , phosphofructokinase 1 converts F6P and ATP to F1 , 6BP and ADP ) . This is also the rate - limiting step of gluconeogenesis . Glucose - 6 - phosphate is formed from fructose 6 - phosphate by phosphoglucoisomerase ( the reverse of step 2 in glycolysis ) . Glucose - 6 - phosphate can be used in other metabolic pathways or dephosphorylated to free glucose . Whereas free glucose can easily diffuse in and out of the cell , the phosphorylated form ( glucose - 6 - phosphate ) is locked in the cell , a mechanism by which intracellular glucose levels are controlled by cells . The final reaction of gluconeogenesis , the formation of glucose , occurs in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum , where glucose - 6 - phosphate is hydrolyzed by glucose - 6 - phosphatase to produce glucose and release an inorganic phosphate . Like two steps prior , this step is not a simple reversal of glycolysis , in which hexokinase catalyzes the conversion of glucose and ATP into G6P and ADP . Glucose is shuttled into the cytoplasm by glucose transporters located in the endoplasmic reticulum 's membrane . ( show ) Metabolism of common monosaccharides , including glycolysis , gluconeogenesis , glycogenesis and glycogenolysis Regulation ( edit ) While most steps in gluconeogenesis are the reverse of those found in glycolysis , three regulated and strongly endergonic reactions are replaced with more kinetically favorable reactions . Hexokinase / glucokinase , phosphofructokinase , and pyruvate kinase enzymes of glycolysis are replaced with glucose - 6 - phosphatase , fructose - 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase , and PEP carboxykinase / pyruvate carboxylase . These enzymes are typically regulated by similar molecules , but with opposite results . For example , acetyl CoA and citrate activate gluconeogenesis enzymes ( pyruvate carboxylase and fructose - 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase , respectively ) , while at the same time inhibiting the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase . This system of reciprocal control allow glycolysis and gluconeogenesis to inhibit each other and prevents a futile cycle of synthesizing glucose to only break it down . The majority of the enzymes responsible for gluconeogenesis are found in the cytosol ; the exceptions are mitochondrial pyruvate carboxylase and , in animals , phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase . The latter exists as an isozyme located in both the mitochondrion and the cytosol . The rate of gluconeogenesis is ultimately controlled by the action of a key enzyme , fructose - 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase , which is also regulated through signal transduction by cAMP and its phosphorylation . Global control of gluconeogenesis is mediated by glucagon ( released when blood glucose is low ) ; it triggers phosphorylation of enzymes and regulatory proteins by Protein Kinase A ( a cyclic AMP regulated kinase ) resulting in inhibition of glycolysis and stimulation of gluconeogenesis . Recent studies have shown that the absence of hepatic glucose production has no major effect on the control of fasting plasma glucose concentration . Compensatory induction of gluconeogenesis occurs in the kidneys and intestine , driven by glucagon , glucocorticoids , and acidosis . See also ( edit ) Bioenergetics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Silva , Pedro . `` The Chemical Logic Behind Gluconeogenesis '' . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David L Nelson ; Michael M Cox ( 2000 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry . USA : Worth Publishers . p. 724 . ISBN 1 - 57259 - 153 - 6 . Jump up ^ Young JW ( 1977 ) . `` Gluconeogenesis in cattle : significance and methodology '' . J. Dairy Sci. 60 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 15 . doi : 10.3168 / jds. S0022 - 0302 ( 77 ) 83821 - 6 . PMID 320235 . Jump up ^ Hundal RS , Krssak M , Dufour S , Laurent D , Lebon V , Chandramouli V , Inzucchi SE , Schumann WC , Petersen KF , Landau BR , Shulman GI ( 2000 ) . `` Mechanism by Which Metformin Reduces Glucose Production in Type 2 Diabetes '' . Diabetes. 49 ( 12 ) : 2063 -- 69 . doi : 10.2337 / diabetes. 49.12. 2063 . PMC 2995498 . PMID 11118008 . `` Free full text '' . ( 82 KiB ) ^ Jump up to : Beitz , D.C. 2004 . Carbohydrate metabolism . In : Reese , W.O. Dukes ' physiology of domestic animals . 12th ed . Cornell Univ . Press . pp. 501 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Ferrier , Denise R ; Champe , Pamela C ; Harvey , Richard A ( 1 August 2004 ) . `` 20 . Amino Acid Degradation and Synthesis '' . Biochemistry ( Lippincott 's Illustrated Reviews ) . Hagerstwon , MD : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 2265 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Gerich JE , Meyer C , Woerle HJ , Stumvoll M ( 2001 ) . `` Renal gluconeogenesis : Its importance in human glucose homeostasis '' ( PDF ) . Diabetes Care . 24 ( 2 ) : 382 -- 91 . doi : 10.2337 / diacare. 24.2. 382 . PMID 11213896 . ^ Jump up to : Garrett , Reginald H. ; Charles M. Grisham ( 2002 ) . Principles of Biochemistry with a Human Focus . USA : Brooks / Cole , Thomson Learning . pp. 578 , 585 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 097369 - 4 . Jump up ^ Van Soest , P.J. 1994 . Nutritional ecology of the ruminant . 2nd Ed . Cornell Univ . Press . 476 pp . ^ Jump up to : Nuttall FQ , Ngo A , Gannon MC ( 2008 ) . `` Regulation of hepatic glucose production and the role of gluconeogenesis in humans : is the rate of gluconeogenesis constant ? '' ( PDF ) . Diabetes / metabolism Research and Reviews . 24 ( 6 ) : 438 -- 58 . doi : 10.1002 / dmrr. 863 . PMID 18561209 . ^ Jump up to : Katz J , Tayek JA ( 1998 ) . `` Gluconeogenesis and the Cori cycle in 12 - , 20 - , and 40 - h - fasted humans '' . American Journal of Physiology. 275 ( 3 Pt 1 ) : E537 -- 42 . PMID 9725823 . ^ Jump up to : de Figueiredo LF , Schuster S , Kaleta C , Fell DA ( 2009 ) . `` Can sugars be produced from fatty acids ? A test case for pathway analysis tools '' . Bioinformatics. 25 ( 1 ) : 152 -- 58 . doi : 10.1093 / bioinformatics / btn621 . PMID 19117076 . Jump up ^ Liu F , Thatcher JD , Barral JM , Epstein HF ( 1995 ) . `` Bifunctional glyoxylate cycle protein of Caenorhabditis elegans : a developmentally regulated protein of intestine and muscle '' . Developmental Biology . 169 ( 2 ) : 399 -- 414 . doi : 10.1006 / dbio. 1995.1156 . PMID 7781887 . Jump up ^ Kondrashov FA , Koonin EV , Morgunov IG , Finogenova TV , Kondrashova MN ( 2006 ) . `` Evolution of glyoxylate cycle enzymes in Metazoa : evidence of multiple horizontal transfer events and pseudogene formation '' . Biology Direct . 1 : 31 . doi : 10.1186 / 1745 - 6150 - 1 - 31 . PMC 1630690 . PMID 17059607 . Jump up ^ Weinman EO , Strisower EH , Chaikoff IL ( 1957 ) . `` Conversion of fatty acids to carbohydrate : application of isotopes to this problem and role of the Krebs cycle as a synthetic pathway '' . Physiol. Rev. 37 ( 2 ) : 252 -- 72 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 1957.37. 2.252 . PMID 13441426 . ^ Jump up to : Glew RH ( 2010 ) . `` You can get there from here : acetone , anionic ketones and even - carbon fatty acids can provide substrates for gluconeogenesis '' . Niger J Physiol Sci. 25 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 4 . PMID 22314896 . Jump up ^ Miller ON , Bazzano G ; Bazzano ( 1965 ) . `` Propanediol metabolism and its relation to lactic acid metabolism '' . 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External links ( edit ) Overview at indstate.edu Interactive diagram at uakron.edu The chemical logic behind gluconeogenesis metpath : Interactive representation of gluconeogenesis Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism : carbohydrate metabolism : glycolysis / gluconeogenesis enzymes Glycolysis Hexokinase ( HK1 , HK2 , HK3 , Glucokinase ) → / Glucose 6 - phosphatase ← Glucose isomerase Phosphofructokinase 1 ( Liver , Muscle , Platelet ) → / Fructose 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase ← Fructose - bisphosphate aldolase ( Aldolase A , B , C ) Triosephosphate isomerase Glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase Phosphoglycerate kinase Phosphoglycerate mutase Enolase Pyruvate kinase ( PKLR , PKM2 ) Gluconeogenesis only to oxaloacetate : Pyruvate carboxylase Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from lactate ( Cori cycle ) : Lactate dehydrogenase from alanine ( Alanine cycle ) : Alanine transaminase from glycerol : Glycerol kinase Glycerol dehydrogenase Regulatory Fructose 6 - P , 2 - kinase : fructose 2 , 6 - bisphosphatase PFKFB1 , PFKFB2 , PFKFB3 , PFKFB4 Bisphosphoglycerate mutase Metabolism map Carbon Fixation Photo - respiration Pentose Phosphate Pathway Citric Acid Cycle Glyoxylate Cycle Urea Cycle Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Beta Oxidation Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation Glyco - genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map . Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . Metabolism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gluconeogenesis&oldid=822353100 '' Categories : Metabolism Biochemistry Metabolic pathways Carbohydrates Glycobiology Exercise physiology Hepatology Diabetes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 21 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where do glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis occur in the cell	[]	[]
-5924237906331709840	History of silk	History of silk - wikipedia History of silk Jump to : navigation , search The production of silk originates in China in the Neolithic ( Yangshao culture , 4th millennium BC ) . Silk remained confined to China until the Silk Road opened at some point during the later half of the first millennium BC . China maintained its virtual monopoly over silk production for another thousand years . Not confined to clothing , silk was also used for a number of other applications , including writing , and the color of silk worn was an important guide of social class during the Tang Dynasty . Silk cultivation spread to Japan around 300 AD , and , by 522 AD , the Byzantines managed to obtain silkworm eggs and were able to begin silkworm cultivation . The Arabs also began to manufacture silk during this same time . As a result of the spread of sericulture , Chinese silk exports became less important , although they still maintained dominance over the luxury silk market . The Crusades brought silk production to Western Europe , in particular to many Italian states , which saw an economic boom exporting silk to the rest of Europe . Changes in manufacturing techniques also began to take place during the Middle Ages , with devices such as the spinning wheel first appearing . During the 16th century France joined Italy in developing a successful silk trade , though the efforts of most other nations to develop a silk industry of their own were unsuccessful . The Industrial Revolution changed much of Europe 's silk industry . Due to innovations on spinning cotton , cotton became much cheaper to manufacture and therefore caused more expensive silk production to become less mainstream . New weaving technologies , however , increased the efficiency of production . Among these was the Jacquard loom , developed for silk embroidery . An epidemic of several silkworm diseases caused production to fall , especially in France , where the industry never recovered . In the 20th century Japan and China regained their earlier role in silk production , and China is now once again the world 's largest producer of silk . The rise of new fabrics such as nylon reduced the prevalence of silk throughout the world , and silk is now once again a rare luxury good , much less important than in its heyday . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 1.1 The Appearance of Silk 1.2 Myths and legends 2 Silk usage in Ancient and Medieval China 3 Chinese silk and its commerce 4 Spread of production 4.1 Reciprocal influences 5 Silk in the medieval world 5.1 A more abundant luxury 5.2 Improved technology 5.3 The silk industry in France 5.4 Spread to other countries 6 Silk since the Industrial Revolution 6.1 The start of the Industrial Revolution 6.2 Decline in the European silk industry 7 Silk in modern times 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Early History ( edit ) The silkworm cocoon The appearance of silk ( edit ) The earliest evidence of silk was found at the sites of Yangshao culture in Xia County , Shanxi , where a silk cocoon was found cut in half by a sharp knife , dating back to between 4000 and 3000 BC . The species was identified as Bombyx mori , the domesticated silkworm . Fragments of primitive loom can also be seen from the sites of Hemudu culture in Yuyao , Zhejiang , dated to about 4000 BC . The earliest example of silk fabric is from 3630 BC , and was used as wrapping for the body of a child . The fabric comes from a Yangshao site in Qingtaicun at Rongyang , Henan . Scraps of silk were found in a Liangzhu culture site at Qianshanyang in Huzhou , Zhejiang , dating back to 2700 BC . Other fragments have been recovered from royal tombs in the Shang Dynasty ( c. 1600 -- c. 1046 BCE ) . During the later epoch , the Chinese lost their secret to the Koreans , the Japanese , and , later , the Indians , as these cultures discovered how to make silk . Allusions to the fabric in the Old Testament show that it was known in western Asia in biblical times . Scholars believe that starting in the 2nd century BCE the Chinese established a commercial network aimed at exporting silk to the West . Silk was used , for example , by the Persian court and its king , Darius III , when Alexander the Great conquered the empire . Even though silk spread rapidly across Eurasia , with the possible exception of Japan its production remained exclusively Chinese for three millennia . Detail of silk ritual garment from a 4th - century BCE , Zhou era , China . Myths and legends ( edit ) A lacquerware painting from the Jingmen Tomb ( Chinese : 荊門楚墓 ; Pinyin : Jīngmén chǔ mù ) of the State of Chu ( 704 -- 223 BC ) , depicting men wearing precursors to Hanfu ( i.e. traditional silk dress ) and riding in a two - horsed chariot The writings of Confucius and Chinese tradition recount that , in the 27th century BCE , a silk worm 's cocoon fell into the tea cup of the empress Leizu . Wishing to extract it from her drink , the 14 - year - old girl began to unroll the thread of the cocoon . She then had the idea to weave some of it , so she kept some for herself . Having observed the life of the silk worm on the recommendation of her husband , the Yellow Emperor , she began to instruct her entourage in the art of raising silk worms , sericulture . From this point , the girl became the goddess of silk in Chinese mythology . Silk eventually left China via the heir of a princess who was promised to a prince of Khotan . This probably occurred in the early 1st century AD . The princess , refusing to go without the fabric that she loved , would finally break the imperial ban on silk - worm exportation . Though silk was exported to foreign countries in great amounts , sericulture remained a secret that the Chinese carefully guarded . Consequently , other peoples invented wildly varying accounts of the source of the incredible fabric . In classical antiquity , most Romans , great admirers of the cloth , were convinced that the Chinese took the fabric from tree leaves . This belief was affirmed by Seneca the Elder in his Phaedra and by Virgil in his Georgics . Notably , Pliny the Elder knew better . Speaking of the bombyx or silk moth , he wrote in his Natural History `` They weave webs , like spiders , that become a luxurious clothing material for women , called silk . '' Silk usage in Ancient and medieval China ( edit ) Woven silk textile from Tomb No. 1 at Mawangdui Han tombs site , Changsha , Hunan province , China , 2nd century BC , Western Han Dynasty In China , silk - worm farming was originally restricted to women , and many women were employed in the silk - making industry . Even though some saw the development of a luxury product as useless , silk provoked such a craze among high society that the rules in the Li Ji were used to limit its use to the members of the imperial family . For approximately a millennium , the right to wear silk was reserved for the emperor and the highest dignitaries . Silk was , at the time , a sign of great wealth , because of its shimmering appearance . This appearance was due to silk 's prism - like shape / structure , which refracted light from every angle . After some time , silk gradually extended to other classes of Chinese society . Silk began to be used for decorative means and also in less luxurious ways : musical instruments , fishing , and bow making . Peasants did not have the right to wear silk until the Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) . Paper was one of the greatest discoveries of ancient China . Beginning in the 3rd century BC paper was made in all sizes with various materials . Silk was no exception , and silk workers had been making paper since the 2nd century BC . Silk , bamboo , linen , wheat and rice straw were all used differently , and paper made with silk became the first type of luxury paper . Researchers have found an early example of writing done on silk paper in the tomb of a Marchioness who died around 168 , in Mawangdui , Changsha , Hunan . The material was certainly more expensive , but also more practical than bamboo slips . Treatises on many subjects , including meteorology , medicine , astrology , divinity , and even maps written on silk have been discovered . Chinese painting on silk , with playing children wearing silk clothes , by Su Hanchen ( active 1130s -- 1160s ) , Song Dynasty . During the Han Dynasty , silk became progressively more valuable in its own right , and became more than simply a material . It was used to pay government officials and compensate citizens who were particularly worthy . By the same token that one would sometimes estimate the price of products according to a certain weight of gold , the length of the silk cloth became a monetary standard in China ( in addition to bronze coins ) . The wealth that silk brought to China stirred envy in neighboring peoples . Beginning in the 2nd century BC , the Xiongnu regularly pillaged the provinces of the Han Chinese for around 250 years . Silk was a common offering by the emperor to these tribes in exchange for peace . Silk is described in a chapter on mulberry planting by Si Shengzhi of the Western Han ( 206 BC -- 9 AD ) . There is a surviving calendar for silk production in an Eastern Han ( 25 -- 220 AD ) document . The two other known works on silk from the Han period are lost . `` ( T ) he military payrolls tell us that soldiers were paid in bundles of plain silk textiles , which circulated as currency in Han times . Soldiers may well have traded their silk with the nomads who came to the gates of the Great Wall to sell horses and furs . '' For more than a millennium , silk remained the principal diplomatic gift of the emperor of China to his neighbors or to his vassals . The use of silk became so important that silk ( 糸 ) soon constituted one of the principal radicals of Chinese script . Broadly speaking , the use of silk was regulated by a very precise code in China . For example , the Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty imposed upon bureaucrats the use of particular colors according to their different functions in society . Under the Ming , silk began to be used in a series of accessories : handkerchiefs , wallets , belts , or even an embroidered piece of fabric displaying dozens of animals , real or mythical . These fashion accessories remained associated with a particular position : there was a specific bonnet for warriors , for judges , for nobles , and others for religious use . The women of high Chinese society heeded codified practices and used silk in their garments to which they added countless motifs . A 17th - century work , Jin Ping Mei , gives a description of one such motif : Golden lotus having a quilted backgammon pattern , double - folded , adorned with savage geese pecking at a landscape of flowers and roses ; the dress ' right figure had a floral border with buttons in the form of bees or chrysanthemums . Chinese silk making process The silkworms and mulberry leaves are placed on trays . Twig frames for the silkworms are prepared . The cocoons are weighed . The cocoons are soaked and the silk is wound on spools . The silk is woven using a loom . Chinese silk and its commerce ( edit ) Further information : Silk Road and Sino - Roman relations The main silk roads between 500 BC and 500 AD A Roman fresco from Pompeii showing a Maenad in silk dress , 1st century AD Numerous archaeological discoveries show that silk had become a luxury material appreciated in foreign countries well before the opening of the Silk Road by the Chinese . For example , silk has been found in the Valley of the Kings in a tomb of a mummy dating from 1070 BCE . First the Greeks , then the Romans began to speak about the Seres ( people of silk ) , a term to designate the inhabitants of the far - off kingdom , China . According to certain historians , the first Roman contact with silk was that of the legions of the governor of Syria , Crassus . At the Battle of Carrhae , near to the Euphrates , the legions were said to be so surprised by the brilliance of the banners of Parthia that they fled . The silk road toward the west was opened by the Chinese in the 2nd century AD . The main road left from Xi'an , going either to the north or south of the Taklamakan desert , one of the most arid in the world , before crossing the Pamir Mountains . The caravans that employed this method to exchange silk with other merchants were generally quite large , including from 100 to 500 people as well as camels and yaks carrying around 140 kg ( 300 lb ) of merchandise . They linked to Antioch and the coasts of the Mediterranean , about one year 's travel from Xi'an . In the South , a second route went by Yemen , Burma , and India before rejoining the northern route . Not long after the conquest of Egypt in 30 BC regular commerce began between the Romans and Asia , marked by the Roman appetite for silk cloth coming from the Far East , which was then resold to the Romans by the Parthians . The Roman Senate tried in vain to prohibit the wearing of silk , for economic reasons as well as moral ones . The import of Chinese silk resulted in vast amounts of gold leaving Rome , to such an extent that silk clothing was perceived as a sign of decadence and immorality . `` I can see clothes of silk , if materials that do not hide the body , nor even one 's decency , can be called clothes ... Wretched flocks of maids labour so that the adulteress may be visible through her thin dress , so that her husband has no more acquaintance than any outsider or foreigner with his wife 's body . '' -- Seneca the Younger , Declamations Vol . I . In the late Middle Ages , transcontinental trade over the land routes of the Silk Road declined as sea trade increased . The Silk Road was a significant factor in the development of the civilizations of China , India , Ancient Egypt , Persia , Arabia , and Ancient Rome . Though silk was certainly the major trade item from China , many other goods were traded , and various technologies , religions and philosophies , as well as the bubonic plague ( the `` Black Death '' ) , also traveled along the Silk Routes . Some of the other goods traded included luxuries such as silk , satin , hemp and other fine fabrics , musk , other perfumes , spices , medicines , jewels , glassware , and even rhubarb , as well as slaves . China traded silk , teas , and porcelain ; while India traded spices , ivory , textiles , precious stones , and pepper ; and the Roman Empire exported gold , silver , fine glassware , wine , carpets , and jewels . Although the term the Silk Road implies a continuous journey , very few who traveled the route traversed it from end to end ; for the most part , goods were transported by a series of agents on varying routes and were traded in the bustling markets of the oasis towns . The main traders during Antiquity were the Indian and Bactrian traders , then from the 5th to the 8th century AD the Sogdian traders , then afterward the Arab and Persian traders . Spread of production ( edit ) Sassanid inspired two - sided silk cloth , with winged lions and tree of life , from the early Islamic period in Iran , National Museum of Iran . Although silk was well known in Europe and most of Asia , China was able to keep a near monopoly on silk production . The monopoly was defended by an imperial decree , condemning to death anyone attempting to export silkworms or their eggs . Only around the year 300 AD did a Japanese expedition succeed in taking some silkworm eggs and four young Chinese girls , who were forced to teach their captors the art of sericulture . Techniques of sericulture were subsequently introduced to Japan on a larger scale by frequent diplomatic exchanges between the 8th century and 9th centuries . Starting in the 4th century BC silk began to reach the Hellenistic world by merchants who would exchange it for gold , ivory , horses or precious stones . Up to the frontiers of the Roman Empire , silk became a monetary standard for estimating the value of different products . Hellenistic Greece appreciated the high quality of the Chinese goods and made efforts to plant mulberry trees and breed silkworms in the Mediterranean basin . Sassanid Persia controlled the trade of silk destined for Europe and Byzantium . The Greek word for `` silken '' was σηρικός , from the name of the Seres ( Σῆρες ) , according to Strabo the people from whom silk was first obtained . The Greek word gave rise to Latin sericum and ultimately Old English sioloc , Middle English silk . The monks sent by Justinian give the silkworms to the emperor . According to a story by Procopius , it was not until 552 AD that the Byzantine emperor Justinian obtained the first silkworm eggs . He had sent two Nestorian monks to Central Asia , and they were able to smuggle silkworm eggs to him hidden in rods of bamboo . While under the monks ' care , the eggs hatched , though they did not cocoon before arrival . The church manufacture in the Byzantine Empire was thus able to make fabrics for the emperor , with the intention of developing a large silk industry in the Eastern Roman Empire , using techniques learned from the Sassanids . These gynecia had a legal monopoly on the fabric , but the empire continued to import silk from other major urban centres on the Mediterranean . The magnificence of the Byzantine techniques was not a result of the manufacturing process , but instead of the meticulous attention paid to the execution and decorations . The weaving techniques they used were taken from Egypt . The first diagrams of semple looms appeared in the 5th century . The Arabs , with their widening conquests , spread sericulture across the shores of the Mediterranean , leading to the development of sericulture in North Africa , Andalusia and Sicily . The interactions among Byzantine and Muslim silk - weaving centers of all levels of quality , with imitations made in Andalusia and Lucca , among other cities , have made the identification and date of rare surviving examples difficult to pinpoint . While the Chinese lost their monopoly on silk production , they were able to re-establish themselves as major silk supplier ( during the Tang dynasty ) , and to industrialize their production in a large scale ( during the Song dynasty ) . China continued to export high - quality fabric to Europe and the Near East along the silk road . After the start of the Crusades , techniques of silk production began to spread across Western Europe . In 1147 while Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos was focusing all his efforts on the Second Crusade , the Norman king Roger II of Sicily attacked Corinth and Thebes , two important centres of Byzantine silk production . They took the crops and silk production infrastructure , and deported all the workers to Palermo , thereby causing the Norman silk industry to flourish . The sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204 brought decline to the city and its silk industry , and many artisans left the city in the early 13th century . Italy developed a large domestic silk industry after 2000 skilled weavers came from Constantinople . Many also chose to settle in Avignon to furnish the popes of Avignon . The sudden boom of the silk industry in the Italian state of Lucca , starting in the 11th and 12th centuries was due to much Sicilian , Jewish , and Greek settlement , alongside many other immigrants from neighbouring cities in southern Italy . With the loss of many Italian trading posts in the Orient , the import of Chinese styles drastically declined . Gaining momentum , in order to satisfy the rich and powerful bourgeoisie 's demands for luxury fabrics , the cities of Lucca , Genoa , Venice and Florence were soon exporting silk to all of Europe . In 1472 there were 84 workshops and at least 7000 craftsmen in Florence alone . Reciprocal influences ( edit ) Polychrome embroidery in Silk , 17th century , Antwerp French silk brocade - Lyon 1760 - 1770 Silk was made using various breeds of lepidopterans , both wild and domestic . While wild silks were produced in many countries , there is no doubt that the Chinese were the first to begin production on such a large scale , having the most effective species for silk production , the Bombyx mandarina and its domesticated descendent B. mori . Chinese sources claim the existence of a machine to unwind silkworm cocoons in 1090 . The cocoons were placed in a large basin of hot water , the silk would leave the cauldron by tiny guiding rings , and would be wound onto a large spool , thanks to a backwards and forward motion . Little information exists about spinning techniques in use in China . The spinning wheel , in all likelihood moved by hand , was known by the beginning of the Christian era . The first accepted image of a spinning wheel appears in 1210 . There is an image of a silk spinning machine powered by a water wheel that dates to 1313 . More information is known about the looms used . The Nung Sang Chi Yao , or Fundamentals of Agriculture and Sericulture , compiled around 1210 , is rich with pictures and descriptions , many pertaining to silk . It repeatedly claims the Chinese looms to be far superior to all others . It speaks of two types of loom that leave the worker 's arms free : the draw loom , which is of Eurasian origin , and the pedal loom which is attributed to East Asian origins . There are many diagrams originate in the 12th and 13th centuries . When examined closely , many similarities between Eurasian machines can be drawn . Since the Jin dynasty , the existence of silk damasks has been well recorded , and since the 2nd century BC , four - shafted looms and other innovations allowed the creation of silk brocades . Silk in the medieval world ( edit ) A more abundant luxury ( edit ) A mature mulberry tree in Provence . The high Middle Ages saw continued use of established techniques for silk manufacture without any changes to speak of , neither in materials nor in tools used . Between the 10th and 12th centuries , small changes began to appear , though the changes of the 13th century were much larger and more radical . In a short time , new fabrics began to appear ; hemp and cotton each also had their own particular techniques of manufacture . Known since Roman times , silk remained a rare and expensive material . Byzantine magnaneries in Greece and Syria ( 6th to 8th century ) , and those of the Arabs in Sicily and Spain ( 8th to 10th century ) were able to supply the luxury material in a much greater abundance . Improved technology ( edit ) The 13th century saw an already changing technology undergo many dramatic changes . It is possible that , as with in England at the end of the 18th century , advances in the textile industry were a driving force behind advances in technology as a whole . Silk indeed occupies a privileged place in history on account of this . At the start of the 13th century , a primitive form of milling the silk threads was already in use . In 1221 Jean de Garlande 's dictionary , and in 1226 , Étienne Boileau 's Livre des métiers ( Tradesman 's Handbook ) enumerated many types of devices which can only have been doubling machines . The instruments used were further perfected in Bologna between 1270 and 1280 . From the start of the 14th century , many documents allude to the use of devices that were quite complex . The reel , originally developed for the silk industry , now has multiple uses . The earliest surviving depiction of a European spinning wheel is a panel of stained glass in the Cathedral of Chartres . Bobbins and warping machines appear together in the stained glass at Chartres and in a fresco in the Cologne Kunkelhaus ( ca 1300 ) . It is possible that the toothed warping machine was created by the silk industry ; it allowed the warp to be more uniform and allowed the warp to be of a longer length . Starting at the end of the 14th century , no doubt on account of the devastation caused mid-century by the Black Death , there was a general shift towards less expensive techniques . Many things which would have earlier been completely forbidden by the guilds were now commonplace ( using low quality wool , carding , etc . ) . In the silk industry , the use of water - powered mills grew , and by the 15th century , the loom designed by Jean le Calabrais saw nearly universal use . The silk industry in France ( edit ) A picture from the Encyclopédie of Diderot and d'Alembert , showing the different steps in sericulture and the manufacture of silk . Italian silk cloth was very expensive , as much a result of the cost of the raw material as of the production costs . The craftsmen in Italy proved unable to keep up with the exigencies of French fashion , which continuously demanded lighter and less expensive materials . These materials were used for clothing , and garment production began to be done locally . Nevertheless , Italian silk long remained among the most prized , mostly for furnishings and the brilliant colours of the dyes . Following the example of the wealthy Italian city - states of the era , such as Venice , Florence , and Lucca , which had become the center of the luxury - textile industry , Lyon obtained a similar function in the French market . In 1466 , King Louis XI decided to develop a national silk industry in Lyon . In the face of protests by the Lyonnais , he conceded and moved the silk fabrication to Tours , but the industry in Tours stayed relatively marginal . His main objective was to reduce France 's trade deficit with the Italian states , which caused France to lose 400,000 to 500,000 golden écus a year . It was under Francis I in around 1535 that a royal charter was granted to two merchants , Étienne Turquet and Barthélemy Naris , to develop a silk trade in Lyon . In 1540 , the king granted a monopoly on silk production to the city of Lyon . Starting in the 16th century , Lyon became the capital of the European silk trade , notably producing many reputable fashions . Gaining confidence , the silks produced in the city began to abandon the original oriental styles in favor of their own distinctive style , which emphasized landscapes . Thousand of workers , the canuts , devoted themselves to the flourishing industry . In the middle of the 17th century , over 14,000 looms were used in Lyon , and the silk industry fed a third of the city 's population . In the 18th and 19th centuries , Provence experienced a boom in sericulture that would last until the first world war , with much of the silk shipped north to Lyon . Viens and La Bastide - des - Jourdans are two of the communes of Luberon that profited the most from mulberry plantations that have since disappeared . However , silk centers still operate today. Working at home under the domestic system , silk spinning and silk treatment employed many people and increased the income of the working class . Spread to other countries ( edit ) A former magnanery in Luberon England under Henry IV was also looking to develop a silk industry , but no opportunity arose until the revocation of the Edict of Nantes the 1680s , when hundreds of thousands of French Huguenots , many of whom were skilled weavers and experts in sericulture , began immigrating to England to escape religious persecution . Some areas , including Spitalfields saw many high - quality silk workshops spring up , their products distinct from continental silk largely by the colors used . Nonetheless , the British climate prevented England 's domestic silk trade from becoming globally dominant . Many envisioned starting a silk industry in the British colonies in America , starting in 1619 , under the reign of King James I of England . The silk industry in the colonies never became very large . Likewise , silk was introduced to numerous other countries , including Mexico , where it was brought by Cortez in 1522 . Only rarely did these new silk industries grow to any significant size . Silk since the Industrial Revolution ( edit ) Portrait of Maria Ivanovna Tatischeva by David Lüders ( 1759 ) Moscow , State Tretyakov Gallery Mme Tatischeva is shown wearing a paduasoy silk dress . The start of the Industrial Revolution ( edit ) The start of the Industrial Revolution was marked by a massive boom in the textile industry , with remarkable technological innovations made , led by the cotton industry of Great Britain . In its early years , there were often disparities in technological innovation between different stages of fabric manufacture , which encouraged complementary innovations . For example , spinning progressed much more rapidly than weaving . The silk industry , however , did not gain any benefit from innovations in spinning , as silk is naturally already a thread . Making silk , silver , and gold brocades is a very delicate and precise process , with each colour needing its own dedicated shuttle . In the 17th century and 18th centuries progress began to be made in the simplification and standardization of silk manufacture , with many advances following one after another . Bouchon and Falcon 's punched card loom appeared in 1775 , later improved on by Jacques de Vaucanson . Later , Joseph - Marie Jacquard improved on the designs of Falcon and Vaucanson , introducing the revolutionary Jacquard loom , which allowed a string of punched cards to be processed mechanically in the correct sequence . The punched cards of the Jacquard loom were a direct precursor to the modern computer , in that they gave a ( limited ) form of programmability . Punched cards themselves were carried over to computers , and were ubiquitous until their obsolescence in the 1970s . From 1801 embroidery became highly mechanized due to the effectiveness of the Jacquard loom . The mechanism behind the Jacquard loom even allowed complex designs to be mass - produced . The Jacquard loom was immediately denounced by workers , who accused it of causing unemployment , but soon it had become vital to the industry . The loom was declared public property in 1806 , and Jacquard was rewarded with a pension and a royalty on each machine . In 1834 there were a total of 2885 Jacquard looms in Lyon alone . The Canut revolt in 1831 foreshadowed many of the larger worker uprisings of the Industrial Revolution . The canuts occupied the city of Lyon , and would not relinquish it until a bloody repression by the army , led by Marshal Soult . A second revolt , similar to the first , took place in 1834 . Decline in the European silk industry ( edit ) The first silkworm diseases began to appear in 1845 , creating an epidemic . Among them are pébrine , caused by the microsporidia Nosema bombycis , grasserie , caused by a virus , flacherie , caused by eating infected mulberry leaves or white muscardine disease , caused by the fungus Beauveria bassiana . The epidemic grew to a massive scale , and after having attacked the silkworms , other viruses began to infect the mulberry trees . The chemist Jean - Baptiste Dumas , French minister of agriculture , was charged with stopping the epidemic . In face of sericulturers ' call for help , he asked Louis Pasteur to study the disease , starting in 1865 . For many years , Pasteur thought that pébrine was not a contagious disease . In 1870 he changed his view , and measures were enacted that caused the disease to decline . Nevertheless , the increase in the price of silkworm cocoons and the reduction in importance of silk in the garments of the bourgeoisie in the 19th century caused the decline of the silk industry in Europe . The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and the silk shortage in France reduced the price of importing Asian silk , particularly from China and Japan . Starting from the Long Depression ( 1873 -- 1896 ) , Lyonnais silk production had become totally industrialized , and hand looms were rapidly disappearing . The 19th century saw the textile industry 's progress caused by advances in chemistry . The synthesis of aniline was used to make mauveine ( aniline purple ) dye and the synthesis of quinine was used to make indigo dye . In 1884 Count Hilaire de Chardonnet invented artificial silk and in 1891 opened a factory dedicated to the production of artificial silk ( viscose ) , which cost much less and in part replaced natural silk . A Jacquard loom . An illustration of spinning , winding , doubling and throwing machines used in silk textile production in England , 1858 . Silk , cotton and gilt - metal - strip - wrapped cotton panel , machine - woven in Scotland c. 1887 . Tulip motif is inspired by Turkish textiles . Silk in modern times ( edit ) A woman making silk in Hotan , China . Following the crisis in Europe , the modernization of sericulture in Japan made it the world 's foremost silk producer . By the early 20th century , rapidly industrializing Japan was producing as much as 60 percent of the world 's raw silk , most exports shipping through the port of Yokohama . Italy managed to rebound from the crisis , but France was unable . Urbanization in Europe saw many French and Italian agricultural workers leave silk growing for more lucrative factory work . Raw silk was imported from Japan to fill the void . Asian countries , formerly exporters of raw materials ( cocoons and raw silk ) , progressively began to export more and more finished garments . During the Second World War , silk supplies from Japan were cut off , so western countries were forced to find substitutes . Synthetic fibres such as nylon were used in products such as parachutes and stockings , replacing silk . Even after the war , silk was not able to regain many of the markets lost , though it remained an expensive luxury product . Postwar Japan , through improvements in technology and a protectionist market policy , became the world 's foremost exporter of raw silk , a position it held until the 1970s . The continued rise in importance of synthetic fibres and loosening of the protectionist economy contributed to the decline of Japan 's silk industry , and by 1975 it was no longer a net exporter of silk . With its recent economic reforms , the People 's Republic of China has become the world 's largest silk producer . In 1996 it produced 58,000 tonnes out of a world production of 81,000 , followed by India at 13,000 tonnes . Japanese production is now marginal , at only 2500 tonnes . Between 1995 and 1997 Chinese silk production went down 40 % in an effort to raise prices , reminiscent of earlier shortages . In December 2006 the General Assembly of the United Nations proclaimed 2009 to be the International Year of Natural Fibres , so as to raise the profile of silk and other natural fibres . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vainker , Shelagh ( 2004 ) . Chinese Silk : A Cultural History . Rutgers University Press . pp. 20 , 17 . ISBN 0813534461 . Jump up ^ Tang , Chi and Miao , Liangyun , `` Zhongguo Sichoushi '' ( `` History of Silks in China '' ) Archived 2007 - 11 - 23 at the Wayback Machine ... Encyclopedia of China , 1st ed . Jump up ^ `` Textile Exhibition : Introduction '' . Asian art . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : ( in French ) Charles Meyer , Des mûriers dans le jardin du mandarin , Historia , n ° 648 , December 2000 . ^ Jump up to : ( in French ) `` Soie ' '' ( § 2 . Historique ) , Encyclopédie Encarta ^ Jump up to : `` The History of Silk '' . The Silk Association of Great Britain . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Hill ( 2009 ) , `` Appendix A : Introduction of Silk Cultivation to Khotan in the 1st Century AD . '' , pp. 466 - 467 . Jump up ^ Jean - Noël Robert . `` Les relations entre le monde romain et la Chine : la tentation du Far East '' ( in French ) . clio.fr . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2007 . Retrieved May 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder , Naturalis Historia 11. xxvi. 76 ^ Jump up to : ( in French ) Histoire des techniques p. 455 Jump up ^ Plous , Estelle . `` A History of Silk Maps '' . TravelLady Magazine . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Liu ( 2010 ) , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Silk '' . Silk road Foundation . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ ( in French ) `` Histoire de la Route de la soie '' , Encyclopædia Universalis Jump up ^ ( in French ) Charles Meyer , `` Les routes de la soie : 22 siècles d'aventure '' , Historia , n ° 648 December 2000 . Jump up ^ Seneca the Younger , Declamations Vol . I . Jump up ^ Hogan , C. Michael . `` The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map : Silk Road , North China ( Northern Silk Road , North Silk Road ) Ancient Trackway '' . www.megalithic.co.uk . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Francis ( 2002 ) . The Silk Road : Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . pp. 9 , 13 -- 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24340 - 8 . Jump up ^ Cook , ( 1999 ) , 144 . Jump up ^ Strabo 11.11. 1 , 15.1. 34 . The adjective σηρικός is recorded in the 2nd century CE , found in Lucian ( De saltatione 63 ) , Cassius Dio ( 43.24 ) , Pausanias ( 6.26. 6 ) . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( in French ) Catherine Jolivet - Lévy and Jean - Pierre Sodini ( 2006 ) , `` Byzance '' , in Encyclopædia Universalis Jump up ^ ( in French ) Histoire des Techniques p. 435 ^ Jump up to : ( in French ) Anne Kraatz , Marie Risselin - Steenebrugen , Michèle Pirazzoli - t'Serstevens and Madeleine Paul - David ( 2006 ) , `` Tissus d'art '' , in Encyclopædia Universalis Jump up ^ David Jacoby , `` Silk Economics and Cross-Cultural Artistic Interaction : Byzantium , the Muslim World , and the Christian West '' , Dumbarton Oaks Papers 58 ( 2004 ) , pp. 197 - 240 . Jump up ^ Heleanor B. Feltham : Justinian and the International Silk Trade , p. 34 Jump up ^ ( in French ) Georges Ostrogorsky , Histoire de l'état byzantin , Payot , 1956 , reedited in 1977 , ISBN 2 - 228 - 07061 - 0 Jump up ^ ( in French ) Histoire des techniques p. 551 Jump up ^ Joseph Needham , Francesca Bray , Hsing - Tsung Huang , Christian Daniels , Nicholas K. Menzies , Science and Civilisation in China , Cambridge University Press , 1984 p. 72 ISBN 0 - 521 - 25076 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Xinru Liu , Silk and Religion : An Exploration of Material Life and the Thought of People AD 600 - 1200 , Oxford University Press US , 1998 . Jump up ^ ( in French ) Histoire des Techniques p. 553 ^ Jump up to : ( in French ) Histoire des Techniques p. 557 Jump up ^ Ronan ( 1994 ) , 68 , Jump up ^ ( in French ) Histoire des Techniques p. 639 Jump up ^ ( in French ) Autour du Fil , l'encyclopédie des arts textiles Jump up ^ ( in French ) Georges Duby ( ed ) , Histoire de la France : Dynasties et révolutions , de 1348 à 1852 ( vol. 2 ) , Larousse , 1999 p. 53 ISBN 2 - 03 - 505047 - 2 ^ Jump up to : ( in French ) Gérard Chauvy , `` La dure condition des forçats du luxe '' , Historia , n ° 648 , December 2000 Jump up ^ ( in French ) Guide Gallimard - Parc naturel LUBERON Jump up ^ Waters , Sarah . `` The Silk Industry in Lyon , France . '' Museum of the City . Accessed 6 October 2017 . http://www.museumofthecity.org/project/the-silk-industry-in-lyon-france/ Jump up ^ Thirsk ( 1997 ) , 120 . Jump up ^ Peter N. Stearns , William Leonard Langer The Encyclopedia of World History , Houghton Mifflin Books , 2001 p. 403 ISBN 0 - 395 - 65237 - 5 Jump up ^ ( in French ) Histoire des techniques p. 718 Jump up ^ `` Louis Pasteur , '' Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007 . Archived 2009 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ A.J.H. Latham and Heita Kawakatsu , Japanese Industrialization and the Asian Economy p. 199 Jump up ^ Reilly , Benjamin ( 2009 ) . Disaster and Human History : Case Studies in Nature , Society and Catastrophe . Jefferson N.C. : McFarland & Company Inc. p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3655 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Cocoon Strikes Back : Innovative Products Could Revive a Dying Industry '' . Japan Information Network . 2000 . Retrieved October 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Anthony H. Gaddum , `` Silk '' , Business and Industry Review , ( 2006 ) . In Encyclopædia Britannica References ( edit ) Main sources : Bertrand Gille . Histoire des techniques , Gallimard , coll . La Pléiade , 1978 ( ISBN 978 - 2 - 07 - 010881 - 7 ) ( in French ) The Encyclopédie of Diderot and d'Alembert ( in French ) Catherine Jolivet - Lévy et Jean - Pierre Sodini , `` Byzance '' , in Encyclopædia Universalis , 2006 . ( in French ) `` La Soie , 4000 ans de luxe et de volupté '' , Historia , n ° 648 , décembre 2000 . ( in French ) Ron Cherry , `` Sericulture '' , Entomological Society of America ( 2 ) Cook , Robert . Handbook of Textile Fibres Vol. 1 : Natural Fibres . Cambridge : Woodhead , 1999 . `` Silk '' , Encyclopædia Britannica `` Soie '' , Encyclopédie Encarta ( in French ) Hill , John E. ( 2009 ) Through the Jade Gate to Rome : A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty , 1st to 2nd Centuries CE . John E. Hill . BookSurge , Charleston , South Carolina . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4392 - 2134 - 1 . Anne Kraatz , Marie Risselin - Steenebrugen , Michèle Pirazzoli - t'Serstevens et Madeleine Paul - David , `` Tissus d'art '' , in Encyclopædia Universalis , 2006 . ( in French ) Liu , Xinru ( 2010 ) . The Silk Road in World History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516174 - 8 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533810 - 2 ( pbk ) . Toshiharu Furusawa , `` The history of Sericulture in Japan -- The old and innovative technique for Industry - '' , Center for Bioresource Field Science , Kyoto Institute of Technology ( pdf ) `` Métiers agricoles - Magnaniers '' , Institut supérieur de l'agroalimentaire ( 3 ) Ronan , Colin . The Shorter Science and Civilization in China . Cambridge : Cambridge University , 1994 . ( in French ) Thirsk , Joan ( 1997 ) Alternative Agriculture : A History from the Black Death to the Present Day . Oxford : Oxford University , 1997 . Further reading ( edit ) Watt , James C.Y. ; Wardwell , Anne E. ( 1997 ) . When silk was gold : Central Asian and Chinese textiles . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 0870998250 . External links ( edit ) China National Silk Museum , Hangzhou , China ( 中国丝绸博物馆 ) http://en.chinasilkmuseum.com/ `` Sericulture in Asia : Yesterday , today , tomorrow '' , Asia and Pacific Network Silk General History of silk Magnanery Sericulture Silk Road Silk waste Types Ahimsa silk Assam silk Atlas silk Byzantine silk Eri silk Japanese silk Lao silk Mysore silk Rajshahi silk Thai silk Tussar silk Wild silk Industries Silk in the Indian subcontinent Silk industry in China Silk industry of Cheshire Products Saree Tenun Pahang Diraja Silkworm Andy Cohen Tim Midgett Matt Kadane Michael Dahlquist Joel RL Phelps Full - lengths L'ajre ( 1992 ) In The West ( 1994 ) Libertine ( 1994 ) Firewater ( 1996 ) Developer ( 1997 ) Blueblood ( 1998 ) Lifestyle ( 2000 ) Italian Platinum ( 2002 ) It 'll Be Cool ( 2004 ) EPs His Absence Is A Blessing EP ( 1993 ) The Marco Collins Session EP ( 1995 ) You Are Dignified EP ( 2003 ) Chokes ! EP ( 2006 ) Other albums Even A Blind Chicken Finds A Kernel of Corn Now And Then : 1990 - 1994 ( 1998 ) Related bands Bottomless Pit The Crust Brothers Joel RL Phelps and the Downer Trio Textile arts Fundamentals Applique Beadwork Crochet Dyeing Embroidery Fabric Felting Fiber Knitting Lace Macramé Nålebinding Needlework Patchwork Passementerie Plying Quilting Rope Rug making Sewing Stitch Textile printing Weaving Yarn History of ... Byzantine silk Clothing and textiles Silk Quilting Silk in the Indian subcontinent Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods Textiles in the Industrial Revolution Modern Industrial Textile Production Timeline of textile technology Regional and ethnic African Andean Australian Aboriginal Hmong Indigenous peoples of the Americas Korean Māori Mapuche Maya Mexican Navajo Oaxacan Related Blocking Fiber art Mathematics and fiber arts Manufacturing Preservation Recycling Textile industry Textile museums Units of measurement Wearable fiber art Glossaries Dyeing terms Sewing terms Textile terms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_silk&oldid=821648702 '' Categories : Silk Silk production History of the textile industry History of international trade History of Asian clothing Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with French - language external links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with attributed pull quotes All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 19 : 57 . 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35310752536105030	So You Think You Can Dance (U.S. TV series)	So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search So You Think You Can Dance Created by Simon Fuller Nigel Lythgoe Developed by Simon Fuller Directed by Matthew Diamond Nigel Lythgoe Presented by Lauren Sánchez ( 2005 ) Cat Deeley ( 2006 -- ) Judges Nigel Lythgoe Mary Murphy ( 2007 -- 09 , 2011 -- 14 , 2017 -- ) Adam Shankman ( 2009 -- 10 ) Mia Michaels ( 2010 ) Paula Abdul ( 2015 -- 16 ) Jason Derulo ( 2015 -- 16 ) Maddie Ziegler ( 2016 ) Vanessa Hudgens ( 2017 -- ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 14 No. of episodes 267 Production Executive producer ( s ) Barry Adelman Simon Fuller Nigel Lythgoe Allen Shapiro ( 2005 -- 06 ) Production company ( s ) 19 Entertainment Dick Clark Productions Conrad Sewell Productions Release Original network Fox Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) HDTV 720p Original release July 20 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 20 ) -- present External links Website www.fox.com/dance So You Think You Can Dance is an American televised dance competition show that airs on Fox in the United States and is the flagship series of the international So You Think You Can Dance television franchise . It was created by American Idol producers Simon Fuller and Nigel Lythgoe and is produced by 19 Entertainment , Dick Clark Productions , and Conrad Sewell Productions . The series premiered on July 20 , 2005 with over ten million viewers and ended the summer season as the top - rated show on television . The first season was hosted by American news personality Lauren Sánchez . Since the second season , it has been hosted by former British children 's television personality and game show emcee Cat Deeley . During its second season , the program remained the No. 1 rated summer show ( adults aged 18 -- 49 ) , but it has declined in ratings since . The show features a tiered format wherein dancers trained in a variety of dance genres enter open auditions held in a number of major U.S. cities to showcase their talents and may move forward through successive additional rounds of auditions to test their ability to adapt to different styles . At the end of this process , a small number of dancers are chosen as finalists . These dancers move on to the competition 's main phase , where they perform solo , duet , and group dance numbers on live television , attempting to master a diverse selection of dance styles , including classical , contemporary , ballroom , hip - hop , street , club , jazz , and musical theatre styles , among others . They compete for the votes of the broadcast viewing audience which , combined with the input of a panel of judges , determines which dancers advance to the next stage from week to week . So You Think You Can Dance has won seven Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Choreography and a total of nine Emmy Awards altogether . Licensed variations of the show , produced for broadcast markets in other nations , began airing in August 2005 , and dozens of localized adaptations of the show have been produced since , airing in 37 countries to date . On January 30 , 2017 , Fox renewed the series for a fourteenth season , which premiered on June 12 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Show format 1.1 Open auditions 1.2 Callbacks 1.3 Finalist selection and showcase episode 1.4 Finalist Stage 1.5 Judges 1.6 Overview of format and presentation by season 2 Dance styles and choreographers 2.1 Classical styles 2.2 Street and club styles 2.3 Ballroom styles 2.4 Jazz , Broadway , and musical theater styles 2.5 American social styles 2.6 Regional / traditional styles 3 Seasons 3.1 Grand Finalists 3.2 Season 1 3.3 Season 2 3.4 Season 3 3.5 Season 4 3.6 Season 5 3.7 Season 6 3.8 Season 7 3.9 Season 8 3.10 Season 9 3.11 Season 10 3.12 Season 11 3.13 Season 12 3.14 Season 13 3.15 Season 14 4 Special shows 5 Ratings 6 Influence and international franchise 7 Awards and nominations 7.1 Emmy Awards 7.2 Teen Choice Awards 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Show format ( edit ) A typical season of So You Think You Can Dance is divided between a selection process , during which expert judges select competitors from a wide pool of applicant dancers , and a competition phase , during which these ' finalists ' ( more typically referred to as the ' Top 20 ' ) compete for votes from home viewers . Though it is produced over the course of months , the selection phase is highly edited and usually constitutes only the first 2 -- 4 weeks of aired episodes , with the competition episodes forming the remaining 8 -- 9 weeks of the season . Open auditions ( edit ) Nigel Lythgoe is co-creator of the So You Think You Can Dance franchise , and has been executive producer and permanent member of the judge 's panel of the U.S. and U.K. productions for their entire runs . The open auditions , the first stage in determining a seasons finalists , take place in 5 -- 6 major U.S. cities each season and are typically open to anyone aged 18 -- 30 at the time of their audition . The cities where auditions are held change from season to season but some , such as Los Angeles and New York , have featured in most seasons . During this stage , dancers perform a brief routine ( typically a solo , but duet and group routines are allowed as well ) before a panel of dance experts , usually headed by series creator and executive producer Nigel Lythgoe . This panel then decides on - the - spot whether the dancer demonstrated enough ability and performance value to proceed further . If the dancer exhibited exceptional ability in their performance , judges award `` a ticket to Vegas '' ( or in more recent seasons `` a ticket to the Academy '' ) , moving them instantly one step forward in the competition . Alternatively , if judges are on the fence about the dancer , they may ask the contestant to wait until the end of that day 's auditions to participate in a short test of their ability to pick up professional choreography . Callbacks ( edit ) The second stage of the selection process is referred to as `` the callbacks '' ( the round has often been held in the city of Las Vegas and also been known as `` Vegas Week '' for much of the show 's run , but has been called Academy Week since season 13 ) . The callbacks consist of a several - day - long process in which the remaining hopefuls are tested for overall well - rounded dance ability , stamina , creativity and their ability to perform under pressure . The dancers are put through a battery of rounds that test their ability to pick up various dance styles ; these are typically some of the more well - represented genres that are later prominent in the competition phase , such as hip - hop , jazz , ballroom , and contemporary . Additionally the dancers may be asked to perform further solos in styles of their choosing and participate in a group choreography round in which small teams of contestants must display their musicality and ability to communicate professionally by choreographing a performance to a randomly selected piece of music -- this challenge is notable as being the only time competitors are asked to choreograph themselves , aside from solos . The Callbacks are often collectively portrayed as one of the most exhausting and stressful stages of the competition ; each successive round sees cuts in which a significant portion of the remaining dancers are eliminated from competition and dancers are given a limited amount of time to adapt to styles they are sometimes wholly unfamiliar with while being physically taxed by the rapid progression of rounds and a limited amount of rest . At the end of this process , usually less than 40 competitors remain in a pool that final contestants are chosen from . Most seasons have featured 20 top finalists for the competition portion of the show , but Season One was represented by a Top 16 , Season Seven saw a Top 11 , and Season Thirteen employed a Top 10 . Finalist selection and showcase episode ( edit ) Following Vegas Week -- - which has , through video vignettes , made many of the dancers increasingly familiar to the audience as it observes their attempts to cope with the challenges of the week - -- the judge 's panel selects their finalists from the remaining dancers , breaking the good or bad news to each dancer . Since Season six , the series has also featured a showcase episode that takes place immediately before the main competition . In this episode , dancers compete for the first time on the main SYTYCD stage in Los Angeles before a live audience , dancing duet or group routines , but only in their own styles . In seasons eight through ten , the finalist announcement episode and the dancer 's showcase were combined into one episode , with groups of dancers taking to the stage for the first time immediately after they are revealed . In seasons six through nine , no dancers were in danger of elimination at this point and the first round of viewer voting and judge eliminations occurred the following week . In the slightly more compact format of the more recent seasons , the dancer showcase is often the first episode to be accompanied by viewer voting and a resulting elimination . Finalist stage ( edit ) Following the finalist selection process , the show transitions into its regular competition phase , which lasts the rest of the season . The competition stage is typically divided into 8 weeks , generally with two contestants eliminated per week . Dancers are paired - up into male - female couples that will sometimes stay paired for half of the remaining competition if neither is eliminated . These couples perform 1 -- 2 duets per week in randomly selected styles . These duets , as with all non-solo performances at this stage in the competition , are choreographed by professional choreographers . Prior to most duet performances , a video packet of clips of the couple preparing to perform the routine is shown ; these packets are intended not only to demonstrate the couple 's efforts to master the routine , but also to give glimpses of the personalities of the dancers as well as to allow the choreographer to give insight as to the thematic , narrative , and artistic intentions of the piece . Following each duet performance , the week 's panel of judges gives critical feedback , often emphasizing the two key areas of technique and performance value . Duets and their accompanying video packets and critiques typically take up the majority of a competition show but may also be supplemented by solos or group numbers . Each competition show ends with a quick recap of the night 's routines accompanied by voting prompts -- traditionally by phone , but increasingly through online voting processes . Performance shows typically last around two hours , commercials included . In seasons 2 - 8 the show 's weekly format was split between two episodes , a performance episode , as described above , and a results show which reveals the outcome of the at - home - viewer voting . Results shows typically aired on the night immediately following that of the performance show of the same week and usually opened with a group routine from the remaining contestants . The main purpose of this show was to determine which of the dancers are eliminated that week , but these episodes generally also featured guest dance performances or guest musical acts , and sometimes further video packets that provide insight on the dancers and their journey on the show . More recent seasons have moved to a one - show - per - week format , combining elements that used to be found in both varieties of show . Regardless of how many shows air per week , a `` bottom three '' couples ( those that garnered the fewest votes from viewers -- in some seasons it is a bottom three of individual dancers rather than couples ) are typically revealed weekly at this stage in the competition . Each of these dancers are then in danger of elimination and must perform a solo for the judges as their last effort to impress and stay in the competition . The judges then retire briefly ( typically during the night 's headlining musical guest performance ) to determine which man and woman ( which are not necessarily from the same couple ) will leave the competition . The eliminated dancers are then announced and given a brief send - off via a video montage . On very rare occasions , the judges have been unwilling to send any of the bottom dancers home on the merits of their performances that week amd have abstained from making an elimination and instead allowed all competitors to proceed to the next week ( often to be followed by a double elimination the following week ) . Since Season 7 , dancers have also been routinely paired with `` All Stars '' , returning dancers from previous seasons who partner with the contestant dancers , but are not themselves competing . The total number of hours shown in a given week during the performance phase of the competition has varied from two to four hours . In season one there was no results show and the dancers ' eliminations were pre-recorded the week they occurred and then broadcast at the beginning of the next week 's episode . Seasons 9 - 14 have also utilized one show per week , but with votes from the previous week being revealed later in the show . Voting has varied by season ( and often within seasons ) with regard to whether the voter selected individuals or couples . There has also been variability in how long couples are kept together and how the at - home - viewer votes are balanced against judge decisions , though ultimately at some point in every season , the judges give up their power to save dancers at this point , and eliminations are determined exclusively by viewer votes , with judges serving in only an advisory capacity . Each season undergoes one final format shake - up in its last week , which typically takes place when the show reaches a Top 4 . In the final performance show , the remaining dancers typically each dance duets with all of their remaining fellow finalists as well as perform solos and participate in group numbers . The following night 's season finale episode is often the most elaborately produced show of a season and features the last performances of the competitors , encore performances of many of the season 's most acclaimed routines , guest dancers ( including returning past season competitors and cast - members from other international versions of the franchise ) , musical performances and multiple video packets chronicling the course of the season 's events , all culminating in the announcement of the winner of the competition , as decided by the previous night 's vote . Some seasons have featured a singular winner , while others have allowed for a male and female winner . Following the closure of the season , the Top Ten dancers often go on tour for several months , performing hit routines from the season amongst other performances . Judges ( edit ) The judging panel has also varied considerably in size and composition over the run of the series . Typically a season has 2 -- 3 permanent judges with an additional 1 -- 2 guest judges for most episodes , with the panel ballooning up to six to nine members for Vegas Week and the finale . Executive producer Nigel Lythgoe is the only permanent judge on the panel for all of the seasons . Other permanent judges have included ballroom specialist Mary Murphy , film director and choreographer Adam Shankman and contemporary choreographer Mia Michaels . Guest judge positions are typically filled by choreographers who work regularly on the show -- though choreographers will never develop routines for an episode on which they judge -- who in rare cases may also be former contestants themselves , and by iconic names from the entertainment industry . Guest judges for the show have included : Debbie Allen , Christina Applegate , Robin Antin , Toni Basil , Cicely Bradley , Kristin Chenoweth , Alex Da Silva , Ellen DeGeneres , Tyce Diorio , Joey Dowling , Napoleon and Tabitha D'umo , Carmen Electra , Brian Friedman , Jean - Marc Généreux , Jason Gilkison , Neil Patrick Harris , Hi - Hat , Katie Holmes , Dan Karaty , Lady Gaga , Carly Rae Jepsen , Lil ' C , Rob Marshall , Mandy Moore , Megan Mullally , Kenny Ortega , Toni Redpath , Debbie Reynolds , Wade Robson , Doriana Sanchez , Shane Sparks , Sonya Tayeh , Olisa Thompson , Stacey Tookey , Jesse Tyler Ferguson , and Travis Wall . In earlier seasons , the judges decided on eliminations until around week five of the competitive phase of the show , but in seasons seven through nine the judges decided the eliminations until week seven . Beginning with the twelfth season , Paula Abdul and Jason Derulo joined Lythgoe as permanent judges . For the thirteenth season , 13 - year - old dancer Maddie Ziegler joined the panel as a fourth judge . Season Fourteen has seen the departure of Abdul , Derulo , and Ziegler from their season - long positions of the judges panel , but introduction of Vanessa Hudgens and the return of Mary Murphy to her seat . Overview of format and presentation by season ( edit ) Season Dates Host Permanent judges Separate results show ? Dancer showcase episode ? † Number of finalists in first live show Number of contestants eliminated per week Number of contestants remaining in finale No. of winners All - Stars included in format ? Point at which judge eliminations end Voting for individual dancers starting with Summer 2005 ( July -- October ) Lauren Sánchez Nigel Lythgoe No No 16 No Top 8 Top 8 Summer 2006 ( May -- August ) Cat Deeley Yes No 20 No Top 10 Top 10 Summer 2007 ( May -- August ) Nigel Lythgoe Mary Murphy Yes No 20 No Top 10 Top 10 Summer 2008 ( May -- August ) Yes No 20 No Top 10 Top 10 5 Summer 2009 ( May -- August ) Yes No 20 No Top 10 Top 10 6 Fall 2009 ( September -- December ) Nigel Lythgoe Mary Murphy Adam Shankman Yes Yes 20 6 No Top 10 Top 10 7 Summer 2010 ( May -- August ) Nigel Lythgoe Adam Shankman Mia Michaels Yes Yes 11 1 * Yes Top 4 Top 11 8 Summer 2011 ( May -- August ) Nigel Lythgoe Mary Murphy Yes Yes ‡ 20 2 * Yes Top 6 Top 10 9 Summer 2012 ( May -- September ) No Yes ‡ 20 2 * Yes Top 6 Top 20 10 Summer 2013 ( May -- September ) No Yes ‡ 20 Yes Top 6 Top 20 11 Summer 2014 ( May -- September ) No Yes 20 Yes Top 10 Top 20 12 Summer 2015 ( June -- September ) Nigel Lythgoe Paula Abdul Jason Derulo No Yes 20 2 ⁂ Yes Top 14 Top 20 13 ° Summer 2016 ( May -- September ) Nigel Lythgoe Paula Abdul Jason Derulo Maddie Ziegler No Yes 10 1 * * Yes Top 8 Top 10 14 Summer 2017 ( June -- September ) Nigel Lythgoe Mary Murphy Vanessa Hudgens No No 10 Yes Top 6 Top 10 † From its inception in season 6 and through season 10 , the dancer showcase episode represented a non-competitive round with no viewer voting or subsequent eliminations , followed the next week by the first competitive round . In season 11 it was the first episode of the season upon which viewers voted . ‡ For seasons 8 - 10 , the dancer showcase episode was combined with the Top 20 reveal episode , with groups of the dancers performing immediately after being revealed as finalists . * In both seasons 7 and 8 , the judges decided not to eliminate any dancers on the occasion of one results show ; in both cases this event was followed by the elimination of double the normal amount of contestants the following week . Similarly , for format reasons , season 9 featured two shows with double eliminations , with four dancers eliminated instead of two for each of these shows . ⁂ Unlike all previous seasons , season 12 featured the elimination of one `` street '' dancer and one `` stage '' dancer each week , as opposed to one female and one male contestant ( as in all previous seasons which eliminated two dancers per week ) . ° Season 13 ( during which the show was subtitled ' The Next Generation ' ) featured competitors between the ages of 9 ( or as young as 8 at time of application ) and 14 . * * In season 13 , the judges held the audition rounds , but the all - stars , rather than the judges , made the eliminations during Academy week to choose the top 10 . After this , in episodes 7 and 8 , from the two contestants with the lowest viewer votes , the judges made the elimination . In episode 9 , the two contestants with the lowest viewer votes were both eliminated , and in episodes 10 and 11 , the contestant with the lowest viewer votes was eliminated . Dance styles and choreographers ( edit ) Over the course of its eleven seasons , So You Think You Can Dance has featured dozens of distinct dance styles in its choreographed routines . Most of these styles fall into four categories that are regularly showcased and can be found in almost every performance episode : western contemporary / classical styles , ballroom styles , hip - hop / street styles , and Jazz and its related styles . Various other forms of dance that do not especially fall into these broad categories are seen as well , but not as regularly . The following styles have all been seen in a choreographed duet or group routine ; styles featured only in auditions or solos are not listed . Classical styles ( edit ) Routines from the classically derived style of contemporary dance are the most common dances seen on the show , being seen in every performance episode of the series ( and typically at least twice per episode ) . While contemporary , lyrical , and modern dance are typically considered three separate ( if overlapping ) styles , the practice on So You Think You Can Dance has been to refer to all routines in this area as `` contemporary '' , except in the first season where the label `` lyrical '' was used for the same purpose . Ballet routines occur much more rarely , at a rate of one or two per season since their introduction in the fourth season . Genre Styles Western Classical styles Contemporary , Lyrical , Modern , Ballet / Pas de Deux Choreographers Dee Caspary , Tessandra Chavez , Tyce Diorio , Joey Dowling , Justin Giles , Mandy Moore , Mia Michaels , Dwight Rhoden , Desmond Richardson , Garry Stewart , Sonya Tayeh , Stacey Tookey , Travis Wall , Tovaris Wilson , Keith Young , Lindsay Nelko Street and club styles ( edit ) Hip - hop routines are also present in every performance episode . While these routines frequently feature elements from many different subgenres of hip - hop ( locking and popping , for example ) and various `` street '' styles ( such as breaking ) , they are typically all labelled under the umbrella term of hip - hop . An exception is the now frequently featured lyrical hip - hop , which is unique amongst all the styles on SYTYCD in that it is the only one that is held to have become a known distinct style at least in - part as a result of the show ; the style is widely attributed to regular show choreographers Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo and the term itself to judge Adam Shankman . These two broad categories are occasionally supplemented by krump routines , which have been featured a few times a season since their introduction in season 2 . Additionally the styles of breakdancing ( in the sense of a full breaking routine as opposed to a hip - hop routine with a few breaking tricks ) , waacking , and stepping have all been featured in exactly one routine . In Season 12 , there are more street style dances because of the season 's new format where there are 10 street dancers which do only street styles . Genre Styles Street and Contemporary Club Styles Hip - hop ( umbrella term for all Popping , Locking , and New Style / Commercial Hip - Hop styles ) , Lyrical Hip - hop , Breaking / B - boying , Krump , Stepping , Waacking Choreographers Cicely Bradley , Luther Brown , Tessandra Chavez , Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo , Dan Karaty , Marty Kudelka , Lil ' C , Chuck Maldonado , Todd Sams , Christopher Scott , Dave Scott , Shane Sparks , Jamal Sims , Olisa Thompson , Dana Wilson , Pharside and Phoenix , Luam . Ballroom styles ( edit ) Ballroom styles are also seen regularly in every performance episode ; these dances may be traditional European - derived styles or Latin - American styles or a mix of the two . Genre Styles Standard or Smooth Ballroom styles Foxtrot , Tango , Argentine Tango , Quickstep , Waltz ( including Smooth Waltz , Slow Waltz , American Slow Waltz , and Viennese Waltz variants ) Latin / Rhythm Ballroom styles Cha - Cha - Cha , Jive , American Jive , Mambo , Paso Doble , Rumba , Salsa , Street Salsa , Samba , African Samba Choreographers Mark Ballas , Leonardo Barrionuevo , Dmitry Chaplin , Valentin Chmerkovskiy , Alex Da Silva , Sasha Farber , Anya Garnis , Jean - Marc Généreux , Jason Gilkison , Hunter Johnson , Pasha Kovalev , Melanie LaPatin , Miriam Larici , Liz Lira , Michael Mead , Tony Meredith , Tomas Mielnicki , Ron Montez , France Mousseau , Mary Murphy , Jonathan Platero , Oksana Platero , Toni Redpath , Jonathan Roberts , Fabian Sanchez , Edward Simon , Emma Slater , Heather Smith , J.T. Thomas , Louis Van Amstel , Gustavo Vargas , Glenn Weiss Jazz , Broadway , and musical Theater styles ( edit ) Jazz is featured in nearly all performance episodes . While these routines are typically labelled simply `` Jazz '' , the genre is notable as being one of the most fusional featured on the show and various style combinations and sub-categories have been referenced . Descended from Jazz but treated as a separate genre on SYTYCD , `` Broadway '' is analogous to the label `` Musical Theater '' outside the U.S. Genre Styles Jazz Styles Jazz , Contemporary Jazz , Modern Jazz , Lyrical Jazz , African Jazz , Jazz - Funk , Latin Jazz , Pop - Jazz / Pop Broadway / Musical Theatre Styles Broadway , Burlesque , Can - Can , Tap Choreographers Andy Blankenbuehler , Sean Cheesman , Tyce Diorio , Brian Friedman , Laurie Ann Gibson , Derick K. Grant , Charles Klapow , Ray Leeper , Spencer Liff , Mandy Moore , Anthony Morigerato , Amanda Robson , Wade Robson , Sonya Tayeh , Savion Glover American social styles ( edit ) These dance styles are featured less frequently than their ballroom relatives , but have been seen intermittently since the first season . Genre Styles American Social / Traditional Club Styles Charleston , Country - Western Two - Step , Disco , Go - Go , Hustle , Lindy Hop , Rock n ' Roll , Swing , West Coast Swing Choreographers Ronnie DeBenedetta , Carla Heiney , Brandi Tobais , Travis Payne , Doriana Sanchez , Benji Schwimmer , Kristen Sorci , Maria Torres , Nick Williams Regional / traditional styles ( edit ) In addition to the broad categories above , many more styles that are less common in the U.S. are sometimes featured . Most of these are seen only once , but the Bollywood style has been featured several times per season since the fourth season . Genre Styles Regional / Traditional Styles Bollywood , African , Capoeira , Kalinka , Malevos , Tahitian , Tropak Choreographers Lilia Babenko , Leonardo Barrionuevo , Nakul Dev Mahajan , Miriam Larici , Tiana Liufau , Youri Nelzine . Seasons ( edit ) Main article : List of So You Think You Can Dance finalists Grand Finalists ( edit ) Season Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Fifth place Sixth place Nick Lazzarini ( Contemporary Jazz ) Melody Lacayanga ( Contemporary ) Jamile McGee ( Popping ) Ashlé Dawson ( Jazz ) Benji Schwimmer ( Swing / Latin ) Travis Wall ( Contemporary ) Donyelle Jones ( Jazz / Hip - Hop ) Heidi Groskreutz ( Ballroom ) Sabra Johnson ( Contemporary ) Danny Tidwell ( Contemporary ) Neil Haskell ( Contemporary ) Lacey Schwimmer ( Swing / Latin ) Joshua Allen ( Hip - Hop ) Stephen `` Twitch '' Boss ( Hip - Hop ) Katee Shean ( Contemporary ) Courtney Galiano ( Contemporary ) 5 Jeanine Mason ( Contemporary ) Brandon Bryant ( Contemporary ) Evan Kasprzak ( Broadway ) Kayla Radomski ( Contemporary ) 6 Russell Ferguson ( Krump ) Jakob Karr ( Contemporary ) Kathryn McCormick ( Contemporary ) Ellenore Scott ( Jazz ) Ashleigh Di Lello ( Ballroom ) Ryan Di Lello ( Ballroom ) 7 Lauren Froderman ( Contemporary ) Kent Boyd ( Contemporary Jazz ) Robert Roldan ( Contemporary Jazz ) 8 Melanie Moore ( Contemporary ) Sasha Mallory ( African Jazz ) Marko Germar ( Contemporary Jazz ) Tadd Gadduang ( Breakdance ) Female winner Male winner Female runner - up Male runner - up 9 Eliana Girard ( Ballet ) Chehon Wespi - Tschopp ( Ballet ) Tiffany Maher ( Jazz ) Cyrus `` Glitch '' Spencer ( Popping / Animation ) 10 Amy Yakima ( Jazz ) Du - Shaunt `` Fik - Shun '' Stegall ( Hip - Hop ) Jasmine Harper ( Contemporary ) Aaron Turner ( Tap ) Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place 11 Ricky Ubeda ( Contemporary ) Valerie Rockey ( Tap ) Jessica Richens ( Jazz ) Zack Everhart , Jr . ( Tap ) 12 Gaby Diaz ( Tap ) Jaja Vaňková ( Animation / Krump ) Virgil Gadson ( Hip - Hop ) Hailee Payne ( Jazz ) 13 Leon `` Kida '' Burns ( Hip - Hop ) J.T. Church ( Jazz ) Tate McRae ( Contemporary / Ballet ) Emma Hellenkamp ( Tap ) 14 Lex Ishimoto ( Contemporary Hip - Hop ) Koine Iwasaki ( Contemporary ) Taylor Sieve ( Contemporary ) Kiki Nyemchek ( Latin Ballroom ) Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 1 ) Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 2 ) The second season premiered on May 12 , 2006 . The top 20 finalists were revealed on June 8 , and the winner , Benjamin Schwimmer , was named `` America 's Favorite Dancer '' on August 16 , 2006 after 16 million votes were collected for the season finale . Travis Wall was the first runner - up , and Donyelle Jones was named second runner - up . There were several changes to the show 's format in the second season . This season was the first to feature two episodes per week , splitting the bulk of the performances and the voting results segments between two nights . New styles of dance were also introduced , and the winning prize was increased from US $100,000 to $250,000 and also included a new car and a one - year contract to perform in a Céline Dion show then performing Las Vegas . The season was also the first followed by a live tour for the top ten dancers . Season 3 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 3 ) Open auditions for season 3 began early October 2006 , held in New York City , Chicago , Los Angeles , and Atlanta . Like the previous season , those that made the cuts moved on to Las Vegas . The taped auditions premiered on the Fox on May 24 , 2007 , and the subsequent shows were taped and broadcast live for a 12 - week season . Cat Deeley returned as host , and Nigel Lythgoe returned as permanent judge . Joining Lythgoe permanently at the judging table was Mary Murphy ; her promotion was reported by TV Guide on March 8 , 2007 . The prize for the winner remained at $250,000 cash . On the performance finale show ( August 16 , 2007 ) , Sabra Johnson was named `` America 's Favorite Dancer , '' while Danny Tidwell ( brother of season 2 runner - up Travis Wall ) was runner - up . Season 4 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 4 ) Auditions for Season 4 began in Texas on January 17 and took place in six locations through March 2008 . The show kicked off its two - hour season premiere on May 22 , 2008 . Cat Deeley returned as host and Nigel Lythgoe and Mary Murphy as permanent judges . This season saw the introduction of new dance styles , including Bollywood , and new choreographers , including hip - hop duo Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo . The prize for the winner was again $250,000 cash and the title of `` America 's Favorite Dancer '' and additionally included an offer for a role in the dance film Step Up 3D . In the finale , viewers voted Joshua Allen as the overall winner , while Katee Shean was voted the top female dancer and was given a previously unannounced award of $50,000 . Season 5 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 5 ) Auditions for Season 5 kicked off in New York City on November 13 , 2008 and continued on to Miami , Los Angeles , Denver , Memphis , and Seattle . The premiere aired on May 21 , 2009 . Louis van Amstel joined the show 's cast of choreographers and Shane Sparks returned to choreograph while on break from America 's Best Dance Crew . The prize for the winner was once again $250,000 cash , the chance to be on the November 2009 issue cover of Dance Spirit Magazine , and the title of `` America 's Favorite Dancer . '' On August 6 , 2009 ( the finale ) , Jeanine Mason was given the title . Season 6 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 6 ) After a low - rated special episode of Dance featuring Lythgoe presenting his and viewer 's favorite dance routines from seasons 1 -- 5 , the sixth season of Dance , premiered on Wednesday , September 9 , 2009 . Auditions were held in Boston , Atlanta , Los Angeles , New Orleans , Phoenix , and Salt Lake City . Adam Shankman joined as the permanent judge for the first time this season . The winner was Russell Ferguson and the runner - up was Jakob Karr . Season 7 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 7 ) Auditions began in Miami , Florida , on January 18 , 2010 , continuing through New York , Dallas , Nashville , and Chicago , ending in Los Angeles on March 26 . The season premiered on May 27 , 2010 . This season introduced significant format changes to the show , with a Top 11 dancers instead of the traditional Top 20 and `` All - Stars '' , contestants from previous seasons who returned to partner with the Top 11 for a portion of their routines . Lauren Froderman won this season with Kent Boyd as runner - up . Season 8 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 8 ) Auditions started October 13 , 2010 in Oakland , California and continued through November 15 in Brooklyn , New York . The premiere aired on May 26 , 2011 . This season began a new version of the `` All - Star '' format in which the All - Stars did n't come in until the top 10 . The show returned to a top 20 with couples . This season also marks the first time that the public can cast votes online , in addition to calling in , with a limit of 50 votes per viewer . On August 11 , 2011 , Melanie Moore won season 8 , and Sasha Mallory was named the runner - up . Together they received 79 % of the 11.5 million votes . Season 9 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 9 ) The ninth season premiered on May 24 , 2012 . Fox discontinued the results show . The two winners selected on September 18 , 2012 were Eliana Girard and Chehon Wespi - Tschopp . Season 10 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 10 ) Season 10 premiered on May 14 , 2013 , in its new Tuesdays at 8 p.m. time slot . The two - part premiere concluded on May 15 , 2013 at 9 p.m. , after the finale of American Idol season 12 . On September 10 , 2013 , Amy Yakima and Du - Shaunt ' Fik - Shun ' Stegall were named the season 10 winners , becoming the first contestants to take the top two positions who had been a couple at the beginning of the live show competition . No music artists or special dance performers appeared on this season except for All - Stars who were former contestants . Season 11 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 11 ) The eleventh season premiered on Wednesday , May 28 , 2014 . The season finale aired on Wednesday , September 3 , 2014 . Contemporary dancer Ricky Ubeda was the winner of the season with Tap dancer Valerie Rockey finishing as the runner - up . Season 12 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 12 ) The twelfth season of the show divided contestants into two equally sized teams , one representing `` stage '' dancers and the other `` street '' styles , with one contestant eliminated from each team weekly until the finale . Auditions began on January 24 , 2015 and took place in five major American cities . Season 12 premiered on Monday , June 1 . Tap dancer Gaby Diaz was the winner of the season , becoming the first tap dancer to win So You Think You Can Dance . Animation dancer Jaja Vankova finished as the runner - up . Season 13 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation ( U.S. TV series ) The thirteenth season of the series premiered on May 30 , 2016 , titled So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation . The season features young dancers between the ages of 8 and 13 ( at their date of application ) . After auditions , during Dance Academy episodes , 10 All - Stars eliminated competitors until each selected one contestant to mentor and partner with in performances during the live episodes . One or more finalists were eliminated each week beginning July 18 , 2016 . 13 - year - old dancer Maddie Ziegler observed the Academy episodes and joined the judging panel for the live shows ( also observing and commenting on rehearsals ) , together with continuing judges Abdul , Derulo and Lythgoe , the three of whom conducted the auditions . Leon `` Kida '' Burns won the top prize of $250,000 . J.T. Church was the runner - up . Season 14 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 14 ) On January 30 , 2017 , Fox renewed the series for a fourteenth season , which returned to its former contestant age range of 18 - 30 but keeps the All - Star partnerships . The season premiered on June 12 , 2017 . Contemporary dancer Lex Ishimoto was the winner of the season with contemporary dance Koine Iwasaki finishing as the runner - up and female winner , becoming the first Asian - Americans to take the top two positions of So You Think You Can Dance . Special shows ( edit ) On September 2 , 2009 , as prelude to season 6 , a special show aired featuring judge picks for the top 15 routines from the first five seasons . At the end of the show , show creator and judge Nigel Lythgoe presented his favorite performance , a contemporary piece choreographed by Tyce Diorio and performed by Melissa Sandvig and Ade Obayomi . In March 2014 , Chinese television station CCTV broadcast a promotional episode in which notable all - star dancers from the U.S. and Chinese versions of So You Think You Can Dance competed directly against one - another as teams . Titled Zhōngměi Wǔ Lín Guànjūn Duìkàngsài - Super Dancer Born Tonight , the show was shot in Las Vegas but never aired on U.S. television . Ratings ( edit ) So You Think You Can Dance premiered with over 10 million viewers in 2005 . For Season 1 , it was the No. 1 summer show on television . However , when NBC 's America 's Got Talent premiered in the summer of 2006 , it took the title of `` # 1 summer show '' and , over the following few years , broadened its lead . In summer 2009 , SYTYCD premiered strong with a 3.4 rating in its target demographic , although with the start of America 's Got Talent roughly a month later in the same timeslot , Dance fell to No. 4 on the ratings board . It continued to lose viewers throughout the summer of 2009 and ended up with an average of approximately 8 million viewers . Fox then moved SYTYCD to its fall 2009 schedule where its ratings continued to decline ; hitting an all - time series low of 4.6 million viewers for a `` special '' episode hosted by Nigel Lythgoe on September 2 , 2009 . The move to the fall was short - lived . After dropping to an average of 6 million viewers , Fox moved SYTYCD back to the summer in 2010 . With Mia Michaels replacing Mary Murphy and former contestants termed as `` All - Stars '' being used as partners , the ratings for Dance continued to slide to all - time series lows ; dropping to just 5.6 million viewers on July 15 , 2010 . For Season 7 , So You Think You Can Dance averaged just over 5 million viewers . After season 7 , Mia Michaels was replaced on the judge 's panel by returning personality Mary Murphy . The change appeared to have little effect on the ratings , and the show continued to average just over five million viewers per episode in 2011 's season 8 . Season 9 saw a slight uptick in ratings early on , with each of the season 's first five episodes garnering between six and seven million viewers , but the rise was short - lived and the show 's ratings hit a new low of 4.16 million viewers on August 29 , 2012 . Season 10 maintained similar numbers , averaging about 4 million viewers per episode in 2013 , with a 4.3 million viewership for the last episode of the season , an all - time series low for a finale . In April 2014 , Nigel Lythgoe appealed on Twitter to fans to share information about the show ahead of the 11th season 's May premiere in an attempt to augment the show 's ratings for the upcoming season and bolster its chances of renewal thereafter . The show was renewed for a 12th season , but ratings continued to decline , with an average of around 3.5 million viewers per show . FOX renewed the show for a 13th season , but with a drastically re-worked format focused on child dancers . Ratings declined further for the new version , with only five episodes breaking the 3 million viewer mark ; the finale saw a series low viewership of just 2.27 million viewers . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that `` in general '' , Dance `` is more popular in cities , though it hits peak popularity in Utah '' . Influence and international franchise ( edit ) Dance competition had been a part of American television for decades before the premiere of So You Think You Can Dance , but usually in the form of all - around talent searches , ( such as Star Search , Soul Train , or Showtime at the Apollo ) . However , a season - long American Idol - like talent - search show with a sole focus on dance had never been broadcast on American network television . Producers and judges associated with the show have stated on numerous occasions , both within the context of the show and in interviews , that the series was meant to rejuvenate the visibility and appreciation of dance as an art form in the U.S. and to give exposure to struggling dancers . Series judge Mary Murphy says , for example , `` Of course you hope you can make a living at it , because you do n't want to give up on something that you do , but the honest truth is most dancers have to carry one or two jobs and dance as much as they can on the side -- it 's a very lucky dancer who gets a full scholarship . '' A number of dance - themed competition shows have been produced for American television since the premiere of So You Think You Can Dance , including America 's Best Dance Crew , Superstars of Dance , and Live to Dance . Since the premiere of the U.S. version in Summer 2005 , localized adaptations of So You Think You Can Dance have been produced for 37 other countries . In 2009 , Lythgoe came together with fellow SYTYCD judge Adam Shankman as well as Katie Holmes , Carrie Ann Inaba , and others in the dance entertainment industry , in an effort to launch The Dizzyfeet Foundation , with the aim of providing scholarships and training to young dancers of limited means . The foundation has been referenced sporadically on the show since . In 2010 , Lythgoe , with the assistance of other SYTYCD personalities and long - time healthy lifestyles proponent Congresswoman Eleanor Holmes Norton , was successful in getting another of his dance - oriented concepts realized -- an official National Dance Day , held now annually on the last Saturday of July , to promote fitness through movement . This national dance day has been celebrated annually by the show since . Before the end of 2005 , the year the series first premiered , its format had already been licensed for the first of a number foreign adaptations . To date , the resulting So You Think You Can Dance franchise has produced 26 shows representing 37 different countries and comprising more than 80 individual seasons . These adaptations have aired in Armenia , Australia , Belgium , Canada , China , Denmark , Egypt , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Iraq , India , Israel , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Lithuania , Malaysia , Morocco , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Palestinian Territories , Poland , Portugal , Qatar , South Africa , Sudan , Sweden , Syria , Tunisia , Turkey , Ukraine , United Arab Emirates , the United Kingdom and Vietnam . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Emmy Awards ( edit ) ( hide ) Emmy Awards and nominations Year Result Category Recipient ( s ) / Choreographer ( s ) Style Music 2007 Won Outstanding Choreography Wade Robson Pop - Jazz `` Ramalama ( Bang Bang ) '' -- Róisín Murphy Mia Michaels Contemporary `` Calling You '' -- Celine Dion 2008 Won Outstanding Choreography Wade Robson Jazz Hummingbird and Flower / `` The Chairman 's Waltz '' from Memoirs of a Geisha Nominated Mandy Moore Jazz Table / `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' -- Eurythmics Nominated Shane Sparks Hip - hop Transformers / `` Fuego '' -- Pitbull Nominated Outstanding Makeup For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special ( Non-Prosthetic ) 2009 Won Outstanding Choreography Tyce Diorio Contemporary Adam and Eve / `` Silence '' from Unfaithful Nominated Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Hip - hop `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis Nominated Mia Michaels Contemporary `` Mercy '' -- Duffy Nominated Dmitry Chaplin Argentine tango `` A Los Amigos '' from Forever Tango Nominated Outstanding Makeup For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special ( Non-Prosthetic ) Won Outstanding Costumes For A Variety / Music Program Or A Special Soyon An Won Outstanding Choreography Mia Michaels Contemporary `` Koop Island Blues '' -- Koop feat Ane Brun Contemporary Addiction / `` Gravity '' -- Sara Bareilles Contemporary `` One '' from A Chorus Line Nominated Stacey Tookey Contemporary Fear / `` Two Steps Away '' -- Patti LaBelle Nominated Outstanding Makeup For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special ( Non-Prosthetic ) Won Outstanding Costumes For A Variety / Music Program Or A Special Soyon An Graine O'Sullivan 2011 Won Outstanding Choreography Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Hip - Hop `` Scars '' -- Basement Jaxx ft . Kelis , Meleka , and Chipmunk Lyrical Hip - Hop `` Fallin ' '' -- Alicia Keys Hip - Hop `` Outta Your Mind '' ( District 78 Mix ) -- Lil Jon and LMFAO Won Mia Michaels Contemporary Alice in Mia - Land / `` Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic '' -- Sting Contemporary `` When We Dance '' -- Sting Contemporary `` This Bitter Earth / On the Nature of Twilight '' -- Max Richter and Dinah Washington Nominated Mandy Moore Pop - Jazz `` Oh Yeah '' -- Yello Jazz `` Boogie Shoes '' -- KC & the Sunshine Band Contemporary `` I Surrender '' -- Celine Dion Nominated Stacey Tookey Contemporary `` Mad World '' ( Alternate Version ) -- Michael Andrews ft . Gary Jules Contemporary `` Sundrenched World '' ( Live Session ) -- Joshua Radin Contemporary `` Heaven is a Place on Earth '' -- Katie Thompson Nominated Travis Wall Contemporary `` Collide '' ( Acoustic Version ) -- Howie Day Contemporary `` How It Ends '' -- DeVotchKa Contemporary `` Fix You '' -- Coldplay Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Cat Deeley Won Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety , Music , or Comedy Series Robert Barnhart Pete Radice Patrick Boozer Matt Firestone Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Producers 2012 Nominated Outstanding Choreography Stacey Tookey Contemporary `` In This Shirt '' -- The Irrepressibles Contemporary `` Turning Tables '' -- Adele Contemporary `` Heart Asks Pleasure First '' -- Ahn Trio Nominated Christopher Scott Hip - hop `` Misty Blue '' -- Dorothy Moore Hip - hop / Contemporary `` Velocity '' -- Nathan Lanier Nominated Spencer Liff Broadway `` Whatever Lola Wants '' -- Ella Fitzgerald Broadway `` Please Mr. Jailer '' -- Rachel Sweet Broadway `` ( Where Do I Begin ) Love Story ( Away Team Remix ) '' -- Shirley Bassey Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Cat Deeley Won Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Series Robert Barnhart Matt Firestone Pete Radice Patrick Boozer Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Producers 2013 Nominated Outstanding Choreography Sonya Tayeh Contemporary `` Possibly Maybe '' -- Björk Contemporary `` Turning Page '' -- Sleeping At Last Jazz `` Sail '' -- Awolnation Nominated Mandy Moore Contemporary `` The Power of Love '' -- Celine Dion Contemporary `` Wild Horses '' -- Charlotte Martin Nominated Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Jazz / Hip - hop `` The Circle of Life / Nants Ingonyama ( District 78 Remix ) from The Lion King '' -- Ella Fitzgerald Jazz `` The Lovecats '' -- The Cure Jazz The Beautiful People ( District 78 remix ) `` -- Marilyn Manson Nominated Travis Wall Contemporary `` Where the Light Gets In '' -- Sennen Contemporary `` Without You '' -- Harry Nilsson Contemporary `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Cat Deeley Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Series Robert Barnhart Matt Firestone Pete Radice Patrick Boozer Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Producers 2014 Nominated Outstanding Choreography Christopher Scott Hip - hop `` Trigger ( Original Mix ) '' -- Kezwik ft . Mel Presson Jazz `` Sand '' -- Nathan Lanier ft . Karen Whipple Contemporary `` The Gravel Road '' from The Village ( Score from the Motion Picture ) Nominated Mandy Moore Contemporary `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' -- Mark Masri Jazz `` Feeling Good '' -- Jennifer Hudson Contemporary `` Edge of Glory ( Live from a Very Gaga Thanksgiving ) '' -- Lady Gaga Won Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Hip - hop `` Gold Rush '' -- Clinton Sparks ft. 2 Chainz , Macklemore , & D.A. Hip - Hop `` Run the World ( Girls ) ( Nappytabs Remix ) '' -- Beyoncé Hip - Hop `` Puttin ' On the Ritz '' -- Herb Alpert ft . Lani Hall Nominated Travis Wall Contemporary `` Hangin ' By a Thread '' -- Jann Arden Contemporary `` Medicine '' -- Daughter Contemporary `` Wicked Game ( Live at Kilkenny Arts Festival , Ireland 2011 ) '' -- James Vincent McMorrow Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Cat Deeley Nominated Outstanding Makeup For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special ( Non-Prosthetic ) Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Producers 2015 Won Outstanding Choreography Travis Wall Contemporary `` Wave '' -- Beck Contemporary `` When I Go '' -- Over the Rhine Contemporary `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' -- RyanDan Nominated Sonya Tayeh Contemporary `` Vow '' -- Meredith Monk Contemporary `` So Broken ( Live ) '' -- Björk Contemporary `` Europe , After The Rain '' -- Max Richter Nominated Spencer Liff Broadway `` Hernando 's Hideaway '' -- Ella Fitzgerald Broadway `` I 've Got the World on a String '' -- Frank Sinatra Broadway `` Maybe This Time '' -- Liza Minnelli Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Cat Deeley Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Series Robert Barnhart Matt Firestone Patrick Boozer Pete Radice Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling for a Multi-Camera Series Or Special Sallie Nicole Sean Smith Dean Banowetz Ralph Abalos Shawn Finch Melissa Jaqua Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Multi-Camera Series or Special Heather Cummings Marie DelPrete Amy Harmon Tyson Fountaine Adam Christopher Nominated Outstanding Reality Competiton Program Producers 2016 Nominated Outstanding Choreography Travis Wall Contemporary `` Beautiful Friends '' -- Helen Money Contemporary `` November '' -- Max Richter Contemporary `` Gimme All Your Love '' -- Alabama Shakes Nominated Anthony Morigerato Tap `` Dibidy Dop ( Swing Mix ) '' -- Club Des Belugas feat . Brenda Boykin Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Series Robert Barnhart Matt Firestone Patrick Boozer Pete Radice 2017 Won Outstanding Choreography Travis Wall Contemporary `` The Mirror '' -- Alexandre Desplat Contemporary `` Send in the Clowns '' -- Sarah Vaughan and the Count Basie Orchestra Contemporary `` She Used to be Mine '' -- Sara Bareilles Nominated Mandy Moore Contemporary `` Unsteady ( Erich Lee Gravity Remix ) '' -- X Ambassadors Contemporary `` This is Not the End '' -- Clare Maguire Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Series Robert Barnhart Matt Firestone Patrick Boozer Pete Radice As of 2017 , nine former SYTYCD contestants have been nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography . Five were nominated for their work on Dancing with the Stars : Chelsie Hightower in 2010 , Travis Wall and Nick Lazzarini in 2012 ( with Teddy Forance ) , Alison Holker in 2013 ( with Derek Hough ) , and Witney Carson in 2015 . Hokuto `` Hok '' Konishi , Ryan `` Ryanimay '' Conferido , and Dominic `` D - Trix '' Sandoval were nominated in 2016 as part of the B - boy troupe Quest Crew for their work on America 's Best Dance Crew . Dmitry Chaplin in 2009 and Travis Wall in 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , and 2017 were nominated for their work on SYTYCD , itself . The only former contestants to have won the Choreography Emmy are Konishi , Conferido , and Sandoval in 2016 and Wall in 2015 and 2017 . ^ a : Wade Robson and Mia Michaels were joint - winners along with Rob Marshall and John Deluca from Tony Bennett : An American Classic . Teen Choice Awards ( edit ) Year Result Category 2006 Won Choice TV : Breakout Show Choice Summer Series 2007 Nominated Choice Summer TV Show 2008 Nominated Choice Summer TV Show Choice TV : Reality Dance Nominated Choice Personality : Cat Deeley Choice Summer TV Show See also ( edit ) Dance portal So You Think You Can Dance franchise index and overview List of So You Think You Can Dance Finalists Dance on television Similar shows : The Ultimate Dance Battle Live to Dance / Got to Dance America 's Best Dance Crew Superstars of Dance Dance India Dance Se Ela Dança , Eu Danço References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' So You Think You Can Dance ' stays alive with Season 14 pickup from FOX '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` So You Think You Can Dance Replacing Mary Murphy with Paula Abdul , Jason Derulo '' . TV Guide . United States : tvguide.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Caitlin . `` Maddie Finally Judges So You Think You Can Dance & Offers Relatable Feedback to ' The Next Generation ' '' , Bustle.com , July 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` FOX Announces Summer Schedule , ' SYTYCD ' to Premiere in May '' . Buddytv.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived November 21 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( July 28 , 2009 ) . `` Fox Moves Up Two Fall Premieres ; Plus a Glee Video Preview '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Auditions : Get a 2nd Chance as Dance Doubles Down with Summer & Fall Shows ! Details Here '' . FOX.com . May 20 , 2009 . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Annie ( 2012 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Lythgoe : Fox axes ' So You Think You Can Dance ' results show '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` FOX Announces Finale Dates for ' Bones ' , ' The Following ' , ' New Girl ' & More + Summer Premiere Dates Including ' So You Think You Can Dance ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( April 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' So You Think You Can Dance ' & ' Toxic Office : Does Someone Have to Go ? ' Get Summer Premiere Dates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' FOX Announces Additional 2014 Spring and Summer Premiere Dates ' '' . Jump up ^ `` So You Think You Can Dance Renewed for Season 12 -- With a Twist ! '' . Jump up ^ `` So You Think You Can Dance Season 12 Hits the Road ! '' . Jump up ^ `` ' So You Think You Can Dance ' Kids Edition Confirmed '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petralia , Christine . `` So You Think You Can Dance Recap : Which Two Dancers are Eliminated ? '' , BuddyTV.com , August 1 , 2016 Jump up ^ Connolly , Kelly . `` So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation : Get your exclusive look at the first promo '' , Entertainment Weekly , April 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ Petralia , Christine . `` So You Think You Can Dance Season 13 Finale Recap : And the Winner Is ... '' , BuddyTV.com , September 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' So You Think You Can Dance ' stays alive with Season 14 pickup from FOX '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yeo , Debra ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Nigel Lythgoe asks Twitter followers to save So You Think You Can Dance '' . The Toronto Star . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Laurel ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Is ' So You Think You Can Dance ' in trouble ? Nigel Lythgoe tweets for support '' . Zap2it . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Music Examiner - ' ' Catching Up With Mary Murphy at the So You Think You Can Dance L.A. Auditions '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( July 2 , 2009 ) . `` Holmes , Lythgoe team for Dizzy Feet '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Norton Introduces Resolution to Launch Annual National Dance Day ( 7 / 13 / 2010 ) '' . Norton.house.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived June 27 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Camus , Renee ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Choreographing Couple Tabitha and Napoleon Dumo : Not Just Hip - Hop Anymore '' . Los Angeles Magazine . Retrieved September 22 , 2013 . ' That first piece we did was not hip - hop at all , ' Napoleon says about Love Cats . ' Cat ( Deeley , the host ) introduced it as hip - hop . During dress rehearsal , we made it very clear that it 's jazz - fusion . ' Jump up ^ http://www.emmys.com ; https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/22/arts/television/2013-emmy-award-nominees.html ; https://www.yahoo.com/music/quest-crew-discuss-emotional-emmy-winning-americas-best-dance-crew-routine-075116614.html External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : So You Think You Can Dance ( United States ) Official website So You Think You Can Dance episode list at TVGuide.com So You Think You Can Dance on IMDb So You Think You Can Dance at TV.com So You Think You Can Dance Arabia Armenia Australia Benelux Canada China Denmark Finland France Germany Greece India Israel Lithuania Malaysia New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Scandinavia South Africa Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Vietnam So You Think You Can Dance ( United States ) Seasons 1 ( 2005 ) 2 ( 2006 ) 3 ( 2007 ) 4 ( 2008 ) 5 ( summer 2009 ) 6 ( fall 2009 ) 7 ( 2010 ) 8 ( 2011 ) 9 ( 2012 ) 10 ( 2013 ) 11 ( 2014 ) 12 ( 2015 ) 13 ( The Next Generation ) ( 2016 ) 14 ( 2017 ) Winners Nick Lazzarini Benji Schwimmer Sabra Johnson Joshua Allen Jeanine Mason Russell Ferguson Lauren Froderman Melanie Moore Eliana Girard & Chehon Wespi - Tschopp Du - Shaunt `` Fik - Shun '' Stegall & Amy Yakima Ricky Ubeda Gaby Diaz Leon `` Kida '' Burns Lex Ishimoto Other finalists Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Season 12 Season 13 Season 14 Fox programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Grit ( since 2016 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Beat Shazam ( since 2017 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( since 2013 ) Empire ( since 2015 ) The Exorcist ( since 2016 ) The F Word ( since 2017 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) Ghosted ( since 2017 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( since 2005 ) Home Free ( since 2015 ) Hotel Hell ( since 2012 ) The Last Man on Earth ( since 2015 ) Lethal Weapon ( since 2016 ) Love Connection ( since 2017 ) Lucifer ( since 2016 ) MasterChef ( since 2010 ) MasterChef Junior ( since 2013 ) The Mick ( since 2017 ) Miss Universe ( since 2015 ) Miss USA ( since 2016 ) New Girl ( since 2011 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( since 2005 ) Star ( since 2016 ) Wayward Pines ( since 2015 ) The X-Files ( 1993 -- 2002 ; since 2016 ) News Fox News Sunday ( since 1996 ) Sports Fox College Football ( since 1999 ) MLB on Fox ( since 1996 ) Fox NASCAR ( since 2001 ) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday ( since 1994 ) The OT ( since 2005 ) Fox USGA ( since 2014 ) Fox UFC ( since 2011 ) Upcoming 9 - 1 - 1 ( TBA ) Famous ( TBA ) L.A. to Vegas ( TBA ) The Resident ( TBA ) See also 4Kids TV Fox Kids Speed on Fox Weekend Marketplace TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Reality Programming The Amazing Race ( 2011 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( 2012 ) Shark Tank ( 2013 ) RuPaul 's Drag Race ( 2014 ) The Chair ( 2015 ) Making a Murderer ( 2016 ) Leah Remini : Scientology and the Aftermath ( 2017 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Breakout Series Popular ( 2000 ) The Bernie Mac Show ( 2002 ) 8 Simple Rules ( 2003 ) The O.C. 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6656167173499619408	Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor	Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor - wikipedia Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor Jump to : navigation , search For more information , see Causes of World War II . A series of events led to the attack on Pearl Harbor . War between Japan and the United States had been a possibility that each nation 's military forces planned for in the 1920s , though real tension did not begin until the 1931 invasion of Manchuria by Japan . Over the next decade , Japan expanded slowly into China , leading to the Second Sino - Japanese war in 1937 . In 1940 Japan invaded French Indochina in an effort to embargo all imports into China , including war supplies purchased from the U.S. This move prompted the United States to embargo all oil exports , leading the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) to estimate it had less than two years of bunker oil remaining and to support the existing plans to seize oil resources in the Dutch East Indies . Planning had been underway for some time on an attack on the `` Southern Resource Area '' to add it to the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Japan envisioned in the Pacific . The Philippine islands , at that time an American territory , were also a Japanese target . The Japanese military concluded an invasion of the Philippines would provoke an American military response . Rather than seize and fortify the islands , and wait for the inevitable U.S. counterattack , Japan 's military leaders instead decided on the preventive Pearl Harbor attack , which they assumed would negate the American forces needed for the liberation and reconquest of the islands . Planning for the attack on Pearl Harbor had begun in very early 1941 , by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto . He finally won assent from the Naval High Command by , among other things , threatening to resign . The attack was approved in the summer at an Imperial Conference and again at a second Conference in the fall . Simultaneously over the year , pilots were trained , and ships prepared for its execution . Authority for the attack was granted at the second Imperial Conference if a diplomatic result satisfactory to Japan was not reached . After final approval by Emperor Hirohito the order to attack was issued at the beginning of December . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background to conflict 2 Breaking off negotiations 2.1 War 2.2 Intelligence gathering 2.3 Planning 2.3. 1 Concept of a Japanese invasion of Hawaii 3 Strike force 3.1 Execute order 4 Lack of preparation 5 See also 6 References Background to conflict ( edit ) Tensions between Japan and the prominent Western countries ( the United States , France , Britain and the Netherlands ) increased significantly during the increasingly militaristic early rule of Emperor Hirohito . Japanese nationalists and military leaders increasingly influenced government policy , promoting a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere as part of Japan 's alleged `` divine right '' to unify Asia under Hirohito 's rule . Hirohito During the 1930s , Japan 's increasingly expansionist policies brought it into renewed conflict with its neighbors , Russia and China ( Japan had fought the First Sino - Japanese War with China in 1894 -- 95 and the Russo - Japanese War with Russia in 1904 -- 05 ; Japan 's imperialist ambitions had a hand in precipitating both conflicts ) . In March 1933 , Japan withdrew from the League of Nations in response to international condemnation of its conquest of Manchuria and subsequent establishment of the Manchukuo puppet government . On January 15 , 1936 , Japan withdrew from the Second London Naval Disarmament Conference because the United States and Great Britain refused to grant the Japanese Navy parity with theirs . A second war between Japan and China began with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in July 1937 . Japan 's 1937 attack on China was condemned by the U.S. and several members of the League of Nations including Britain , France , Australia and the Netherlands . Japanese atrocities during the conflict , such as the notorious Nanking Massacre that December , served to further complicate relations with the rest of the world . The U.S. , Britain , France and the Netherlands each possessed colonies in East and Southeast Asia . Japan 's new military power and willingness to use it threatened these Western economic and territorial interests in Asia . Beginning in 1938 , the U.S. adopted a succession of increasingly restrictive trade restrictions with Japan . This included terminating its 1911 commercial treaty with Japan in 1939 , further tightened by the Export Control Act of 1940 . These efforts failed to deter Japan from continuing its war in China , or from signing the Tripartite Pact in 1940 with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy , officially forming the Axis Powers . Japan would take advantage of Hitler 's war in Europe to advance its own ambitions in the Far East . The Tripartite Pact guaranteed assistance if a signatory was attacked by any country not already involved in conflict with the signatory ; this implicitly meant the U.S. By joining the pact , Japan gained geopolitical power and sent the unmistakable message that any U.S. military intervention risked war on both of her shores -- with Germany and Italy on the Atlantic , and with Japan on the Pacific . The Roosevelt administration would not be dissuaded ; believing the American way of life would be endangered if Europe and the Far East fell under military dictatorship , it committed to help the British and Chinese through loans of money and materiel , and pledged sufficient continuing aid to ensure their survival . Thus , the United States slowly moved from being a neutral power to one preparing for war . On October 8 , 1940 , Admiral James O. Richardson , Commander in Chief , Pacific Fleet , provoked a confrontation with Roosevelt by repeating his earlier arguments to Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Harold R. Stark and Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox that Pearl Harbor was the wrong place for his ships . Roosevelt believed relocating the fleet to Hawaii would exert a `` restraining influence '' on Japan . Richardson asked the President if the United States was going to war . Roosevelt 's view was : At least as early as October 8 , 1940 , ... affairs had reached such a state that the United States would become involved in a war with Japan ... ' that if the Japanese attacked Thailand , or the Kra Peninsula , or the Dutch East Indies we would not enter the war , that if they even attacked the Philippines he doubted whether we would enter the war , but that they ( the Japanese ) could not always avoid making mistakes and that as the war continued and that area of operations expanded sooner or later they would make a mistake and we would enter the war . ' ... Japan 's 1940 move into Vichy - controlled Indochina further raised tensions . When combined with its war with China , withdrawal from the League of Nations , alliance with Germany and Italy and increasing militarization , the move provoked an attempt to restrain Japan economically . The United States embargoed scrap metal shipments to Japan and closed the Panama Canal to Japanese shipping . This particularly hit Japan 's economy hard because 74.1 % of Japan 's scrap iron came from the United States in 1938 . Also , 93 % of Japan 's copper in 1939 came from the United States . In early 1941 , Japan moved into southern Indochina , thereby threatening British Malaya , North Borneo and Brunei . Japan and the U.S. engaged in negotiations during the course of 1941 in an effort to improve relations . During these negotiations , Japan considered withdrawal from most of China and Indochina after drawing up peace terms with the Chinese . Japan would also adopt an independent interpretation of the Tripartite Pact , and would not discriminate in trade , provided all other countries reciprocated . However , these compromises in China were rejected by General Tojo , then War Minister . Responding to Japanese occupation of key airfields in Indochina ( July 24 ) following an agreement between Japan and Vichy France , the U.S. froze Japanese assets on July 26 , 1941 , and on August 1 established an embargo on oil and gasoline exports to Japan . The oil embargo was an especially strong response because oil was Japan 's most crucial import , and more than 80 % of Japan 's oil at the time came from the United States . Japanese war planners had long looked south , especially to Brunei for oil and Malaya for rubber and tin . In the autumn of 1940 , Japan requested 3.15 million barrels of oil from the Dutch East Indies , but received a counteroffer of only 1.35 million . The Navy was ( mistakenly ) certain any attempt to seize this region would bring the U.S. into the war , but the complete U.S. oil embargo removed any hesitancy . Moreover , any southern operation would be vulnerable to attack from the Philippines , then a U.S. commonwealth , so war with the U.S. seemed necessary in any case . After the embargoes and the asset freezes , the Japanese ambassador to Washington , Kichisaburō Nomura , and U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull held multiple meetings in order to resolve Japanese - American relations . No solution could be agreed upon for three key reasons : Japan honored its alliance to Germany and Italy through the Tripartite Pact . Japan wanted economic control and responsibility for southeast Asia . Japan refused to leave mainland China ( without Manchoukuo ) . The U.S. embargoes gave Japan a sense of urgency . It would either have to agree to Washington 's demands or use force to gain access to the resources it needed . In their final proposal on November 20 , Japan offered to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina and not to launch any attacks in southeast Asia provided the U.S. , Britain , and the Netherlands ceased aiding China and lifted their sanctions against Japan . The American counterproposal of November 26 ( the Hull note ) required Japan to evacuate all of China , without conditions , and to conclude non-aggression pacts with Pacific powers . Breaking off negotiations ( edit ) Part of the Japanese plan for the attack included breaking off negotiations with the United States 30 minutes before the attack began . Diplomats from the Japanese embassy in Washington , including the Japanese ambassador , Admiral Kichisaburō Nomura and special representative Saburō Kurusu , had been conducting extended talks with the State Department regarding the U.S. reactions to the Japanese move into French Indochina in the summer . In the days before the attack , a long 14 - part message was sent to the embassy from the Foreign Office in Tokyo ( encrypted with the Type 97 cypher machine , in a cipher named PURPLE by U.S. cryptanalysts ) , with instructions to deliver it to Secretary of State Cordell Hull at 1 : 00 p.m. Washington time . The last part arrived late Saturday night ( Washington time ) , but because of decryption and typing delays , as well as Tokyo 's failure to stress the crucial necessity of the timing , embassy personnel did not deliver the message to Secretary Hull until several hours after the attack . The United States had decrypted the 14th part well before the Japanese managed to , and long before embassy staff composed a clean typed copy . The final part , with its instruction for the time of delivery , had been decoded Saturday night but was not acted upon until the next morning ( according to Henry Clausen ) . Ambassador Nomura asked for an appointment to see Hull at 1 : 00 p.m. , but later asked it be postponed to 1 : 45 as the ambassador was not quite ready . Nomura and Kurusu arrived at 2 : 05 p.m. and were received by Hull at 2 : 20 . Nomura apologized for the delay in presenting the message . After Hull had read several pages , he asked Nomura whether the document was presented under instructions of the Japanese government ; the Ambassador replied it was . After reading the full document , Hull turned to the ambassador and said : I must say that in all my conversations with you ... during the last nine months I have never uttered one word of untruth . This is borne out absolutely by the record . In all my fifty years of public service I have never seen a document that was more crowded with infamous falsehoods and distortions -- infamous falsehoods and distortions on a scale so huge that I never imagined until today that any Government on this planet was capable of uttering them . Japanese records , admitted into evidence during congressional hearings on the attack after the war , established that Japan had not even written a declaration of war until hearing news of the successful attack . The two - line declaration was finally delivered to U.S. ambassador Grew in Tokyo about ten hours after the completion of the attack . Grew was allowed to transmit it to the United States , where it was received late Monday afternoon ( Washington time ) . War ( edit ) Prime Minister of Japan Hideki Tōjō In July 1941 , IJN headquarters informed Emperor Hirohito its reserve bunker oil would be exhausted within two years if a new source was not found . In August 1941 , Japanese prime minister Fumimaro Konoe proposed a summit with President Roosevelt to discuss differences . Roosevelt replied Japan must leave China before a summit meeting could be held . On September 6 , 1941 , at the second Imperial Conference concerning attacks on the Western colonies in Asia and Hawaii , Japanese leaders met to consider the attack plans prepared by Imperial General Headquarters . The summit occurred one day after the emperor had reprimanded General Hajime Sugiyama , chief of the IJA General Staff , about the lack of success in China and the speculated low chances of victory against the United States , the British Empire and their allies . Prime Minister Konoe argued for more negotiations and possible concessions to avert war . However , military leaders such as Sugiyama , Minister of War General Hideki Tōjō , and chief of the IJN General Staff Fleet Admiral Osami Nagano asserted time had run out and that additional negotiations would be pointless . They urged swift military actions against all American and European colonies in Southeast Asia and Hawaii . Tōjō argued that yielding to the American demand to withdraw troops would wipe out all the gains of the Second Sino - Japanese War , depress Army morale , endanger Manchukuo and jeopardize control of Korea ; hence , doing nothing was the same as defeat and a loss of face . On October 16 , 1941 , Konoe resigned and proposed Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni , who was also the choice of the army and navy , as his successor . Hirohito chose Hideki Tōjō instead , worried ( as he told Konoe ) about having the Imperial House being held responsible for a war against Western powers . Prince Takamatsu On November 3 , 1941 , Nagano presented a complete plan for the attack on Pearl Harbor to Hirohito . At the Imperial Conference on November 5 , Hirohito approved the plan for a war against the United States , Great Britain and the Netherlands , scheduled to start at the beginning of December if an acceptable diplomatic settlement were not achieved before then . Over the following weeks , Tōjō 's military regime offered a final deal to the United States . They offered to leave only Indochina , but in return for large American economic aid . On November 26 , the so - called Hull Memorandum ( or Hull Note ) rejected the offer and demanded that , in addition to leaving Indochina , the Japanese must leave China ( without Manchoukuo ) and agree to an Open Door Policy in the Far East . Kōichi Kido On November 30 , 1941 , Prince Takamatsu warned his brother , Hirohito , the navy felt the Empire could not fight more than two years against the United States and wished to avoid war . After consulting with Kōichi Kido ( who advised him to take his time until he was convinced ) and Tōjō , the Emperor called Shigetarō Shimada and Nagano , who reassured him that war would be successful . On December 1 , Hirohito finally approved a `` war against United States , Great Britain and Holland '' during another Imperial Conference , to commence with a surprise attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet at its main forward base at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . Intelligence gathering ( edit ) Ensign Takeo Yoshikawa , a spy in Pearl Harbor . On February 3 , 1940 , Yamamoto briefed Captain Kanji Ogawa of Naval Intelligence on the potential attack plan , asking him to start intelligence gathering on Pearl Harbor . Ogawa already had spies in Hawaii , including Japanese Consular officials with an intelligence remit , and he arranged for help from a German already living in Hawaii who was an Abwehr agent . None had been providing much militarily useful information . He planned to add 29 - year - old Ensign Takeo Yoshikawa . By the spring of 1941 , Yamamoto officially requested additional Hawaiian intelligence , and Yoshikawa boarded the liner Nitta - maru at Yokohama . He had grown his hair longer than military length , and assumed the cover name Tadashi Morimura . Yoshikawa began gathering intelligence in earnest by taking auto trips around the main islands , and toured Oahu in a small plane , posing as a tourist . He visited Pearl Harbor frequently , sketching the harbor and location of ships from the crest of a hill . Once , he gained access to Hickam Field in a taxi , memorizing the number of visible planes , pilots , hangars , barracks and soldiers . He was also able to discover that Sunday was the day of the week on which the largest number of ships were likely to be in harbor , that PBY patrol planes went out every morning and evening , and that there was an antisubmarine net in the mouth of the harbor . Information was returned to Japan in coded form in Consular communications , and by direct delivery to intelligence officers aboard Japanese ships calling at Hawaii by consulate staff . In June 1941 , German and Italian consulates were closed , and there were suggestions Japan 's should be closed , as well . They were not , because they continued to provide valuable information ( via MAGIC ) and neither President Roosevelt nor Secretary Hull wanted trouble in the Pacific . Had they been closed , however , it is possible Naval General Staff , which had opposed the attack from the outset , would have called it off , since up - to - date information on the location of the Pacific Fleet , on which Yamamoto 's plan depended , would no longer have been available . Planning ( edit ) Main articles : Imperial Japanese Navy and Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service Commander - in - Chief of the Combined Fleet Fleet Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto Expecting war , and seeing an opportunity in the forward basing of the U.S. Pacific Fleet in Hawaii , the Japanese began planning in early 1941 for an attack on Pearl Harbor . For the next several months , planning and organizing a simultaneous attack on Pearl Harbor and invasion of British and Dutch colonies to the south occupied much of the Japanese Navy 's time and attention . The plans for the Pearl Harbor attack arose out of the Japanese expectation the U.S. would be inevitably drawn into war after a Japanese attack against Malaya and Singapore . The intent of a preventive strike on Pearl Harbor was to neutralize American naval power in the Pacific , thus removing it from influencing operations against American , British , and Dutch colonies . Successful attacks on colonies were judged to depend on successfully dealing with the Pacific Fleet . Planning had long anticipated a battle in Japanese home waters after the U.S. fleet traveled across the Pacific , under attack by submarines and other forces all the way . The U.S. fleet would be defeated in a `` decisive battle '' , as Russia 's Baltic Fleet had been in 1905 . A surprise attack posed a twofold difficulty compared to longstanding expectations . First , the Pacific Fleet was a formidable force , and would not be easy to defeat or to surprise . Second , Pearl Harbor 's shallow waters made using conventional aerial torpedoes ineffective . On the other hand , Hawaii 's distance meant a successful surprise attack could not be blocked or quickly countered by forces from the continental U.S. Several Japanese naval officers had been impressed by the British Operation Judgment , in which 21 obsolete Fairey Swordfish disabled half the Regia Marina ( Italian Navy ) . Admiral Yamamoto even dispatched a delegation to Italy , which concluded a larger and better - supported version of Cunningham 's strike could force the U.S. Pacific Fleet to retreat to bases in California , thus giving Japan the time necessary to establish a `` barrier '' defense to protect Japanese control of the Dutch East Indies . The delegation returned to Japan with information about the shallow - running torpedoes Cunningham 's engineers had devised . Japanese strategists were undoubtedly influenced by Admiral Togo 's surprise attack on the Russian Pacific Fleet at Port Arthur in 1904 . Yamamoto 's emphasis on destroying the American battleships was in keeping with the Mahanian doctrine shared by all major navies during this period , including the U.S. Navy and Royal Navy . Planner Commander Minoru Genda stressed surprise would be critical . In a letter dated January 7 , 1941 , Yamamoto finally delivered a rough outline of his plan to Koshiro Oikawa , then Navy Minister , from whom he also requested to be made Commander in Chief of the air fleet to attack Pearl Harbor . A few weeks later , in yet another letter , Yamamoto requested Admiral Takijiro Onishi , chief of staff of the Eleventh Air Fleet , study the technical feasibility of an attack against the American base . Onishi gathered as many facts as possible about Pearl Harbor . After first consulting with Kosei Maeda , an expert on aerial torpedo warfare , and being told the harbor 's shallow waters rendered such an attack almost impossible , Onishi summoned Commander Minoru Genda . After studying the original proposal put forth by Yamamoto , Genda agreed : `` ( T ) he plan is difficult but not impossible '' . Yamamoto gave the bulk of the planning to Rear Admiral Ryunosuke Kusaka , who was very worried about the area 's air defenses . Yamamoto encouraged Kusaka by telling him , `` Pearl Harbor is my idea and I need your support . '' Genda emphasized the attack should be carried out early in the morning and in total secrecy , employing an aircraft carrier force and several types of bombing . Although attacking the U.S. Pacific Fleet anchor would achieve surprise , it also carried two distinct disadvantages . The targeted ships would be sunk or damaged in very shallow water , meaning it would be quite likely that they could be salvaged and possibly returned to duty ( as six of the eight battleships eventually were ) . Also , most of the crews would survive the attack , since many would be on shore leave or would be rescued from the harbor afterward . Despite these concerns , Yamamoto and Genda pressed ahead . By April 1941 , the Pearl Harbor plan became known as Operation Z , after the famous Z signal given by Admiral Tōgō at Tsushima . Over the summer , pilots trained in earnest near Kagoshima City on Kyūshū . Genda chose it because its geography and infrastructure presented most of the same problems bombers would face at Pearl Harbor . In training , each crew flew over the 5,000 ft ( 1,500 m ) mountain behind Kagoshima and dove into the city , dodging buildings and smokestacks before dropping to 25 ft ( 7.6 m ) at the piers . Bombardiers released torpedoes at a breakwater some 300 yd ( 270 m ) away . However , even this low - altitude approach would not overcome the problem of torpedoes bottoming in the shallow waters of Pearl Harbor . Japanese weapons engineers created and tested modifications allowing successful shallow water drops . The effort resulted in a heavily modified version of the Type 91 torpedo , which inflicted most of the ship damage during the eventual attack . Japanese weapons technicians also produced special armor - piercing bombs by fitting fins and release shackles to 14 - and 16 - inch ( 356 - and 406 - mm ) naval shells . These were able to penetrate the lightly armored decks of the old battleships . Concept of a Japanese invasion of Hawaii ( edit ) At several stages during 1941 , Japan 's military leaders discussed the possibility of launching an invasion to seize the Hawaiian Islands ; this would provide Japan with a strategic base to shield its new empire , deny the United States any bases beyond the West coast and further isolate Australia and New Zealand . Genda , who saw Hawaii as vital for American operations against Japan after war began , believed Japan must follow any attack on Pearl Harbor with an invasion of Hawaii or risk losing the war . He viewed Hawaii as a base to threaten the west coast of North America , and perhaps as a negotiating tool for ending the war . He believed , following a successful air attack , 10,000 - 15,000 men could capture Hawaii , and saw the operation as a precursor or alternative to a Japanese invasion of the Philippines . In September 1941 , Commander Yasuji Watanabe of the Combined Fleet staff estimated two divisions ( 30,000 men ) and 80 ships , in addition to the carrier strike force , could capture the islands . He identified two possible landing sites , near Haleiwa and Kaneohe Bay , and proposed both be used in an operation that would require up to four weeks with Japanese air superiority . Although this idea gained some support , it was soon dismissed for several reasons : Japan 's ground forces , logistics , and resources were already fully committed , not only to the Second Sino - Japanese War but also for offensives in Southeast Asia that were planned to occur almost simultaneously with the Pearl Harbor attack . The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA ) insisted it needed to focus on operations in China and Southeast Asia , and refused to provide substantial support elsewhere . Because of a lack of cooperation between the services , the IJN never discussed the Hawaiian invasion proposal with the IJA . Most of the senior officers of the Combined Fleet , in particular Admiral Nagano , believed an invasion of Hawaii was too risky . With an invasion ruled out , it was agreed a massive carrier - based three wave airstrike against Pearl Harbor to destroy the Pacific Fleet would be sufficient . Japanese planners knew that Hawaii , with its strategic location in the Central Pacific , would serve as a critical base from which the United States could extend its military power against Japan . However , the confidence of Japan 's leaders that the conflict would be over quickly and that the United States would choose to negotiate a compromise , rather than fight a long , bloody war , overrode this concern . Watanabe 's superior , Captain Kameto Kuroshima , who believed the invasion plan unrealistic , after the war called his rejection of it the `` biggest mistake '' of his life . Strike force ( edit ) Main articles : Carrier Striking Task Force and Attack on Pearl Harbor order of battle Admiral Chuichi Nagumo On November 26 , 1941 , the day the Hull note ( which the Japanese leaders saw as an unproductive and old proposal ) was received , the carrier force under the command of Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo ( already assembled in Hitokappu Wan ) sortied for Hawaii under strict radio silence . In 1941 , Japan was one of the few countries capable of carrier aviation . The Kido Butai , the Combined Fleet 's main carrier force of six aircraft carriers ( at the time , the most powerful carrier force with the greatest concentration of air power in the history of naval warfare ) , embarked 359 airplanes , organized as the First Air Fleet . The carriers Akagi ( flag ) , Kaga , Sōryū , Hiryū , and the newest , Shōkaku and Zuikaku , had 135 Mitsubishi A6M Type 0 fighters ( Allied codename `` Zeke '' , commonly called `` Zero '' ) , 171 Nakajima B5N Type 97 torpedo bombers ( Allied codename `` Kate '' ) , and 108 Aichi D3A Type 99 dive bombers ( Allied codename `` Val '' ) aboard . Two fast battleships , two heavy cruisers , one light cruiser , nine destroyers , and three fleet submarines provided escort and screening . In addition , the Advanced Expeditionary Force included 20 fleet and five two - man Ko - hyoteki - class midget submarines , which were to gather intelligence and sink U.S. vessels attempting to flee Pearl Harbor during or soon after the attack . It also had eight oilers for underway fueling . Execute order ( edit ) Fleet Admiral Osami Nagano On December 1 , 1941 , after the striking force was en route , Chief of Staff Nagano gave a verbal directive to the commander of the Combined Fleet , Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto , informing him : Japan has decided to open hostilities against the United States , United Kingdom , and the Netherlands early in December ... Should it appear certain that Japanese - American negotiations will reach an amicable settlement prior to the commencement of hostilities , it is understood that all elements of the Combined Fleet are to be assembled and returned to their bases in accordance with separate orders . ( The Kido Butai will ) proceed to the Hawaiian Area with utmost secrecy and , at the outbreak of the war , will launch a resolute surprise attack on and deal a fatal blow to the enemy fleet in the Hawaiian Area . The initial air attack is scheduled at 0330 hours , X Day . Upon completion , the force was to return to Japan , re-equip , and re-deploy for `` Second Phase Operations '' . Finally , Order number 9 , issued on 1 December 1941 by Nagano , instructed Yamamoto to crush hostile naval and air forces in Asia , the Pacific and Hawaii , promptly seize the main U.S. , British , and Dutch bases in East Asia and `` capture and secure the key areas of the southern regions '' . On the home leg , the force was ordered to be alert for tracking and counterattacks by the Americans , and to return to the friendly base in the Marshall Islands , rather than the Home Islands . Lieutenant General Walter C. Short , commanding general of the Army post at Pearl Harbor Lack of preparation ( edit ) U.S. civil and military intelligence had , amongst them , good information suggesting additional Japanese aggression throughout the summer and fall before the attack . At the time , no reports specifically indicated an attack against Pearl Harbor . Public press reports during summer and fall , including Hawaiian newspapers , contained extensive reports on the growing tension in the Pacific . Late in November , all Pacific commands , including both the Navy and Army in Hawaii , were separately and explicitly warned war with Japan was expected in the very near future , and it was preferred Japan make the first hostile act . It was felt war would most probably start with attacks in the Far East : the Philippines , Indochina , Thailand , or the Russian Far East ; Pearl Harbor was never mentioned as a potential target . The warnings were not specific to any area , noting only that war with Japan was expected in the near future and all commands should act accordingly . Had any of these warnings produced an active alert status in Hawaii , the attack might have been resisted more effectively , and perhaps resulted in less death and damage . On the other hand , recall of men on shore leave to the ships in harbor might have led to still more being casualties from bombs and torpedoes , or trapped in capsized ships by shut watertight doors ( as the attack alert status would have required ) , or killed ( in their obsolete aircraft ) by more experienced Japanese aviators . When the attack actually arrived , Pearl Harbor was effectively unprepared : anti-aircraft weapons not manned , most ammunition locked down , anti-submarine measures not implemented ( e.g. , no torpedo nets in the harbor ) , combat air patrol not flying , available scouting aircraft not in the air at first light , Air Corps aircraft parked wingtip to wingtip to reduce sabotage risks ( not ready to fly at a moment 's warning ) , and so on . By 1941 , U.S. signals intelligence , through the Army 's Signal Intelligence Service and the Office of Naval Intelligence 's OP - 20 - G , had intercepted and decrypted considerable Japanese diplomatic and naval cipher traffic , though nothing actually carrying significant information about Japanese military plans in 1940 - 41 . Decryption and distribution of this intelligence , including such decrypts as were available , was capricious and sporadic , some of which can be accounted for by lack of resources and manpower . At best , the information available to decision makers in Washington was fragmentary , contradictory , or poorly distributed , and was almost entirely raw , without supporting analysis . It was thus , incompletely understood . Nothing in it pointed directly to an attack at Pearl Harbor , and a lack of awareness of Imperial Navy capabilities led to a widespread underlying belief Pearl Harbor was not a possible attack target . Only one message from the Hawaiian Japanese consulate ( sent on 6 December ) , in a low level consular cipher , included mention of an attack at Pearl ; it was not decrypted until 8 December . While the Japanese Diplomatic codes ( Purple code ) could be read , the current version ( JN - 25C ) of the Japanese Naval code ( JN - 25 ) which had replaced JN - 25B on 4 December 1941 could not be read until May 1942 . In 1924 , General William L. Mitchell produced a 324 - page report warning that future wars ( including with Japan ) would include a new role for aircraft against existing ships and facilities . He even discussed the possibility of an air attack on Pearl Harbor , but his warnings were ignored . Navy Secretary Knox had also appreciated the possibility of an attack at Pearl Harbor in a written analysis shortly after taking office . American commanders had been warned that tests had demonstrated shallow - water aerial torpedo attacks were possible , but no one in charge in Hawaii fully appreciated this . And in a 1932 fleet problem , a surprise airstrike led by Admiral Harry E. Yarnell had been judged a success and to have caused considerable damage , a finding corroborated in a 1938 exercise by Admiral Ernest King . Nevertheless , because it was believed Pearl Harbor had natural defenses against torpedo attack ( e.g. , the shallow water ) , the Navy did not deploy torpedo nets or baffles , which were judged to inconvenience ordinary operations . As a result of limited numbers of long - range aircraft ( including Army Air Corps bombers ) , reconnaissance patrols were not being made as often or as far out as required for adequate coverage against possible surprise attack ( they improved considerably , with far fewer remaining planes , after the attack ) . The Navy had 33 PBYs in the islands , but only three on patrol at the time of the attack . Hawaii was low on the priority list for the B - 17s finally becoming available for the Pacific , largely because General MacArthur in the Philippines was successfully demanding as many as could be made available to the Pacific ( where they were intended as a deterrent ) . The British , who had contracted for them , even agreed to accept fewer to facilitate this buildup . At the time of the attack , Army and Navy were both on training status rather than operational alert . There was also confusion about the Army 's readiness status as General Short had changed local alert level designations without clearly informing Washington . Most of the Army 's mobile anti-aircraft guns were secured , with ammunition locked down in armories . To avoid upsetting property owners , and in keeping with Washington 's admonition not to alarm civil populations ( e.g. , in the late November war warning messages from the Navy and War Departments ) , guns were not dispersed around Pearl Harbor ( i.e. , on private property ) . Additionally , aircraft were parked on airfields to lessen the risk of sabotage , not in anticipation of air attack , in keeping with Short 's interpretation of the war warnings . Chester Nimitz said later , `` It was God 's mercy that our fleet was in Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 . '' . Nimitz believed if Kimmel had discovered the Japanese approach , he would have sortied to meet them . With the American carriers absent and Kimmel 's battleships at a severe disadvantage to the Japanese carriers , the likely result would have been the sinking of the American battleships at sea in deep water , where they would have been lost forever with tremendous casualties ( as many as twenty thousand dead ) , instead of in Pearl Harbor , where the crews could easily be rescued , and six battleships ultimately raised . See also ( edit ) World War II portal Pearl Harbor advance - knowledge conspiracy theory References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The effort to establish the Imperial Way ( kōdō ) had begun with the Second Sino - Japanese War ( called seisen , or `` holy war '' , by Japan ) . Bix , Herbert , Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan , 2001 , p. 326 - 327 . Jump up ^ `` Imperial Rescript to Withdraw from League of Nations '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lester H. Brune and Richard Dean Burns , Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations : 1932 - 1988 , 2003 , p. 504 . Jump up ^ Parkes , Henry Bamford . Recent America , A History Of The United States Since 1900 ( Thomas Y . Crowell Company , 1946 ) Page . 635 - 645 Jump up ^ Joint Congressional Hearings on the Pearl Harbor Attack , Part 40 , ^ p. 506 , `` Conclusions Restated With Supporting Evidence '' . Jump up ^ Richardson , `` On the Treadmill '' , pp. 425 and 434 ; Baker , `` Human Smoke '' , p. 239 , ISBN 1 - 4165 - 6784 - 4 Jump up ^ Hsu Long - hsuen and Chang Ming - kai , translated by Wen Ha - hsiung . History of The Sino - Japanese War ( 1937 - 1945 ) , 2nd ed . ( Taipei , Republic of China : Chung Wu Publishing , 1971 ) , p. 317 , `` Invasion of French Indochina '' . Jump up ^ Barnhart , Michael A. ( 1987 ) . Japan Prepares for Total War : The Search for Economic Security , 1919 - 1941 . Ithaca : Cornell UP . pp. 144 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Bix , Herbert , Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan , 2001 , p. 395 ^ Jump up to : Chapter V : The Decision for War Morton , Louis . Strategy and Command : The First Two Years Jump up ^ US freezes Japanese assets and why Jump up ^ Bix , p. 401 ; Worth , Roland H. , Jr. , No Choice But War : the United States Embargo Against Japan and the Eruption of War in the Pacific ( Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland , 1995 ) . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0141 - 9 Jump up ^ Yuichi Arima , The Way to Pearl Harbor : U.S. vs Japan , ICE Case Studies Number 118 , December , 2003 ( accessed April 10 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Barnhart , Michael A. ( 1987 ) . Japan Prepares for Total War : The Search for Economic Security , 1919 - 1941 . Ithaca , NY : Cornell UP . p. 166 . Jump up ^ Peattie , Mark R. & Evans , David C. Kaigun : Strategy , Tactics , and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy ( Annapolis : Naval Institute Press , 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Evans & Peattie 2012 , p. 489 . Jump up ^ La Feber , Walter . Polenberg , Richard The American Century , A History Of The United States Since the 1890s ( John Wiley & Sons , Inc . ) , pp. 243 - 247 Jump up ^ Memorandum 95 Regarding a Conversation , Between the Secretary of State , the Japanese Ambassador ( Nomura ) , and Mr. Kurusu Peace and War : United States Foreign Policy 1931 - 1941 ( Department of State , Washington , DC 1943 ) Jump up ^ Bix , Hirohito , pp. 411 & 745 . Jump up ^ Peter Wetzler , Hirohito and War , 1998 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Wetzler , op. cit. , pp. 29 & 35 Jump up ^ Wetzler , p. 39 . Jump up ^ OUTLINE OF PROPOSED BASIS FOR AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND JAPAN Peace and War : United States Foreign Policy 1931 - 1941 ( Department of State , Washington , DC 1943 ) Jump up ^ Bix , op. cit. , pp. 430 - 431 Jump up ^ Wetzler , p. 39 Jump up ^ Toland , John . The Rising Sun : The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936 - 1945 ( Random House , 1970 ) , pp. 152 - 53 Jump up ^ Toland , op. cit. , p. 167 Jump up ^ Prange , Gordon W. , Dillon , Katherine V. , and Goldstein , Donald M. At Dawn We Slept ( New York : Penguin , 1991 ) , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Prange et al. , At Dawn We Slept , pp. 151 - 2 . Jump up ^ Evans , David C. ; Peattie , Mark R. ( 2012 ) . Kaigun : Strategy , Tactics , and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy 1887 - 1941 . Seaforth Publishing . pp. 462 . 489 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84832 - 159 - 5 . Jump up ^ Both U.S. and Japanese , as it turns out . Miller , Edward S. ( 2007 ) . War Plan Orange : The U.S. Strategy to Defeat Japan , 1897 -- 1945 . Annapolis , MD : United States Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 500 - 7 . Jump up ^ Willmott , Barrier ; Miller , War Plan Orange. ; Peattie & Evans , Kaigun ; Mahan , The Influence of Sea Power on History . ^ Jump up to : Prange , Gordon , At Dawn We Slept , pp. 25 - 27 Jump up ^ Lord , Walter ( 2012 ) . Day of Infamy . Open Road Media . p. 14 . ISBN 1453238425 . Jump up ^ Toland , op. cit. , p. 160 ^ Jump up to : Caravaggio , Angelo N. ( Winter 2014 ) . `` '' Winning '' the Pacific War `` . Naval War College Review . 67 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 118 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ It was for these reasons IJA also rejected proposals for an invasion of Australia . Jump up ^ For a more detailed analysis of whether a Japanese invasion of Hawaii could have been successful , see Invasion : Pearl Harbor ! at Combinedfleet.com . Jump up ^ In late April or early May of 1942 , Yamamoto reportedly secured a tentative agreement that an invasion of Hawaii would be launched after military operations in the Western Pacific were completed and additional ground troops and warships were available . By mid-1942 , Yamamoto had assembled sufficient forces for an invasion of the Midway Atoll , which was expected to serve as a base for further attacks against Hawaii . However , in the subsequent Battle of Midway , the loss of four of Japan 's six largest aircraft carriers made any future air and naval operations ( let alone an invasion ) against Hawaii impossible . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Donald M. ( 1993 ) . The Pearl Harbor Papers : Inside the Japanese Plans . Washington : Brassey 's . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Gerhard L. , A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II . ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press 1994 ) , pp. 260 , 323 , and 329 - 330 . Jump up ^ Willmott , H.P. The Barrier and the Javelin : Japanese and Allied Strategies , February to June 1942 . ( United States Naval Institute Press , Annapolis , 1983 ) Jump up ^ Evans , David C. ( 1997 ) . Kaigun : Strategy , Tactics , and Technology in the Japanese Imperial Navy , 1887 - 1941 . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute . p. 472 . Jump up ^ US Department of the Navy description of Pearl Harbor Attack Jump up ^ The figure of 414 includes scout planes operated by escorts , which were not part of the strike force . Jump up ^ Order of Battle for Pearl Harbor Attack ^ Jump up to : US Army . Japanese monograph # 97 . Pearl Harbor Operations : General Outline of Orders and Plans , 5 November to 2 December 1941 . Washington , D.C. : US dept of the Army . Jump up ^ Japanese Monograph No. 97 Jump up ^ November 28 , 1941 , message Jump up ^ ibiblio.org Jump up ^ War warning , dated 27 November 1941 Jump up ^ Technically called `` Condition Zed '' . Prange et al. op . cit . Jump up ^ Kahn , David . The Codebreakers ; Prange et al. , Peaarl Harbor : The Verdict of History . Jump up ^ In August 1941 Yugoslav / English agent Dušan Popov submitted a report to the F.B.I. J. Edgar Hoover including a questionnaire about Pearl Harbor from the Japanese . Jump up ^ Costello , John ( 1994 ) . Days of Infamy : MacArthur , Roosevelt , Churchill -- the Shocking Truth Revealed . New York : Pocket Books . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 76985 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rebekah . `` The Day that Will Live in Infamy ... but it did n't have to '' . The USS Flier Project . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Naval Air Station , Kanoehe Bay , during the Pearl Harbor Raid Archived 2012 - 01 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gordon William Prange ; Donald M. Goldstein ; Katherine V. Dillon . Miracle at Midway . McGraw - Hill ; 1982 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 050672 - 5 . p. 9 . 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-8270273474897160847	Eleanor (automobile)	Eleanor ( automobile ) - wikipedia Eleanor ( automobile ) Jump to : navigation , search Eleanor Original 1971 Mustang Sportsroof ( restyled as 1973 ) Eleanor from the original 1974 film Gone in 60 Seconds Overview Manufacturer Ford Body and chassis Class Pony car / Muscle car Body style 2 - door fastback `` Eleanor '' is a customized 1971 Ford Mustang Sportsroof ( redressed as 1973 ) that features in independent filmmaker H.B. `` Toby '' Halicki 's 1974 film Gone in 60 Seconds . `` Eleanor '' is the only Ford Mustang in history to receive star title credit in a movie . The Eleanor name is reused for a Shelby Mustang GT500 in the 2000 Gone in 60 Seconds remake . Contents ( hide ) 1 Eleanor - 1974 film 1.1 Prepping the two 1971 Mustangs for the film 1.2 Stunt Eleanor 1.2. 1 Additional history 1.3 Beauty Eleanor 1.4 Plates worn in the film 1.4. 1 California 1.4. 2 New York 2 Eleanor - 2000 film 3 Screen - used vehicles 3.1 License plate numbers 3.1. 1 California 4 References 5 External links Eleanor - 1974 film ( edit ) Though four Mustangs are portrayed in the film as `` Eleanor '' targets , only two cars were used for filming the movie , with license plates and tires alternated as necessary . Of these two , one car was modified for the stunt driving necessitated by the final chase and wrecked in said process , while the other was kept intact for all external `` beauty shots . '' The latter car was also used for all but two interior shots . Prepping the two 1971 mustangs for the film ( edit ) Both 1971 Mustang Sportsroofs used in the film ( neither car has been proven to be a Mach 1 , as often assumed ) were bought in 1971 , but - as it was three years before Halicki could raise sufficient funds to start filming - each car was facelifted with 1973 grilles for the film . Both cars retain their 1971 front bumper and valance panels , as retrofitting the 1973 parts to the car would have required swapping the fenders as well . As with the liberties taken with the body modifications , Halicki 's paint scheme on both cars were similar - but not identical - to Ford factory offerings . Both cars received blackout treatment to the lower bodyside - resembling Mach 1 's and base models equipped with the Exterior Decor Group - and a unique blackout treatment to the standard hood ; not seen on any factory 1971 - 1973 Mustang . Additionally , neither car wears any identifiable badging spelling the `` Mustang '' name in type , though the pony badge and `` Ford Motor Company '' hubcaps are visible in the film . Despite rumors that both cars were painted in Ford 's Medium Yellow Gold , Halicki - in a 1974 interview - stated that the cars were painted `` generic school bus yellow '' to save money . Stunt Eleanor ( edit ) The modified car required 250 hours of labor before it was ready for the film . All body panels were removed in order to install a roll cage throughout the Mustang 's stock unibody . The transmission was also chained in for safety . An adjustable camera rig was mounted in the back seat to capture footage from the internal `` driver 's point of view . '' The wrecked Eleanor was equipped with a base interior and no instrumentation package , but utilized seats from the Mustang 's deluxe interior package ; sourced from the beauty car . Conversely , the beauty car had deluxe interior , with the standard seats from the stunt car swapped into it . Other safety modifications included : Heavy duty Simpson shoulder harness Deadbolt door locks Aftermarket hood pins 24 - volt electrical system On - board first - aid kit Electrical kill switches Individual locking rear brakes Fish plating of the undercarriage - 3 '' x 3 / 8 '' steel The interior of the stunt car is seen only once in the film , when Halicki - as Maindrian Pace - places his hands against the windshield when cornered by the Long Beach police . The rollcage is clearly visible against the A-pillar . All other interior shots were executed with the `` beauty '' car , generally on alternate filming dates . Additional history ( edit ) The stunt car survives to this day , despite two serious incidents during filming : The first occurred during a stunt wherein `` Eleanor '' cuts across multiple lanes of freeway traffic . The stunt driver leading the `` traffic '' overshot his mark during the take , clipping the Mustang and causing it to careen into a nearby light pole . Halicki was rendered unconscious from the impact , but filming resumed the following week - utilizing this accident as part of the final film . Halicki 's first words - upon regaining consciousness - were `` Did we get coverage ? '' Following the incident with the light pole , Halicki compressed multiple vertibrae after performing the impressive 128 - foot jump in the closing minutes of the film . The modified Mustang survived , despite the rough nose landing . 2007 - 2009 Classic Recreations manufactured Eleanor mustangs under license by Halicki Films / Eleanor Licensing . After two years Classic Recreations terminated the licensing agreement . Classic Recreations produced two models of the Eleanor Mustang ( 535 model , 750 model ) . Beauty Eleanor ( edit ) The second car was left absolutely stock - as noted by cinematographer Jack Vacek in the film 's DVD commentary - and was not modified extensively other than the obligatory matching paint job , grille change , and seat swap with the stunt car . Though this car was not damaged during filming , Halicki stated ( in 1974 , at the film 's premiere ) that the car was crushed . Plates worn in the film ( edit ) California ( edit ) 869 FLA 613 HSO ( Airport Eleanor ) 614 HSO ( Hal McClain Eleanor ) 359 JRA 820 FUA ( Eleanor at car wash ) New York ( edit ) RMH 100 ( Fake plates affixed to 820 FUA ) Eleanor - 2000 film ( edit ) Custom 1967 Mustang Fastback Eleanor from the 2000 Gone in Sixty Seconds film In 1995 , Denice Halicki licensed the rights of the 1974 film to Disney for a remake of the same name . The new 2000 Gone in 60 Seconds film , produced by Jerry Bruckheimer , features Nicolas Cage as master auto thief Randall `` Memphis '' Raines . Both films share plot similarities about a crew of thieves who steal a large order of cars ( 48 in the original , 50 in the 2000 film ) and deliver them to the Long Beach docks . Once again , the `` Eleanor '' name is given to the film 's featured car ; now a Dupont Pepper Grey 1967 Ford Mustang fastback , depicted as a Shelby GT500 , with a customized body kit designed by Steve Stanford . Screen - used vehicles ( edit ) Depending on the source , either eleven or twelve cars were built by Cinema Vehicle Services for the film ( not including CVS 's creation of one additional Eleanor clone - with a Ford 428 - for producer Bruckheimer ) . Nine were shells , and three were built as fully functional vehicles . Seven were reported to have `` survived the filming ( and ) made it back to Cinema Vehicle Services '' according to research by Mustangandfords.com . Of the surviving vehicles , three cars have been offered to the public with claims of originality and screen - use in the film , as follows : Cinema Vehicle Services number VIN Sales history ? 7R02S211287 Sold at Barrett - Jackson 's 2009 Scottsdale , AZ auction for $216,700 . 7 7R02C173895 Sold at COYS Autosport International January 2012 auction ( Birmingham , UK ) for £ 95,000 . Later offered at Mecum 's Austin , Texas auction on December 12 , 2014 ; did not meet reserve at $380,000 USD . 9 7R02C179710 Sold at Mecum 's Indianapolis auction on May 18 , 2013 for $1,000,000 USD . Touted as the `` main '' hero car in the film and used for promotional photographs . All three claim to be functional builds for the film . Whether the two wrecked cars were rebuilt - or whether surviving shells were built up into functional cars - remains unknown and unpublicized . A fourth car , VIN # 7F02C229830 , last offered for sale in Dubai , also claims originality to the film . This car has not been authenticated . License plate numbers ( edit ) California ( edit ) LYN 274 ELNOR 2 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.gonein60seconds.com/elenor.htm Jump up ^ http://www.imcdb.org/vehicle_4972-Ford-Mustang-1971.html Jump up ^ http://www.imcdb.org/vehicle.php?id=4972#Comment1586093 Jump up ^ http://www.imcdb.org/vehicle_4972-Ford-Mustang-1971.html Jump up ^ http://www.imcdb.org/vehicle_4972-Ford-Mustang-1971.html Jump up ^ http://www.7173mustangs.com/thread-gone-in-60-seconds-1974-eleanor-observations-was-halicki-really-a-car-thief-etc?pid=177688#pid177688 Jump up ^ http://www.gonein60seconds.com/elenor.htm Jump up ^ http://www.mustangmonthly.com/featuredvehicles/1305_gone_in_60_seconds/photo_03.html Jump up ^ http://www.mustangspecs.com/movie/73eleanor.shtml Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMKqF-HuTLE Jump up ^ http://www.mustangmonthly.com/featuredvehicles/1305_gone_in_60_seconds/photo_02.html Jump up ^ http://www.mustangmonthly.com/featuredvehicles/1305_gone_in_60_seconds/picking_a_mustang.html Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0071571/trivia Jump up ^ http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/g/Gone-In-60-Seconds-1974.html Jump up ^ http://www.7173mustangs.com/thread-gone-in-60-seconds-1974-eleanor-observations-was-halicki-really-a-car-thief-etc?pid=177688#pid177688 Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1183088/ Jump up ^ http://www.carscoops.com/2012/01/one-of-original-eleanor-mustang-gt500.html Jump up ^ https://www.mecum.com/lot-detail.cfm?lot_id=AU1214-198955 Jump up ^ http://www.mustangandfords.com/featured-vehicles/173-0011-gone-60-seconds/photo-13.html Jump up ^ http://www.mustangandfords.com/featured-vehicles/173-0011-gone-60-seconds/photo-14.html Jump up ^ http://www.mustangandfords.com/featured-vehicles/173-0011-gone-60-seconds/photo-14.html Jump up ^ http://www.mustangandfords.com/featured-vehicles/173-0011-gone-60-seconds/index1.html Jump up ^ http://www.autocollections.com/index.cfm?id=172&action=details&tab=inventory&sortorder=car Jump up ^ http://www.barrett-jackson.com/Events/Event/Details/1967-FORD-MUSTANG-ELEANOR---GONE-IN-60-SECONDS-71644 Jump up ^ http://67mustangblog.com/2012/01/original-gone-in-60-seconds-movie-car-to-go-under-the-hammer/ Jump up ^ https://www.mecum.com/lot-detail.cfm?lot_id=AU1214-198955 Jump up ^ http://www.roadandtrack.com/go/news/auctions/go-news-auctions-eleanor-sells-for-one-million-dollars Jump up ^ http://www.autocollections.com/index.cfm?id=172&action=details&tab=inventory&sortorder=car Jump up ^ http://67mustangblog.com/2013/04/another-eleanor-movie-car-to-be-auctioned-at-mecum/ Jump up ^ http://www.carscoops.com/2008/06/1967-ford-shelby-mustang-gt500-eleanor.html Jump up ^ http://67mustangblog.com/2012/01/original-gone-in-60-seconds-movie-car-to-go-under-the-hammer/ Jump up ^ http://www.roadandtrack.com/go/news/auctions/go-news-auctions-eleanor-sells-for-one-million-dollars Jump up ^ http://67mustangblog.com/2013/01/original-eleanor-movie-car-on-sale-in-dubai/ Jump up ^ http://www.dealsonwheels.ae/car-Ford-1642.html External links ( edit ) When Mustangs Become Movie Stars : The Story of Eleanor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eleanor_(automobile)&oldid=801964939 '' Categories : Fictional automobiles Ford Mustang Cars designed and produced for films Fictional characters introduced in 1974 Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 02 : 25 . About Wikipedia	who owns the mustang from gone in 60 seconds	[]	[]
1922684327000655632	Aluminum building wiring	Aluminum building wiring - wikipedia Aluminum building wiring Aluminum building wiring is a type of electrical wiring for residential construction or houses that uses aluminum electrical conductors . Aluminum provides a better conductivity to weight ratio than copper , and therefore is also used for wiring power grids , including overhead power transmission lines and local power distribution lines , as well as for power wiring of some airplanes . Utility companies have used aluminum wire for electrical transmission in power grids since around the late 1800s to the early 1900s . It has cost and weight advantages over copper wires . Aluminum wire in power transmission and distribution applications is still the preferred material today . In North American residential construction , aluminum wire was used for wiring entire houses for a short time from the 1960s to the mid-1970s during a period of high copper prices . Electrical devices ( outlets , switches , lighting , fans , etc . ) at the time were not designed with the particular properties of the aluminum wire being used in mind , and there were some issues related to the properties of the wire itself , making the installations with aluminum wire much more susceptible to problems . Revised manufacturing standards for both the wire and the devices were developed to reduce the problems . Existing homes with this older aluminum wiring used in branch circuits present a potential fire hazard . Contents 1 Aluminum wire materials 2 Aluminum wiring in modern building construction 3 Aluminum wiring in older homes 4 Problems with aluminum wiring 4.1 Improper installations 4.2 Coefficient of expansion and creep 4.3 Problems with electrical device ratings 4.4 Aluminum oxidation 4.5 Joining aluminum and copper wires 5 Aluminum wiring upgrades / repairs 6 See also 7 References Aluminum wire materials ( edit ) New York City utility lines in 1890 . Aluminum wire has been used as an electrical conductor for a considerable period of time , particularly by electrical utilities related to power transmission lines in use shortly after the beginning of modern power distribution systems being constructed starting in the late 1880s . Aluminum wire requires a larger wire gauge than copper wire to carry the same load or current , but is still less expensive than copper wire for a particular application . Modern 500 kV overhead power lines used in an electrical power distribution system supplied by a utility Aluminum alloys used for electrical conductors are only approximately 61 % as conductive as copper of the same cross-section , but aluminum 's density is 30.5 % that of copper . Accordingly , one pound of aluminum has the same current carrying capacity as two pounds of copper . Since copper costs about three times as much as aluminum by weight ( roughly USD $3 / lb vs. USD $1 / lb as of 2017 ) , aluminum wires are one - sixth the cost of copper wire of the same conductivity . The lower weight of aluminum wires in particular makes these electrical conductors well suited for use in power distribution systems by electrical utilities , as supporting towers or structures only need to support half the weight of wires to carry the same load or current . In the early 1960s when there was a housing construction boom in North America and the price of copper spiked , aluminum building wire was manufactured using utility grade AA - 1350 aluminum alloy in sizes small enough to be used for lower load branch circuits in homes . In the late 1960s problems and failures related to branch circuit connections for building wire made with the utility grade AA - 1350 alloy aluminum began to surface , resulting in a re-evaluation of the use of that alloy for building wire and an identification of the need for newer alloys to produce aluminum building wire . The first 8000 series electric conductor alloy , still widely used in some applications , was developed and patented in 1972 by Aluminum Company of America ( Alcoa ) . This alloy , along with AA - 8030 ( patented by Olin in 1973 ) and AA - 8176 ( patented by Southwire in 1975 and 1980 ) perform mechanically like copper . Unlike the older AA - 1350 alloy previously used , these AA - 8000 series alloys also retain their tensile strength after the standard current cycle test or the Current Cycle Submersion Test ( CCST ) , as described in ANSI C119. 4 : 2004 . Depending on the annealing grade , AA - 8176 may elongate up to 30 % with less springback effect and possesses a higher yield strength ( 19.8 ksi ( 137 MPa ) for a cold worked AA - 8076 wire ) . A home with aluminum wiring installed prior to the mid-1970s ( as the stock of pre-1972 aluminum wire was permitted to be used up ) likely has wire made with the older AA - 1350 alloy that was developed for power transmission . The AA - 1350 aluminum alloy was more prone to problems related to branch circuit wiring in homes due to mechanical properties that made it more susceptible to failures resulting from the electrical devices being used at that time combined with poor workmanship . The 1977 Beverly Hills Supper Club fire was a notable incident triggered by poorly installed aluminum wiring . Aluminum wiring in modern building construction ( edit ) Aluminum wire used for a modern overhead service drop from a utility to a house Aluminum building wiring for modern construction is manufactured with the newer AA - 8000 series aluminum alloy ( sometimes referred to as `` new technology '' aluminum wiring ) as specified by the industry standards such as the National Electrical Code ( NEC ) for wiring within a building . The use of larger gauge stranded aluminum wire ( larger than # 8 AWG ) is fairly common in much of North America for modern residential construction . Aluminum wire is used in residential applications for lower voltage service feeders from the utility to the building . This is installed with materials and methods as specified by the local electrical utility companies . Also , larger aluminum stranded building wire made with the newer AA - 8000 series alloy of aluminum is commonly used for electrical services ( e.g. service entrance conductors from the utility connection to the service breaker panel ) and for larger branch circuits with higher loads such as those for sub-panels , ranges , clothes dryers and air - conditioning units as specified by local electrical building codes such as the National Electrical Code ( NEC ) . Larger electrical cable that has stranded aluminum wires with an outer sheath used for service entrance feeders from a meter to a panel In North America the use of smaller solid aluminum wires made with newer AA - 8000 series aluminum alloy are allowed to be used for lower load 15A or 20A branch circuit wiring within a building according to the National Electrical Code . The terminations need to be rated for aluminum wire , which can be problematic . This is particularly a problem with wire to wire connections made with twist - on connectors . As of 2017 most twist - on connectors for typical smaller branch circuit wire sizes , even those designed to connect copper to aluminum wiring , are not rated for aluminum - to - aluminum connections , with one exception being the Marette # 63 or # 65 used in Canada but not approved by UL for use in the United States . Also , the size of the aluminum wire needs to be larger compared to copper wire used for the same circuit due to the increased resistance of the aluminum alloys . For example , a 15A branch circuit supplying standard lighting fixtures can be installed with either # 14 AWG copper building wire or # 12 AWG aluminum building wire according to the NEC . However , smaller solid aluminum branch circuit wiring is almost never used for residential construction in North America . Aluminum wiring in older homes ( edit ) Solid aluminum branch circuit wire ( top ) and solid copper branch circuit wire ( bottom ) When utility grade AA - 1350 alloy aluminum wire was first used in branch circuit wiring in the early 1960s , solid aluminum wire was installed the same way as copper wire with the same electrical devices . For smaller branch circuits with solid wires ( 15A / 20A circuits ) typical connections of an electrical wire to an electrical device are usually made by wrapping the wire around a screw on the device , also called a terminal , and then tightening the screw . At around the same time the use of steel screws became more common than brass screws for electrical devices . Over time , many of these terminations with solid aluminum wire began to fail due to improper connection techniques and the dissimilar metals having different resistances and significantly different coefficients of thermal expansion , as well as problems with properties of the solid wires . These connection failures generated heat under electrical load and caused overheated connections . Larger stranded aluminum wire at termination lugs of a disconnect The larger size stranded aluminum wires do n't have the same historical problems as solid aluminum wires , and the common terminations for larger size wires are dual - rated terminations called lugs . These lugs are typically made with a coated aluminum alloy , which can accommodate either an aluminum wire or a copper wire . Larger stranded aluminum wiring with proper terminations is generally considered safe , since long - term installations have proven its reliability . Problems with aluminum wiring ( edit ) The use of older solid aluminum wiring in residential construction has resulted in failures of connections at electrical devices , has been implicated in house fires according to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission ( CPSC ) , and in some areas it may be difficult to obtain homeowners insurance for a house with older aluminum wiring . There are several possible reasons why these connections failed . The two main reasons were improper installations ( poor workmanship ) and the differences in the coefficient of expansion between aluminum wire used in the 1960s to mid-1970s and the terminations , particularly when the termination was a steel screw on an electrical device . The reported hazards are associated with older solid aluminum branch circuit wiring ( smaller than No. 8 AWG ) Improper installations ( edit ) Many terminations of aluminum wire installed in the 1960s and 1970s that were properly installed continue to operate with no problems . However , problems can develop in the future , particularly if connections were not properly installed initially . Improper installation , or poor workmanship , includes : not abrading the wires , not applying a corrosion inhibitor , not wrapping wires around terminal screws , wrapping wires around terminal screws the wrong way , and inadequate torque on the connection screws . There can also be problems with connections made with too much torque on the connection screw as it causes damage to the wire , particularly with the softer aluminum wire . Coefficient of expansion and creep ( edit ) Thermal expansion rates of wiring metals : Aluminum ( highest ) , brass , copper and steel ( lowest ) Most of the problems related to aluminum wire are typically associated with older ( pre-1972 ) AA - 1350 alloy solid aluminum wire , sometimes referred to as `` old technology '' aluminum wiring , as the properties of that wire result in significantly more expansion and contraction than copper wire or modern day AA - 8000 series aluminum wire . Older solid aluminum wire also had some problems with a property called creep , which results in the wire permanently deforming or relaxing over time under load . Aluminum wire used before the mid-1970s had a somewhat higher rate of creep , but a more significant issue was that aluminum wire critically had a coefficient of expansion that varied significantly from steel screws commonly used in lieu of brass screws around this time for terminations at devices such as outlets and switches . Aluminum and steel expand and contract at significantly different rates under thermal load , so a connection can become loose , particularly for older terminations initially installed with inadequate torque of the screws combined with creep of the aluminum over time . Loose connections get progressively worse over time . This cycle results from the connection loosening slightly , with a reduced contact area at the connection leading to overheating , and allowing intermetallic steel / aluminum compounds to be formed between the conductor and the terminal screw . This resulted in a higher resistance junction , leading to additional overheating . Although many believe that oxidation was the issue , studies have shown that oxidation was not significant in these cases . Problems with electrical device ratings ( edit ) Older solid aluminum wire at older receptacle with steel terminal screws Many electrical devices used in the 1960s had smaller plain steel terminal screws , which made the attachment of the aluminum wires being used at that time to these devices much more vulnerable to problems . In the late 1960s , a device specification known as CU / AL ( meaning copper - aluminum ) was created that specified standards for devices intended for use with aluminum wire . Some of these devices used larger undercut screw terminals to more securely hold the wire . Special CO / ALR rated wall outlet and wall switch Unfortunately , CU / AL switches and receptacles failed to work well enough with aluminum wire , and a new specification called CO / ALR ( meaning copper - aluminum , revised ) was created . These devices employ brass screw terminals that are designed to act as a similar metal to aluminum and to expand at a similar rate , and the screws have even deeper undercuts . The CO / ALR rating is only available for standard light switches and receptacles ; Cu / Al is the standard connection marking for circuit breakers and larger equipment . Aluminum oxidation ( edit ) Most metals ( with a few exceptions , such as gold ) oxidize freely when exposed to air . Aluminium oxide is not an electrical conductor , but rather an electrical insulator . Consequently , the flow of electrons through the oxide layer can be greatly impeded . However , since the oxide layer is only a few nanometers thick , the added resistance is not noticeable under most conditions . When aluminum wire is terminated properly , the mechanical connection breaks the thin , brittle layer of oxide to form an excellent electrical connection . Unless this connection is loosened , there is no way for oxygen to penetrate the connection point to form further oxide . Result improperly joined aluminum and copper wires in old apartment , done by qualified electrician If inadequate torque is applied to the electrical device termination screw or if the devices are not CO / ALR rated ( or at least CU / AL rated for breakers and larger equipment ) this can result in an inadequate connection of the aluminum wire . Also , due to the significant difference in thermal expansion rates of older aluminum wire and steel termination screws connections can loosen over time allowing the formation of some additional oxide on the wire . However oxidation was found not to be a substantial factor in failures of aluminum wire terminations . Joining aluminum and copper wires ( edit ) Another issue is the joining of aluminum wire to copper wire . In addition to the oxidation that occurs on the surface of aluminum wires which can cause a poor connection , aluminum and copper are dissimilar metals . As a result , galvanic corrosion can occur in the presence of an electrolyte , and these connections can become unstable over time . Aluminum wiring upgrades / repairs ( edit ) Several upgrades or repairs are available for homes with older pre-1970s aluminum branch circuit wiring : Completely rewiring the house with copper wires ( usually cost prohibitive ) `` Pig - tailing '' which involves splicing a short length of copper wire ( pigtail ) to the original aluminum wire , and then attaching the copper wire to the existing electrical device . The splice of the copper pigtail to the existing aluminum wire can be accomplished with special crimp connectors , special miniature lug - type connectors , or approved twist - on connectors ( with special installation procedures ) . AL to CU Pigtail done with COPALUM crimp connectors AlumiConn connectors used to connect copper pigtails to older aluminum branch circuit wires at an outlet However , the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission ( CPSC ) currently only recommends two alternatives for a `` permanent repair '' using the pig - tailing method . The more extensively tested method uses special crimp - on connectors called COPALUM connectors . As of April 2011 , the CPSC has also recognized miniature lug - type connectors called AlumiConn connectors . The CPSC considers the use of pigtails with wire nuts a temporary repair , and even as a temporary repair recommends special installation procedures , and notes that there can still be hazards with attempting the repairs . COPALUM connectors use a special crimping system that creates a cold weld between the copper and aluminum wire , and is considered a permanent , maintenance - free repair . However , there may not be sufficient length of wires in enclosures to permit a special crimping tool to be used , and the resulting connections are sometimes too large to install in existing enclosures due to limited space ( or `` box fill '' ) . Installing an enclosure extender for un-finished surfaces , replacing the enclosure with a larger one or installing an additional adjacent enclosure can be done to increase the available space . Also COPALUM connectors are costly to install , require special tools that can not simply be purchased and electricians certified to use them by the manufacturer , and it can sometimes be very difficult to find local electricians certified to install these connectors . The AlumiConn miniature lug connector can also be used for a permanent repair . The only special tool required for an electrician installing them is a special torque screwdriver that should be readily available to qualified electrical contractors . Proper torque on the connectors set screws is critical to having an acceptable repair . However , use of the Alumiconn connectors is a relatively newer repair option for older aluminum wiring compared to other methods , and use of these connectors can have some of the same or similar problems with limited enclosure space as the COPALUM connectors . Ideal No. 65 AL - CU twist - on wire nut with distinctive purple color Special twist - on connectors ( or `` wire nuts '' ) are available for joining aluminum to copper wire , which are pre-filled with an antioxidant compound made of zinc dust in polybutene base with silicon dioxide added to the compound to abrade the wires . As of 2014 there was only one twist - on connector rated or `` UL Listed '' for connecting aluminum and copper branch circuit wires in the U.S. , which is the Ideal No. 65 `` Twister Al / Cu wire connector '' . These special twist - on connectors have a distinctive purple color , have been UL Listed for aluminum to copper branch circuit wire connections since 1995 , and according to the manufacturer 's current literature are `` perfect for pig - tailing a copper conductor onto aluminum branch circuit wiring in retrofit applications '' . The CPSC still considers the use of twist - on connectors , including the Ideal No. 65 `` Twister Al / Cu wire connector '' , to be a temporary repair . According to the CPSC , even using ( listed ) twist - on connectors to attach copper pigtails to older aluminum wires as a temporary repair requires special installation procedures , including abrading and pre-twisting the wires . However , the manufacturer 's instructions for the Ideal No. 65 Twister only recommends pre-twisting the wires , and does not state it 's required . Also the instructions do not mention physically abrading the wires as recommended by the CPSC , although the manufacturer current literature states the pre-filled `` compound cuts aluminum oxide '' . Some researchers have criticized the UL listing / tests for this wire connector , and there have been reported problems with tests ( without pre-twisting ) and installations . However , it is unknown if the reported installation problems were associated with unqualified persons attempting these repairs , or not using recommended special installation procedures ( such as abrading and pre-twisting the wires as recommended by the CPSC for older aluminum wire , or at least pre-twisting the wires as recommended by Ideal for their connectors ) . The use of newer CO / ALR rated devices ( switches and receptacles ) can be used to replace older devices that did not have the proper rating in homes with aluminum branch circuit wiring to reduce the hazards . These devices are reportedly tested and listed for both AA - 1350 and AA - 8000 series aluminum wire , and are acceptable according to the National Electrical Code . However , some manufacturers of CO / ALR devices recommend periodically checking / tightening the terminal screws on these devices which can be hazardous for unqualified individuals to attempt , and there is criticism of their use as a permanent repair as some CO / ALR devices have failed in tests when connected to `` old technology '' aluminum wire . Furthermore , just installing CO / ALR devices ( switches and receptacles ) does n't address potential hazards associated with other connections such as those at ceiling fans , lights and equipment . See also ( edit ) Copper - clad aluminium wire References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Telecommunications and networks , Khateeb M. Hussain , Donna Hussain Jump up ^ Aircraft Wire . mechanicsupport.com ^ Jump up to : `` Anaheim Aluminum Wiring Facts and Fallacies '' . Accurateelectricalservices.com. 2011 - 02 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . Electricity is transmitted from the utility generating stations to individual meters using almost exclusively aluminum wiring . In the U.S. , utilities have used aluminum wire for over 100 years . Jump up ^ Copper prices and copper price charts Jump up ^ Aluminum Prices and Aluminum Price Charts Jump up ^ `` The Evolution of Aluminum Conductors Used for Building Wire and Cable '' ( PDF ) . NEMA. 2012 . Jump up ^ Patent application filed in 1969 ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 National Electrical Code '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Repairing Aluminum Wiring '' ( PDF ) . CPSC Publication 516 , June 2011 www.cpsc.gov . Jump up ^ `` What Owners Need to Know About Wiring Dangers '' . Washington Post Article , Real Estate , July 3 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Aluminum Building Wire Installation & Terminations '' ( PDF ) . Christel Hunter , IAEI News ( January / February 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Aluminum Building Wire 40 Years Later '' . Southwire Article . ^ Jump up to : Newbury , Dale ; Greenwald , S. ( 19 June 1980 ) . `` Observations on the Mechanisms of High Resistance Junction Formation in Aluminum Wire Connections '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards. 85 ( 6 ) : 429 -- 440 . Jump up ^ `` CPSC Approval Letter for AlumiConn Connectors '' ( PDF ) . CPSC . Jump up ^ `` Ideal Noalox Antioxidant Material Safety Data Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Twister Al / Cu Wire Connector '' ( PDF ) . Ideal Twister Brochure. 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ideal Twister Al / Cu Plus Wire Connector Instruction Sheet '' ( PDF ) . LA - 2669 - 3 , Ideal Industries . ^ Jump up to : `` Reducing the Fire Hazard in Aluminum - Wired Homes '' ( PDF ) . Report by Jesse Aronstein , PE Updated 11 / 25 / 2011 . `` Installing Aluminum Building Wire '' , Christel Hunter , EC&M Article , 2007 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aluminum_building_wiring&oldid=865703369 '' Categories : Electrical wiring Aluminium Wire Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 16 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is aluminum wiring used in construction today	[]	[]
7677352387344063097	The Week That Wasn't	The Week That was n't - Wikipedia The Week That was n't Jump to : navigation , search The Week That Was n't Genre satirical late night television Starring Cyrus Broacha Country of origin India Original language ( s ) English Release Original network CNN - News18 Original release 2006 External links Website features.ibnlive.in.com/show/the-week-that-wasnt.html The Week That Was n't is an Indian satirical late night television programme hosted by Cyrus Broacha and shown on the CNN - IBN channel . Started in 2006 , cast includes Kaneez Surka and Kunal Vijaykar besides Broacha . In 2013 , a defamation case was filed against Broacha and the team by the Tamil Nadu government over his comments during the show regarding Jayalalithaa 's letter to the Prime Minister asking Sri Lankan players not to be allowed in the Indian Premier League ( IPL ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` In Good humour '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Cyrus unplugged ... '' . The Hindu . 2010 - 02 - 20 . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` TN govt . files defamation case against Broacha '' . The Hindu . 2013 - 04 - 16 . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Official website This comedy television series - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This Indian television - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Week_That_Wasn%27t&oldid=804306853 '' Categories : Use Indian English from October 2017 Indian comedy television series Comedy television series stubs Indian television stubs Hidden categories : All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from October 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 03 : 15 . About Wikipedia	the week that wasn't latest episode youtube	[]	[]
8103507011139963001	Facial hair in the military	Facial hair in the military - wikipedia Facial hair in the military hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During the 19th century , soldiers and officers sported various type of moustaches , goatees , beards or sideburns . Facial hair in the military has been at various times common , prohibited , or an integral part of the uniform . Contents 1 Asia 1.1 India 1.2 Iran 1.3 Iraq 1.4 Israel 1.5 Lebanon 1.6 Pakistan 1.7 Nepal 1.8 South Korea 1.9 Sri Lanka 1.10 Syria 2 Europe 2.1 Belgium 2.2 Austria 2.3 Croatia 2.4 Denmark 2.5 Finland 2.6 France 2.7 Germany 2.8 Greece 2.9 Ireland 2.10 Italy 2.11 Netherlands 2.12 Norway 2.13 Portugal 2.14 Russia 2.15 Spain 2.16 Serbia 2.17 Sweden 2.18 Turkey 2.19 Ukraine 2.20 United Kingdom 3 Americas 3.1 Mexico 3.2 Argentina 3.3 Brazil 3.4 Canada 3.5 Colombia 3.6 United States 3.6. 1 Exceptions for religious accommodation 4 Oceania 4.1 Australia 5 References Asia ( edit ) India ( edit ) Out of respect to their religion , Sikhs are allowed to grow beards in the Indian army An Indian Army Para ( SF ) operator with a full beard . General Bikram Singh of the Indian Army Admiral D.K. Joshi of the Indian Navy with a five o'clock shadow In the armed forces and police of India , male Sikh servicemen are allowed to wear full beards as their religion expressly requires followers to do so . However , they are specifically required to `` dress up their hair and beard properly '' . In fact , in Sikh - only units such as the Indian Army 's Sikh Regiment and Sikh Light Infantry there have been instances of personnel being transferred out of the unit by their commanding officer for their refusal to wear a beard and grow their hair out as required by the Sikh religion , although no official regulation exists on this . Non-Sikh personnel are allowed to grow whiskers and moustaches , with the only regulation being that `` will be of moderate length '' . In December 2003 , the Supreme Court of India ruled that Muslims in uniform can grow beards . Thus , non-Muslims and non-Sikhs serving in the Indian Army or the Indian Air Force are not permitted to wear beards . However , Army personnel on active duty are sometimes exempt from facial hair regulations for the duration of their tour of duty if their deployment makes access to such facilities difficult . Indian Navy personnel are allowed to grow beards subject to the permission of their commanding officer . Exceptions for other religions are made in the case of special forces operatives like the army 's Para ( Special Forces ) soldiers and the navy 's MARCOS commandos who are allowed to grow beards . Iran ( edit ) Beards are permitted in the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran . As a sign of their ideological motivation , Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps ( Sepah ) personnel used to tend to wear full beards , while the Islamic Republic of Iran Army ( Artesh ) personnel are usually trimmed or wear mustaches . Iraq ( edit ) Beards to a certain length were traditionally permitted in the Iraqi security forces , however a ban was brought into effect in April 2012 due to public associations between beards and certain sectarian militias in Iraq . As a result of the change Iraqi soldiers and police must now be clean shaven . Under the rule of Saddam Hussein , beards were not allowed in the army and in military service , only a mustache . Hussein did not allow any one to grow a beard under his rule . Israel ( edit ) The IDF prohibits the growing of facial hair unless a special request form has been filed and approved . The requests can be for religious reasons ( full beard only ) , health reasons such as acne ( no restrictions on facial hair styles ) , and on the grounds of `` free will '' , which means the facial hair ( mustache , a goatee or a full beard all of which must be well groomed ) has to be part of the soldiers identity and part of his self - esteem . If the request is due to health reasons , it must be approved by the military doctor and lasts up to half a year . if the request is due to religious reasons or `` free will '' , it must be approved by an officer at the rank of Major , that is acquainted with the soldier , for religious requests the form must be approved additional by a military Rabbi , who usually conducts an interview , and finally by an Adjutant officer . The exemption from shaving expires only if the soldier shaves his facial hair willingly . Lebanon ( edit ) Beards are not allowed in the Lebanese Armed Forces . Only trimmed moustaches that do n't pass the upper lip are permitted . Pakistan ( edit ) Beards are permitted in Pakistan Army . They are allowed only on special request is approved . The requests are generally for religious reasons and for health reasons , such as acne or skin allergy . Once the form has been approved applicant is not allowed to shave back . There is a special allowance for bigger moustaches but they must be neat and trimmed . Nepal ( edit ) Currently , moustaches and beards are not within regulations in the Nepal Army . In the past , moustaches was popular in the Gorkhali Army commanders and soldiers . Military commanders of Kshatriya order ( called Kshetri in Nepal ) especially of five Kaji noble family Thapa , Pande , Kunwar , Basnet and Bista used to linked moustaches to dignity . However , with changing times , it became apparent that facial hair can break seals on gas masks , and thus a liability . Thus regulations do not allow for facial hair . Despite this , many soldiers can still be spotted with facial hair , especially when stationed in remote areas , away from the eyes of the press , and if their unit commanders are willing to look the other way . Mul kaji ( Chief Kazi ) General Damodar Pande Portrait of Prime Minister and Commander - In - Chief , Mathabar Singh Thapa in National Museum of Nepal , Chhauni Sardar General Ram Krishna Kunwar Mulkaji General Abhiman Singh Basnet , leader of the Basnyat family Moustasched Hindu Gorkhali soldier with Khukuri - in - mouth pose photographed 1915 AD at France South korea ( edit ) Beards are not allowed in the South Korean Armed Forces . Sri lanka ( edit ) The Navy does not allow moustaches alone , but does allow full - set beards . Moustaches but not beards are permitted in the Army and Air Force . However , members of the Commando and Special Forces regiments are allowed to wear beards if based outside their home camps . Syria ( edit ) Beards are not allowed in the Syrian Army . Trimmed moustaches , however , are allowed . Europe ( edit ) Belgium ( edit ) The Belgian Armed Forces permits moustaches and beards , but they have to be properly trimmed . Austria ( edit ) The Austrian Armed Forces permits moustaches , beards and sideburns , as long as they are neatly trimmed . Croatia ( edit ) The Republic of Croatia Armed Forces permits moustaches for soldiers and non-commissioned officers . Officers are allowed to wear neatly trimmed beards . Furthermore , beards are not only allowed , but fully recommended for members of special operations teams when deployed . Denmark ( edit ) Danish Army personnel are generally allowed to wear any well - kept beard . Stubble , however , is not allowed . Full beards are popular among units deployed in Afghanistan , as it is easier to maintain when in the field . This also helps break down cultural barriers between the Danish and the Afghans , as most Afghan men wear full beards , and because many Danes grow red - coloured beards , an Afghan symbol of bravery . Soldiers who belong to Den Kongelige Livgarde ( The Royal Life Guards ) are not allowed to have beards when on guard duty . Additionally , Danish soldiers are not required to have short haircuts , though most have . Finland ( edit ) The regulations of the Finnish Defence Forces ( Rule 91 ) prohibit the growing of a moustache , a beard or long hair . Reservists can grow moustache , beard or long hair . France ( edit ) The sappers ( `` sapeurs '' ) of the French Foreign Legion traditionally wear large beards . Since the Napoleonic era and throughout the 19th century , sappers ( combat engineers ) of the French Army could wear full beards . Elite troops , such as grenadiers , had to wear large moustaches . Infantry chasseurs were asked to wear moustaches and goatees ; and hussars , in addition to their moustache , usually wore two braids in front of each ear , to protect their neck from sword slashes . These traditions were gradually abandoned since the beginning of the 20th century , except for the French Foreign Legion sappers ( see below ) . The `` decree No 75 - 675 regarding regulations for general discipline in the Armies of 28 July 1975 , modified '' regulates facial hair in the French armed forces . Military personnel are allowed to grow a beard or moustache only during periods when they are out of uniform . The beard must be `` correctly trimmed '' , and provisions are stated for a possible ban of beards by the military authorities to ensure compatibility with certain equipment . However , within the Foreign Legion , sappers are traditionally encouraged to grow a large beard . Sappers chosen to participate in the Bastille Day parade are in fact specifically asked to stop shaving so they will have a full beard when they march down the Champs - Élysées . The moustache was an obligation for gendarmes until 1933 . By tradition , some gendarmes may still grow a moustache . Submariners may be bearded , clean - shaven , or `` patrol - bearded '' , growing a beard for the time of a patrol in reminiscence of the time of the diesel submarines whose cramped space allowed for rustic and minimal personal care . French soldiers of the First World War were known by the nickname poilu , meaning `` hairy one '' in reference to their facial hair . Germany ( edit ) In the Third Reich - era Wehrmacht , facial hair beyond a small neatly trimmed moustache was against regulations , though such regulations were often relaxed under field conditions . The latter was particularly true in the case of the Kriegsmarine and Gebirgsjäger . Growth of a full beard was the norm for U-boat crews on active duty , though facial hair was expected to be shaved off soon after reaching port . The present - day regulations of the Bundeswehr allow soldiers to grow a beard on condition that it be trimmed , unobtrusive and well - kept . Beards must not impact the proper use of any military equipment , such as a gas mask . Moreover , stubble may not be shown ; thus a clean - shaven soldier who wants to start growing a beard must do so during his furlough . Greece ( edit ) In the Greek armed forces , only the navy permits military personnel to wear a beard . Neatly trimmed moustaches are the only facial hair permitted in the army and air force . Ireland ( edit ) The growing of beards is not permitted in any branch of the Irish Defence Forces with exception of the Army Ranger Wing . Moustaches are permitted with permission . Sideburns are not allowed beyond ear length . The Irish police force similarly does not allow any uniformed members to grow beards , but does allow moustaches on the upper lip and ear length sideburns . Italy ( edit ) In the Italian armed forces , beards or moustaches are allowed , but well taken care of it ; without beards , the sideburns should reach the middle of the tragus . In the various branches of the police , same specific law is in force . Stubble is permitted outside of ceremonial occasions . Netherlands ( edit ) In the Royal Netherlands Army , officers and soldiers may only grow beards after permission has been obtained . As in many other armies , automatic permission is given for certain medical conditions . Mustaches may be grown without asking permission . Beards are worn at times by the Royal Netherlands Marines and by Royal Netherlands Navy personnel . All facial hair in the Netherlands armed forces is subject to instant removal when operational circumstances demand it . Recent operations in Afghanistan under the ISAF have seen a trend of growing `` tour beards '' , both for bonding and as a way of advancing contacts with the Afghan population , who regard a full beard as a sign of manhood . A beard without a mustache is uncommon in the Netherlands . Norway ( edit ) The Royal Guard is required to be clean - shaven . Most operative personnel are not allowed to wear beards ( so as not to interfere with gas masks ) unless : The soldier obtains express permission to grow his beard from a high - ranking officer . The soldier already has a beard upon his enlistment and requests to continue growing it or maintain it at its present length . Although , in the enduring operations in Afghanistan , many soldiers have grown full beards Portugal ( edit ) ( Details unknown . ) Russia ( edit ) Traditionally , Russian soldiers of Russian Tsardom wore beards , but during the reign of Peter the Great they were completely banned in the army and even for civilians , except members of the clergy . Peter did however make moustaches a requirement for every soldier excluding officers , and all of the Russian infantry of the imperial reign could be seen sporting them , often growing beyond the upper - lip . Although the typical image of the imperial Russian soldier shown him with a beard , they were not universally permitted until 1895 . Cavalrymen also met these requirements . Officers and staff on the other hand grew whatever hair they wished , and generally kept with the fashion of the time . Spain ( edit ) The Spanish Armed Forces allow facial hair , under article 40 of the Royal Ordinances . Dress and grooming standards for Spanish ISAF forces have been relaxed to help the troops blend in better with the local Muslim population . Serbia ( edit ) In the Serbian Armed Forces neatly trimmed mustaches are the only facial hair permitted , remaining of the face must be cleanly shaved in every occasion except when legitimate reasons prevent it ( e.g. winter field operations , war operations ) , but soldiers do have to shave the first chance that situation permits . Priests of any denomination are allowed to have beards if their religion requires it , but it still have to be trimmed and well groomed . Sweden ( edit ) The regulations require personnel to be `` well shaved '' ( välrakad ) . Within the Royal Guard ( Högvakten ) , the royal companies ( Livkomp ) and other personnel performing ceremonial duties , temporary or on a regular basis , the regulations are strictly enforced . Within other units , beards tend to be allowed under the discretion of the company commander ( or other higher ranking commander ) . The general provisions of well - managed appearance is enforced also when it comes to beards . Soldiers are however by practice allowed to grow beards during service abroad , for example in Afghanistan . The motivation for the regulation prohibiting beard is that it interferes with the gas - mask and makes it difficult to achieve a perfect air - tight fit . Shorter beard and gun grease or ointment is one remedy but will increase the time for the application of the gas - mask which in turn will put bearded personnel at increased risk of exposure . Turkey ( edit ) All Turkish Armed Forces personnel are required to be clean - shaven at all times . Ukraine ( edit ) Illustration of Sviatoslav the prince of Kyevan Rus ' Ukrainian Cossacks traditionally have a distinctive facial hair style - long `` cossack '' moustache was very popular across Ukraine during Middle Ages until modern times . The tradition allegedly dates back at least to the times of prince of Kyevan Rus ' Sviatoslav I of Kiev famous for his military campaigns in the east and south . Sviatoslav had distinctive moustache and hair style ( oseledets or chupryna ) that almost every Ukrainian cossack had centuries after his times ( although Svyatoslav had lived in 10th century , while Cossacks appear on the historical scene only since the 15th century ) . The length of the cossack moustache was important - the longer the better . Sometimes one had to tuck them away behind one 's ears . Some cossacks were wearing beards as well , but this type of facial hair was not very popular in Ukraine in general and in Ukraine 's military in particular . United kingdom ( edit ) By the second half of the 19th century , beards were largely allowed in the British military . Until the mid-19th century , facial hair was unusual in the British Army , except for the infantry pioneers , who traditionally grew beards . A small minority of officers wore moustaches . During the 1800s , the attitude to facial hair changed as a result of the Indian and Asian Wars . Many Middle Eastern and Indian cultures associated facial hair with wisdom and power . As a result , facial hair , moustaches and side whiskers in particular , became increasingly common on British soldiers stationed in Asia . In the mid-19th century , during the Crimean War , all ranks were encouraged to grow large moustaches , and full beards during winter . After the Crimean war , regulations were introduced that prevented serving soldiers of all ranks from shaving above their top lip , in essence making moustaches compulsory for those who could grow them , although beards were later forbidden . This remained in place until 1916 , when the regulation was abolished by an Army Order dated 6 October 1916 . It was issued by Nevil Macready , Adjutant - General to the Forces , who loathed his own moustache and immediately shaved it off . However , there is considerable evidence in photographs and film footage that the earlier regulations were widely ignored and that many British soldiers of all ranks were clean - shaven even before 1916 . This was often because the penalty for not growing a moustache was rarely enforced , as it would n't hold in military court for court - martialling . Since that time , the British Army , Royal Air Force , and Royal Marines have allowed moustaches and connected side whiskers only . Exceptions are beards grown for medical reasons , such as temporary skin irritations , or for religious reasons ( usually by Sikhs or Muslims ) , although in the event of conflict in which the use of chemical or biological weapons is likely , they may be required to shave a strip around the seal of a respirator . Infantry pioneer warrant officers , colour sergeants and sergeants also traditionally wear and are permitted to wear beards ; although not compulsory , most do wear them . In some Scottish infantry regiments , it is either permitted or expected , by regimental tradition , for the drum major , pipe major , and / or commanding officer 's piper to wear a beard . Beards are also permitted to special forces when on covert intelligence operations or behind enemy lines . More recently , the British Army has been seen sporting a full range of stubble , moustaches and beards in Afghanistan in an effort to blend in with the generally bearded Afghan men , for whom a beard is seen as a sign of virility and authority . The Royal Navy has always allowed beards , but never moustaches alone , and since at least the early 20th century has permitted its members to wear only a `` full set '' ( i.e. a full beard and moustache ) . A beard or moustache may not be worn without the other and the beard must be full ( i.e. cover the whole jawline ) and joined to the moustache . If , after a period without shaving , it becomes clear that the individual can not grow a proper full set , his commanding officer may order him to shave it off . Any style of facial hair is allowed to British police officers , as long as it is neatly trimmed . Americas ( edit ) Mexico ( edit ) Beards and sideburns are not permitted by the regular Mexican military , without exception . Soldiers at any rank must be clean - shaven and short haired . Argentina ( edit ) Beards and sideburns are banned in all military and police forces since the early 20th century . A clean - shaved face is considered part of a spirit of order , hygiene and discipline . Stubble is also considered unacceptable and controlled with severity . Well - trimmed moustaches are allowed in most of these branches , although in some cases this is a privilege of officers and sub-officers , and it 's not allowed to be grown while on duty . Before the end of 20th century , the Navy became a singularity within the Argentine Armed Forces as Adm. Joaquín Stella , then Navy Chief of Staff allowed beards in 2000 for officers with ranks above Teniente de Corbeta ( Ensign ) , according to Section 1.10. 1.1 of the Navy Uniform regulations ( R.A - 1 - 001 ) . Adm. Stella gave the example himself by becoming the first bearded Argentine admiral since Adm. Sáenz Valiente in the 1920s . Non commissioned officers can wear beards from Suboficial Segundo ( Petty Officer ) rank , and upwards . Protocol still requires officers to appear clean - shaved on duty , thus forcing those who choose to sport beards to grow them while on leave . Both full beards and goatees are allowed , as long as they proffer a professional , non-eccentric image . Nowadays , bearded Argentine naval and marine officers and senior NCO 's are a relatively common sight . Brazil ( edit ) The Brazilian Army , Brazilian Navy and Brazilian Air Force permit moustaches , as long as they are trimmed to just above the upper lip . Recruits , however , may not wear moustaches . Beards are generally not allowed except for special exceptions , such as covering a deformity . In such cases , a beard is permitted under authorization . Canada ( edit ) The Canadian Forces permits moustaches , provided they be neatly trimmed , a maximum of 2 centimetres in bulk , and that the unshaven part does not pass beyond the corners of the mouth . Otherwise , the moustache must be styled horizontally and can not go beyond the face . Generally speaking , beards are not permitted to CF personnel with the following exceptions : Members of the navy are allowed full beards Members of an infantry pioneer platoon ( tradition ) Members who must maintain a beard due to religious requirements ( Muslims , Sikhs or orthodox Jews , for example ) Members with a medical condition which precludes shaving These exceptions notwithstanding , in no case is a beard permitted without a moustache , and only full beards may be worn ( not goatees , van dykes , etc . ) . Personnel with beards may still be required to modify or shave off the beard , as environmental or tactical circumstances dictate ( e.g. , to facilitate the wearing of a gas mask ) . Beards are also allowed to be worn by personnel conducting OPFOR duties . Colombia ( edit ) Only after the rank of captain , officers are allowed to wear a well trimmed moustache that does n't grow over the upper lip . Beards and sideburns are not allowed . United States ( edit ) Ambrose Burnside wore a large moustache and sideburns Excluding limited exemptions for religious accommodation , the United States Army , Air Force , and Marine Corps have policies that prohibit beards on the basis of hygiene and the necessity of a good seal for chemical weapon protective masks . The official position is that uniform personal appearance and grooming contribute to discipline and a sense of camaraderie . All branches of the U.S. Military currently prohibit beards for a vast majority of recruits , although some mustaches are still allowed , based on policies that were initiated during the period of World War I . On 10 November 1970 , Chief of Naval Operations ( CNO ) Elmo Zumwalt explicitly authorized beards for active duty Naval personnel , in his Z - gram number 57 , `` Elimination of Demeaning or Abrasive Regulation , '' although his position was that they were already implicitly allowed based on policy changes made by his predecessor , Thomas H. Moorer : 1 . Those demeaning or abrasive regulations generally referred to in the fleet as `` Mickey Mouse '' or `` Chicken '' regs have , in my judgment , done almost as much to cause dissatisfaction among our personnel as have extended family separation and low pay scales . I desire to eliminate many of the most abrasive policies , standardize others which are inconsistently enforced , and provide some general guidance which reflects my conviction that if we are to place the importance and responsibility of `` the person '' in proper perspective in the more efficient Navy we are seeking , the worth and personal dignity of the individual must be forcefully reaffirmed . The policy changes below are effective immediately and will be amplified by more detailed implementing directives to be issued separately . 2 . It appears that my predecessor 's guidance in May on the subject of haircuts , beards and sideburns is insufficiently understood and , for this reason , I want to restate what I believed to be explicit : in the case of haircuts , sideburns , and contemporary clothing styles , my view is that we must learn to adapt to changing fashions . I will not countenance the rights or privileges of any officers or enlisted men being abrogated in any way because they choose to grow sideburns or neatly trimmed beards or moustaches or because preferences in neat clothing styles are at variance with the taste of their seniors , nor will I countenance any personnel being in any way penalized during the time they are growing beards , moustaches , or sideburns . The Navy ban on beards on Naval installations and operational vessels , including its submarine fleet , was reinstated in 1984 by CNO James D. Watkins . However , this rule is generally ignored on board deployed submarines at the Captain 's discretion . The U.S. Coast Guard allowed beards until 1986 , when they were banned by Commandant Admiral Paul Yost . The majority of police forces in the United States still ban their officers from wearing beards . Mustaches are generally allowed in both the military and police forces ( except for those undergoing basic training ) , so long as they are well - groomed . U.S. Army regulations , for example , require that a mustaches be `` neatly trimmed , tapered , and tidy '' , and that `` no portion of the mustache will cover the upper lip line , extend sideways beyond a vertical line drawn upward from the corners of the mouth ... or extend above a parallel line at the lowest portion of the nose . '' Those with skin conditions such as pseudofolliculitis barbae or severe acne are allowed to maintain short facial hair with the permission of a doctor or medic , but no shaping is allowed , only trimming with an electric razor , or approved regular razor . 1 / 8 - 1 / 4 of an inch ( 3.2 mm ) is usually the standard for this condition . Additionally , for almost a decade , ending with a `` deauthorization '' order that took effect on 7 September 2010 , many Special Forces members in Afghanistan were allowed to wear beards . Exceptions for religious accommodation ( edit ) Main article : Religious symbolism in the United States military § Religious apparel and grooming U.S. Army Captain Tejdeep Singh Rattan , 2010 In 2010 , the U.S. Army granted waivers for a number of Sikh soldiers and one Muslim soldier , permitting them to have beards ( and in the case of the Sikh soldiers , to have `` unshorn '' hair covered by turbans ) . In 2010 , a rabbi filed suit against the Army for permission to be commissioned as a Jewish chaplain without shaving his beard , noting ( among other issues ) that another Jewish Chaplain , Colonel Jacob Goldstein , has been serving ( first in the New York State National Guard and later in the United States Army Reserve ) since 1977 with a beard . Effective 22 January 2014 , the US military expanded its policies on religious accommodation and allowed all officer and enlisted personnel to request permission to wear beards and articles of clothing for religious reasons . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Beards are normally not allowed in the Australian Army and Royal Australian Air Force , however , neatly trimmed moustaches and sideburns are allowed . Regulations apply , however . The moustache can not be grown past the top lip . The sideburns are not to be past the point where the bottom of the ear connects to the facial skin . In some circumstances though , such as medical or religious reasons beards may be permitted . Exceptions to this rule however are assault pioneers and special forces in Afghanistan . In the Royal Australian Navy , members may grow a beard but only with approval from their commanding officer . The beard must be complete , joined from sideburns , covering the chin and joining the moustache . A moustache on its own is not permitted . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/RTI/rti/DSR/DSR_VOLUME_2/CHAPTER_15/272.htm Jump up ^ `` Muslims in uniform can keep beard '' . Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Muslims in Indian Army Can Wear Beards , Court Rules '' . arabnews.com. 14 December 2003 . Jump up ^ http://armedforces.nic.in/navy/beard.htm Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 15 April 2008 . Retrieved 28 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rita J. ; Abdel - Moneim , Mohamed Alaa ( 2011 ) , A Handbook of Military Conscription and Composition the World Over , Lexington Books , pp. 152 -- 153 , ISBN 0739167529 Jump up ^ `` Iraq military beard edict stirs religion debate '' . Reuters. 20 June 2012 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Finnish Defence Forces '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Les Arquebusiers de Visé , le 19e siècle , 1ère partie '' . Jump up ^ Décret No 75 - 675 portant règlement de discipline générale dans les armées du 28 juillet 1975 , modifié Jump up ^ Wise , Marsh ( 1998 ) . `` German Reenactor 's Appearance '' . Reenactor.net . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Gebirgsjager '' . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Gordon ; Darko Pavlović ( 2001 ) . Grey Wolf : U-Boat Crewman of World War II . Warrior Series . 36 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 312 - 8 . p 26 , 32 . Jump up ^ Littell , E ( 1841 ) . Museum of Foreign Literature , Science and Art , Volume 42 . E. Littell & Co . Jump up ^ `` How the moustache won an empire '' , Daily Mail , 11 October 2007 Jump up ^ `` The Army Moustache : Optional under a New Order '' , The Times , 7 October 1916 Jump up ^ Annals of an Active Life by Sir Nevil Macready , pp 258 - 259 . Jump up ^ For example , many clean - shaven soldiers are shown in contemporary film footage from 1914 and 1915 shown in the acclaimed 2003 British TV series The First World War . Jump up ^ http://www.sedena.gob.mx/pdf/reglamentos/rglmto_deb_mil.pdf Jump up ^ Portaria No 310 . Diretoria de Serviço Militar . Exército Brasileiro . Jump up ^ www.nytimes.com , 1984 , retrieved 11 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army ( 15 September 2014 ) . `` Wear and Appearance of Army Uniforms and Insignia '' ( PDF ) . Army Publishing Directorate . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 April 2015 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ www.npr.org , retrieved 21 June 2011 . Jump up ^ www. army ,. mil , retrieved 21 June 2011 . Jump up ^ www.armytimes.com , retrieved 21 June 2011 . Jump up ^ www.dtic.mil , retrieved 21 June 2011 . Jump up ^ U.S. military giving troops more leeway for religious clothing , beards , David Alexander , Reuters , 23 January 2014 Jump up ^ `` DOD Instruction 1300.17 , amended as of January 2014 '' , retrieved 26 January 2014 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Facial_hair_in_the_military&oldid=856792213 '' Categories : Facial hair Uniforms Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2010 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia introduction cleanup from April 2011 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from April 2011 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 15 : 26 ( UTC ) . 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-4972429831347688958	Three-point field goal	Three - point field goal - wikipedia Three - point field goal This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In American and Canadian football , a field goal happens to be worth three points . Sara Giauro shoots a three - point shot at the 2005 FIBA Europe Cup Women 's Finals A three - point field goal ( also 3 - pointer or informally , trey ) is a field goal in a basketball game made from beyond the three - point line , a designated arc surrounding the basket . A successful attempt is worth three points , in contrast to the two points awarded for field goals made within the three - point line and the one point for each made free throw . The distance from the basket to the three - point line varies by competition level : in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) the arc is 23 feet 9 inches ( 7.24 m ) from the basket ; in FIBA and the WNBA ( the latter uses FIBA 's three - point line standard ) the arc is 6.75 metres or 22 feet 1 ⁄ inches from the basket ; and in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) the arc is 20 feet 9 inches ( 6.32 m ) from the basket . In the NBA and FIBA / WNBA , the three - point line becomes parallel to each sideline at the points where the arc is 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) from each sideline ; as a result the distance from the basket gradually decreases to a minimum of 22 feet ( 6.71 m ) . In the NCAA the arc is continuous for 180 ° around the basket . There are more variations ( see main article ) . In 3x3 , a FIBA - sanctioned variant of the half - court 3 - on - 3 game , the `` three - point '' line exists , but shots from behind the line are only worth 2 points . All other shots are worth 1 point . Contents 1 History 2 Rule specifications 3 Related concepts 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The three - point line was first tested at the collegiate level in a 1945 NCAA game between Columbia and Fordham but it was not kept as a rule . At the direction of Abe Saperstein , the American Basketball League became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961 . Its three - point line was a radius of 25 feet ( 7.62 m ) from the baskets , except along the sides . The Eastern Professional Basketball League followed in its 1963 -- 64 season . The three - point shot later became popularized by the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) , introduced in its inaugural 1967 -- 68 season . ABA commissioner George Mikan stated the three - pointer `` would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans . '' During the 1970s , the ABA used the three - point shot , along with the slam dunk , as a marketing tool to compete with the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The official scorer 's report showing the first three - point field goal in NBA history on October 12 , 1979 In the 1979 -- 80 season , after having tested it in the previous pre-season , the NBA adopted the three - point line despite the view of many that it was a gimmick . Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three - point shot in NBA history on October 12 , 1979 , a game more noted for the debut of Larry Bird ( and two new head coaches ) . Rick Barry of the Houston Rockets , in his final season , also made one in the same game , and Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets made one that Friday night as well . The sport 's international governing body , FIBA , introduced the three - point line in 1984 , at 6.25 m ( 20 ft 6 in ) . The NCAA 's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three - point rule , adopting a 22 - foot ( 6.71 m ) line for the 1980 -- 81 season . Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina University was the first to score a three - point field goal in college basketball history on November 29 , 1980 . Over the following five years , NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three - pointer . The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in ( 5.41 m ) in the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) , and as far away as 22 ft ( 6.71 m ) in the Big Sky . Used only in conference play for several years , it was adopted by the NCAA in April 1986 for the 1986 -- 87 season at 19 ft 9 in ( 6.02 m ) , and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in 1987 . In the same 1986 -- 87 season , the NCAA adopted the three - pointer in women 's basketball on an experimental basis , using the same distance , and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987 -- 88 . In 2007 , the NCAA lengthened the men 's distance by a foot to 20 ft 9 in ( 6.32 m ) , effective with the 2008 -- 09 season , and the women 's line was moved to match the men 's in 2011 -- 12 . American high schools , along with elementary and middle schools , adopted a 19 ft 9 in ( 6.02 m ) line nationally in 1987 , a year after the NCAA . The NCAA used the FIBA three - point line ( see below ) in the National Invitation Tournament ( NIT ) in 2018 . During the 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 , and 1996 -- 97 seasons , the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from 23 ft 9 in ( 7.24 m ) ( 22 ft ( 6.71 m ) at the corners ) to a uniform 22 ft ( 6.71 m ) around the basket . From the 1997 -- 98 season on , the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of 23 ft 9 in ( 22 ft at the corners , with a 3 inch differential ) . Ray Allen is currently the NBA all - time leader in career made three - pointers with 2,973 . In 2008 , FIBA announced that the distance would be increased by 50 cm ( 19.69 in ) to 6.75 m ( 22 ft 1 ⁄ in ) , with the change being phased in beginning in October 2010 . In December 2012 , the WNBA announced that it would be using FIBA 's distance , too , as of the 2013 season . The NBA has discussed adding a four - point line , according to president Rod Thorn . In the NBA , three - point field goals have become increasingly more frequent along the years , with effectiveness increasing slightly . The 1979 - 80 season had an average 2.2 three - point goals per game and 6.6 attempts ( 33 % effectiveness ) . The 1989 - 90 season had an average 4.8 three - point goals per game and 13.7 attempts ( 35 % effectiveness ) . The 2009 - 10 season had an average 6.4 three - point goals per game and 18.1 attempts ( 36 % effectiveness ) . The 2016 - 17 season had an average 9.7 three - point goals per game and 27.0 attempts ( 36 % effectiveness ) . Rule specifications ( edit ) A three - point line consists of an arc at a set radius measured from the point on the floor directly below the center of the basket , and two parallel lines equidistant from each sideline extending from the nearest end line to the point at which they intersect the arc . In the NBA and FIBA standard , the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline . The three - point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline . The unusual formation of the three - point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three - point shot at the corners of the court ; the arc would be less than 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) from each sideline at the corners if it was a continuous arc . In the NCAA and American high school standards , the arc spans 180 ° around the basket , then becomes parallel to the sidelines from the plane of the basket center to the baseline ( 5 feet 3 inches or 1.60 metres ) . The distance of the three - point line to the center of the hoop varies by level : Arc radius Minimum distance from sidelines National Basketball Association 23 feet 9 inches ( 7.24 m ) 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) FIBA ( also used by WNBA ) 22 feet 2 inches ( 6.76 m ) 4 feet 1 inch ( 1.24 m ) National Collegiate Athletic Association 20 feet 9 inches ( 6.32 m ) 4 feet 3 inches ( 1.30 m ) American high school basketball 19 feet 9 inches ( 6.02 m ) 5 feet 3 inches ( 1.60 m ) A player 's feet must be completely behind the three - point line at the time of the shot or jump in order to make a three - point attempt ; if the player 's feet are on or in front of the line , it is a two - point attempt . A player is allowed to jump from outside the line and land inside the line to make a three - point attempt , as long as the ball is released in mid-air . An official raises his / her arm with three fingers extended to signal the shot attempt . If the attempt is successful , he / she raises his / her other arm with all fingers fully extended in manner similar to a football official signifying successful field goal to indicate the three - point goal . The official must recognize it for it to count as three points . Instant replay has sometimes been used , depending on league rules . The NBA , WNBA , FIBA and the NCAA specifically allow replay for this purpose . In NBA , FIBA , and WNBA games , video replay does not have to occur immediately following a shot ; play can continue and the officials can adjust the scoring later in the game , after reviewing the video . However , in late game situations , play may be paused pending a review . If a shooter is fouled while attempting a three - pointer and subsequently misses the shot , the shooter is awarded three free - throw attempts . If a player completes a three - pointer while being fouled , the player is awarded one free - throw for a possible 4 - point play . Conceivably , if a player completed a three - pointer while being fouled , and that foul was ruled as either a Flagrant 1 or a Flagrant 2 foul , the player would be awarded two free throws for a possible 5 - point play . Related concepts ( edit ) Major League Lacrosse features a two - point line which forms a 15 - yard ( 14 m ) arc around the front of the goal . Shots taken from behind this line count for two points , as opposed to the standard one point . In gridiron football , a standard field goal is worth three points ; various professional and semi-pro leagues have experimented with four - point field goals . NFL Europe and the Stars Football League adopted a rule similar to basketball 's three - point line in which an additional point was awarded for longer field goals ; in both leagues any field goal of 50 yards ( 46 m ) or more was worth four points . The Arena Football League awards four points for any successful drop kicked field goal ( like the three - point shot , the drop kick is more challenging than a standard place kick , as the bounce of the ball makes a kick less predictable , and arena football also uses narrower goal posts for all kicks than the outdoor game does ) . During the existence of the World Hockey Association in the 1970s , there were proposals for two - point hockey goals for shots taken beyond an established distance ( one proposal was a 44 - foot ( 13.4 m ) arc , which would have intersected the faceoff circles ) , but this proposal gained little support and faded after the WHA merged with the NHL . It was widely believed that long - distance shots in hockey had little direct relation to skill ( usually resulting more from goalies ' vision being screened or obscured ) , plus with the lower scoring intrinsic to the sport a two - point goal was seen as disruptive of the structure of the game . The Super Goal is a similar concept in Australian rules football , in which a 50 - meter ( 55 yd ) arc determines the value of a goal ; within the arc , it is the usual 6 points , but 9 points are scored for a `` super goal '' scored from outside the arc . To date the super goal is only used in pre-season games and not in the season proper . The National Professional Soccer League II , which awarded two points for all goals except those on the power play , also used a three - point line , drawn 45 feet ( 14 m ) from the goal . It has since been adopted by some other indoor soccer leagues . See also ( edit ) 50 -- 40 -- 90 club , exclusive group of players who have made at least 50 % of two - pointers , 40 % of three - pointers , and 90 % of free throws in a season . List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Article 5 : Scoring '' ( PDF ) . 3x3 Official Rules of the Game . FIBA . January 2016 . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Frazier , Walt ; Sachare , Alex ( 1998 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Basketball . New York City : Penguin Group . Jump up ^ `` 4 - Point Play Gets Approval By ABA '' . Associated Press . July 11 , 1967 . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the 3 - Pointer - iHoops '' . Web.archive.org. 16 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2010 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Bird only ' so - so , ' but Celts win over Houston '' . Deseret News . ( Salt Lake City , Utah ) . UPI . October 13 , 1979 . p. 4A . ^ Jump up to : `` Celtics , 114 - 106 '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . October 13 , 1979 . p. 5C . Jump up ^ `` NBA standings ( and boxscores ) '' . Deseret News . ( Salt Lake City , Utah ) . October 13 , 1979 . p. 5A . Jump up ^ Sanders , Steve ( February 9 , 1981 ) . `` 22 will get you 3 '' . Spartanburg Herald . South Carolina . p . B1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Basketball '' . Southern Conference . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Carr 's shot makes cage Hall of Fame '' . Gadsden Times . Alabama . Associated Press . May 31 , 1981 . p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` Three - pointer turns 25 '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . December 3 , 2005 . p . B3 . Jump up ^ McCallum , Jack ( November 29 , 1982 ) . `` It will be one testy season '' . Sports Illustrated : 42 . Jump up ^ `` Monson not so high on the 3 - point shot '' . Lewiston Morning Tribune . ( Idaho ) . wire services . November 11 , 1982 . p. 6B . Jump up ^ `` Debate over 3 - pointer Continues '' . Web.archive.org. 26 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 December 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ McCallum , Jack ( January 5 , 1987 ) . `` The three - point uproar '' . Sports Illustrated : 40 . Jump up ^ Butts , David ( April 3 , 1986 ) . `` NCAA adds three - point basket '' . Bryan Times Agency = UPI . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` NCAA Women 's Basketball Playing Rules History '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Important Rules Changes by Year '' ( PDF ) . NCAA Men 's Basketball Record Book . NCAA . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynch , John ( 27 March 1987 ) . `` High School Basketball Draws Line , Adopts 3 - Point Rule '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Bonagura , Kyle ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` NIT to experiment with new rules this season '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Career Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goals Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA has discussed bigger court , 4 - point shot '' . Espn.go.com. 2014 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ NBA League Averages - Basketball Reference Jump up ^ `` Rule No. 1 -- - Court Dimensions -- Equipment '' . NBA Official Rules . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official Basketball Rules 2010 '' . FIBA . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Court Diagram '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 June 2010 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball Court Diagram '' ( PDF ) . Nebraska School Activities Association . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Description of the NBA 's new instant replay rules '' . NBA.com . October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved 16 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Denham , Greg ( February 14 , 2012 ) . `` NAB Cup 's ruck and holding rules may run season '' . The Australian . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) NBA. com 's Top 10 three - pointers from past 25 years Article on Columbia 's experimentation with the three - point field goal decades before its official introduction `` Long Live the Three '' by Steve Shutt , Basketball Hall of Fame Basketball Outline of basketball General topics History of basketball James Naismith Variations of basketball Leagues Statistics Glossary of terms Index of articles Rules Bonus Jump ball Officials Turnover Violation 3 seconds Offense Defense 5 seconds Basket interference Carrying Double dribble Goaltending Shot clock Traveling Foul Flagrant Personal Technical Game play Air ball Alley - oop Assist Backboard shattering Ball hog Block Buzzer beater Cherry picking Dribble Crossover Dunk Euro step Fadeaway Fast break Fly Flop Jump shot Layup Finger roll Field goal Four - point play Free throw Hook shot Moves Pick and roll Positions Posterized Playbook Rebound Point Screen Back screen Slashing Steal Three - pointer Three - point play Uncontested shot Strategy General Sixth man Offense Continuity offense Flex Shuffle UCLA High Post Wheel Dribble drive motion Four corners Motion Princeton Run and gun Grinnell System Nellie Ball Small ball Triangle Defense 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 zone Amoeba Box - and - one Double team Full - court press Hack - a-Shaq Jordan Rules Line Man - to - man Match - up zone Triangle - and - two Zone Equipment Backboard Ball Breakaway rim Court Half court Key Net Possession arrow Whistle Clothing Basketball sleeve Finger sleeve Air Jordan Chuck Taylor All - Stars Miscellaneous 100 - point scorers 50 -- 40 -- 90 club AAU All - Americans AAU champions Mikan Drill Player tracking Shootaround Tip drill Winning streaks Basketball statistics Basic Games played Games started Minute Point Rebound ( Offensive Defensive ) Assist Steal Block Foul Turnover Field goal & free throw Field goal made 3 - point field goal made Free throw made Field goal attempted 3 - point field goal attempted Free throw attempted Field goal percentage 3 - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Doubles Double - double Triple - double Quadruple - double Quintuple - double Five - by - five Advanced statistics Offense efficiency rating Player efficiency rating Offensive rating Defensive rating Effective field goal percentage True shooting percentage Rebound rate Economy Performance Index Rating Efficiency Player tracking Tendex Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three-point_field_goal&oldid=854765869 '' Categories : Basketball terminology American Basketball Association American Basketball League ( 1961 -- 63 ) Scoring ( sport ) 1961 introductions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 16 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the three point shot start in high school	[ "Used only in conference play for several years, it was adopted by the NCAA in April 1986 for the 1986–87 season at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m),[15] and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in 1987.[16] In the same 1986–87 season, the NCAA adopted the three-pointer in women's basketball on an experimental basis, using the same distance, and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987–88.[17] In 2007, the NCAA lengthened the men's distance by a foot to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m), effective with the 2008–09 season,[18] and the women's line was moved to match the men's in 2011–12.[17] American high schools, along with elementary and middle schools, adopted a 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) line nationally in 1987, a year after the NCAA.[19] The NCAA used the FIBA three-point line (see below) in the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in 2018.[20]\n" ]	[ "1987" ]
-2377873305509119826	Time in the United States	Time in the United States - wikipedia Time in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Time in the United States , by law , is divided into nine standard time zones covering the states and its possessions , with most of the United States observing daylight saving time ( DST ) for approximately the spring , summer , and fall months . The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation . Official and highly precise timekeeping services ( clocks ) are provided by two federal agencies : the National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) ( an agency of the Department of Commerce ) ; and its military counterpart , the United States Naval Observatory ( USNO ) . The clocks run by these services are kept synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations . It is the combination of the time zone and daylight saving rules , along with the timekeeping services , which determines the legal civil time for any U.S. location at any moment . Map of U.S. time zones between April 2 , 2006 , and March 11 , 2007 . The current situation is different only in that several Indiana counties are now in the eastern time zone instead of the central time zone . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 From GMT to UTC 2 United States time zones 2.1 Standard time and daylight saving time 2.2 Zones used in the contiguous U.S. 2.3 Zones used in states beyond the contiguous U.S. 2.4 Zones outside the states 2.5 Minor Outlying Islands 2.6 Antarctic research stations 3 Boundaries between the zones 3.1 Eastern / Central boundary 3.2 Central / Mountain boundary 3.3 Mountain / Pacific boundary 4 Daylight saving time 5 Time representation 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Prior to the adoption of four standard time zones for the continental United States , many towns and cities set clocks based on sunsets and sunrises at their locations and by observing the Sun 's zenith at noon ( mean solar time ) . Dawn and dusk occur at different times but time differences between distant locations were barely noticeable prior to the 19th century because of long travel times and the lack of long - distance instant communications prior to the development of the telegraph . The use of local solar time became increasingly awkward as railways and telecommunications improved . American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s . Each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers . Time calculation became a serious problem for people travelling by train ( sometimes hundreds of miles in a day ) , according to the Library of Congress . Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from . Time zones were therefore a compromise , relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time . Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones , but this was only a partial solution to the problem . Operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals . Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18 , 1883 , when the telegraph lines transmitted time signals to all major cities . In October 1884 , the International Meridian Conference at Washington DC adopted a proposal which stated that the prime meridian for longitude and timekeeping should be one that passes through the centre of the transit instrument at the Greenwich Observatory in the United Kingdom ( UK ) . The conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) as the world 's time standard . The US time - zone system grew from this , in which all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian . From GMT to UTC ( edit ) GMT was superseded as the international civil time standard by Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) in 1960 , when the International Radio Consultative Committee formalized the concept of Coordinated Universal Time , abbreviated as UTC . It is , within about 1 second , mean solar time at 0 ° . It does not observe daylight saving time . It is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) . For most purposes , UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT , but GMT is no longer precisely defined by the scientific community . United States time zones ( edit ) Standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC § 260 . The federal law also establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs , if observed . It is ultimately the authority of the Secretary of Transportation , in coordination with the states , to determine which regions will observe which of the standard time zones and if they will observe daylight saving time . As of August 9 , 2007 , the standard time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC . Prior to this they were based upon the mean solar time at several meridians 15 ° apart west of Greenwich ( GMT ) . Only the full - time zone names listed below are official ; abbreviations are by common use conventions , and duplicated elsewhere in the world for different time zones . The United States uses nine standard time zones . As defined by US law they are : The Atlantic standard time zone The Eastern standard time zone The Central standard time zone The Mountain standard time zone The Pacific standard time zone The Alaska standard time zone The Hawaii -- Aleutian standard time zone The Samoa standard time zone The Chamorro standard time zone View the standard time zone boundaries here . Standard time and daylight saving time ( edit ) Time Zone Standard Time Daylight Time States in Zone Hawaii -- Aleutian Time Zone HST ( UTC − 10 : 00 ) HDT ( UTC − 09 : 00 ) Alaska , Hawaii ( no DST ) Alaska Time Zone AKST ( UTC − 09 : 00 ) AKDT ( UTC − 08 : 00 ) Alaska Pacific Time Zone PST ( UTC − 08 : 00 ) PDT ( UTC − 07 : 00 ) California , Washington , Oregon , Nevada , Idaho Mountain Time Zone MST ( UTC − 07 : 00 ) MDT ( UTC − 06 : 00 ) Arizona ( no DST outside of Navajo Nation ) , Colorado , Idaho , Kansas , Montana , Nebraska , New Mexico , North Dakota , Oregon , South Dakota , Utah , Wyoming Central Time Zone CST ( UTC − 06 : 00 ) CDT ( UTC − 05 : 00 ) Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Michigan , Minnesota , Mississippi , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , Oklahoma , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Wisconsin Eastern Time Zone EST ( UTC − 05 : 00 ) EDT ( UTC − 04 : 00 ) Connecticut , Florida , District of Columbia , Delaware , Georgia , Indiana , Kentucky , Maine , Massachusetts , Michigan , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Tennessee , Vermont , Maryland , Virginia , West Virginia Zones used in the contiguous U.S. ( edit ) From east to west , the times zones of the contiguous United States are : The Eastern standard time zone : ( Zone R ) , which comprises roughly the states on the Atlantic coast and the eastern two thirds of the Ohio Valley . The Central standard time zone : ( Zone S ) , which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast , Mississippi Valley , and Great Plains . The Mountain standard time zone : ( Zone T ) , which comprises roughly the states and portions of states that include the Rocky Mountains . The Pacific standard time zone : ( Zone U ) , which comprises roughly the states on the Pacific coast , plus Nevada and the Idaho panhandle . Zones used in States beyond the contiguous U.S. ( edit ) The Alaska standard time zone : ( AKST ; UTC − 09 : 00 ; Zone V ) , which comprises most of the state of Alaska . The Hawaii - Aleutian standard time zone : ( or unofficially Hawaii Standard Time : HST ) ( HAST ; UTC − 10 : 00 ; zone W ) , which includes Hawaii and most of the length of the Aleutian Islands chain ( west of 169 ° 30 ′ W ) . Zones outside the States ( edit ) The Atlantic standard time zone : ( AST ; UTC − 04 : 00 ; Zone Q ) , which comprises Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands . The Samoa standard time zone ( SST ; UTC − 11 : 00 ; Zone X ) , which comprises American Samoa . The Chamorro standard time zone : ( ChST ; UTC + 10 : 00 ; Zone K ) , which comprises Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands . Minor outlying Islands ( edit ) Some United States Minor Outlying Islands are outside the time zones defined by 15 U.S.C. § 260 and exist in waters defined by Nautical time . In practice , military crews may simply use Zulu time ( UTC ± 00 : 00 ) when on these islands . Baker Island and Howland Island are in UTC − 12 , while Wake Island is in UTC + 12 : 00 . Because they exist on opposite sides of the International Date Line , it can , for example , be noon Thursday on Baker and Howland islands while simultaneously being noon Friday on Wake Island . Other outlying islands include Jarvis Island , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll , and Kingman Reef ( UTC − 11 : 00 ) ; Johnston Atoll ( UTC − 10 : 00 ) ; and Navassa Island , Bajo Nuevo Bank , and Serranilla Bank ( UTC − 05 : 00 ) . Antarctic research stations ( edit ) See also : Time in Antarctica In Antarctica , the US research facility Palmer Station is in UTC − 03 : 00 , while McMurdo Station and Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station use UTC + 12 : 00 in order to coordinate with their main supply base in New Zealand . Boundaries between the zones ( edit ) ( Described from north to south along each boundary . ) Eastern / Central boundary ( edit ) Marker showing the border of Wayne County , Kentucky , and the Eastern Time Zone Time in Indiana : red areas belong to the Central Time Zone . roughly follows the border between Wisconsin ( to the south and west ) and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan ( to the north and east ) ; the Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin ( namely Gogebic , Iron , Dickinson , and Menominee counties ) observe CT , all other counties in the U.P. observe ET follows Lake Michigan divides a small portion of Northwestern Indiana near Chicago from the rest of the state follows the border between Illinois ( west ) and Indiana ( east ) divides a small portion of Southwestern Indiana from the rest of the state divides Kentucky in half roughly along a line that is west of Louisville , Kentucky running from northwest to southeast . divides the region legally defined as East Tennessee , except for four counties adjoining Middle Tennessee , from the rest of Tennessee . follows the border between Alabama ( west ) and Georgia ( east ) , although Phenix City , Alabama and some nearby towns unofficially observe Eastern Time . divides the Florida Panhandle along the Apalachicola River and Intracoastal Waterway just west of Tallahassee , Florida . Central / Mountain boundary ( edit ) divides the southwest portion of North Dakota from the rest of the state divides South Dakota roughly in half divides the western third of Nebraska from the rest of the state divides a very small portion of extreme western Kansas bordering Colorado ( Greeley , Hamilton , Sherman , and Wallace counties ) from the rest of the state ( three other counties which border Colorado -- Cheyenne , Morton , and Stanton counties -- observe CST ) follows the border between New Mexico ( west ) and Oklahoma ( east ) ( although the zone legally begins at the Oklahoma -- New Mexico state line , Kenton in extreme northwestern Cimarron County , Oklahoma unofficially observes MST ) follows the border between New Mexico ( west ) and Texas ( east ) divides El Paso County , Hudspeth County , and a portion of northwestern Culberson County that includes eastern Guadalupe Mountains National Park from the rest of Texas Mountain / Pacific boundary ( edit ) follows the border between northern Idaho ( to the west ) and northwestern Montana ( to the east ) turns west at 45 ° 33.46 ′ N 114 ° 33.89 ′ W / 45.55767 ° N 114.56483 ° W / 45.55767 ; - 114.56483 ( just south of Nez Perce Pass ) , and follows the Idaho County line to the Salmon River follows the Salmon River west to the town of Riggins , where the Salmon River turns north . This puts almost all of northern Idaho in the Pacific time zone , except for the small loop described next . turns north and follows the Salmon River to the Snake River at the Oregon border ( at 45 ° 51.3 ′ N 116 ° 47.5 ′ W / 45.8550 ° N 116.7917 ° W / 45.8550 ; - 116.7917 ) . Interestingly , this loop to the north creates a curious situation where one can enter a more - westerly time zone by traveling east over one of the bridges across this portion of the Salmon River . turns south and follows the Snake River between Oregon ( west ) and Idaho ( east ) to the northern border of Malheur County , Oregon turns west and follows the northern border of Malheur County , Oregon to its western border , where it turns south follows the western border of Malheur County to latitude 42.45 ° ( 42 ° 27 ′ N ) , where it turns east , and returns to the Oregon / Idaho border turns south and follows the border between Oregon ( west ) and Idaho ( east ) turns east and follows the border between Idaho ( north ) and Nevada ( south ) along the 42nd parallel north to longitude 114.041726 W . turns south and follows the border between Nevada ( west ) and Utah ( east ) , except for following the west city limit line of West Wendover dividing it from the rest of Nevada , and putting it in the mountain time zone . Jackpot , Nevada , just south of the 42nd parallel and some 25 miles ( 40 km ) west of the time zone south turn , also observes Mountain Time , on an unofficial basis . follows the border between Nevada ( west ) and Arizona ( east ) follows the border between California ( west ) and Arizona ( east ) , mostly defined by the Colorado river , to the border between the U.S. and Mexico . Daylight saving time ( edit ) Main article : Daylight saving time in the United States The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time ( DST ) for an additional month beginning in 2007 . The start of DST now occurs on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November . Clocks will be set ahead one hour at 2 a.m. on the following start dates and set back one hour at 2 a.m. on these ending dates : Year Start date Ending date 2006 April 2 October 29 2007 March 11 November 4 2008 March 9 November 2 2009 March 8 November 1 March 14 November 7 2011 March 13 November 6 2012 March 11 November 4 2013 March 10 November 3 2014 March 9 November 2 2015 March 8 November 1 2016 March 13 November 6 2017 March 12 November 5 2018 March 11 November 4 2019 March 10 November 3 2020 March 8 November 1 In response to the Uniform Time Act of 1966 , each state of the US has officially chosen to apply one of two rules over its entire territory : Most use the standard time for their zone ( or zones , where a state is divided between two zones ) , except for using daylight saving time during the summer months . Originally this ran from the last Sunday in April until the last Sunday in October . Two subsequent amendments , in 1986 and 2005 , have shifted these days so that daylight saving time now runs from the second Sunday in March until the first Sunday in November . Arizona time zones Arizona and Hawaii use standard time throughout the year . However : The Navajo Nation observes DST throughout its entire territory , including the portion that lies in Arizona . But the Hopi Nation , which is entirely surrounded by the Navajo Nation and is entirely in Arizona , does not observe DST . ( See map inset right . ) In 2005 , Indiana passed legislation which took effect on April 2 , 2006 , that placed the entire state on daylight saving time ( see Time in Indiana ) . Before then , Indiana officially used standard time year - round , with the following exceptions : The portions of Indiana that were on Central Time observed daylight saving time . Also , some Indiana counties near Cincinnati and Louisville were on Eastern Time , but did ( unofficially ) observe DST . Time representation ( edit ) Further information : Date and time notation in the United States and Speaking clock § United States There exist more than one hundred clock towers in the United States ; see Category : Clock towers in the United States . See also ( edit ) History of time in the United States List of time zones by U.S. state Daylight saving time in the United States Lists of time zones Effects of time on North American broadcasting Date and time notation in the United States East Coast bias References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Why Do We Have Time Zones ? '' . Jump up ^ What is Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/info/gmt.htm Jump up ^ Bernard Guinot , `` Solar time , legal time , time in use '' Metrologica , August 2011 ( volume 48 , issue 4 ) , pages 181 -- 185 . Jump up ^ 15 USC § 260 . Jump up ^ `` 15 U.S. Code Subchapter IX - STANDARD TIME '' . Jump up ^ Pupblic Law 110 -- 69 -- America COMPETES Act ( August 9 , 2007 ) . Sec. 3013 ) Jump up ^ Standard Time Zone Boundaries 49CFR71 External links ( edit ) Official website U.S. Navy time zone page North American Time Zone border data and images CFR 's Title 40 - Protection of Environment ( also at wikisource : Code of Federal Regulations / Title 49 / Subtitle A / Part 71 ) Standard Time Law 15USC260 - 267 ( also at wikisource : United States Code / Title 15 / Chapter 6 / Subchapter IX ) ( hide ) Time in the Americas North America South America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands ( hide ) Time in the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_in_the_United_States&oldid=833871181 '' Categories : Time in the United States Geography of the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk Bahasa Indonesia Русский Українська اردو 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 20 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the time difference between the east and west coast of america	[]	[]
5110819737677740525	2018 FIFA World Cup statistics	2018 FIFA World Cup statistics - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup statistics These are the statistics for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , which took place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018 . Goals scored from penalty shoot - outs are not counted , and matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws . Contents 1 Goalscorers 2 Assists 3 Scoring 3.1 Overall 3.2 Timing 3.3 Teams 3.4 Individual 4 Wins and losses 5 Match awards 5.1 Man of the Match 5.2 Clean sheets 6 Squads 6.1 Coaches 6.2 Players 7 Discipline 8 Multiple World Cups 9 Overall results 9.1 By team 9.2 By confederation 10 Stadiums 10.1 Attendance records 11 References 12 External links Goalscorers ( edit ) There were 169 goals scored in 64 matches , for an average of 2.64 goals per match . Twelve own goals were scored during the tournament , doubling the record of six set in 1998 . 6 goals Harry Kane 4 goals Romelu Lukaku Antoine Griezmann Kylian Mbappé Cristiano Ronaldo Denis Cheryshev 3 goals Eden Hazard Yerry Mina Mario Mandžukić Ivan Perišić Artem Dzyuba Diego Costa Edinson Cavani 2 goals Sergio Agüero Mile Jedinak Philippe Coutinho Neymar Luka Modrić Mohamed Salah John Stones Takashi Inui Ahmed Musa Son Heung - min Andreas Granqvist Wahbi Khazri Luis Suárez 1 goal Ángel Di María Gabriel Mercado Lionel Messi Marcos Rojo Michy Batshuayi Nacer Chadli Kevin De Bruyne Marouane Fellaini Adnan Januzaj Dries Mertens Thomas Meunier Jan Vertonghen Roberto Firmino Paulinho Renato Augusto Thiago Silva Juan Cuadrado Radamel Falcao Juan Fernando Quintero Kendall Waston Milan Badelj Andrej Kramarić Ivan Rakitić Ante Rebić Domagoj Vida Christian Eriksen Mathias Jørgensen Yussuf Poulsen Dele Alli Jesse Lingard Harry Maguire Kieran Trippier Benjamin Pavard Paul Pogba Samuel Umtiti Raphaël Varane Toni Kroos Marco Reus Alfreð Finnbogason Gylfi Sigurðsson Karim Ansarifard Genki Haraguchi Keisuke Honda Shinji Kagawa Yuya Osako Javier Hernández Hirving Lozano Carlos Vela Khalid Boutaïb Youssef En - Nesyri Victor Moses Felipe Baloy André Carrillo Paolo Guerrero Jan Bednarek Grzegorz Krychowiak Pepe Ricardo Quaresma Mário Fernandes Yury Gazinsky Aleksandr Golovin Salem Al - Dawsari Salman Al - Faraj Sadio Mané M'Baye Niang Moussa Wagué Aleksandar Kolarov Aleksandar Mitrović Kim Young - gwon Iago Aspas Isco Nacho Ludwig Augustinsson Emil Forsberg Ola Toivonen Josip Drmić Blerim Džemaili Xherdan Shaqiri Granit Xhaka Steven Zuber Dylan Bronn Ferjani Sassi Fakhreddine Ben Youssef José Giménez 1 own goal Aziz Behich ( against France ) Fernandinho ( against Belgium ) Mario Mandžukić ( against France ) Ahmed Fathy ( against Russia ) Edson Álvarez ( against Sweden ) Aziz Bouhaddouz ( against Iran ) Oghenekaro Etebo ( against Croatia ) Thiago Cionek ( against Senegal ) Denis Cheryshev ( against Uruguay ) Sergei Ignashevich ( against Spain ) Yann Sommer ( against Costa Rica ) Yassine Meriah ( against Panama ) Source : FIFA Assists ( edit ) 2 assists Éver Banega Lionel Messi Kevin De Bruyne Eden Hazard Thomas Meunier Youri Tielemans Philippe Coutinho Juan Fernando Quintero James Rodríguez Antoine Griezmann Lucas Hernández Artem Dzyuba Aleksandr Golovin Viktor Claesson Wahbi Khazri Carlos Sánchez 1 assist Gabriel Mercado Marcos Rojo Toby Alderweireld Nacer Chadli Romelu Lukaku Dries Mertens Douglas Costa Gabriel Jesus Neymar Willian Juan Cuadrado Joel Campbell Milan Badelj Marcelo Brozović Mateo Kovačić Mario Mandžukić Luka Modrić Ivan Perišić Josip Pivarić Domagoj Vida Šime Vrsaljko Thomas Delaney Christian Eriksen Nicolai Jørgensen Abdallah Said Jesse Lingard Harry Maguire Raheem Sterling Kieran Trippier Ashley Young Olivier Giroud Corentin Tolisso Mario Gómez Marco Reus Keisuke Honda Takashi Inui Shinji Kagawa Yuto Nagatomo Gaku Shibasaki Javier Hernández Hirving Lozano Fayçal Fajr Victor Moses Kenneth Omeruo Ricardo Ávila Paolo Guerrero Kamil Grosicki Rafał Kurzawa Gonçalo Guedes Raphaël Guerreiro João Moutinho Adrien Silva Alan Dzagoev Mário Fernandes Ilya Kutepov Roman Zobnin Abdullah Otayf M'Baye Niang Dušan Tadić Lee Jae - sung Ju Se - jong Sergio Busquets Dani Carvajal Andrés Iniesta Ola Toivonen Breel Embolo Mario Gavranović Xherdan Shaqiri Denis Zakaria Oussama Haddadi Hamdi Nagguez Rodrigo Bentancur Luis Suárez Source : FIFA Scoring ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) Total number of goals scored : 169 Average goals per match : 2.64 Total number of braces : 10 Edinson Cavani , Denis Cheryshev , Diego Costa , Eden Hazard , Harry Kane , Romelu Lukaku ( 2 ) , Kylian Mbappé , Ahmed Musa , John Stones Total number of hat - tricks : 2 Harry Kane , Cristiano Ronaldo Total number of penalty kicks awarded : 29 Total number of penalty kicks scored : 22 Salman Al - Faraj , Karim Ansarifard , Artem Dzyuba , Andreas Granqvist ( 2 ) , Antoine Griezmann ( 3 ) , Eden Hazard , Mile Jedinak ( 2 ) , Shinji Kagawa , Harry Kane ( 3 ) , Luka Modrić , Victor Moses , Cristiano Ronaldo , Mohamed Salah , Ferjani Sassi , Gylfi Sigurðsson , Carlos Vela Total number of penalty kicks missed or saved : 7 Fahad Al - Muwallad , Christian Cueva , Lionel Messi , Luka Modrić , Cristiano Ronaldo , Bryan Ruiz , Gylfi Sigurðsson Penalty kick success rate : 7001758600000000000 ♠ 75.86 % Own goals scored : 12 Edson Álvarez , Aziz Behich , Aziz Bouhaddouz , Denis Cheryshev , Thiago Cionek , Oghenekaro Etebo , Ahmed Fathy , Fernandinho , Sergei Ignashevich , Mario Mandžukić , Yassine Meriah , Yann Sommer Timing ( edit ) First goal of the tournament : Yury Gazinsky for Russia against Saudi Arabia First brace of the tournament : Denis Cheryshev for Russia against Saudi Arabia First hat - trick of the tournament : Cristiano Ronaldo for Portugal against Spain Last goal of the tournament : Mario Mandžukić for Croatia against France Last brace of the tournament : Edinson Cavani for Uruguay against Portugal Last hat - trick of the tournament : Harry Kane for England against Panama Fastest goal in a match from kickoff : 1st minute Fastest goal in a match after coming on as a substitute : 1st minute Latest goal in a match without extra time : 90 + 7th minute Latest goal in a match with extra time : 115th minute Latest winning goal in a match without extra time : 90 + 5th minute Aziz Bouhaddouz ( own goal ) for Iran against Morocco , Toni Kroos for Germany against Sweden , Salem Al - Dawsari for Saudi Arabia against Egypt Latest winning goal in a match with extra time : 109th minute Shortest time difference between two goals scored by the same team in a match : 3 minutes Diego Costa and Nacho for Spain against Portugal Teams ( edit ) Most goals scored by a team : 16 Belgium Fewest goals scored by a team : 2 Australia , Costa Rica , Egypt , Germany , Iceland , Iran , Morocco , Panama , Peru , Poland , Saudi Arabia , Serbia Most goals conceded by a team : 11 Panama Fewest goals conceded by a team : 2 Denmark , Iran , Peru Best goal difference : + 10 Belgium Worst goal difference : - 9 Panama Most goals scored in a match by both teams : 7 Belgium 5 -- 2 Tunisia , England 6 -- 1 Panama , France 4 -- 3 Argentina Most goals scored in a match by one team : 6 England against Panama Most goals scored in a match by the losing team : 3 Argentina against France Biggest margin of victory : 5 goals Russia 5 -- 0 Saudi Arabia , England 6 -- 1 Panama Most clean sheets achieved by a team : 4 France Fewest clean sheets achieved by a team : 0 Argentina , Australia , Costa Rica , Egypt , Germany , Iceland , Japan , Morocco , Panama , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , Switzerland , Tunisia Most clean sheets given by an opposing team : 2 Costa Rica , England , Germany , Mexico , Morocco , Peru , Saudi Arabia Fewest clean sheets given by an opposing team : 0 Brazil , Colombia , Croatia , Portugal , Spain , Tunisia Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team : 3 Brazil , Uruguay Most consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team : 2 Costa Rica , Mexico , Morocco , Peru , Saudi Arabia Individual ( edit ) Most goals scored by an individual : 6 Harry Kane Most assists provided by an individual : 2 Éver Banega , Nacer Chadli , Viktor Claesson , Philippe Coutinho , Kevin De Bruyne , Artem Dzyuba , Aleksandr Golovin , Antoine Griezmann , Eden Hazard , Lucas Hernández , Lionel Messi , Thomas Meunier , Juan Fernando Quintero , James Rodríguez , Carlos Andrés Sánchez , Youri Tielemans , Wahbi Khazri Most goals and assists produced by an individual : 6 Antoine Griezmann ( 4 goals , 2 assists ) , Harry Kane ( 6 goals ) Most clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 3 Alisson , Thibaut Courtois , Hugo Lloris , Fernando Muslera , Robin Olsen Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 3 Alisson , Fernando Muslera Most goals scored by one player in a match : 3 Harry Kane for England against Panama , Cristiano Ronaldo for Portugal against Spain Oldest goal scorer : 37 years , 120 days Felipe Baloy for Panama against England Youngest goal scorer : 19 years , 183 days Kylian Mbappé for France against Peru Wins and losses ( edit ) Most wins : 6 -- Belgium , France , Croatia Fewest wins : 0 -- Australia , Costa Rica , Egypt , Iceland , Morocco , Panama Most losses : 3 -- Egypt , England , Panama Fewest losses : 0 -- Denmark , France , Spain Most draws : 3 -- Denmark , Spain Fewest draws : 0 -- Belgium , Egypt , Germany , Mexico , Nigeria , Panama , Peru , Poland , Saudi Arabia , Serbia , South Korea , Sweden , Tunisia , Uruguay Most points in the group stage : 9 -- Belgium , Croatia , Uruguay Fewest points in the group stage : 0 -- Egypt , Panama Match awards ( edit ) Man of the Match ( edit ) Rank Name Team Opponent Awards Antoine Griezmann France Australia ( GS ) , Uruguay ( QF ) , Croatia ( F ) Eden Hazard Belgium Tunisia ( GS ) , Japan ( R16 ) , England ( TP ) Harry Kane England Tunisia ( GS ) , Panama ( GS ) , Colombia ( R16 ) Luka Modrić Croatia Nigeria ( GS ) , Argentina ( GS ) , Russia ( QF ) 5 Denis Cheryshev Russia Saudi Arabia ( GS ) , Egypt ( GS ) Philippe Coutinho Brazil Switzerland ( GS ) , Costa Rica ( GS ) Kylian Mbappé France Peru ( GS ) , Argentina ( R16 ) Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Spain ( GS ) , Morocco ( GS ) Luis Suárez Uruguay Saudi Arabia ( GS ) , Russia ( GS ) 10 Igor Akinfeev Russia Spain ( R16 ) Ludwig Augustinsson Sweden Mexico ( GS ) Milan Badelj Croatia Iceland ( GS ) Jan Bednarek Poland Japan ( GS ) Fakhreddine Ben Youssef Tunisia Panama ( GS ) André Carrillo Peru Australia ( GS ) Edinson Cavani Uruguay Portugal ( R16 ) Cho Hyun - woo South Korea Germany ( GS ) Diego Costa Spain Iran ( GS ) Kevin De Bruyne Belgium Brazil ( QF ) Blerim Džemaili Switzerland Costa Rica ( GS ) Mohamed El - Shenawy Egypt Uruguay ( GS ) Christian Eriksen Denmark Australia ( GS ) Emil Forsberg Sweden Switzerland ( R16 ) Andreas Granqvist Sweden South Korea ( GS ) Hannes Þór Halldórsson Iceland Argentina ( GS ) Amine Harit Morocco Iran ( GS ) Javier Hernández Mexico South Korea ( GS ) Isco Spain Morocco ( GS ) Adnan Januzaj Belgium England ( GS ) N'Golo Kanté France Denmark ( GS ) Aleksandar Kolarov Serbia Costa Rica ( GS ) Hirving Lozano Mexico Germany ( GS ) Romelu Lukaku Belgium Panama ( GS ) Sadio Mané Senegal Japan ( GS ) Lionel Messi Argentina Nigeria ( GS ) Yerry Mina Colombia Senegal ( GS ) Ahmed Musa Nigeria Iceland ( GS ) Neymar Brazil Mexico ( R16 ) M'Baye Niang Senegal Poland ( GS ) Yuya Osako Japan Colombia ( GS ) Paulinho Brazil Serbia ( GS ) Ivan Perišić Croatia England ( SF ) Jordan Pickford England Sweden ( QF ) Yussuf Poulsen Denmark Peru ( GS ) Ricardo Quaresma Portugal Iran ( GS ) Marco Reus Germany Sweden ( GS ) James Rodríguez Colombia Poland ( GS ) Mohamed Salah Egypt Saudi Arabia ( GS ) Kasper Schmeichel Denmark Croatia ( R16 ) Xherdan Shaqiri Switzerland Serbia ( GS ) Samuel Umtiti France Belgium ( SF ) Clean sheets ( edit ) Rank Name Team Opponent Awards Alisson Brazil Costa Rica ( GS ) , Serbia ( GS ) , Mexico ( R16 ) Thibaut Courtois Belgium Panama ( GS ) , England ( GS ) , England ( TP ) Hugo Lloris France Peru ( GS ) , Uruguay ( QF ) , Belgium ( SF ) Fernando Muslera Uruguay Egypt ( GS ) , Saudi Arabia ( GS ) , Russia ( GS ) Robin Olsen Sweden South Korea ( GS ) , Mexico ( GS ) , Switzerland ( R16 ) 6 David Ospina Colombia Poland ( GS ) , Senegal ( GS ) Kasper Schmeichel Denmark Peru ( GS ) , France ( GS ) Danijel Subašić Croatia Nigeria ( GS ) , Argentina ( GS ) 9 Igor Akinfeev Russia Saudi Arabia ( GS ) Alireza Beiranvand Iran Morocco ( GS ) David de Gea Spain Iran ( GS ) Łukasz Fabiański Poland Japan ( GS ) Pedro Gallese Peru Australia ( GS ) Jo Hyeon - woo South Korea Germany ( GS ) Steve Mandanda France Denmark ( GS ) Guillermo Ochoa Mexico Germany ( GS ) Rui Patrício Portugal Morocco ( GS ) Jordan Pickford England Sweden ( QF ) Vladimir Stojković Serbia Costa Rica ( GS ) Francis Uzoho Nigeria Iceland ( GS ) Squads ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup squads Coaches ( edit ) Oldest coach : Óscar Tabárez Uruguay - 71 years and 104 days in the first game against Egypt , after Otto Rehhagel ( 71 years and 317 days at the 2010 World Cup ) , he is the second oldest World Cup coach . Youngest coach : Aliou Cissé Senegal - 42 years and 87 days in the first game against Poland . Country with most coaches : Argentina with four coaches , alongside Argentina , Egypt , Colombia and Peru are coached by Argentines . This is followed by Spain with three coaches ( Belgium , Saudi Arabia and Spain ) , then Germany , France , Colombia ( with the Colombian coaches serving only other teams as in 2014 ) and Portugal with two coaches each . Teams with foreign coaches : Twelve teams are trained by foreign coaches , including two teams ( Australia and Denmark ) of coaches whose home countries ( Netherlands and Norway ) did not qualify for the 2018 World Cup . Longest serving coach : As in 2014 , the longest serving team coaches of the World Cup are Joachim Löw and Óscar Tabárez , who have been in charge of the German and Uruguayan national teams since 2006 . Tabárez , however , was previously coach of Uruguay from 1988 to 1990 , while Löw have worked as an assistant coach for Germany since 2004 . Besides them , Didier Deschamps France , José Pékerman Colombia and Carlos Queiroz Iran were at the 2014 World Cup with their current teams and Jorge Sampaoli Argentina with Chile and Fernando Santos Portugal with Greece at the 2014 World Cup . Shortest serving coach : The coach having the shortest time in charge is Fernando Hierro Spain , who became in charge only two days before his team 's first game . In addition to him were Mladen Krstajić Serbia , Bert van Marwijk Australia , Akira Nishino Japan and Juan Antonio Pizzi Saudi Arabia who resumed duty as coach only after the successful qualification of their current teams . Of these , however , van Marwijk had qualified with Saudi Arabia for the World Cup , but then refused to renew his contract . Coaches who were former players : Didier Deschamps ( France / 1998 ) became world champion having previously contested as a player , equaling the record of Mário Zagallo and Franz Beckenbauer . Beside him , Aliou Cissé ( Senegal / 2002 ) , Gareth Southgate ( England / 1998 ) , Óscar Ramírez ( Costa Rica / 1990 ) , Adam Nawałka ( Poland / 1978 ) , Stanislav Cherchesov ( Russia / 1994 and unused in 2002 ) and Mladen Krstajić ( Serbia / 2006 with Serbia & Montenegro ) were also coaches who previously played at the World Cup . Players ( edit ) Appearance record : Rafael Márquez Mexico participated in the World Cup for the fifth time , equaling the record of compatriot Antonio Carbajal and Germany player Lothar Matthäus Oldest player : At 45 years and five months , Essam El - Hadary Egypt is the oldest player ever to be nominated for a World Cup finals . By his use in the last group match on June 25 , he was 45 years and 161 days , thereby becoming the oldest World Cup player . Youngest player : Daniel Arzani Australia is the youngest player at the age of 19 years and 163 days . He came on in the group match against France in the 84th minute . Sofyan Amrabat Morocco , who came on as a substitute for his brother Nordin Amrabat in the 76th minute in the group match against Iran , is the first player in World Cup history to come in for his brother . Aleksandr Yerokhin Russia is the first player to feature as the fourth substitute player in a World Cup match - coming on in the 97th minute of extra time in the Round of 16 match against Spain . This match is also the first ever World Cup match in which eight players have been substituted . 30 teams nominated at least one player from the domestic league , but only England exclusively fielded players of its own domestic league . By contrast , Sweden and Senegal nominated only players from foreign leagues . The most number of players ( 129 ) are active in clubs based in England , the majority of them in the Premier League , with some in the lower leagues . In total 27 of the 32 team squads have players who play in England . One player each plays in the leagues of Finland , Guinea , Honduras , Norway , Paraguay , Romania , Slovakia and South Africa . From the leagues of countries that did not qualify for the World Cup , the Italian Serie A have the strongest representation with 58 players . Discipline ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup disciplinary record Total number of yellow cards : 219 Average yellow cards per match : 3.42 Total number of red cards : 4 Average red cards per match : 0.06 First yellow card of the tournament : Aleksandr Golovin for Russia against Saudi Arabia First red card of the tournament : Carlos Sánchez Moreno for Colombia against Japan Fastest yellow card from kick off : 1st minute Fastest yellow card after coming on as a substitute : 1st minute Latest yellow card in a match without extra time : 90 + 8th minute Aleksandar Prijović for Serbia against Costa Rica , Cédric Soares for Portugal against Iran Latest yellow card in a match with extra time : 118th minute Fastest dismissal from kick off : 3rd minute Latest dismissal in a match without extra time : 90 + 4th minute Shortest time difference between two yellow cards given to the same player : 9 minutes Igor Smolnikov for Russia against Uruguay ( booked in the 27th minute and again in the 36th minute ) Most yellow cards ( team ) : 15 Croatia Most red cards ( team ) : 1 Colombia , Germany , Russia , Switzerland Fewest yellow cards ( team ) : 1 Saudi Arabia Most yellow cards ( player ) : 3 Sebastian Larsson Most red cards ( player ) : 1 Jérôme Boateng , Michael Lang , Carlos Sánchez Moreno , Igor Smolnikov Most yellow cards ( match ) : 8 Belgium vs Panama , France vs Argentina , Colombia vs England Most red cards ( match ) : 1 Colombia vs Japan , Germany vs Sweden , Uruguay vs Russia , Sweden vs Switzerland Fewest yellow cards ( match ) : 0 Argentina vs Iceland , Uruguay vs Saudi Arabia Most cards in one match : 8 yellow cards Belgium vs Panama , France vs Argentina , Colombia vs England Multiple World Cups ( edit ) Scoring at four World Cups Name 2006 2014 2018 Total goals Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Cristiano Ronaldo IRN PRK GHA ESP ( 3 ) , MAR 7 Scoring at three World Cups Name 2006 2014 2018 Total goals Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Edinson Cavani N / A GER CRC RUS , POR ( 2 ) 5 Javier Hernández N / A FRA , ARG CRO KOR Keisuke Honda N / A CMR , DEN CIV SEN Lionel Messi SCG 0 N / A BIH , IRN , NGA ( 2 ) NGA 6 Luis Suárez N / A MEX , KOR ( 2 ) ENG ( 2 ) KSA , RUS 7 Messi played in 2010 but did not score . Appearing in five World Cups Name 2002 2006 2014 2018 Total Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Rafael Márquez CRO , ECU , ITA , USA IRN , ANG , POR , ARG RSA , FRA , URU , ARG CMR , BRA , CRO , NED GER , KOR , BRA 19 Márquez became the first player to captain his team in five different World Cups . Appearing in four World Cups Name 2006 2014 2018 Total Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Valon Behrami KOR CHI ECU , FRA , HON , ARG BRA , SRB , CRC , SWE 10 Tim Cahill JPN , BRA , CRO , ITA GER , SRB CHI , NED PER 9 Andrés Guardado ARG RSA , URU , ARG CMR , BRA , CRO , NED GER , KOR , SWE , BRA 12 Andrés Iniesta KSA 6 SUI , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED , CHI , AUS POR , IRN , MAR , RUS 14 Javier Mascherano 5 CIV , SCG , NED , MEX , GER NGA , KOR , MEX , GER 7 BIH , IRN , NGA , SUI , BEL , NED , GER ISL , CRO , NGA , FRA 20 Lionel Messi SCG , NED , MEX 5 NGA , KOR , GRE , MEX , GER 7 BIH , IRN , NGA , SUI , BEL , NED , GER ISL , CRO , NGA , FRA 19 Sergio Ramos UKR , TUN , FRA 7 SUI , HON , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED , CHI , AUS POR , IRN , MAR , RUS 17 Cristiano Ronaldo 6 ANG , IRN , NED , ENG , FRA , GER CIV , PRK , BRA , ESP GER , USA , GHA ESP , MAR , IRN , URU 17 Overall results ( edit ) Bold numbers indicate the maximum values in each column . By team ( edit ) Team Pld Pts APts GF AGF GA AGA GD AGD CS ACS YC AYC RC ARC Argentina 1.00 6 1.50 9 2.25 - 3 - 0.75 0 0.00 11 2.75 0 0.00 Australia 0 0.33 0.67 5 1.67 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 7 2.33 0 0.00 Belgium 7 6 0 18 2.57 16 2.29 6 0.86 + 10 1.43 0.43 11 1.57 0 0.00 Brazil 5 10 2.00 8 1.60 0.60 + 5 1.00 0.60 7 1.40 0 0.00 Colombia 7 1.75 6 1.50 0.75 + 3 0.75 0.50 9 2.25 0.25 Costa Rica 0 0.33 0.67 5 1.67 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 Croatia 7 14 2.00 14 2.00 9 1.29 + 5 0.71 0.29 15 2.14 0 0.00 Denmark 0 6 1.50 0.75 0.50 + 1 0.25 0.50 6 1.50 0 0.00 Egypt 0 0 0 0.00 0.67 6 2.00 - 4 - 1.33 0 0.00 5 1.67 0 0.00 England 7 10 1.43 12 1.71 8 1.14 + 4 0.57 0.14 8 1.14 0 0.00 France 7 6 0 19 2.71 14 2.00 6 0.86 + 8 1.14 0.57 12 1.71 0 0.00 Germany 0 1.00 0.67 1.33 - 2 - 0.67 0 0.00 0.67 0.33 Iceland 0 0.33 0.67 5 1.67 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 1.00 0 0.00 Iran 1.33 0.67 0.67 0 0.00 0.33 7 2.33 0 0.00 Japan 1.00 6 1.50 7 1.75 - 1 - 0.25 0 0.00 5 1.25 0 0.00 Mexico 0 6 1.50 0.75 6 1.50 - 3 - 0.75 0.25 9 2.25 0 0.00 Morocco 0 0.33 0.67 1.33 - 2 - 0.67 0 0.00 8 2.67 0 0.00 Nigeria 0 1.00 1.00 1.33 - 1 - 0.33 0.33 1.33 0 0.00 Panama 0 0 0 0.00 0.67 11 3.67 - 9 - 3.00 0 0.00 11 3.67 0 0.00 Peru 0 1.00 0.67 0.67 0 0.00 0.33 5 1.67 0 0.00 Poland 0 1.00 0.67 5 1.67 - 3 - 1.00 0.33 1.00 0 0.00 Portugal 5 1.25 6 1.50 6 1.50 0 0.00 0.25 7 1.75 0 0.00 Russia 5 8 1.60 11 2.20 7 1.40 + 4 0.80 0.20 6 1.20 0.20 Saudi Arabia 0 1.00 0.67 7 2.33 - 5 - 1.67 0 0.00 0.33 0 0.00 Senegal 1.33 1.33 1.33 0 0.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 Serbia 0 1.00 0.67 1.33 - 2 - 0.67 0.33 9 3.00 0 0.00 South Korea 0 1.00 1.00 1.00 0 0.00 0.33 10 3.33 0 0.00 Spain 0 6 1.50 7 1.75 6 1.50 + 1 0.25 0.25 0.50 0 0.00 Sweden 5 0 9 1.80 6 1.20 0.80 + 2 0.40 0.60 8 1.60 0 0.00 Switzerland 5 1.25 5 1.25 5 1.25 0 0.00 0 0.00 9 2.25 0.25 Tunisia 0 1.00 5 1.67 8 2.67 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 1.33 0 0.00 Uruguay 5 0 12 2.40 7 1.40 0.60 + 4 0.80 0.60 0.60 0 0.00 Total 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 169 1.32 169 1.32 0 0.00 33 0.26 219 1.71 0.03 Team ( s ) rendered in italics represent ( s ) the host nation ( s ) . The competition 's winning team is rendered in bold . -- Total games lost not counted in total games played ( total games lost = total games won ) -- Total number of games drawn ( tied ) for all teams = Total number of games drawn ( tied ) ÷ 2 ( both teams involved ) -- As per statistical convention in football , matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses , while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws . By confederation ( edit ) Confederation Pld Pts APts Pts / T AFC 5 16 9 15 0.94 3.00 CAF 5 15 10 11 0.73 2.20 CONCACAF 10 7 7 0.70 2.33 CONMEBOL 5 21 11 7 36 1.71 7.20 UEFA 14 66 31 17 18 110 1.67 7.86 Total 32 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 5.59 Host nation ( s ) are situated in the region ( s ) rendered in italics . -- Total games lost not counted in total games played ( total games lost = total games won ) -- Total number of games drawn ( tied ) for all teams = Total number of games drawn ( tied ) ÷ 2 ( both teams involved ) -- As per statistical convention in football , matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses , while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws . Stadiums ( edit ) Stadium City Capacity Elevation Matches played Overall attendance Average attendance per match Average attendance as % of capacity Overall goals scored Average goals scored per match Central Stadium Yekaterinburg 33,061 273 m 125,437 31,359 94.85 % 9 2.25 Cosmos Arena Samara 41,970 163 m 6 248,060 41,343 98.51 % 11 1.83 Fisht Olympic Stadium Sochi 44,287 1 m 6 264,057 44,010 99.37 % 21 3.50 Kaliningrad Stadium Kaliningrad 33,973 0 m 132,249 33,062 97.32 % 10 2.50 Kazan Arena Kazan 42,873 51 m 6 254,451 42,409 98.92 % 19 3.17 Krestovsky Stadium Saint Petersburg 64,468 13 m 7 448,686 64,098 99.43 % 14 2.00 Luzhniki Stadium Moscow 78,011 151 m 7 546,077 78,011 100.00 % 18 2.57 Mordovia Arena Saransk 41,685 126 m 160,237 40,059 96.10 % 9 2.25 Nizhny Novgorod Stadium Nizhny Novgorod 43,319 73 m 6 256,427 42,738 98.66 % 19 3.17 Otkritie Arena Moscow 44,190 125 m 5 220,950 44,190 100.00 % 16 3.20 Rostov Arena Rostov - on - Don 43,472 0 m 5 214,197 42,839 98.54 % 14 2.80 Volgograd Arena Volgograd 43,713 31 m 160,980 40,245 92.07 % 9 2.25 Total 3,080,085 64 3,031,768 47,371 98.43 % 169 2.64 Attendance records ( edit ) Top 10 highest attendances . Rank Attendance Match Venue City Date Ref 78,011 Russia vs Saudi Arabia Luzhniki Stadium Moscow 14 June 2018 Germany vs Mexico 17 June 2018 Portugal vs Morocco 20 June 2018 Denmark vs France 26 June 2018 Spain vs Russia 1 July 2018 Croatia vs England 11 July 2018 France vs Croatia 15 July 2018 8 64,468 Russia vs Egypt Krestovsky Stadium Saint Petersburg 19 June 2018 Brazil vs Costa Rica 22 June 2018 Nigeria vs Argentina 26 June 2018 Lowest attendance : 27,015 -- Egypt vs Uruguay , Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg , 15 June 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kelly , Ryan ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Mandzukic makes World Cup history with own goal against France in Russia 2018 final '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Players : Goals scored '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France v Australia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay v France -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium vs Tunisia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium v Japan -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium v England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tunisia vs England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England vs Panama -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia v England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia v Nigeria -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia v Saudi Arabia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia v Egypt -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil v Switzerland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil v Costa Rica -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France vs Peru -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France v Argentina -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 30 June 2018 . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain v Portugal -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal v Morocco -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay v Saudi Arabia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay v Russia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain v Russia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico v Sweden -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iceland v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Japan v Poland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panama v Tunisia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australia vs Peru -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay v Portugal -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 30 June 2018 . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea v Germany -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iran vs Spain -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil v Belgium -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Switzerland v Costa Rica -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt v Uruguay -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Denmark v Australia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden v Switzerland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden v South Korea -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina v Iceland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Morocco v Iran -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea v Mexico -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IR Spain v Morocco -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England v Belgium -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Denmark v France -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica v Serbia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Germany v Mexico -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium v Panama -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Japan vs Senegal - Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria v Argentina -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Senegal v Colombia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria vs Iceland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil v Mexico -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Poland vs Senegal -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia v Japan -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Serbia vBrazil -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia v England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden v England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peru v Denmark -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IR Iran v Portugal -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Germany v Sweden -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Poland vs Colombia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia v Egpyt -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia v Denmark -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Serbia v Switzerland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France v Belgium -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stats of the Day -- 16 June 2018 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stats of the Day -- 26 June 2018 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018_ A late own goal gives France victory over Australia - BBC Sport '' . BBC.com . BBC Sport. 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stats of the Day - 2 July 2018 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The squads in stats '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 5 June 2018 . Retrieved 6 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ekaterinburg Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ulitsa Repina '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Samara Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ulitsa Dal'nyaya '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fisht Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fisht Olympic Stadium '' . worldstadiumdatabase.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kaliningrad Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kazan Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kazan , Tatarstan '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Petersburg Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Zenit Arena '' . worldstadiumdatabase.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luzhniki Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luzhniki Stadium '' . worldstadiumdatabase.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mordovia Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Volgogradskaya Ulitsa '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nizhny Novgorod Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ulitsa Dolzhanskaya '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spartak Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Volokolamskoye Shosse '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rostov Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Volgograd Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Central Stadium '' . worldstadiumdatabase.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Russia vs. Saudi Arabia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Germany vs. Mexico '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Portugal vs. Morocco '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Denmark vs. France '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Spain vs. Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Croatia vs. England '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - France vs. Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Russia vs. Egypt '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Brazil vs. Costa Rica '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Nigeria vs. Argentina '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Egypt v Uruguay '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) `` Live It Up '' ( song ) Zabivaka ( mascot ) 2018 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions France Runners - up Croatia Third place Belgium Fourth place England Quarter - finals Brazil Russia Sweden Uruguay Round of 16 Argentina Colombia Denmark Japan Mexico Portugal Spain Switzerland Group stage Australia Costa Rica Egypt Germany Iceland Iran Morocco Nigeria Panama Peru Poland Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia South Korea Tunisia FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_statistics&oldid=857046890 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup statistics Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه বাংলা Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Português Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 06 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has conceded the least goals in the world cup 2018	[ "Most goals scored by a team: 16 Belgium\nFewest goals scored by a team: 2 Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Germany, Iceland, Iran, Morocco, Panama, Peru, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Serbia\nMost goals conceded by a team: 11 Panama\nFewest goals conceded by a team: 2 Denmark, Iran, Peru\nBest goal difference: +10 Belgium\nWorst goal difference: -9 Panama\nMost goals scored in a match by both teams: 7 Belgium 5–2 Tunisia, England 6–1 Panama, France 4–3 Argentina\nMost goals scored in a match by one team: 6 England against Panama\nMost goals scored in a match by the losing team: 3 Argentina against France\nBiggest margin of victory: 5 goals Russia 5–0 Saudi Arabia, England 6–1 Panama\nMost clean sheets achieved by a team: 4 France\nFewest clean sheets achieved by a team: 0 Argentina, Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Germany, Iceland, Japan, Morocco, Panama, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Switzerland, Tunisia\nMost clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2 Costa Rica, England, Germany, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Saudi Arabia\nFewest clean sheets given by an opposing team: 0 Brazil, Colombia, Croatia, Portugal, Spain, Tunisia\nMost consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team: 3 Brazil, Uruguay\nMost consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2 Costa Rica, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Saudi Arabia", "Most goals scored by a team: 16 Belgium\nFewest goals scored by a team: 2 Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Germany, Iceland, Iran, Morocco, Panama, Peru, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Serbia\nMost goals conceded by a team: 11 Panama\nFewest goals conceded by a team: 2 Denmark, Iran, Peru\nBest goal difference: +10 Belgium\nWorst goal difference: -9 Panama\nMost goals scored in a match by both teams: 7 Belgium 5–2 Tunisia, England 6–1 Panama, France 4–3 Argentina\nMost goals scored in a match by one team: 6 England against Panama\nMost goals scored in a match by the losing team: 3 Argentina against France\nBiggest margin of victory: 5 goals Russia 5–0 Saudi Arabia, England 6–1 Panama\nMost clean sheets achieved by a team: 4 France\nFewest clean sheets achieved by a team: 0 Argentina, Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Germany, Iceland, Japan, Morocco, Panama, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Switzerland, Tunisia\nMost clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2 Costa Rica, England, Germany, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Saudi Arabia\nFewest clean sheets given by an opposing team: 0 Brazil, Colombia, Croatia, Portugal, Spain, Tunisia\nMost consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team: 3 Brazil, Uruguay\nMost consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2 Costa Rica, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Saudi Arabia", "Most goals scored by a team: 16 Belgium\nFewest goals scored by a team: 2 Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Germany, Iceland, Iran, Morocco, Panama, Peru, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Serbia\nMost goals conceded by a team: 11 Panama\nFewest goals conceded by a team: 2 Denmark, Iran, Peru\nBest goal difference: +10 Belgium\nWorst goal difference: -9 Panama\nMost goals scored in a match by both teams: 7 Belgium 5–2 Tunisia, England 6–1 Panama, France 4–3 Argentina\nMost goals scored in a match by one team: 6 England against Panama\nMost goals scored in a match by the losing team: 3 Argentina against France\nBiggest margin of victory: 5 goals Russia 5–0 Saudi Arabia, England 6–1 Panama\nMost clean sheets achieved by a team: 4 France\nFewest clean sheets achieved by a team: 0 Argentina, Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Germany, Iceland, Japan, Morocco, Panama, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Switzerland, Tunisia\nMost clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2 Costa Rica, England, Germany, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Saudi Arabia\nFewest clean sheets given by an opposing team: 0 Brazil, Colombia, Croatia, Portugal, Spain, Tunisia\nMost consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team: 3 Brazil, Uruguay\nMost consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2 Costa Rica, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Saudi Arabia" ]	[ "Denmark", "Iran", "Peru" ]
-1742576312198725312	America's Funniest Home Videos	America 's Funniest Home Videos - wikipedia America 's Funniest Home Videos Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) America 's Funniest Home Videos Genre Clip show Comedy Created by Vin Di Bona Based on Fun TV with Kato - chan and Ken - chan Written by Mike Palleschi ( 2001 -- ) Erik Lohla ( 2007 -- ) Jordan Schatz ( 2010 -- ) Past writers : Todd Thicke Robert Arnott ( 1990 -- 97 ) Bob Saget ( 1990 -- 97 ) Trace Beaulieu ( 1998 -- 2007 ) J. Elvis Weinstein ( 1998 -- 2007 ) Joel Madison ( 1998 -- 99 ) Tony De Sena ( 1988 -- 99 ) Arthur F. Montmorency ( 2001 -- 02 ) Kevin Kataoka ( 2007 -- 10 ) Directed by Vin Di Bona ( 2002 -- present ) Other directors : Ron de Moraes ( 1989 special ) Steve Hirsen ( 1990 -- 2001 ) Rob Katz ( 2001 ) E.C. Pauling ( 2001 -- present ) Averill Perry ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Russ Reinsel ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Presented by Bob Saget ( 1989 -- 97 ) John Fugelsang & Daisy Fuentes ( 1998 -- 99 ) Tom Bergeron ( 2001 -- 15 ) Alfonso Ribeiro ( 2015 -- present ) Narrated by Ernie Anderson ( 1989 -- 95 ) Gary Owens ( 1995 -- 97 ) Jess Harnell ( 1998 -- ) Theme music composer Dan Slider ( music ) Jill Colucci , Stewart Harris ( lyrics , 1989 -- 96 version only ) Opening theme `` The Funny Things You Do '' , performed by Jill Colucci ( 1989 -- 96 ) , performed by Peter Hix & Terry Wood ( 1997 ) , Rearranged ska / reggae instrumental ( 1998 -- 2015 ) , Rearranged band instrumental ( 2015 -- present ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 28 No. of episodes 653 ( as of March 25 , 2018 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Vin Di Bona Michele Nasraway ( 2013 -- ) Todd Thicke ( 2013 -- 15 ) Co-executive producers : Steve Paskay ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Barbara Bernstein ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Chris Cusack ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Terry Moore ( 2001 -- 2006 ) Todd Thicke ( 2001 -- 2013 ) Michele Nasraway ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Mike Palleschi ( 2015 -- present ) Producer ( s ) Bill Barlow Camera setup Videotape ; Multi-camera ( studio segments ) Running time 22 minutes ( 1990 -- 99 ) 44 minutes ( 1989 and 1999 -- 2000 specials ; series : 2001 -- present ) Production company ( s ) ABC Entertainment Vin Di Bona Productions Distributor MTM Enterprises ( 1995 -- 97 ) 20th Television ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Buena Vista Television ( 2001 -- 07 ) Disney - ABC Domestic Television ( 2007 -- present ) Release Original network ABC Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) 480i ( SDTV ) ( home videos upscaled to widescreen ) Original release November 26 , 1989 ( 1989 - 11 - 26 ) ( as a special ) January 14 , 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 14 ) ( as a series ) -- present Chronology Related shows America 's Funniest People ( 1990 -- 94 ) World 's Funniest Videos ( 1996 ) External links Website Production website America 's Funniest Home Videos ( often simply abbreviated to AFHV or its on - air abbreviation AFV ) is an American video clip television series on ABC , which features humorous homemade videos that are submitted by viewers . The most common videos feature unintentional physical comedy ( arising from incidents , accidents , and mishaps ) , pets or children , and some staged practical jokes . Originally airing as a special in 1989 , it debuted as a regular weekly series in 1990 . It was hosted by Bob Saget for the 1989 special and the first eight seasons of the series incarnation , then by John Fugelsang and Daisy Fuentes for its ninth and tenth seasons . After two years of being shown as occasional specials , hosted by various actors and comedians such as D.L. Hughley and Richard Kind , ABC brought the series back on Friday nights in the summer of 2001 with new host Tom Bergeron , who has since become the series ' longest - serving host , hosting 15 seasons . Bergeron announced in 2014 that he would be departing as host of the show , and Alfonso Ribeiro took over as host in 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 History 2.1 1989 -- 97 : Bob Saget 2.2 1998 -- 99 : John Fugelsang & Daisy Fuentes 2.3 1999 -- 2000 : Specials 2.4 2001 -- 15 : Tom Bergeron 2.5 2015 -- present : Alfonso Ribeiro 3 $100,000 contest 3.1 Voting 3.2 Other contests 4 Ratings 4.1 Season averages 5 Theme songs 6 Reruns / syndication 6.1 Bob Saget episodes 6.2 John Fugelsang - Daisy Fuentes episodes 6.3 Tom Bergeron episodes 6.4 Outside of the United States 7 Seasons 8 Merchandise 8.1 VHS / DVD 8.2 Games 8.3 Toys 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Premise ( edit ) Executive produced by Vin Di Bona , Todd Thicke and Michele Nasraway , and created by Vin Di Bona , it is the longest - running primetime entertainment ( non-news ) program on ABC ( both on the network 's current schedule and dating back to ABC 's incorporation as a television network in 1948 ) . It is based on the Tokyo Broadcasting System program Fun TV with Kato - chan and Ken - chan , which featured a segment in which viewers were invited to send in video clips from their home movies ; ABC , which owns half of the program , pays a royalty fee to the Tokyo Broadcasting System for the use of the format ( although the original parent show left the air in 1992 ) . A more similar concept in that a whole 30 - to - 45 - minute show consisted of nothing but short clips from amateur home videos with slapstick - like accidents presented by a host began broadcasting only two months after the start of Fun TV with Kato - chan and Ken - chan in Japan , under the title Pleiten , Pech und Pannen ( lit. , `` Crashes , bad luck , and slip ups '' ) in Germany in March 1986 , that program lasted until 2003 . Contestants can send their videos in by uploading them as a digital file onto the show 's official website , AFV.com , which launched in 2012 . From 2008 to 2012 , viewers were able to upload their videos digitally to ABC 's website , ABC.com ; after the separate website for the program went online , users trying to access the America 's Funniest Home Videos page on ABC 's website -- via the show page link on the site 's program menu -- are now automatically redirected to AFV.com and forwarded to the clip uploading process on that site . Videos can also be sent via conventional mail on VHS and other such home video formats ( VHS - C , 8 mm video cassettes , to name a few ) , and later as the format started to become common for home recording use in the early 2000s decade , DVD to a Hollywood , California post-office box address , with clips placed on USB flash drives and other forms of consumer flash memory formats also acceptable for physical submission as time has gone on . Due to its very low cost and universal appeal , the format has since been reproduced around the world and AFV - inspired television specials and series continue to emerge periodically in the United States . American television series inspired by AFV 's format that are not related to the series itself include The Planet 's Funniest Animals , The World 's Funniest ! , The World 's Funniest Moments , Funniest Pets & People and It Only Hurts When I Laugh ; however , most of the series inspired by AFV ( with the minor exception of The Planet 's Funniest Animals ) have not matched the success of America 's Funniest Home Videos and have not lasted as long . Several local television stations , even those not affiliated with ABC , also developed special funny home video segments in their newscasts during the early 1990s , inspired by the series . The majority of the video clips are short ( 5 -- 30 seconds ) and are mostly related to the host 's monologues . Videos typically feature people and animals getting into humorous accidents caught on camera ; while others include clever marriage proposals , people and animals displaying interesting talents ( such as pets that sound like they speak certain words or phrases , or genius toddlers with the ability to name all past U.S. Presidents ) , and practical jokes . A group of screeners view the submitted tapes , giving them a grade ( on a scale of 1 -- 10 ) based on that particular tape 's humor . The videos deemed the funniest by the screeners then go on to the show 's producers and then is turned over to Di Bona and another producer for final approval . Home video material that involves staged accidents , or / and adults , children , or babies getting seriously injured or the abuse of animals or overall does not meet ABC network standards and practices are generally not accepted and will not appear on the show . Every week , three of the videos seen ( which are among those included in the episode ) are chosen by the producers and voted on by the studio audience . The winner wins $10,000 and is in the running for the $100,000 prize at the end of a seven - or ten - show run , while the runner - up receives $3,000 and the third place video receives $2,000 . In the show 's first season , the second and third prizes respectively were a new TV and VCR and a new camcorder . On the initial hour - long special , the grand prize was $5,000 with second and third places both winning a new camcorder ; the producer picked the winner , with no audience voting . Periodically , beginning with the Tom Bergeron run of the series and continuing on into the Alfonso Ribiero run , the grand prize winner at each season 's final $100,000 contest will also win a free vacation package , supplied by either Adventures by Disney or Disney Vacation Club , in addition to the monetary prize . The program 's studio segments are taped in front of a studio audience ( although the specials that aired in 1999 and 2000 only featured pre-recorded audience responses ) ; audience members are asked to dress in `` business casual or nicer '' . Show creator Vin Di Bona has produced two similar programs : America 's Funniest People ( 1990 -- 94 ) and World 's Funniest Videos ( 1996 ) . Di Bona also created two series featuring home videos that were largely culled from those seen on AFHV and America 's Funniest People : the syndicated series That 's Funny ( 2004 -- 06 ) and the Fox Family Channel series Show Me The Funny ( 1998 -- 2000 ) . Many of the clips have been used internationally in various comedy compilation programs , with changes such as dubbing and subtitling . The title of the show is usually changed and the studio segments are omitted . As noted in the closing credits of each episode , most of the videos have been edited for length due to time constraints . In addition , according to the contest plugs , family members ( both immediate or relatives ) of employees of Vin Di Bona Productions , ABC , Inc. , its corporate parent The Walt Disney Company ( and for a good portion of Saget 's hosting tenure , its legal predecessor , Capital Cities / ABC ) and their related subsidiaries are ineligible for the show 's contests and prizes . On October 3 , 2010 , beginning with the season 21 premiere , America 's Funniest Home Videos began broadcasting in high definition . Many of the videos , which are largely shot using standard definition camcorders , began to be stretched horizontally to fit 16 : 9 screens . However , since the 2012 -- 13 season , videos shot in 4 : 3 standard definition began to be pillarboxed ( particularly videos that are recorded on mobile devices that are shot at a vertical angle that would not even fit the 4 : 3 safe area of many television sets entirely ; since the conversion to HD , the series has featured advisories to viewers to tilt their mobile devices horizontally to when recording in order for their videos to fit 16 : 9 screens ) . In 2014 , all episodes of the show that were originally produced and aired in standard definition before both the season 21 premiere and the show 's initial conversion to HD capability simultaneously in 2010 and / or already airing in rerun syndication for almost over a decade or more ( and still are ) got stretched vertically downward with slightly re-edited graphics due to widescreen and HD broadcast capability and signals on more broadcast television stations ( and cable ) networks , AFV 's 25th anniversary , Tom Bergeron 's 15th and final year as host of the show , and Alfonso Ribiero 's entrance as the current host in season 26 that also included an almost - brand - new set , new version of the theme song , new graphics , and new logo among other things ; while the funny video clips recorded with the use of camcorders before 2009 or the years preceding the invention of today 's mobile devices such as the iPhone or iPad ( and especially the videos that were aired on episodes in the Bob Saget , John Fugelsang , Daisy Fuentes , and the early Tom Bergeron eras of AFV ) continued ( and still continue in the Alfonso Ribiero run of AFV ) to be stretched horizontally to this day . History ( edit ) 1989 -- 97 : Bob Saget ( edit ) The show debuted on November 26 , 1989 as an hour - long special , produced by Vin Di Bona and Steve Paskay , with actor / comedian Bob Saget ( then starring in the ABC sitcom Full House ) as its host . Saget was assisted in hosting the special by actress Kellie Martin , then the star of fellow ABC series Life Goes On , a family drama which would serve as the lead - in program to AFHV for the latter show 's first four seasons . Prior to the airing of the initial special , during the fall of 1989 , Vin Di Bona Productions took out ads in national magazines ( such as TV Guide ) asking people to send in their home videos featuring funny or amazing moments . Original AFHV logo , which was used during Saget 's tenure as host . John Ritter was Vin di Bona 's first choice as host of the program , but he proved to be unavailable . Originally intended as a one - off special , it became an unexpected hit , causing ABC to place an episode order for the show turning it into a regular weekly half - hour primetime series ; it made its debut as a regular series on January 14 , 1990 , with Bob Saget hosting solo . Ernie Anderson , the announcer for several ABC advertisements and shows of the era , was the program 's original announcer . He was replaced by radio and television actor Gary Owens in 1995 , but returned shortly before his death in February 1997 . Besides hosting the series , Saget also served as a member of its writing staff , alongside Todd Thicke and Bob Arnott . The success of AFHV led to a spinoff called America 's Funniest People , hosted by Saget 's Full House co-star Dave Coulier ( and co-hosted by actress / producer Arleen Sorkin for the first two seasons , then model Tawny Kitaen for the final two ) , focusing on videos featuring people intentionally trying to be funny by doing celebrity impressions , committing pranks , and performing short amateur comedy routines , among other things . During the show 's first four seasons , America 's Funniest Home Videos aired on Sunday nights at 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time ; beginning with the fifth season , the show started the Sunday primetime lineup on ABC , airing at 7 : 00 p.m. Eastern , followed by America 's Funniest People at 7 : 30 p.m. Eastern as part of an hour - long block of funny home videos . Saget always ended each episode with the phrase `` Keep those cameras safely rolling '' , and saying something to his wife who was ( implied to be ) watching the show . Beginning about the middle of the first season , the show began featuring the `` Assignment America '' segment , which called for a series of videos to be sent in ( collected or made ) pertaining to a specific theme . Another segment introduced during Saget 's tenure as host called `` Backwards Classics , '' shows videos being played in reverse set to classical music . Since the show 's debut as a regular series , the show routinely includes two to three times per episode , a montage of themed videos set to a particular song , called the `` Music Montage '' ; classic songs ( mostly from the 1950s through the 1970s , with only a few songs from the 1980s scattered in ) were used during these montages in the original run of the series , though more recent pop , R&B and rock songs have been incorporated since Tom Bergeron became the show 's host . In season five , an animated sidekick was introduced named `` Stretchy McGillicuddy '' ( voiced by Danny Mann ) , who was known for trying to tease Saget and doing other crazy things . In one episode ( in season five ) , he was shown on the two large TV monitors on both sides of the set and Bob had to turn him off with a remote . Stretchy 's catchphrase was : `` Do n't get a little touchy Bob , I 'm just a little stretchy ! '' The character was dropped from the show at the end of the seventh season . In 1994 , ABC canceled America 's Funniest People after four seasons due to declining ratings and had to decide what to do with the Sunday night 7 : 30 p.m. Eastern slot that was now left vacant . After trying out the short - lived sitcom On Our Own in the 7 : 30 p.m. slot after AFHV during the 1994 -- 95 season , ABC then later chose to expand America 's Funniest Home Videos to one hour with back - to - back airings , with that week 's new episode being shown in the first half - hour , followed by a repeat from a previous season to fill the remaining time . On February 1 , 1996 , another spinoff of AFHV debuted called World 's Funniest Videos ; which was taped at Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista , Florida ; this series was also hosted by Coulier , along with actress Eva LaRue . Paired with a weekly version of the popular Before They Were Stars specials on Thursday nights , World 's Funniest Videos focused on funny and amazing home videos from around the world . However , due to low ratings , ABC put it on hiatus a few weeks after its debut , before cancelling the series outright after only one season and burning off the remaining episodes that summer . For Saget 's final season on AFHV , two new episodes would be shown . Numerous comedy skits were performed on the set during Saget 's tenure as host . The set consisted of a living room design ( the main set , originally a three - wall design with a bay window , was remodeled for the 1992 -- 93 season as a flatter frame outline with translucent walls -- though the furniture featured on the original set remained ) . The beginning of each episode was tied in with a skit just before the transition was made from the introduction to Saget . This usually consisted of several actors in a fake room ( usually in the upper part of the audience section or in another soundstage ) pretending to get excited watching America 's Funniest Home Videos . This technique was scrapped at the end of the fifth season . Saget soon grew tired of the repetitive format and was eager to pursue other projects as a comedian , actor , and director . Producer Di Bona held him to his contract , resulting in a frustrated Saget listlessly going through the motions , constantly getting out of character , and making pointed remarks on the air during his last two seasons . Saget 's contract expired in May 1997 , and he decided to leave the show afterward . However , according to Vin Di Bona , the producers felt a change ( and change of hosts ) was needed for AFV as a result of ABC going through a change of leadership ( hence ABC 's ownership transition from Capital Cities to Disney ) . His former Full House castmates ( except for Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen ) were present in the episode prior to the $100,000 season finale ( which additionally featured 3 - D skits as part of an ABC promotional gimmick week ) , which was his final episode . Saget returned to America 's Funniest Home Videos on two different occasions , first , to co-host a 20th anniversary special edition episode alongside Tom Bergeron , which aired on November 29 , 2009 ( which was four days shy of AFV 's actual 20th anniversary date of its premiere on the air on November 26 , 1989 ) ; and on May 17 , 2015 , he made a cameo appearance at the end of Tom Bergeron 's final episode as host of AFV in Disneyland . He has yet to make his first guest appearance on Alfonso Ribiero 's AFV , which would be his third guest appearance on the show and his second guest appearance on the road or in the studio . Main logo , used from 1998 to 2015 1998 -- 99 : John Fugelsang & Daisy Fuentes ( edit ) After Saget 's departure from the series , ABC sidelined America 's Funniest Home Videos from the network 's 1997 -- 98 fall schedule , choosing to bring it back as a mid-season replacement . The show began to be alternately called AFV at this point ( though the show officially continued to be titled America 's Funniest Home Videos ) . The series returned for season nine on January 5 , 1998 , with new hosts , an overhauled look and a new rendition of the theme song . Comedian John Fugelsang and model - turned - television personality Daisy Fuentes took over as co-hosts of the show . Jess Harnell also succeeded Owens as the show 's announcer and still holds this position to this day . Original version of alternative logo , used from 1998 to 2015 During this period , the show introduced a segment called `` Bad News , Good News , '' which shows a video of an accident ; then one of the hosts makes a humorous statement about the upside of what happened . This segment continued to appear occasionally until the fourth year of Tom Bergeron 's stint as host . Another notable segment was the `` AFV Hall of Fame '' , in which a clip is shown , and Fugelsang reveals the moment of impact ( a screen that shows a still picture of that clip ) that occurred in it . This segment was scrapped at the end of season ten . Another featured segment was `` Who Would You Like to See ... '' , in which a random person is asked which celebrity they would like to see involved in a random humorous mishap , with a photo of a celebrity 's face posterized over the face of the actual person in the video . With the Sunday night 7 : 00 p.m. Eastern time slot now occupied by Disney films aired as part of The Wonderful World of Disney , the show constantly changed timeslots , moving from Monday nights to Thursday nights to Saturday nights . The ratings for the show suffered during this period , and both Fuentes and Fugelsang left the show after two seasons in 1999 . Their last episode -- which aired on May 6 of that year -- was taped at the House of Blues in West Hollywood , California . The only honorable mention of John Fugelsang , Daisy Fuentes , and segments showcasing their run to date was the 2 - part 300th episode AFV special in 2003 during the early years of the Bergeron run , which also showcased Saget 's run of episodes in select segments , as well . They have yet to make their first guest appearances on the road or in the studio on AFV , as they have never been invited back as guests since their final episodes as co-hosts back in 1999 . 1999 -- 2000 : specials ( edit ) In May 1999 , ABC announced that it would discontinue America 's Funniest Home Videos as a regular weekly series , but the show returned occasionally as a series of specials hosted by various ABC sitcom stars including The Hughleys star D.L. Hughley and Spin City co-star Richard Kind . The show moved to a much smaller soundstage and the set featured various video screens and monitors ( resembling iMac computers ) placed on shelves . A special sports version of the show called AFV : The Sports Edition , that was hosted by ESPN anchor Stuart Scott , was rebroadcast every New Year 's Day and aired occasionally before NBA playoff games with a post 8 : 30 p.m. Eastern Time tip - off until 2008 . A special entitled America 's Funniest Home Videos : Deluxe Uncensored ( which was released only on home video , and featured somewhat more risque content than that allowed on the television broadcasts ) was hosted by Steve Carell and taped on the set used from the 1998 -- 99 season . These specials ( except for the special sports edition ) were not taped in front of a live studio audience , with pre-recorded applause and laugh tracks were used during commercial bumpers and just before , during , and after video packages being used instead . 2001 -- 15 : Tom Bergeron ( edit ) In October 2000 , ABC announced its decision to return America 's Funniest Home Videos as a regular weekly series , ordering 13 new episodes . On July 20 , 2001 , the show returned in its third format , this time with host Tom Bergeron ( who was also hosting Hollywood Squares at the time ) . By this point , the show was expanded to full hour - long episodes , instead of two consecutive half - hour episodes . The show was now being seen on Friday nights at 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time ; however , it went on hiatus for two months due in part to the September 11 attacks and also because of ABC airing specials and trying a new Friday night lineup . That lineup was short - lived , and the show returned to the schedule in December 2001 . In his earlier episodes , Bergeron used the set ( with the bulky see - through iMac computers ) from the AFV specials that aired in 2000 , until the latter part of his first season , when a new set ( with a studio audience ) was introduced featuring a round video screen with several monitors . In September 2003 , the show returned to its former Sunday 7 : 00 p.m. Eastern timeslot , still an hour long ( though special episodes occasionally aired on Friday nights until 2007 ) . Unlike Saget , who provided voice - overs to the clips , Bergeron humorously narrated them , though he did lend his voice to some clips from time to time . The Bergeron version added new segments , such as `` Tom 's Home Movies '' , where his face is digitally superimposed over the face of a person in each of the videos with varying expressions shown to match the person 's reaction to their mishaps in the videos ( a recurring gag referenced by Bergeron in this segment is on his superimposed head being larger than normal size ) , various audience participation games using funny home videos including `` Head , Gut , or Groin , '' where Tom picked one or two members of the studio audience to guess whether the person in the video would be hit in the aforementioned three areas of the body in order to win an America 's Funniest Home Videos compilation DVD ( since the 2012 -- 13 season , a bobblehead of Bergeron was given as the prize ) and the `` slo - mo gizmo '' , where a video is played first at normal speed and then again at a slower speed and telestrated . Bergeron nearly always ended each episode with the phrase `` If you get it on ( video ) tape , you could get it in cash '' , which was later changed to `` Upload to us . Get rich , get famous '' by the 2008 -- 09 season . While only four of the segments ( `` Vs . '' , `` The Dog / Cat Park '' , `` Name That Sound '' , and `` A Moment With ... '' ) continue to be shown on Alfonso Ribiero 's AFV at present , the segments introduced ( and still seen in reruns ) during this period when Tom Bergeron hosted the show include : `` Vs . '' ( featuring compilations of two sets of related videos , in which the `` winner '' of the two is revealed at the end , followed by a fictional `` preview '' of the videos in which the winner is claimed to face in the next segment ) `` A Moment of Ewww '' ( featuring a video that focuses on something gross such as mucus hanging from a person 's nose after sneezing ) `` The Dog / Cat Park '' ( a compilation of animal videos featuring dogs or cats that is named accordingly to the animals featured ) `` AFV Family of the Week '' ( featuring funny videos of adults and children , the `` family '' featured are actually people of no familial relation ) `` Nincompoop Corner '' ( a compilation of videos of people getting into situations that humorously showcase a lack of good judgement ) `` AFV Dictionary '' ( featuring a humorous dictionary definition made to apply to the video being shown ) `` Name that Sound '' ( which features audio of an unusual sound , followed by a clip of the video which the sound came from that usually reveals a person or animal making the noise ) `` Pick the Real Video '' ( a multiple - choice game in which audience members are asked to choose which video is the one that will be shown ) `` What 's Behind the Blue Blob '' , `` Kid , Cat , or Canine '' ( both it and `` What 's Behind the Blue Blob '' are games which audience members are asked to guess the person , animal or object featured in the video that is then revealed ) `` The Naughty File '' ( featuring a video incorporating inappropriate behavior such as a child urinating at a family gathering ) `` A Moment With ... '' ( An out of the ordinary video is shown for a few seconds ) `` What 's Up with the French ? '' `` AFV Pop Quiz '' ( a multiple - choice game leading into and out of a commercial break in which viewers are asked to guess what occurs next in the video ) `` The AFV $10,000 Club '' ( an early segment in which a home video that already won $10,000 in a previous show was showcased ) Mysterious Mysteries of Mystery ( an early segment in which Tom narrates a video with mysterious things happening like balloons replacing faces , in news headline form ) On This Day in AFV History ( an early segment in which Tom narrates a very old video , with a date , which Tom says that date , for example , a video from October 10 , 1987 features a kid petting a dog , which bites him in the crotch ) Starting with the 2007 -- 08 season , the series began allowing viewers to upload their funny home videos online at ABC.com , but has since the 2012 -- 13 season ; launched their own website that same year in 2013 and has viewers upload their videos instead to AFV.com , in addition to sending their videos via standard mail . Except for reruns of episodes from seasons 21 and 22 that referenced uploading to ABC.com , the re-edited season 11 -- 20 episodes that used to originally reference ABC.com on the unaltered versions of the episodes now reference uploading to AFV.com . During the 2011 -- 12 season , the AFV iOS app was released on the App Store , allowing users of Apple mobile devices to record and upload videos for submission to the show ; a version of the app was released for Android devices the following season . In the final six seasons of Tom Bergeron 's run as host , the show started its `` Funny Since 1989 '' campaign in 2009 and had two anniversary seasons . Season 20 , in 2009 , had a special 20th anniversary episode that aired on November 29 , 2009 . The special brought back Bob Saget to AFV for the first time in 12 years as a guest . Both Saget and Bergeron ended that episode with a pinata party skit and a nod to the Star Wars lightsaber fight scenes when the credits started rolling . The pinatas resembled the looks of the two hosts . Five years later , on March 7 , 2014 , Bergeron announced on his Twitter account that season 25 would be his last . AFV aired a 25th Anniversary Celebrity Celebration special in February 2015 . Bergeron 's final new episode from his in - studio stage home of 15 years ( which was really his second to final episode ) aired on May 10 , 2015 ( and for the final time in rerun form on ABC on September 13 , 2015 ) , and was the final ( and season 25 's second ) $100,000 show of his tenure and featured at different times of the episode a look back at classic and modern funny home videos that defined the show 's then - 25 - year run . Bergeron 's `` real '' final new episode aired on May 17 , 2015 , the season finale , ending his run as host after fifteen seasons ( the longest hosting tenure for the series to date ) . The episode -- taped on - location at Disneyland for that season 's edition of the annual `` Grand Prize Spectacular '' , AFV 's 25th anniversary , and the Disneyland Resort 's 60th Anniversary Diamond Celebration that began on May 22 , 2015 ( which has appeared in various formats since 2005 , in which one of the two ( formerly three ) $100,000 winners from the current season wins a Walt Disney Parks and Resorts , or in earlier seasons , an Adventures by Disney vacation package ) -- featured an auto - tuned montage of clips and outtakes from Bergeron 's run as host and closed with him being escorted after walking off the outdoor stage near Sleeping Beauty Castle following the grand prize presentation on a cart driven by original host Bob Saget in a special cameo appearance . ABC aired encores of this episode on two different occasions . First , on July 19 , 2015 to coincide with Disneyland 's official 60th birthday on the weekend of July 17 , 2015 ( the actual 60th anniversary of Disneyland 's grand - opening on July 17 , 1955 ) and again on September 20 , 2015 as the network 's final episode airing , new or rerun , of AFV with Tom Bergeron and him as host signing off for the final time . Tom Bergeron made his first guest appearance in the studio on the season 26 `` Grand Prize Spectacular '' finale of Alfonso Ribiero 's AFV on May 22 , 2016 and played the show 's final on - air audience participation game `` Who Breaks It ? '' and won an Alfonso Ribiero AFV pillow and socks . 2015 -- present : Alfonso Ribeiro ( edit ) Alternate logo used since 2015 On May 19 , 2015 , two days after Bergeron 's final episode aired , ABC announced that Alfonso Ribeiro ( known for playing Carlton Banks on The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air ) would take over as host of AFV beginning with the season 26 premiere on October 11 , 2015 . Bergeron formally introduced Ribeiro 's new role as host during the latter 's guest performance on the season 20 finale of Dancing with the Stars ( Ribeiro appeared as a DWTS competitor and won the prior season ) . Before becoming the current host of the show , Alfonso Ribiero made his first ( and final ) guest appearance in the studio on a season 25 episode of AFV playing one of the show 's audience participation games with then - host Tom Bergeron called `` Who 's Makin ' That Racket ? '' . While some of the Tom Bergeron - era clip segments , the in - studio audience , and background parts of the Tom Bergeron - era set props remained intact and / or continued to air for Alfonso Ribeiro 's first three seasons , the stage featured a floor layout and stairway connected to a rubics - like cube with flat - screen TVs and new segments ( especially for Alfonso Ribiero 's run ) continued to be added and aired on the show . The Assignment America and musical montage segments that started in the Bob Saget - era and the honorable mentions segments and Disney Grand Prize Vacation Sweepstakes Contests that started in the Tom Bergeron - era also continued . In May 2017 , ABC renewed AFV for a 28th season . For the start of the season , instead of leading off Sunday nights , it aired Sunday nights at 8 p.m. ET / 7 p.m. CT and was lead into at the start of the season by The Toy Box . During some parts of the holiday season starting on November 26 , 2017 and remaining that way for almost the first two months of 2018 through January 21 , 2018 ( and final ' repeat / repeat ' on February 4 , 2018 ) , AFV aired in a ' repeat / new episode ' scheduling format . AFV returned with new episodes in the 7 / 6 central timeslot ( still an hour - long on Sunday nights ) due to holiday movie presentations and specials airing on ABC on Sunday nights at 8 / 7 central during the holiday season on December 10 , 2017 and then permanently starting on February 11 , 2018 . ABC renewed AFV for a 29th season on March 13 , 2018 . $100,000 contest ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After every half of the season , the $10,000 winners from the preceding episodes are brought back to participate in a contest to win an additional $100,000 . ( Previously , there would be three $100,000 shows per season , after runs of shows consisting of either 5 , 6 , or 7 episodes . Beginning with the 24th season , the format changed to two $100,000 shows , each one after a 9 - or - 10 - episode run . This format was also used during seasons 9 , 12 , 13 , and 14 . ) Two $100,000 contests air each season ( the final $100,000 episode originally aired as the season finale until the 15th season , at which point it begin airing as the episode before each season 's final episode ) , though only one aired in the first season . Voting ( edit ) 1990 -- 97 ( Saget version ) : ABC stations ( 5 in season one , 3 from 1990 to 1993 , and 2 from 1993 onward ) around the country are joined via satellite to cast their votes along with the Los Angeles studio audience ( the final $100,000 show of season two was decided by a telephone vote ) 1998 -- 99 ( Fuentes / Fugelsang version ) : Only the Los Angeles studio audience voted ( with an audience from Minneapolis , Minnesota joining via satellite in one episode during season 10 ) . 2001 -- present : Three formats have been used at various times : The Los Angeles studio audience votes to determine the winner . Viewers log onto the show 's website to cast their votes . The show declares the winner by going to the Disney Parks and asking park - goers , as well inviting characters like Mickey Mouse , Minnie Mouse , Donald Duck and Goofy , to determine the $100,000 winning clip . Other contests ( edit ) 2002 : `` Battle of the Best '' : The Quad Squad ( $25,000 and trip to Maui ) 2005 : Disney Dream Vacation ( $100,000 and free vacations to all 11 Disney theme parks around the world ) 2006 : Dancing Machine ( $100,000 and free vacations to 500 + places for 48 years ) 2006 : `` Funniest Video of All - Time '' : The Quad Squad ( $250,000 ) 2009 : Birthday Blowout ( $100,000 and free vacations to 500 + places for 50 years ) 2015 : H20 NO - NO : Trip To Disneyland for 60 People ( to celebrate the Disneyland Resort 60th Anniversary Diamond Celebration ) Ratings ( edit ) Season averages ( edit ) America 's Funniest Home Videos became an instant hit with audiences , with the original special in November 1989 averaging a 17.7 rating and 25 share , finishing at ninth place in the Nielsen ratings that week . When it debuted as a weekly Sunday night series in January 1990 , the show averaged an 18.0 rating / 27 share , finishing at 16th place . It placed within Nielsen 's Top 5 highest - rated weekly series within weeks of its debut ; by March 1990 , AFHV became the # 1 primetime series for a short time , causing CBS ' 60 Minutes to be unseated for the top spot in the Nielsen ratings for the first time in 12 years . Indeed there was at least one week in 1990 when America 's Funniest Home Videos , when put in the same time slot as 60 Minutes , actually beat 60 Minutes for a win in the time slot . AFHV finished the 1989 -- 90 season in the Top 10 most watched shows , with an approximate average of 38 million viewers for each episode . AFHV finished the 2009 -- 10 season in 55th place , with an approximate average of 7.52 million viewers , and finished in 69th in viewers 18 -- 49 , with 2.0 / 6 . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that `` if you could pick a safe show that appeals to almost everyone , this might be it '' . Theme songs ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) AFV 's original theme song was `` The Funny Things You Do '' , composed by Dan Slider and performed by Jill Colucci , who also wrote the lyrics with Stewart Harris . This version of the song accompanied the opening and closing credits for the first seven - and - a-half seasons . This theme was reused once again for when Tom Bergeron introduced Bob Saget as well as a montage of classic videos and Saget 's first , original intro moment to the stage from the pilot episode and a latter segment ( using the theme 's original lyrics ) showcasing Saget 's run ( during AFV 's first eight seasons ) on the show in the AFV 20th anniversary special , which aired in 2009 . The show 's online series of videos entitled AFV XD is noted for its use of this version of the theme song , as well as portions of the original graphics from the 1989 -- 97 seasons . During the final part of the $100,000 shows , bands as well as other artists would play the theme . Midway through Saget 's final season in 1997 , the theme was revamped ( as well as the graphics and animation of the show 's intro ) featuring a duet of new vocals , Peter Hix ( who had previously performed the theme song for America 's Funniest People ) and Terry Wood . The new version was also set in a different key than the original . When AFHV returned for its ninth season with new hosts Daisy Fuentes and John Fugelsang in 1998 , a completely new arrangement of `` The Funny Things You Do '' made its debut . Since that time , the theme has been an instrumental ( also composed by Slider ) with a faster , ska / reggae beat , with the original key restored , making it sound similar to `` The Impression That I Get '' by The Mighty Mighty Bosstones . An alternate version of this theme exists that is stripped of the trumpets ( this version is only heard as the closing theme during the 2002 -- 03 season in ABC and broadcast syndication runs , as well as in re-edited bumpers with added video clips from that particular episode in some 2002 -- 03 season episodes in broadcast syndication ) . In reruns of the Fugelsang - Fuentes episodes on WGN America and later the Bergeron episodes on WGN America and ABC Family , the theme is noticeably slowed down during the show 's opening titles and commercial bumpers . For season 26 , with new host Alfonso Ribeiro , a new arrangement of `` The Funny Things You Do '' was introduced with that season 's premiere episode in 2015 , replacing the 1998 theme after seventeen seasons . The current theme , which Slider also composed , is stylized more alike the original version with its key of that theme , as well as the additional hook of the 1998 version retained . The 1998 and 2015 themes can be heard in their entirety at the Television Production Music Museum . The two later themes used during the post-Saget era have not been released to this day , as they are reportedly being held by Vin Di Bona . `` The Funny Things You Do '' was the theme song to the Australian version between 1991 and 2004 . It was replaced by an instrumental version as part of a major revamp in 2005 . Reruns / syndication ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Virtually all episodes of AFHV are , or have been , in syndication . Each period has aired separately . Until 2001 , the Saget version was syndicated by 20th Television , which assumed syndication rights through its purchase of MTM Enterprises , which had syndicated the show from 1995 to 1998 . Disney - ABC Domestic Television ( formerly Buena Vista Television ) , the sister company of one of the show 's production companies ABC Productions , distributes all versions of the series . Bob Saget episodes ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Bob Saget episodes were split into two separate packages : Seasons 1 - 6 ( 1989 - 94 ) and Seasons 7 - 8 ( 1994 - 97 ) . The episodes from Seasons 1 - 6 Bob Saget aired in off - network syndication . It aired on Pax from 2003 - 2005 , Nick at Nite from April 30 , 2007 to October 2007 , and Hallmark Channel in 2010 - 11 . In the Pax airings of the Bob Saget run , when back - to - back episodes aired , the opening titles of the second episode were cut and replaced with an announcer saying `` Now do n't go away , here 's more of America 's Funniest Home Videos ! '' before cutting to Ernie Anderson introducing Saget . Some airings of the Saget version on Pax , Hallmark , and Nick at Nite cut the interviews with the winners , due to time constraints , because of the longer ad breaks that were not seen on U.S. broadcast television during the period that the episodes originally aired on ABC . The contest plugs were retained when Pax aired the episodes ; in the Nick at Nite and Hallmark airings , some episodes had the contest plugs replaced with a modern - day contest plug announced by Jess Harnell . The episodes from Seasons 7 and 8 , aired on ABC Family from September 2004 to April 2007 . These episodes had the contest plugs and other outdated information removed . In addition , the end credits of the show have been replaced by ABC Family 's generic credits . The ABC Productions and Vin Di Bona logos from 2004 replaced the older logos . John Fugelsang - Daisy Fuentes episodes ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Fugelsang - Fuentes episodes aired on ABC Family from the fall of 1999 ( known as Fox Family and owned by News Corporation at the time ) , until the fall of 2003 . Tom Bergeron episodes ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Tom Bergeron episodes began airing in off - network syndication on September 14 , 2009 ; WGN America also aired the off - network syndicated episodes in late night until September 2011 , while alternate versions of the Bergeron ( and sometimes the Fugelsang - Fuentes ) episodes with the Buena Vista Television tag before the end credits aired in the evening . UpTV began airing ( and currently still airs ) reruns of the Tom Bergeron - era episodes of AFV in ( and since ) 2016 . Months ahead of and in preparation for AFV 's 25th anniversary and Tom Bergeron 's 15th and final season as host of AFV in season 25 , since August 2014 , the 2001 -- 2010 Tom Bergeron episodes from past seasons for its syndication rerun airings were re-edited to make them more HD friendly and rid the episodes of `` some '' of their outdated promo , contest sweepstakes , and sponsorship references that may no longer be valid . Evidence of the re-editing can be seen when the picture zooms back to its original standard - definition format during the end credits ( on WGN America and UpTV only ) with the colored bars utilizing the show 's different background color schemes from past seasons on the left and right sides of screens . The 2009 -- 2015 Tom Bergeron episodes with a re-edited season 20 package began airing for the first time ever in syndication on TBS on September 15 , 2014 . On October 3 , 2016 , some episodes from the 2001 -- 2009 Tom Bergeron - era syndication package that were already airing in reruns on other cable networks for over a decade had finally became part of TBS ' early - morning line - up of AFV reruns . Like the initial ABC airings , while the syndicated episodes continue to use all of the different color and logo variations of the ABC Entertainment and Vin Di Bona Productions tags before or after the end credits , depending on the station or cable networks , they have not shown the Buena Vista Television or even the ABC Studios or Disney / ABC Domestic Television distribution tags since Fall 2014 . Broadcast syndication airings of the Bergeron - era episodes have censored instances of nudity involving young children , which were uncensored in the original ABC broadcasts . Outside of the United States ( edit ) Outside the United States , family - oriented Canadian cable channel YTV has aired AFV on Saturday nights since September 2009 . Canadian broadcaster yesTV , with CHEK - DT in British Columbia , also began airing a simulcast of AFV episodes on Sundays at 7 p.m. local time , as it airs on ABC in the U.S. ( but factoring simultaneous substitution ) , starting from season 25 , City and its sister network Omni Television was the previous broadcaster in Canada since the Spring of 2010 . It also airs on Fox8 in Australia . Seasons ( edit ) Season Episodes Host ( s ) Premiere Finale Special / 1 17 Bob Saget November 26 , 1989 / January 14 , 1990 May 20 , 1990 25 September 16 , 1990 May 12 , 1991 22 September 22 , 1991 May 17 , 1992 25 September 20 , 1992 May 16 , 1993 5 22 September 19 , 1993 May 22 , 1994 6 24 September 18 , 1994 May 21 , 1995 7 22 September 17 , 1995 May 19 , 1996 8 30 September 22 , 1996 May 18 , 1997 9 21 Daisy Fuentes & John Fugelsang January 5 , 1998 May 7 , 1998 10 23 October 3 , 1998 May 6 , 1999 Specials Guest Hosts 1999 2000 11 17 Tom Bergeron July 20 , 2001 December 2001 12 15 January 4 , 2002 May 10 , 2002 13 25 September 27 , 2002 May 9 , 2003 14 22 September 28 , 2003 May 23 , 2004 15 24 September 26 , 2004 May 13 , 2005 16 26 October 2 , 2005 May 19 , 2006 17 25 October 1 , 2006 May 18 , 2007 18 23 October 7 , 2007 May 16 , 2008 19 25 October 5 , 2008 May 15 , 2009 20 24 October 4 , 2009 May 16 , 2010 21 24 October 3 , 2010 May 22 , 2011 22 23 October 2 , 2011 May 20 , 2012 23 22 October 7 , 2012 May 19 , 2013 24 22 October 13 , 2013 May 18 , 2014 25 23 October 12 , 2014 May 17 , 2015 26 22 Alfonso Ribeiro October 11 , 2015 May 22 , 2016 27 22 October 2 , 2016 May 21 , 2017 28 22 October 8 , 2017 May , 2018 29 TBD 2018 2019 Merchandise ( edit ) VHS / DVD ( edit ) ABC , Shout ! Factory , and Slingshot Entertainment have released numerous compilation releases of America 's Funniest Home Videos on VHS and DVD in Region 1 ( North America ) . Title Release date Studio The Best of America 's Funniest Home Videos June 27 , 1991 ABC Home Video CBS - Fox Video America 's Funniest Pets 1992 ABC Home Video CBS - Fox Video America 's Funniest Families 1992 ABC Home Video CBS - Fox Video America 's Funniest Home Videos : Animal Antics October 12 , 1999 Slingshot Entertainment America 's Funniest Home Videos : Deluxe Uncensored June 6 , 2000 Slingshot Entertainment America 's Funniest Home Videos : Family Follies June 6 , 2000 Slingshot Entertainment America 's Funniest Home Videos : Volume 1 with Tom Begeron July 26 , 2005 Shout ! Factory America 's Funniest Home Videos : Home for the Holidays October 4 , 2005 Shout ! Factory America 's Funniest Home Videos : The Best of Kids and Animals December 27 , 2005 Shout ! Factory America 's Funniest Home Videos : Nincompoops & Boneheads June 13 , 2006 Shout ! Factory America 's Funniest Home Videos : Athletic Supporters August 1 , 2006 Shout ! Factory America 's Funniest Home Videos : Battle of the Best September 12 , 2006 Shout ! Factory America 's Funniest Home Videos : Sports Spectacular September 12 , 2006 Shout ! Factory America 's Funniest Home Videos : Love and Marriage September 12 , 2006 Shout ! Factory America 's Funniest Home Videos : Salute to Romance January 9 , 2007 Shout ! Factory America 's Funniest Home Videos : Motherhood Madness April 17 , 2007 Shout ! Factory America 's Funniest Home Videos : Guide to Parenting July 17 , 2007 Shout ! Factory Games ( edit ) Parker Brothers released a board game in 1990 . Graphix Zone released a hybrid CD - ROM titled America 's Funniest Home Videos : Lights ! Camera ! InterAction ! in 1995 . Imagination Games released a DVD game in 2007 . Toys ( edit ) An America 's Funniest Home Videos micro movie viewer was released in 1990 . See also ( edit ) America 's Funniest People , people intentionally being humorous , also produced by Vin Di Bona Australia 's Funniest Home Video Show , 1990 -- 2004 show created by Di Bona Australia 's Funniest Home Videos , post-2005 show created by Di Bona Australia 's Naughtiest Home Videos , a similar show created by Di Bona It Only Hurts When I Laugh , a truTV series New Zealand 's Funniest Home Videos ( later The Kiwi Video Show ) Ridiculousness , an MTV series using internet videos The Planet 's Funniest Animals , an Animal Planet series The World 's Funniest Moments , a syndicated series The World 's Funniest ! , a 1997 -- 2000 series on FOX Video Gag , the French equivalent of AFHV You 've Been Framed , the British equivalent of the show Śmiechu warte , in Polish programs in TVP1 production TVP3 Szczecin in Szczecin ( Polish equivalent of the show ) Juoko įvykiai in Lithuania equivalent of the show Video Loco , Chilean equivalent of the show Upps ! -- Die Pannenshow , in German programs in Super RTL Nejzábavnější domácí videa Ameriky In Czech Republic programs Låt Kameran Gå , Swedish equivalent of the show De Leukste Thuis , Dutch equivalent of the show Videos de primera , Spanish equivalent of the show Paperissima , Italian equivalent of the show Drôle de vidéo , French - Canadian equivalent of the show Isto Só Video , Portugalian equivalent of the show Сам Себе Режиссёр , Russian equivalent of the show Det ' Ren Kagemand , Danish equivalent of the show Ay , caramba ! , Mexican equivalent of the show Csíííz ! , Magyar equivalent of the show Süper Matrak , Turkish equivalent of the show aired on Disney Channel Turkey References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About AFV '' . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia . `` Putting the fun in ' Home Videos ' ; Vincent John Di Bona , executive producer of television program America 's Funniest Home Videos , Broadcasting & Cable , May 20 , 1996 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Scott Williams . `` Local TV getting into ' Funniest Videos ' act '' , Chicago Sun - Times , April 26 , 1990 . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Susan Bickelhaupt , Globe Staff . `` ' Funniest Home Videos ' Outstrips ' 60 Minutes ' . '' , The Boston Globe , February 28 , 1990 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Ernest Tucker . `` Saget aims to clip hurtful video bits '' , Chicago Sun - Times , April 27 , 1990 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` Tom Bergeron Dishes on the ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Dress Code '' . Parade . Athlon Publishing . March 25 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Two All - New Television Series Premiere on CHCH - TV ! '' ( Press release ) . Niagara Television Limited . January 17 , 1996 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 1997 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dempsey , John . `` Di Bona 's ' Funny ' will get gags gig '' , Daily Variety , January 23 , 2004 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- america 's funniest home videos on abc '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moran , James ( 2002 ) . There 's No Place Like Home Video . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 3800 - 4 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper . `` The camcorder never blinks '' , Chicago Sun - Times , March 11 , 1990 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ http://emmytvlegends.org/news/keeping-america-laughing-at-itself-vin-di-bona ^ Jump up to : ABC 's ' Home Videos ' Pays Off Big , The New York Times , February 19 , 1990 . Jump up ^ Patricia Brennan . `` NBC 's ' Grand ' ; ' Eyes on Prize II ' . '' , The Washington Post , January 14 , 1990 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Ernest Tucker . `` ' Video ' host rewinds pal 's format '' , Chicago Sun - Times , June 3 , 1990 . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ John Carmody . `` The TV Column '' , The Washington Post , December 6 , 1989 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Bill Carter . Coming Next : New ABC Prime Time , The New York Times , May 11 , 1993 . Jump up ^ Lon Grahnke . `` ABC Saves ' Superman , ' Gives ' Coach ' New Night This Fall . '' , Chicago Sun - Times , May 10 , 1994 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Darel Jevens ; Kevin M. Williams . `` Funny Video Search Goes Global '' , Chicago Sun - Times , December 19 , 1995 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Alan Pergament . `` ABC Oprts for the Cheap Route and NBC Takes Low Road on Cox Chants '' , Buffalo News , December 21 , 1995 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Coe , Steve . `` Fall is in the air ; fall 1996 programming for television networks '' , Broadcasting & Cable , April 15 , 1996 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` News Lite : Names in the News ; ABC ' Videos ' Gets New Host '' , Los Angeles Daily News , August 2 , 1997 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Briefs '' , Chicago Sun - Times , June 12 , 1997 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` ABC 's November Sweeps programming to include Hank , The Forgotten and Eastwick '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Darel Jevens . `` Daisy Fuentes signs to host ' Home Videos ' . '' , Chicago Sun - Times , August 1 , 1997 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Lon Grahnke . `` News & Reviews '' , Chicago Sun - Times , November 25 , 1997 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` Disney May Return to Sundays '' , The Cincinnati Post , November 23 , 1996 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` Networks Tune in to Midseason with Some New Lineups '' , Albany Times Union , December 2 , 1997 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes . `` For ABC and CBS , a Rewarding Tale of Two Monicas '' , The Washington Post , March 10 , 1999 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ The Associated Press . `` ABC 's fall television schedule '' , AP Online , May 19 , 1998 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` Last Call : Here 's What Wo n't Be Back on ABC , The WB '' , Seattle Post-Intelligencer , May 19 , 1999 . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` America 's Funniest ' to return '' , Chicago Sun - Times , October 27 , 2000 . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` America 's Funniest Videos Takes Submission Via Internet '' , PR Newswire , February 15 , 2008 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` ABC Renews ' The Bachelor , ' ' Shark Tank , ' ' Funniest Home Videos ' '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . May 9 , 2014 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alfonso Ribeiro Named New Host of ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nick Venable ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` Bob Saget Showed Up For Tom Bergeron 's Last America 's Funniest Home Videos Episode '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alfonso Ribeiro Set as New Host of ABC 's America 's Funniest Home Videos '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Guggenheim Digital Media . May 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeff Sneider ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Alfonso Ribeiro to Replace Tom Bergeron as Host of ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' '' . TheWrap . The Wrap News Inc . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Renews ' Dancing , ' ' Bachelor , ' ' Shark Tank ' and ' AFlast = O'Connell '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Contest Rules '' . Jump up ^ Levin , Josh ( August 24 , 2006 ) . `` The agonizing journey from America 's Funniest Home Videos to YouTube . -- By Josh Levin -- Slate Magazine '' . Slate.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Coe , Steve . `` Home is where the video is ; ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' is one of TV 's most successful reality shows '' , Broadcasting & Cable , April 12 , 1993 . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` RETRO 89 -- 90 : le classement intégral de la saison 89 -- 90 -- AudiencesUSA.com : Audiences , actu et programmation de la télé US '' ( in French ) . AudiencesUSA.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Season -- '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` AFV XD '' . Jump up ^ McClellan , Steve . `` MTM launches ' Videos ' ; MTM Television Distribution offers syndication of America 's Funniest Home Videos '' , Broadcasting & Cable , October 3 , 1994 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ All : Fall TV Preview ( www.falltvpreview.com ) ; e-mail : info@falltvpreview.com ( September 6 , 2010 ) . `` YTV '' . Falltvpreview.com . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2010 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Martie Zad . `` ' Funniest Home Videos ' Now A Home Video '' , The Washington Post , June 23 , 1991 . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` America 's Funniest Pets '' . January 1 , 2000 -- via IMDb . Jump up ^ `` America 's Funniest Families VHS : America 's Funniest Families : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Graphix Zone ships America 's Funniest Home Videos Lights ! Camera ! InterAction ! CD - ROM '' , Business Wire , November 9 , 1995 . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 from HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` LICollectiblesstore '' . LICollectiblesstore . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Official website America 's Funniest Home Videos on IMDb America 's Funniest Home Videos at TV.com America 's Funniest Home Videos page from Shout ! 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4758505769310674997	Vegetarianism by country	Vegetarianism by country - wikipedia Vegetarianism by country Jump to : navigation , search Vegetarian restaurant buffet , Taipei , Taiwan This article deals with vegetarianism and veganism by country , comparing the prevalence of vegetarianism and veganism in each country when sources are available by the number of vegetarians and vegans , and listing food standards , laws and general cultural attitudes . Some countries have strong cultural or religious traditions that promote vegetarianism , such as in India , while in other countries secular ethical concerns dominate , including animal rights and environmental protection , along with health concerns . In many countries , food labeling laws make it easier for vegetarians to identify foods compatible with their diets . Contents ( hide ) 1 Demographics 2 Africa 3 Asia 3.1 China 3.2 India 3.3 Israel 3.4 Japan 3.5 Malaysia 3.6 Singapore 3.7 Taiwan 3.8 Thailand 4 Europe 4.1 Austria 4.2 Belgium 4.3 Denmark 4.4 Finland 4.5 France 4.6 Germany 4.7 Italy 4.8 Netherlands 4.9 Poland 4.10 Portugal 4.11 Russia 4.12 Spain 4.13 Sweden 4.14 Switzerland 4.15 United Kingdom 5 North America 5.1 Canada 5.2 United States 6 Oceania 6.1 Australia 6.2 New Zealand 7 South America 7.1 Brazil 8 See also 9 References Demographics ( edit ) See also : Veganism § Demographics Color coded map indicating vegetarianism as a percentage of the population Reliable data is lacking due to a lack of polling and the varying definitions of vegetarianism and veganism used in the polls . For example , the latest US poll defines `` vegan '' according to diets that exclude meat , eggs and dairy , rather than following the accepted definition of veganism as avoiding all animal products as far as possible including honey and clothing . Other polls , like the latest Australian poll , place strict vegetarians and those who follow `` almost '' vegetarian diets in the same category , while this poll and many others measure only vegetarianism and neglect to include veganism in the poll . Many poll results are contradicted by other poll results from the same country despite similar publication dates , implying a wide margin of error . A study from 2010 estimated that there are 1,450 million vegetarians of necessity and another 75 million of choice . They make approximately 21.8 % of the world 's population . Country Vegetarian diet ( % ) ( includes vegan diet ) Approx . no. of individuals Data set year Vegan diet ( % ) Approx . no. of individuals Source year Note Australia 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 % 2,100,000 2016 2010 As of March 2016 , 11.2 % of people living in Australia agreed that `` The food I eat is all , or almost all , vegetarian . '' Austria 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 % 765,000 2013 Brazil 7000760000000000000 ♠ 7.6 % 15,200,000 2012 Adult population Canada 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 % 1,264,000 2003 Czech Republic 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % 235,000 2003 China 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 % - 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 % 54,428,000 - 68,035,000 2013 Denmark 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 % 220,000 2011 Finland 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 % 108,000 - 329,000 2011 2015 0.5 % 27,000 2013 % of vegans only an estimation France 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % 1,988,000 - 3,300,000 2011 Germany 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 % - 7000870000000099999 ♠ 8.7 % 4,786,000 - 7,000,000 2015 2011 1.0 % 800,000 2011 India 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 % - 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 % 360,576,000 2009 2014 27 % Israel 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 % 1,046,000 2015 5 % 421,000 2015 Italy 7000710000000000000 ♠ 7.1 % - 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 % 4,246,000 2009 2015 0.6 % - 2.8 % 400,000 - 1,680,000 2015 Japan 7000470000000000000 ♠ 4.7 % 5,964,300 2014 2.7 % 3,432,000 2014 Latvia 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 % - 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 % 60,000 - 100,000 2013 estimation Netherlands 7000450000000000000 ♠ 4.5 % 738,000 2008 New Zealand 7001103000000000000 ♠ 10.3 % 463,500 2016 Norway 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 % 100,000 2012 estimation Poland 7000320000000000000 ♠ 3.2 % 1,228,800 2013 1.6 % 608,000 2013 Portugal 7000180000000000000 ♠ 1.8 % 200,000 2014 Russia 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 % - 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 % 4,380,000 - 5,840,000 2014 Spain 6999500000000000000 ♠ 0.5 % 1,788,000 2007 2012 0.08 % 36,800 2006 rough consumer pattern estimation Sweden 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 % 970,000 2014 4 % 390,000 2014 Switzerland 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 % 375,000 2007 United Kingdom 7000260000000000000 ♠ 2.6 % - 7000330000000000000 ♠ 3.3 % 1,292,000 - 1,680,000 2009 2014 2016 1.05 % 542,000 2016 % of vegans over age of 15 United States 6.0 % 19,000,000 2016 Adult population Africa ( edit ) African diets are relatively plant - based for economic reasons , but the prevalence of strict ethical vegetarianism in Africa is reported to be low , while scientific polls are lacking . Countries in North Africa have a tradition of cooking in a vegetarian style , with Morocco , Algeria and Tunisia being particularly connected with this type of cooking which includes couscous and spiced vegetables . Indian immigrants to Africa , particularly in South Africa , brought vegetarianism with them which has been documented as far back as 1895 in Natal Province . Also , some African countries , for example Egypt and Ethiopia , have regular weekly and special periods of religious fasting requiring observance of a vegetarian diet . Asia ( edit ) China ( edit ) See also : Vegetarianism and religion and Buddhist vegetarianism Eating meat is seen as a sign of prosperity in China . Consumption of meat is rapidly increasing while a small but growing number of young people in large cities are vegan . An estimated 4 to 5 percent of Chinese are vegetarian . However , in a survey conducted by SJTU researchers , only 0.77 percent of respondants labeled themselves vegetarian . Native Chinese , generally falling under the label of Taoism ( though this tends to confuse the native religion with the Daoist school of philosophy , represented by Laotzu , Chuangtzu , and others ) , is a form of animism . Similar to Shintoism in Japan , though the killing and eating of animals is not forbidden , it is considered impure . Classical Chinese texts pointed to a period of abstinence from meat before undertaking matters of great importance or of religious significance . With the influx of Buddhist influences , vegetarianism became more popular , but there is a distinction -- Daoist vegetarianism is based on a perception of purity , while Buddhist vegetarianism is based on the dual bases of refraining from killing and subduing one 's own subservience to the senses . Because of this , two types of `` vegetarianism '' came to be -- one where one refrained from eating meat , the other being refraining from eating meat as well as garlic , onions , and other such strongly flavored foods . This Buddhism - influenced vegetarianism has been known and practiced by some since at least the 7th century . The early 20th century saw some intellectuals espousing vegetarianism as part of their program for reforming China culturally , not just politically . The anarchist thinker Li Shizeng , for instance , argued that tofu and soy products were healthier and could be a profitable export . Liang Shuming , a philosopher and reform activist , adopted a basically vegetarian diet , but did not promote one for others . In recent years , it has seen a resurgence in the cities among the emerging middle class . India ( edit ) See also : Vegetarianism and religion , Diet in Hinduism , and Buddhist vegetarianism Further information : Vegetarian mark Vegetarian mark : Mandatory labeling in India to distinguish vegetarian products ( left ) from non-vegetarian ones ( right ) In 2007 , UN FAO statistics indicated that Indians had the lowest rate of meat consumption in the world . India has more vegetarians than the rest of the world put together . In India , vegetarianism is usually synonymous with lacto vegetarianism . Most restaurants in India clearly distinguish and market themselves as being either `` non-vegetarian '' , `` vegetarian '' , or `` pure vegetarian '' . Vegetarian restaurants abound , and many vegetarian options are usually available . Animal - based ingredients ( other than milk and honey ) such as lard , gelatin , and meat stock are not used in the traditional cuisine . India has devised a system of marking edible products made from only vegetarian ingredients , with a green dot in a green square . A mark of a brown dot in a brown square conveys that some animal - based ingredients were used . Products like honey , milk , or its direct derivatives are often categorized under the green mark . According to the 2006 Hindu - CNN - IBN State of the Nation Survey , 31 % of Indians are vegetarian , while another 9 % also consume eggs ( ovo - vegetarian ) . Among the various communities , vegetarianism was most common among the Lingayat , Vaishnav Community , Jain community and then Brahmins at 55 % , and less frequent among Muslims ( 3 % ) and residents of coastal states . Other surveys cited by FAO and USDA estimate 40 % of the Indian population as being vegetarian . These surveys indicate that even Indians who do eat meat , do so infrequently , with less than 30 % consuming it regularly , although the reasons are mainly cultural . In states where vegetarianism is more common , milk consumption is higher and is associated with lactase persistence . This allows people to continue consuming milk into adulthood and obtain proteins that are substituted for meat , fish and eggs in other areas . An official survey conducted by the Government of India , with a sample size of 8858 and the census frame as 2011 , indicated India 's vegetarian population to be 28 - 29 % of the total population . Compared to a similar survey done almost a decade earlier , India 's vegetarian population has increased . The recent growth in India 's organized retail sector has also been hit by some controversy , because some vegetarians are demanding meat - free supermarkets . In 2016 , the Government of India announced the decision to provide students , at a few of the Institutes of Hotel Management , Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition ( IHMCTANs ) , the option to choose only vegetarian cooking . Earlier , it was compulsory for all IHMCTAN students to learn non-vegetarian cooking . These IHMCTANs are located at Ahmedabad , Bhopal and Jaipur . Israel ( edit ) A study by the Israeli Ministry of Health in 2001 found that 7.2 % of men and 9.8 % of women were vegetarian . Although vegetarianism is quite common , the actual percentage of vegetarians in Israel may be lower -- the Israeli food industry estimated it at 5 % . In 2010 , 2.6 % of Israelis were vegetarians or vegans . In 2015 , according to a poll by Globes newspaper and Channel Two , 13 % of the Israeli population are vegetarian or vegan ( 8 % were vegetarians and 5 % were vegans ) . Tel Aviv beat out Berlin , New York and Chennai , India as U.S. food website The Daily Meal 's top destination for vegan travelers . Japan ( edit ) See also : Vegetarianism and religion and Buddhist vegetarianism According to a 2014 / 12 survey 4.7 % of the Japanese population are vegetarian or vegan ( 2.7 % vegan ) . Malaysia ( edit ) See also : Vegetarianism and religion , Diet in Hinduism , and Buddhist vegetarianism Vegetarian diets are categorized as lacto vegetarianism , ovo - lacto vegetarianism , and veganism in general . The reasons for being vegetarian include influence from friends and family members , concern about global warming , health issues and weight management , religion and mercy for animals , in descending order of significance . Singapore ( edit ) See also : Vegetarianism and religion , Diet in Hinduism , and Buddhist vegetarianism Rice , chicken , fish and vegetables are dietary staples , mixed with a rich variety of spices , coconut , lime and tamarind . Buddhist Chinese monastics are vegetarians . Singapore is also the headquarters of the world 's first international , vegetarian , fast food chain , VeganBurg . The biggest community of vegetarians and vegans in Singapore is the Vegetarian Society ( VSS ) . Vegetarian and vegan places have a small , but active role in the gastronomy of Singapore . Taiwan ( edit ) See also : Vegetarianism and religion and Buddhist vegetarianism In Taiwan , 1.7 million people , or 13 % of the population of Taiwan , follow a vegetarian diet at least some of the time . There are more than 6,000 vegetarian eating establishments in Taiwan . The country 's food labelling laws for vegetarian food are the world 's strictest , because around 2 million Taiwanese people eat vegetarian food . A popular movement of `` one day vegetarian every week '' has been advocated on a national level , and on a local level , even government bodies are involved , such as the Taipei City Board of Education . Thailand ( edit ) See also : Vegetarianism and religion , Buddhist vegetarianism , and Thai cuisine § Vegetarianism in Thailand Europe ( edit ) The definition of vegetarianism throughout Europe is not uniform , creating the potential for products to be labelled inaccurately . Austria ( edit ) According to a study of ISEF from 2013 ( n = 500 ) , 9 % of Austrians are vegetarian or vegan . Belgium ( edit ) Since May 2009 , Belgium has had the first city in the world ( Ghent ) with a weekly `` veggie day '' . Denmark ( edit ) According to a survey by Coop Analyse published in June 2011 , just under 4 % of Danes considered themselves either vegetarians or vegans . Finland ( edit ) There is no recent data about amount of vegetarians or vegans in Finland . In 2015 , according to a survey by meat producers ' association Lihatiedotusyhdistys , 6 % of the population , or 329,000 people , did not eat meat . In 2014 , the percentage was 5 % ; it was 10 % among 25 -- 34 year old people . The survey did not ask about eating fish . Otherwise , it is estimated that 2 -- 3 % of Finns are vegetarians and 0.5 % vegans . By combining the data of three surveys ( a sample of 24,000 people ) published in 2008 , 3.3 % of Finns identified themselves vegetarians but only 0.66 % actually followed a vegetarian diet . 1.4 % ate fish but not meat. 0.18 % were vegans or lacto - vegetarians . In most of the cities 's schools the students are offered two options , a vegetarian and a non-vegetarian meal , on four school days a week , and one day a week they have a choice between two vegetarian meals , for grades 1 to 12 . In secondary schools and universities , from 10 to 40 percents of the students preferred vegetarian food in 2013 . Vegetarianism is most popular in secondary art schools where in some schools over half of the students were vegetarians in 2013 . France ( edit ) Studies in the 1990s showed that one million French ( 1.5 % of the total population ) called themselves vegetarians , although more recently this number has reportedly increased to 2 % . In 2011 , the French government issued decree 2011 - 1227 declaring that French school lunches must contain animal products . Germany ( edit ) According to Agriculture and Agri - Food Canada , Germany has over six million vegetarians . A survey conducted by Institut Produkt und Markt found that 9 % of the population ( 7,380,000 people ) are vegetarian . However , the statistically representative German National Nutrition Monitoring ( NEMONIT ) only found there to be slightly less than 2 % vegetarians in the German population in 2012 . Italy ( edit ) The Italian research institute Eurispes estimates that 10 % of Italians are vegetarian and 1.1 % are vegan . Netherlands ( edit ) It is estimated that 4.5 % of the Dutch population does not eat meat . A study has shown that the number of vegetarians out of a population of nearly 16.5 million people increased from 560,000 in 2004 to 720,000 in 2006 . The number of `` part - time vegetarians '' grew rapidly as well ; around 3.5 million Dutch citizens abstain from eating meat a few days a week . The sales of meat substitutes have an annual growth of around 25 % , making it one of the fastest - growing markets in the Netherlands . In supermarkets and stores , it is sometimes necessary to read the fine print on products in order to make sure that there are no animal - originated ingredients . Increasingly , however , vegetarian products are labeled with the international `` V - label , '' overseen by the Dutch vegetarian association Vegetarisch Keurmerk . Veganism is uncommon in the Netherlands : the Dutch Association for Veganism estimates that there are approximately 70,000 vegans in the Netherlands , or around 0.1 % of the population . Poland ( edit ) According to a survey carried out in Poland by Mintel in 2017 , 15 % of respondents are either vegetarian or vegan . The capital of Poland , Warsaw , was listed 3rd on the list of Top Vegan Cities In The World published by HappyCow in 2017 . Portugal ( edit ) In 2007 , the number of vegetarians in Portugal was estimated at 30,000 , which equates to less than 0.3 % of the population . In 2014 , the number was estimated to be 200,000 people . Vegan and vegetarian products like soy milk , soy yogurts , rice milk and tofu are widely available in major retailers , and across the country . Russia ( edit ) 2013 - 2014 polls revealed that 3 to 4 % of the Russian population considered themselves vegetarian . Spain ( edit ) A 2012 article in El Pais stated that 0.5 % of the population are vegetarian , but that interest in vegetarianism is growing . In Spain , different sources estimate that there are between 1.5 and 2 million vegetarians . In a 2002 article El Mundo stated that there are 1.5 million vegetarians . More recent sources ( Asociación Vegana ) estimate the number to be two million and observe that in recent years the number of people adopting a vegetarian diet has been growing . Sweden ( edit ) A 2014 survey of 1,000 people found that the number of vegetarians had increased to 10 % ( 4 % vegans and 6 % vegetarians ) . Switzerland ( edit ) 1997 government figures suggested that 2.3 % of the population never ate meat , and the observed trend seemed to point towards less meat consumption . A 2007 study suggested that the percentage of vegetarians had risen to 5 % . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , increasing numbers of people have adopted a vegetarian diet since the end of World War II . The Food Standards Agency Public Attitudes to Food Survey 2009 reported that 3 % of respondents were found to be `` completely vegetarian '' , with an additional 5 % `` partly vegetarian ( do not eat some types of fish or meat ) '' . The UK 's National Diet and Nutrition Survey ( NDNS ) reported in 2014 that its four - year study found 2.6 % of adults and 1.9 % of children were vegetarian . The `` How many vegans ? '' survey conducted in May 2016 by the Vegan Society found that 3.25 % of Brits were vegetarian or vegan , while 1.05 % were vegan . Some less formal market studies suggest that vegetarians constitute 7 % to 11 % of the UK adult population ( 4 million people ) . There are twice as many vegetarian women as men . According to Agriculture and Agri - Food Canada , the UK has the third highest rate of vegetarianism in the European Union . Flexitarianism is also becoming more popular in the UK . Despite the clear classification by the Vegetarian Society , some people in the UK misidentify as vegetarians while still eating fish , either for perceived `` health reasons '' , or because of differing ethical perspectives on vegetarianism , while others use the terms `` flexitarian '' or `` part - vegetarian '' . As of 2009 , people in the UK are now also identified with the labels `` meat - avoiders '' and `` meat - reducers '' by marketers , denoting people who do not self - identify as vegetarians , but are reducing or avoiding meat for reasons of health or climate change impacts , with one survey identifying 23 % of the population as `` meat - reducers '' , and 10 % as `` meat - avoiders '' , although the same survey indicated the `` vast majority '' in the UK still eat meat , with one in five liking to eat meat every day . Even among professed vegetarians , a newspaper article claimed that 39 % admitted to having eaten a kebab while under the influence of alcohol . Foods labelled as suitable for vegetarians or vegans are subject to provisions within the Trades Descriptions Act 1968 . The Food Standards Agency issues guidance on the labelling of foods as suitable for vegetarians : The term ' vegetarian ' should not be applied to foods that are , or are made from or with the aid of , products derived from animals that have died , have been slaughtered , or animals that die as a result of being eaten . Animals means farmed , wild or domestic animals , including for example , livestock poultry , game , fish , shellfish , crustaceans , amphibians , tunicates , echinoderms , molluscs , and insects . -- Food Standards Agency The FSA 's definition has now passed into European law , with legislation due in 2015 . In addition to voluntary labelling , the Vegetarian Society operates a scheme whereby foods that meet its criteria can be labelled `` Vegetarian Society approved '' . Under this scheme , a product is vegetarian if it is free of meat , fowl , fish , shellfish , meat or bone stock , animal or carcass fats , gelatin , aspic , or any other ingredient resulting from slaughter , such as rennet . Cheese is often labelled as well , making it possible to identify cheeses that have been made with rennet derived from non-animal sources . North America ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) In Canada , vegetarianism is usually synonymous with ovo - lacto vegetarianism . However , vegetarians are sometimes wrongly assumed to be pescetarians or pollotarians . Approximately 4.0 % of adults were vegetarians as of 2003 . United states ( edit ) In 1971 , 1 percent of U.S. citizens described themselves as vegetarians . In 2008 Harris Interactive found that 3.2 % are vegetarian and 0.5 % vegan , while a 2013 Public Policy Polling survey of 500 respondents found that 13 % of Americans are either vegetarian or vegan -- 6 % vegetarian and 7 % vegan . U.S. vegetarian food sales ( dairy replacements such as soy milk and meat replacements such as textured vegetable protein ) doubled between 1998 and 2003 , reaching $1.6 billion in 2003 . According to a report in 2017 , the number of consumers claiming to be vegan has risen to 6 % in the US Many American children whose parents follow vegetarian diets follow them because of religious , environmental or other reasons . In the government 's first estimate of how many children avoid meat , the number is about 1 in 200 . The CDC survey included children ages 0 to 17 years . By U.S. law , food packaging is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration , and generally must be labeled with a list of all its ingredients . However , there are exceptions . For example , certain trace ingredients that are `` ingredients of ingredients '' do not need to be listed . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) In Australia , some manufacturers who target the vegetarian market label their foods with the statement `` suitable for vegetarians '' ; however , for foods intended for export to the UK , this labelling can be inconsistent because flavourings in ingredients lists do not need to specify if they come from animal origin . As such , `` natural flavour '' could be derived from either plant or animal sources . Animal rights organisations such as Animal Liberation promote vegan and vegetarian diets . `` Vegetarian Week '' runs from 1 -- 7 October every year , and food companies are taking advantage of the growing number of vegetarians by producing meat - free alternatives of popular dishes , including sausages and mash and spaghetti Bolognese . A 2000 Newspoll survey ( commissioned by Sanitarium ) shows 44 % of Australians report eating at least one meat - free evening meal a week , while 18 % said they prefer plant - based meals . According to a 2010 Newspoll survey , 5 % of Australians identify themselves as vegetarians , with 2 % actually eating a diet defined by the survey as vegetarian . Roy Morgan Research in August 2016 reported , `` Between 2012 and 2016 , the number of Australian adults whose diet is all or almost all vegetarian has risen from 1.7 million people ( or 9.7 % of the population ) to almost 2.1 million ( 11.2 % ) , the latest findings from Roy Morgan Research reveal . '' New Zealand ( edit ) Similar to Australia , in New Zealand the term `` vegetarian '' refers to individuals who eat no animal meat such as pork , chicken , and fish ; they may consume animal products such as milk and eggs . In contrast , the term `` vegan '' is used to describe those who do not eat or use any by - products of animals . In 2002 New Zealand 's vegetarians made up a minority of 1 - 2 % of the country 's 4.5 million people . By 2011 Roy Morgan Research claimed the number of New Zealanders eating an `` all or almost all '' vegetarian diet to be 8.1 % , growing to 10.3 % in 2015 ( with men providing the most growth , up 63 % from 5.7 % to 9.3 % ) . In New Zealand there is a strong enough movement for vegetarianism that it has created significant enough demand for a number of vegetarian and vegan retailers to set up . As New Zealand and Australia work together to form common food standards ( as seen in the Food Standards Australia New Zealand ( FSANZ ) and the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code ) , there is also a lot of ambiguity surrounding the `` natural flavour '' ingredients . South America ( edit ) Brazil ( edit ) In 2004 , Marly Winckler , President of the Brazilian Vegetarian Society , claimed that 5 % of the population was vegetarian . According to a 2012 survey undertaken by the Brazilian Institute of Public Opinion and Statistics , 8 % of the population , or 15.2 million people , identified themselves as vegetarian . The city of São Paulo has the most vegetarians in absolute terms ( 792,120 people ) , while Fortaleza has the highest percentage , at 14 % of the total population . Marly Winckler claims that the central reasons for the deforestation of the Amazon are expansive livestock raising ( mainly cattle ) and soybean crops , most of it for use as animal feed , and a minor percentage for edible oil processing ( being direct human consumption for use as food nearly negligible ) , claims that are widely known to have a basis . As in Canada , vegetarianismo ( Portuguese pronunciation : ( veʒiˌtaɾjɐ̃ˈnizmu ) ) is usually synonymous with lacto - ovo - vegetarianism , and vegetarians are sometimes wrongly assumed to be pescetarians and / or pollotarians who tolerate the flesh of fish or poultry , respectively . Nevertheless , veganism , and freeganism , are very common among Brazilian anarchists , punks and members of other groups in the counterculture and / or left - wing movements . Other beliefs generally associated with Brazilian vegetarians are Eastern philosophies and religions , New Age and Spiritism . It is also commonly said to be related to the emo and indie youth subcultures as influence from the local punks . Brazilian vegetarians reportedly tend to be urban , of middle or upper class and live in the Central - Southern half of the country . Since the 1990s , and especially since the 2000s , several vegetarian and vegan restaurants have appeared in the metropolitan regions of São Paulo , Porto Alegre , Curitiba and Rio de Janeiro . See also ( edit ) List of vegetarian festivals List of vegetarian organizations References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : UK Government Food Standards Agency . `` Guidance on vegetarian and vegan labelling '' . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . 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'' . vegetarismus.ch. 2001 . Retrieved 3 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : GfK Social Research ( 2009 ) . Public Attitudes to Food survey 2009 ( PDF ) . Food Standards Agency . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : National Diet and Nutrition Survey ( NDNS ) : results from Years 1 to 4 ( combined ) , Public Health England and Food Standards Agency , 14th May 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Find out how many vegans are in Great Britain '' . The Vegan Society . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Top Trends in Prepared Foods 2017 : Exploring trends in meat , fish and seafood ; pasta , noodles and rice ; prepared meals ; savory deli food ; soup ; and meat substitutes '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The vegetable will set you free - embracing vegetarianism and flexitarianism in Africa '' . Mail & Guardian Africa . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Vegetarian Table : North Africa '' . Global Gourmet . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Band of Vegetarian Missionaries '' . International Vegetarian Union . The Vegetarian ( London ) . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The best countries to be vegetarian '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 上海素食人群构成及素食者健康和饮食行为调查 '' . 2015 . Jump up ^ Vegetarianism now a popular diet . 2006 - 05 - 17 Jump up ^ Meat Consumption per person , 2007 , UN FAO Jump up ^ Edelstein , Sari ( 2013 ) . Food Science , An Ecological Approach . Jones & Bartlett Publishers . pp. Page 281 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4496 - 0344 - 1 ... India has more vegetarians than everywhere else in the world combined . Jump up ^ MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE ( DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH ) NOTIFICATION New Delhi , 4 April 2001 . Jump up ^ The food habits of a nation The Hindu Jump up ^ 2.3 Growth and Concentration in India FAO Document Repository Jump up ^ Passage to India USDA ^ Jump up to : The Elephant Is Jogging : New Pressures for Agricultural Reform in India Jump up ^ Harish Damodaran ( 2015 - 06 - 12 ) . `` In India , to be veg is to drink a lot of milk '' . Indian Express . Jump up ^ Martin W. Lewis ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) . `` Mapping the Consumption of Milk and Meat in India '' . The Wire . Jump up ^ ( PDF ) http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/BASELINE%20TABLES07062016.pdf . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ ( PDF ) http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/baseline/baseline2004.pdf . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bloodless coup as Indian vegetarians flex muscle July 14 , 2007 The Age Jump up ^ http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=IHMs-to-offer-3-yr-course-in-vegetarian-11072016013026 . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.cityofjaipur.com/news/2016/07/13/vegetarian-cooking-courses-to-be-introduced-in-hotel-management-institutes/ . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` צמחונות להמונים ( Hebrew ) '' . Mako . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` In the land of milk and honey , Israelis turn vegan '' . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warum in Israel die meisten Veganer der ganzen Welt leben '' . FAZ . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Young Adult Vegetarian https://teamjournalht.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/team-edsprvrev-p55-62.pdf Jump up ^ `` More choices for vegetarians '' . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Greens Are Good For You , Government Information Office , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , 25 September 2007 Jump up ^ Vegetarian entrepreneur succeeds with Web site , guidebook . The China Post ( 2009 - 11 - 16 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 01 - 06 . 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Public Health Nutr . Turku School of Economics , Finland Futures Research Centre . 12 ( 4 ) : 481 -- 8 . PMID 18462562 . doi : 10.1017 / S1368980008002486 . Jump up ^ Vornanen , Ismo ( 2013 - 03 - 02 ) . `` Kolmannes opiskelijoista on kasvissyöjiä '' ( PDF ) . Kuopion kaupunkilehti . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gråsten , Hanna . `` Kasvissyönti ei ole enää vain tyttöjen juttu '' . savonsanomat.fi -- Savon Sanomat ( in Finnish ) . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Kasvissyönti yleistyy -- joissain lukioissa jo yli puolet opiskelijoista kasvissyöjiä '' . mtv.fi . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ http://www.geres.fr/2011/decret-n%C2%B02011-1227-du-30-septembre-2011-relatif-a-la-qualite-nutritionnelle-des-repas-servis-dans-le-cadre-de-la-restauration-scolaire/ ^ Jump up to : Anne - Sophie Hottiaux , Agri - Food Trade Commissioner . Exporting to the EU . Canadian Consulate , Düsseldorf , Germany : Agriculture and Agri - Food Canada . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . 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Euromonitor International . 2011 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 26 . Back in 1971 , only 1 % of US citizens described themselves as vegetarians Jump up ^ Vegetarianism In America Jump up ^ Jensen , Tom ( 26 February 2013 ) . `` Food issues polarizing America '' . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Tatge , Mark , `` Vegetarian foods plant stronger sales : No signs of slowing down for growing industry '' , MSNBC , Sept. 17 , 2004 Jump up ^ `` Top trends in prepared foods in 2017 '' Jump up ^ Mangels , Reed . `` Nutrition Hotline : this issue 's Nutrition Hotline considers the number of children in the United States who are vegetarian , examines why the amount of calcium in greens varies among sources , and advises vegans with herpes zoster about foods containing lysine and arginine . '' Vegetarian Journal 28 ( July - Aug. 2009 ) : p2 ( 2 ) . Expanded Academic ASAP . Web . 20 Oct. 2009 . 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International Vegetarian Union . November 2004 . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dia Mundial do Vegetarianismo : 8 % da população brasileira afirma ser adepta do estilo '' ( World Vegetarian Day : 8 % of the Brazilian population claims to be adept of this lifestyle ) ( in Portuguese ) . Ibope. 1 October 2012 . Retrieved 3 October 2012 . Jump up ^ ( in Portuguese ) Vegetarianism : an ethical and philosophical position -- interview with Marly Winkler Jump up ^ Centre for International Forestry Research ( CIFOR ) ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Steinfeld , Henning ; Gerber , Pierre ; Wassenaar , T.D. ; Castel , Vincent ( 2006 ) . Livestock 's Long Shadow : Environmental Issues and Options . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . ISBN 92 - 5 - 105571 - 8 . Retrieved August 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Margulis , Sergio ( 2004 ) . Causes of Deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon ( PDF ) . World Bank Working Paper No. 22 . Washington D.C. : The World Bank . ISBN 0 - 8213 - 5691 - 7 . 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( hide ) Veganism and vegetarianism Perspectives Veganism Animal - free agriculture Fruitarianism History of veganism Juice fasting Low - carbon diet Raw veganism Vegan nutrition Vegan organic gardening Vegetarianism Economic vegetarianism Environmental vegetarianism History of vegetarianism Lacto vegetarianism Ovo vegetarianism Ovo - lacto vegetarianism Vegetarian cuisine Vegetarian Diet Pyramid Vegetarian ecofeminism Vegetarian nutrition Vegetarianism by country Semi-vegetarianism Macrobiotic diet Pescetarianism Lists List of vegans List of vegetarians List of vegetarian festivals List of vegetarian organizations List of vegetarian restaurants Ethics Secular Animal rights Animal welfare Carnism Deep ecology Environmental vegetarianism Ethics of eating meat Meat paradox Nonviolence Speciesism Tirukkuṛaḷ Religious Ahimsa Buddhist vegetarianism Christian vegetarianism Diet in Hinduism Diet in Sikhism Ital ( Rastafari ) Jain vegetarianism Jewish vegetarianism Pythagorean diet Sattvic diet Food , drink Agar Agave nectar Meat analogue List of meat substitutes Miso Mochi Mock duck Nutritional yeast Plant cream Plant milk Quinoa Quorn Seitan Soy yogurt Tempeh Tofu Tofurkey Vegan cheese Vegetarian hot dog Vegetarian mark Vegetarian sausage Vegetarianism and beer Vegetarianism and wine Veggie burger Groups , events , companies Vegan American Vegan Society Beauty Without Cruelty Food Empowerment Project Go Vegan Movement for Compassionate Living Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine Plamil Foods Vegan Awareness Foundation Vegan flag Vegan Ireland Vegan Outreach Vegan Prisoners Support Group The Vegan Society Veganz World Vegan Day Vegetarian American Vegetarian Party Boston Vegetarian Society Christian Vegetarian Association European Vegetarian Union Hare Krishna Food for Life International Vegetarian Union Jewish Veg Linda McCartney Foods Meat - free days Meatless Monday Swissveg Toronto Vegetarian Association Vegetarian Society Vegetarian Society ( Singapore ) Veggie Pride Viva ! Health World Esperantist Vegetarian Association World Vegetarian Day Books , reports Thirty - nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian ( 1903 ) The Benefits of Vegetarianism ( 1927 ) Diet for a Small Planet ( 1971 ) Moosewood Cookbook ( 1977 ) Fit for Life ( 1985 ) Diet for a New America ( 1987 ) The China Study ( 2004 ) Raw Food Made Easy for 1 or 2 People ( 2005 ) Skinny Bitch ( 2005 ) Livestock 's Long Shadow ( 2006 ) Eating Animals ( 2009 ) The Kind Diet ( 2009 ) Why We Love Dogs , Eat Pigs , and Wear Cows ( 2009 ) Eat & Run ( 2012 ) Meat Atlas ( annual ) Films Meet Your Meat ( 2002 ) Peaceable Kingdom ( 2004 ) Earthlings ( 2005 ) A Sacred Duty ( 2007 ) Fat , Sick and Nearly Dead ( 2010 ) Planeat ( 2010 ) Forks Over Knives ( 2011 ) Vegucated ( 2011 ) Live and Let Live ( 2013 ) Cowspiracy ( 2014 ) What the Health ( 2017 ) Carnage ( 2017 ) Magazines Naked Food Magazine Vegetarian Times VegNews Physicians , academics Neal D. Barnard T. Colin Campbell Caldwell Esselstyn Gary L. 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5259871711794425966	American Music Awards	American Music Awards - wikipedia American Music Awards American Music Awards American Music Awards of 2018 Logo as of 2016 Awarded for favorite artists chosen in an online voting Country United States First awarded February 19 , 1974 ; 44 years ago ( 1974 - 02 - 19 ) Website theamas.com Most recent American Music Award winners ← 2017 October 9 , 2018 Award Artist of the Year New Artist of the Year Winner Taylor Swift Camila Cabello Previous Artist of the Year Bruno Mars Artist of the Year Taylor Swift The American Music Awards ( AMAs ) is an annual American music awards show , created by Dick Clark in 1973 for ABC when the network 's contract to air the Grammy Awards expired . Unlike the Grammys , which are awarded on the basis of votes by members of the Recording Academy , the AMAs are determined by a poll of the public and fans , who can vote through the AMAs website . The award statuette is manufactured by New York firm Society Awards . Contents 1 History and overview 1.1 Conception 1.2 Hosts 2 Ceremonies 3 Categories 3.1 Current award categories 3.2 Past award categories 4 Most wins 4.1 Most wins in a single ceremony 4.2 Most wins by category 5 Special awards 5.1 Award of Merit 5.2 International Artist Award of Excellence 5.3 Icon Award 5.4 Dick Clark Award for Excellence 5.5 Award of Achievement 5.6 Lifetime Achievement Award 5.7 Artist of the Decade 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History and overview ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) The AMAs was created by Dick Clark in 1973 to compete with the Grammy Awards after the move of that year 's show to Nashville , Tennessee led to CBS picking up the Grammy telecasts after its first two in 1971 and 1972 were broadcast on ABC . In 2014 , American network Telemundo acquired the rights to produce a Spanish - language version of the American Music Awards and launched the Latin American Music Awards in 2015 . While the Grammy Awards are awarded based on votes by members of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences , the AMAs are determined by a poll of music buyers and the public . The American Music Awards have nominations based on sales , airplay , activity on social networks , and video viewing . Before 2010 had nominations based only on sales and airplay and nominated every work , even if old . The Grammys have nominations based on vote of the Academy and only nominate a work from their eligibility period that changes often . Hosts ( edit ) The first hosts for the first telecast of the AMAs were Helen Reddy , Roger Miller , and Smokey Robinson . Helen Reddy not only hosted the show but also became the first female artist to win an AMA for Favorite Pop / Rock Female artist . For the first decade or so , the AMAs had multiple hosts , each representing a genre of music . For instance , Glen Campbell would host the country portion ( Campbell , in fact , has co-hosted the AMAs more times than any other host or co-host ) , while other artists would co-host to represent his / her genre . In recent years , however , there has been one single host . In 1991 , Keenen Ivory Wayans became the first Hollywood actor to host the AMAs . From its inception in 1973 until 2003 , the AMAs have been held in mid - to late - January , but were moved to November ( usually the Sunday before Thanksgiving ) beginning in 2003 so as not to further compete with other major awards shows ( such as the Golden Globe Awards and the Academy Awards ) and allows for ABC to have a well - rated awards show during November sweeps . For the 2008 awards , Jimmy Kimmel hosted for the fourth consecutive year . In 2009 -- 2012 , there was no host for the first time in history . Instead , the AMAs followed the Grammys ' lead in having various celebrities give introductions . However , rapper Pitbull hosted the 2013 ceremony and 2014 ceremony . Jennifer Lopez hosted the 2015 show . Gigi Hadid and Jay Pharoah hosted the 2016 show . Tracee Ellis Ross hosted the show in 2017 and 2018 . Between 2012 and 2014 , as part of a marketing strategy for Samsung , the American Music Awards used the lock screen wallpaper of Samsung Galaxy smartphones rather than envelopes to reveal winners . A magnetic screen cover on each phone kept the wallpaper image with the winner 's name secret until opened . In August 2018 , Dick Clark Productions announced a two - year sponsorship and content partnership with YouTube Music . Ceremonies ( edit ) # Date Host Venue 01 February 19 , 1974 Roger Miller , Helen Reddy , Smokey Robinson Earl Carroll Theatre 02 February 18 , 1975 Sly Stone , Helen Reddy , Roy Clark Santa Monica Civic Auditorium 03 January 31 , 1976 04 January 31 , 1977 Glen Campbell , Helen Reddy , Lou Rawls and Electric Light Orchestra 05 January 16 , 1978 David Soul , Glen Campbell and Natalie Cole 06 January 12 , 1979 Donna Summer , Glen Campbell and Helen Reddy 07 January 18 , 1980 ABC Studios 08 January 30 , 1981 Crystal Gayle , Mac Davis and Teddy Pendergrass 09 January 25 , 1982 Donna Summer , Glen Campbell and Lionel Richie Shrine Auditorium 10 January 17 , 1983 Aretha Franklin 11 January 16 , 1984 Lionel Richie 12 January 28 , 1985 13 January 27 , 1986 Diana Ross 14 January 26 , 1987 15 January 25 , 1988 Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb , Mick Fleetwood , Robin Gibb and Whitney Houston 16 January 30 , 1989 Anita Baker , Debbie Gibson , Kenny Rogers and Rod Stewart 17 January 22 , 1990 Alice Cooper , Anita Baker , Gloria Estefan , Naomi Judd and Wynonna Judd 18 January 28 , 1991 Keenen Ivory Wayans 19 January 27 , 1992 MC Hammer 20 January 25 , 1993 Bobby Brown , Gloria Estefan and Wynonna Judd 21 February 7 , 1994 Meat Loaf , Reba McEntire and Will Smith 22 January 30 , 1995 Queen Latifah , Tom Jones , Lorrie Morgan 23 January 29 , 1996 Sinbad 24 January 27 , 1997 25 January 26 , 1998 Drew Carey 26 January 11 , 1999 Brandy & Melissa Joan Hart 27 January 17 , 2000 Norm Macdonald 28 January 8 , 2001 Britney Spears and LL Cool J 29 January 9 , 2002 Jenny McCarthy and Sean Combs 30 January 13 , 2003 Jack Osbourne , Kelly Osbourne , Ozzy Osbourne and Sharon Osbourne 31 November 16 , 2003 Jimmy Kimmel 32 November 14 , 2004 33 November 22 , 2005 Cedric the Entertainer 34 November 21 , 2006 Jimmy Kimmel 35 November 18 , 2007 Microsoft Theater 36 November 23 , 2008 37 November 22 , 2009 N / A 38 November 21 , 2010 39 November 20 , 2011 40 November 18 , 2012 41 November 24 , 2013 Pitbull 42 November 23 , 2014 43 November 22 , 2015 Jennifer Lopez 44 November 20 , 2016 Gigi Hadid and Jay Pharoah 45 November 19 , 2017 Tracee Ellis Ross 46 October 9 , 2018 Categories ( edit ) Current award categories ( edit ) Award Year Artist of the Year 1996 , 2001 -- 2002 , 2003 ( November ) -- present New Artist of the Year 2004 -- present Collaboration of the Year 2015 -- present Video of the Year 2016 -- present Tour of the Year 2016 -- present Top Soundtrack 1996 -- 2003 ( January ) , 2007 -- 2010 , 2013 -- present Favorite Social Artist 2018 Favorite Male Artist -- Pop / Rock 1974 -- present Favorite Female Artist -- Pop / Rock 1974 -- present Favorite Duo or Group -- Pop / Rock 1974 -- present Favorite Album -- Pop / Rock 1974 -- present Favorite Song -- Pop / Rock 1974 -- 1995 , 2016 -- present Favorite Male Artist -- Soul / R&B 1974 -- present Favorite Female Artist -- Soul / R&B 1974 -- present Favorite Album -- Soul / R&B 1974 -- present Favorite Song -- Soul / R&B 1974 -- 1995 , 2016 -- present Favorite Male Artist -- Country 1974 -- present Favorite Female Artist -- Country 1974 -- present Favorite Duo or Group -- Country 1974 -- present Favorite Album -- Country 1974 -- present Favorite Song -- Country 1974 -- 1995 , 2016 -- present Favorite Artist -- Rap / Hip - Hop 1989 -- present Favorite Album -- Rap / Hip - Hop 1989 -- 1992 , 2003 ( January ) -- present Favorite Song -- Rap / Hip - Hop 2016 -- present Favorite Artist -- Adult Contemporary 1992 -- present Favorite Artist -- Alternative 1995 -- present Favorite Artist -- Latin 1998 -- present Favorite Artist -- Contemporary Inspirational 2002 -- present Favorite Artist -- Electronic Dance Music 2012 -- present Past award categories ( edit ) Award Year Single of the Year 2013 -- 2015 Fan 's Choice Award 2003 ( January ) -- 2003 ( November ) Favorite Pop / Rock Video 1984 -- 1988 Favorite Pop / Rock Male Video Artist 1985 -- 1987 Favorite Pop / Rock Female Video Artist 1985 -- 1987 Favorite Pop / Rock Band / Duo / Group Video Artist 1985 -- 1987 Favorite Pop / Rock New Artist 1989 -- 2003 Favorite Soul / R&B Band / Duo / Group 1974 -- 2003 , 2005 -- 2006 , 2009 Favorite Soul / R&B Video 1984 -- 1988 Favorite Soul / R&B Male Video Artist 1985 -- 1987 Favorite Soul / R&B Female Video Artist 1985 -- 1987 Favorite Soul / R&B Band / Duo / Group Video Artist 1985 -- 1987 Favorite Soul / R&B New Artist 1989 -- 2003 Favorite Country Video 1984 -- 1988 Favorite Country Male Video Artist 1985 -- 1987 Favorite Country Female Video Artist 1985 -- 1987 Favorite Country Band / Duo / Group Video Artist 1985 -- 1987 Favorite Country New Artist 1989 -- 2003 Favorite Disco Male Artist 1979 Favorite Disco Female Artist 1979 Favorite Disco Band / Duo / Group 1979 Favorite Disco Album 1979 Favorite Disco Song 1979 Favorite Heavy Metal / Hard Rock Artist 1989 -- 1997 Favorite Heavy Metal / Hard Rock Album 1989 -- 1992 Favorite Heavy Metal / Hard Rock New Artist 1990 -- 1993 Favorite Rap / Hip - Hop Band / Duo / Group 2003 ( January ) -- 2008 Favorite Rap / Hip - Hop New Artist 1990 -- 1994 Favorite Dance Artist 1990 -- 1992 Favorite Dance Song 1990 -- 1992 Favorite Dance New Artist 1990 -- 1992 Favorite Adult Contemporary Album 1992 -- 1994 Favorite Adult Contemporary New Artist 1992 -- 1994 Most wins ( edit ) The record for most American Music Awards won is held by Michael Jackson , who has amassed twenty - four awards . The record for most American Music Awards won by a group belongs to Alabama , who have collected twenty - three awards . For a female artist , the record for most American Music Awards won belongs to Taylor Swift who has won twenty - three awards . Artist Number of awards Michael Jackson 24 Alabama 23 Taylor Swift Whitney Houston 21 Kenny Rogers 19 Garth Brooks 17 Justin Bieber 15 Reba McEntire Lionel Richie Rihanna 13 Carrie Underwood Willie Nelson 12 Janet Jackson 11 Tim McGraw Stevie Wonder Mariah Carey 10 Randy Travis Most wins in a single ceremony ( edit ) The record for the most American Music Awards won in a single year is held by Michael Jackson ( in 1984 ) and Whitney Houston ( in 1994 ) , each with 8 awards to their credit ( including the Award of Merit , with which both artists were honored in the respective years ) . Michael Jackson 8 ( 1984 ) Whitney Houston 8 ( 1994 ) Most wins by category ( edit ) The following list shows the artists with most wins in each category , adapted from the AMAs official website . Artist of the Year : Taylor Swift ( 4 wins ) Song of the Year : Kenny Rogers ( 5 wins ) The Song of the Year record holder accounts for all previous single category winners . Favorite Male Artist -- Pop / Rock : ( Tie ) Barry Manilow , Eric Clapton , Michael Bolton , Michael Jackson and Justin Bieber ( 3 wins each ) Favorite Female Artist -- Pop / Rock : ( Tie ) Olivia Newton - John and Whitney Houston ( 4 wins each ) Favorite Duo or Group -- Pop / Rock : ( Tie ) Aerosmith , The Black Eyed Peas , Hall & Oates and One Direction ( 3 wins each ) Favorite Album -- Pop / Rock : Michael Jackson and Justin Bieber ( 3 wins ) Favorite Male Artist -- Country : Garth Brooks ( 8 wins ) Favorite Female Artist -- Country : Reba McEntire ( 10 wins ) Favorite Duo or Group -- Country : Alabama ( 17 wins ) Favorite Album -- Country : Kenny Rogers , Carrie Underwood ( 5 wins ) Favorite Artist -- Rap / Hip - Hop : Eminem ( 4 wins ) The Favorite Artist -- Rap / Hip - Hop record holder accounts for all previous Favorite Female Artist -- Rap / Hip - Hop and Favorite Male Artist -- Rap / Hip - Hop category winners . Favorite Album -- Rap / Hip - Hop : Nicki Minaj ( 3 wins ) Favorite Male Artist -- Soul / R&B : Luther Vandross ( 7 wins ) Favorite Female Artist -- Soul / R&B : Rihanna ( 7 wins ) Favorite Album -- Soul / R&B : Michael Jackson ( 4 wins ) Favorite Artist -- Alternative Rock : Linkin Park ( 6 wins ) Favorite Artist -- Adult Contemporary : Celine Dion ( 4 wins ) Favorite Artist -- Latin Music : Enrique Iglesias ( 7 wins ) Favorite Artist -- Contemporary Inspirational : Casting Crowns ( 4 wins ) Favorite Artist -- Electronic Dance Music : ( Tie ) Calvin Harris and The Chainsmokers ( 2 wins each ) Special Awards ( edit ) Award of Merit ( edit ) Main article : American Music Award of Merit The American Music Award of Merit has been awarded to thirty two artists , the latest being Sting ( 2016 ) . International Artist Award of Excellence ( edit ) The International Artist Award of Excellence has been awarded to seven artists : Michael Jackson ( 1993 ) Rod Stewart ( 1994 ) Led Zeppelin ( 1995 ) Bee Gees ( 1997 ) Aerosmith ( 2001 ) Beyoncé ( 2007 ) Whitney Houston ( 2009 ) Icon Award ( edit ) The AMAs ' producer Larry Klein stated : `` The first - ever Icon Award was created to honor an artist whose body of work has made a profound influence over pop music on a global level . '' Rihanna ( 2013 ) Dick Clark Award for Excellence ( edit ) At the 2014 award ceremony , the Dick Clark Award for Excellence was given for the first time . Taylor Swift ( 2014 ) Award of Achievement ( edit ) Main article : American Music Award for Achievement Michael Jackson ( 1989 ) Prince ( 1990 ) Mariah Carey ( 2000 and 2008 ) Katy Perry ( 2011 ) Lifetime Achievement Award ( edit ) Diana Ross ( 2017 ) Artist of the decade ( edit ) 90s : Garth Brooks ( 2000 ) In 2000 , the year Brooks won the award , the AMAs held a poll to elect the Artist of the Decade for each previous decade of the Rock & Roll era . According to some sources , the result of this poll is not counted in the total of AMAs won by these artists . The results were Elvis Presley ( 1950s ) , The Beatles ( 60s ) , Stevie Wonder ( 70s ) and Michael Jackson ( 80s ) . See also ( edit ) Latin American Music Award References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Perebinossoff , Philippe ; et al. ( 2005 ) . Programming for TV , radio , and the Internet . Elsevier . p. 42 . Jump up ^ `` VOTING FAQs '' ( PDF ) . the amas . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` Telemundo Will Produce a Spanish - Language American Music Awards in 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cobo , Leila ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` First - Ever Latin American Music Awards Headed to Telemundo '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift , Michael Jackson dominate American Music Awards nominations ( UPDATED ) '' . Los Angeles Times . October 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2009 . Retrieved October 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem , Bieber outscore Lady Gaga in AMA nods '' . Reuters . October 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Johnson Jr. , Billy ( October 12 , 2010 ) . `` Lady Gaga Snubbed at American Music Awards Nominations '' . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Lopez to Host and Perform at the 2015 American Music Awards American Music Awards . Theamas.com . Retrieved on October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy Note 2 Used To Announce Winners at AMAs '' . Newsbroadcast.co.uk . November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( 2018 - 08 - 22 ) . `` YouTube Music Signs American Music Awards Two - Year Title Sponsorship Deal '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 American Music Awards to Air Live Tuesday , October 9 - American Music Awards '' . February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 AMERICAN MUSIC AWARD NOMINEE STATISTICS '' . dick clark productions . October 13 , 2015 . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 AMERICAN MUSIC AWARD NOMINEE STATISTICS '' . TheAMAs.com . The American Music Awards . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Music Award of Merit '' . The AMAs . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` International Artist Award '' . The AMAs . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna to receive ' AMA Icon Award ' '' . billboard.com . November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift to Receive First Ever Dick Clark Award for Excellence at the 2014 AMAs '' . The AMAs . dick clark productions , inc . November 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Winners Database '' . The Amas . Jump up ^ `` American Music Awards : List of winners '' . CNN . January 18 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Lauryn Hill , Backstreet Boys , DMX Honored With American Music Awards '' . MTV . January 18 , 2000 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` List of American Music Awards winners '' . Sun Journal . January 18 , 2000 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Santana wins top album honors at American Music Awards '' . Times Daily . January 18 , 2000 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . 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6014307561352115037	Into the Woods (film)	Into the Woods ( film ) - wikipedia Into the Woods ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2014 film . For other uses , see Into the Woods ( disambiguation ) . Into the Woods Theatrical release poster Directed by Rob Marshall Produced by Rob Marshall John DeLuca Marc Platt Callum McDougall Screenplay by James Lapine Based on Into the Woods by Stephen Sondheim James Lapine Starring Meryl Streep Emily Blunt James Corden Anna Kendrick Chris Pine Tracey Ullman Christine Baranski Johnny Depp Narrated by James Corden Music by Stephen Sondheim Cinematography Dion Beebe Edited by Wyatt Smith Production company Walt Disney Pictures Lucamar Productions Marc Platt Productions Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) ( Ziegfeld Theatre ) December 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 124 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $50 million Box office $213.1 million Into the Woods is a 2014 American musical fantasy film directed by Rob Marshall , and adapted to the screen by James Lapine from his and Stephen Sondheim 's Broadway musical of the same name . A Walt Disney Pictures production , it features an ensemble cast that includes Meryl Streep , Emily Blunt , James Corden , Anna Kendrick , Chris Pine , Tracey Ullman , Christine Baranski , Lilla Crawford , Daniel Huttlestone , MacKenzie Mauzy , Billy Magnussen , and Johnny Depp . Inspired by the Grimm Brothers ' fairy tales of `` Little Red Riding Hood '' , `` Cinderella '' , `` Jack and the Beanstalk '' , and `` Rapunzel '' , the film is a fantasy genre centered on a childless couple , who set out to end a curse placed on them by a vengeful witch . Ultimately , the characters are forced to rectify the consequences of their actions . After several unsuccessful attempts by other studios and producers to adapt the musical to film , Disney announced in 2012 that it was producing an adaptation , with Marshall directing and John DeLuca serving as producer . Principal photography commenced in September 2013 , and took place entirely in the United Kingdom , including at Shepperton Studios in London . Into the Woods held its world premiere at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 8 , 2014 , and was released theatrically in the United States on December 25 , 2014 . The film was commercially successful and received generally positive reviews , receiving praise for its acting performances and production merits , but was criticized for its lighter tone compared to the source material and the changes made for the translation . It grossed $213 million worldwide . Into the Woods received three Academy Award nominations at the 87th Academy Awards , including a Best Supporting Actress nomination for Streep , as well as three Golden Globe Award nominations , including Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Stage - to - screen changes 4 Production 4.1 Early development 4.2 Development at Disney 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) A Baker ( James Corden ) and his Wife ( Emily Blunt ) wish for a child but suffer under a curse laid upon the Baker 's family by a Witch ( Meryl Streep ) who found the Baker 's father robbing her garden when his mother was pregnant . The Baker 's father also stole some beans which caused the Witch 's mother to punish her with the curse of ugliness . The Witch offers to lift the curse , but only if the Baker and his Wife obtain four critical items for her : a cow as white as milk , a cape as red as blood , a hair as yellow as corn , and a slipper as pure as gold . The Witch later tells the Baker that she asked him to do this task for her because she is not allowed to touch any of the objects . The Witch 's demands eventually bring the Baker and his Wife into contact with Jack ( Daniel Huttlestone ) , who is selling his beloved cow , Milky - White , and to whom the Baker offers magic beans left him by his father ( which were stolen from the Witch ) which grow into a large beanstalk ; with Red Riding Hood ( Lilla Crawford ) , whose ruby cape the couple notices when she stops to buy sweets on her way to grandmother 's house ; with Rapunzel ( MacKenzie Mauzy ) , whose tower the Baker 's Wife passes in the woods ; and with Cinderella ( Anna Kendrick ) , who also runs into the Baker 's Wife while fleeing from the pursuing Prince ( Chris Pine ) . After a series of failed attempts and misadventures , the Baker and his Wife finally are able to gather the items necessary to break the spell . Meanwhile , each of the other characters receive their `` happy endings '' : Cinderella marries the Prince ; Jack provides for his mother by stealing riches from the Giant in the sky , and kills the pursuing Giant by cutting down the beanstalk ; Little Red Riding Hood and her Grandmother are saved from the Big Bad Wolf ( Johnny Depp ) ; and the Witch regains her youth and beauty after drinking the potion . However , each of the characters learns their `` happily ever after '' is not very happy : the Baker is worried he is a poor father to his newborn baby ; the Baker 's Wife is temporarily seduced by the Prince ; Cinderella is disenchanted by the cheating Prince ; and the Witch learns that she has lost her powers with her restored youth and beauty . The growth of a second beanstalk from the last remaining magic bean allows the Giant 's Wife to climb down and threaten the kingdom and its inhabitants if they do not deliver Jack in retribution for killing her husband . The characters debate the morality of handing Jack over . In the process , Red Riding Hood 's Mother and Grandmother , Jack 's Mother , and the Baker 's Wife are killed . The characters blame each other for their individual actions that lead to the tragedy , ultimately blaming the Witch for raising the beans in the first place . She curses them for their inability to accept their individual responsibilities . Casting all her remaining beans away , she begs her mother to punish her again and disappears into a large pit of boiling tar . The remaining characters resolve to kill the threatening Giant 's Wife , though Cinderella and the Baker try to explain to the distraught Red Riding Hood and Jack the complicated morality of retribution and revenge . The characters lure the Giant 's Wife into stepping in the tar pit where she ultimately trips and falls to her death . The Giant 's Wife is killed , and the characters move forward with their ruined lives . The Baker , thinking of his Wife , is determined to be a good father . Cinderella decides to leave the Prince and help the Baker , and Jack and Red Riding Hood , now orphans , are living with the Baker and Cinderella . The Baker comforts his son after he begins to cry by telling a story as the movie ends with the Witch 's moral , meaning that children can change due to the parent 's actions and behaviors . Cast ( edit ) Meryl Streep as The Witch Emily Blunt as The Baker 's Wife James Corden as The Baker Anna Kendrick as Cinderella Chris Pine as Cinderella 's Prince Tracey Ullman as Jack 's Mother Christine Baranski as Cinderella 's Stepmother Johnny Depp as The Big Bad Wolf Lilla Crawford as Little Red Riding Hood Daniel Huttlestone as Jack MacKenzie Mauzy as Rapunzel Billy Magnussen as Rapunzel 's Prince Tammy Blanchard as Florinda Lucy Punch as Lucinda Frances de la Tour as the Giant 's Wife Richard Glover as the Steward Joanna Riding as Cinderella 's Mother Annette Crosbie as Little Red Riding Hood 's Grandmother Simon Russell Beale as the Baker 's Father Tug as Milky - White Stage - to - screen changes ( edit ) While it was initially reported that Disney had decided to make some major plot changes for the film version in order to make it more family - friendly , Stephen Sondheim revealed that this was not the case and that any changes in the film version had been approved by him and James Lapine . Thus , the film does slightly differ from the stage production . The songs `` I Guess This Is Goodbye '' , `` Maybe They 're Magic '' , `` First Midnight '' and `` Second Midnight '' interludes , `` Ever After '' ( Act I finale of the original play ) , `` So Happy '' , `` Into the Woods '' Reprise , `` Agony '' Reprise and `` No More '' ( performed by the Baker ) were cut from the film , although both `` Ever After '' and `` No More '' are used as instrumentals in the film . Meanwhile , many of the songs in the film have slightly different lyrics than their stage counterparts due to the slight tweaking of storylines . Other changes include a major reduction of the significant role of the `` Mysterious Man '' , who manipulates much of the action in the first act and is eventually revealed to be the Baker 's father . Also , the character of the Narrator is deleted , and the film is instead narrated by the Baker . The minor role of Cinderella 's Father was cut , and he is instead mentioned as deceased . Due to the film 's compressed storyline , Rapunzel 's pregnancy is eliminated , as is the subplot where the two princes have affairs with Snow White and Sleeping Beauty . In the film , the Giant 's Wife attacks during the marriages of Cinderella and Rapunzel to their respective Princes , no more than a few weeks after the events of act one , while in the stage show , nearly a year passes between the first and second acts . Rapunzel 's ultimate fate is also changed : rather than being killed by the giant , she refuses to cooperate with the Witch and flees with her prince . Similarly , much of the violence and sexual content is slightly toned down from the original musical . The death of Jack 's Mother is less violent in the film ; on stage , the Steward clubs her to death with his staff , in the film , he simply shoves her to the ground and she hits her head on a log . The death of the Baker 's Wife is not explicitly shown in the film , and the cause of her death is changed from being crushed by a tree in the Giant 's Wife 's wake to accidentally backing off the edge of a cliff while fleeing from the Giant 's Wife . Production ( edit ) Early development ( edit ) Early attempts of adapting Into the Woods to film occurred in the early 1990s , with a script written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel . A reading was held with a cast that included Robin Williams as The Baker , Goldie Hawn as The Baker 's Wife , Cher as The Witch , Danny DeVito as The Giant , Steve Martin as The Wolf , and Roseanne Barr as Jack 's Mother . By 1991 , Columbia Pictures and Jim Henson Productions were also developing a film adaptation with Craig Zadan as producer and Rob Minkoff as director . In 1997 , Columbia put the film into turnaround , with Minkoff still attached as director , and Billy Crystal , Meg Ryan , and Susan Sarandon reportedly in talks to star . After the report by Variety , a film adaptation of Into the Woods remained inactive for 15 years . Development at Disney ( edit ) After the critical and commercial success of Chicago in 2002 , director Rob Marshall approached Stephen Sondheim as he was interested in adapting one of his musicals such as Follies and Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street , although Sondheim suggested Into the Woods instead . Marshall concurred , but development of the project was then postponed while he focused on directing Memoirs of a Geisha and Nine . In 2011 , Marshall 's interest in the project was rekindled when he heard a speech by President Barack Obama on the tenth anniversary of the September 11th attacks to the families of the 9 / 11 victims , which seemed to evoke the same message as the musical 's most important song , `` No One Is Alone '' . Marshall firmly believed that Into the Woods was `` a fairy tale for the post-9 / 11 generation '' . In January 2012 , Marshall approached Walt Disney Pictures -- for whom he had just directed Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides -- and pitched the idea to the studio , with Lapine writing the script and Sondheim `` expected '' to write new songs . Academy Award - winner Dion Beebe , who previously collaborated with Marshall on Chicago , Memoirs of a Geisha , and Nine , served as cinematographer . Sondheim confirmed that a new song had been written for the film . With Disney 's backing , a three - day reading of the entire updated screenplay took place in New York in October 2012 under Marshall 's direction , with Nina Arianda as the Baker 's Wife , Victoria Clark as Cinderella 's Mother / Granny / Giant , James Corden as the Baker , Donna Murphy as the Witch , Christine Baranski as Cinderella 's Stepmother , Tammy Blanchard as Florinda , Ivan Hernandez as the Wolf , Megan Hilty as Lucinda , Cheyenne Jackson as Rapunzel 's Prince , Allison Janney as Jack 's Mother , Anna Kendrick as Cinderella , Michael McGrath as Steward / Mysterious Man , Laura Osnes as Rapunzel , Taylor Trensch as Jack , Casey Whyland as Little Red Riding Hood , and Patrick Wilson as Cinderella 's Prince . It was this reading which ultimately convinced Walt Disney Studios president Sean Bailey to green - light the film despite ongoing concerns about the dark nature of the original musical ( which Disney executives had begun to understand since Marshall 's original pitch ) . However , Disney ( which self - finances all its films ) provided only a relatively small production budget of $50 million ( relative to other feature - length fantasy films on its development slate ) , in turn forcing both cast and crew to accept pay cuts to work on the film . Reports subsequently surfaced in January 2013 that Meryl Streep had been cast to play the Witch . Streep had instituted a personal `` no witch '' rule after she turned 40 and was offered three witch roles , but ultimately broke her own rule to do a Sondheim role again . ( As a young Yale University student , she had participated in the original production of Sondheim 's The Frogs . ) During the same month , it was reported that Janney had been confirmed to join the film as well . Five months later , however , Tracey Ullman was cast as Jack 's Mother instead . Rapunzel 's tower under construction at Waverley Abbey in Farnham , Surrey . In April 2013 , Johnny Depp was in final negotiations , along with Streep , to join the film . The Hollywood Reporter reported that to help make the film on such a tight budget , Depp agreed as a favor to Disney and to Marshall ( whom he had just worked with in On Stranger Tides ) to a `` boarding '' arrangement , in which he would appear in a minor role for a fee of $1 million , instead of his typical fee of $20 million for a starring role . In May , James Corden , who took part in the reading of the screenplay , was in talks to play the role of the Baker . On May 10 , 2013 , Disney confirmed the casting of Streep , Depp , and Corden as the Witch , the Big Bad Wolf , and the Baker , respectively . That same month , Emily Blunt and Christine Baranski were cast , respectively , as the Baker 's Wife and Cinderella 's Stepmother . Marshall later confirmed that Blunt was selected for her `` warm ( th ) '' and likeability to ensure the emotional impact of the sudden death of the Baker 's Wife : `` ( T ) hat 's very important for that character because it 's the heart of the piece and you really have to love her so when she 's gone it should feel like a kick in the gut . '' After she was cast , Blunt discovered she was pregnant and her costume and choreography had to be adjusted accordingly . However , her `` overweight '' appearance during production actually fit in with the role of the Baker 's Wife ; as she explained , `` I feel like she would have eaten a lot of carbs working in the bakery . '' Also in May , Jake Gyllenhaal and Chris Pine entered negotiations to play the Princes . However , Gyllenhaal dropped out of the film due to scheduling conflicts with another film , Nightcrawler , and was subsequently replaced by Billy Magnussen . One month later , Anna Kendrick began talks to play Cinderella in the film . In June 2013 , Walt Disney Studios publicly announced that the film had been greenlighted , and scheduled a release date for Christmas Day 2014 . In July , MacKenzie Mauzy , Tammy Blanchard , Lucy Punch and Daniel Huttlestone joined the cast . In early August , Sophia Grace Brownlee 's representatives announced that she had been cast as Little Red Riding Hood . The announcement of Brownlee 's casting , which was widely reported but never confirmed by Disney , was criticized as `` a stunt '' and was met with concern due to her age and the sexual undertones present between Little Red and the Wolf . Mauzy later revealed that she first auditioned for Cinderella but did not get the part . However , director Marshall saw her audition tape and brought her back in for Rapunzel , after recognizing `` the ' vulnerability ' and ' emotion ' Mauzy could bring to Rapunzel after she read just one line '' , as he recalled . The film 's plot synopsis and the official casting of lead actors Meryl Streep , Johnny Depp , Anna Kendrick , Chris Pine , and Emily Blunt were revealed at the D23 Expo on August 10 , 2013 . On September 16 , 2013 , Lilla Crawford was confirmed as playing the character of Little Red Riding Hood , despite previous reports suggesting Brownlee . Crawford auditioned for Marshall via Skype , who offered her the role within two hours ; she was on a flight to London the next day . Later on , Dominic Brownlee spoke about the withdrawal of his daughter Sophia Grace from the movie : `` After careful consideration , we the parents of Sophia Grace , felt that as rehearsals progressed that she was too young for this part . It was a joint decision between us and the director and producer of Into the Woods to withdraw Sophia Grace from the film . '' Apart from Crawford , the casting of Richard Glover , Frances de la Tour , Simon Russell Beale , Joanna Riding , and Annette Crosbie in other roles was also separately announced later on September 16 . Filming ( edit ) Dover Castle in Kent was used as the exterior for the Prince 's castle . In July 2013 , before filming began , Marshall put the cast through six weeks of rehearsals on a soundstage and blocked their scenes . In August , the cast members visited Angel Recording Studios to separately record their respective parts in the presence of Sondheim himself . Over 90 % of the vocal tracks in the final version of the film are from the recording studio sessions , while the rest were recorded on location or on the set . The advantage of blocking and rehearsing all scenes first was that the cast members could then precisely calibrate their voices in the recording studio to the planned appearance of each scene when later filmed , thereby minimizing the slightly disconcerting disconnection between vocals and choreography typical of music videos . Principal photography took place at London 's Shepperton Studios in September 2013 , with additional filming taking place at Dover Castle , Hambleden , Waverley Abbey : and Richmond Park . A forest of ancient pine trees in Windsor Great Park was used for many of the scenes in the woods . Marshall struggled with how to stage the melodramatic duet `` Agony '' in the forest until discovering online that Windsor had an artificial waterfall at Virginia Water Lake , which turned out to be the perfect location for the song . The production was shot digitally , using Arri Alexa cameras configured in a two - camera setup . Footage was edited together in Avid Media Composer . The exterior of Byfleet Manor in Surrey served as Cinderella 's home . The filmmakers spent a whole day shooting scenes which involved Rapunzel 's hair being climbed upon . Mauzy claimed that the filmmakers wanted to take advantage of her blonde hair , and that the top of Rapunzel 's hair appeared in the film was her own real hair ; make - up artists only braided it into the extension . This hair extension was engineered by hair designer Peter King . After testing loose , flowing hair which King found `` uncontrollable '' , he decided to have twenty - seven wefts of real hair woven together into a 30 - foot braid , a design which took inspiration from an Arthur Rackham illustration of Rapunzel . In order to bring in enough real Russian hair strands needed for the extension , King and his team had to work with several distributors from Germany and England . The hair - braiding process required three people , each holding a separate strand and weaving in and out . King also dyed the wefts for them to match Mauzy 's champagne blonde hair color , and blended together six different shades from ash and strawberry to create realistic gradations and highlights . Between scenes , Mauzy had to `` wrap ( the hair ) around her arm like huge rolls of wool '' , as recalled by King . A stuntman was employed to shoot hair - climbing scenes . Thin rope and metal rings were the only additional tools concealed within the braid to hold the weight of a person climbing up . The film 's final shot , which essentially merges into and links back to its first shot , actually transitions digitally between three shots : a Technocrane on location lifting as high as possible into the sky , an aerial drone flying down a valley in Wales , and a shot of an overcast sky in Manhattan , New York City . Filming concluded on November 27 , 2013 . On July 14 , 2014 , Steve Baldwin posted on a social networking site that reshoots were made during the whole month of July . The following month , however , Rob Marshall denied the film went through re-shoots . Instead , they spent three days shooting new material that had been cut and re-added to the script after Disney screened the movie . For his role as the Wolf , Depp worked closely with the film 's costume designer Colleen Atwood to create a Tex Avery - inspired costume , complete with zoot suit and fedora . Music ( edit ) Main article : Into the Woods ( soundtrack ) As noted above , the majority of the songs were pre-recorded by the cast . Music producer Mike Higham , who had previously worked with Sondheim on Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street , recorded the film 's score with the London Symphony Orchestra and London Philharmonic . Music supervisor and conductor Paul Gemignani instructed the actors on how to sing , including singing live to a camera on set , to prerecorded music in studio , and with a live studio orchestra . Jonathan Tunick orchestrated Sondheim 's original music . The key to the song , `` Hello , Little Girl , '' was altered to better suit Johnny Depp 's lower vocal range . In regards to the song 's musical arrangement , Higham explained ; `` we emphasized the woodwinds to make it feel a little lighter , especially the flutes . And we just made it a little jazzier -- played more on the walking bass line . Inherently , when it has a jazz feel , it just feels lighter . '' The film 's soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on December 15 , 2014 . While it was initially reported that the film version would feature two new songs : a duet for the Baker and his Wife , titled `` Rainbows '' -- originally written for a 1992 film adaptation that was never made -- and a new song for the Witch , eventually titled `` She 'll Be Back '' . In the end , neither song appears in the finished film : `` Rainbows '' was cut before shooting began and `` She 'll Be Back '' , though filmed , was cut from the film on the grounds that it slowed the story down . `` She 'll Be Back '' was included as a bonus feature on the film 's home media release . Release ( edit ) The first official company presentation took place at the 2013 Disney D23 expo . The official teaser trailer debuted on July 31 , 2014 . A featurette was released showing behind - the - scenes clips and the vocals of Streep , Kendrick , Blunt and others . A second trailer was released on November 6 , 2014 . The film held its world premiere at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 8 , 2014 . It was released theatrically in the United States on December 25 , 2014 . Home Media ( edit ) Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the film on Blu - ray , DVD , and digital download in North America on March 24 , 2015 . The film debuted in second place on the home media charts behind The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies . The home media version includes Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine 's original song `` She 'll Be Back '' . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Into the Woods grossed $128 million in North America , and $85.1 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $213.1 million , against a budget of $50 million . Into the Woods began playing across North American theaters on December 24 , 2014 , and earned $1.1 million from late - night Christmas Eve showings and $15.08 million on its opening day ( including previews ) from 2,440 theaters . Its opening day gross was the fourth - biggest Christmas Day debut and the sixth - biggest Christmas Day gross ever . The film was among one of four films put into wide release on December 25 , 2014 , the other three being Universal Pictures ' Unbroken ( 3,131 theaters ) , Paramount Pictures ' The Gambler ( 2,478 theaters ) , and TWC 's Big Eyes ( 1,307 theaters ) . It earned $31.1 million in its traditional three - day opening ( $46.1 million including its Christmas Day gross ) debuting at # 2 at the box office behind The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies , achieving the highest opening weekend for a film based on a Broadway musical ( previously held by Mamma Mia ! ) . The film 's $3.5 million debut in Japan marked the largest opening for a 21st - century live - action musical film . Critical Response ( edit ) Despite early screenings prior to the film 's release , Disney issued an embargo on professional reviews of the film until two weeks before general theatrical release . Into the Woods received generally positive reviews from critics . The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 71 % of critics gave the film a positive review based on 196 reviews , with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads : `` On the whole , this Disney adaptation of the Sondheim classic sits comfortably at the corner of Hollywood and Broadway -- even if it darkens to its detriment in the final act . '' The cast -- particularly the performances by Streep , Blunt and Pine -- received wide acclaim as well as its production design , and costume design Another review aggregator , Metacritic , calculates a score of 69 out of 100 , based on 41 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave Into the Woods an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Streep was immensely applauded for her performance as the Witch , with many critics and audiences believing she was the film 's heart . Lou Lumenick of the New York Post called her and Blunt 's portrayals as `` two of the greatest female performances of the year '' . For her performance , Streep received Academy Award , Golden Globe Award , Screen Actors Guild Award , and Broadcast Film Critics Association Award nominations for Best Supporting Actress . The Hollywood Reporter wrote that the film `` benefits from respect for the source material , enticing production values and a populous gallery of sharp character portraits from a delightful cast '' . Stephen Holden of The New York Times lauded the film , writing ; `` Into the Woods , the splendid Disney screen adaptation of the Stephen Sondheim - James Lapine musical , infuses new vitality into the tired marketing concept of entertainment for ' children of all ages ' '' . Leonard Maltin called the movie as `` one of the year 's best films '' . Similarly , Pete Hammond of Deadline praised the film as `` the most dazzling movie musical since Marshall 's own Chicago . '' and praised the performance of the cast , particularly Streep . Lou Lumerick of the New York Post called the film `` this century 's best musical '' and lauded the performances of Streep and Blunt as the best female performances of the year . Scott Mendelson of Forbes gave a positive review declaring the film `` Rob Marshall 's best movie ever '' and praised it for its genuine entertainment and strong cast performances . Richard Corliss of Time gave a positive review , stating that the film was a `` smart , appealing , upside - down children 's story for adults of all ages '' . Gregory Ellwood of HitFix tipped Streep as an Academy Award contender in the Best Supporting Actress category , and also praised the performance of Chris Pine . Richard Lawson of Vanity Fair , Karen D'Souza of the San Jose Mercury News , and Dana Stevens of Slate all published critical reviews of the film . All three found much to like in the acting ( especially Blunt and Pine 's performances ) , but all three also concluded that after the various cuts and changes , the final version of the film had failed to adequately preserve the power of the dark existentialist message at the heart of the original musical 's second act . Stevens characterized the result as a `` generic dystopian bummer , '' while Lawson criticized the film as a `` dutiful but perfunctory adaptation '' which lacked `` genuine heart '' . Paul Katz of The Huffington Post felt the change in tone between the last two acts was too abrupt , and also criticized the film 's faithfulness to the stage musical . Conversely , Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post disliked the performances by Streep and Depp , while simultaneously calling the film 's first two acts a `` surprising delight '' . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Academy Awards February 22 , 2015 Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Best Production Design Production Design : Dennis Gassner ; Set Decoration : Anna Pinnock Nominated Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood Nominated AACTA International Awards January 31 , 2015 Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards January 31 , 2015 Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film Dennis Gassner Nominated American Cinema Editors January 30 , 2015 Best Edited Feature Film -- Comedy or Musical Wyatt Smith Nominated American Film Institute December 9 , 2014 Top Eleven Films of the Year Into the Woods Won British Academy Film Awards February 8 , 2015 Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood Nominated Best Makeup and Hair Peter Swords King , J. Roy Helland Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Association January 15 , 2015 Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Best Acting Ensemble The Cast of Into the Woods Nominated Best Art Direction Dennis Gassner / Production Designer , Anna Pinnock / Set Decorator Nominated Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood Nominated Best Hair & Makeup Nominated Casting Society of America January 22 , 2015 Big Budget Comedy Francine Maisler , Bernard Telsey , Tiffany Little Canfield Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association December 15 , 2014 Best Art direction / Production Design Dennis Gassner , Anna Pinnock Nominated Costume Designers Guild February 17 , 2015 Excellence in Fantasy Film Colleen Atwood Won Detroit Film Critics Society December 15 , 2014 Best Ensemble The Cast of Into the Woods Nominated Empire Awards March 29 , 2015 Best Male Newcomer Daniel Huttlestone Nominated Florida Film Critics Circle December 19 , 2014 Best Art Direction / Production Design Dennis Gassner , Anna Pinnock Nominated Golden Globe Awards January 11 , 2015 Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Into the Woods Nominated Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Comedy or Musical Emily Blunt Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Meryl Streep Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards March 28 , 2015 Best Villain Meryl Streep Nominated MPSE Golden Reel Awards February 15 , 2015 Feature Musical Mike Higham , Jennifer Dunnington Nominated MTV Movie Awards April 12 , 2015 Best Villain Meryl Streep Won San Diego Film Critics Society December 15 , 2014 Best Production Design Dennis Gassner , Anna Pinnock Nominated Satellite Awards February 15 , 2015 Best Ensemble -- Motion Picture Meryl Streep , Emily Blunt , James Corden , Anna Kendrick , Chris Pine , Johnny Depp , Lilla Crawford , Daniel Huttlestone , MacKenzie Mauzy , Tracey Ullman , Christine Baranski , Tammy Blanchard , Lucy Punch , Billy Magnussen , and Frances de la Tour Won Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood Nominated Best Sound ( Editing and Mixing ) Blake Leyh , John Casali , Michael Keller , Michael Prestwoood Smith , and Renee Tondelli Nominated Best Visual Effects Christian Irles , Matt Johnson , and Stefano Pepin Nominated Saturn Awards June 25 , 2015 Best Fantasy Film Into the Woods Nominated Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Best Production Design Dennis Gassner Nominated Best Costume Colleen Atwood Nominated Best Make - up Peter King and Matthew Smith Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards January 25 , 2015 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role Meryl Streep Nominated St. Louis Film Critics December 15 , 2014 Best Music Soundtrack Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards December 8 , 2014 Best Ensemble Nominated Best Art Direction Dennis Gassner and Anna Pinnock Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` INTO THE WOODS ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . November 11 , 2014 . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Jon ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Rob Marshall Boldly Explores Disney 's Take on Twisted Tale ' Into the Woods ' '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Into the Woods '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ng , David ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Sam Mendes , Rob Marshall will revive their revival of ' Cabaret ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Tatiana Siegel ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Pine , Jake Gyllenhaal Circling Musical ' Into the Woods ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Schillaci , Sophie ; Pamela McClintock ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Dates Musical ' Into the Woods ' Opposite ' Annie ' in December 2014 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Piccalo , Gina ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Record - breaking ' Into the Woods ' is a surprise hit '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Yamato , Jen ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Tony - Nominated Tammy Blanchard Headed ' Into The Woods ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Johnny Depp And Meryl Streep `` Deals Almost Wrapped '' For ' Into The Woods ' Movie `` . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Abramovitch , Seth ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Broadway Star Joins Johnny Depp in ' Into the Woods ' '' . Broadway World . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` Anna Kendrick in Talks to Play Cinderella in Disney 's ' Into the Woods ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Busis , Hillary ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Two princes kneel before you : Jake Gyllenhaal , Chris Pine in talks to join ' Into the Woods ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Tracey Ullman in Talks to Join Disney 's ' Into the Woods ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Good Wife ' Star Christine Baranski to Reteam With ' Chicago ' Director on Disney 's ' Into the Woods ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Tatiana ; Borys Kit ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Johnny Depp to Star in Disney Musical ' Into the Woods ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Breaking News : Lilla Crawford Joins INTO THE WOODS Film as ' Little Red ' ; Stephen Sondheim Pens New Song '' . Broadway World . September 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr. , Mike ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` Daniel Huttlestone Goes From ' Les Mis ' To ' Into The Woods ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Into The Woods ' Casts Its Rapunzel '' . Deadline Hollywood . July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr. , Mike ( July 22 , 2013 ) . `` Billy Magnussen Ventures ' Into The Woods ' To Replace Jake Gyllenhaal '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Production Begins on Disney 's Musical INTO THE WOODS Starring Meryl Streep , Emily Blunt , Johnny Depp , Chris Pine , and Anna Kendrick '' . Collider . September 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Into the Woods : Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . The Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ; Gioia , Michael ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Sondheim Reveals Plot Changes for Disney Into the Woods Film '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2014 . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( June 23 , 2014 ) . `` Sondheim Issues Response Following Report of Disney Into the Woods Film Changes '' . Playbill . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( June 23 , 2014 ) . `` Stephen Sondheim releases statement after backlash over ' Into the Woods ' comments '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Watkins , Gwynne ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Into the Woods ' : How the Movie Differs from the Stage Musical '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Yahoo ! Inc . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Gioia ; Adam Hetrick ; Carey Purcell ( January 19 , 2015 ) . `` Star - Studded `` Into the Woods '' Film Brings in $140 Million Worldwide `` . Playbill . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . The big - screen adaptation welcomes songs from the stage musical , including `` Children Will Listen , '' `` Giants in the Sky , '' `` On the Steps of the Palace , '' `` No One Is Alone '' and `` Agony , '' among others . The film cuts songs such as `` I Guess This Is Goodbye / Maybe They 're Magic , '' `` Ever After '' and `` No More , '' among others . Jump up ^ Stevens , Dana ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Into the Woods : Great cast . Great score . So why is Rob Marshall 's adaptation so lost in the woods ? '' . Slate . The Slate Group LLC . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( December 26 , 2014 ) . `` How Disney wrecked `` Into The Woods '' `` . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Whyte , Marama ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Five ' Into the Woods ' stage - to - screen changes '' . Hypable.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cerasaro , Pat ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` BWW EXCLUSIVE : Stephen Sondheim Talks Past , Present & Future '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Willman , David ( July 26 , 1992 ) . `` Jim Henson 's Children Put Together a String of Big Deals to Keep Alive : The Muppet Legacy '' . The Los Angeles Times . pp. 3 of 3 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Movie To Mix Live Actors , Jim Henson Characters '' . The New York Times . September 30 , 1991 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( January 22 , 1997 ) . `` ' Bliss ' sticks in ratings mire ; Col chops ' Woods ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Abramovitch , Seth ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Perverted Wolves , Cheating Wives and a Fired 10 - Year - Old : The Dark Path to Disney 's ' Into the Woods ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Feinberg , Scott ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Rob Marshall on Movie Musicals and His Journey ' Into the Woods ' ( Q&A ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gray , Tim ( November 22 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' Into the Woods ' Enters Awards Season on High Note '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Sets Rob Marshall To Direct Adaptation Of ' Into The Woods ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Honors and Hires : Oscar Winning DP Dion Beebe Goes ' Into the Woods ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Matt ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` Stephen Sondheim : An audience with a theatre legend '' . The Independent . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Nina Arianda , Victoria Clark , Patrick Wilson , Cheyenne Jackson , James Corden Part of Into the Woods Film Reading '' . Playbill . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ( January 6 , 2015 ) . `` Disney CFO Outlines Strategy , Explains Forgoing Third Party Financing '' ( The Hollywood Reporter ) . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Boughton , Kathryn ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Roxbury Composer 's Future : New Town , Working with Meryl Streep as a Witch '' . Litchfield County Times . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Puchko , Kristy . `` Meryl Streep Will Head Into The Woods With Rob Marshall '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kasperowicz , Leslie . `` The West Wing 's Allison Janney To Play Anna Faris ' Mom In Chuck Lorre 's Comedy Pilot '' . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . She was also recently cast in the fairy - tale fantasy movie Into the Woods which is also rumored to have Meryl Streep on board . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` How Johnny Depp Made $1 Million in a Week '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` One Man , Two Guvnors Star James Corden in Talks for Into the Woods Film Adaptation '' . Playbill . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abramovitch , Seth ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Emily Blunt Circling Disney 's ' Into the Woods ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Emily Blunt to Sing Better in Into the Woods Than She Did in That Karaoke Video '' . Vulture . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gioia , Michael ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Emily Blunt On Hiding Her Real - Life Baby Bump , Vocal Nerves and the Much - Talked - About `` Moment '' in the `` Woods '' `` . Playbill.com . Playbill , Inc . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Snieder , Jeff ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Jake Gyllenhaal Exits ' Into the Woods ' as ' Nightcrawler ' Gets Greenlight ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rome , Emily ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` Inside Movies ' Muppets ' sequel gets new title , ' Into the Woods ' gets release date , and more Disney updates '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` Updated : YouTube Personality Sophia Grace Brownlee Confirmed for `` Into the Woods '' Film `` . Playbill . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter feed of Lucas Brownlee : `` Its official , @ PrincessSGB ( sophia grace brownlee ) has landed the part of little red riding hood in the disney movie in to the wood , '' `` . August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` Sophia Grace Is Everything That 's Wrong with the ' Into The Woods ' Movie '' . The Atlantic Wire . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Internet Child Sophia Grace Cast in Into the Woods '' . Vulture . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Typically Little Red is a bit older than 10 , given that the character experiences a sexual awakening -- at the menacing and kind of rape - y hands of The ( Big Bad ) Wolf , who will be played in this incarnation by Johnny Depp . Yes , 50 - year - old Johnny Depp is going to sing `` Hello , Little Girl '' ( `` Look at that flesh / pink and plump '' ) to Sophia Grace . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` Viral video star Sophia Grace Brownlee joins ' Into the Woods ' as ... '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Maresca , Rachel ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` MacKenzie Mauzy scores ' dream ' role of Rapunzel in Disney 's ' Into the Woods ' thanks to her hair '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cerasaro , Pat ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Complete Disney INTO THE WOODS Presentation At D23 ! '' . Broadway World . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( August 10 , 2013 ) . `` D23 Expo : Disney Shows No Force But Plenty of Films '' . Variety . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sophia Grace INTO THE WOODS Exit Explained ; Dad Comments Retrieved September 17 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Marchant , Beth ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Editor Wyatt Smith Goes Into the Woods to Cut Sound , Picture and Song '' . StudioDaily . Access Intelligence . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kent Film Office . `` Kent Film Office Into the Woods Article '' . Jump up ^ Verrier , Richard ( September 16 , 2013 ) . `` Disney film ' Into the Woods ' begins production in U.K. '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cerasaro , Pat ( September 6 , 2013 ) . `` INTO THE WOODS Movie Filming At Dover Castle Soon ? '' . Broadway World . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Meryl Streep ; Oscar Isaac ; Sundance festival ; National Trust film locations '' . The Film Programme . BBC Radio 4 . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Streep praises ' magical ' park '' . Richmond and Twickenham Times . February 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McElroy , Steven ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` One Day Your Prince Will Come ( Whining ) '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . p . AR15 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/into-the-woods/into-the-woods-the-journey-from-stage-to-screen-20150116-12rnwc.html ^ Jump up to : Novak , Lexi ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` The Story of Rapunzel 's Hair From Into the Woods '' . Allure . Condé Nast . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Failes , Ian ( December 26 , 2014 ) . `` Into the Woods : full of effects surprises '' . FXGuide . FXGuide.com , LLC . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cerasaro , Pat ( November 28 , 2013 ) . `` Filming Wraps On INTO THE WOODS Movie ! James Corden & More Tweet From Set '' . Broadway World . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cerasaro , Pat ( July 14 , 2014 ) . `` INTO THE WOODS Movie Set For Reshoots ? '' . Broadway World . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Into the Woods ' director Rob Marshall answers all your burning questions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thilman , James ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Oscar Winning Costume Designer Colleen Atwood Vies For Yet Another Nomination '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( December 25 , 2014 ) . `` ' Into the Woods ' : How Disney Tiptoed Around Johnny Depp 's Creepy , Sexualized Song '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Records Set To Release Into The Woods Original Motion Picture Soundtrack and Into The Woods Deluxe Edition On December 16th '' ( Press release ) . Burbank , California : PRNewswire . November 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zack ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's Into the Woods Features Major Plot Changes , Stephen Sondheim Reveals -- Spoilers Ahead ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael . `` Title of Meryl Streep 's Cut Song from Into the Woods Revealed '' Playbill.com , November 4 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Robbins , Caryn ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` VIDEO : Meryl Streep Performs INTO THE WOODS Deleted Song ' She 'll Be Back ' ! '' . Broadway World . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cerasero , Pat ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Complete Disney INTO THE WOODS Presentation At D23 ! '' . Broadway World . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' Into the Woods ' teaser trailer : No one sings , but everyone wishes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the First Trailer for Disney 's Into the Woods ! '' . comingsoon.net . July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Extended INTO THE WOODS Featurette Provides Plenty of New Footage from the Upcoming Musical '' . Collider . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` New ' Into the Woods ' trailer : Now with more singing '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Meryl Streep , Anna Kendrick Share the Many ' Into the Woods ' Morals for Adult Moviegoers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Murray , Noel ( March 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Into the Woods ' leaps from musical theater to movie theaters '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Leads Pack of New Home Video Releases '' . Variety . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 25 , 2014 ) . `` Christmas Box Office : ' Into The Woods ' , ' Unbroken ' Looking Bright '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( December 25 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' Into the Woods ' Starts Strong with $1.1 Million at Latenight Shows '' . Variety . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro and Brian Brooks ( December 26 , 2014 ) . `` ' Unbroken ' Leads But ' Into The Woods ' Back In Race -- Christmas B.O. Update '' . Deadlone.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( December 26 , 2014 ) . `` Christmas Box Office : ' Unbroken , ' ' Into The Woods ' Score Above , ' Selma , ' ' American Sniper ' Score Below '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( December 27 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Box Office : Jolie 's ' Unbroken ' Tops ' Into The Woods , ' ' The Interview ' Drops Hard '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pat Cerasaro ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` Official Numbers Now In ! INTO THE WOODS # 2 At Box Office & Biggest Broadway Movie Musical Opening Ever '' . Broadway World . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Gioia , Vichet Chum ( December 30 , 2014 ) . `` '' Into the Woods '' Slides Into Second Place in Domestic Box - Office Totals , Beating `` Unbroken '' `` . Playbill . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . As previously reported , the Rob Marshall - directed film has become the biggest launch of a Broadway adaptation since `` Mamma Mia ! '' ( $27.8 million ) . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Blair , Gavin ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Into the Woods ' Has Best Opening for Live - Action Musical Since Millennium '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pete Hammond . `` ' Into The Woods ' Comes Out For Awards Season -- What Are Its Chances ? - Deadline '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Into the Woods '' . December 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Into the Woods Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( December 28 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report ( cont . ) : Huge Limited Debuts for ' American Sniper , ' ' Selma ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rooney , David . `` ' Into the Woods ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` The Quest for Storybook Endings in a Scary but Magical World '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` Review : Disney 's ' Into The Woods ' Hits A Sour Note '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( December 27 , 2014 ) . `` REVIEW : Into the Woods : A Disney Musical for Adults of All Ages '' . Time . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gregory Ellwood ( November 23 , 2014 ) . `` Can Meryl Streep Actually Win A Fourth Oscar For Into The Woods ? '' . Hitfix.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lawson , Richard ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Into the Woods Is a Fairy - Tale Musical Without Much Magic '' . Vanity Fair . Conde Nast . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : D'Souza , Karen ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Into the Woods ' impressive , but a bit too tame '' . San Jose Mercury News . Bay Area News Group . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stevens , Dana ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Into the Woods '' . Slate . The Slate Group . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Katz , Paul ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` Into the Woods ( Review ) '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( December 26 , 2014 ) . `` How Disney wrecked `` Into The Woods '' `` . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Oscars 2015 : Full list of nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hawker , Philippa ; Boyle , Finlay ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` AACTA international nominations 2015 : The Babadook a surprise inclusion '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Birdman ' , ' Foxcatcher ' Among Art Directors Guild Nominees '' . Deadline.com . January 5 , 2015 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Cinema Editors announce nominees '' . Awards Daily . January 3 , 2015 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI List of Top Ten Films Expands to Include 11 Movies '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` BAFTA Nominations : ' Grand Budapest Hotel ' Leads With 11 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Birdman ' , ' Budapest ' And ' Boyhood ' Get Key Oscar Boost To Lead Critics Choice Movie Award Nominations ; Jolie Rebounds From Globe Snub '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Casting Society Unveils Artios Film Nominees '' . Deadline.com . January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Costume Designers Guild Awards : ' Birdman ' , ' Boyhood ' , ' Grand Budapest Hotel ' Among Nominees '' . Deadline.com . January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ THE JAMESON EMPIRE AWARDS 2015 Jump up ^ Gray , Tim ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Golden Globes : ' Birdman , ' ' Fargo ' Top Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Meryl Streep gets her first Kids ' Choice Awards nomination : See the full list '' ew.com , accessed March 18 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` ' Birdman , ' ' Apes ' Top 2015 Golden Reel Nominations '' . Deadline.com . January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2015 MTV Movie Awards Nominees '' , MTV . Retrieved on 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Movie Awards : Winners list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Birdman ' Leads Satellite Awards Nominations '' . The Wrap . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards 2014 '' . Satellite Awards . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards : List of 2015 nominations '' . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees Announced for the 21st Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards ® '' . SAG - AFTRA . December 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Adams , Ryan ( December 6 , 2014 ) . `` Washington DC Film Critics announce 2014 Award Nominees '' . The Awards Circuit . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Into the Woods ( 2014 film ) . Official website Into the Woods on IMDb Into the Woods at Box Office Mojo Into the Woods at Rotten Tomatoes Into the Woods at Metacritic Films directed by Rob Marshall Annie ( 1999 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Nine ( 2009 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) Into the Woods ( 2014 ) Mary Poppins Returns ( 2018 ) `` Rapunzel '' by the Brothers Grimm Literature Grimms ' Fairy Tales ( 1812 ) Rapunzel ( 1998 ) Related myths and tales Danaë Rudaba Petrosinella Adaptations Film Barbie as Rapunzel ( 2002 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Tangled Ever After ( 2012 ) Tangled : Before Ever After ( 2017 ) Literary adaptations Rapunzel ( 1998 ) Cress ( 2014 ) Television The Mind Robber ( 1968 ) `` The Tower '' ( 2014 ) Tangled : The Series ( 2017 ) Video games Tangled : The Video Game Kingdom Hearts III See also Märchenbilder Golem in the Gears Rapunzel ( Disney ) Rapunzel syndrome Into the Woods ( stage ) Into the Woods ( film ) Cinderella by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm Characters Buttons Cinderella Ugly sisters Fairy godmother Wicked stepmother Prince Charming Films Cinderella ( 1899 ) Cinderella or the Glass Slipper ( 1912 ) Cinderella ( 1914 ) A Lowland Cinderella ( 1921 ) Ella Cinders ( 1926 ) The Cookie Carnival ( 1935 ) The Magic Shoes ( 1935 ) First Love ( 1939 ) Cinderella ( 1947 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) The Glass Slipper ( 1955 ) Cinderfella ( 1960 ) Stop ! Look ! and Laugh ( 1960 ) More Than a Miracle ( 1967 ) Tři oříšky pro Popelku ( 1973 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) Cinderella ( 1979 ) Cinderella ' 80 ( 1984 ) Maid to Order ( 1987 ) If the Shoe Fits ( 1990 ) Cinderella ( 1994 ) Ever After ( 1998 ) A Cinderella Story ( 2004 ) Ella Enchanted ( 2004 ) Cinderella ( 2006 ) Elle : A Modern Cinderella Tale ( 2010 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) Animation Cinderella Blues ( 1931 ) Poor Cinderella ( 1934 ) Cinderella Meets Fella ( 1938 ) Swing Shift Cinderella ( 1945 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Señorella and the Glass Huarache ( 1964 ) Cinderella ( 1979 ) The Tender Tale of Cinderella Penguin ( 1981 ) The Magic Riddle ( 1991 ) Happily N'Ever After ( 2007 ) Year of the Fish ( 2008 ) Charming ( 2017 ) Sequels Princess Cinderella ( 1941 ) Cinderella II : Dreams Come True ( 2002 ) Cinderella III : A Twist in Time ( 2007 ) Another Cinderella Story ( 2008 ) A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song ( 2011 ) A Cinderella Story : If the Shoe Fits ( 2016 ) Television Hey , Cinderella ! ( 1968 ) Cindy ( 1978 ) Cinderella Monogatari ( 1996 ) Cinderella ( 1997 ) CinderElmo ( 1999 ) Cinderella ( 2000 ) La Cenicienta ( 2003 ) Bawang Merah Bawang Putih ( 2004 ) Floricienta ( 2004 ) Floribella ( 2005 Brazil ) Floribella ( 2006 Portugal ) Grazilda ( 2010 ) Rags ( 2012 ) Aik Nayee Cinderella ( 2012 ) Literary adaptations Celestina ( 1791 ) Cinderella , or the Little Glass Slipper ( 1954 ) Nine Coaches Waiting ( 1958 ) Carrie ( 1974 ) The Coachman Rat ( 1989 ) Witches Abroad ( 1991 ) Ella Enchanted ( 1997 ) I Was a Rat ! or The Scarlet Slippers ( 1999 ) Just Ella ( 1999 ) Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister ( 1999 ) Chinese Cinderella ( 1999 ) The Fairy Godmother ( 2004 ) Phoenix and Ashes ( 2004 ) Bella at Midnight ( 2006 ) Ash ( 2009 ) Princess of Glass ( 2010 ) Cinder ( 2012 ) Opera Cendrillon ( 1810 Isouard ) La Cenerentola ( 1817 Rossini ) Cendrillon ( 1899 Massenet ) Cendrillon ( 1904 Viardot ) La Cenicienta ( 1966 Hen ) Ballet Cinderella ( 1893 Fitinhof - Schell ) Aschenbrödel ( 1900 Strauss - Bayer ) Cinderella ( 1945 Prokofiev ) Cinderella ( 1948 Ashton ) Musicals Cinderella and the Prince , or The Castle of Heart 's Desire ( 1904 ) Stubborn Cinderella ( 1909 ) Mr. Cinders ( 1929 ) Cinderella ( 1957 ) Cindy ( 1964 ) The Penny Friend ( 1966 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Soho Cinders ( 2008 ) Cinderella ( 2013 ) Plays A Kiss for Cinderella ( 1916 ) Comics Cinderella : From Fabletown with Love Cinderalla Songs `` Spread a Little Happiness '' ( 1929 ) `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' ( 1949 ) `` A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes '' ( 1950 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 1987 ) `` Hey Cinderella '' ( 1993 ) `` It 's Midnight Cinderella '' ( 1996 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2001 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2002 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2003 ) `` Stealing Cinderella '' ( 2007 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2007 ) `` C \ C ( Cinderella \ Complex ) '' ( 2008 ) Albums A Cinderella Story ( 2004 soundtrack ) Disney 's Princess Favorites ( 2002 ) Sociology Cinderella complex Cinderella effect The Cinderella Movement Commercials A Coach for Cinderella A Ride for Cinderella Adult Cinder Ellen up too Late Cinderella ( 1977 ) Naughty Cinderella National variation Bawang Merah Bawang Putih ( Malay and Indonesian ) Beauty and Pock Face ( Chinese ) Chūjō - hime ( Japanese ) Fair , Brown and Trembling ( Irish ) Finette Cendron ( French ) The Green Knight ( Danish ) Katie Woodencloak ( Norwegian ) Kongji and Patzzi ( Korean ) Ochikubo Monogatari ( Japanese ) `` Rhodopis '' ( Greek ) Rushen Coatie ( Scottish ) The Sharp Grey Sheep ( Scottish ) The Story of Tam and Cam ( Vietnamese ) Sumiyoshi Monogatari ( Japanese ) The True Bride ( German ) The Wonderful Birch ( Russian ) Ye Xian ( Chinese ) Games Cinders Related Catskin Into the Woods Into the Woods ( 2014 film ) A Kiss for Cinderella ( 1925 film ) Politically Correct Bedtime Stories Disney 's characters Stop ! Look ! and Laugh Waltz Suite Black Cinderella Two Goes East Cinderella Monogatari Cinderella 's Sister Cinderella ( sports ) Lying to Be Perfect Cinderella 's Eyes ( 2011 ) Jack Jack and the Beanstalk Film Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1902 ) Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1952 ) Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1974 ) Jack the Giant Slayer ( 2013 ) Into the Woods ( 2014 ) Gigantic ( 2020 ) Television `` Beanstalks and Bad Eggs '' ( 1997 episode ) Jack and the Beanstalk : The Real Story ( 2001 miniseries ) Once Upon a Time : `` Tallahassee '' ( 2012 ) `` Tiny '' ( 2013 ) Cartoon Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1931 ) Giantland ( 1933 ) Jack - Wabbit and the Beanstalk ( 1943 ) Beanstalk Bunny ( 1955 ) Tweety and the Beanstalk ( 1957 ) Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure ( 2013 ) Video games Jumpin ' Kid : Jack to Mame no Ki Monogatari The Simpsons : Bart & the Beanstalk Tiny Toon Adventures : Buster and the Beanstalk Tiny Toon Adventures : The Great Beanstalk Related articles Fee - fi - fo - fum Fun and Fancy Free Into the Woods The Stinky Cheese Man and Other Fairly Stupid Tales Politically Correct Bedtime Stories Jack the Giant Killer Characters Blunderbore Cormoran Thunderdell Film Jack the Giant Killer ( 1962 ) Jack the Giant Slayer ( 2013 ) Jack the Giant Killer ( 2013 ) Novel Jack , the Giant Killer Video games Jack the Giantkiller Musicals by Stephen Sondheim Saturday Night West Side Story Gypsy A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum Anyone Can Whistle Do I Hear a Waltz ? Evening Primrose The Race to Urga Company Follies A Little Night Music The Frogs Pacific Overtures Side by Side by Sondheim Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Marry Me a Little Merrily We Roll Along Sunday in the Park with George Into the Woods Assassins Putting It Together Passion Road Show Sondheim on Sondheim Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Motion Picture Sideways Thomas Haden Church Paul Giamatti Virginia Madsen Sandra Oh 2005 Crash Chris Bridges Sandra Bullock Don Cheadle Matt Dillon Jennifer Esposito William Fichtner Brendan Fraser Terrence Howard Thandie Newton Ryan Phillippe Larenz Tate 2006 The Departed Anthony Anderson Alec Baldwin Matt Damon Leonardo DiCaprio Vera Farmiga Jack Nicholson Martin Sheen Mark Wahlberg Ray Winstone 2007 Before the Devil Knows You 're Dead Albert Finney Rosemary Harris Ethan Hawke Philip Seymour Hoffman Brían F. O'Byrne Amy Ryan Michael Shannon Marisa Tomei 2009 Nine Marion Cotillard Penélope Cruz Daniel Day - Lewis Judi Dench Fergie Kate Hudson Nicole Kidman Sophia Loren 2011 The Help Anna Camp Jessica Chastain Viola Davis Nelsan Ellis Aunjanue Ellis Bryce Dallas Howard Dana Ivey Allison Janney Leslie Jordan Brian Kerwin Chris Lowell Ahna O'Reilly David Oyelowo Sissy Spacek Octavia Spencer Mary Steenburgen Emma Stone Cicely Tyson Mike Vogel 2012 Les Miserábles Samantha Barks Sacha Baron Cohen Helena Bonham Carter Russell Crowe Anne Hathaway Hugh Jackman Eddie Redmayne Amanda Seyfried Aaron Tveit 2013 Nebraska Bruce Dern Missy Doty Will Forte Rance Howard Stacy Keach Angela McEwan Bob Odenkirk Devin Ratray Melinda Simonsen June Squibb Roger Stuckwisch Mary Louise Wilson 2014 Into the Woods Christine Baranski Tammy Blanchard Emily Blunt James Corden Lilla Crawford Frances de la Tour Johnny Depp Daniel Huttlestone Anna Kendrick Billy Magnussen MacKenzie Mauzy Chris Pine Lucy Punch Meryl Streep Tracey Ullman 2015 Spotlight Brian d'Arcy James Michael Keaton Rachel McAdams Mark Ruffalo Liev Schreiber John Slattery Stanley Tucci 2016 Hidden Figures Mahershala Ali Kevin Costner Kirsten Dunst Taraji P. Henson Aldis Hodge Janelle Monáe Jim Parsons Glen Powell Kimberly Quinn Octavia Spencer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Into_the_Woods_(film)&oldid=798321822 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s drama films 2010s fantasy films 2010s musical films American films American fantasy films American musical drama films American musical fantasy films Films directed by Rob Marshall Performance capture in film Adultery in films Dark fantasy films Films about death Films about babies Films about children Films about curses Films about families Films about orphans Films about royalty Films about shapeshifting Films about wish fulfillment Films based on musicals Films based on Grimms ' Fairy Tales Films based on Cinderella Films based on Jack and the Beanstalk Films based on Little Red Riding Hood Films based on Rapunzel Films produced by Marc E. Platt Films set in forests Films shot in London Films shot in Buckinghamshire Films shot in Kent Films shot in Surrey Shepperton Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use mdy dates from June 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 06 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the wolf in into the woods	[ "Johnny Depp as The Big Bad Wolf[15]" ]	[ "Johnny Depp" ]
7555537677262428775	Fish	Fish - wikipedia Fish Jump to : navigation , search For fish as eaten by humans , see Fish as food . For other uses , see Fish ( disambiguation ) . Fish Fossil range : Mid Cambrian -- Recent PreЄ Є Pg Giant grouper swimming among schools of other fish Head - on view of a red lionfish Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata ( unranked ) Craniata Included groups Jawless fish † Armoured fish Cartilaginous fish Ray - finned fish ( inc . Teleosts ) Lobe - finned fishes Cladistically included but traditionally excluded groups Tetrapods Fish are the gill - bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits . They form a sister group to the tunicates , together forming the olfactores . Included in this definition are the living hagfish , lampreys , and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups . Tetrapods emerged within lobe - finned fishes , so cladistically they are fish as well . However , traditionally fish are rendered paraphyletic by excluding the tetrapods ( i.e. , the amphibians , reptiles , birds and mammals which all descended from within the same ancestry ) . Because in this manner the term `` fish '' is defined negatively as a paraphyletic group , it is not considered a formal taxonomic grouping in systematic biology . The traditional term pisces ( also ichthyes ) is considered a typological , but not a phylogenetic classification . The earliest organisms that can be classified as fish were soft - bodied chordates that first appeared during the Cambrian period . Although they lacked a true spine , they possessed notochords which allowed them to be more agile than their invertebrate counterparts . Fish would continue to evolve through the Paleozoic era , diversifying into a wide variety of forms . Many fish of the Paleozoic developed external armor that protected them from predators . The first fish with jaws appeared in the Silurian period , after which many ( such as sharks ) became formidable marine predators rather than just the prey of arthropods . Most fish are ectothermic ( `` cold - blooded '' ) , allowing their body temperatures to vary as ambient temperatures change , though some of the large active swimmers like white shark and tuna can hold a higher core temperature . Fish can communicate in their underwater environments through the use of acoustic communication . Acoustic communication in fish involves the transmission of acoustic signals from one individual of a species to another . The production of sounds as a means of communication among fish is most often used in the context of feeding , aggression or courtship behaviour . The sounds emitted by fish can vary depending on the species and stimulus involved . They can produce either stridulatory sounds by moving components of the skeletal system , or can produce non-stridulatory sounds by manipulating specialized organs such as the swimbladder . Fish are abundant in most bodies of water . They can be found in nearly all aquatic environments , from high mountain streams ( e.g. , char and gudgeon ) to the abyssal and even hadal depths of the deepest oceans ( e.g. , gulpers and anglerfish ) . With 33,600 described species , fish exhibit greater species diversity than any other group of vertebrates . Fish are an important resource for humans worldwide , especially as food . Commercial and subsistence fishers hunt fish in wild fisheries ( see fishing ) or farm them in ponds or in cages in the ocean ( see aquaculture ) . They are also caught by recreational fishers , kept as pets , raised by fishkeepers , and exhibited in public aquaria . Fish have had a role in culture through the ages , serving as deities , religious symbols , and as the subjects of art , books and movies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Evolution 1.1 Taxonomy 2 Diversity 3 Anatomy and physiology 3.1 Respiration 3.1. 1 Gills 3.1. 2 Air breathing 3.2 Circulation 3.3 Digestion 3.4 Excretion 3.5 Scales 3.6 Sensory and nervous system 3.6. 1 Central nervous system 3.6. 2 Sense organs 3.6. 2.1 Vision 3.6. 2.2 Hearing 3.6. 3 Capacity for pain 3.7 Muscular system 3.7. 1 Endothermy 3.8 Reproductive system 4 Acoustic communication in fish 4.1 Stridulatory sound producing mechanisms 4.2 Non-stridulatory sound producing mechanisms 5 Diseases 5.1 Immune system 6 Conservation 6.1 Overfishing 6.2 Habitat destruction 6.3 Exotic species 7 Importance to humans 7.1 Economic importance 7.2 Recreation 7.3 Culture 8 Terminology 8.1 Fish or fishes 8.2 True fish and finfish 8.3 Shoal or school 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Evolution Main article : Evolution of fish Dunkleosteus was a gigantic , 10 - metre ( 33 ft ) long prehistoric fish of class Placodermi . Fish do not represent a monophyletic group , and therefore the `` evolution of fish '' is not studied as a single event . Early fish from the fossil record are represented by a group of small , jawless , armored fish known as ostracoderms . Jawless fish lineages are mostly extinct . An extant clade , the lampreys may approximate ancient pre-jawed fish . The first jaws are found in Placodermi fossils . The diversity of jawed vertebrates may indicate the evolutionary advantage of a jawed mouth . It is unclear if the advantage of a hinged jaw is greater biting force , improved respiration , or a combination of factors . Fish may have evolved from a creature similar to a coral - like sea squirt , whose larvae resemble primitive fish in important ways . The first ancestors of fish may have kept the larval form into adulthood ( as some sea squirts do today ) , although perhaps the reverse is the case . Taxonomy Fish are a paraphyletic group : that is , any clade containing all fish also contains the tetrapods , which are not fish . For this reason , groups such as the `` Class Pisces '' seen in older reference works are no longer used in formal classifications . Traditional classification divide fish into three extant classes , and with extinct forms sometimes classified within the tree , sometimes as their own classes : Class Agnatha ( jawless fish ) Subclass Cyclostomata ( hagfish and lampreys ) Subclass Ostracodermi ( armoured jawless fish ) † Class Chondrichthyes ( cartilaginous fish ) Subclass Elasmobranchii ( sharks and rays ) Subclass Holocephali ( chimaeras and extinct relatives ) Class Placodermi ( armoured fish ) † Class Acanthodii ( `` spiny sharks '' , sometimes classified under bony fishes ) † Leedsichthys ( left ) , of the subclass Actinopterygii , is the largest known fish , with estimates in 2005 putting its maximum size at 16 metres ( 52 ft ) Class Osteichthyes ( bony fish ) Subclass Actinopterygii ( ray finned fishes ) Subclass Sarcopterygii ( fleshy finned fishes , ancestors of tetrapods ) The above scheme is the one most commonly encountered in non-specialist and general works . Many of the above groups are paraphyletic , in that they have given rise to successive groups : Agnathans are ancestral to Chondrichthyes , who again have given rise to Acanthodiians , the ancestors of Osteichthyes . With the arrival of phylogenetic nomenclature , the fishes has been split up into a more detailed scheme , with the following major groups : Class Myxini ( hagfish ) Class Pteraspidomorphi † ( early jawless fish ) Class Thelodonti † Class Anaspida † Class Petromyzontida or Hyperoartia Petromyzontidae ( lampreys ) Class Conodonta ( conodonts ) † Class Cephalaspidomorphi † ( early jawless fish ) ( unranked ) Galeaspida † ( unranked ) Pituriaspida † ( unranked ) Osteostraci † Infraphylum Gnathostomata ( jawed vertebrates ) Class Placodermi † ( armoured fish ) Class Chondrichthyes ( cartilaginous fish ) Class Acanthodii † ( spiny sharks ) Superclass Osteichthyes ( bony fish ) Class Actinopterygii ( ray - finned fish ) Subclass Chondrostei Order Acipenseriformes ( sturgeons and paddlefishes ) Order Polypteriformes ( reedfishes and bichirs ) . Subclass Neopterygii Infraclass Holostei ( gars and bowfins ) Infraclass Teleostei ( many orders of common fish ) Class Sarcopterygii ( lobe - finned fish ) Subclass Actinistia ( coelacanths ) Subclass Dipnoi ( lungfish ) † -- indicates extinct taxon Some palaeontologists contend that because Conodonta are chordates , they are primitive fish . For a fuller treatment of this taxonomy , see the vertebrate article . The position of hagfish in the phylum Chordata is not settled . Phylogenetic research in 1998 and 1999 supported the idea that the hagfish and the lampreys form a natural group , the Cyclostomata , that is a sister group of the Gnathostomata . The various fish groups account for more than half of vertebrate species . There are almost 28,000 known extant species , of which almost 27,000 are bony fish , with 970 sharks , rays , and chimeras and about 108 hagfish and lampreys . A third of these species fall within the nine largest families ; from largest to smallest , these families are Cyprinidae , Gobiidae , Cichlidae , Characidae , Loricariidae , Balitoridae , Serranidae , Labridae , and Scorpaenidae . About 64 families are monotypic , containing only one species . The final total of extant species may grow to exceed 32,500 . Diversity Main article : Diversity of fish Agnatha ( Pacific hagfish ) Chondrichthyes ( Horn shark ) Actinopterygii ( Brown trout ) Sarcopterygii ( Coelacanth ) The term `` fish '' most precisely describes any non-tetrapod craniate ( i.e. an animal with a skull and in most cases a backbone ) that has gills throughout life and whose limbs , if any , are in the shape of fins . Unlike groupings such as birds or mammals , fish are not a single clade but a paraphyletic collection of taxa , including hagfishes , lampreys , sharks and rays , ray - finned fish , coelacanths , and lungfish . Indeed , lungfish and coelacanths are closer relatives of tetrapods ( such as mammals , birds , amphibians , etc . ) than of other fish such as ray - finned fish or sharks , so the last common ancestor of all fish is also an ancestor to tetrapods . As paraphyletic groups are no longer recognised in modern systematic biology , the use of the term `` fish '' as a biological group must be avoided . Many types of aquatic animals commonly referred to as `` fish '' are not fish in the sense given above ; examples include shellfish , cuttlefish , starfish , crayfish and jellyfish . In earlier times , even biologists did not make a distinction -- sixteenth century natural historians classified also seals , whales , amphibians , crocodiles , even hippopotamuses , as well as a host of aquatic invertebrates , as fish . However , according to the definition above , all mammals , including cetaceans like whales and dolphins , are not fish . In some contexts , especially in aquaculture , the true fish are referred to as finfish ( or fin fish ) to distinguish them from these other animals . A relative of the seahorses , the leafy seadragon 's appendages allow it to camouflage ( in the form of crypsis ) with the surrounding seaweed . A typical fish is ectothermic , has a streamlined body for rapid swimming , extracts oxygen from water using gills or uses an accessory breathing organ to breathe atmospheric oxygen , has two sets of paired fins , usually one or two ( rarely three ) dorsal fins , an anal fin , and a tail fin , has jaws , has skin that is usually covered with scales , and lays eggs . Each criterion has exceptions . Tuna , swordfish , and some species of sharks show some warm - blooded adaptations -- they can heat their bodies significantly above ambient water temperature . Streamlining and swimming performance varies from fish such as tuna , salmon , and jacks that can cover 10 -- 20 body - lengths per second to species such as eels and rays that swim no more than 0.5 body - lengths per second . Many groups of freshwater fish extract oxygen from the air as well as from the water using a variety of different structures . Lungfish have paired lungs similar to those of tetrapods , gouramis have a structure called the labyrinth organ that performs a similar function , while many catfish , such as Corydoras extract oxygen via the intestine or stomach . Body shape and the arrangement of the fins is highly variable , covering such seemingly un-fishlike forms as seahorses , pufferfish , anglerfish , and gulpers . Similarly , the surface of the skin may be naked ( as in moray eels ) , or covered with scales of a variety of different types usually defined as placoid ( typical of sharks and rays ) , cosmoid ( fossil lungfish and coelacanths ) , ganoid ( various fossil fish but also living gars and bichirs ) , cycloid , and ctenoid ( these last two are found on most bony fish ) . There are even fish that live mostly on land or lay their eggs on land near water . Mudskippers feed and interact with one another on mudflats and go underwater to hide in their burrows . A single , undescribed species of Phreatobius , has been called a true `` land fish '' as this worm - like catfish strictly lives among waterlogged leaf litter . Many species live in underground lakes , underground rivers or aquifers and are popularly known as cavefish . Fish range in size from the huge 16 - metre ( 52 ft ) whale shark to the tiny 8 - millimetre ( 0.3 in ) stout infantfish . Fish species diversity is roughly divided equally between marine ( oceanic ) and freshwater ecosystems . Coral reefs in the Indo - Pacific constitute the center of diversity for marine fishes , whereas continental freshwater fishes are most diverse in large river basins of tropical rainforests , especially the Amazon , Congo , and Mekong basins . More than 5,600 fish species inhabit Neotropical freshwaters alone , such that Neotropical fishes represent about 10 % of all vertebrate species on the Earth . Exceptionally rich sites in the Amazon basin , such as Cantão State Park , can contain more freshwater fish species than occur in all of Europe . Anatomy and Physiology Further information : Fish anatomy and Fish physiology The anatomy of Lampanyctodes hectoris ( 1 ) -- operculum ( gill cover ) , ( 2 ) -- lateral line , ( 3 ) -- dorsal fin , ( 4 ) -- fat fin , ( 5 ) -- caudal peduncle , ( 6 ) -- caudal fin , ( 7 ) -- anal fin , ( 8 ) -- photophores , ( 9 ) -- pelvic fins ( paired ) , ( 10 ) -- pectoral fins ( paired ) Respiration See also : Aquatic respiration Gills Most fish exchange gases using gills on either side of the pharynx . Gills consist of threadlike structures called filaments . Each filament contains a capillary network that provides a large surface area for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide . Fish exchange gases by pulling oxygen - rich water through their mouths and pumping it over their gills . In some fish , capillary blood flows in the opposite direction to the water , causing countercurrent exchange . The gills push the oxygen - poor water out through openings in the sides of the pharynx . Some fish , like sharks and lampreys , possess multiple gill openings . However , bony fish have a single gill opening on each side . This opening is hidden beneath a protective bony cover called an operculum . Juvenile bichirs have external gills , a very primitive feature that they share with larval amphibians . Air breathing Tuna gills inside the head . The fish head is oriented snout - downwards , with the view looking towards the mouth . Fish from multiple groups can live out of the water for extended periods . Amphibious fish such as the mudskipper can live and move about on land for up to several days , or live in stagnant or otherwise oxygen depleted water . Many such fish can breathe air via a variety of mechanisms . The skin of anguillid eels may absorb oxygen directly . The buccal cavity of the electric eel may breathe air . Catfish of the families Loricariidae , Callichthyidae , and Scoloplacidae absorb air through their digestive tracts . Lungfish , with the exception of the Australian lungfish , and bichirs have paired lungs similar to those of tetrapods and must surface to gulp fresh air through the mouth and pass spent air out through the gills . Gar and bowfin have a vascularized swim bladder that functions in the same way . Loaches , trahiras , and many catfish breathe by passing air through the gut . Mudskippers breathe by absorbing oxygen across the skin ( similar to frogs ) . A number of fish have evolved so - called accessory breathing organs that extract oxygen from the air . Labyrinth fish ( such as gouramis and bettas ) have a labyrinth organ above the gills that performs this function . A few other fish have structures resembling labyrinth organs in form and function , most notably snakeheads , pikeheads , and the Clariidae catfish family . Breathing air is primarily of use to fish that inhabit shallow , seasonally variable waters where the water 's oxygen concentration may seasonally decline . Fish dependent solely on dissolved oxygen , such as perch and cichlids , quickly suffocate , while air - breathers survive for much longer , in some cases in water that is little more than wet mud . At the most extreme , some air - breathing fish are able to survive in damp burrows for weeks without water , entering a state of aestivation ( summertime hibernation ) until water returns . Air breathing fish can be divided into obligate air breathers and facultative air breathers . Obligate air breathers , such as the African lungfish , must breathe air periodically or they suffocate . Facultative air breathers , such as the catfish Hypostomus plecostomus , only breathe air if they need to and will otherwise rely on their gills for oxygen . Most air breathing fish are facultative air breathers that avoid the energetic cost of rising to the surface and the fitness cost of exposure to surface predators . Circulation Didactic model of a fish heart . Fish have a closed - loop circulatory system . The heart pumps the blood in a single loop throughout the body . In most fish , the heart consists of four parts , including two chambers and an entrance and exit . The first part is the sinus venosus , a thin - walled sac that collects blood from the fish 's veins before allowing it to flow to the second part , the atrium , which is a large muscular chamber . The atrium serves as a one - way antechamber , sends blood to the third part , ventricle . The ventricle is another thick - walled , muscular chamber and it pumps the blood , first to the fourth part , bulbus arteriosus , a large tube , and then out of the heart . The bulbus arteriosus connects to the aorta , through which blood flows to the gills for oxygenation . Digestion Jaws allow fish to eat a wide variety of food , including plants and other organisms . Fish ingest food through the mouth and break it down in the esophagus . In the stomach , food is further digested and , in many fish , processed in finger - shaped pouches called pyloric caeca , which secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients . Organs such as the liver and pancreas add enzymes and various chemicals as the food moves through the digestive tract . The intestine completes the process of digestion and nutrient absorption . Excretion As with many aquatic animals , most fish release their nitrogenous wastes as ammonia . Some of the wastes diffuse through the gills . Blood wastes are filtered by the kidneys . Saltwater fish tend to lose water because of osmosis . Their kidneys return water to the body . The reverse happens in freshwater fish : they tend to gain water osmotically . Their kidneys produce dilute urine for excretion . Some fish have specially adapted kidneys that vary in function , allowing them to move from freshwater to saltwater . Scales Main article : Fish scale The scales of fish originate from the mesoderm ( skin ) ; they may be similar in structure to teeth . Sensory and nervous system Dorsal view of the brain of the rainbow trout Central nervous system Fish typically have quite small brains relative to body size compared with other vertebrates , typically one - fifteenth the brain mass of a similarly sized bird or mammal . However , some fish have relatively large brains , most notably mormyrids and sharks , which have brains about as massive relative to body weight as birds and marsupials . Fish brains are divided into several regions . At the front are the olfactory lobes , a pair of structures that receive and process signals from the nostrils via the two olfactory nerves . The olfactory lobes are very large in fish that hunt primarily by smell , such as hagfish , sharks , and catfish . Behind the olfactory lobes is the two - lobed telencephalon , the structural equivalent to the cerebrum in higher vertebrates . In fish the telencephalon is concerned mostly with olfaction . Together these structures form the forebrain . Connecting the forebrain to the midbrain is the diencephalon ( in the diagram , this structure is below the optic lobes and consequently not visible ) . The diencephalon performs functions associated with hormones and homeostasis . The pineal body lies just above the diencephalon . This structure detects light , maintains circadian rhythms , and controls color changes . The midbrain ( or mesencephalon ) contains the two optic lobes . These are very large in species that hunt by sight , such as rainbow trout and cichlids . The hindbrain ( or metencephalon ) is particularly involved in swimming and balance . The cerebellum is a single - lobed structure that is typically the biggest part of the brain . Hagfish and lampreys have relatively small cerebellae , while the mormyrid cerebellum is massive and apparently involved in their electrical sense . The brain stem ( or myelencephalon ) is the brain 's posterior . As well as controlling some muscles and body organs , in bony fish at least , the brain stem governs respiration and osmoregulation . Sense organs Most fish possess highly developed sense organs . Nearly all daylight fish have color vision that is at least as good as a human 's ( see vision in fishes ) . Many fish also have chemoreceptors that are responsible for extraordinary senses of taste and smell . Although they have ears , many fish may not hear very well . Most fish have sensitive receptors that form the lateral line system , which detects gentle currents and vibrations , and senses the motion of nearby fish and prey . Some fish , such as catfish and sharks , have the Ampullae of Lorenzini , organs that detect weak electric currents on the order of millivolt . Other fish , like the South American electric fishes Gymnotiformes , can produce weak electric currents , which they use in navigation and social communication . Fish orient themselves using landmarks and may use mental maps based on multiple landmarks or symbols . Fish behavior in mazes reveals that they possess spatial memory and visual discrimination . Vision Main article : Vision in fishes Vision is an important sensory system for most species of fish . Fish eyes are similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates like birds and mammals , but have a more spherical lens . Their retinas generally have both rods and cones ( for scotopic and photopic vision ) , and most species have colour vision . Some fish can see ultraviolet and some can see polarized light . Amongst jawless fish , the lamprey has well - developed eyes , while the hagfish has only primitive eyespots . Fish vision shows adaptation to their visual environment , for example deep sea fishes have eyes suited to the dark environment . Hearing See also : Sensory systems in fish § Hearing Hearing is an important sensory system for most species of fish . Fish sense sound using their lateral lines and their ears . Capacity for pain Further information : Pain in fish Experiments done by William Tavolga provide evidence that fish have pain and fear responses . For instance , in Tavolga 's experiments , toadfish grunted when electrically shocked and over time they came to grunt at the mere sight of an electrode . In 2003 , Scottish scientists at the University of Edinburgh and the Roslin Institute concluded that rainbow trout exhibit behaviors often associated with pain in other animals . Bee venom and acetic acid injected into the lips resulted in fish rocking their bodies and rubbing their lips along the sides and floors of their tanks , which the researchers concluded were attempts to relieve pain , similar to what mammals would do . Neurons fired in a pattern resembling human neuronal patterns . Professor James D. Rose of the University of Wyoming claimed the study was flawed since it did not provide proof that fish possess `` conscious awareness , particularly a kind of awareness that is meaningfully like ours '' . Rose argues that since fish brains are so different from human brains , fish are probably not conscious in the manner humans are , so that reactions similar to human reactions to pain instead have other causes . Rose had published a study a year earlier arguing that fish can not feel pain because their brains lack a neocortex . However , animal behaviorist Temple Grandin argues that fish could still have consciousness without a neocortex because `` different species can use different brain structures and systems to handle the same functions . '' Animal welfare advocates raise concerns about the possible suffering of fish caused by angling . Some countries , such as Germany have banned specific types of fishing , and the British RSPCA now formally prosecutes individuals who are cruel to fish . Muscular system Main article : Fish locomotion Swim bladder of a rudd ( Scardinius erythrophthalmus ) Most fish move by alternately contracting paired sets of muscles on either side of the backbone . These contractions form S - shaped curves that move down the body . As each curve reaches the back fin , backward force is applied to the water , and in conjunction with the fins , moves the fish forward . The fish 's fins function like an airplane 's flaps . Fins also increase the tail 's surface area , increasing speed . The streamlined body of the fish decreases the amount of friction from the water . Since body tissue is denser than water , fish must compensate for the difference or they will sink . Many bony fish have an internal organ called a swim bladder that adjusts their buoyancy through manipulation of gases . Endothermy Although most fish are exclusively ectothermic , there are exceptions . The only known bony fishes ( infraclass Teleostei ) that exhibit endothermy are in the suborder Scombroidei -- which includes the billfishes , tunas , and the butterfly kingfish , a basal species of mackerel -- and also the opah . The opah , a lampriform , was demonstrated in 2015 to utilize `` whole - body endothermy '' , generating heat with its swimming muscles to warm its body while countercurrent exchange ( as in respiration ) minimizes heat loss . It is able to actively hunt prey such as squid and swim for long distances due to the ability to warm its entire body , including its heart , which is a trait typically found in only mammals and birds ( in the form of homeothermy ) . In the cartilaginous fishes ( class Chondrichthyes ) , sharks of the families Lamnidae ( porbeagle , mackerel , salmon , and great white sharks ) and Alopiidae ( thresher sharks ) exhibit endothermy . The degree of endothermy varies from the billfishes , which warm only their eyes and brain , to the bluefin tuna and the porbeagle shark , which maintain body temperatures in excess of 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) above ambient water temperatures . Endothermy , though metabolically costly , is thought to provide advantages such as increased muscle strength , higher rates of central nervous system processing , and higher rates of digestion . Reproductive system Further information : Fish reproduction and Spawn ( biology ) Organs : 1 . Liver , 2 . Gas bladder , 3 . Roe , 4 . Pyloric caeca , 5 . Stomach , 6 . Intestine Fish reproductive organs include testicles and ovaries . In most species , gonads are paired organs of similar size , which can be partially or totally fused . There may also be a range of secondary organs that increase reproductive fitness . In terms of spermatogonia distribution , the structure of teleosts testes has two types : in the most common , spermatogonia occur all along the seminiferous tubules , while in atherinomorph fish they are confined to the distal portion of these structures . Fish can present cystic or semi-cystic spermatogenesis in relation to the release phase of germ cells in cysts to the seminiferous tubules lumen . Fish ovaries may be of three types : gymnovarian , secondary gymnovarian or cystovarian . In the first type , the oocytes are released directly into the coelomic cavity and then enter the ostium , then through the oviduct and are eliminated . Secondary gymnovarian ovaries shed ova into the coelom from which they go directly into the oviduct . In the third type , the oocytes are conveyed to the exterior through the oviduct . Gymnovaries are the primitive condition found in lungfish , sturgeon , and bowfin . Cystovaries characterize most teleosts , where the ovary lumen has continuity with the oviduct . Secondary gymnovaries are found in salmonids and a few other teleosts . Oogonia development in teleosts fish varies according to the group , and the determination of oogenesis dynamics allows the understanding of maturation and fertilization processes . Changes in the nucleus , ooplasm , and the surrounding layers characterize the oocyte maturation process . Postovulatory follicles are structures formed after oocyte release ; they do not have endocrine function , present a wide irregular lumen , and are rapidly reabsorbed in a process involving the apoptosis of follicular cells . A degenerative process called follicular atresia reabsorbs vitellogenic oocytes not spawned . This process can also occur , but less frequently , in oocytes in other development stages . Some fish , like the California sheephead , are hermaphrodites , having both testes and ovaries either at different phases in their life cycle or , as in hamlets , have them simultaneously . Over 97 % of all known fish are oviparous , that is , the eggs develop outside the mother 's body . Examples of oviparous fish include salmon , goldfish , cichlids , tuna , and eels . In the majority of these species , fertilisation takes place outside the mother 's body , with the male and female fish shedding their gametes into the surrounding water . However , a few oviparous fish practice internal fertilization , with the male using some sort of intromittent organ to deliver sperm into the genital opening of the female , most notably the oviparous sharks , such as the horn shark , and oviparous rays , such as skates . In these cases , the male is equipped with a pair of modified pelvic fins known as claspers . Marine fish can produce high numbers of eggs which are often released into the open water column . The eggs have an average diameter of 1 millimetre ( 0.039 in ) . Egg of lamprey Egg of catshark ( mermaids ' purse ) Egg of bullhead shark Egg of chimaera Ovary of fish ( Corumbatá ) . The newly hatched young of oviparous fish are called larvae . They are usually poorly formed , carry a large yolk sac ( for nourishment ) , and are very different in appearance from juvenile and adult specimens . The larval period in oviparous fish is relatively short ( usually only several weeks ) , and larvae rapidly grow and change appearance and structure ( a process termed metamorphosis ) to become juveniles . During this transition larvae must switch from their yolk sac to feeding on zooplankton prey , a process which depends on typically inadequate zooplankton density , starving many larvae . In ovoviviparous fish the eggs develop inside the mother 's body after internal fertilization but receive little or no nourishment directly from the mother , depending instead on the yolk . Each embryo develops in its own egg . Familiar examples of ovoviviparous fish include guppies , angel sharks , and coelacanths . Some species of fish are viviparous . In such species the mother retains the eggs and nourishes the embryos . Typically , viviparous fish have a structure analogous to the placenta seen in mammals connecting the mother 's blood supply with that of the embryo . Examples of viviparous fish include the surf - perches , splitfins , and lemon shark . Some viviparous fish exhibit oophagy , in which the developing embryos eat other eggs produced by the mother . This has been observed primarily among sharks , such as the shortfin mako and porbeagle , but is known for a few bony fish as well , such as the halfbeak Nomorhamphus ebrardtii . Intrauterine cannibalism is an even more unusual mode of vivipary , in which the largest embryos eat weaker and smaller siblings . This behavior is also most commonly found among sharks , such as the grey nurse shark , but has also been reported for Nomorhamphus ebrardtii . Aquarists commonly refer to ovoviviparous and viviparous fish as livebearers . Acoustic communication in fish Acoustic communication in fish involves the transmission of acoustic signals from one individual of a species to another . The production of sounds as a means of communication among fish is most often used in the context of feeding , aggression or courtship behaviour . The sounds emitted can vary depending on the species and stimulus involved . Fish can produce either stridulatory sounds by moving components of the skeletal system , or can produce non-stridulatory sounds by manipulating specialized organs such as the swimbladder . Stridulatory sound producing mechanisms French grunts - Haemulon flavolineatum There are some species of fish that can produce sounds by rubbing or grinding their bones together . These noises produced by bone - on - bone interactions are known as ' stridulatory sounds ' . An example of this is seen in Haemulon flavolineatum , a species commonly referred to as the ' French grunt fish ' , as it produces a grunting noise by grinding its teeth together . This behaviour is most pronounced when the H. flavolineatum is in distress situations . The grunts produced by this species of fishes generate a frequency of approximately 700 Hz , and last approximately 47 milliseconds . The H. flavolineatum does not emit sounds with frequencies greater than 1000 Hz , and does not detect sounds that have frequencies greater than 1050 Hz . In a study conducted by Oliveira et al. ( 2014 ) , the longsnout seahorse , Hippocampus reidi , was recorded producing two different categories of sounds ; ' clicks ' and ' growls ' . The sounds emitted by the H. reidi are accomplished by rubbing their coronet bone across the grooved section of their neurocranium . ' Clicking ' sounds were found to be primarily produced during courtship and feeding , and the frequencies of clicks were within the range of 50 Hz - 800 Hz . The frequencies were noted to be on the higher end of the range during spawning periods , when the female and male fishes were less than fifteen centimeters apart . Growl sounds were produced when the H. reidi encountered stressful situations , such as handling by researchers . The ' growl ' sounds consist of a series of sound pulses and are emitted simultaneously with body vibrations . Non-stridulatory sound producing mechanisms Oyster Toadfish Some fish species can create noise by engaging specialized muscles that contract and cause swimbladder vibrations . The fish species Opsanus tao , commonly known as ' oyster toadfish ' , produce loud ' grunting ' sounds by contracting muscles located along the sides of their swim bladder , known as sonic muscles Female and male toadfishes emit short - duration grunts , often as a fright response . In addition to short - duration grunts , male toadfishes produce `` boat whistle calls '' . These calls are longer in duration , lower in frequency , and are primarily used to attract mates . The sounds emitted by the O. tao have frequency range of 140 Hz to 260 Hz . The frequencies of the calls depend on the rate at which the sonic muscles contract . The red drum , Sciaenops ocellatus , produces drumming sounds by vibrating its swimbladder . Vibrations are caused by the rapid contraction of sonic muscles that surround the dorsal aspect of the swimbladder . These vibrations result in repeated sounds with frequencies that range from 100 to > 200 Hz . The S. Ocellatus can produce different calls depending on the stimuli involved . The sounds created in courtship situations are different from those made during distressing events such as predatorial attacks . Unlike the males of the S. Ocellatus species , the females of this species do n't produce sounds and lack sound - producing ( sonic ) muscles . Diseases Main article : Fish diseases and parasites Like other animals , fish suffer from diseases and parasites . To prevent disease they have a variety of defenses . Non-specific defenses include the skin and scales , as well as the mucus layer secreted by the epidermis that traps and inhibits the growth of microorganisms . If pathogens breach these defenses , fish can develop an inflammatory response that increases blood flow to the infected region and delivers white blood cells that attempt to destroy pathogens . Specific defenses respond to particular pathogens recognised by the fish 's body , i.e. , an immune response . In recent years , vaccines have become widely used in aquaculture and also with ornamental fish , for example furunculosis vaccines in farmed salmon and koi herpes virus in koi . Some species use cleaner fish to remove external parasites . The best known of these are the Bluestreak cleaner wrasses of the genus Labroides found on coral reefs in the Indian and Pacific oceans . These small fish maintain so - called `` cleaning stations '' where other fish congregate and perform specific movements to attract the attention of the cleaners . Cleaning behaviors have been observed in a number of fish groups , including an interesting case between two cichlids of the same genus , Etroplus maculatus , the cleaner , and the much larger Etroplus suratensis . Immune system Immune organs vary by type of fish . In the jawless fish ( lampreys and hagfish ) , true lymphoid organs are absent . These fish rely on regions of lymphoid tissue within other organs to produce immune cells . For example , erythrocytes , macrophages and plasma cells are produced in the anterior kidney ( or pronephros ) and some areas of the gut ( where granulocytes mature . ) They resemble primitive bone marrow in hagfish . Cartilaginous fish ( sharks and rays ) have a more advanced immune system . They have three specialized organs that are unique to Chondrichthyes ; the epigonal organs ( lymphoid tissue similar to mammalian bone ) that surround the gonads , the Leydig 's organ within the walls of their esophagus , and a spiral valve in their intestine . These organs house typical immune cells ( granulocytes , lymphocytes and plasma cells ) . They also possess an identifiable thymus and a well - developed spleen ( their most important immune organ ) where various lymphocytes , plasma cells and macrophages develop and are stored . Chondrostean fish ( sturgeons , paddlefish , and bichirs ) possess a major site for the production of granulocytes within a mass that is associated with the meninges ( membranes surrounding the central nervous system . ) Their heart is frequently covered with tissue that contains lymphocytes , reticular cells and a small number of macrophages . The chondrostean kidney is an important hemopoietic organ ; where erythrocytes , granulocytes , lymphocytes and macrophages develop . Like chondrostean fish , the major immune tissues of bony fish ( or teleostei ) include the kidney ( especially the anterior kidney ) , which houses many different immune cells . In addition , teleost fish possess a thymus , spleen and scattered immune areas within mucosal tissues ( e.g. in the skin , gills , gut and gonads ) . Much like the mammalian immune system , teleost erythrocytes , neutrophils and granulocytes are believed to reside in the spleen whereas lymphocytes are the major cell type found in the thymus . In 2006 , a lymphatic system similar to that in mammals was described in one species of teleost fish , the zebrafish . Although not confirmed as yet , this system presumably will be where naive ( unstimulated ) T cells accumulate while waiting to encounter an antigen . B and T lymphocytes bearing immunoglobulins and T cell receptors , respectively , are found in all jawed fishes . Indeed , the adaptive immune system as a whole evolved in an ancestor of all jawed vertebrate . Conservation The 2006 IUCN Red List names 1,173 fish species that are threatened with extinction . Included are species such as Atlantic cod , Devil 's Hole pupfish , coelacanths , and great white sharks . Because fish live underwater they are more difficult to study than terrestrial animals and plants , and information about fish populations is often lacking . However , freshwater fish seem particularly threatened because they often live in relatively small water bodies . For example , the Devil 's Hole pupfish occupies only a single 3 by 6 metres ( 10 by 20 ft ) pool . Overfishing Whale sharks , the largest species of fish , are classified as vulnerable . Main article : Overfishing Overfishing is a major threat to edible fish such as cod and tuna . Overfishing eventually causes population ( known as stock ) collapse because the survivors can not produce enough young to replace those removed . Such commercial extinction does not mean that the species is extinct , merely that it can no longer sustain a fishery . One well - studied example of fishery collapse is the Pacific sardine Sadinops sagax caerulues fishery off the California coast . From a 1937 peak of 790,000 long tons ( 800,000 t ) the catch steadily declined to only 24,000 long tons ( 24,000 t ) in 1968 , after which the fishery was no longer economically viable . The main tension between fisheries science and the fishing industry is that the two groups have different views on the resiliency of fisheries to intensive fishing . In places such as Scotland , Newfoundland , and Alaska the fishing industry is a major employer , so governments are predisposed to support it . On the other hand , scientists and conservationists push for stringent protection , warning that many stocks could be wiped out within fifty years . Habitat destruction See also : Environmental impact of fishing A key stress on both freshwater and marine ecosystems is habitat degradation including water pollution , the building of dams , removal of water for use by humans , and the introduction of exotic species . An example of a fish that has become endangered because of habitat change is the pallid sturgeon , a North American freshwater fish that lives in rivers damaged by human activity . Exotic species Introduction of non-native species has occurred in many habitats . One of the best studied examples is the introduction of Nile perch into Lake Victoria in the 1960s . Nile perch gradually exterminated the lake 's 500 endemic cichlid species . Some of them survive now in captive breeding programmes , but others are probably extinct . Carp , snakeheads , tilapia , European perch , brown trout , rainbow trout , and sea lampreys are other examples of fish that have caused problems by being introduced into alien environments . Importance to humans Economic importance Main articles : Fishing industry , Aquaculture , and Fish farming These fish - farming ponds were created as a cooperative project in a rural village . Throughout history , humans have utilized fish as a food source . Historically and today , most fish protein has come by means of catching wild fish . However , aquaculture , or fish farming , which has been practiced since about 3,500 BCE. in China , is becoming increasingly important in many nations . Overall , about one - sixth of the world 's protein is estimated to be provided by fish . That proportion is considerably elevated in some developing nations and regions heavily dependent on the sea . In a similar manner , fish have been tied to trade . Catching fish for the purpose of food or sport is known as fishing , while the organized effort by humans to catch fish is called a fishery . Fisheries are a huge global business and provide income for millions of people . The annual yield from all fisheries worldwide is about 154 million tons , with popular species including herring , cod , anchovy , tuna , flounder , and salmon . However , the term fishery is broadly applied , and includes more organisms than just fish , such as mollusks and crustaceans , which are often called `` fish '' when used as food . Recreation Main articles : Fishkeeping , Recreational fishing , and Angling Fish have been recognized as a source of beauty for almost as long as used for food , appearing in cave art , being raised as ornamental fish in ponds , and displayed in aquariums in homes , offices , or public settings . Recreational fishing is fishing for pleasure or competition ; it can be contrasted with commercial fishing , which is fishing for profit . The most common form of recreational fishing is done with a rod , reel , line , hooks and any one of a wide range of baits . Angling is a method of fishing , specifically the practice of catching fish by means of an `` angle '' ( hook ) . Anglers must select the right hook , cast accurately , and retrieve at the right speed while considering water and weather conditions , species , fish response , time of the day , and other factors . Culture Main article : Fish in culture Avatar of Vishnu as a Matsya Fish feature prominently in art and literature , in movies such as Finding Nemo and books such as The Old Man and the Sea . Large fish , particularly sharks , have frequently been the subject of horror movies and thrillers , most notably the novel Jaws , which spawned a series of films of the same name that in turn inspired similar films or parodies such as Shark Tale and Snakehead Terror . Piranhas are shown in a similar light to sharks in films such as Piranha ; however , contrary to popular belief , the red - bellied piranha is actually a generally timid scavenger species that is unlikely to harm humans . In the Book of Jonah a `` great fish '' swallowed Jonah the Prophet . Legends of half - human , half - fish mermaids have featured in folklore , including the stories of Hans Christian Andersen . The ichthus is a Christian symbol of a fish signifying that the person who uses it is a Christian . Fish themes have symbolic significance in many religions . The fish is used often as a symbol by Christians to represent Jesus , or Christianity in general ; the gospels also refer to `` fishers of men '' and feeding the multitude . In the dhamma of Buddhism the fish symbolize happiness as they have complete freedom of movement in the water . Often drawn in the form of carp which are regarded in the Orient as sacred on account of their elegant beauty , size and life - span . In ancient Mesopotamia , fish offerings were made to the gods from the very earliest times . Fish were also a major symbol of Enki , the god of water . Fish frequently appear as filling motifs in cylinder seals from the Old Babylonian and Neo-Assyrian periods . Starting during the Kassite Period and lasting until the early Persian Period , healers and exorcists dressed in ritual garb resembling the bodies of fish . During the Seleucid Period , the legendary Babylonian culture hero Oannes , described by Berossus , was said to have dressed in the skin of a fish . Among the deities said to take the form of a fish are Ika - Roa of the Polynesians , Dagon of various ancient Semitic peoples , the shark - gods of Hawai ʻi and Matsya of the Hindus . The astrological symbol Pisces is based on a constellation of the same name , but there is also a second fish constellation in the night sky , Piscis Austrinus . Terminology Fish or fishes Though often used interchangeably , in biology these words have different meanings . Fish is used as a singular noun , or as a plural to describe multiple individuals from a single species . Fishes is used to describe different species or species groups . Thus a pond that contained a single species might be said to contain 120 fish . But if the pond contained a total of 120 fish from three different species , it would be said to contain three fishes . The distinction is similar to that between people and peoples . True fish and finfish In biology , the term fish is most strictly used to describe any animal with a backbone that has gills throughout life and has limbs , if any , in the shape of fins . Many types of aquatic animals with common names ending in `` fish '' are not fish in this sense ; examples include shellfish , cuttlefish , starfish , crayfish and jellyfish . In earlier times , even biologists did not make a distinction -- sixteenth century natural historians classified also seals , whales , amphibians , crocodiles , even hippopotamuses , as well as a host of aquatic invertebrates , as fish . In fisheries , the term fish is used as a collective term , and includes mollusks , crustaceans and any aquatic animal which is harvested . The strict biological definition of a fish , above , is sometimes called a true fish . True fish are also referred to as finfish or fin fish to distinguish them from other aquatic life harvested in fisheries or aquaculture . Shoal or school Main article : Shoaling and schooling These goldband fusiliers are schooling because their swimming is synchronised A random assemblage of fish merely using some localised resource such as food or nesting sites is known simply as an aggregation . When fish come together in an interactive , social grouping , then they may be forming either a shoal or a school depending on the degree of organisation . A shoal is a loosely organised group where each fish swims and forages independently but is attracted to other members of the group and adjusts its behaviour , such as swimming speed , so that it remains close to the other members of the group . Schools of fish are much more tightly organised , synchronising their swimming so that all fish move at the same speed and in the same direction . Shoaling and schooling behaviour is believed to provide a variety of advantages . Examples : Cichlids congregating at lekking sites form an aggregation . Many minnows and characins form shoals . Anchovies , herrings and silversides are classic examples of schooling fish . While the words `` school '' and `` shoal '' have different meanings within biology , the distinctions are often ignored by non-specialists who treat the words as synonyms . Thus speakers of British English commonly use `` shoal '' to describe any grouping of fish , and speakers of American English commonly use `` school '' just as loosely . See also Fish portal Main article : Outline of fish For a topical guide to sharks , see Outline of sharks Angling ( sport fishing ) Aquaculture Aquarium Catch and release Deep sea fish Fish acute toxicity syndrome Fish anatomy Fish as food Fish development Fishing ( fishing for food ) Fish intelligence Fishkeeping Forage fish Ichthyology List of fish common names List of fish families Marine biology Marine vertebrates Mercury in fish Otolith ( Bone used for determining the age of a fish ) Pregnancy ( fish ) Seafood Walking fish Notes Jump up ^ Goldman , K.J. ( 1997 ) . `` Regulation of body temperature in the white shark , Carcharodon carcharias '' . Journal of Comparative Physiology . B Biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology. 167 ( 6 ) : 423 -- 429 . doi : 10.1007 / s003600050092 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2012 . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Carey , F.G. ; Lawson , K.D. ( February 1973 ) . `` Temperature regulation in free - swimming bluefin tuna '' . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 44 ( 2 ) : 375 -- 392 . doi : 10.1016 / 0300 - 9629 ( 73 ) 90490 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Weinmann , S.R. ; Black , A.N. ; Richter , M.L. ; Itzkowitz , M ; Burger , R. M ( February 2017 ) . `` Territorial vocalization in sympatric damselfish : acoustic characteristics and intruder discrimination '' . Bioacoustics. 27 ( 1 ) : 87 -- 102 . doi : 10.1080 / 09524622.2017. 1286263 . ^ Jump up to : Bertucci , F. ; Ruppé , L. ; Wassenbergh , S.V. ; Compère , P. ; Parmentier , E. ( 29 October 2014 ) . `` New Insights into the Role of the Pharyngeal Jaw Apparatus in the Sound - Producing Mechanism of Haemulon Flavolineatum ( Haemulidae ) '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 217 ( 21 ) : 3862 -- 3869 . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 109025 . Jump up ^ `` FishBase '' . FishBase . August 2017 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2017 . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monster fish crushed opposition with strongest bite ever '' . Smh.com.au. 30 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2013 . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ G. Lecointre & H. Le Guyader , 2007 , The Tree of Life : A Phylogenetic Classification , Harvard University Press Reference Library Jump up ^ Romer , A.S . & T.S. Parsons. 1977 . The Vertebrate Body . 5th ed . Saunders , Philadelphia . ( 6th ed. 1985 ) Jump up ^ Benton , M.J. ( 1998 ) The quality of the fossil record of vertebrates . Pp. 269 -- 303 , in Donovan , S.K. and Paul , C.R.C. ( eds ) , The adequacy of the fossil record , Fig. 2 . Wiley , New York , 312 pp . Jump up ^ Shigehiro Kuraku , Daisuke Hoshiyama , Kazutaka Katoh , Hiroshi Suga , Takashi Miyata ( 1999 ) Monophyly of Lampreys and Hagfishes Supported by Nuclear DNA -- Coded Genes J Mol Evol ( 1999 ) 49 : 729 -- 735 Jump up ^ J. Mallatt , J. Sullivan ( 1998 ) 28S and 18S rDNA sequences support the monophyly of lampreys and hagfishes Molecular Biology and Evolution V 15 , Issue 12 , pp 1706 -- 1718 Jump up ^ Nelson 2006 , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Nelson 2006 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Nelson 2006 , p. 2 ^ Jump up to : Helfman , Collette & Facey 1997 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Tree of life web project -- Chordates Archived 24 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... ^ Jump up to : Cleveland P. Hickman , Jr. ; Larry S. Roberts ; Allan L. Larson ( 2001 ) . Integrated Principles of Zoology . McGraw - Hill Publishing Co . ISBN 0 - 07 - 290961 - 7 . Jump up ^ Helfman , Collette & Facey 1997 , p. 103 Jump up ^ Helfman , Collette & Facey 1997 , pp. 53 -- 57 Jump up ^ Helfman , Collette & Facey 1997 , pp. 33 -- 36 Jump up ^ Martin , K.L.M. ( 2014 ) . Beach - Spawning Fishes : Reproduction in an Endangered Ecosystem . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 1482207972 . Jump up ^ Froese , Rainer and Pauly , Daniel , eds. ( 2006 ) . `` Periophthalmus barbarus '' in FishBase . November 2006 version . Jump up ^ Planet Catfish . `` Cat - eLog : Heptapteridae : Phreatobius : Phreatobius sp. ( 1 ) '' . Planet Catfish . Archived from the original on 23 October 2006 . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Henderson , P.A. ; and I. Walker ( 1990 ) . `` Spatial organization and population density of the fish community of the litter banks within a central Amazonian blackwater stream '' . Journal of Fish Biology . 37 : 401 -- 411 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.1990. tb05871. x . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Aldemaro , R. , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Biology of Hypogean Fishes . Developments in environmental biology of fishes. 21 . ISBN 978 - 1402000768 . Jump up ^ Estudo das Espécies Ícticas do Parque Estadual do Cantão Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , fish species survey of Cantão ( in Portuguese ) ^ Jump up to : Armbruster , Jonathan W. ( 1998 ) . `` Modifications of the Digestive Tract for Holding Air in Loricariid and Scoloplacid Catfishes '' ( PDF ) . Copeia. 1998 ( 3 ) : 663 -- 675 . doi : 10.2307 / 1447796 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 26 March 2009 . Retrieved 25 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Setaro , John F. ( 1999 ) . Circulatory System . Microsoft Encarta 99 . ^ Jump up to : Helfman , Collette & Facey 1997 , pp. 48 -- 49 Jump up ^ Helfman , Collette & Facey 1997 , p. 191 Jump up ^ Orr , James ( 1999 ) . Fish . Microsoft Encarta 99 . ISBN 0 - 8114 - 2346 - 8 . Jump up ^ Albert , J.S. , and W.G.R. Crampton. 2005 . Electroreception and electrogenesis . pp. 431 -- 472 in The Physiology of Fishes , 3rd Edition . D.H. Evans and J.B. Claiborne ( eds . ) . CRC Press . Jump up ^ Sciences , Journal of Undergraduate Life . `` Appropriate maze methodology to study learning in fish '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 June 2009 . Retrieved 28 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Neil A. ; Reece , Jane B. ( 2005 ) . Biology ( Seventh ed . ) . San Francisco : Benjamin Cummings . Jump up ^ Dunayer , Joan , `` Fish : Sensitivity Beyond the Captor 's Grasp , '' The Animals ' Agenda , July / August 1991 , pp. 12 -- 18 Jump up ^ Kirby , Alex ( 30 April 2003 ) . `` Fish do feel pain , scientists say '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 15 February 2009 . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Grandin , Temple ; Johnson , Catherine ( 2005 ) . Animals in Translation . New York City : Scribner . pp. 183 -- 184 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4769 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Rose , J.D. 2003 . A Critique of the paper : `` Do fish have nociceptors : Evidence for the evolution of a vertebrate sensory system '' '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 June 2011 . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Rose , James D. ( 2002 ) . `` Do Fish Feel Pain ? '' . Archived from the original on 20 January 2013 . Retrieved 27 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Times & The Sunday Times '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Block , BA ; Finnerty , JR ( 1993 ) . `` Endothermy in fishes : a phylogenetic analysis of constraints , predispositions , and selection pressures '' ( PDF ) . Environmental Biology of Fishes. 40 ( 3 ) : 283 -- 302 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00002518 . Jump up ^ Wegner , Nicholas C. ; Snodgrass , Owyn E. ; Dewar , Heidi ; Hyde , John R. ( 2015 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Whole - body endothermy in a mesopelagic fish , the opah , Lampris guttatus '' . Science . 348 ( 6236 ) : 786 -- 789 . doi : 10.1126 / science. aaa8902 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 25977549 . Jump up ^ `` Warm Blood Makes Opah an Agile Predator '' . Southwest Fisheries Science Center . 2015 - 05 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Guimaraes - Cruz , Rodrigo J. , Rodrigo J. ; Santos , José E. dos ; Santos , Gilmar B. ( July -- September 2005 ) . `` Gonadal structure and gametogenesis of Loricaria lentiginosa Isbrücker ( Pisces , Teleostei , Siluriformes ) '' . Rev. Bras . Zool. 22 ( 3 ) : 556 -- 564 . doi : 10.1590 / S0101 - 81752005000300005 . ISSN 0101 - 8175 . Jump up ^ Brito , M.F.G. ; Bazzoli , N. ( 2003 ) . `` Reproduction of the surubim catfish ( Pisces , Pimelodidae ) in the São Francisco River , Pirapora Region , Minas Gerais , Brazil '' . Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia. 55 ( 5 ) : 624 -- 633 . doi : 10.1590 / S0102 - 09352003000500018 . ISSN 0102 - 0935 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Peter Scott : Livebearing Fishes , p. 13 . Tetra Press 1997 . ISBN 1 - 56465 - 193 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Meisner , A & Burns , J : Viviparity in the Halfbeak Genera Dermogenys and Nomorhamphus ( Teleostei : Hemiramphidae ) '' Journal of Morphology 234 , pp. 295 -- 317 , 1997 Jump up ^ Colson , D.J. ; Patek , S.N. ; Brainerd , E.L. ; Lewis , S.M. ( February 1998 ) . `` Sound production during feeding in Hippocampus seahorses ( Syngnathidae ) '' . Environmental Biology of Fishes. 51 ( 2 ) : 221 -- 229 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1007434714122 . ^ Jump up to : Oliveira , T.P.R. ; Ladich , F. ; Abed - Navandi , D. ; Souto , A.S. ; Rosa , I.L. ( 26 June 2014 ) . `` Sounds produced by the longsnout seahorse : a study of their structure and functions '' . Journal of Zoology. 294 ( 2 ) : 114 -- 121 . doi : 10.1111 / jzo. 12160 . ^ Jump up to : Fine , L.F. ; King , C.B. ; Cameron , T.M. ( 16 October 2009 ) . `` Acoustical properties of the swimbladder in the oyster toadfish Opsanus tau '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 212 ( 21 ) : 3542 -- 3552 . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 033423 . Jump up ^ Fine , M.L. ; Waybright , T.D. ( 15 October 2015 ) . `` Grunt variation in the oyster toadfish Opsanus tau : effect of size and sex '' . PeerJ. 3 ( 1330 ) . doi : 10.7717 / peerj. 1330 . ^ Jump up to : Ricci , S.W. ; Bohnenstiehl , D.R. ; Eggleston , D.B. ; Kellogg , M.L. ; Lyon , R.P. ( 8 August 2017 ) . `` Oyster toadfish ( Opsanus tau ) boatwhistle call detection and patterns within a large - scale oyster restoration site '' . PLOS ONE . 12 ( 8 ) . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0182757 . Jump up ^ Skoglund , C.R. ( 1 August 1961 ) . `` Functional analysis of swimbladder muscles engaged in sound productivity of the toadfish '' . Journal of Cell Biology . 10 ( 4 ) : 187 -- 200 . doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 10.4. 187 . ^ Jump up to : Parmentier , E. ; Tock , J. ; Falguière , J.C. ; Beauchaud , M. ( 22 May 2014 ) . `` Sound production in Sciaenops ocellatus : Preliminary study for the development of acoustic cues in aquaculture '' . Elsevier . 432 : 204 -- 211 . doi : 10.1016 / j. aquaculture. 2014.05. 017 . Jump up ^ Helfman , Collette & Facey 1997 , pp. 95 -- 96 Jump up ^ R.C. Cipriano ( 2001 ) , Furunculosis And Other Diseases Caused By Aeromonas salmonicida . Fish Disease Leaflet 66 . U.S. Department of the Interior . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 May 2009 . Retrieved 3 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hartman , KH ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Koi Herpes Virus ( KHV ) Disease : Fact Sheet VM - 149 '' ( PDF ) . University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 6 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Helfman , Collette & Facey 1997 , p. 380 Jump up ^ Wyman , Richard L. ; Ward , Jack A. ( 1972 ) . `` A Cleaning Symbiosis between the Cichlid Fishes Etroplus maculatus and Etroplus suratensis . I. Description and Possible Evolution '' . Copeia. 1972 ( 4 ) : 834 -- 838 . doi : 10.2307 / 1442742 . Jump up ^ A.G. Zapata , A. Chiba and A. Vara . Cells and tissues of the immune system of fish . In : The Fish Immune System : Organism , Pathogen and Environment . Fish Immunology Series . ( eds . G. Iwama and T. Nakanishi , ) , New York , Academic Press , 1996 , pp. 1 -- 55 . Jump up ^ D.P. Anderson . Fish Immunology . ( S.F. Snieszko and H.R. Axelrod , eds ) , Hong Kong : TFH Publications , Inc. Ltd. , 1977 . Jump up ^ Chilmonczyk , S. ( 1992 ) . `` The thymus in fish : development and possible function in the immune response '' . Annual Review of Fish Diseases . 2 : 181 -- 200 . doi : 10.1016 / 0959 - 8030 ( 92 ) 90063 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hansen , J.D. ; Zapata , A.G. ( 1998 ) . `` Lymphocyte development in fish and amphibians '' . Immunological Reviews . 166 : 199 -- 220 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 065x. 1998. tb01264. x . Jump up ^ Kucher ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Development of the zebrafish lymphatic system requires VegFc signalling '' . 16 . Current Biology : 1244 -- 1248 . Jump up ^ Flajnik , M.F. ; Kasahara , M. ( 2009 ) . `` Origin and evolution of the adaptive immune system : genetic events and selective pressures '' . Nature Reviews Genetics . 11 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 59 . doi : 10.1038 / nrg2703 . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 : Numbers of threatened species by major groups of organisms ( 1996 -- 2004 ) '' . iucnredlist.org . Archived from the original on 30 June 2006 . Retrieved 18 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Gadus morhua ( Atlantic Cod ) '' . Iucnredlist.org . Archived from the original on 26 September 2008 . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cyprinodon diabolis ( Devils Hole Pupfish ) '' . Iucnredlist.org . Archived from the original on 27 June 2008 . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Latimeria chalumnae ( Coelacanth , Gombessa ) '' . Iucnredlist.org . Archived from the original on 26 September 2008 . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Carcharodon carcharias ( Great White Shark ) '' . Iucnredlist.org . Archived from the original on 14 September 2008 . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Helfman , Collette & Facey 1997 , pp. 449 -- 450 Jump up ^ `` Call to halt cod ' over-fishing ' '' . BBC News . 5 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2007 . Retrieved 18 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Tuna groups tackle overfishing '' . BBC News . 26 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 21 January 2009 . Retrieved 18 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Helfman , Collette & Facey 1997 , p. 462 Jump up ^ `` UK ' must shield fishing industry ' '' . BBC News . 3 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 30 November 2006 . Retrieved 18 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` EU fish quota deal hammered out '' . BBC News . 21 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 26 December 2006 . Retrieved 18 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Ocean study predicts the collapse of all seafood fisheries by 2050 '' . Archived from the original on 15 March 2007 . Retrieved 13 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic bluefin tuna could soon be commercially extinct '' . Archived from the original on 30 April 2007 . Retrieved 18 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Helfman , Collette & Facey 1997 , p. 463 Jump up ^ `` Threatened and Endangered Species : Pallid Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus Fact Sheet '' . Archived from the original on 26 November 2005 . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Spinney , Laura ( 4 August 2005 ) . `` The little fish fight back '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 18 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Stop That Fish ! '' . The Washington Post . 3 July 2002 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2012 . Retrieved 26 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Spalding , Mark ( 11 July 2013 ) . `` Sustainable Ancient Aquaculture '' . National Geographic . Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Helfman , Gene S. ( 2007 ) . Fish Conservation : A Guide to Understanding and Restoring Global Aquatic Biodiversity and Fishery Resources . Island Press . p. 11 . ISBN 1597267600 . Jump up ^ `` World Review of Fisheries and Aquaculture '' ( PDF ) . fao.org . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 August 2015 . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Zollinger , Sue Anne ( 3 July 2009 ) . `` Piranha -- Ferocious Fighter or Scavenging Softie ? '' . A Moment of Science . Indiana Public Media . Archived from the original on 17 October 2015 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Coffman , Elesha ( 8 August 2008 ) . `` What is the origin of the Christian fish symbol ? '' . Christianity Today . Archived from the original on 29 August 2015 . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Matthew 4 : 19 ^ Jump up to : Black , Jeremy ; Green , Anthony ( 1992 ) . Gods , Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia : An Illustrated Dictionary . The British Museum Press . pp. 82 -- 83 . ISBN 0 - 7141 - 1705 - 6 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Piscis Austrinus '' . allthesky.com . The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations . Archived from the original on 25 November 2015 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Pauly , Daniel ( 13 May 2004 ) . `` Fish ( es ) '' . Darwin 's Fishes : An Encyclopedia of Ichthyology , Ecology , and Evolution . Cambridge University Press . p. 77 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 45181 - 9 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Joseph S and Paetz , Martin Joseph ( 1992 ) The Fishes of Alberta Archived 7 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine. page 400 , University of Alberta . ISBN 9780888642363 . Jump up ^ Helfman , Collette & Facey 1997 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Nelson , Joseph S. ( 2006 ) . Fishes of the World . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 25031 - 7 . Jump up ^ FAO : Fisheries glossary Archived 29 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Helfman , G. ; Collette , B. ; Facey , D. ( 1997 ) . The Diversity of Fishes . Blackwell Publishing . p. 375 . ISBN 0 - 86542 - 256 - 7 . Jump up ^ Pitcher T.J. and Parish J.K. ( 1993 ) `` Functions of shoaling behaviour in teleosts '' Archived 5 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine . In : Pitcher T.J. ( Ed ) Behaviour of teleost fishes . Chapman and Hall , New York , pp 363 -- 440 References Eschmeyer , William N. ; Fong , Jon David ( 2013 ) . `` Catalog of Fishes '' . California Academy of Sciences . Helfman , G. ; Collette , B. ; Facey , D. ( 1997 ) . The Diversity of Fishes ( 1st ed . ) . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86542 - 256 - 8 . Moyle , Peter B. ; Cech , Joseph J. ( 2003 ) . Fishes , An Introduction to Ichthyology ( 5th ed . ) . Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 100847 - 2 . Nelson , Joseph S. ( 2006 ) . Fishes of the World ( PDF ) ( 4th ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9780471756446 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 March 2013 . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Further reading Helfman , G. ; Collette , B. ; Facey , D. ; Bowen , B. ( 2009 ) . The Diversity of Fishes : Biology , Evolution , and Ecology ( 2nd ed . ) . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 2494 - 2 . Moyle , Peter B. ( 1993 ) Fish : An Enthusiast 's Guide University of California Press . ISBN 9780520916654 -- good lay text . Shubin , Neil ( 2009 ) Your inner fish : A journey into the 3.5 billion year history of the human body Vintage Books . ISBN 9780307277459 . UCTV interview External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fish , Actinopterygii , Marine aquarium fish and Freshwater aquarium fish . Look up fish in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikispecies has information related to Actinopterygii Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Fish . ANGFA -- Illustrated database of freshwater fishes of Australia and New Guinea Fischinfos.de -- Illustrated database of the freshwater fishes of Germany ( in German ) at the Wayback Machine ( archived 2011 - 11 - 30 ) FishBase online -- Comprehensive database with information on over 29,000 fish species Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center -- Data outlet for fisheries and aquaculture research center in the central US at Archive.is ( archived 15 December 2012 ) Philippines Fishes -- Database with thousands of Philippine Fishes photographed in natural habitat The Native Fish Conservancy -- Conservation and study of North American freshwater fishes United Nation -- Fisheries and Aquaculture Department : Fish and seafood utilization University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections -- Digital collection of freshwater and marine fish images Davenport , Charles B. ; Ingersoll , Ernest ( 1905 ) . `` Fish '' . New International Encyclopedia . Live webcam feed of a goldfish tank at Archive.is ( archived 16 December 2014 ) ( hide ) Fish About fish Diversity Ethnoichthyology Evolution Diseases and parasites Fisheries Fishing Fish as food Fear of fish FishBase Fish kill Hypoxia in fish Ichthyology Anatomy and physiology Fish anatomy Fish physiology Estimating age Anguilliformity Bone dermal intramembranous ossification Cleithrum Chromatophore Fins dorsal fin Gill branchial arch gill raker gill slit pharyngeal arch pharyngeal slit pseudobranch Glossohyal Jaw hyomandibula pharyngeal jaw Leydig 's organ Mauthner cell Meristics Operculum papillare Papilla Photophore Root effect Shark cartilage Scales ganoine Spiral valve Suckermouth Swim bladder physoclisti physostome Teeth pharyngeal teeth shark teeth Teleost leptins Digital Library Sensory systems Sensory systems in fish Ampullae of Lorenzini Barbel Hydrodynamic reception Electrocommunication Electroreception Jamming avoidance response Lateral line Otolith Passive electrolocation Capacity for pain Schreckstoff Surface wave detection Vision Weberian apparatus Reproduction Fish reproduction Bubble nest Clasper Egg case Fish development Ichthyoplankton Juvenile fish Life history theory Milt Mouthbrooder Polyandry in fish Pregnancy Roe Sequential hermaphroditism Spawning triggers Locomotion Fish locomotion Fin and flipper locomotion Amphibious fish Walking fish Flying fish Undulatory locomotion Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water RoboTuna Other behaviour Aquatic predation Aquatic respiration Bait ball Bottom feeders Cleaner fish Corallivory Diel vertical migration Electric fish Filter feeders Forage fish Migrating fish Paedophagy Predatory fish Salmon run Sardine run Scale eaters Schooling fish Sleep in fish Venomous fish Fish intelligence By habitat Cave Coastal Coldwater Coral reef Deep sea Demersal Euryhaline Freshwater Groundfish Pelagic Tropical Other types Bait Coarse Diversity Game Genetically modified Hallucinogenic Oily Poisonous Rough Whitefish Commercial Fish farming Carp Salmonids Tilapia Wild fisheries Predatory fish billfish mackerel salmon tuna Forage fish anchovy herring sardine sprats Demersal fish cod flatfish pollock Major groups Jawless fish hagfish lampreys Cartilaginous fish chimaeras sharks rays Bony fish spiny - finned fleshy - finned Lists Aquarium life Blind fish Fish common names Fish families Fish on stamps Glossary of ichthyology Large fish Threatened rays sharks Prehistoric fish more lists ... Portal WikiProject Evolution of fish Forerunners Cephalochordate † Pikaia † Cathaymyrus Lancelet Olfactores † Haikouella Tunicate † Myllokunmingiidae ? † Zhongxiniscus ? Jawless fish Cyclostomata Hagfish Hyperoartia † Haikouichthys Lamprey † Conodonts † Protoconodonta ? † Paraconodontida † Prioniodontida † Promissum † Ostracoderms † Pteraspidomorphi † Thelodonti † Anaspida † Cephalaspidomorphi † Galeaspida † Pituriaspida † Osteostraci Jawed fish † Placoderms † Antiarchi † Arthrodira † Brindabellaspida † Petalichthyida † Phyllolepida † Ptyctodontida † Rhenanida † Acanthothoraci † † Pseudopetalichthyida ? † Stensioellida ? † Spiny sharks † Climatiiformes † Ischnacanthiformes Cartilaginous Elasmobranchii Holocephali Bony Lobe - finned † Onychodontida Actinistia Coelacanth Dipnomorpha † Porolepiformes Lungfish Tetrapodomorpha Ray - finned Cladistii Chondrostei Neopterygii † Semionotiformes Holostei Teleostei Lists Lists of prehistoric fish spiny sharks placoderms cartilaginous bony lobe - finned List of transitional fossils Related Prehistoric life Transitional fossils Vertebrate paleontology † extinct Living things in culture Academic disciplines Anthrozoology Ethnobiology Ethnobotany Ethnoecology Ethnoentomology Ethnoherpetology Ethnoichthyology Ethnolichenology Ethnomycology Ethnoornithology Ethnoprimatology Ethnozoology Groups Animals Arthropods Insects Topics Beekeeping Entomophagy Flea circus Insects in art Insects in literature Insects in medicine Insects in music Insects in mythology Insects in religion Sericulture Types Ant Bee Mythology Beetle Beetlewing Butterfly Cicada Cricket Dragonfly Flea Flea circus Fly Grasshopper Ladybird Louse Praying mantis Scarab Termite Wasp Woodworm Other Arthropods in film Crab Lobster Scorpion Spider Arachnophobia Tarantella Tick Molluscs Cephalopods in popular culture Conch ( instrument ) Conchology Edible molluscs Octopus Pearl Scallop Seashell Sea silk Shell money Shipworm Tyrian purple Venus shell Vertebrates Amphibians Frog Salamander Toad Toadstone Birds Aviculture Birdwatching Bird conservation Birds in culture Cockfighting Falconry Game bird Pigeon racing Poultry Archaeopteryx Barnacle goose Eagle Fish Fishing History Fish farming Fishkeeping Recreational fishing Shark Attacks Jaws Mammals Topics Animal husbandry Fur farming Hunting In sport In professional wrestling Laboratory animal Livestock Pack animal Working animal Types Bat Bear Baiting Hunting Teddy bear Cattle Deer Elephant Dolphin Fox Horse Riding Worship Leopard Lion Primate Gorilla Gorilla suit Monkey Orangutan Seal hunting Sheep Whale Tay Whale Whaling Whale watching Wolf Werewolf Reptiles Crocodile Attacks Farming Crocodile tears Dinosaur Crystal Palace Dinosaurs Jurassic Park Stegosaurus Triceratops Tyrannosaurus rex Dragon Lizard Snake Caduceus In the Bible Rod of Asclepius Snakebite Snake charming Symbolism Worship Turtle Bixi World Turtle Other phyla Coral Jellyfish Starfish Other Aesop 's Fables Animal epithet Animal husbandry In heraldry Lists of legendary creatures Man - eater Zodiac Plants Agriculture History Botanical illustration Floral design Ikebana Gardening Herbalism Fictional plants Magical plants Mandrake Medicinal plants Pharmacognosy Plant epithet Sacred grove In India Sacred plants Bodhi Tree Lime tree Sacred lotus Sacred herb In mythology Barnacle tree Fig Trees Yggdrasil Fungi Medicinal fungi Amanita muscaria Edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus Psilocybin mushroom Microbes Biological warfare Fermentation In food processing List of microbes Microbial art Microbes and Man Pathogen Protein production Bacteria Economic importance Tuberculosis Protist Virus Yeast Bread Beer Wine Related Anthropomorphism Fossil Legendary creature Lists of fictional species Parasitoid Template : Insects in culture Taxon identifiers Wd : Q152 EoL : 4656086 ZooBank : E48F627B - CFB0 - 4C41 - 8B2B - 2DDA1EEF39D2 LCCN : sh85048726 GND : 4017269 - 7 BNF : cb11933179r ( data ) NDL : 00574027 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fish&oldid=832785554 '' Categories : Fish Animals in religion Aquatic ecology Fisheries Ichthyology Seafood Obsolete vertebrate taxa Animals by common name Paraphyletic groups Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from October 2017 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from December 2014 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	true fish as per the biological system of classification	[ "\n\nFish\nFossil range: Mid Cambrian–Recent\n\nPreЄ\nЄ\nO\nS\nD\nC\nP\nT\nJ\nK\nPg\nN\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGiant grouper swimming among schools of other fish\n\nHead-on view of a red lionfish\n\n\n\nScientific classification\n\n\n\n\n\nKingdom:\nAnimalia\n\n\nPhylum:\nChordata\n\n\n(unranked)\nCraniata\n\n\n\n\n\nIncluded groups\n\n\n\n\nJawless fish\n†Armoured fish\nCartilaginous fish\nRay-finned fish (inc. Teleosts)\nLobe-finned fishes\n\n\n\n\nCladistically included but traditionally excluded groups\n\n\n\nTetrapods\n\n\n", "\n\nFish\nFossil range: Mid Cambrian–Recent\n\nPreЄ\nЄ\nO\nS\nD\nC\nP\nT\nJ\nK\nPg\nN\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGiant grouper swimming among schools of other fish\n\nHead-on view of a red lionfish\n\n\n\nScientific classification\n\n\n\n\n\nKingdom:\nAnimalia\n\n\nPhylum:\nChordata\n\n\n(unranked)\nCraniata\n\n\n\n\n\nIncluded groups\n\n\n\n\nJawless fish\n†Armoured fish\nCartilaginous fish\nRay-finned fish (inc. Teleosts)\nLobe-finned fishes\n\n\n\n\nCladistically included but traditionally excluded groups\n\n\n\nTetrapods\n\n\n", "\n\nFish\nFossil range: Mid Cambrian–Recent\n\nPreЄ\nЄ\nO\nS\nD\nC\nP\nT\nJ\nK\nPg\nN\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGiant grouper swimming among schools of other fish\n\nHead-on view of a red lionfish\n\n\n\nScientific classification\n\n\n\n\n\nKingdom:\nAnimalia\n\n\nPhylum:\nChordata\n\n\n(unranked)\nCraniata\n\n\n\n\n\nIncluded groups\n\n\n\n\nJawless fish\n†Armoured fish\nCartilaginous fish\nRay-finned fish (inc. Teleosts)\nLobe-finned fishes\n\n\n\n\nCladistically included but traditionally excluded groups\n\n\n\nTetrapods\n\n\n", "\n\nFish\nFossil range: Mid Cambrian–Recent\n\nPreЄ\nЄ\nO\nS\nD\nC\nP\nT\nJ\nK\nPg\nN\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGiant grouper swimming among schools of other fish\n\nHead-on view of a red lionfish\n\n\n\nScientific classification\n\n\n\n\n\nKingdom:\nAnimalia\n\n\nPhylum:\nChordata\n\n\n(unranked)\nCraniata\n\n\n\n\n\nIncluded groups\n\n\n\n\nJawless fish\n†Armoured fish\nCartilaginous fish\nRay-finned fish (inc. Teleosts)\nLobe-finned fishes\n\n\n\n\nCladistically included but traditionally excluded groups\n\n\n\nTetrapods\n\n\n", "\n\nFish\nFossil range: Mid Cambrian–Recent\n\nPreЄ\nЄ\nO\nS\nD\nC\nP\nT\nJ\nK\nPg\nN\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGiant grouper swimming among schools of other fish\n\nHead-on view of a red lionfish\n\n\n\nScientific classification\n\n\n\n\n\nKingdom:\nAnimalia\n\n\nPhylum:\nChordata\n\n\n(unranked)\nCraniata\n\n\n\n\n\nIncluded groups\n\n\n\n\nJawless fish\n†Armoured fish\nCartilaginous fish\nRay-finned fish (inc. Teleosts)\nLobe-finned fishes\n\n\n\n\nCladistically included but traditionally excluded groups\n\n\n\nTetrapods\n\n\n" ]	[ "Jawless fish", "Armoured fish", "Cartilaginous fish", "Ray-finned fish", "Lobe-finned fishes" ]
-8770094189274888538	Mexican Cession	Mexican Cession - wikipedia Mexican Cession Jump to : navigation , search Area Mexico ceded to the United States in 1848 , minus Texan claims . The Mexican Cession consisted of present - day U.S. states of California , Nevada , Utah , most of Arizona , about half of New Mexico , about a quarter of Colorado , and a small section of Wyoming . The Mexican Cession is the region in the modern - day southwestern United States that Mexico ceded to the U.S. in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 . This region had not been part of the areas east of the Rio Grande which had been claimed by the Republic of Texas , though the Texas annexation resolution two years earlier had not specified the southern and western boundary of the new State of Texas . The Mexican Cession ( 529,000 sq. miles ) was the third largest acquisition of territory in US history . The largest was the Louisiana Purchase , with some 827,000 sq. miles , followed by the acquisition of Alaska ( about 586,000 sq. miles ) . Most of the area had been the Mexican territory of Alta California , while a southeastern strip on the Rio Grande had been part of Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico , most of whose area and population were east of the Rio Grande on land that had been claimed by the Republic of Texas since 1835 , but never controlled or even approached aside from the Texan Santa Fe Expedition . Mexico controlled the territory later known as the Mexican Cession , with considerable local autonomy punctuated by several revolts and few troops sent from central Mexico , in the period from 1821 -- 22 after independence from Spain up through 1846 when U.S. military forces seized control of California and New Mexico on the outbreak of the Mexican -- American War . The northern boundary of the 42nd parallel north was set by the Adams -- Onís Treaty signed by the United States and Spain in 1821 and ratified by Mexico in 1831 . The eastern boundary of the Mexican Cession was the Texas claim at the Rio Grande and extending north from the headwaters of the Jojo Rivera , not corresponding to Mexican territorial boundaries . The southern boundary was set by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , which followed the Mexican boundaries between Alta California ( to the north ) and Baja California and Sonora ( to the south ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 War and treaty 2 Subsequent organization and the North - South conflict 3 Gadsden Purchase 4 See also 5 References 6 External links War and Treaty ( edit ) A map of Mexico , 1835 - 1846 with separatist movements highlighted . Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico were captured soon after the start of the war and the last resistance there was subdued in January 1847 , but Mexico would not accept the loss of territory . Therefore , during 1847 , troops from the United States invaded central Mexico and occupied the Mexican capital of Mexico City , but still no Mexican government was willing to ratify transfer of the northern territories to the U.S. It was uncertain whether any treaty could be reached . There was even an All of Mexico Movement proposing complete annexation of Mexico among Eastern Democrats , but opposed by Southerners like John C. Calhoun who wanted additional territory for their crops but not the large population of central Mexico . Eventually Nicholas Trist forced the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , explicitly redefining the border between Mexico and the United States in early 1848 after President Polk had already attempted to recall him from Mexico as a failure . Although Mexico did not overtly cede any land under the treaty , the redefined border had the effect of transferring Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico to the control of the United States . Equally important , the new border also acknowledged Mexico 's loss of Texas , both the core eastern portion and the western claims , neither of which had been formally recognized by Mexico until that time . The U.S. Senate approved the treaty , rejecting amendments from both Jefferson Davis to also annex most of northeastern Mexico and Daniel Webster not to take even Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico . The United States also paid $15,000,000 ( $482 million in 2016 dollars ) for the land , and agreed to assume $3.25 million in debts to US citizens . While technically the territory was purchased by the United States , the $15 million payment was simply credited against Mexico 's debt to the U.S. at that time . The Mexican Cession as ordinarily understood ( i.e. excluding lands claimed by Texas ) amounted to 525,000 square miles ( 1,400,000 km ) , or 14.9 % of the total area of the current United States . If the disputed western Texas claims are also included , that amounts to a total of 750,000 square miles ( 1,900,000 km ) . If all of Texas had been seized , since Mexico had not previously acknowledged the loss of any part of Texas , the total area ceded under this treaty comes to 915,000 square miles ( 2,400,000 km ) . Considering the seizures , including all of Texas , Mexico lost 54 % of its pre-1836 territory in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . For only fifteen years from 1821 ( when Mexican independence was secured ) and the Texan Revolt in 1836 , the Mexican Cession ( excluding Texas ) formed approximately 42 % of the country of Mexico ; prior to that , it had been a part of the Spanish colony of New Spain for some three centuries . Beginning in the early seventeenth century , a chain of Roman Catholic missions and settlements extended into the New Mexico region , mostly following the course of the Rio Grande from the El Paso area to Santa Fe . Subsequent organization and the north - south conflict ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Soon after the war started and long before negotiation of the new US - Mexico border , the question of slavery in the territories to be acquired polarized the Northern and Southern United States in the bitterest sectional conflict up to this time , which lasted for a deadlock of four years during which the Second Party System broke up , Mormon pioneers settled Utah , the California Gold Rush settled California , and New Mexico under a federal military U.S government turned back Texas 's attempt to assert control over territory Texas claimed as far west as the Rio Grande . Eventually the Compromise of 1850 preserved the Union , but only for another decade . Proposals included : The Wilmot Proviso , which was created by Congressman David Wilmot , banning slavery in any new territory to be acquired from Mexico , not including Texas which had been annexed the previous year . Passed by the United States House of Representatives in August 1846 and February 1847 but not the Senate . Later an effort to attach the proviso to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo also failed . Failed amendments to the Wilmot Proviso by William W. Wick and then Stephen Douglas extending the Missouri Compromise line ( 36 ° 30 ' parallel north ) west to the Pacific , allowing slavery in most of present - day New Mexico and Arizona , Las Vegas , Nevada , and Southern California , as well as any other territories that might be acquired from Mexico . The line was again proposed by the Nashville Convention of June 1850 . Popular sovereignty , developed by Lewis Cass and Douglas as the eventual Democratic Party position , letting each territory decide whether to allow slavery . William L. Yancey 's `` Alabama Platform , '' endorsed by the Alabama and Georgia legislatures and by Democratic state conventions in Florida and Virginia , called for no restrictions on slavery in the territories either by the federal government or by territorial governments before statehood , opposition to any candidates supporting either the Wilmot Proviso or popular sovereignty , and federal legislation overruling Mexican anti-slavery laws . General Zachary Taylor , who became the Whig candidate in 1848 and then President from March 1849 to July 1850 , proposed after becoming President that the entire area become two free states , called California and New Mexico but much larger than the eventual ones . None of the area would be left as an unorganized or organized territory , avoiding the question of slavery in the territories . The Mormons ' proposal for a State of Deseret seizing areas from portions of the Mexican Cession but excluding the largest populations in Northern California and central New Mexico was considered unlikely to succeed in Congress , but nevertheless in 1849 President Taylor sent his agent John Wilson westward with a proposal to combine California and Deseret as a single state , decreasing the number of new free states and the erosion of Southern parity in the Senate , while legitimizing The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . Senator Thomas Hart Benton in December 1849 or January 1850 : Texas 's western and northern boundaries would be the 102nd meridian west and 34th parallel north . Senator John Bell ( with assent of Texas ) in February 1850 : New Mexico would get all Texas land north of the 34th parallel north ( including today 's Texas Panhandle ) , and the area to the south ( including the southeastern part of today 's New Mexico ) would be divided at the Colorado River ( Texas ) into two slave states , balancing the admission of California and New Mexico as free states . First draft of the compromise of 1850 : Texas 's northwestern boundary would be a straight diagonal line from the Rio Grande 20 miles ( 30 km ) north of El Paso to the Red River of the South at the 100th meridian west ( the southwestern corner of today 's Oklahoma ) . The Compromise of 1850 , proposed by Henry Clay in January 1850 , guided to passage by Douglas over Northern Whig and Southern Democrat opposition , and enacted September 1850 , admitted California as a free state including Southern California and organized Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory with slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty . Texas dropped its claim to the disputed northwestern areas in return for debt relief , and the areas were divided between the two new territories and unorganized territory . El Paso where Texas had successfully established county government was left in Texas . No southern territory dominated by Southerners ( like the later short - lived Confederate Territory of Arizona ) was created . Also , the slave trade was abolished in Washington , D.C. ( but not slavery itself ) , and the Fugitive Slave Act was strengthened . Gadsden Purchase ( edit ) It quickly became apparent that the Mexican Cession did not include a feasible route for a transcontinental railroad connecting to a southern port . The topography of the New Mexico Territory included mountains that naturally directed any railroad extending from the southern Pacific coast northward , to Kansas City , St. Louis , or Chicago . Southerners , anxious for the business such a railroad would bring ( and hoping to establish a slave - state beachhead on the Pacific coast ) , agitated for the acquisition of railroad - friendly land at the expense of Mexico , thus bringing about the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 . See also ( edit ) The Zimmermann Telegram , which partly offered Imperial German assistance to Mexico in returning a sizable portion of the Mexican Cession 's southern territory , as well as the U.S. state of Texas to Mexico in 1917 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ George Lockhart Rives . The United States and Mexico , 1821 - 1848 . pp. 634 -- 636 . Jump up ^ Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , Articles XII - XV Jump up ^ Table 1.1 Acquisition of the Public Domain 1781 - 1867 Archived September 29 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ google.com/books Quarterly of the Texas State Historical Association , January 1904 Jump up ^ Richards , The California Gold Rush and the Coming of the Civil War , p. 126 ( 2007 ) . External links ( edit ) A Continent Divided : The U.S. - Mexico War , Center for Greater Southwestern Studies , the University of Texas at Arlington ( hide ) Territorial expansion of the United States Thirteen Colonies ( 1776 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Louisiana Purchase ( 1803 ) Red River Cession ( 1818 ) Adams -- Onís Treaty ( 1819 ) Texas Annexation ( 1845 ) Oregon Treaty ( 1846 ) Mexican Cession ( 1848 ) Gadsden Purchase ( 1853 ) Guano Islands Act ( 1856 ) Alaska Purchase ( 1867 ) Annexation of Hawaii ( 1898 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) Tripartite Convention ( 1899 ) Treaty of Cession of Tutuila ( 1900 ) Treaty of Cession of Manuʻa ( 1904 ) Treaty of the Danish West Indies ( 1917 ) Concept : Manifest destiny Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Cession&oldid=807089747 '' Categories : Treaties of the Mexican -- American War 1848 treaties History of United States expansionism Mexican -- American War 1848 in Mexico 1848 in the United States 1848 in California Treaties involving territorial changes Territorial evolution of Mexico Territorial evolution of the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from May 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Latina 日本語 Português Simple English Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 20 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the us buy land from mexico	[ "The Mexican Cession is the region in the modern-day southwestern United States that Mexico ceded to the U.S. in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. This region had not been part of the areas east of the Rio Grande which had been claimed by the Republic of Texas, though the Texas annexation resolution two years earlier had not specified the southern and western boundary of the new State of Texas. The Mexican Cession (529,000 sq. miles) was the third largest acquisition of territory in US history. The largest was the Louisiana Purchase, with some 827,000 sq. miles, followed by the acquisition of Alaska (about 586,000 sq. miles)." ]	[ "1848" ]
-2360408173388091096	East Africa	East Africa - wikipedia East Africa For the entity known as ( British ) East Africa , see East Africa Protectorate . For the region of the African Union , see Regions of the African Union § East . Eastern Africa ( UN Statistics Division subregion ) Eastern Africa ( United Nations Statistics Division subregion ) East African Community Central African Federation ( defunct ) Nile Valley ( Counted as part of North Africa ) East Africa or Eastern Africa is the eastern region of the African continent , variably defined by geography . In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions , 20 territories make up Eastern Africa : Tanzania , Kenya , Uganda , Rwanda , Burundi and South Sudan -- in Central East Africa , are members of the East African Community ( EAC ) . The first five are also included in the African Great Lakes region . Burundi and Rwanda are at times also considered to be part of Central Africa . Djibouti , Eritrea , Ethiopia and Somalia -- collectively known as the Horn of Africa. The area is the easternmost projection of the African continent . Comoros , Mauritius and Seychelles -- small island nations in the Indian Ocean . Réunion and Mayotte -- French overseas territories also in the Indian Ocean . Mozambique and Madagascar -- often considered part of Southern Africa , on the eastern side of the sub-continent . Madagascar has close cultural ties to Southeast Asia and the islands of the Indian Ocean . Malawi , Zambia and Zimbabwe -- often also included in Southern Africa , and formerly constituted the Central African Federation ( also known historically as the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland ) . Sudan and South Sudan ( newly independent from Sudan ) -- collectively part of the Nile Valley . Situated in the northeastern portion of the continent , the Sudans are often included in Northern Africa . Also members of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) free trade area . Due to colonial territories of the British East Africa Protectorate and German East Africa , the term East Africa is often ( especially in the English language ) used to specifically refer to the area now comprising the three countries of Kenya , Tanzania and Uganda . However , this has never been the convention in many other languages , where the term generally had a wider , strictly geographic context and therefore typically included Djibouti , Eritrea , Ethiopia , and Somalia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography and climate 2 History 2.1 Prehistory 2.2 Ancient history 2.2. 1 Bantu expansion 2.3 Modern history 2.3. 1 Arab and Portuguese eras 2.3. 2 Period of European imperialism 3 Languages 4 Demographics 5 Conflicts 6 Countries , capitals and largest cities 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography Geography and climate ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Image of the region between Lake Victoria ( on the right ) and Lakes Albert , Kivu and Tanganyika ( from north to south ) showing dense vegetation ( bright green ) and fires ( red ) . Some parts of East Africa have been renowned for their concentrations of wild animals , such as the `` big five '' : the elephant , buffalo , lion , black rhinoceros , and leopard , though populations have been declining under increased stress in recent times , particularly those of the rhino and elephant . The geography of East Africa is often stunning and scenic . Shaped by global plate tectonic forces that have created the East African Rift , East Africa is the site of Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya , the two tallest peaks in Africa . It also includes the world 's second largest freshwater lake , Lake Victoria , and the world 's second deepest lake , Lake Tanganyika . The climate of East Africa is rather atypical of equatorial regions . Because of a combination of the region 's generally high altitude and the rain shadow of the westerly monsoon winds created by the Rwenzori Mountains and Ethiopian Highlands , East Africa is surprisingly cool and dry for its latitude . In fact , on the coast of Somalia , many years can go by without any rain whatsoever . Elsewhere the annual rainfall generally increases towards the south and with altitude , being around 400 mm ( 16 in ) at Mogadishu and 1,200 mm ( 47 in ) at Mombasa on the coast , whilst inland it increases from around 130 mm ( 5 in ) at Garoowe to over 1,100 mm ( 43 in ) at Moshi near Kilimanjaro . Unusually , most of the rain falls in two distinct wet seasons , one centred on April and the other in October or November . This is usually attributed to the passage of the Intertropical Convergence Zone across the region in those months , but it may also be analogous to the autumn monsoon rains of parts of Sri Lanka , Vietnam and the Brazilian Nordeste . West of the Rwenzoris and Ethiopian highlands , the rainfall pattern is more typically tropical , with rain throughout the year near the equator and a single wet season in most of the Ethiopian Highlands from June to September -- contracting to July and August around Asmara . Annual rainfall here ranges from over 1,600 mm ( 63 in ) on the western slopes to around 1,250 mm ( 49 in ) at Addis Ababa and 550 mm ( 22 in ) at Asmara . In the high mountains rainfall can be over 2,500 mm ( 98 in ) . Rainfall in East Africa is influenced by El Niño events , which tend to increase rainfall except in the northern and western parts of the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands , where they produce drought and poor Nile floods . Temperatures in East Africa , except on the hot and generally humid coastal belt , are moderate , with maxima of around 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) and minima of 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) at an altitude of 1,500 metres ( 4,921 ft ) . At altitudes of above 2,500 metres ( 8,202 ft ) , frosts are common during the dry season and maxima typically about 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) or less . The unique geography and apparent suitability for farming made East Africa a target for European exploration , exploitation and colonialization in the nineteenth century . Today , tourism is an important part of the economies of Kenya , Tanzania , Seychelles , and Uganda . The easternmost point of the continent , that is Ras Hafun in Somalia , is of archaeological , historical and economical importance . History ( edit ) Prehistory ( edit ) Main article : Recent African origin of modern humans According to the theory of the recent African origin of modern humans , the predominantly held belief among most archaeologists , East Africa is the area where anatomically modern humans first appeared . There are differing theories on whether there was a single exodus or several ; a multiple dispersal model involves the Southern Dispersal theory . A growing number of researchers suspect that North Africa was instead the original home of the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent . The major competing hypothesis is the multiregional origin of modern humans , which envisions a wave of Homo sapiens migrating earlier from Africa and interbreeding with local Homo erectus populations in multiple regions of the globe . Most multiregionalists still view Africa as a major wellspring of human genetic diversity , but allow a much greater role for hybridization . Some of the earliest hominin skeletal remains have been found in the wider region , including fossils discovered in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia , as well as in the Koobi Fora in Kenya and Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania . The southern part of East Africa was occupied until recent times by Khoisan hunter - gatherers , whereas in the Ethiopian Highlands the donkey and such crop plants as teff allowed the beginning of agriculture around 7,000 B.C. Lowland barriers and diseases carried by the tsetse fly , however , prevented the donkey and agriculture from spreading southwards . Only in quite recent times has agriculture spread to the more humid regions south of the equator , through the spread of cattle , sheep and crops such as millet . Language distributions suggest that this most likely occurred from Sudan into the African Great Lakes region , since the Nilotic languages spoken by these pre-Bantu farmers have their closest relatives in the middle Nile basin . Ancient history ( edit ) Main article : Horn of Africa Djibouti , Eritrea , Ethiopia , northern Somalia , and the Red Sea coast of Sudan are considered the most likely location of the land known to the Ancient Egyptians as Punt . The old kingdom 's first mention dates to the 25th century BC . The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut . The Kingdom of Aksum was a trading empire centered in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia . It existed from approximately 100 -- 940 AD , growing from the proto - Aksumite Iron Age period c. 4th century BC to achieve prominence by the 1st century AD . The kingdom is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as an important market place for ivory , which was exported throughout the ancient world . Aksum was at the time ruled by Zoskales , who also governed the port of Adulis . The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own Aksumite currency . The state also established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula , eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom . Bantu expansion ( edit ) Main article : Bantu expansion Between 2500 -- 3000 years ago , Bantu - speaking peoples began a millennia - long series of migrations eastward from their homeland around southern Cameroon . This Bantu expansion introduced agriculture into much of the African Great Lakes region . During the following fifteen centuries , the Bantu slowly intensified farming and grazing over all suitable regions of East Africa , in the process making contact with Austronesian - and Arabic - speaking settlers on southern coastal areas . The latter also spread Islam to the coastal belt , but most Bantu remained African Traditional Religion adherents . Early Iron Age findings in East and Southern Africa Over a period of many centuries , most hunting - foraging peoples were displaced and absorbed by incoming Bantu communities , as well as by later Nilotic communities . The Bantu expansion was a long series of physical migrations , a diffusion of language and knowledge out into and in from neighboring populations , and a creation of new societal groups involving inter-marriage among communities and small groups moving to communities and small groups moving to new areas . After their movements from their original homeland in West Africa , Bantus also encountered in central east Africa peoples of Cushitic origin . As cattle terminology in use amongst the few modern Bantu pastoralist groups suggests , the Bantu migrants would acquire cattle from their new Cushitic neighbors . Linguistic evidence also indicates that Bantus most likely borrowed the custom of milking cattle directly from Cushitic peoples in the area . On the coastal section of the African Great Lakes region , another mixed Bantu community developed through contact with Muslim Arab and Persian traders , leading to the development of the mixed Arab , Persian and African Swahili City States . The Swahili culture that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture , as do the many Afro - Arab members of the Bantu Swahili people . With its original speech community centered on the coastal parts of Tanzania ( particularly Zanzibar ) and Kenya -- a seaboard referred to as the Swahili Coast -- the Bantu Swahili language contains many Arabic loan - words as a consequence of these interactions . The earliest Bantu inhabitants of the east coast of Kenya and Tanzania encountered by these later Arab and Persian settlers have been variously identified with the trading settlements of Rhapta , Azania and Menouthias referenced in early Greek and Chinese writings from AD 50 to AD 500 , ultimately giving rise to the name for Tanzania . These early writings perhaps document the first wave of Bantu settlers to reach central east Africa during their migration . Between the 14th and 15th centuries , large African Great Lakes kingdoms and states emerged , such as the Buganda and Karagwe kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania . Modern history ( edit ) Arab and Portuguese eras ( edit ) Main articles : Portuguese East Africa and History of Oman The Portuguese were the first Europeans to explore the region of current - day Kenya , Tanzania , and Mozambique by sea . Vasco da Gama visited Mombasa in 1498 . Da Gama 's voyage was successful in reaching India , which permitted the Portuguese to trade with the Far East directly by sea . This in turn challenged the older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes , such as the spice trade routes which utilized the Persian Gulf , Red Sea and camel caravans to reach the eastern Mediterranean . The Republic of Venice had gained control over much of the trade routes between Europe and Asia . After traditional land routes to India had been closed by the Ottoman Turks , Portugal hoped to use the sea route pioneered by da Gama to break the once Venetian trading monopoly . Portuguese rule in the African Great Lakes region focused mainly on a coastal strip centered around Mombasa . The Portuguese presence in the area officially began after 1505 , when flagships under the command of Don Francisco de Almeida conquered Kilwa , an island located in what is now southern Tanzania . In March 1505 , having received from Manuel I of Portugal the appointment of viceroy of the newly conquered territory in India , he set sail from Lisbon in command of a large and powerful fleet , and arrived in July at Quiloa ( Kilwa ) , which yielded to him almost without a struggle . A much more vigorous resistance was offered by the Moors of Mombasa . However , the town was taken and destroyed , and its large treasures went to strengthen the resources of Almeida . Attacks followed on Hoja ( now known as Ungwana , located at the mouth of the Tana River ) , Barawa , Angoche , Pate and other coastal towns until the western Indian Ocean was a safe haven for Portuguese commercial interests . At other places on his way , such as the island of Angediva , near Goa , and Cannanore , the Portuguese built forts , and adopted measures to secure the Portuguese supremacy . Portugal 's main goal on the Swahili coast was to take control of the spice trade from the Arabs . At this stage , the Portuguese presence in East Africa served the purposes of controlling trade within the Indian Ocean and securing the sea routes linking Europe to Asia . Portuguese naval vessels were very disruptive to the commerce of Portugal 's enemies within the western Indian Ocean and were able to demand high tariffs on items transported through the sea due to their strategic control of ports and shipping lanes . The construction of Fort Jesus in Mombasa in 1593 was meant to solidify Portuguese hegemony in the region , but their influence was clipped by the British , Dutch and Omani Arab incursions into the Great Lakes region during the 17th century . The Omani Arabs posed the most direct challenge to Portuguese influence in the African Great Lakes regigon . They besieged Portuguese fortresses , openly attacked naval vessels and expelled the Portuguese from the Kenyan and Tanzanian coasts by 1730 . By this time , the Portuguese Empire had already lost its interest on the spice trade sea route due to the decreasing profitability of that business . The Arabs reclaimed much of the Indian Ocean trade , forcing the Portuguese to retreat south where they remained in Portuguese East Africa ( Mozambique ) as sole rulers until the 1975 independence of Mozambique . Omani Arab colonization of the Kenyan and Tanzanian coasts brought the once independent city - states under closer foreign scrutiny and domination than was experienced during the Portuguese period . Like their predecessors , the Omani Arabs were primarily able only to control the coastal areas , not the interior . However , the creation of clove plantations , intensification of the slave trade and relocation of the Omani capital to Zanzibar in 1839 by Seyyid Said had the effect of consolidating the Omani power in the region . Arab governance of all the major ports along the Swahili coast continued until British interests aimed particularly at ending the slave trade and creation of a wage - labour system began to put pressure on Omani rule . By the late nineteenth century , the slave trade on the open seas had been completely outlawed by the British and the Omani Arabs had little ability to resist the British navy 's ability to enforce the directive . The Omani presence continued in Zanzibar and Pemba until the Zanzibar Revolution in 1964 . However , the official Omani Arab presence in Kenya was checked by German and British seizure of key ports and creation of crucial trade alliances with influential local leaders in the 1880s . Period of European imperialism ( edit ) Map of British East Africa in 1911 Between the 19th and 20th century , East Africa became a theatre of competition between the major imperialistic European nations of the time . The three main colors of the African country were beige , red , and blue . The red stood for the English , blue stood for the French , and the beige stood for Germany during the period of colonialism . During the period of the Scramble for Africa , almost every country in the larger region to varying degrees became part of a European colonial empire . Portugal had first established a strong presence in southern Mozambique and the Indian Ocean since the 15th century , while during this period their possessions increasingly grew including parts from the present northern Mozambique country , up to Mombasa in present - day Kenya . At Lake Malawi , they finally met the recently created British Protectorate of Nyasaland ( nowadays Malawi ) , which surrounded the homonymous lake on three sides , leaving the Portuguese the control of lake 's eastern coast . The British Empire set foot in the region 's most exploitable and promising lands acquiring what is today Uganda , and Kenya . The Protectorate of Uganda and the Colony of Kenya were located in a rich farmland area mostly appropriate for the cultivation of cash crops like coffee and tea , as well as for animal husbandry with products produced from cattle and goats , such as goat meat , beef and milk . Moreover , this area had the potential for a significant residential expansion , being suitable for the relocation of a large number of British nationals to the region . Prevailing climatic conditions and the regions ' geomorphology allowed the establishment of flourishing European style settlements like Nairobi , Vila Pery , Vila Junqueiro , Porto Amélia , Lourenço Marques and Entebbe . The French settled the largest island of the Indian Ocean ( and the fourth - largest globally ) , Madagascar , along with a group of smaller islands nearby , namely Réunion and the Comoros . Madagascar became part of the French colonial empire following two military campaigns against the Kingdom of Madagascar , which it initiated after persuading Britain to relinquish its interests in the island in exchange for control of Zanzibar off the coast of Tanganyika , an important island hub of the spices trade . The British also held a number of island colonies in the region , including the extended archipelago of Seychelles and the rich farming island of Mauritius , previously under the French sovereignty . The German Empire gained control of a large area named German East Africa , comprising present - day Rwanda , Burundi and the mainland part of Tanzania named Tanganyika . In 1922 , the British gained a League of Nations mandate over Tanganyika which it administered until Independence was granted to Tanganyika in 1961 . Following the Zanzibar Revolution of 1965 , the independent state of Tanganyika formed the United Republic of Tanzania by creating a union between the mainland , and the island chain of Zanzibar . Zanzibar is now a semi-autonomous state in a union with the mainland which is collectively and commonly referred to as Tanzania . German East Africa , though very extensive , was not of such strategic importance as the British Crown 's colonies to the north : the inhabitation of these lands was difficult and thus limited , mainly due to climatic conditions and the local geomorphology . Italy gained control of various parts of Somalia in the 1880s . The southern three - fourths of Somalia became an Italian protectorate ( Italian Somaliland ) . Meanwhile , in 1884 , a narrow coastal strip of northern Somalia came under British control ( British Somaliland ) . This northern protectorate was just opposite the British colony of Aden on the Arabian Peninsula . With these territories secured , Britain was able to serve as gatekeeper of the sea lane leading to British India . In 1890 , beginning with the purchase of the small port town of ( Asseb ) from a local sultan in Eritrea , the Italians colonized all of Eritrea . In 1895 , from bases in Somalia and Eritrea , the Italians launched the First Italo -- Ethiopian War against the Orthodox Empire of Ethiopia . By 1896 , the war had become a total disaster for the Italians and Ethiopia was able to retain its independence . Ethiopia remained independent until 1936 when , after the Second Italo - Abyssinian War , it became part of Italian East Africa . The Italian occupation of Ethiopia ended in 1941 during World War II as part of the East African Campaign. The French also staked out an East African outpost on the route to French Indochina . Starting in the 1850s , the small protectorate of Djibouti became French Somaliland in 1897 . Languages ( edit ) Further information : Afroasiatic languages , Niger - Congo languages , Nilo - Saharan languages , and Indo - European languages In the Horn of Africa and Nile Valley , Afroasiatic languages predominate , including languages of the family 's Cushitic ( such as Beja , Oromo and Somali ) , Semitic ( such as Amharic , Arabic and Tigrinya ) , and Omotic ( such as Wolaytta ) branches . In the African Great Lakes region , Niger - Congo languages of the Bantu branch are most widely spoken . Among these languages are Kikuyu , Kinyarwanda , Kirundi , Runyakitara and Luganda . Swahili , with at least 80 million speakers as a first or second language , is an important trade language in the Great Lakes area . It has official status in Tanzania , Kenya and Uganda . Nilo - Saharan languages , such as Luo , Kalenjin , Maasai and Nuer , are spoken in lesser numbers , primarily in the African Great Lakes and Nile Valley . Indo - European languages , such as English , French and Portuguese , remain important in higher institutions in some parts of the larger region . Demographics ( edit ) Further information : Demographics of Africa , List of African countries by population , List of African ethnic groups , and Nilotic expansion Eastern Africa had an estimated population of 260 million in 2000 . This was projected to reach 890 million by 2050 , with an average growth rate of 2.5 % per annum . The 2000 population is expected to quintuple over the course of the 21st century , to 1.6 billion as of 2100 ( UN estimates as of 2017 ) . In Ethiopia , there is an estimated population of 102 million as of 2016 . Conflicts ( edit ) Until recently , several East African countries were riven with political coups , ethnic violence and oppressive dictators . Since the end of colonialism , the region has endured the following conflicts : Northern East Africa ( Horn of Africa ) Ethiopian Civil War 1974 -- 1991 Eritrean War of Independence 1961 -- 1991 Eritrean - Ethiopian War 1998 -- 2000 Ogaden War 1977 -- 1978 Somali Civil War 1991 -- 2009 South Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War 1983 -- 2005 Internal Political - ethnic Conflict 2011 - ongoing South Sudanese Civil War 2013 -- 2015 Southern East Africa ( Southeast Africa ) Burundi Civil War 1993 -- 2005 and the Genocide of Hutus in 1972 and genocide of Tutsis in 1993 Uganda - Tanzania War 1978 -- 1979 Ugandan Bush War 1981 -- 1986 Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency in Uganda , South Sudan and Democratic Republic of the Congo ongoing Rwandan Civil War 1990 -- 1993 and the Rwandan Genocide of Tutsis Zanzibar Revolution 1964 Outside Southeast Africa with Southeast African participation First Congo War 1996 -- 1997 and Second Congo War 1998 -- 2003 Kivu Conflict ( Laurent Nkunda Rebellion ) Kenya has enjoyed relatively stable governance . However , politics have been turbulent at times , including the attempted coup d'état in 1982 and the 2007 election riots . Tanzania has known stable government since independence although there are significant political and religious tensions resulting from the political union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964 . Zanzibar is now a semi-autonomous state in the United Republic of Tanzania . Tanzania and Uganda fought the Uganda - Tanzania War in 1978 -- 1979 , which led to the removal of Uganda 's despotic leader Idi Amin . Rwanda , Uganda and Burundi have each faced instability and ethnic conflict since independence , most notably the 1994 Rwandan Genocide and the 1993 Burundi Genocide and subsequent Burundi Civil War . Rwanda and Uganda continue to be involved in related conflicts outside the region . Djibouti , as well as the Puntland and Somaliland regions of Somalia , have also seen relative stability . South Sudan peacefully seceded from Sudan in 2011 , six and a half years after a peace agreement ended the Second Sudanese Civil War . South Sudanese independence was nearly derailed by the South Kordofan conflict , particularly a dispute over the status of the Abyei Area , and both Abyei and South Kordofan 's Nuba Hills remain a source of tension between Juba and Khartoum . Countries , capitals and largest cities ( edit ) Main article : List of cities in East Africa According to the CIA , as of 2017 , the countries in the eastern Africa region have a total population of around 537.9 million inhabitants . Country Capital Largest city by population Second largest city by population Horn of Africa Djibouti Djibouti ( city ) ( 529,000 ; 2018 est . ) Djibouti ( city ) Ali Sabieh Eritrea Asmara Asmara Keren Ethiopia Addis Ababa Addis Ababa ( 2,739,551 ; 2007 est . ) Dire Dawa Somalia Mogadishu Mogadishu Hargeisa Nile Valley Sudan Khartoum Omdurman Khartoum South Sudan Juba Juba Malakal Indian Ocean islands Madagascar Antananarivo ( 1,015,140 ; 2005 est . ) Antananarivo Toamasina ( 3,133,518 ; 2009 est . ) Mauritius Port Louis Port Louis Beau Bassin - Rose Hill Comoros Moroni Moroni Mutsamudu Seychelles Victoria Victoria Anse Etoile Réunion Saint - Denis Saint - Denis Saint - Paul Mayotte Mamoudzou Mamoudzou Dzaoudzi East African Community Uganda Kampala ( 1,507,114 ; 2014 est . ) Kampala Gulu Rwanda Kigali Kigali Gitarama Burundi Bujumbura ( 497,169 ; 2008 est . ) Bujumbura Muyinga Kenya Nairobi Nairobi Mombasa ( 915,101 ; 2009 est . ) Tanzania Dodoma Dar es Salaam Mwanza Southeast Africa Mozambique Maputo Maputo Nampula Malawi Lilongwe ( 868,800 ; 2012 est . ) Lilongwe Blantyre ( 783,296 ; 2012 est . ) Zambia Lusaka Lusaka Kitwe Zimbabwe Harare Harare Bulawayo See also ( edit ) Africa portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to East Africa . 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Regions of the world Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Kavirondo Zanj Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Southern Africa Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta Cape Peninsula False Bay Hydra Bay Macro-regions Aethiopia Arab world Commonwealth realm East African montane forests Eastern Desert Equatorial Africa Françafrique Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East Islands of Africa List of countries where Arabic is an official language Mediterranean Basin MENA MENASA Middle East Mittelafrika Negroland Northeast Africa Portuguese - speaking African countries Sahara Sahel Sub-Saharan Africa Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna Tibesti Mountains Tropical Africa Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA MENASA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Aram - Naharaim Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Israel Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests MENASA Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Mitteleuropa Visegrád Group West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt Germanic Romance Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Regions of North America Northern Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Newfoundland ( island ) Vancouver Island Gulf Islands Strait of Georgia Canadian Arctic Archipelago Labrador Peninsula Gaspé Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Brodeur Peninsula Melville Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) Cook Peninsula Gulf of Boothia Georgian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Greenland Pacific Northwest Inland Northwest Northeast New England Mid-Atlantic Commonwealth West Midwest Upper Midwest Mountain states Intermountain West Basin and Range Province Oregon Trail Mormon Corridor Calumet Region Southwest Old Southwest Llano Estacado Central United States Tallgrass prairie South South Central Deep South Upland South Four Corners East Coast West Coast Gulf Coast Third Coast Eastern United States Appalachia Trans - Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Lakes Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark - La - Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mojave Desert The Dakotas The Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay East Bay Silicon Valley Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula 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9050024011984571165	A Song of Ice and Fire	A Song of Ice and Fire - wikipedia A Song of Ice and Fire Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the series of novels . For the television adaptation , see Game of Thrones . A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire book collection box set cover A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( forthcoming ) A Dream of Spring ( forthcoming ) Author George R.R. Martin Country United States Language English Genre Epic fantasy Publisher Bantam Books ( US , Canada ) Voyager Books ( UK , Australia ) Published August 1996 -- present Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) audiobook A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and screenwriter George R.R. Martin . He began the first volume of the series , A Game of Thrones , in 1991 and had it published in 1996 . Martin , who initially envisioned the series as a trilogy , has published five out of a planned seven volumes . The fifth and most recent volume of the series published in 2011 , A Dance with Dragons , took Martin five years to write . He is still writing the sixth novel , The Winds of Winter . A Song of Ice and Fire takes place on the fictional continents Westeros and Essos . The point of view of each chapter in the story is a limited perspective of a range of characters growing from nine , in the first novel , to thirty - one by the fifth . Three main stories interweave a dynastic war among several families for control of Westeros , the rising threat of the supernatural Others in the northernmost reaches of Westeros , and the ambition of Daenerys Targaryen , the deposed king 's exiled daughter , to assume the Iron Throne . Martin 's inspirations included the Wars of the Roses and the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon . A Song of Ice and Fire received praise for its diverse portrayal of women and religion , as well as its realism . An assortment of disparate and subjective points of view confronts the reader , and the success or survival of point of view characters is never assured . Within the often morally ambiguous world of A Song of Ice and Fire , questions concerning loyalty , pride , human sexuality , piety , and the morality of violence frequently arise . As of April 2015 , the books have sold more than 60 million copies worldwide and , as of January 2017 , have been translated into 47 languages . The fourth and fifth volumes reached the top of The New York Times Best Seller lists upon their releases . Among the many derived works are several prequel novellas , a TV series , a comic book adaptation , and several card , board , and video games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot synopsis 2 Publishing history 2.1 Overview 2.2 First three novels ( 1991 -- 2000 ) 2.3 Bridging the timeline gap ( 2000 -- 2011 ) 2.4 Planned novels and future 2.4. 1 The Winds of Winter 2.4. 2 A Dream of Spring 2.4. 3 TV series and other writings 3 Inspiration and writing 3.1 Genre 3.2 Writing process 3.3 Narrative structure 3.4 Character development 4 Themes 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Sales 5.3 Fandom 5.4 Awards and nominations 6 Derived works 6.1 Novellas 6.2 TV series 6.3 Other works 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot synopsis ( edit ) Further information : List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters and World of A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire takes place in a fictional world in which seasons last for years and end unpredictably . Nearly three centuries before the events of the first novel ( see backstory ) , the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros were united under the Targaryen dynasty by Aegon I and his sisters Visenya and Rhaenys , with Aegon Targaryen becoming the first king of the whole of the continent of Westeros , save for the southerly Dorne . At the beginning of A Game of Thrones , 15 peaceful years have passed since the rebellion led by Robert Baratheon deposed and killed the last Targaryen king , Aerys II , and proclaimed Robert king of the Seven Kingdoms , with a nine year long summer coming to an end . The principal story chronicles the power struggle for the Iron Throne among the great Houses of Westeros following the death of King Robert in A Game of Thrones . Robert 's heir apparent , the 13 - year old Joffrey , is immediately proclaimed king through the machinations of his mother , Queen Cersei Lannister . When Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark , Robert 's chief advisor , discovers that Joffrey and his siblings are the product of incest between Cersei and her twin brother Jaime `` The Kingslayer '' Lannister , Eddard is executed for treason . In response , Robert 's brothers Stannis and Renly both lay separate claims to the throne . During this period of instability , two of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros attempt to become independent from the Iron Throne : Eddard 's eldest son Robb is proclaimed King in the North , while Balon Greyjoy desires to recover the sovereignty of his region , the Iron Islands . The so - called `` War of the Five Kings '' is in full progress by the middle of the second book , A Clash of Kings . The second story takes place in the far north of Westeros , where an 8,000 - year - old wall of ice , simply called `` the Wall '' , defends the Seven Kingdoms from the Others . The Wall 's sentinels , the Sworn Brotherhood of the Night 's Watch , also protect the realm from the incursions of the `` wildlings '' or `` Free Folk '' , who are humans living north of the Wall . The Night 's Watch story is told primarily through the point of view of Jon Snow , Eddard 's bastard son . Jon follows the footsteps of his uncle Benjen Stark and joins the Watch at a young age , rising quickly through the ranks , eventually becoming Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . In the third volume , A Storm of Swords , the Night 's Watch storyline becomes increasingly entangled with the War of the Five Kings . The third story follows Daenerys Targaryen , daughter of Aerys , the last Targaryen king . On the continent of Essos , east of Westeros across the Narrow Sea , Daenerys is married off by her elder brother Viserys Targaryen to a powerful warlord , but slowly becomes an independent and intelligent ruler in her own right . Her rise to power is aided by the historic birth of three dragons , hatched from eggs given to her as wedding gifts . The three dragons soon become not only a symbol of her bloodline , but also devastating weapons of war . Publishing history ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Books in the Ice and Fire series are first published in hardcover and are later re-released as paperback editions . In the UK , Harper Voyager publishes special slipcased editions . The series has also been translated into more than 30 languages . All page totals given below are for the US first editions . # Title Pages Chapters Words Audio US release A Game of Thrones 694 73 292,727 33h 53m August 1996 A Clash of Kings 768 70 318,903 37h 17m February 1999 A Storm of Swords 973 82 414,604 47h 37m November 2000 A Feast for Crows 753 46 295,032 31h 10m November 2005 5 A Dance with Dragons 1040 73 414,788 48h 56m July 2011 6 The Winds of Winter Forthcoming 7 A Dream of Spring Forthcoming Total 4,228 344 1,736,054 198h 53m First three novels ( 1991 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) George R.R. Martin at Archipelacon in Mariehamn , 2015 . George R.R. Martin was already a successful fantasy and sci - fi author and TV writer before writing his A Song of Ice and Fire book series . Martin had published his first short story in 1971 and his first novel in 1977 . By the mid-1990s , he had won three Hugo Awards , two Nebula Awards , and other awards for his short fiction . Although his early books were well received within the fantasy fiction community , his readership remained relatively small and Martin took on jobs as a writer in Hollywood in the mid-1980s . He worked principally on the revival of The Twilight Zone throughout 1986 and on Beauty and the Beast until 1990 , but he also developed his own TV pilots and wrote feature film scripts . He grew frustrated that his pilots and screenplays were not getting made and that TV - related production limitations like budgets and episode lengths were forcing him to cut characters and trim battle scenes . This pushed Martin back towards writing books , where he did not have to worry about compromising the size of his imagination . Admiring the works of J.R.R. Tolkien in his childhood , he wanted to write an epic fantasy , though he did not have any specific ideas . When Martin was between Hollywood projects in the summer of 1991 , he started writing a new science fiction novel called Avalon . After three chapters , he had a vivid idea of a boy seeing a man 's beheading and finding direwolves in the snow , which would eventually become the first non-prologue chapter of A Game of Thrones . Putting Avalon aside , Martin finished this chapter in a few days and grew certain that it was part of a longer story . After a few more chapters , Martin perceived his new book as a fantasy story and started making maps and genealogies . However , the writing of this book was interrupted for a few years when Martin returned to Hollywood to produce his TV series Doorways that ABC had ordered but ultimately never aired . `` The first scene ... chapter one of the first book , the chapter where they find the direwolf pups ... just came to me out of nowhere . I was ... at work on a different novel , and suddenly I saw that scene . It did n't belong in the novel I was writing , but it came to me so vividly that I had to sit down and write it , and by the time I did , it led to a second chapter , and the second chapter was the Catelyn chapter where Ned has just come back . '' -- George R.R. Martin in 2014 In 1994 , Martin gave to his agent , Kirby McCauley , the first 200 pages and a two - page story projection as part of a planned trilogy with the novels A Dance with Dragons and The Winds of Winter intended to follow . When Martin had still not reached the novel 's end at 1400 manuscript pages , he felt that the series needed to be four and eventually six books long , which he imagined as two linked trilogies of one long story . Martin chose A Song of Ice and Fire as the overall series title : Martin saw the struggle of the cold Others and the fiery dragons as one possible meaning for `` Ice and Fire '' , whereas the word `` song '' had previously appeared in Martin 's book titles A Song for Lya and Songs the Dead Men Sing , stemming from his obsessions with songs . Martin also named Robert Frost 's 1920 poem `` Fire and Ice '' and cultural associations such as passion versus betrayal as possible influences for the series ' title . The revised finished manuscript for A Game of Thrones was 1088 pages long ( without the appendices ) , with the publication following in August 1996 . Wheel of Time author Robert Jordan had written a short endorsement for the cover that was influential in ensuring the book 's and hence series ' early success with fantasy readers . Blood of the Dragon , a pre-release sample novella drawn from Daenerys 's chapters , went on to win the 1997 Hugo Award for Best Novella . The 300 pages removed from the A Game of Thrones manuscript served as the opening of the second book , entitled A Clash of Kings . It was released in February 1999 in the United States , with a manuscript length ( without appendices ) of 1184 pages . A Clash of Kings was the first book of the Ice and Fire series to make the best - seller lists , reaching 13 on The New York Times Best Seller list in 1999 . After the success of The Lord of the Rings films , Martin received his first inquiries to the rights of the Ice and Fire series from various producers and filmmakers . Martin was several months late turning in the third book , A Storm of Swords . The last chapter he had written was about the `` Red Wedding '' , a pivotal scene notable for its violence ( see Themes : Violence and death ) . A Storm of Swords was 1521 pages in manuscript ( without appendices ) , causing problems for many of Martin 's publishers around the world . Bantam Books published A Storm of Swords in a single volume in the United States in November 2000 , whereas some other - language editions were divided into two , three , or even four volumes . A Storm of Swords debuted at number 12 in the New York Times bestseller list . Bridging the timeline gap ( 2000 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) After A Game of Thrones , A Clash of Kings , and A Storm of Swords , Martin originally intended to write three more books . The fourth book , tentatively titled A Dance with Dragons , was to focus on Daenerys Targaryen 's return to Westeros and the associated conflicts . Martin wanted to set this story five years after A Storm of Swords so that the younger characters could grow older and the dragons grow larger . Agreeing with his publishers early on that the new book should be shorter than A Storm of Swords , Martin set out to write the novel closer in length to A Clash of Kings . A long prologue was to establish what had happened in the meantime , initially just as one chapter of Aeron Damphair on the Iron Islands at the Kingsmoot . Since the events on the Iron Islands were to have an impact in the book and could not be told with existing POV characters , Martin eventually introduced three new viewpoints . In 2001 , Martin was still optimistic that the fourth installment might be released in the last quarter of 2002 . However , the five - year gap did not work for all characters during writing . On one hand , Martin was unsatisfied with covering the events during the gap solely through flashbacks and internal retrospection . On the other hand , it was implausible to have nothing happen for five years . After working on the book for about a year , Martin realized he needed an additional interim book , which he called A Feast for Crows . The book would pick up the story immediately after the third book , and Martin scrapped the idea of a five - year gap . The material of the written 250 - page prologue was mixed in as new viewpoint characters from Dorne and the Iron Islands . These expanded storylines and the resulting story interactions complicated the plot for Martin . The manuscript length of A Feast for Crows eventually surpassed A Storm of Swords . Martin was reluctant to make the necessary deep cuts to get the book down to publishable length , as that would have compromised the story he had in mind . Printing the book in `` microtype on onion skin paper and giving each reader a magnifying glass '' was also not an option for him . On the other hand , Martin rejected the publishers ' idea of splitting the narrative chronologically into A Feast for Crows , Parts One and Two . Being already late with the book , Martin had not even started writing all characters ' stories and also objected to ending the first book without any resolution for its many viewpoint characters as in previous books . With the characters spread out across the world , a friend suggested that Martin divide the story geographically into two volumes , of which A Feast for Crows would be the first . This approach would give Martin the room to complete his commenced story arcs as he had originally intended , which he still felt was the best approach years later . Martin moved the unfinished characters ' stories set in the east ( Essos ) and north ( Winterfell and the Wall ) into the next book , A Dance with Dragons , and left A Feast for Crows to cover the events on Westeros , King 's Landing , the Riverlands , Dorne , and the Iron Islands . Both books begin immediately after the end of A Storm of Swords , running in parallel instead of sequentially , and involve different casts of characters with only little overlap . Martin split Arya 's chapters into both books after having already moved the three other most popular characters ( Jon Snow , Tyrion , and Daenerys ) into A Dance with Dragons . Upon its release in October 2005 in the UK and November 2005 in the US , A Feast for Crows went straight to the top of The New York Times bestseller list . Among the positive reviewers was Lev Grossman of Time , who dubbed Martin `` the American Tolkien '' . However , fans and critics alike were disappointed with the story split that left the fates of several popular characters unresolved after A Storm of Swords ' cliffhanger ending . With A Dance with Dragons said to be half - finished , Martin mentioned in the epilogue of A Feast for Crows that the next volume would be released by the next year . However , planned release dates were repeatedly pushed back . Meanwhile , HBO acquired the rights to turn Ice and Fire into a dramatic series in 2007 and aired the first of ten episodes covering A Game of Thrones in April 2011 . With around 1600 pages in manuscript length , A Dance with Dragons was eventually published in July 2011 after six years of writing , longer in page count and writing time than any of the preceding four novels . The story of A Dance with Dragons catches up and goes beyond A Feast for Crows around two - thirds into the book , but nevertheless covers less story than Martin had intended , omitting at least one planned large battle sequence and leaving several character threads ending in cliff - hangers . Martin attributed the delay mainly to his untangling `` the Meereenese knot '' , which the interviewer understood as `` making the chronology and characters mesh up as various threads converged on ( Daenerys ) '' . Martin also acknowledged spending too much time on rewriting and perfecting the story , but soundly rejected the theories of some of his critics that he had lost interest in the series or would bide his time to make more money . Planned novels and future ( edit ) Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be big books of 1500 manuscript pages each . The sixth book will be called The Winds of Winter , taking the title of the last book of the originally planned trilogy . Displeased with the provisional title A Time for Wolves for the final volume , Martin ultimately announced A Dream of Spring as the title for the seventh book in 2006 . Martin said in March 2012 that the final two novels will take readers farther north than any of the previous books , and that the Others will appear in the book . The Winds of Winter ( edit ) Further information : The Winds of Winter The Winds of Winter will resolve the Dance with Dragons cliffhangers early on and `` will open with the two big battles that ( the fifth book ) was building up to , the battle in the ice and the battle ( ... ) of Slaver 's Bay . And then take it from there . '' By the middle of 2010 , Martin had already finished five chapters of The Winds of Winter from the viewpoints of Sansa Stark , Arya Stark , Arianne Martell , and Aeron Greyjoy , accumulating to around 100 completed pages . After the publication of A Dance with Dragons in 2011 , Martin announced he would return to writing in January 2012 . He spent the meantime on book tours , conventions , and continued working on his The World of Ice & Fire companion guide and a new Tales of Dunk and Egg novella . In December 2011 , Martin posted a chapter from The Winds of Winter from the viewpoint of Theon Greyjoy ; several other chapters have been made public since . Four hundred pages of the sixth novel have been written as of October 2012 , although Martin considers only 200 as `` really finished '' ; the rest needs revising . In 2011 , Martin gave three years as a realistic estimate for finishing the sixth book at a good pace , but said ultimately the book `` will be done when it 's done '' , acknowledging that his publication estimates had been too optimistic in the past . Martin did not intend to separate the characters geographically again . In 2015 there were indications that the book would be published before the sixth season of the HBO show but in early January 2016 Martin confirmed that he had not met an end - of - year deadline that he had established with his publisher for release of the book before the sixth season . He added that there was `` a lot still left to write '' and that completion of the book was `` months away still ... if the writing goes well . '' Martin also revealed there had been a previous deadline of October 2015 that he had considered achievable in May 2015 , and that in September 2015 he had still considered the end - of - year deadline achievable . He further confirmed that some of the plot of the book might be revealed in the upcoming season of Game of Thrones . In February 2016 , Martin stated that he dropped all his editing projects except for Wild Cards , and that he would not be writing any teleplays , screenplays , short stories , introductions or forewords before delivering The Winds of Winter . During the Guadalajara International Book Fair in Mexico in early December 2016 , Martin offered the following hint as to the tone of this book : There are a lot of dark chapters right now ... I 've been telling you for 20 years that winter was coming . Winter is the time when things die , and cold and ice and darkness fill the world , so this is not going to be the happy feel - good that people may be hoping for . Some of the characters ( are ) in very dark places . A Dream of Spring ( edit ) Martin is firm about ending the series with the seventh novel `` until I decide not to be firm '' . With his stated goal of telling the story from beginning to end , he will not truncate the story to fit into an arbitrary number of volumes . He knows the ending in broad strokes as well as the future of the main characters , and will finish the series with bittersweet elements where not everyone will live happily ever after . Martin hopes to write an ending similar to The Lord of the Rings that he felt gave the story a satisfying depth and resonance . On the other hand , Martin noted the challenge to avoid a situation like the finale of the TV series Lost , which left some fans disappointed by deviating too far from their own theories and desires . In 2015 , Martin said that he was not writing A Dream of Spring together with The Winds of Winter , and in early 2016 , he said he did not believe A Dream of Spring would be published before the last season of the HBO show . Martin offered the following hint as to how the series would conclude during a Q&A at the Guadalajara International Book Fair . `` I 'm not going to tell you how I 'm going to end my book , but I suspect the overall flavor is going to be as much bittersweet as it is happy . '' TV series and other writings ( edit ) Early during the development of the TV series , Martin told major plot points to producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . ( The New York Times reported in 2011 that , at age 62 , Martin was by all accounts in robust health . ) Martin was confident he would have published at least The Winds of Winter before the TV series overtook him . Nevertheless , there was general concern about whether Martin would be able to stay ahead of the show . As a result , head writers Benioff and Weiss learned more future plot points from Martin in 2013 to help them set up the show 's new possible seasons . This included the end stories for all the core characters . Deviations from the books ' storylines are also being considered , but a two - year show hiatus to wait for new books is not an option for them as the child actors continue to grow and the show 's popularity would wane . Martin indicated he would not permit another writer to finish the book series . On January 2 , 2016 , Martin confirmed that the sixth volume would not be published before the start of the sixth season of the HBO series . Regarding A Song of Ice and Fire as his magnum opus , Martin is certain never to write anything on this scale again and would only return to this fictional universe in the context of stand - alone novels . He prefers to write stories about characters from other Ice and Fire periods of history such as his Tales of Dunk and Egg project , instead of continuing the series directly . A possible future side project is a prequel set during Aegon 's conquest of Westeros . Martin said he would love to return to writing short stories , novellas , novelettes , and stand - alone novels from diverse genres such as science fiction , horror , fantasy , or even a murder mystery . However , he will see if his audience follows him after publishing his next project . Inspiration and writing ( edit ) Genre ( edit ) Further information : Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire George R.R. Martin believes the most profound influences to be the ones experienced in childhood . Having read H.P. Lovecraft , Robert E. Howard , Robert A. Heinlein , Eric Frank Russell , Andre Norton , Isaac Asimov , Fritz Leiber , and Mervyn Peake in his youth , Martin never categorized these authors ' literature into science fiction , fantasy , or horror and will write from any genre as a result . Martin classified A Song of Ice and Fire as `` epic fantasy '' , and specifically named Tad Williams as very influential for the writing of the series . One of his favorite authors is Jack Vance , although Martin considered the series not particularly Vancean . `` ( Martin 's Ice and Fire series ) was groundbreaking ( at least for me ) in all kinds of ways . Above all , the books were extremely unpredictable , especially in a genre where readers have come to expect the intensely predictable . ( ... ) A Game of Thrones was profoundly shocking when I first read it , and fundamentally changed my notions about what could be done with epic fantasy . '' -- Fantasy writer Joe Abercrombie in 2008 The medieval setting has been the traditional background for epic fantasy . However , where historical fiction leaves versed readers knowing the historical outcome , original characters may increase suspense and empathy for the readers . Yet Martin felt historical fiction , particularly when set during the Middle Ages , had an excitement , grittiness , and a realness to it that was absent in fantasy with a similar backdrop . Thus , he wanted to combine the realism of historical fiction with the magic appeal of the best fantasies , subduing magic in favor of battles and political intrigue . He also decided to avoid the conventional good versus evil setting typical for the genre , using the fight between Achilles and Hector in Homer 's Iliad , where no one stands out as either a hero or a villain , as an example of what he wants to achieve with his books . Martin is widely credited with broadening the fantasy fiction genre for adult content , including incest , paedophilia , and adultery . For The Washington Post 's Writing for The Atlantic , Amber Taylor assessed the novels as hard fantasy with vulnerable characters to which readers become emotionally attached . CNN found in 2000 that Martin 's mature descriptions were `` far more frank than those found in the works of other fantasy authors '' , although Martin assessed the fantasy genre to have become rougher - edged a decade later and that some writers ' work was going beyond the mature themes of his novels . Adam Roberts called Martin 's series the most successful and popular example of the emerging subgenre of grimdark fantasy , influencing other writers associated with that style , such as Joe Abercrombie . Writing process ( edit ) Setting out to write something on an epic scale , Martin projected to write three books of 800 manuscript pages in the very early stages of the series . His original 1990s contract specified one - year deadlines for his previous literary works , but Martin only realized later that his new books were longer and hence required more writing time . In 2000 , Martin planned to take 18 months to two years for each volume and projected the last of the planned six books to be released five or six years later . However , with the Ice and Fire series evolving into the biggest and most ambitious story he has ever attempted writing , he still has two more books to write as of 2016 . Martin said he needed to be in his own office in Santa Fe , New Mexico to immerse himself in the fictional world and write . As of 2011 , Martin was still typing his fiction on a DOS computer with WordStar 4.0 software . He begins each day at 10 am with rewriting and polishing the previous day 's work , and may write all day or struggle to write anything . Excised material and previous old versions are saved to be possibly re-inserted at a later time . The Ice and Fire series was partly inspired by the Wars of the Roses , a series of dynastic civil wars for the throne of England . This painting by Richard Burchett portrays Edward IV demanding that his defeated enemies be taken from Tewkesbury Abbey . Martin set the Ice and Fire story in a secondary world inspired by Tolkien 's writing . Unlike Tolkien , who created entire languages , mythologies , and histories for Middle - earth long before writing The Lord of the Rings , Martin usually starts with a rough sketch of an imaginary world that he improvises into a workable fictional setting along the way . He described his writing as coming from a subconscious level in `` almost a daydreaming process '' , and his stories , which have a mythic rather than a scientific core , draw from emotion instead of rationality . Martin employs maps and a cast list topping 60 pages in the fourth volume , but keeps most information in his mind . His imagined backstory remains subject to change until published , and only the novels count as canon . Martin does not intend to publish his private notes after the series is finished . Martin drew much inspiration from actual history for the series , having several bookcases filled with medieval history for research and visiting historic European landmarks . For an American who speaks only English , the history of England proved the easiest source of medieval history for him , giving the series a British rather than a German or Spanish historic flavor . For example , Ned and Robb Stark resemble Richard , 3rd Duke of York and his son Edward IV , and Queen Cersei resembles both Margaret of Anjou and Elizabeth Woodville . Martin immersed himself in many diverse medieval topics such as clothing , food , feasting , and tournaments , to have the facts at hand if needed during writing . The series was in particular influenced by the Hundred Years ' War , the Crusades , the Albigensian Crusade , and the Wars of the Roses , although Martin refrained from making any direct adaptations . Martin was also inspired by the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon , which are about the French monarchy in the 13th and 14th centuries . The story is written to follow principal landmarks with an ultimate destination , but leaves Martin room for improvisation . On occasion , improvised details significantly affected the planned story . By the fourth book , Martin kept more private notes than ever before to keep track of the many subplots , which became so detailed and sprawling by the fifth book as to be unwieldy . Martin 's editors , copy editors , and readers monitor for accidental mistakes , although some errors have slipped into publication . For instance , Martin has inconsistently referred to certain characters ' eye colors , and has described a horse as being of one sex and then another . Narrative structure ( edit ) Number of chapters per point - of - view character ( show ) POV character Game Clash Storm Feast Dance ( Winds ) Sum Bran Stark 7 7 -- 21 Catelyn Stark 11 7 7 -- -- 25 Daenerys Targaryen 10 5 6 -- 10 31 Eddard Stark 15 -- -- -- -- 15 Jon Snow 9 8 12 -- 13 42 Arya Stark 5 10 13 ≥ 1 33 Tyrion Lannister 9 15 11 -- 12 ≥ 2 47 Sansa Stark 6 8 7 -- ≥ 1 24 Davos Seaworth -- 6 -- 13 Theon Greyjoy -- 6 -- -- 7 ≥ 1 13 Jaime Lannister -- -- 9 7 17 Samwell Tarly -- -- 5 5 -- 10 Cersei Lannister -- -- -- 10 12 Brienne of Tarth -- -- -- 8 -- 8 Aeron Greyjoy -- -- -- -- ≥ 1 Areo Hotah -- -- -- ≥ 1 Asha Greyjoy -- -- -- Arys Oakheart -- -- -- -- Victarion Greyjoy -- -- -- ≥ 1 Arianne Martell -- -- -- -- ≥ 2 Quentyn Martell -- -- -- -- Jon Connington -- -- -- -- Melisandre -- -- -- -- Barristan Selmy -- -- -- -- ≥ 2 Prologue / Epilogue 1 / -- 1 / -- 1 / 1 1 / -- 1 / 1 1 / 7 Total ( characters ) 73 ( 9 ) 70 ( 10 ) 82 ( 12 ) 46 ( 13 ) 73 ( 18 ) TBD 344 ( 31 ) The books are divided into chapters , each one narrated in the third person limited through the eyes of a point of view character , an approach Martin learned himself as a young journalism student . Beginning with nine POV characters in A Game of Thrones , the number of POV characters grows to a total of 31 in A Dance with Dragons ( see table ) . The short - lived one - time POV characters are mostly restricted to the prologue and epilogue . David Orr of The New York Times noted the story importance of `` the Starks ( good guys ) , the Targaryens ( at least one good guy , or girl ) , the Lannisters ( conniving ) , the Greyjoys ( mostly conniving ) , the Baratheons ( mixed bag ) , the Tyrells ( unclear ) and the Martells ( ditto ) , most of whom are feverishly endeavoring to advance their ambitions and ruin their enemies , preferably unto death '' . However , as Time 's Lev Grossman noted , readers `` experience the struggle for Westeros from all sides at once '' , such that `` every fight is both triumph and tragedy ( ... ) and everybody is both hero and villain at the same time '' . Modeled on The Lord of the Rings , the Ice and Fire story begins with a tight focus on a small group ( with everyone in Winterfell , except Daenerys ) and then splits into separate stories . The storylines are to converge again , but finding the turning point in this complex series has been difficult for Martin and has slowed down his writing . Depending on the interview , Martin is said to have reached the turning point in A Dance with Dragons , or to not quite have reached it yet in the books . The series ' structure of multiple POVs and interwoven storylines was inspired by Wild Cards , a multi-authored shared universe book series edited by Martin since 1985 . As the sole author , Martin begins each new book with an outline of the chapter order and may write a few successive chapters from a single character 's viewpoint instead of working chronologically . The chapters are later rearranged to optimize character intercutting , chronology , and suspense . Influenced by his television and film scripting background , Martin tries to keep readers engrossed by ending each Ice and Fire chapter with a tense or revelational moment , a twist or a cliffhanger , similar to a TV act break . Scriptwriting has also taught him the technique of `` cutting out the fat and leaving the muscle '' , which is the final stage of completing a book , a technique that brought the page count in A Dance with Dragons down almost eighty pages . Dividing the continuous Ice and Fire story into books is much harder for Martin . Each book shall represent a phase of the journey that ends in closure for most characters . A smaller portion of characters is left with clear - cut cliffhangers to make sure readers come back for the next installment , although A Dance with Dragons had more cliffhangers than Martin originally intended . Both one - time and regular POV characters are designed to have full character arcs ending in tragedy or triumph , and are written to hold the readers ' interest and not be skipped in reading . Main characters are killed off so that the reader will not rely on the hero to come through unscathed and will instead feel the character 's fear with each page turn . The unresolved larger narrative arc encourages speculation about future story events . According to Martin , much of the key to Ice and Fire 's future lies over a dozen years in the fictional past , of which each volume reveals more . Events planned from the beginning are foreshadowed , although Martin is careful not to make the story predictable . The viewpoint characters , who serve as unreliable narrators , may clarify or provide different perspectives on past events . Therefore , what the readers believe to be true may not necessarily be true . Character development ( edit ) Main article : List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters Regarding the characters as the heart of the story , Martin planned the epic Ice and Fire fantasy to have a large cast of characters and many different settings from the beginning . A Feast for Crows has a 63 - page list of characters , with many of the thousands of characters mentioned only in passing or disappearing from view for long stretches . When Martin adds a new family to the ever - growing number of genealogies in the appendices , he devises a secret about the personality or fate of the family members . However , their backstory remains subject to change until written down in the story . Martin drew most character inspiration from history ( without directly translating historical figures ) and his own experiences , but also from the manners of his friends , acquaintances , and people of public interest . Martin aims to `` make my characters real and to make them human , characters who have good and bad , noble and selfish well - mixed in their natures '' . Jeff VanderMeer of the Los Angeles Times remarked that `` Martin 's devotion to fully inhabiting his characters , for better or worse , creates the unstoppable momentum in his novels and contains an implied criticism of Tolkien 's moral simplicity '' ( see Themes : Moral ambiguity ) . Martin deliberately ignored the writing rule of never giving two characters names starting with the same letter . Instead , character names reflect the naming systems in various European family histories , where particular names were associated with specific royal houses and where even the secondary families assigned the same names repeatedly . The Ice and Fire story therefore has children called `` Robert '' in honor of King Robert of House Baratheon , a `` Brandon '' in every other generation of the Starks in commemoration of Brandon the Builder ( of the Wall ) , and the syllable `` Ty '' commonly occurring in given names of House Lannister . Confident that readers would pay attention , Martin distinguished people sharing a given name by adding numbers or locations to their given names ( e.g. Henry V of England ) . The family names were designed in association with ethnic groups ( see backstory ) : the First Men in the North of Westeros had very simply descriptive names like Stark and Strong , whereas the descendants of the Andal invaders in the South have more elaborate , undescriptive house names like Lannister or Arryn , and the Targaryens and Valyrians from the Eastern continent have the most exotic names with the letter Y . All characters are designed to speak with their own internal voices to capture their views of the world . The Atlantic pondered whether Martin ultimately intended the readers to sympathize with characters on both sides of the Lannister -- Stark feud long before plot developments force them to make their emotional choices . Contrary to most conventional epic fantasies , the Ice and Fire characters are vulnerable so that , according to The Atlantic , the reader `` can not be sure that good shall triumph , which makes those instances where it does all the more exulting . '' Martin gets emotionally involved in the characters ' lives during writing , which makes the chapters with dreadful events sometimes very difficult to write . Seeing the world through the characters ' eyes requires a certain amount of empathy with them , including the villains , all of whom he has said he loves as if they were his own children . Martin found that some characters had minds of their own and took his writing in different directions . He returns to the intended story if it does not work out , but these detours sometimes prove more rewarding for him . Arya Stark , Tyrion Lannister , Jon Snow , and Daenerys Targaryen generate the most feedback from readers . Martin has stated that Tyrion is his personal favorite , as the grayest of the gray characters , with his cunning and wit making him the most fun to write . Martin has also said that Bran Stark is the hardest character to write . As the character most deeply involved in magic , Bran 's story needs to be handled carefully within the supernatural aspects of the books . Bran is also the youngest viewpoint character , and has to deal with the series ' adult themes like grief , loneliness , and anger . Martin set out to have the young characters grow up faster between chapters , but , as it was implausible for a character to take two months to respond , a finished book represents very little time passed . Martin hoped the planned five - year break would ease the situation and age the children to almost adults in terms of the Seven Kingdoms , but he later dropped the five - year gap ( see section Bridging the timeline gap ) . Themes ( edit ) Main article : Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire Although involving dragons and sorcery , the Ice and Fire series de-emphasizes magic as compared to many other epic fantasy works ( emblem of J. Allen St. John 's 1905 fantasy work The Face in the Pool ) . Although modern fantasy may often embrace strangeness , the Ice and Fire series is generally praised for what is perceived as a sort of medieval realism . Believing that magic should be used moderately in the epic fantasy genre , Martin set out to make the story feel more like historical fiction than contemporary fantasy , with less emphasis on magic and sorcery and more on battles , political intrigue , and the characters . Though the amount of magic has gradually increased throughout the story , the series is still to end with less overt magic than most contemporary fantasies . In Martin 's eyes , literary effective magic needs to represent strange and dangerous forces beyond human comprehension , not advanced alien technologies or formulaic spells . As such , the characters understand only the natural aspects of their world , but not the magical elements like the Others . Since Martin drew on historical sources to build the Ice and Fire world , Damien G. Walter of The Guardian saw a strong resemblance between Westeros and England in the period of the Wars of the Roses . The Atlantic 's Adam Serwer regarded A Song of Ice and Fire as `` more a story of politics than one of heroism , a story about humanity wrestling with its baser obsessions than fulfilling its glorious potential '' , where the emergent power struggle stems from the feudal system 's repression and not from the fight between good and evil . Martin not only wanted to reflect the frictions of the medieval class structures in the novels , but also explore the consequences of the leaders ' decisions , as general goodness does not automatically make competent leaders and vice versa . A common theme in the fantasy genre is the battle between good and evil , which Martin rejects for not mirroring the real world . Attracted to gray characters , Martin instead endorses William Faulkner 's view that only the human heart in conflict with itself was worth writing about . Martin explores the questions of redemption and character change in the Ice and Fire series . The multiple viewpoint structure allows characters to be explored from many sides , such that the supposed villains can provide their viewpoint . Although fantasy comes from an imaginative realm , Martin sees an honest necessity to reflect the real world where people die sometimes ugly deaths , even beloved people . Main characters are killed off so that the reader will not expect the supposed hero to survive , and instead will feel the same tension and fear that the characters might . The novels also reflect the substantial death rates in war . The deaths of supernumerary extras or orcs have no major effect on readers , whereas a friend 's death has much more emotional impact . Martin prefers a hero 's sacrifice to say something profound about human nature . According to Martin , the fantasy genre rarely focuses on sex and sexuality , instead often treating sexuality in a juvenile way or neglecting it completely . Martin , however , considers sexuality an important driving force in human life that should not be excluded from the narrative . Providing sensory detail for an immersive experience is more important than plot advancement for Martin , who aims to let the readers experience the novels ' sex scenes , `` whether it 's a great transcendent , exciting , mind blowing sex , or whether it 's disturbing , twisted , dark sex , or disappointing perfunctory sex . '' Martin was fascinated by medieval contrasts where knights venerated their ladies with poems and wore their favors in tournaments while their armies mindlessly raped women in wartime . The non-existent concept of adolescence in the Middle Ages served as a model for Daenerys ' sexual activity at the age of 13 in the books . The novels also allude to the incestuous practices in the Ptolemaic dynasty of Ancient Egypt to keep their bloodlines pure . Martin provides a variety of female characters to explore the place of women in a patriarchal society . Writing all characters as human beings with the same basic needs , dreams , and influences , his female characters are to cover the same wide spectrum of human traits as the males . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Science Fiction Weekly stated in 2000 that `` few would dispute that Martin 's most monumental achievement to date has been the groundbreaking A Song of Ice and Fire historical fantasy series '' , for which reviews have been `` orders of magnitude better '' than for his previous works , as Martin described to The New Yorker . In 2007 , Weird Tales magazine described the series as a `` superb fantasy saga '' that `` raised Martin to a whole new level of success '' . Shortly before the release of A Dance with Dragons in 2011 , Bill Sheehan of The Washington Post was sure that `` no work of fantasy has generated such anticipation since Harry Potter 's final duel with Voldemort '' , and Ethan Sacks of Daily News saw the series turning Martin into a darling of literary critics as well as mainstream readers , which was `` rare for a fantasy genre that 's often dismissed as garbage not fit to line the bottom of a dragon 's cage '' . Salon.com 's Andrew Leonard stated : The success is all the more remarkable because ( the series debuted ) without mass market publicity or any kind of buzz in the fantasy / SF scene . George R.R. Martin earned his following the hard way , by word of mouth , by hooking his characters into the psyche of his readers to an extent that most writers of fantasy only dream of . Publishers Weekly noted in 2000 that `` Martin may not rival Tolkien or Robert Jordan , but he ranks with such accomplished medievalists of fantasy as Poul Anderson and Gordon Dickson . '' After the fourth volume came out in 2005 , Time 's Lev Grossman considered Martin a `` major force for evolution in fantasy '' and proclaimed him `` the American Tolkien '' , explaining that , although Martin was `` ( not ) the best known of America 's straight - up fantasy writers '' at the time and would `` never win a Pulitzer or a National Book Award ... his skill as a crafter of narrative exceeds that of almost any literary novelist writing today '' . As Grossman said in 2011 , the phrase American Tolkien `` has stuck to ( Martin ) , as it was meant to '' , being picked up by the media including The New York Times ( `` He 's much better than that '' ) , the New Yorker , Entertainment Weekly ( `` an acclaim that borders on fantasy blasphemy '' ) , The Globe and Mail , and USA Today . Time magazine named Martin one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2011 , and USA Today named George R.R. Martin their Author of the Year 2011 . According to The Globe and Mail 's John Barber , Martin manages simultaneously to master and transcend the genre so that `` Critics applaud the depth of his characterizations and lack of cliché in books that are nonetheless replete with dwarves and dragons '' . Publishers Weekly gave favorable reviews to the first three Ice and Fire novels at their points of release , saying that A Game of Thrones had `` superbly developed characters , accomplished prose and sheer bloody - mindedness '' , that A Clash of Kings was `` notable particularly for the lived - in quality of ( their fictional world and ) for the comparatively modest role of magic '' , and that A Storm of Swords was one `` of the more rewarding examples of gigantism in contemporary fantasy '' . However , they found that A Feast For Crows as the fourth installment `` sorely misses its other half . The slim pickings here are tasty , but in no way satisfying . '' Their review for A Dance with Dragons repeated points of criticism for the fourth volume , and said that , although `` The new volume has a similar feel to Feast '' , `` Martin keeps it fresh by focusing on popular characters ( who were ) notably absent from the previous book . '' According to the Los Angeles Times , `` Martin 's brilliance in evoking atmosphere through description is an enduring hallmark of his fiction , the settings much more than just props on a painted stage '' , and the novels captivate readers with `` complex storylines , fascinating characters , great dialogue , perfect pacing , and the willingness to kill off even his major characters '' . CNN remarked that `` the story weaves through differing points of view in a skillful mix of observation , narration and well - crafted dialogue that illuminates both character and plot with fascinating style '' , and David Orr of The New York Times found that `` All of his hundreds of characters have grace notes of history and personality that advance a plot line . Every town has an elaborately recalled series of triumphs and troubles . '' Salon. com 's Andrew Leonard `` could n't stop reading Martin because my desire to know what was going to happen combined with my absolute inability to guess what would happen and left me helpless before his sorcery . At the end , I felt shaken and exhausted . '' The Christian Science Monitor advised reading the novels with an A Song of Ice and Fire encyclopedia at hand to `` catch all the layered , subtle hints and details that ( Martin ) leaves throughout his books . If you pay attention , you will be rewarded and questions will be answered . '' Among the most critical voices were Sam Jordison and Michael Hann , both of The Guardian . Jordison detailed his misgivings about A Game of Thrones in a 2009 review and summarized `` It 's daft . It 's unsophisticated . It 's cartoonish . And yet , I could n't stop reading ... Archaic absurdity aside , Martin 's writing is excellent . His dialogue is snappy and frequently funny . His descriptive prose is immediate and atmospheric , especially when it comes to building a sense of deliciously dark foreboding ( of the long impending winter ) . '' Hann did not consider the novels to stand out from the general fantasy genre , despite Martin 's alterations to fantasy convention , although he rediscovered his childhood 's views : That when things are , on the whole , pretty crappy ( in the real world ) , it 's a deep joy to dive headfirst into something so completely immersive , something from which there is no need to surface from hours at a time . And if that immersion involves dragons , magic , wraiths from beyond death , shapeshifting wolves and banished princes , so be it . Sales ( edit ) Sales performance of the Ice and Fire series in the New York Times combined print and e-book fiction bestseller list in 2011 between the airing of the Game of Thrones pilot episode and the publication of A Dance with Dragons . The reported overall sales figures of the A Song of Ice and Fire series vary . The New Yorker said in April 2011 ( before the publication of A Dance with Dragons ) that more than 15 million Ice and Fire books had been sold worldwide , a figure repeated by The Globe and Mail in July 2011 . Reuters reported in September 2013 that the books including print , digital and audio versions have sold more than 24 million copies in North America . The Wall Street Journal reported more than six million sold copies in North America by May 2011 . USA Today reported 8.5 million copies in print and digital overall in July 2011 , and over 12 million sold copies in print in December 2011 . The series has been translated into more than 20 languages ; USA Today reported the fifth book to be translated into over 40 languages . Forbes estimated that Martin was the 12th highest - earning author worldwide in 2011 at $15 million . Martin 's publishers initially expected A Game of Thrones to be a best - seller , but the first installment did not even reach any lower positions in bestseller list . This left Martin unsurprised , as it is `` a fool 's game to think anything is going to be successful or to count on it '' . However , the book slowly won the passionate advocacy of independent booksellers and the book 's popularity grew by word of mouth . The series ' popularity skyrocketed in subsequent volumes , with the second and third volume making The New York Times Best Seller lists in 1999 and 2000 , respectively . The series gained Martin 's old writings new attention , and Martin 's American publisher Bantam Spectra was to reprint his out - of - print solo novels . The fourth installment , A Feast for Crows , was an immediate best - seller at its 2005 release , hitting number one on `` The New York Times '' hardcover fiction bestseller list November 27 , 2005 , which for a fantasy novel suggested that Martin 's books were attracting mainstream readers . The paperback edition of A Game of Thrones reached its 34th printing in 2010 , surpassing the one million mark . Before it even premiered , the TV series had boosted sales of the book series , with Ice and Fire approaching triple - digit growth in year - on - year sales . Bantam was looking forward to seeing the tie - ins boost sales further , and Martin 's British publisher Harper Voyager expected readers to rediscover their other epic fantasy literature . With a reported 4.5 million copies of the first four volumes in print in early 2011 , the four volumes re-appeared on the paperback fiction bestseller lists in the second quarter of 2011 . At its point of publication in July 2011 , A Dance with Dragons was in its sixth print with more than 650,000 hardbacks in print . It also had the highest single and first - day sales of any new fiction title published in 2011 at that point , with 170,000 hardcovers , 110,000 e-books , and 18,000 audio books reportedly sold on the first day . A Dance with Dragons reached the top of The New York Times bestseller list on July 31 , 2011 . Unlike most other big titles , the fifth volume sold more physical than digital copies early on , but nevertheless , Martin became the tenth author to sell 1 million Amazon Kindle e-books . All five volumes and the four - volume boxed set were among the top 100 best - selling books in the United States in 2011 and 2012 . The TV series has contributed significantly boosting sales of both the books and collectibles like box - sets , merchandise , and other items . The TV series also contributed in increasing the geographic coverage of the books , introducing new customers in emerging countries like India and Brazil to the book series . All this has significantly increased the overall book sales . Fandom ( edit ) Main article : A Song of Ice and Fire fandom During the 1980s and early 1990s , Martin 's novels had slowly earned him a reputation in science fiction circles , although he said to only have received a few fans ' letters a year in the pre-internet days . The publication of A Game of Thrones caused Martin 's following to grow , with fan sites springing up and a Trekkie - like society of followers evolving that meet regularly . Westeros.org , one of the main Ice and Fire fansites with about seventeen thousand registered members as of 2011 , was established in 1999 by a Swedish - based fan of Cuban - American descent , Elio M. García , Jr. , and his girlfriend ; their involvement with Martin 's work has now become semi-professional . The Brotherhood Without Banners , an unofficial fan club operating globally , was formed in 2001 . Their founders and other longtime members are among Martin 's good friends . Martin runs an official website and administers a lively blog with the assistance of Ty Franck . He also interacts with fandom by answering emails and letters , although he stated in 2005 that their sheer numbers might leave them unanswered for years . Since there are different types of conventions nowadays , he tends to go to three or four science - fiction conventions a year simply to go back to his roots and meet friends . He does not read message boards anymore , so that his writing will not be influenced by fans foreseeing twists and interpreting characters differently from what he intended . `` After all , as some of you like to point out in your emails , I am sixty years old and fat , and you do n't want me to ' pull a Robert Jordan ' on you and deny you your book . Okay , I 've got the message . You do n't want me doing anything except A Song of Ice and Fire . Ever . ( Well , maybe it 's okay if I take a leak once in a while ? ) '' -- George R.R. Martin on his blog in 2009 While Martin calls the majority of his fans `` great '' , and enjoys interacting with them , some of them turned against him because of the six years it took to release A Dance with Dragons . A movement of disaffected fans called GRRuMblers formed in 2009 , creating sites such as Finish the Book , George and Is Winter Coming ? . When fans ' vocal impatience for A Dance with Dragons peaked shortly after , Martin issued a statement called `` To My Detractors '' on his blog that received media attention . The New York Times noted that it was not uncommon for Martin to be mobbed at book signings either . The New Yorker called this `` an astonishing amount of effort to devote to denouncing the author of books one professes to love . Few contemporary authors can claim to have inspired such passion . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) -- Locus Award winner , World Fantasy Award and Nebula Award nominee , 1997 A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) -- Locus Award winner , Nebula Award nominee , 1999 A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) -- Locus Award winner , Hugo Award and Nebula Awards nominee , 2001 A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) -- Hugo , Locus , and British Fantasy Awards nominee , 2006 A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) -- Locus Award winner , Hugo Award and World Fantasy Award nominee , 2012 Derived works ( edit ) Novellas ( edit ) Martin has written several prequel novellas . The Tales of Dunk and Egg series , three novellas set ninety years before the events of the novel series , feature the adventures of Ser Duncan the Tall and his squire `` Egg '' , the later King Aegon V Targaryen . The stories have no direct connection to the plot of A Song of Ice and Fire , although both characters are mentioned in A Storm of Swords and A Feast For Crows , respectively . The first installment , The Hedge Knight , was published in the 1998 anthology Legends . The Sworn Sword followed in 2003 , published in Legends II . Both were later adapted into graphic novels . The third novella , titled The Mystery Knight , was first published in the 2010 anthology Warriors , and is planned to be adapted as a graphic novel as well . Martin planned to release the first three novellas as one collection in 2014 . Up to eight further Dunk and Egg installments are planned . The novella The Princess and the Queen or , the Blacks and the Greens appeared in Tor Books 's 2013 anthology Dangerous Women , and explains some of the Targaryen backstory two centuries before the events of the novels . The Rogue Prince , or , the King 's Brother , published in the 2014 anthology Rogues , is itself a prequel to the events of The Princess and the Queen . Chapter sets from the novels were also compiled into three novellas that were released between 1996 and 2003 by Asimov 's Science Fiction and Dragon : Blood of the Dragon ( July 1996 ) , taken from the Daenerys chapters in A Game of Thrones . Path of the Dragon ( December 2000 ) , taken from the Daenerys chapters in A Storm of Swords . Arms of the Kraken ( March 2003 ) , based on the Iron Islands chapters from A Feast for Crows . TV series ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones With the popularity of the series growing , HBO optioned A Song of Ice and Fire for a television adaptation in 2007 . A pilot episode was produced in late 2009 , and a series commitment for nine further episodes was made in March 2010 . The series , titled Game of Thrones , premiered in April 2011 to great acclaim and ratings ( see Game of Thrones : Reception ) . The network picked up the show for a second season covering A Clash of Kings two days later . Shortly after the conclusion of the first season , the show received 13 Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , winning Outstanding Main Title Design and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for Peter Dinklage 's portrayal of Tyrion Lannister . HBO announced a renewal for a third season in April 2012 , ten days after the season 2 premiere . Due to the length of the corresponding book , the third season only covered roughly the first half of A Storm of Swords . Shortly after the season 3 premiere in March 2013 , the network announced that Game of Thrones would be returning for a fourth season , which would cover the second half of A Storm of Swords along with the beginnings of A Feast for Crows and A Dance With Dragons . Game of Thrones was nominated for 15 Emmy Awards for season 3 . Two days after the fourth season premiered in April 2014 , HBO renewed Game of Thrones for a fifth and sixth season . Season 5 premiered on April 12 , 2015 and set a Guinness World Records for winning the highest number of Emmy Awards for a series in a single season and year , winning 12 out of 24 nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series . These episodes were watched by 8 million viewers , setting a record number for the series . The sixth season premiered on April 24 , 2016 . These episodes received the most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards with 23 , winning 12 , including the award for Outstanding Drama Series . Other works ( edit ) Main article : Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire spawned an industry of spin - off products . Fantasy Flight Games released a collectible card game , a board game , and two collections of artwork inspired by the Ice and Fire series . Various roleplaying game products were released by Guardians of Order and Green Ronin . Dynamite Entertainment adapted A Game of Thrones into a same - titled monthly comic in 2011 . Several video games are available or in production , including A Game of Thrones : Genesis ( 2011 ) and Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) by Cyanide ; both received mediocre ratings from critics . A social network game titled Game of Thrones Ascent ( 2013 ) by Disruptor Beam allows players to live the life of a noble during the series ' period setting . Random House released an official map book called The Lands of Ice and Fire , which includes old and new maps of the Ice and Fire world . The companion book The World of Ice & Fire by Martin and the Westeros.org owners Elio M. García Jr. and Linda Antonsson was published in October 2014 . Other licensed products include full - sized weapon reproductions , a range of collectable figures , Westeros coinage reproductions , and a large number of gift and collectible items based on the HBO television series . The popularity of the HBO series has made its version of the Iron Throne an icon of the entire media franchise . See also ( edit ) Book : A Song of Ice and Fire Outline of A Song of Ice and Fire franchise References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Flood , Alison ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` George RR Martin : Barbarians at the gate '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Milne , Ben ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones : The cult French novel that inspired George RR Martin '' . BBC . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kamin , Debra ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` The Jewish legacy behind Game of Thrones '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . They struck gold , however , with their next attempt : a television series based on a French fantasy series which in turn was based on a seven - part set of stories by a French Jewish immigrant . Maurice Druon was born in France in 1918 to Jewish immigrants from Russia and first made a name for himself in the realm of academic journals . 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Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( March 7 , 2007 ) . `` ICE & FIRE role playing game '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Song of Ice and Fire RPG homepage : Ours is the Fury ! '' . greenronin.com . June 21 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` A Game of Thrones No. 1 Review : The popular fantasy epic jumps from books to TV to comics '' . ign.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Focus Home Interactive press release '' . focus-home.com . July 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Peckham , Matt ( February 3 , 2012 ) . `` From Bleak to Bleaker in A Game of Thrones the Roleplaying Game 's New Trailer '' . Time . 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Martin shows us what the Iron Throne REALLY looks like '' . Blastr.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Behold the Iron Throne the Way George R.R. Martin Intended It '' . Wired . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Song of Ice and Fire George R.R. Martin 's Official Website So Spake Martin , Collection of statements , correspondences and interviews by George R.R. Martin . A Song of Ice and Fire series listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database A Song of Ice and Fire at the Internet Book List A Song of Ice and Fire at DMOZ George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Works by George R.R. Martin Novels A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones A Clash of Kings A Storm of Swords A Feast for Crows A Dance with Dragons The Winds of Winter Dying of the Light Windhaven Fevre Dream The Armageddon Rag Hunter 's Run Novellas A Song for Lya The Ice Dragon Sandkings The Skin Trade Westeros The Hedge Knight The Sworn Sword The Mystery Knight The Princess and the Queen The Rogue Prince The Sons of the Dragon Short stories `` With Morning Comes Mistfall '' `` The Way of Cross and Dragon '' Collections A Song for Lya Songs of Stars and Shadows Sandkings Songs the Dead Men Sing Nightflyers Tuf Voyaging Portraits of His Children Quartet : Four Tales from the Crossroads Dreamsongs : A RRetrospective Television The Twilight Zone `` The Once and Future King '' `` Lost and Found '' `` The Toys of Caliban '' `` The Road Less Traveled '' `` The Last Defender of Camelot '' Game of Thrones `` The Pointy End '' `` Blackwater '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` The Lion and the Rose '' Beauty and the Beast Doorways VIAF : 258305993 LCCN : n95101054 GND : 1024427412 SUDOC : 183641272 BNF : cb161841362 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire&oldid=800636780 '' Categories : A Song of Ice and Fire Death in fiction Death games in fiction Fantasy novel series High fantasy novels Incest in fiction Novels adapted into comics Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Prosthetics in fiction Witchcraft in written fiction Works about women in war Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2016 Use mdy dates from May 2014 Good articles Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Alemannisch বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 19 : 39 . 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-1054848911694569727	FA Cup semi-finals	FA Cup semi-finals - wikipedia FA Cup semi-finals Jump to : navigation , search The FA Cup semi-finals are played to determine which teams will contest the FA Cup Final . They are the penultimate phase of the FA Cup , the oldest football tournament in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location 2 Format 3 Records 4 List of FA Cup semi-finals 4.1 Semi-final Key 4.2 1870s 4.3 1880s 4.4 1890s 4.5 1900s 4.6 1910s 4.7 1920s 4.8 1930s 4.9 1940s 4.10 1950s 4.11 1960s 4.12 1970s 4.13 1980s 4.14 1990s 4.15 2000s 4.16 2010s 5 Semi-finals table 6 Venues 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Location ( edit ) Since 2008 , the new Wembley Stadium has been the home of the FA Cup semi-final . The semi-finals are contested at neutral venues ; in the past these have usually been the home grounds of teams not involved in that semi-final , such as Villa Park in Birmingham , Old Trafford in Manchester and Hillsborough in Sheffield . The 1991 semi-final between Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur was the first to be played at Wembley , the traditional venue for the FA Cup Final . Two years later both semi-finals were held at Wembley after the Steel City derby between Sheffield clubs Wednesday and United was switched from the original venue of Elland Road , Leeds . This was repeated in 1994 , although a replay between Manchester United and Oldham Athletic was held at Maine Road , Manchester . From 1995 to 1999 and from 2001 to 2004 other neutral grounds were used , though in 2000 both matches were played at the old Wembley , in its final year of operation . In 2005 both semi-finals were played at the Millennium Stadium , Cardiff . However , in 2006 the FA decided to revert to the neutral ground system , with Villa Park and Old Trafford hosting the games . In 2003 , it was announced that all future semi-finals would be played at the new Wembley Stadium , once it had opened ; this took effect in 2008 . The decision was mainly for financial reasons , to allow the FA to recoup some of the costs of rebuilding the stadium . However , the move was to the disappointment of traditionalists and drew criticism from some supporters ' groups . Format ( edit ) Highfield Road in Coventry ( 1982 image ) hosted the only semi-final third replay in 1979 -- 80 . In the past a replay match was played if the first semi-final ended in a draw . If the replay match also ended in a draw a second replay match would take place . In theory an unlimited number of games could be played to determine the outcome of a tie . For example , in 1980 it took four games to decide the winner between Arsenal and Liverpool . This is the most games needed to settle an FA Cup Semi-final , although there were several occasions where three games were played . Prior to the 1992 semi-finals , the only semi-final played under different rules to this was the rearranged 1989 semi-final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest , for which it had been declared in advance that the game would be decided by extra-time and penalties if necessary . In 1991 the FA decided that only one replay should be played ( starting with the 1991 -- 92 competition ) . If this game ended in a draw , extra time would be played , followed by penalty kicks if the match was still even . In 1999 it was decided that the semi-finals should be decided in one game , with extra time and penalties used to determine the outcome if the game ended in a draw ( replays are still used in earlier rounds , however ) . The last FA Cup Semi-final replay , in 1999 , saw Manchester United take on Arsenal at Villa Park . This turned out to become one of the most memorable semi-finals of all time , with Peter Schmeichel saving a last - minute penalty from Dennis Bergkamp and a Ryan Giggs extra time goal deciding the outcome in Manchester United 's favour . In 2003 this goal was voted the greatest ever in FA Cup history . Queen 's Park chose not to contest the 1871 -- 72 replay match with Wanderers . There were no semi-finals played in the 1872 -- 73 competition , while between 1877 -- 1881 only one semi-final was played . The 1989 semi-final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest at Hillsborough , Sheffield , turned into tragedy when 96 supporters were killed in the stands due to overcrowding . The Hillsborough disaster had wide - ranging effects on future stadium design . Records ( edit ) Villa Park in Birmingham hosted 55 semi-final matches between 1901 and 2007 , more than any other stadium . Villa Park is the most used stadium in FA Cup semi -- final history , having hosted 55 semi -- finals . The highest attendance for an FA Cup semi-final is 88,141 for Everton 's penalty win over Manchester United on 19 April 2009 . It was the fourth semi-final to be played at the new Wembley Stadium . The highest winning margin was Newcastle United 's 6 -- 0 victory over Fulham in the 1908 Anfield semi-final . The highest post-war winning margin was Stoke City 's 5 -- 0 victory over Bolton Wanderers in the second 2011 semi-final on 17 April 2011 . The highest - scoring match was Hull City 's 5 -- 3 victory over Sheffield United in the second 2014 semi-final . List of FA Cup semi-finals ( edit ) Semi-final Key ( edit ) * Match went to extra time † Match decided by a penalty shootout after extra time Bold Winning team won The Double Italics Team from outside the top level of English football ( since the formation of The Football League in 1888 ) 1870s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Score Loser Venue 1872 Royal Engineers 0 -- 0 Crystal Palace Kennington Oval 3 -- 0 Kennington Oval Wanderers 0 -- 0 Queen 's Park Kennington Oval w / o 1873 Oxford University w / o Queen 's Park Bye Wanderers 1874 Oxford University 1 -- 0 Clapham Rovers Kennington Oval Royal Engineers 2 -- 0 Swifts Kennington Oval 1875 Old Etonians 1 -- 0 Shropshire Wanderers Kennington Oval Royal Engineers 1 -- 1 Oxford University Kennington Oval 1 -- 0 Kennington Oval 1876 Old Etonians 1 -- 0 Oxford University Kennington Oval Wanderers 2 -- 1 Swifts Kennington Oval 1877 Wanderers 1 -- 0 Cambridge University Kennington Oval Bye Oxford University 1878 Royal Engineers 2 -- 1 Old Harrovians Kennington Oval Bye Wanderers 1879 Old Etonians 2 -- 1 Nottingham Forest Kennington Oval Bye Clapham Rovers Queen 's Park could not afford a second trip to London for their semi-final replay and were forced to withdraw Queen 's Park once again withdrew from the FA Cup at the semi-final stage . 1880s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Score Loser Venue 1880 Oxford University 1 -- 0 Nottingham Forest Kennington Oval Bye Clapham Rovers 1881 Old Carthusians 4 -- 1 Darwen Kennington Oval Bye Old Etonians 1882 Blackburn Rovers 0 -- 0 The Wednesday St John 's Ground 5 -- 1 Whalley Range Old Etonians 5 -- 0 Marlow Kennington Oval 1883 Blackburn Olympic 4 -- 0 Old Carthusians Whalley Range Old Etonians 2 -- 1 Notts County Kennington Oval 1884 Blackburn Rovers 1 -- 0 Notts County Aston Lower Grounds Queen 's Park 4 -- 1 Blackburn Olympic Trent Bridge 1885 Blackburn Rovers 5 -- 1 Old Carthusians Trent Bridge Queen 's Park 1 -- 1 Nottingham Forest Racecourse Ground 3 -- 0 Merchiston Castle School 1886 Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 1 Swifts Racecourse Ground West Bromwich Albion 4 -- 0 Small Heath Alliance Aston Lower Grounds 1887 Aston Villa 3 -- 1 Rangers Alexandra Recreation Ground West Bromwich Albion 3 -- 1 Preston North End Trent Bridge 1888 Preston North End 4 -- 0 Crewe Alexandra Anfield West Bromwich Albion 3 -- 0 Derby Junction Victoria Ground 1889 Preston North End 1 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Bramall Lane Wolverhampton Wanderers 1 -- 1 Blackburn Rovers Alexandra Recreation Ground 3 -- 1 Alexandra Recreation Ground 1890s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Score Loser Venue 1890 Blackburn Rovers 1 -- 0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Racecourse Ground The Wednesday 2 -- 1 Bolton Wanderers Wellington Road 1891 Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 2 West Bromwich Albion Victoria Ground Notts County 3 -- 3 Sunderland Bramall Lane 2 -- 0 Bramall Lane 1892 Aston Villa 4 -- 1 Sunderland Bramall Lane West Bromwich Albion 1 -- 1 Nottingham Forest Molineux 1 -- 1 Molineux 6 -- 2 Racecourse Ground 1893 Everton 2 -- 2 Preston North End Bramall Lane 0 -- 0 Bramall Lane 2 -- 1 Ewood Park Wolverhampton Wanderers 2 -- 1 Blackburn Rovers Town Ground 1894 Bolton Wanderers 2 -- 1 The Wednesday Fallowfield Stadium Notts County 1 -- 0 Blackburn Rovers Bramall Lane 1895 Aston Villa 2 -- 1 Sunderland Ewood Park West Bromwich Albion 2 -- 0 The Wednesday Racecourse Ground 1896 The Wednesday 1 -- 1 Bolton Wanderers Goodison Park 3 -- 1 Town Ground Wolverhampton Wanderers 2 -- 1 Derby County Wellington Road 1897 Aston Villa 3 -- 0 Liverpool Bramall Lane Everton 3 -- 2 Derby County Victoria Ground 1898 Derby County 3 -- 1 Everton Molineux Nottingham Forest 1 -- 1 Southampton Bramall Lane 2 -- 0 Crystal Palace 1899 Derby County 3 -- 1 Stoke City Molineux Sheffield United 2 -- 2 Liverpool Burnden Park 4 -- 4 Burnden Park Abandoned Fallowfield Stadium 1 -- 0 Baseball Ground 1900s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Score Loser Venue 1900 Bury 1 -- 1 Nottingham Forest Victoria Ground 3 -- 2 Bramall Lane Southampton 0 -- 0 Millwall Athletic Crystal Palace 3 -- 0 Elm Park 1901 Sheffield United 2 -- 2 Aston Villa City Ground 3 -- 0 Baseball Ground Tottenham Hotspur 4 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Villa Park 1902 Sheffield United 2 -- 2 Derby County The Hawthorns 1 -- 1 Molineux 1 -- 0 City Ground Southampton 3 -- 1 Nottingham Forest White Hart Lane 1903 Bury 3 -- 0 Aston Villa Goodison Park Derby County 3 -- 0 Millwall Athletic Villa Park 1904 Bolton Wanderers 1 -- 0 Derby County Molineux Manchester City 3 -- 0 The Wednesday Goodison Park 1905 Aston Villa 1 -- 1 Everton Victoria Ground 2 -- 1 City Ground Newcastle United 1 -- 0 The Wednesday Hyde Road 1906 Everton 2 -- 0 Liverpool Villa Park Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Woolwich Arsenal Victoria Ground 1907 Everton 2 -- 1 West Bromwich Albion Burnden Park The Wednesday 3 -- 1 Woolwich Arsenal St Andrew 's 1908 Newcastle United 6 -- 0 Fulham Anfield Wolverhampton Wanderers 2 -- 0 Southampton Stamford Bridge 1909 Bristol City 1 -- 1 Derby County Stamford Bridge 2 -- 1 St Andrew 's Manchester United 1 -- 0 Newcastle United Bramall Lane 1910s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Loser Score Venue 1910 Barnsley Everton 0 -- 0 Elland Road 3 -- 0 Old Trafford Newcastle United Swindon Town 2 -- 0 White Hart Lane 1911 Bradford City Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 0 Bramall Lane Newcastle United Chelsea 3 -- 0 St Andrew 's 1912 Barnsley Swindon Town 0 -- 0 Stamford Bridge 1 -- 0 Meadow Lane West Bromwich Albion Blackburn Rovers 0 -- 0 Anfield 1 -- 0 * Hillsborough 1913 Aston Villa Oldham Athletic 1 -- 0 Ewood Park Sunderland Burnley 0 -- 0 Bramall Lane 3 -- 2 St Andrew 's 1914 Burnley Sheffield United 0 -- 0 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 Goodison Park Liverpool Aston Villa 2 -- 0 White Hart Lane 1915 Chelsea Everton 2 -- 0 Villa Park Sheffield United Bolton Wanderers 2 -- 1 Ewood Park 1920s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Loser Score Venue 1920 Aston Villa Chelsea 3 -- 1 Bramall Lane Huddersfield Town Bristol City 2 -- 1 Stamford Bridge 1921 Tottenham Hotspur Preston North End 2 -- 1 Hillsborough Wolverhampton Wanderers Cardiff City 0 -- 0 Anfield 3 -- 1 Old Trafford 1922 Huddersfield Town Notts County 3 -- 1 Turf Moor Preston North End Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 1 Hillsborough 1923 Bolton Wanderers Sheffield United 1 -- 0 Old Trafford West Ham United Derby County 5 -- 2 Stamford Bridge 1924 Aston Villa Burnley 3 -- 0 Bramall Lane Newcastle United Manchester City 2 -- 0 St Andrew 's 1925 Cardiff City Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 1 Meadow Lane Sheffield United Southampton 2 -- 0 Stamford Bridge 1926 Bolton Wanderers Swansea Town 3 -- 0 White Hart Lane Manchester City Manchester United 3 -- 0 Bramall Lane 1927 Arsenal Southampton 2 -- 1 Stamford Bridge Cardiff City Reading 3 -- 0 Molineux 1928 Blackburn Rovers Arsenal 1 -- 0 Filbert Street Huddersfield Town Sheffield United 2 -- 2 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 Goodison Park 1 -- 0 Maine Road 1929 Bolton Wanderers Huddersfield Town 3 -- 1 Anfield Portsmouth Aston Villa 1 -- 0 Highbury 1930s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Loser Score Venue 1930 Arsenal Hull City 2 -- 2 Elland Road 1 -- 0 Villa Park Huddersfield Town Sheffield Wednesday 2 -- 1 Old Trafford 1931 Birmingham Sunderland 2 -- 0 Elland Road West Bromwich Albion Everton 1 -- 0 Old Trafford 1932 Arsenal Manchester City 1 -- 0 Villa Park Newcastle United Chelsea 2 -- 1 Leeds Road 1933 Everton West Ham United 2 -- 1 Molineux Manchester City Derby County 3 -- 2 Leeds Road 1934 Manchester City Aston Villa 6 -- 1 Leeds Road Portsmouth Leicester City 4 -- 1 St Andrew 's 1935 Sheffield Wednesday Burnley 3 -- 0 Villa Park West Bromwich Albion Bolton Wanderers 1 -- 1 Elland Road 2 -- 0 Victoria Ground 1936 Arsenal Grimsby Town 1 -- 0 Leeds Road Sheffield United Fulham 2 -- 1 Molineux 1937 Preston North End West Bromwich Albion 4 -- 1 Highbury Sunderland Millwall 2 -- 1 Leeds Road 1938 Huddersfield Town Sunderland 3 -- 1 Ewood Park Preston North End Aston Villa 2 -- 1 Bramall Lane 1939 Portsmouth Huddersfield Town 2 -- 1 Highbury Wolverhampton Wanderers Grimsby Town 5 -- 0 Old Trafford 1940s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Score Loser Venue 1946 Charlton Athletic 2 -- 0 Bolton Wanderers Villa Park Derby County 1 -- 1 Birmingham City Hillsborough 4 -- 1 * Maine Road 1947 Charlton Athletic 4 -- 0 Newcastle United Elland Road Burnley 0 -- 0 * Liverpool Ewood Park 1 -- 0 Maine Road 1948 Manchester United 3 -- 1 Derby County Hillsborough Blackpool 3 -- 1 * Tottenham Hotspur Villa Park 1949 Wolverhampton Wanderers 1 -- 1 Manchester United Hillsborough 1 -- 0 Goodison Park Leicester City 3 -- 1 Portsmouth Highbury 1950s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Loser Score Venue 1950 Liverpool Everton 2 -- 0 Maine Road Arsenal Chelsea 2 -- 2 White Hart Lane 1 -- 0 * White Hart Lane 1951 Newcastle United Wolverhampton Wanderers 0 -- 0 Hillsborough 2 -- 1 Leeds Road Blackpool Birmingham City 0 -- 0 Maine Road 2 -- 1 Goodison Park 1952 Arsenal Chelsea 1 -- 1 White Hart Lane 3 -- 0 White Hart Lane Newcastle United Blackburn Rovers 0 -- 0 Hillsborough 2 -- 1 Elland Road 1953 Blackpool Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 1 Villa Park Bolton Wanderers Everton 4 -- 3 Maine Road 1954 Preston North End Sheffield Wednesday 2 -- 0 Maine Road West Bromwich Albion Port Vale 2 -- 1 Villa Park 1955 Manchester City Sunderland 1 -- 0 Villa Park Newcastle United York City 1 -- 1 Hillsborough 1 -- 0 Roker Park 1956 Birmingham City Sunderland 3 -- 0 Hillsborough Manchester City Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Villa Park 1957 Aston Villa West Bromwich Albion 2 -- 2 Molineux 1 -- 0 St Andrew 's Manchester United Birmingham City 2 -- 0 Hillsborough 1958 Bolton Wanderers Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 1 Maine Road Manchester United Fulham 2 -- 2 Villa Park 5 -- 3 Highbury 1959 Luton Town Norwich City 1 -- 1 White Hart Lane 1 -- 0 St Andrew 's Nottingham Forest Aston Villa 1 -- 0 Hillsborough 1960s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Loser Score Venue 1960 Blackburn Rovers Sheffield Wednesday 2 -- 1 Maine Road Wolverhampton Wanderers Aston Villa 1 -- 0 The Hawthorns 1961 Leicester City Sheffield United 0 -- 0 Elland Road 0 -- 0 * City Ground 2 -- 0 * St Andrew 's Tottenham Hotspur Burnley 3 -- 0 Villa Park 1962 Burnley Fulham 1 -- 1 Villa Park 2 -- 1 Filbert Street Tottenham Hotspur Manchester United 3 -- 1 Hillsborough 1963 Leicester City Liverpool 1 -- 0 Hillsborough Manchester United Southampton 1 -- 0 Villa Park 1964 Preston North End Swansea Town 2 -- 1 Villa Park West Ham United Manchester United 3 -- 1 Hillsborough 1965 Liverpool Chelsea 2 -- 0 Villa Park Leeds United Manchester United 0 -- 0 Hillsborough 1 -- 0 City Ground 1966 Everton Manchester United 1 -- 0 Burnden Park Sheffield Wednesday Chelsea 2 -- 0 Villa Park 1967 Chelsea Leeds United 1 -- 0 Villa Park Tottenham Hotspur Nottingham Forest 2 -- 1 Hillsborough 1968 Everton Leeds United 1 -- 0 Old Trafford West Bromwich Albion Birmingham City 2 -- 0 Villa Park 1969 Leicester City West Bromwich Albion 1 -- 0 Hillsborough Manchester City Everton 1 -- 0 Villa Park 1970s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Score Loser Venue 1970 Chelsea 5 -- 1 Watford White Hart Lane Leeds United 0 -- 0 Manchester United Hillsborough 0 -- 0 * Villa Park 1 -- 0 Burnden Park 1971 Arsenal 2 -- 2 Stoke City Hillsborough 2 -- 0 Villa Park Liverpool 2 -- 1 Everton Old Trafford 1972 Arsenal 1 -- 1 Stoke City Villa Park 2 -- 1 Goodison Park Leeds United 3 -- 0 Birmingham City Hillsborough 1973 Leeds United 1 -- 0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Maine Road Sunderland 2 -- 1 Arsenal Hillsborough Liverpool 0 -- 0 Leicester City Old Trafford 3 -- 1 Villa Park Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Burnley Hillsborough Fulham 1 -- 1 Birmingham City Hillsborough 1 -- 0 * Maine Road West Ham United 0 -- 0 Ipswich Town Villa Park 2 -- 1 Stamford Bridge 1976 Manchester United 2 -- 0 Derby County Hillsborough Southampton 2 -- 0 Crystal Palace Stamford Bridge 1977 Manchester United 2 -- 1 Leeds United Hillsborough Liverpool 2 -- 2 Everton Maine Road 3 -- 0 Maine Road 1978 Arsenal 3 -- 0 Orient Stamford Bridge Ipswich Town 3 -- 1 West Bromwich Albion Highbury 1979 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Villa Park Manchester United 2 -- 2 Liverpool Maine Road 1 -- 0 Goodison Park 1980s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Score Loser Venue 1980 Arsenal 0 -- 0 Liverpool Hillsborough 1 -- 1 * Villa Park 1 -- 1 * Villa Park 1 -- 0 Highfield Road West Ham United 1 -- 1 Everton Villa Park 2 -- 1 Elland Road 1981 Manchester City 1 -- 0 * Ipswich Town Villa Park Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 2 * Wolverhampton Wanderers Hillsborough 3 -- 0 Highbury 1982 Queens Park Rangers 1 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Highbury Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 0 Leicester City Villa Park Manchester United 2 -- 1 Arsenal Villa Park Brighton & Hove Albion 2 -- 1 Sheffield Wednesday Highbury 1984 Everton 1 -- 0 * Southampton Highbury Watford 1 -- 0 Plymouth Argyle Villa Park 1985 Manchester United 2 -- 2 * Liverpool Goodison Park 2 -- 1 Maine Road Everton 2 -- 1 * Luton Town Villa Park 1986 Liverpool 2 -- 0 * Southampton White Hart Lane Everton 2 -- 1 * Sheffield Wednesday Villa Park Coventry City 3 -- 2 * Leeds United Hillsborough Tottenham Hotspur 4 -- 1 Watford Villa Park 1988 Liverpool 2 -- 1 Nottingham Forest Hillsborough Wimbledon 2 -- 1 Luton Town White Hart Lane 1989 Liverpool Abandoned after 6min Nottingham Forest Hillsborough 3 -- 1 Old Trafford Everton 1 -- 0 Norwich City Villa Park 1990s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Score Loser Venue 1990 Manchester United 3 -- 3 * Oldham Athletic Maine Road 2 -- 1 * Maine Road Crystal Palace 4 -- 3 * Liverpool Villa Park 1991 Nottingham Forest 4 -- 0 West Ham United Villa Park Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( Original ) 1992 Liverpool 1 -- 1 * Portsmouth Highbury 0 -- 0 † Villa Park Sunderland 1 -- 0 Norwich City Hillsborough 1993 Arsenal 1 -- 0 Tottenham Hotspur Wembley Stadium ( Original ) Sheffield Wednesday 2 -- 1 * Sheffield United Wembley Stadium ( Original ) 1994 Chelsea 2 -- 0 Luton Town Wembley Stadium ( Original ) Manchester United 1 -- 1 * Oldham Athletic Wembley Stadium ( Original ) 4 -- 1 Maine Road 1995 Everton 4 -- 1 Tottenham Hotspur Elland Road Manchester United 2 -- 2 * Crystal Palace Villa Park 2 -- 0 Villa Park Manchester United 2 -- 1 Chelsea Villa Park Liverpool 3 -- 0 Aston Villa Old Trafford 1997 Chelsea 3 -- 0 Wimbledon Highbury Middlesbrough 3 -- 3 * Chesterfield Old Trafford 3 -- 0 Hillsborough 1998 Arsenal 1 -- 0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Villa Park Newcastle United 1 -- 0 Sheffield United Old Trafford 1999 Manchester United 0 -- 0 * Arsenal Villa Park 2 -- 1 * Villa Park Newcastle United 2 -- 0 * Tottenham Hotspur Old Trafford 2000s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Score Loser Venue 2000 Aston Villa 0 -- 0 † Bolton Wanderers Wembley Stadium ( Original ) Chelsea 2 -- 1 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium ( Original ) 2001 Arsenal 2 -- 1 Tottenham Hotspur Old Trafford Liverpool 2 -- 1 Wycombe Wanderers Villa Park 2002 Arsenal 1 -- 0 Middlesbrough Old Trafford Chelsea 1 -- 0 Fulham Villa Park 2003 Arsenal 1 -- 0 Sheffield United Old Trafford Southampton 2 -- 1 Watford Villa Park Manchester United 1 -- 0 Arsenal Villa Park Millwall 1 -- 0 Sunderland Old Trafford 2005 Arsenal 3 -- 0 Blackburn Rovers Millennium Stadium Manchester United 4 -- 1 Newcastle United Millennium Stadium 2006 Liverpool 2 -- 1 Chelsea Old Trafford West Ham United 1 -- 0 Middlesbrough Villa Park 2007 Manchester United 4 -- 1 Watford Villa Park Chelsea 2 -- 1 * Blackburn Rovers Old Trafford 2008 Portsmouth 1 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Wembley Stadium ( New ) Cardiff City 1 -- 0 Barnsley Wembley Stadium ( New ) 2009 Chelsea 2 -- 1 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( New ) Everton 0 -- 0 † Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( New ) 2010s ( edit ) Year SF Winner Score Loser Venue Chelsea 3 -- 0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium ( New ) Portsmouth 2 -- 0 * Tottenham Hotspur Wembley Stadium ( New ) 2011 Manchester City 1 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( New ) Stoke City 5 -- 0 Bolton Wanderers Wembley Stadium ( New ) 2012 Liverpool 2 -- 1 Everton Wembley Stadium ( New ) Chelsea 5 -- 1 Tottenham Hotspur Wembley Stadium ( New ) 2013 Wigan Athletic 2 -- 0 Millwall Wembley Stadium ( New ) Manchester City 2 -- 1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( New ) 2014 Arsenal 1 -- 1 † Wigan Athletic Wembley Stadium ( New ) Hull City 5 -- 3 Sheffield United Wembley Stadium ( New ) 2015 Arsenal 2 -- 1 * Reading Wembley Stadium ( New ) Aston Villa 2 -- 1 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( New ) 2016 Manchester United 2 -- 1 Everton Wembley Stadium ( New ) Crystal Palace 2 -- 1 Watford Wembley Stadium ( New ) 2017 Chelsea 4 -- 2 Tottenham Hotspur Wembley Stadium ( New ) Arsenal 2 -- 1 * Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( New ) 2018 Manchester United 21 April 2018 Tottenham Hotspur Wembley Stadium ( New ) Chelsea 22 April 2018 Southampton Wembley Stadium ( New ) Semi-finals table ( edit ) Playing the first of their 28 semi-finals , Woolwich Arsenal ( in dark shirts ) faced Newcastle United ( in striped shirts ) at the Victoria Ground , Stoke in 1906 . Arsenal against Blackburn Rovers was one of the 2005 semi-finals held at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , taking the fixture out of England for the first time since 1885 . The pre-match line - ups at Villa Park for Middlesbrough versus West Ham United , 2006 Blackburn Rovers v Chelsea at Old Trafford in 2007 : the last FA Cup semi-final before the event was moved to the new Wembley Stadium . Arsenal versus Chelsea in 2009 was one of several London derbies held at the national stadium Manchester clubs City and United have reached the FA Cup semi-final a combined 40 times . The Manchester derby has twice been a semi-final . In amongst Hull City fans at the 2014 all - Yorkshire semi-final against Sheffield United Teams shown with an asterisk beside their name are no longer in existence . This table is updated after 2016 -- 17 FA Cup . Team Appearances Won Lost Arsenal 29 20 9 Aston Villa 21 11 10 Barnsley Birmingham City 9 7 Blackburn Olympic Blackburn Rovers 18 8 10 Blackpool 0 Bolton Wanderers 14 7 7 Bradford City 0 Brighton and Hove Albion 0 Bristol City Burnley 8 5 Bury 0 Cambridge University 0 Cardiff City Charlton Athletic 0 Chelsea 22 12 10 Chesterfield 0 Clapham Rovers * 0 Coventry City 0 Crewe Alexandra 0 Crystal Palace ( 1861 ) * 0 Crystal Palace ( 1905 ) Darwen 0 Derby County 13 9 Derby Junction * 0 Everton 26 13 13 Fulham 6 5 Grimsby Town 0 Huddersfield Town 7 5 Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United 8 Leicester City 7 Orient 0 Liverpool 24 14 10 Luton Town Manchester City 13 10 Manchester United 28 19 9 Marlow 0 Middlesbrough Millwall 5 Newcastle United 17 13 Norwich City 0 Nottingham Forest 12 9 Notts County 5 Old Carthusians Old Etonians 5 5 0 Old Harrovians 0 Oldham Athletic 0 Oxford University 5 Plymouth Argyle 0 Port Vale 0 Portsmouth 7 5 Preston North End 10 7 Queen 's Park Queens Park Rangers 0 Rangers 0 Reading 0 Royal Engineers 0 Sheffield United 14 6 8 Sheffield Wednesday 16 6 10 Shropshire Wanderers * 0 Southampton 11 7 Stoke City Sunderland 12 8 Swansea City 0 Swifts * 0 Swindon Town 0 Tottenham Hotspur 20 9 11 Wanderers * 0 Watford 6 5 West Bromwich Albion 20 10 10 West Ham United 7 5 Wigan Athletic Wimbledon * Wolverhampton Wanderers 14 8 6 Wycombe Wanderers 0 York City 0 Venues ( edit ) Semi-finals were held at Sheffield Wednesday 's home ground Hillsborough for 85 years . Maine Road ( 1985 image ) , dubbed the Wembley of the North , was used for semi-finals between 1928 and 1994 . In the 19th century , seventeen FA Cup semi-final matches were held at the Kennington Oval ( 1891 image ) . Bramall Lane ( 1965 photo ) hosted 17 semi-finals from 1889 to 1938 ; Sheffield has been host city on 51 occasions . The original Wembley Stadium began hosting semi-finals in 1991 with the North London derby . Meadow Lane , The City Ground and Trent Bridge in 2003 : the extant three of Nottingham 's four FA Cup semi-final hosts . Venues that no longer exist or regularly host football matches are denoted with an asterisk . Stadium City SF matches Year of first SF Most recent SF Kennington Oval * London 17 1872 1883 St John 's Ground * Huddersfield 1882 1882 Whalley Range * Manchester 1882 1883 Aston Lower Grounds * Birmingham 1884 1886 Trent Bridge * West Bridgford 1884 1887 Racecourse Ground * Derby 5 1885 1890 Merchiston Castle School * Edinburgh , Scotland 1885 1885 Alexandra Recreation Ground * Crewe 1887 1889 Anfield Liverpool 5 1888 1929 Victoria Ground * Stoke - on - Trent 7 1897 1935 Wellington Road * Perry Barr 1890 1896 Bramall Lane Sheffield 17 1889 1938 Molineux Wolverhampton 10 1892 1957 Ewood Park Blackburn 6 1893 1947 Town Ground * Nottingham 1893 1896 Fallowfield Stadium * Manchester 1894 1899 Goodison Park Liverpool 10 1896 1985 Crystal Palace * London 1898 1900 Burnden Park * Bolton 5 1899 1970 Baseball Ground * Derby 1899 1901 Elm Park * Reading 1900 1900 Villa Park Birmingham 55 1901 2007 City Ground West Bridgford 5 1901 1965 The Hawthorns West Bromwich 1902 1960 White Hart Lane London 12 1902 1988 Hyde Road * Manchester 1905 1905 St Andrew 's Birmingham 9 1907 1961 Stamford Bridge London 10 1910 1978 Elland Road Leeds 10 1910 1995 Old Trafford Trafford 23 1910 2007 Meadow Lane Nottingham 1912 1925 Hillsborough Sheffield 34 1912 1997 Turf Moor Burnley 1922 1922 Filbert Street * Leicester 1928 1962 Maine Road * Manchester 18 1928 1994 Highbury * London 12 1929 1997 Leeds Road * Huddersfield 6 1932 1951 Roker Park * Sunderland 1955 1955 Highfield Road * Coventry 1980 1980 Old Wembley * London 7 1991 2000 Millennium Stadium Cardiff , Wales 2005 2005 New Wembley London 20 2008 2017 See also ( edit ) FA Cup FA Cup Final FA Cup Third - fourth place matches Hillsborough Disaster Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Welsh team Jump up ^ Scottish team that was invited to compete Jump up ^ Scottish team that was invited to compete Jump up ^ Welsh team Jump up ^ Venue in another nation outside of England and Wales Jump up ^ Venue outside of England References ( edit ) FA Cup statistics Jump up ^ `` New Wembley to host semis '' . BBC News . 3 January 2003 . Retrieved 25 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Football Supporters Hail FA Cup Semi-final Decision '' ( Press release ) . Football Supporters Federation . 18 November 2005 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 25 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Moyes unhappy with Wembley semi '' . BBC News . 9 March 2009 . Retrieved 25 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 6 April 2008 ) . `` Nwanko Kanu repays Harry Redknapp 's faith in one moment '' . London : TimesOnline . Retrieved 10 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Non-League Club ^ Jump up to : Second Division / First Division / Championship Club ^ Jump up to : Third Division ( North ) / Third Division ( South ) / Third Division / Second Division / League One Jump up ^ 3 -- 1 on penalties Jump up ^ 4 -- 1 on penalties Jump up ^ 4 -- 2 on penalties Jump up ^ 4 -- 2 on penalties ( hide ) FA Cup Seasons 1871 -- 72 1872 -- 73 1873 -- 74 1874 -- 75 1875 -- 76 1876 -- 77 1877 -- 78 1878 -- 79 1879 -- 80 1880 -- 81 1881 -- 82 1882 -- 83 1883 -- 84 1884 -- 85 1885 -- 86 1886 -- 87 1887 -- 88 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Qualifying rounds 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Finals 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 History Trophy List of finals Third - fourth place matches Semi-finals Final referees Winning managers Non-English clubs Non-League clubs in the 5th Round Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FA_Cup_semi-finals&oldid=831813273 '' Categories : FA Cup Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 09 : 30 . 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2178893967346477747	Collective bargaining	Collective bargaining - wikipedia Collective bargaining For album by King Syze , see Collective Bargaining ( album ) . The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on Organized labour Labour movement ( show ) Timeline New Unionism Proletariat Social Movement Unionism Socialism Syndicalism Anarcho - syndicalism Labour rights ( hide ) Child labour Eight - hour day Five - day work week Annual leave Collective bargaining Minimum wage Occupational safety and health Trade unions ( show ) Trade unions by country Trade union federations International comparisons ITUC IWA WFTU Strike action ( show ) Chronological list of strikes General strike Secondary action Sitdown strike Work - to - rule Labour parties ( show ) Australian British Dutch Irish Israeli Maltese New Zealand Norwegian List of Labour parties Academic disciplines ( show ) Industrial relations Labour economics Labour history Labour law Collective bargaining is a process of negotiation between employers and a group of employees aimed at agreements to regulate working salaries , working conditions , benefits , and other aspects of workers ' compensation and rights for workers . The interests of the employees are commonly presented by representatives of a trade union to which the employees belong . The collective agreements reached by these negotiations usually set out wage scales , working hours , training , health and safety , overtime , grievance mechanisms , and rights to participate in workplace or company affairs . The union may negotiate with a single employer ( who is typically representing a company 's shareholders ) or may negotiate with a group of businesses , depending on the country , to reach an industry - wide agreement . A collective agreement functions as a labour contract between an employer and one or more unions . Collective bargaining consists of the process of negotiation between representatives of a union and employers ( generally represented by management , or , in some countries such as Austria , Sweden and the Netherlands , by an employers ' organization ) in respect of the terms and conditions of employment of employees , such as wages , hours of work , working conditions , grievance procedures , and about the rights and responsibilities of trade unions . The parties often refer to the result of the negotiation as a collective bargaining agreement ( CBA ) or as a collective employment agreement ( CEA ) . Contents 1 History 2 International protection 3 Empirical findings 4 United States 5 OECD 6 Sweden 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Beatrice Webb in 1894 The term `` collective bargaining '' was first used in 1891 by Beatrice Webb , a founder of the field of industrial relations in Britain . It refers to the sort of collective negotiations and agreements that had existed since the rise of trade unions during the 18th century . In the United States , the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 made it illegal for any employer to deny union rights to an employee . The issue of unionizing government employees in a public - sector trade union was much more controversial until the 1950s . In 1962 President John F. Kennedy issued an executive order granting federal employees the right to unionize . An issue of jurisdiction surfaced in National Labor Relations Board v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago ( 1979 ) when the Supreme Court held that the National Labor Relations Board ( NLRB ) could not assert jurisdiction over a church - operated school because such jurisdiction would violate the First Amendment establishment of freedom of religion and the separation of church of state . International Protection ( edit ) ... where free unions and collective bargaining are forbidden , freedom is lost . Ronald Reagan , Labor Day Speech at Liberty State Park , 1980 The right to collectively bargain is recognized through international human rights conventions . Article 23 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights identifies the ability to organize trade unions as a fundamental human right . Item 2 ( a ) of the International Labour Organization 's Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work defines the `` freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining '' as an essential right of workers . The Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention , 1948 ( C087 ) and several other conventions specifically protect collective bargaining through the creation of international labour standards that discourage countries from violating workers ' rights to associate and collectively bargain . In June 2007 the Supreme Court of Canada extensively reviewed the rationale for regarding collective bargaining as a human right . In the case of Facilities Subsector Bargaining Association v. British Columbia , the Court made the following observations : The right to bargain collectively with an employer enhances the human dignity , liberty and autonomy of workers by giving them the opportunity to influence the establishment of workplace rules and thereby gain some control over a major aspect of their lives , namely their work ... Collective bargaining is not simply an instrument for pursuing external ends ... rather ( it ) is intrinsically valuable as an experience in self - government ... Collective bargaining permits workers to achieve a form of workplace democracy and to ensure the rule of law in the workplace . Workers gain a voice to influence the establishment of rules that control a major aspect of their lives . Empirical findings ( edit ) Union members and other workers covered by collective agreements get , on average , a wage markup over their nonunionized ( or uncovered ) counterparts . Such a markup is typically 5 to 10 percent in industrial countries . Unions tend to equalize the income distribution , especially between skilled and unskilled workers . The welfare loss associated with unions is 0.2 to 0.5 of GDP , which is similar to monopolies in product markets . United States ( edit ) In the United States , the National Labor Relations Act ( 1935 ) covers most collective agreements in the private sector . This act makes it illegal for employers to discriminate , spy on , harass , or terminate the employment of workers because of their union membership or to retaliate against them for engaging in organizing campaigns or other `` concerted activities , '' to form company unions , or to refuse to engage in collective bargaining with the union that represents their employees . It is also illegal to require any employee to join a union as a condition of employment . Unions are also able to secure safe work conditions and equitable pay for their labor . At a workplace where a majority of workers have voted for union representation , a committee of employees and union representatives negotiate a contract with the management regarding wages , hours , benefits , and other terms and conditions of employment , such as protection from termination of employment without just cause . Individual negotiation is prohibited . Once the workers ' committee and management have agreed on a contract , it is then put to a vote of all workers at the workplace . If approved , the contract is usually in force for a fixed term of years , and when that term is up , it is then renegotiated between employees and management . Sometimes there are disputes over the union contract ; this particularly occurs in cases of workers fired without just cause in a union workplace . These then go to arbitration , which is similar to an informal court hearing ; a neutral arbitrator then rules whether the termination or other contract breach is extant , and if it is , orders that it be corrected . In 24 U.S. states , employees who are working in a unionized shop may be required to contribute towards the cost of representation ( such as at disciplinary hearings ) if their fellow employees have negotiated a union security clause in their contract with management . Dues are generally 1 -- 2 % of pay . However , union members and other workers covered by collective agreements get , on average , a 5 - 10 % wage markup over their nonunionized ( or uncovered ) counterparts . Some states , especially in the south - central and south - eastern regions of the U.S. , have outlawed union security clauses ; this can cause controversy , as it allows some net beneficiaries of the union contract to avoid paying their portion of the costs of contract negotiation . Regardless of state , the Supreme Court has held that the Act prevents a person 's union dues from being used without consent to fund political causes that may be opposed to the individual 's personal politics . Instead , in states where union security clauses are permitted , such dissenters may elect to pay only the proportion of dues which go directly toward representation of workers . The industrial revolution brought a swell of labour organizing in the US . The American Federation of Labor was formed in 1886 , providing unprecedented bargaining powers for a variety of workers . The Railway Labor Act ( 1926 ) required employers to bargain collectively with unions . In 1931 , the Supreme Court , in the case of Texas & N.O.R. Co. v. Brotherhood of Railway Clerks , upheld the act 's prohibition of employer interference in the selection of bargaining representatives . In 1962 , President Kennedy signed an executive order giving public - employee unions the right to collectively bargain with federal government agencies . The Office of Labor - Management Standards , part of the United States Department of Labor , is required to collect all collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 or more workers , excluding those involving railroads and airlines . They provide public access to these collections through their website . OECD ( edit ) Only one in three OECD employees have wages which were agreed on through collective bargaining . The organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , with its 36 members , has become an outspoken proponent for collective bargaining as a way to ensure that the falling unemployment also leads to higher wages . Sweden ( edit ) In Sweden the coverage of collective agreements is very high despite the absence of legal mechanisms to extend agreements to whole industries . In 2016 , 84 % of all private sector employees were covered by collective agreements , 100 % of public sector employees and in all 90 % ( referring to the whole labor market ) . This reflects the dominance of self - regulation ( regulation by the labour market parties themselves ) over state regulation in Swedish industrial relations . See also ( edit ) 11 U.S.C. § 1113 -- Rejection of Collective Bargaining Agreements Boulwarism Canadian labour law Enterprise bargaining agreement Labour law Labour economics UK labour law US labor law Right - to - work law Surface bargaining Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention , 1949 2011 Wisconsin protests , related to attempts to reduce or eliminate collective bargaining rights for public employee unions in Wisconsin 2011 United States public employee protests Civic Openness In Negotiations Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BLS Information '' . Glossary . U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Division of Information Services . February 28 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Adrian Wilkinson et al. eds. ( 2014 ) . Handbook of Research on Employee Voice . Edward Elgar Publishing . p. 227 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Pynes , J.E. & Lombardi ( 2011 ) Human Resources Management for Healthcare Organizations . San Francisco , CA : Jossey - Bass Jump up ^ http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/reference/9.1.80.html Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly ( 1948 ) . `` Article 23 '' . Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Paris . Retrieved August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ International Labour Organization ( 1998 ) . Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work . 86th Session : Geneva . Retrieved August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` C087 - Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention , 1948 ( No. 87 ) '' . International Labour Organization . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Health Services and Support -- Facilities Subsector Bargaining Assn . v. British Columbia ( 2007 ) SCC 27 Archived July 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... ^ Jump up to : Toke Aidt and Zafiris Tzannatos ( 2002 ) . `` Unions and Collective Bargaining '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Can I be required to be a union member or pay dues to a union ? '' . National Right To Work . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://www.nrtw.org/right-to-work-states/ Jump up ^ `` Communications Workers of America v. Beck '' . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 27 . , 487 U.S. 735 . ^ Jump up to : Illinois Labor History Society . A Curriculum of United States Labor History for Teachers Archived 2008 - 05 - 14 at the Wayback Machine ... Online at the Illinois Labor History Society Archived 2007 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved on August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Collective Bargaining Agreements File : Online Listings of Private and Public Sector Agreements '' . Office of Labor - Management Standards ( OLMS ) . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.nordiclabourjournal.org/nyheter/news-2018/article.2018-07-04.6865902732 Jump up ^ Anders Kjellberg ( 2018 ) Kollektivavtalens täckningsgrad samt organisationsgraden hos arbetsgivarförbund och fackförbund , Department of Sociology , Lund University . Studies in Social Policy , Industrial Relations , Working Life and Mobility . Research Reports 2018 : 1 , Appendix 3 ( in English ) Jump up ^ Anders Kjellberg ( 2017 ) '' Self - regulation versus State Regulation in Swedish Industrial Relations '' In Mia Rönnmar and Jenny Julén Votinius ( eds . ) Festskrift till Ann Numhauser - Henning . Lund : Juristförlaget i Lund 2017 , pp. 357 - 383 References ( edit ) Buidens , Wayne , and others . `` Collective Gaining : A Bargaining Alternative . '' Phi Delta Kappan 63 ( 1981 ) : 244 - 245 . DeGennaro , William , and Kay Michelfeld . `` Joint Committees Take the Rancor out of Bargaining with Our Teachers . '' The American School Board Journal 173 ( 1986 ) : 38 - 39 . Herman , Jerry J. `` With Collaborative Bargaining , You Work with the Union -- Not Against It . '' The American School Board Journal 172 ( 1985 ) : 41 - 42 , 47 . Huber , Joe ; and Jay Hennies . `` Fix on These Five Guiding Lights , and Emerge from the Bargaining Fog . '' The American School Board Journal 174 ( 1987 ) : 31 . Liontos , Demetri . Collaborative Bargaining : Case Studies and Recommendations . Eugene : Oregon School Study Council , University of Oregon , September 1987 . OSSC Bulletin Series . 27 pages . ED number not yet assigned . McMahon , Dennis O. `` Getting to Yes . '' Paper presented at the annual conference of the American Association of School Administrators , New Orleans , LA , February 20 -- 23 , 1987 . ED 280 188 . Namit , Chuck ; and Larry Swift . `` Prescription for Labor Pains : Combine Bargaining with Problem Solving . '' The American School Board Journal 174 ( 1987 ) : 24 . Nyland , Larry . `` Win / Win Bargaining Takes Perseverance . '' The Executive Educator 9 ( 1987 ) : 24 . O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) ( January 2002 ) . Economics : Principles in Action . The Wall Street Journal : Classroom Edition ( 2nd ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey 07458 : Pearson Prentice Hall : Addison Wesley Longman . p. 223 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . Smith , Patricia ; and Russell Baker . `` An Alternative Form of Collective Bargaining . '' Phi Delta Kappan 67 ( 1986 ) : 605 - 607 . Alberta Human Rights Act , RSA 2000 , c A-25 Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Donnelly , Jack . `` Cultural and Universal Human Right '' . Human Right Quarterly 6 ( 1984 ) : 400 - 419 Dunmore v. Ontario ( Attorney General ) , ( 2001 ) 3 S.C.R. 1016 , 2001 SCC 94 Health Services and Support -- Facilities Subcontractor Bargaining Assn . v. British Columbia , ( 2007 ) SCC 27 , ( 2007 ) 2 S.C.R. 391 Mathiesen , Kay . `` labor laws on unionization and collective bargaining -- comparative study '' . Journal of information Ethics. 3 ( 2009 ) : 245 - 567 . Print . Sitati , Ezekiel . `` Examining the development sin the labor laws '' . Melbournes Journal of politic 3 ( 2009 ) : 55 - 74 . Print Ontario ( Attorney General ) v. Fraser , 2011 SCC 20 Reference Re Public Service Employee Relations Act ( Alberta ) , ( 1987 ) 1 S.C.R. 313 External links ( edit ) Labor & Worklife Program at Harvard Law school Collective Bargaining Subject Guide at the ILR School , Cornell University Collective Bargaining , Labor Law , and Labor History at DigitalCommons@ILR Collective Bargaining Agreements at DigitalCommons@ILR GVSU links to actual arbitration awards and collective bargaining resources Trade unions and organized labour Trade union ( public sector ) Labour history Labour rights Labour movement Formation Structure Labour council Union organizer National trade union centre Global union federation Union representative Clerk of the Chapel Father of the Chapel Local union Union dues Vigilance committee Union label Salt Trades hall Duty of fair representation Models Organizing model Service model Social movement unionism Community unionism Members - only unionism One Big Union Open - source unionism Business unionism Dual unionism Solidarity unionism Syndicalism Types Company union Independent union General union Craft unionism Industrial unionism Industrial relations Shops and hiring Closed shop Open shop Agency shop Union shop Hiring hall Bump Scope clause Actions Unfair list Strike action recognition secondary action Strike notice Occupation of factories Precarious work Precarity General strike Sitdown strike Slowdown Bossnapping Stay - away Labour unrest Grievance Organizational dissent Overtime ban Industrial action Walkout Contingent work Whipsaw strike Wildcat strike action Work - to - rule Green ban Picketing Bargaining Collective bargaining Collaborative bargaining Mutual gains bargaining Pattern bargaining Bargaining unit Union security agreement Master contract Enterprise bargaining agreement Compensation Strike pay Union wage premium Workers ' compensation Reactions Opposition to trade unions Labour spies in the United States Union busting Givebacks Churn and burn Paper local Anti-union violence United States Union violence Demarcation dispute Strikebreaker Goon squad Featherbedding Other topics International comparisons of labour unions Labour code Labour law Eight - hour day Worker centre GND : 4184470 - 1 NARA : 10639665 NDL : 00561267 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collective_bargaining&oldid=858667999 '' Categories : Austerity Labour relations Labor rights Industrial agreements Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL Articles with limited geographic scope from March 2015 USA - centric All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano 日本語 Polski Русский Svenska Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2018 , at 20 : 49 ( UTC ) . 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-8949921247922647234	Knife legislation	Knife legislation - Wikipedia Knife legislation Jump to : navigation , search Knife legislation is defined as the body of statutory law or case law promulgated or enacted by a government or other governing jurisdiction that prohibits , criminalizes , or restricts the otherwise legal manufacture , importation , sale , transfer , possession , transport , or use of knives . The carrying of knives in public is forbidden or restricted by law in many countries . Exceptions may be made for hunting knives , pocket knives , and knives used for work - related purposes ( chef 's knives , etc . ) , depending upon the laws of a given jurisdiction . In turn , the carrying or possessing of certain type of knives perceived as deadly or offensive weapons such as automatic or switchblade knives or butterfly knives may be restricted or prohibited . Even where knives may be legally carried on the person generally , this right may not extend to all places and circumstances , and knives of any description may be prohibited at schools , public buildings or courthouses , and at public events . Contents ( hide ) 1 Austria 2 Belgium 3 Bulgaria 4 Canada 5 China 6 Czech Republic 7 Denmark 8 France 9 Germany 9.1 Prohibited knives 9.2 Cutting and thrusting weapons 9.3 Restricted - use knives 10 Greece 11 Hong Kong 12 Hungary 13 Japan 14 Latvia 15 Lithuania 16 Netherlands 17 Norway 18 Poland 19 Russia 20 Serbia 21 Slovakia 22 Spain 23 Sweden 24 United Kingdom 24.1 England and Wales 24.1. 1 Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959 24.1. 2 Criminal Justice Act 1988 24.1. 3 Offensive Weapons Act 1996 24.1. 4 Knives Act 1997 24.1. 5 Prevention of Crime Act 1953 24.2 Scotland 24.3 Northern Ireland 25 United States 25.1 Federal laws 25.2 State and local laws 25.2. 1 Historical Origin 25.2. 2 Interpreting current state laws 25.3 City , County , and local laws 26 See also 27 References 28 External links Austria ( edit ) In accordance with the Austrian Arms Act of 1996 ( Waffengesetz 1996 ) it is illegal to buy , import , possess or carry weapons that are disguised as another object or as an object of common use ( sword canes , e.g. , or knives disguised as ink pens , brush handles or belt buckles ) . For ordinary knives , however , there are no restrictions or prohibitions based on blade length or opening or locking mechanism . The Arms Act defines weapons as `` objects that by their very nature are intended to reduce or eliminate the defensive ability of a person through direct impact '' , specifically including all firearms . Consequently , certain knives are considered `` weapons '' in accordance with this definition . Except for firearms , however , which are heavily regulated , such `` weapons '' , including automatic opening lock - blade knives ( switchblades ) , OTF automatic knives , balisongs , and gravity knives are implicitly permitted under the Arms Act , and thus may be bought , possessed and carried by anyone over the age of 18 who has not been expressively banned from owning any weapon ( Waffenverbot ) by the civilian authorities . Belgium ( edit ) Article 3 , § 1 of the 2006 Weapons Act lists the switchblade or automatic knife ( couteaux à cran d'arrêt et à lame jaillissante ) , as well as butterfly knives , throwing knives , throwing stars , and knives or blades that have the appearance of other objects ( i.e. sword canes , belt buckle knives , etc . ) as prohibited weapons . In addition to specifically prohibited knives , the police and local jurisdictions have broad authority to prohibit the carrying or possession of a wide variety of knives , to include carriage inside a vehicle , if the owner can not establish sufficient legal reason ( motif légitime ) for doing so , particularly in urban areas or at public events . This discretion extends to even folding knives without a locking blade . Bulgaria ( edit ) Bulgarian weapon law is maintained on a yearly basis . It is called ZOBVVPI ( Bulgarian : `` Закон за оръжията , боеприпасите , взривните вещества и пиротехническите изделия '' ) and it covers ONLY the possession and usage of firearms ( including gas and signal ones ) , and pellet or BB ( Bulgarian : `` сачми '' ) pneumatic guns . A state regulation on melee weapons of any kind does not exist , whether knives , swords , bats or electric devices . Neither there is a juridical definition on the terms `` melee weapon '' or `` cold weapon '' in any Bulgarian law . Hence it is absolutely legal to possess and carry a knife in Bulgaria without having to procure any reason for doing so . Concealed knife carry is OK , anywhere and anytime . Although there are no restrictions on the possession or carrying of any type of knives or swords , it is not widely accepted or considered appropriate to carry a knife openly in public places such as streets or public buildings , stores or restaurants . In urban areas , expect an instant check and hassle if a policeman sees you to openly carry a larger knife , even if you have legal right to do it . From a society point of view , the open carry of knives in Bulgaria is justified only on rural areas , when fishing or hunting , or when the knife serves as a tool in work activities , such as gardening . Some places like courts , banks , clubs , bars , etc. will deny you the access with any type of weapon ( knives included ) and most of them do n't offer a safekeeping option . It is urban legend in Bulgaria that knives above 10 cm. are illegal to carry on person , so expect the police to try and convince you give up the knife voluntarily , even if such measure is illegal . You should not give up your knife , instead state the purpose of `` daily needs '' , `` utility usage '' or even `` self - defense '' for carrying and be clear that you have n't committed any crime . Insist the policeman to cite a law against you carrying a knife in public . Since there is n't any such law in Bulgaria , police most likely will let you keep your knife and send you on your way with a `` warning '' . If they insist or are further misbehaving , ask to contact their superior officer prior to giving up your knife or else you wo n't see it again . Actually , there are some random city councils which try to limit knife lengths above 10 centimeters ( 4 inches ) with issuing acts , but these acts are all illegal and have no compliance force , because the councils serve only administrative functions and they do n't have the jurisdiction to invent or impose laws of any kind . Remember that although very liberal in terms of knives ( weapons ) possession and carry , compared to many European countries , Bulgaria is n't the place where you can defend yourself with deadly force . If the need for self - defense with a knife ever arises , consider it very carefully . Bulgaria has strong restrictive self - defense laws and a `` duty to retreat '' is always obligatory . Usually , courts often consider the armed self - defense as `` unjustified '' based on the Penal Code and the defending side ends up with an effective jail verdict , even if the cause ( treat ) for initiating self - defense is proven . Canada ( edit ) The Canadian Criminal Code criminalizes the possession of knives which open automatically . Section 84 ( 1 ) defines `` a knife that has a blade that opens automatically by gravity or centrifugal force or by hand pressure applied to a button , spring or other device attached to or in the handle of the knife '' as a prohibited weapon . Only persons who have been granted exemption by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police through the Canadian Firearms Program are allowed to possess ( but not acquire ) prohibited weapons . If a person is found in unauthorized possession of a prohibited knife by any law enforcement officer , the person is liable to a maximum of 5 years in jail and the weapon being seized . The Crown can then apply to a Provincial Court judge for the weapon to be forfeited and destroyed . The import and export of prohibited weapons is also strictly regulated and enforced by the Canada Border Services Agency . Examples of prohibited knives include : any knife , including a switchblade , or butterfly knife with a blade that opens automatically by gravity or centrifugal force or by hand pressure applied to a button , spring or other device in or attached to the handle of the knife ; Constant Companion ( belt - buckle knife ) ; finger rings with blades or other sharp objects projecting from the surface ; push daggers . Manually - opened or ' one - handed ' opening knives , including spring - assisted knives , that do not fall within the categories listed as prohibited weapons definition are legal to own , import and use . There is no length restriction on carrying knives within the Criminal Code , but there is a prohibition against carrying a knife if the possessor intends to carry for a purpose dangerous to public peace or for the purpose of committing a criminal offense . China ( edit ) Due to concerns about potential violence at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing , China began restricting `` dangerous knives '' , requiring that purchasers register with the government when purchasing these knives . Included in the new restrictions are knives with `` blood grooves '' , lockblade knives , knives with blades measuring over 22 cm ( 8.6 in ) in length , and knives with blades over 15 cm in length also having a point angle of less than 60 degrees . As of January 2011 , according to an authorized Leatherman dealer in Beijing all knives with a locking blade are illegal unless they are part of a larger multi-tool like a leatherman . However , many people still carry locking pocket knives especially when camping with no issues . He suggested carrying locking knives in checked luggage on airplanes , and on your person in trains and subways since they could be confiscated if found in a bag . Foreigners are generally given a bit more leeway in China so if a traveler is caught with a small knife there will probably be no prosecution and at most confiscation . Czech republic ( edit ) Czech weapon law from the year 2002 concerns firearms only , with no other legislation concerning knives in existence ( with the exception of the paragraphs of the penal code penalizing the use of any weapons in criminal offenses ) . This means there are no restrictions on the possession or carrying of any types of knives or swords , whether openly or in concealed manner . Denmark ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2017 ) In Denmark , fixed - blade knives are legal to own if the blade is no longer than 12 cm ( 4.75 inches ) . Blades over this length may only be legally owned if the possessor has a legitimate reason for carrying the knife or a special collector 's permit . However , such knives are still generally illegal to carry in public , whether on one 's person or in a vehicle , unless transported in such a manner as to prevent ready access by the owner ( lockbox , locked trunk , etc . ) Folding , non-lock blade knives are legal to carry if the blade length does not exceed 7 cm ( 2.756 in ) . Locking knives and knives over 7 cm must be transported in public so as not to allow ready access by the owner . Knives with blades that may be opened with one hand ( even if the one - hand opening mechanism has been removed ) , automatic - opening knives ( switchblades ) , push daggers , gravity knives , disguised knives ( belt - buckle knife , sword cane , etc . ) and knives with ready access by the wearer ( neck or belt knives , boot knives , etc . ) are illegal to own or possess . Multi-tools featuring one - hand opening blades are also illegal to own or possess . Owning throwing knives and throwing in private or public is subject to permissions . France ( edit ) In France , any knife of any blade length with a fixed blade , or a folding blade with a locking system , falls into unregulated Category D weapon ( armes de catégorie D en vente libre ) . Unregulated category D weapons may be legally purchased if over 18 years of age , but they may not be carried on one 's person , unless carried `` for good reason '' , for example , as part of the tools of one 's profession . If carried in a vehicle , such knives must be placed in a secure , locked compartment not accessible to the vehicle occupants . In addition , French law provides that authorities may classify any knife as a prohibited item depending upon circumstances and the discretion of the police or judicial authorities . Since `` reasonnable size '' knives are merely tolerated in most circumstances , authorities may summarily confiscate it . Germany ( edit ) German knife law establishes three categories of knives : 1 ) prohibited knives ; 2 ) knives designated as cutting and thrusting weapons ; and 3 ) other knives . Some knives are additionally classified as restricted - use , in that they may be possessed in the home or business , but may not be carried on the person . In addition , paragraph 42 section 5 of the Weapons Act gives each German state the option in certain areas to enact local regulations prohibiting the carrying of weapons `` and any dangerous objects '' in so - called `` weapons ban '' areas for purposes of protecting public safety and order . `` Weapons ban '' areas have been enacted in Berlin and Hamburg . Prohibited knives ( edit ) German law prohibits the manufacture , importation , or sale of butterfly knives , gravity knives , and push daggers ( palm knives ) , as well as knives designed to be disguised as another object , such as a sword cane or belt buckle knife . Automatic or switchblade knives are generally prohibited , with certain exceptions based on blade length and number of sharpened edges . Switchblades and automatic knives with telescoping blade opening designs are prohibited . Side - opening automatic knives are also prohibited unless 1 ) the blade is no longer than 8.5 cm , and 2 ) the blade is single - edged , i.e. a blade without double edges , such as a stiletto or dagger . Cutting and thrusting weapons ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Knives designated as cutting and thrusting weapons , but not otherwise specifically prohibited may be possessed by persons of 18 years and older . German law defines a cutting and thrusting weapon as any object intended to reduce or eliminate the ability of a person to attack another person or to defend themselves . This includes swords , sabers , daggers , stilettos , and bayonets . For example , as a bayonet is a military weapon intended to injure or kill people , it is regarded as a weapon by the criminal law . In contrast , a machete is regarded as a tool to clear dense vegetation . Knives classed as cutting and thrusting weapons are generally restricted to possession and use on private property , and may not be carried in public or at certain public events . Restricted - use knives ( edit ) All knives that are not illegal may be legally purchased , owned , and used by anyone on private property . However , some knives are restricted from being carried in public , which is defined as exercising actual control of a restricted - class knife outside the home , business , or private property . All cutting and thrusting weapons such as daggers , swords , or stilettos ( see above 2 . ) All folding knives that are locking and have a one - handed opening mechanism ( whether automatic , assisted - opening , or manual in nature ) . A knife that has only one of these two features may be legal to carry ( namely provided it does not violate the principles below and above ) . All knives with fixed blades over 12.0 cm Restricted - use knives may be carried if transported in a locked , sealed container , or if there is a commonly accepted legitimate purpose for carrying it , such as participation in a historical reenactment , sporting use ( i.e. hunting ) , or as a necessary tool in a trade or business . The desire to defend oneself , or to use the knife as a tool without proof of necessity for its use is ordinarily not considered a legitimate purpose under the law . Greece ( edit ) It is illegal to carry a knife for use as a weapon in attack or defense . The only general restriction is intended use , not the properties of the knife itself ( in particular , there is no restriction of blade length , despite popular belief ) . However , in practice there will be significant leeway for interpretation for police officers and judges -- and much will depend on whether an intended use other than as a weapon can be argued -- for which the properties of the knife in question will be very relevant ( bad : flick - knife , automated , long blade , neck - knife , tactical ) . So , carrying a knife that has its main use as a weapon will be illegal . In addition , it is not allowed to carry knives in certain places , such as courtrooms , to football matches , etc . Carrying knives is generally very unusual in towns , but not in the countryside . Law 2168 / 1993 on weapons , explosives , etc . `` Article 1 . Meaning of terms , applicability ... § 2 . Objects that offer themselves ( είναι πρόσφορα ) to attack or defense are also considered weapons . In particular : ... b ) Knives of all sorts , except those where ownership is justified by use in the home , profession or education , or art , hunting , fishing or other similar uses . '' The remaining sections refer to : a ) sprays and electro - shockers , c ) knuckle dusters , clubs , nunchakus , etc. , d ) flame throwers or chemical sprays , e ) fishing spear - guns . No license is needed for import , trade or carrying of knives for these uses ( Art 7 , 5 ) . See also the constitutional court decision 1299 / 2008 where the intended use of the weapon found in the car of two criminals is the point of discussion . A useful article from a hunting journal ( in Greek ) . Hong kong ( edit ) Under the Weapons Ordinance ( HK Laws . Chap 217 ) , certain knives are designated as ' prohibited weapons ' , including : Gravity knife Knuckleduster whether spiked or not and with or without blade Any bladed or pointed weapon designed to be used in a fashion whereby the handle is held in a clenched fist and the blade or point protrudes between the fingers of the fist Any knife the blade of which is exposed by a spring or other mechanical or electric device Possession of prohibited weapon is illegal under section 4 of the ordinance and offender is liable to a fine of and to imprisonment for 3 years . Any Police officers or Customs officers can seize and detain any prohibited weapon . Once convicted , the weapon is automatically forfeited to the government and can then be disposed of by the Commissioner of Police . Hungary ( edit ) Carrying a knife with blade length over 8 centimetres ( 3.1 in ) is prohibited in public places in Hungary unless justified by sport , work or everyday activity . Automatic Knives , throwing stars and `` French knives '' are prohibited regardless of blade length and may be sold only to members of the army , law enforcement and the national security agency . Violation may be punished with a fine up to 50000 HUF . Possession at home and transportation in secure wrapping is allowed for everyone . Any non-bladed weapon that is used to `` increase the strength of a punch '' is illegal to carry ( batons , knuckel dusters , nunchakus etc . ) . Japan ( edit ) Any fixed knife containing a blade length of 15 cm or more requires permission from the prefectural public safety commission in order to possess . Permission requirements also apply to any type of pocket knife over 6 cm ( including Automatic Knives ) , spears over 15 cm in blade length , and Japanese halberds . All knives with a blade length over 8 cm are prohibited from being carried , under a crime law , with an exception for carrying for duty or other justifiable reasons . There is a penalty of up to 2 years prison or up to a ¥ 300000 fine . Folding knives with a blade length less than 8 cm ( such as Swiss Army knives ) are permitted , while SAK with a lock blade are prohibited from being carried . Latvia ( edit ) Latvian legislation `` Law On the Handling of Weapons '' defines knives as : ( 1 ) Cold weapon -- an object that has the features of a weapon and that is intended to cause damage utilising human muscle strength or special mechanisms . and prohibits ( 2 ) ... to carry non-firearm weapons except the non-firearm weapons necessary for hunters -- in hunting and non-firearms necessary to sportsmen for the relevant sport -- in competitions or training . Lithuania ( edit ) According to Lithuanian law it is legal to possess and carry most types of knives . This includes hunting knives , pocket knives , multi-tools , survivor knives , balisongs etc. as knives are not considered weapons . The only exception are switchblades . It is illegal to carry or possess a switchblade if it meets one of the following criteria : the blade is longer than 8.5 cm ; the width in the middle of the blade is less than 14 % of its total length ; the blade is double sided . Netherlands ( edit ) As of 2011 in the Netherlands a new law prohibits ownership or possession of the following knives , whether kept at home or not : Stilettos , switchblades , folding knives with more than one cutting edge , throwing knives , folding knives with an overall length of more than 28 cm when open , butterfly ( balisong ) or gravity knives , disguised knives ( belt knife , sword cane , etc . ) and push daggers . Also , it is illegal to carry a fixed - blade knife with more than one cutting edge , though such a knife may be kept at home for collector purposes . In addition to national laws , each Dutch city and urban district has the right to prohibit carrying of any knife that can potentially be used as a weapon in certain `` no - go '' areas . Normally a `` no - go '' area includes all built - up urban areas including bars , cafés , concerts , and public gathering places or events . In public , a knife must be transported in such a manner so that it is not directly usable by the owner , such as storing the knife in a locked case for carrying in a backpack , or placing the locked - up knife in a storage area of a vehicle separate from the passenger compartment . Norway ( edit ) According to Norwegian law , one can spend up to 6 months in prison for purposefully bringing a knife or similar sharp tool especially suited for causing bodily harm to a public place , or for helping others do so . The law does not cover knives or other tools worn or used for work , outdoor pursuits or similar reputable purposes . Note that this includes bringing knives in one 's car . It is also illegal to buy , own or store switchblade knives , butterfly knives and stilettos . Poland ( edit ) All kinds of knives are regarded as dangerous tools , but are not considered weapons under Polish law , so no restriction related to weapons apply . The exception is a blade hidden in an object that does n't look like a weapon ( a sword in an umbrella , a dagger in a shoe etc . ) . It is legal to sell , buy , trade and possess any knives , and Polish law does not prohibit carrying a knife in a public place . However , certain prohibitions in possession of so - called `` dangerous tools '' may apply during mass events . Russia ( edit ) Only certain knives are considered `` cold weapons '' and regulated in Russia , the others are common tools and are entirely unregulated , however using them in a violent manner is considered an `` improvised weapon '' usage and is an aggravating circumstance when the charges for an aggressive behavior are filed , and the local regulations may prevent bringing of `` dangerous objects '' to some events or businesses . The key point of knife regulations in Russia lies in the fact that the determination whether the particular knife represent a weapon or an unregulated tool lies entirely within the opinion of a certified expert or an authorized certification board . In practice this means that there 's no legal difference between the knife as a tool and as a weapon , and most given examples may be considered either , the only difference being the certificate issued by an authorized body , and any knife having this certificate being explicitly legal . Certifying the knives as a tool is n't difficult and most producers and importers do this , issuing a copy of a certificate with the knife during the sale , for presentation to the police officers in case of an inquiry . However , unauthorized possession , creation , sale and transport of bladed weapons were decriminalized in 2001 and is now only a civil offence , carrying the penalty between 500 and 2000 ( $15 to $60 ) roubles and / or a ban on a bladed weapon possession for 6 months to a year . For the knives considered weapons the law forbids only the throwing knives , and the automatic and gravity knives with the blades longer than 9 cm ( the shorter blades are allowed , providing the owner having the relevant permission ) . Serbia ( edit ) The `` Weapons and Munitions law '' article 2 . lists different types of weapons . It states that : `` melee weapons , brass knuckles , dagger , kama , saber , bayonet and other items whose primary purpose is offense '' are considered weapons . Most knives are therefore considered tools and technically legal to possess and carry . However , since any knife could be used a melee weapon and the law does n't differentiate between particular types it is up to the authorities to determine the intent of the individual in possession of the knife and whether there is a `` good reason '' to do so . Thus fixed blade knives are considered appropriate for particular professions or when hunting and fishing , but will likely be treated as a weapon in an urban environment . Switchblades , butterfly knives , blades concealed in everyday objects are usually treated as weapons and assisted opening knives may also fall into that category . The appearance of the knife ( how aggressive it appears ) , the length ( although there is no legal limit on length ) , the location where it was carried ( large gatherings , schools , public buildings etc . ) and the demeanor of the person carrying the knife all factor into the decision on whether the law has been broken . Purchase , possession and carry of a melee weapon is classified as a misdemeanor , subject to a fine of up to 10000 RSD or up to 60 days imprisonment ( `` Weapons and Munitions law '' , article 35 . In practice the less akin to a weapon the knife appears , and if carried and used with `` good judgment '' the lesser the likelihood of legal consequences . Slovakia ( edit ) Carrying a knife in Slovakia is not explicitly prohibited nor are there any prohibited types of knives . However Act No. 372 / 1990 Offences Act states in paragraph 47 that carrying of a `` cold weapon '' such as knife , dagger , or sabre on public places is a non-criminal offense to public safety if , from the circumstances of the case or the behaviour of the person , it can be concluded that these weapons can be used for violence or threats of violence . It is up to the individual assessment of any single situation by a policeman whether carrying of such a weapon can lead to violence . This offense can be penalized with maximum 500 EUR . An example of such a situation is visibly carrying of a knife in crowded public places , public meetings , etc . Spain ( edit ) In Spain there are stringent laws proscribing the carrying of armas blancas , or fighting knives , and prohibiting the manufacture , sale , possession or use of certain knives classified as prohibited weapons . Armas blancas and other sharp - bladed instruments or cutting tools may be freely purchased and owned provided they are not on the list of prohibited weapons , are not purchased or possessed by minors , are kept at home for the exclusive purpose of a collection , and are not transported on the public roads . It is against the law generally to carry , display or use any kind of knife in public , especially knives with pointed blades , unless one is on one 's own property or is working or engaged in a legitimate sporting activity requiring the use of such a knife . The list of prohibited weapons is found in Anexo I -- Armas prohibidas of the Real Decreto 137 / 1993 Por El Que Se Aprueba EL Reglamento de Armas , which prohibits the manufacture , importation , distribution , sale , possession and use of sword canes , automatic knives ( switchblades ) , as well as daggers of any type . Knives with a double - edged , pointed - tip blade 11 cm ( 4.33 inches ) or less in length ( measured from the forward end of the handle to the tip of the blade ) are considered to be armas blancas , which may be owned , but not carried in public . The law also prohibits the marketing , advertising , sale , possession , and use of folding knives with a blade length exceeding 11 cm ( 4.33 in . ) , measured from the bolster or top of the handle to the tip of the blade . Certain exceptions to the list of prohibited knives exist for legitimate knife collections and historical artifacts registered with the Guardia Civil for possession exclusively at one 's own home . Civilians are prohibited from possessing knives , machetes , and other bladed weapons officially issued to the police , military , and other official authorities without a special license . Sale of such weapons requires the presentation of an official arms license duly certifying the identity and status of the person entitled to possess such weapons . Sweden ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2017 ) Swedish law prohibits the carrying of knives in public areas , including schools and vehicles at these areas , if the carrier intends to use the knife as a weapon in the commission of a crime . Examples of legitimate purposes include artisans who use a knife at work , soldiers in uniform carrying a knife , or normal use of a pocket knife . The same law also regulates some other objects that are made to thrust , cut , or that are otherwise intended for crime against life and health . Furthermore , objects that are `` particularly '' intended for crime against life and health , such as switchblades , shurikens and brass knuckles , are not permitted to be given or sold to anyone under the age of 21 . Carrying a weapon for self - defence does not count as a legitimate purpose . United Kingdom ( edit ) The 1689 Bill of Rights ensured that only Parliament and not the King could restrict the right of the people to bear arms . Over the last 60 years , Parliament has enacted a series of increasingly restrictive laws and acts regarding the possession and use of knives and bladed tools . The United Kingdom ( to include England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland ) has one of the most comprehensive set of laws of any developed nation restricting the right to import , purchase , possess , sell , and carry knives . Ambulance service data gathered in 2009 suggests a slow increase in knife crime incidents in the UK although the overall rate remains low . England and Wales ( edit ) Restriction of offensive weapons Act 1959 ( edit ) The Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959 ( amended 1961 ) ( ROWA ) , prohibits the importation , sale , hire , lending , or gift of certain types of knives in England , Wales , and Scotland as of 13 June 1959 under Section 1 : ( 1 ) Any person who manufactures , sells or hires or offers for sale or hire , or exposes or has in his possession for the purpose of sale or hire or lends or gives to any other person -- ( a ) any knife which has a blade which opens automatically by hand pressure applied to a button , spring or other device in or attached to the handle of the knife , sometimes known as a flick knife or `` flick gun '' ; or ( b ) any knife which has a blade which is released from the handle or sheath thereof by the force of gravity or the application of centrifugal force and which , when released , is locked in place by means of a button , spring , lever , or other device , sometimes known as a gravity knife , shall be guilty of an offence ( ... ) Subsection 2 also makes it illegal to import knives of this type as of 13 June 1959 . The above legislation criminalizes the conduct of the original owner or transferor of an automatic - opening or gravity knife , not the new owner or transferee ; in addition , the statute does not criminalize possession of such knives other than possession for the purpose of sale or hire . It is therefore not illegal per se to merely possess such a knife , though the difficulties of acquiring one without violating the statute makes it ( almost ) impossible to obtain one without either committing or abetting an offence . Criminal Justice Act 1988 ( edit ) The Criminal Justice Act 1988 mainly relates to carrying knives in public places , Section 139 being the most important : ( 1 ) Subject to subsections ( 4 ) and ( 5 ) below , any person who has an article to which this section applies with him in a public place shall be guilty of an offence . ( 2 ) Subject to subsection ( 3 ) below , this section applies to any article which has a blade or is sharply pointed except a folding pocketknife . ( 3 ) This section applies to a folding pocketknife if the cutting edge of its blade exceeds 3 inches . ( 4 ) It shall be a defence for a person charged with an offence under this section to prove that he had good reason or lawful authority for having the article with him in a public place . The definition of `` public place '' is unsettled , but can loosely be defined as anywhere the public have a legitimate right to be whether this access is paid for or not , which could include any populated area within the England and Wales , including one 's motor vehicle , which is defined by law as a ' public place ' unless parked on private property . In a remote or otherwise unpopulated area , a public place could include : 1 ) an organised wilderness gathering or event ; 2 ) a National Park ; 3 ) Forestry Commission land that is held open to the public ; 4 ) public footpaths ; 5 ) bridleways ; and 6 ) any area where an individual does not need to ask specific permission to walk , camp , or travel from a landowner . The phrase `` good reason or lawful authority '' in Subsection 4 is intended to allow for `` common sense '' possession of knives , so that it is legal to carry a knife if there is a bona fide reason to do so . Subsection 5 gives some specific examples of bona fide reasons : a knife for use at work ( e.g. a chef 's knife ) , as part of a national costume ( e.g. a sgian dubh for the Scottish national costume ) , or for religious reasons ( e.g. a Sikh Kirpan ) . However , even these specific statutory exceptions have proven unavailing to knife owners at times . It is important to note that `` good reason or lawful authority '' exceptions may be difficult to establish for those not using a knife in the course of their trade or profession , but merely because the knife is needed in case of emergency or for occasional utility use . Although English law insists that it is the responsibility of the prosecution to provide evidence proving a crime has been committed , an individual must provide evidence to prove that they had a `` good reason or lawful authority '' for carrying a knife ( if this is the case ) upon being detained . While this may appear to be a reversal of the usual burden of proof , technically the prosecution has already proven the case ( prima facie ) by establishing that a knife was being carried in a public place ( see Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 on Knives , etc. ; New powers to tackle gun and knife crime ) As the burden of proving `` good reason or lawful authority '' lies with the defendant , it is likely that an individual detained and searched by the police will need to prove the following ( sometimes known as the THIS list ) : Has THIS person got permission ; to use THIS article ( knife ) ; for THIS use ; on THIS land ; and by THIS land owner . The special exception which exists in the Criminal Justice Act 1988 ( Sec. 139 ) for folding knives ( pocket knives ) with blades less than 3 inches ( 76mm ) long , is another `` common sense '' measure accepting that some small knives are carried for general utility ; This exemption however only applies to folding knives without a locking mechanism . The wording of the Criminal Justice Act does not mention locking and so the definition of `` folding pocket knife '' was settled through case law . In the Crown Court appeal of Harris v. DPP ( 1992 ) and the Court of Appeal case of R. v Deegan ( 1998 ) the ruling that ' folding ' was intended to mean ' non-locking ' was upheld . As the only higher court in England and Wales to the Court of Appeal is the Supreme Court , the only way the decision in R. v. Deegan could be overturned is by a dissenting ruling by the Supreme Court or by Act of Parliament . Offensive weapons Act 1996 ( edit ) The Offensive Weapons Act 1996 covers the possession of knives within school premises : ( 1 ) Any person who has an article to which section 139 of this Act applies with him on school premises shall be guilty of an offence . ( 2 ) Any person who has an offensive weapon within the meaning of section 1 of the M1 Prevention of Crime Act 1953 with him on school premises shall be guilty of an offence . ( 3 ) It shall be a defence for a person charged with an offence under subsection ( 1 ) or ( 2 ) above to prove that he had good reason or lawful authority for having the article or weapon with him on the premises in question . ( 4 ) ( Subsection 4 gives the same specific exceptions as subsection 139 ( 5 ) with the addition of `` for educational purposes '' . This would appear to imply that all legislation on knives in public applies similarly to school premises , and therefore a folding pocket knife under 3 inches ( 76mm ) in length would be considered legal . ) The Offensive Weapons Act 1996 imposes an age restriction on the sale of knives : ( 1 ) Any person who sells to a person under the age of sixteen years an article to which this section applies shall be guilty of an offence ( ... ) ( 2 ) Subject to subsection ( 3 ) below , this section applies to -- ( a ) any knife , knife blade or razor blade ... In Scotland , the Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 makes it an offence to sell knives to someone under 18 years of age ( including any blade , razor blade , any bladed or pointed article , or any item made or adapted for causing personal injury . ) Knives Act 1997 ( edit ) The Knives Act 1997 prohibits the sale of combat knives and restricts the marketing of knives as offensive weapons . Prevention of crime Act 1953 ( edit ) The Prevention of Crime Act 1953 prohibits the possession in any public place of an offensive weapon without lawful authority or reasonable excuse . The term `` offensive weapon '' is defined as : `` any article made or adapted for use to causing injury to the person , or intended by the person having it with him for such use '' . Under the Prevention of Crime Act , otherwise ' exempt ' knives carried for `` good reason or lawful authority '' may be still deemed illegal if authorities conclude the knife is being carried as an `` offensive weapon '' . In recent years , the Prevention of Crime Act 1953 has been reinterpreted by police and public prosecutors , who have persuaded the courts to minimize exceptions to prosecution on the grounds that the defendant had `` lawful authority or reasonable excuse '' in order to apply the Act to a wide variety of cases . This new approach now includes prosecution of citizens who have admitted carrying a knife for the sole purpose of self - defence ( in the eyes of the law , this is presently viewed as an admission that the defendant intends to use the knife as an `` offensive weapon '' , albeit in a defensive manner , and in otherwise justifiable circumstances ) . While the onus lies on the officer to prove offensive intent , prosecutors and courts have in the past taken the appearance and the marketing of a particular brand of knife into account when considering whether an otherwise legal knife was being carried as an offensive weapon . In addition , the Knives Act 1997 now prohibits the sale of combat knives and restricts the marketing of knives as offensive weapons . A knife which is marketed as `` tactical '' , `` military '' , `` special ops '' , etc. could therefore carry an extra liability . Scotland ( edit ) In Scotland , the Criminal Law ( Consolidation ) ( Scotland ) Act 1995 prevents the carrying of offensive weapons as well as pointed or bladed articles in a public place without lawful authority or reasonable excuse . Defences exist to a charge of possessing a bladed or pointed article in a public place when carried for use at work , as part of a national costume or for religious reasons . As in England and Wales , an exception is allowed for folding pocket knives which have a blade of less than 3 Inches ( 7.62 cm ) Other relevant Scotland knife legislation includes the Criminal Justice Act 1988 ( Offensive Weapons Act ) ( Scotland ) Order 2005 , which bans sword canes , push daggers , butterfly ( balisong knives ) , throwing stars , knives that can defeat metal detectors , and knives disguised as other objects , and the Police , Public Order and Criminal Justice ( Scotland ) Act 2006 , which makes it an offence to sell a knife , knife blade , or bladed or pointed object to a person under eighteen years of age , unless the person is sixteen or older and the knife or blade is `` designed for domestic use . '' In 2007 , the passage of the Custodial Sentences and Weapons ( Scotland ) Act 2007 allowed exemption from criminal liability under section 141 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 for selling a prohibited offensive weapon if the sale was made for purposes of theatrical performances and of rehearsals for such performances , the production of films ( as defined in section 5B of the Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 ) , or the production of television programmes ( as defined in section 405 ( 1 ) of the Communications Act 2003 ) . Further legislation in Scotland , known as the Custodial Sentences and Weapons ( Scotland ) Act 2007 , is now in effect ( certain parts of this Act came into force on 10 September 2007 ) . This legislation amends the Civic Government ( Scotland ) Act 1982 and makes it compulsory to possess a local authority license to sell knives , swords and blades ( other than those designed for ' domestic use ' ) , or to sell any sharply pointed or bladed object `` which is made or adapted for use for causing injury to the person . '' Any dealer in non-domestic knives will be required to hold a ' knife dealer 's licence ' . Northern Ireland ( edit ) The laws restricting knife ownership , use , possession and sale are nearly identical to the laws of Scotland and the rest of the UK , though contained in different acts . In 2008 , in response to a surge in public concern over knife - related crimes , Northern Ireland doubled the prison sentence for persons convicted of possessing a knife deemed to be an offensive weapon in a public place to four years ' imprisonment , and added an evidential presumption in favour of prosecution for possession of a knife . United states ( edit ) Federal laws ( edit ) Under the Switchblade Knife Act of 1958 ( amended 1986 , codified at 15 U.S.C. § § 1241 -- 1245 ) , switchblades and ballistic knives are banned from interstate shipment , sale , or importation , or possession within the following : any territory or possession of the United States , i.e. land belonging to the U.S. federal government ; Indian lands ( as defined in section 1151 of title 18 ) ; and areas within the maritime or territorial jurisdiction of the federal government , with the exception of federal , state law enforcement agencies and the military . In addition , federal laws may prohibit the possession or carrying of any knife on certain federal properties such as courthouses or military installations . U.S. federal laws on switchblades do not apply to the possession or sale of switchblade knives within a state 's boundaries ; the latter is regulated by the laws of that particular state , if any . Occasional disputes over what constitutes a switchblade knife under federal law has occasionally resulted in U.S. Customs seizures of knives from U.S. importers or manufacturers . In one case the seizure of a shipment of Columbia River Knife & Tool knives resulted in an estimated US $1 million loss to the company before the shipment was released . Amendment 1447 to the Switchblade Knife Act ( 15 U.S.C. § 1244 ) , signed into law as part of the FY2010 Homeland Security Appropriations Bill on October 28 , 2009 , provides that the Act shall not apply to spring - assist or assisted - opening knives ( i.e. knives with closure - biased springs that require physical force applied to the blade to assist in opening the knife ) . State and local laws ( edit ) Each American state also has laws that govern the legality of carrying weapons , either concealed or openly , and these laws explicitly or implicitly cover various types of knives . Some states go beyond this , and criminalize mere possession of certain types of knives . Other states prohibit the possession and / or the concealed carrying of knives that feature blade styles or features sufficient to transform them into `` dangerous weapons '' or `` deadly weapons '' , i.e. knives either optimized for lethality against humans or designed for and readily capable of causing death or serious bodily injury . These frequently include knives with specific blade styles with a historical connection to violence or assassination , including thrusting knives such as the dirk , poignard , and stiletto , the bowie knife , and double - edged knives with crossguards designed for knife fighting such as the dagger . Some states make the carrying or possession of any dangerous or deadly weapon with intent to unlawfully harm another a crime . Historical origin ( edit ) The origin of many knife laws , particularly in the southern states , comes from attempts by early state legislatures to curtail the practice of knife fighting and dueling with large knives such as the bowie knife , which was commonly carried as an item of personal defense prior to the invention of the revolver . In Alabama , Mississippi , New Mexico , and Virginia , the carrying on one 's person of large and lengthy fighting knives capable of causing grievous wounds such as the Bowie Knife is prohibited by statute , originally in the interest of controlling or eliminating the then - common practice of `` dueling '' , a term which had degenerated from a rarely used social custom into a generalized description for any knife or gun fight between two contestants . In many jurisdictions , a local tradition of using knives to settle differences or for self - defense resulted in the enactment of statutes that restricted the size and length of the knife and particularly , the length of its blade . After the Civil War , many restrictions on knife and even gun ownership were imposed by state , county , and city laws and ordinances that were clearly based on fear of weapon possession by certain racial groups , particularly African - American and Hispanic Americans . In some states , so - called `` Black Codes '' adopted after the Civil War required blacks to obtain a license before carrying or possessing firearms or Bowie knives . The governments of Texas and other former states of the Confederacy , many of which had recognized the right to carry arms such as Bowie knives openly before the Civil War , passed new restrictions on both gun and knife possession and use . In some cases , these laws were directed at freed slaves and other minorities ; in other cases , by reconstruction legislatures anxious to disarm rebellious militias and groups seeking to disenfranchise African - American and other minorities . The April 12 , 1871 law passed by the Texas ' Reconstruction legislature is typical , and is the ancestor of the present law restricting knife possession and use in Texas : Any person carrying on or about his person , saddle , or in his saddle - bags , any pistol , dirk , dagger , sling - shot , sword - cane , spear , brass knuckles , bowie knife , or any other kind of knife , manufactured or sold , for the purpose of offense or defense , unless he has reasonable grounds for fearing an unlawful attack on his person , and that such ground of attack shall be immediate and pressing ; or unless having or carrying the same on or about his person for the lawful defense of the State , as a militiaman in actual service , or as a peace officer or policeman , shall be guilty of a misdemeanor ... '' While most gun restrictions were eventually repealed , many knife laws remained in effect in the South . In Texas , this was largely explained by the presence of large numbers of Tejanos . By 1870 , Texas whites of the day had almost universally and exclusively adopted the revolver for self - defense , while Tejanos , steeped in the blade culture ( el legado Andaluz ) of Mexico and Spain and generally without the means to purchase handguns , continued to carry knives . Thus while local and state Texas gun laws and ordinances were gradually relaxed or eliminated during the late 1800s , the old prohibitions against bowie knives , daggers , dirks , and other long - bladed knives remained on the books , since they served to disarm and control a minority group viewed as engaging in lawless behaviors and violence without legal justification . The Texas law remained on the books for almost 150 years , until modified in 2017 to allow carrying these weapons with some restrictions . Interpreting current state laws ( edit ) Many of today 's state criminal codes restricting knife use and ownership have been amended repeatedly over the years rather than rewritten to remove old classifications and definitions that are largely a historical legacy , a process that frequently results in illogical , confusing , and even conflicting provisions . Thus in Arkansas , a state in which knife fights using large , lengthy blades such as the Bowie and Arkansas Toothpick were once commonplace , a state statute made it illegal for someone to `` carry a knife as a weapon '' , specifying that any knife with a blade 3.5 inches or longer constituted prima facie evidence that the knife was being carried as a weapon , yet allowed a complete exemption to the law when `` upon a journey '' . While Arkansas eventually repealed its archaic criminal knife possession law in its entirety , other states still periodically amend archaic criminal codes that penalize both historic and present - day behavior involving knife use and ownership ; these patchwork statutes can result in lengthy legal disputes over legislative intent and definitions . As one example , Indiana law makes it illegal to possess a ' dagger ' , ' dirk ' , ' poniard ' , ' stiletto ' , ' switchblade ' , or ' gravity knife ' on school property , or to possess any knife on school property `` capable of being used to inflict cutting , stabbing , or tearing wounds '' if that knife `` is intended to be used as a weapon '' , but provides for a criminal penalty only if a person `` recklessly , knowingly , or intentionally '' possesses such a knife on school property . The statute thus requires 1 ) an examination of the knife and the legislative history of the statute ; 2 ) expert testimony on the individual characteristics of historic knife designs to determine whether the knife in question fits within one of the six specified categories of knife ; 3 ) a determination as to whether the blade can cause a `` cutting , stabbing , or tearing wound '' ; 4 ) a determination as to what degree of injury constitutes a `` wound '' , and 5 ) two separate determinations of the defendant 's intent by the fact finder -- before guilt or innocence may be adjudged . Some states prohibit the possession of a folding knife with a quick - opening mechanism such as a gravity knife , butterfly knife , balisong , or switchblade . Other states may impose no restrictions at all , while many allow possession with some restrictions ( age , carrying on one 's person , carrying concealed , carrying while a convicted felon , prohibited possessor , or while in the commission of a serious offense , etc . ) The continual advent of new knife designs , such as assisted - opening knives can complicate issues of legality , particularly when state laws have not been carefully drafted to clearly define the new design and how it is to be classified within existing law . This omission has led in the past to cases in which state courts have substituted their own understanding of knife design to interpret legislative intent when applying statutes criminalizing certain types of knives . In 2014 , attention was brought by many newspapers and media outlets to 1950s era legislation leading to many arrests and convictions for possession of the loosely defined gravity knife . City , county , and local laws ( edit ) City , county , and local jurisdictions ( to include sovereign Indian nations located within a state boundary ) may enact their own criminal laws or ordinances in addition to the restrictions contained in state laws , which may be more restrictive than state law . Virtually all states and local jurisdictions have laws that restrict or prohibit the possession or carrying of knives in some form or manner in certain defined areas or places such as schools , public buildings , courthouses , police stations , jails , power plant facilities , airports , or public events . Local or city ordinances are sometimes drafted to include specific classes of people not covered by the state criminal codes , such as individuals carrying folding knives with locking blades primarily for use as weapons . For example , a San Antonio , Texas city ordinance makes it unlawful for anyone to knowingly carry within city limits `` on or about his person '' any folding knife with a blade less than 5.5 inches long with a lock mechanism that locks the blade upon opening . This ordinance is designed to work in tandem with the Texas state statute making illegal the carrying of knives with blades longer than 5.5 inches . The San Antonio ordinance allows police to charge persons carrying most types of lock blade knives without good cause with a criminal misdemeanor violation , allowing police to remove the knife from the possession of the offender , while providing exemptions from the ordinance designed to protect certain classes of people the city assumes to pose no threat to public order . Occasionally , city and county ordinances conflict with state law . In one example , the city of Portland , Oregon initially passed a city ordinance banning all pocket knives , until the measure was overturned by the Oregon Supreme Court as conflicting with state criminal statutes . See also ( edit ) Law portal Hunting license Weapon possession ( crime ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Legislation , Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary , retrieved 20 August 2011 Jump up ^ Waffengesetz 1996 § 17 ( 1 ) : `` Verboten sind der Erwerb , die Einfuhr , der Besitz , und das Führen : 1 . von Waffen , deren Form geeignet ist , einen anderen Gegenstand vorzutäuschen , oder die mit Gegenständen des täglichen Gebrauches verkleidet sind . '' ^ Jump up to : Waffengesetz ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Jell , Sonja ( Magistra ) Weapons Law : Knives in Austria Jump up ^ Waffengesetz ( 1996 ) § 11 . ( 1 ) Der Besitz von Waffen , Munition und Knallpatronen ist Menschen unter 18 Jahren verboten . Jump up ^ Waffengesetz 1996 § 12 . ( 1 ) Die Behörde hat einem Menschen den Besitz von Waffen und Munition zu verbieten ( Waffenverbot ) , wenn bestimmte Tatsachen die Annahme rechtfertigen , daß dieser Mensch durch mißbräuchliches Verwenden von Waffen Leben , Gesundheit oder Freiheit von Menschen oder fremdes Eigentum gefährden könnte . ^ Jump up to : L'Article 3 § 1 La Loi du 08.06. 2006 , Service Public Fédéral Justice ( 2008 ) , retrieved 27 August 2011 Jump up ^ Nouvelle Loi sur les Armes , retrieved 27 August 2011 ^ Jump up to : Lang , Oliver , Messer in Europa : Mit Dem Messer Auf Reisen , Übersicht -- Messer & Recht im Ausland , Messer Magasin ( March 2010 ) Jump up ^ http://www.lex.bg/bg/laws/ldoc/2135696097 Jump up ^ http://advokatbg.net/%D1%89%D0%BE-%D0%B5-%D1%82%D0%BE-%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5/ Jump up ^ http://www.bmgk-bg.org/content/fm/14/718/402_01_8.pdf ^ Jump up to : Criminal Code , RSC 1985 , c C - 46 , s 84 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Canada Border Services Agency : Importing a Firearm or Weapon Into Canada . Archived 2008 - 06 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Canada Border Services Agency : Importing a Firearm or Weapon Into Canada - Prohibited Weapons and Devices Archived 2008 - 06 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Canada Border Services Agency Memorandum D19 - 13 - 2 , Importing and Exporting Firearms , Weapons and Devices , Section 22 Jump up ^ Criminal Code , RSC 1985 , c C - 46 , s 88 . Jump up ^ `` China strengthens control over deadly knives '' . Jump up ^ `` § 1 zákona 119 / 2002 Sb. , zdroj : SBÍRKA ZÁKONŮ ročník 2002 , částka 52 , ze dne 09.04. 2002 ( § 1 , Law No 119 / 2002 , Collection of Laws vol. 2002 , sum 52 , published 2002 - 04 - 09 ) '' . Retrieved January 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ European Throwing Association `` Flying Blades '' , Legal Situation of Knife Throwing in Denmark , retrieved October 2014 . Jump up ^ There are two sub-categories within `` catégorie D '' : the unregulated D Category weapons and the regulated D category weapons ; see'Arme de catégorie D ( en vente libre ou soumise à enregistrement ) ' , www.service-public.fr website , accessed on May 10 , 2017 ( 1 ) ' Loi n ° 2012 - 304 du 6 mars 2012 relative à l'établissement d'un contrôle des armes modernes , simplifié et préventif ' Jump up ^ Loi relative aux couteaux et port d'arme - mise à jour octobre 2013 , site www.knivesandtools.fr/ , consulté le 11 mai 2017 ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Die Rechtslage -- WaffG und Messer Archived 2011 - 09 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , retrieved 27 August 2011 Jump up ^ Waffenrechtliche Betrachtung zum Waffentraining in der Öffentlichkeit , retrieved 27 August 2011 : The law contains an exception for palm skinning knives owned or used by hunters or members of the fur industry . Jump up ^ OLG Stuttgart Beschluss vom 14 . Juni 2011 Az. 4 Ss 137 / 11 , retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : § 42a Verbot des Führens von Anscheinswaffen und bestimmten tragbaren Gegenständen , retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ 1299 / 2008 Jump up ^ article from a hunting journal Jump up ^ S. 4 Weapons Ordinance Jump up ^ S. 13 Weapons Ordinance Jump up ^ `` 175 / 2003 . ( X . 28 . ) Korm . rendelet '' . net.jogtar.hu ( in Hungarian ) . CompLex. 2003 . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Double - edged knives may be regulated by law '' . The Yomiuri Shimbun . July 11 , 2008 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 銃砲刀剣類所持等取締法 ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Latvian law On the Handling of Weapons law Jump up ^ `` Peilių civilinės apyvartos teisinis reglamentavimas knives.lt '' . knives.lt . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Apie asociaciją , peilius ir viską , kas su tuo susiję ... knives.lt '' . knives.lt . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regjeringen on knives and police conduct in Norwegian ; regjeringen.no '' . regjeringen.no . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Act of 21 May 1999 on weapons and ammunition ( Dz. U. 1999 nr 53 poz. 549 ) Jump up ^ Act of 20 March 2009 on the safety of the mass events ( Dz. U. 2009 nr 62 poz. 504 ) Jump up ^ Article 1 of the Federal Law on Weapons # 150 - FZ ( April 02 , 2014 version , in Russian ) Jump up ^ Article 63 of the Criminal Code of Russia , in Russian Jump up ^ Forensic Requirements to Cold Weapons etc. , In Russian Jump up ^ Article 20.8 of the Offences Code of Russia , in Russian Jump up ^ Article 6 of the Federal Law on Weapons # 150 - FZ ( April 02 , 2014 version , in Russian ) Jump up ^ ( Serbian version ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Zákon Slovenskej národnej rady o priestupkoch ^ Jump up to : Reglamentación española de armas , retrieved 31 July 2011 ^ Jump up to : Prohibited Arms Archived 2011 - 12 - 17 at the Wayback Machine. , retrieved 17 December 2011 Jump up ^ Swedish Police : Knivar och andra farliga föremål ( in Swedish ) Jump up ^ `` Lag ( 1988 : 254 ) om förbud beträffande knivar och andra farliga föremål Lagen.nu '' . lagen.nu . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Firearms ( Amendment ) Act 1997 ( c. 5 ) Jump up ^ `` UK Knife Law '' . Greenman Bushcraft . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gray , J.T. ; Walker , A. ( 2009 - 10 - 01 ) . `` '' At the sharp end `` : does ambulance dispatch data from south Yorkshire support the picture of increased weapon - related violence in the UK ? '' . Emergency Medicine Journal . 26 ( 10 ) : 741 -- 742 . ISSN 1472 - 0213 . PMID 19773502 . doi : 10.1136 / emj. 2008.067298 . ^ Jump up to : Restriction of Offensive Weapons Bill , New Statesman , retrieved 30 October 2011 ^ Jump up to : Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959 : Short title , commencement , and extent , retrieved 30 October 2011 ^ Jump up to : UK Knife Law , Chris Hughes Multi Activity Services ( CHMAS ) Ltd . Jump up ^ Sikhs protest against knife rules , BBC News , 8 April 2009 Jump up ^ Disabled Caravanner , 61 , prosecuted for having Swiss Army knife in his glove box to cut up fruit on picnics , Daily Mail , 15 April 2010 ^ Jump up to : Samengo - Turner , Nicky , The policeman found my penknife . ' You 're going down , mate , ' he said , The Daily Telegraph , 28 November 2004 Jump up ^ Baton Charge Racing Boss Cleared : In 2004 , a businessman and ex-military officer , Nicholas Samengo - Turner , was stopped at a mass search checkpoint in London and arrested for possessing a small Swiss Army multitool with two short locking blades ( 2 15 / 16 inch / 7.47 cm and 2 5 / 8 inch / 6.68 cm ) in the locked boot of his car . While eventually cleared , the arrest cost Samengo - Turner a multi-million pound business deal and thousands of pounds in court costs . Jump up ^ Offence of having article with blade or point in public place Archived 2010 - 12 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Harris v. DPP , 1 All ER 562 , ( 1993 ) 1 WLR 82 , 96 Cr App Rep 235 , 157 JP 205 ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Offensive Weapons Act ( 1996 ) : Under ( 2 ) ( a ) , safety razor blades are exempted from this section , so that only straight razors are affected . Jump up ^ `` Knives Act 1997 '' . Jump up ^ Bryan v. Mott , 62 Cr App R 71 ( 1976 ) : ' Lawful authority ' means those occasions where people from time to time are required to carry weapons as a matter of governmental duty , such as police officers or members of the armed forces , not private persons . Jump up ^ ' Rambo ' student charged with possessing six - inch plastic knife has case against him dropped , The Daily Mail , 11 November 2008 Jump up ^ DirectGov , Crime and Violence : Knife crime , DirectGov UK Government Information Service , England & Wales : `` If you carry a knife to protect yourself or make yourself feel safer but do n't intend to use it then you are committing a crime . '' Jump up ^ `` Crimal Law ( Consolidation ) ( Scotland ) Act 1995 , section 49 '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Knives and the Law Archived 2011 - 08 - 29 at the Wayback Machine. , NIdirect Government Services , retrieved 25 July 2011 Jump up ^ Sentence doubled for knife possession in Northern Ireland , The Belfast Telegraph , 16 July 2008 , retrieved 25 July 2011 Jump up ^ United States Code , Title 15 , Chapter 29 , Sections 1241 -- 1245 Jump up ^ Precise Imports v. Kelly , 378 F. 2d 1014 ( 2d Cir . ) , cert . denied , 389 U.S. 973 , 88 S. Ct. 472 , 19 L. Ed. 2d 465 ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ United States v. Murphree , 783 F. 2d 605 , 609 -- 10 ( 6th Cir . ) , cert . denied , 107 S. Ct. 142 , 93 L. Ed. 2d 84 ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ BERNARD LEVINE . `` STATE KNIFE LAWS '' . Jump up ^ `` United States Code TITLE 15 CHAPTER 29 -- MANUFACTURE , TRANSPORTATION , OR DISTRIBUTION OF AUTOMATIC KNIVES '' . Jump up ^ David D. Kowalski . `` Pocketknives are Tools Used by Millions '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Amendment 1447 to 15 U.S.C. § 1244 adds a fifth exception to the definition of a switchblade knife : Sections 1242 and 1243 of this title shall not apply to : 5 ) a knife that contains a spring , detent , or other mechanism designed to create a bias toward closure of the blade and that requires exertion applied to the blade by hand , wrist , or arm to overcome the bias toward closure to assist in opening the knife . ^ Jump up to : Wong , David , Knife Laws of the Fifty States : A Guide for the Law - Abiding Traveler , AuthorHouse , ISBN 1 - 4259 - 5092 - 2 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4259 - 5092 - 7 ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Wong , p. 134 : Dangerous weapon , i.e. a knife capable of being transformed by circumstances of its threatened , attempted , or actual use into a weapon capable of causing death Jump up ^ Ohin v. Commonwealth of Virginia , 622 S.E. 2d 784 , 47 Va App . 194 ( Va Ct . App . 2005 ) : ( Virginia Court of Appeals affirmed conviction for concealed carry of folding knife with 3.5 - inch locking blade , crossguard , and oversized handle , based on ' catchall ' provision in Virginia Code § 18.2 - 308 ( A ) ( v ) prohibiting concealed carry of ' any weapon of like kind ' . ^ Jump up to : Cassidy , William L. , The Complete Book Of Knife Fighting , ISBN 0 - 87364 - 029 - 2 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87364 - 029 - 9 ( 1997 ) , pp. 9 -- 18 , 27 -- 36 Jump up ^ See Ala . Code 1975 , § 13 - 6 - 120 , Sec . 13A - 11 - 50 : `` Carrying concealed weapons . Except as otherwise provided in this Code , a person who carries concealed about his person a bowie knife or knife or instrument of like kind or description or a pistol or firearm of any other kind or an air gun shall , on conviction , be fined not less than $50.00 nor more than $500.00 , and may also be imprisoned in the county jail or sentenced to hard labor for the county for not more than six months . '' A companion statute allows the jury to mitigate punishment if the accused can produce evidence that he was reasonably in fear of being attacked at the time he was carrying the concealed knife . Jump up ^ Ala . Code 1975 Jump up ^ Mississippi Code , Crimes § 97 - 37 - 1 : Deadly weapons ; carrying while concealed ; use or attempt to use ; penalties : `` ( 1 ) Except as otherwise provided in Section 45 - 9 - 101 , any person who carries , concealed in whole or in part , any bowie knife , dirk knife , butcher knife , switchblade knife ... shall upon conviction be punished '' by a fine and / or imprisonment . Jump up ^ New Mexico , Criminal Offenses -- 30 - 1 - 12 ( B ) , Definitions ... `` deadly weapon '' means any ... weapon which is capable of producing death or great bodily harm , including but not restricted to any types of daggers , ... bowie knives , poniards , butcher knives , dirk knives ... '' Jump up ^ New Mexico , Criminal Offenses -- 30 - 7 - 2 : `` Unlawful carrying of a deadly weapon ... consists of carrying a concealed ... deadly weapon anywhere , except in the following cases : own residence or property ; private automobile , or other means of conveyance . '' Jump up ^ Walker , Greg , Battle Blades : A Professional 's Guide to Combat / Fighting Knives , ISBN 0 - 87364 - 732 - 7 ( 1993 ) , p. 210 : The effectiveness of the Bowie knife can be seen in one of Col. James ( Jim ) Bowie 's early fights in which he defended himself against three knife and gun - wielding attackers . At the end of the fight , all three of Bowie 's assailants were dead ; one man was nearly decapitated , the second was disemboweled , and the third had his skull split open . Jump up ^ Virginia Code § 18.2 - 308 ( A ) : The Virginia statute prohibits only the concealed carrying of a Bowie knife upon one 's person , while Texas prohibits the carrying of such a knife whether concealed or not . Jump up ^ Virginia Code § 18.2 - 308 ( A ) Jump up ^ Cassidy , p. 10 : In some states the popularity of certain knives such as the Bowie and Arkansas Toothpick was such that schools were established to teach their use in knife fighting , further popularizing such knives and compelling authorities to pass legislation severely restricting such schools . ^ Jump up to : Cramer , Clayton , Concealed Weapon Laws of the Early Republic : Dueling , Southern Violence , and Moral Reform , Greenwood Publishing Group , ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96615 - 7 ( 1999 ) , p. 118 ^ Jump up to : Cramer , Clayton E. , The Racist Roots of Gun Control , ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Cockrum v. State , Texas Supreme Court ( 1859 ) Jump up ^ Cockrum v. State , id . ^ Jump up to : Halbrook , Stephen P. , The Right to Bear Arms in Texas : The Intent of the Framers of the Bill of Rights , Baylor Law Review , 41 Baylor L. Rev. , pp. 629 -- 688 ( 1989 ) ^ Jump up to : McDonald , Jason , Racial Dynamics in Early Twentieth - Century Austin , Texas , Lexington Books , ISBN 9780739170977 ( 2012 ) , p. 48 : The typical Tejano heritage was commonly portrayed as displaying a proclivity for `` knife play '' frequently culminating in a fatality . Jump up ^ McPhate , Christian ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Five Key Takeaways From Texas ' New Laws On Carrying Knives '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ The Wilson - Anthony Fight Archived 2011 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , Department of Arkansas - Heritage , retrieved 1 August 2011 : In 1836 a knife fight broke out between the Speaker of the Arkansas House of Representatives , John Wilson , and Rep. Joseph Anthony in the middle of a contentious legislative session ; Anthony was killed , while Wilson was expelled from office and later indicted for murder . Jump up ^ Arkansas Criminal Statute Section 5 - 73 - 121 : Punishable except when `` upon a journey or upon ( one 's ) own premises '' , this statute was clearly designed to enable prosecution of persons carrying knives without good cause in towns and cities , while exempting farmers and others carrying knives on their own property or when traveling to and from their local communities . Jump up ^ Section 5 - 73 - 121 , Arkansas Criminal Code ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Arkansas Repeals Anti-Knife Statute : Section 5 - 73 - 121 of the Arkansas criminal code was repealed in its entirety in 2007 . Jump up ^ End Knife Control , The Washington Times , 22 May 2012 Jump up ^ Levine , Bernard , Oppressive Knife Laws in America : What They Are , What You Can Do About Them , and the Anti-Knifer Mindset , Blade Magazine ( July 1998 ) Jump up ^ `` Information Maintained by the Office of Code Revision Indiana Legislative Services Agency '' . Jump up ^ Indiana Criminal Code IC 35 - 47 - 5 - 2.5 , Possession of a knife on school property : The statute is silent on the question of whether the slightest cut or puncture constitutes a `` wound '' ( thus effectively banning all knives of any type ) or if a de minimis rule applies , a dilemma that forces the trial court to make further inquiries into the statute 's legislative history as well as prior appellate court determinations , if any . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Knife Laws '' . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ State of Florida v. Darynani , So. 2d ( Fla. 4th DCA 2000 ) : In State of Florida v. Darynani , a Florida appellate court held that a poorly written state criminal knife statute ( Sec. 790.225 ) that had been hurriedly drafted in 1985 to prohibit the ballistic knife must be interpreted to prohibit switchblade knives as well , despite the lack of any specific evidence that the legislative branch intended to prohibit switchblades when drafting the ballistic knife provision . The court 's error was finally corrected by the Florida Legislature in 2003 with the passage of HB 1227 ( 2003 ) ( see HB 1227 ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2014/10/nyc-gravity-knife-law-arrests.php?page=all Jump up ^ Texas Criminal Code Sec. 46.01 ( 6 ) ( A ) Jump up ^ Ordinance Chapter 21 , Sec. 21 - 17 , Part II , Code of Ordinances of San Antonio , Texas Jump up ^ Ordinance Chapter 21 , Sec. 21 - 17 , Part II , Code of Ordinances of San Antonio , Texas : Sec. 21 - 17 contains exemption from prosecution for law enforcement and corrections officers , for members of the armed forces , for persons carrying the knife on their own premises or while traveling , for persons engaged in a lawful sporting activity ( hunting , fishing ) , or for those using the knife in connection with a lawful occupation . External links ( edit ) Collection of laws in Europe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knife_legislation&oldid=803422012 '' Categories : Statutory law Knives Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles with Swedish - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 12 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what kind of knives are legal to carry in canada	[]	[]
133994981817850405	Love Is in the Air (song)	Love Is in the Air ( song ) - wikipedia Love Is in the Air ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Love Is in the Air '' Artwork for some continental European territories ( French vinyl release pictured ) Single by John Paul Young from the album Love Is in the Air B - side `` Wo n't Let this Feeling Go By '' ( International / Australia ) `` Where the Action Is '' ( U.S. ) Released December 1977 ( International ) April 1978 ( Australia ) Format 7 `` , 45rpm Recorded 1977 Genre Disco Length 5 : 16 ( original album version ) 3 : 23 ( single edit ) Label Albert Productions , Ariola , Scotti Brothers Records Songwriter ( s ) Harry Vanda , George Young Producer ( s ) Harry Vanda , George Young John Paul Young singles chronology `` Where the Action Is '' ( 1977 ) `` Love Is in the Air '' ( 1977 ) `` The Day That My Heart Caught Fire '' ( 1978 ) `` Where the Action Is '' ( 1977 ) `` Love Is in the Air '' ( 1977 ) `` The Day That My Heart Caught Fire '' ( 1978 ) `` Love Is in the Air '' is a 1977 disco song sung by John Paul Young . The song was written by George Young and Harry Vanda and it became a worldwide hit in 1978 , peaking at No. 3 on the Australian charts and No. 5 in the UK Singles Chart . In the United States , the song peaked at No. 7 on the pop chart and spent two weeks at No. 1 on the adult contemporary chart , his only US top 40 hit . The song was released as the lead single from Young 's fourth studio album , Love Is in the Air ( 1978 ) . A Spanish version has been recorded under the name , `` El Amor Está En El Aire '' . In 2017 , the song was selected for preservation in the National Film and Sound Archive 's Sounds of Australia collection . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Track listings 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 1992 ( Ballroom mix ) 4.1 Track listing 4.2 Chart performance 4.2. 1 Weekly chart 4.2. 2 Year - end charts 4.3 Certifications 5 Cover versions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Overview ( edit ) John Paul Young said of the recording , `` We actually did ' Love Is in the Air ' because we needed something for the German market . ' Standing in the Rain ' became a hit in the clubs over there and then on the charts , so we needed a follow - up . I 'd been to Germany and heard the music . It was electronic mania , all clicks and electronic buzzes . So George and Harry gave it the treatment . '' Young performed `` Love is in the Air '' live on episode 148 of Countdown on 30 April 1978 . `` Love Is in the Air '' was the theme song to Baz Luhrmann 's 1992 debut feature film Strictly Ballroom . Young performed the song at the Closing Ceremony of the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney . The song is regularly sung at football matches by supporters of Dundee United . Track listings ( edit ) European 7 '' single ( Ariola 11 705 AT ) Side A `` Love Is in the Air '' -- 3 : 27 Side B `` Wo n't Let This Feeling Go By '' -- 3 : 11 Australian 7 '' ( Albert Productions 11710 ) Side A `` Love Is in the Air '' -- 3 : 27 Side B `` Wo n't Let This Feeling Go By '' -- 3 : 11 US 7 '' ( Scotti Brothers SB 402 ) Side A `` Love Is in the Air '' -- 5 : 16 Side B `` Where the Action Is '' -- 3 : 04 Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 -- 78 ) Peak position Australian Kent Music Report Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canadian RPM Top Singles 10 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 9 Germany ( Official German Charts ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Norway ( VG - lista ) South Africa Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles Chart 5 US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Cash Box Top 100 13 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Rank Australia 23 Canada 195 New Zealand 35 UK 52 US Billboard Hot 100 46 US Cash Box 94 1992 ( Ballroom mix ) ( edit ) `` Love Is in the Air ( Ballroom mix ) '' Single by John Paul Young from the album Strictly Ballroom Released August 1992 Format CD single Genre Disco Length 4 : 13 ( Ballroom mix ) Label Albert Productions , Columbia Records Songwriter ( s ) Harry Vanda , George Young Producer ( s ) David Hirschfelder John Paul Young singles chronology `` Do n't Sing that Song '' ( 1989 ) `` Love Is in the Air ( Ballroom mix ) '' ( 1992 ) `` Standing in the Rain '' ( 1992 ) `` Do n't Sing that Song '' ( 1989 ) `` Love Is in the Air '' ( 1992 ) `` Standing in the Rain '' ( 1992 ) `` Love Is in the Air ( Ballroom mix ) '' was released in August 1992 as the lead single from the Strictly Ballroom soundtrack ( 1992 ) . Track listing ( edit ) Australian / New Zealand CD single ( 658085 2 ) `` Love Is in the Air '' ( Ballroom Mix ) -- 4 : 13 `` Scott & Fran 's Paso Doble '' -- 3 : 56 European remix single ( Columbia -- 658426 8 ) `` Love Is in the Air '' ( Strictly Dance Mix ) -- 8 : 27 `` Love Is in the Air '' ( Strictly Dance Instrumental ) -- 5 : 00 `` Love Is in the Air '' ( Ballroom Mix ) -- 4 : 13 Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly chart ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 / 93 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Position ARIA Singles Chart 31 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 31 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1978 , Canadian artist Martin Stevens covered `` Love Is in the Air '' . Stevens 's version debuted on the Canadian chart on the w / c October 7 , 1978 , chart at no . 11 , six weeks after John Paul Young 's version which was no . 12 at that point . Next week they shared the 10th - place position , and were listed at the same position for the remainder of both versions ' run of the CHUM chart . Both versions stayed on the chart until the end of November . In 1979 Tom Jones 1989 Gary Barlow under the stage name of Kurtis Rush . In 1997 , the song was covered by Krush featuring Simon Green . In 2007 , the song was also covered by Rupert Everett and Colin Firth for the movie St. Trinian 's . In 2016 , the song was covered and released as a single by Thomas Anders . See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1978 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) Jump up ^ Sounds of Australia 2017 NFSA . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Jeff Jenkins ( 2007 ) . 50 Years of Rock in Australia . Melbourne : Wilkinson Publishing . p. 293 . ISBN 9781921332111 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- John Paul Young -- Love Is in the Air '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- John Paul Young -- Love Is in the Air '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- John Paul Young '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- John Paul Young Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- John Paul Young -- Love Is in the Air '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- John Paul Young -- Love Is in the Air '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- John Paul Young -- Love Is in the Air '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- John Paul Young -- Love Is in the Air '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1978 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1978 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1978 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1978 / Top 100 Songs of 1978 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- John Paul Young -- Love Is in the Air '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- John Paul Young -- Love Is in the Air '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 50 Singles 1992 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1993 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1992 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . External links ( edit ) Martin Stevens ( French language site ) ( hide ) John Paul Young Discography Studio albums Hero J.P.Y. Green Love Is in the Air Heaven Sent The Singer One Foot in Front Now In Too Deep Compilation albums All the Best Love Is in the Air Classic Hits I Hate the Music Singles `` Pasadena '' `` Yesterday 's Hero '' `` The Love Game '' `` I Hate the Music '' `` Keep On Smilin ' '' `` Standing in the Rain '' `` I Wanna Do It With You '' `` Here We Go '' `` Where the Action Is '' `` Love Is in the Air '' `` The Day That My Heart Caught Fire '' `` Lost in Your Love '' `` Fool in Love '' `` Out of Time '' `` Soldier of Fortune '' Related articles Vanda & Young Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Is_in_the_Air_(song)&oldid=820234304 '' Categories : 1977 songs 1977 singles 1978 singles 1992 singles John Paul Young songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs written by Harry Vanda Songs written by George Young ( rock musician ) Song recordings produced by Harry Vanda Song recordings produced by George Young ( rock musician ) Scotti Brothers Records singles Columbia Records singles Albert Productions singles Ariola Records singles APRA Award winners Disco songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 20 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song love is in the air	[ "\"Love Is in the Air\" is a 1977 disco song sung by John Paul Young. The song was written by George Young and Harry Vanda and it became a worldwide hit in 1978, peaking at No. 3 on the Australian charts and No. 5 in the UK Singles Chart. In the United States, the song peaked at No. 7 on the pop chart and spent two weeks at No. 1 on the adult contemporary chart, his only US top 40 hit.[1]", "\"Love Is in the Air\" is a 1977 disco song sung by John Paul Young. The song was written by George Young and Harry Vanda and it became a worldwide hit in 1978, peaking at No. 3 on the Australian charts and No. 5 in the UK Singles Chart. In the United States, the song peaked at No. 7 on the pop chart and spent two weeks at No. 1 on the adult contemporary chart, his only US top 40 hit.[1]" ]	[ "George Young", "Harry Vanda" ]
9143002260757869752	List of Rugby World Cup finals	List of Rugby World Cup finals - wikipedia List of Rugby World Cup finals List of Rugby World Cup finals New Zealand 's national team celebrate their victory in the 2011 Rugby World Cup Final Sport Rugby union Instituted Number of teams 20 Country International ( World Rugby ) Holders New Zealand ( 2015 ) Most titles New Zealand ( 3 titles ) The Rugby World Cup is an international rugby union competition established in 1987 . It is contested by the men 's national teams of the member unions of the sport 's governing body , World Rugby , and takes place every four years . The winners of the first final were New Zealand , who beat France 29 -- 9 . They are also the current champions , beating Australia 34 -- 17 in the 2015 final in London . The next Rugby World Cup in 2019 , will be hosted in Japan . The Rugby World Cup final is the last match of the competition . The winning team is declared world champion and receives the Webb Ellis Cup . If the score is a draw after 80 minutes of regular play , an additional 20 - minute period of play , called extra time , is added . If the score remains tied , an additional 10 minutes of sudden - death extra time are played , with the first team to score points immediately declared the winner . If no team is able to break the tie during extra time , the winner is ultimately decided by a penalty shootout . Two of the eight finals contested have gone to extra time : South Africa 's victory against New Zealand in the 1995 final , and England 's triumph against Australia in the 2003 final . New Zealand are the most successful team in the history of the tournament , with three wins . They are also the only team to have won consecutive tournaments , with their victories in the 2011 and 2015 Rugby World Cup . Australia and South Africa have won the competition twice , while England have one win . They are the only nation from the northern hemisphere to have won the competition . France are the only team to appear in a final without winning , losing all three finals they have contested . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Finals 3 Results by nation 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References History ( edit ) The first final of the Rugby World Cup was contested in June 1987 , in Auckland , between New Zealand and France . The host team opened the scoring in the 14th minute , following a drop goal by fly - half Grant Fox . They extended their lead later in the first half when Michael Jones scored a try , which was converted by Fox . Losing 9 -- 0 at half - time , the French opened their scoring in the second half , through a penalty by Didier Camberabero . Following this , New Zealand controlled the match and tries from David Kirk , John Kirwan and the goal kicking of Fox extended their lead to 29 -- 3 . A try by Pierre Berbizier in the final minutes , which was converted by Camberabero , reduced the deficit to 29 -- 9 , as New Zealand won the tournament 's inaugural final . As the hosts , England reached the final of the 1991 tournament at Twickenham , where they faced Australia . Fly - half Michael Lynagh opened the scoring for Australia with a penalty in the 27th minute . They extended their lead before half - time when prop Tony Daly scored a try , which was converted by Lynagh . England scored two penalties in the second half , courtesy of full - back Jonathan Webb , but a further penalty by Lynagh sealed Australia 's victory at 12 -- 6 . The tournament hosts reached the final again in 1995 , as South Africa faced New Zealand in Johannesburg . Fly - half Andrew Mehrtens opened the scoring for New Zealand in the 6th minute after scoring a penalty . His opposite number , Joel Stransky , levelled the score five minutes later . The pair swapped successful penalty attempts before Stransky gave South Africa a 9 -- 6 lead with a 32nd - minute drop goal just before half - time . New Zealand equalized in the 55th minute with a drop goal by Mehrtens , and as no further points were scored , the final went into extra time for the first time . Mehrtens converted a penalty to put New Zealand back the lead , but Stransky replied minutes later . With seven minutes to the end of extra time , Stransky scored a drop goal to secure a 15 -- 12 victory for South Africa . Nelson Mandela , the South African President , wearing a Springboks jersey , presented the Webb Ellis Cup to South Africa captain François Pienaar . François Trinh - Duc tackled by New Zealand players during the 2011 Rugby World Cup Final . The 1999 final saw Australia face France at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff . Two tries by Owen Finegan and Ben Tune , and seven penalties by Matt Burke contributed to Australia 's 35 -- 12 win , as they became the first nation to win the Rugby World Cup twice . Australia also became the first side to contest successive finals when they faced England in the 2003 final at the Telstra Stadium in Sydney . The hosts opened the scoring in the sixth minute through a Lote Tuqiri try . England responded and scored three penalties by fly - half Jonny Wilkinson and a try by winger Jason Robinson to achieve a 14 -- 5 lead at half - time . Three penalties from Elton Flatley in the second half allowed Australia to level the score and send the final into extra time . Wilkinson and Flatley scored a penalty apiece before the former scored a drop goal in the last minute of the match to give England a 20 -- 17 victory . They became the first side from the Northern hemisphere to win the tournament . England reached the final again in 2007 , where they faced South Africa , who had won 36 -- 0 when the two teams met during the pool stage . South African full - back Percy Montgomery scored three penalties to Wilkinson 's one to give South Africa a 9 -- 3 lead at half - time . England had a try disallowed in the first minutes of the second half , when Mark Cueto was adjudged to be in touch before scoring . A penalty from Wilkinson and a further two from Montgomery reduced the gap but did not prevent South Africa from winning 15 -- 6 and secure their second World Cup victory . The 2011 final pitted hosts New Zealand against France for the second time in the tournament , after their first encounter in the pool stage resulted in a 37 -- 17 win for New Zealand . The host team scored the first points of the match , with a try in the 15th minute through prop Tony Woodcock . Nine minutes later , New Zealand 's third - choice fly - half Aaron Cruden went off injured and was replaced by Stephen Donald , who had only been called into the squad following injuries to first - choice fly - halves Dan Carter and Colin Slade . Donald extended New Zealand 's lead in the second half with a penalty ; a minute later , French captain Thierry Dusautoir scored a try , which was converted by François Trinh - Duc to leave France one point behind New Zealand . Despite constant pressure from the French for the remainder of the final , they were unable to score more points and New Zealand won the match 8 -- 7 to lift their second World Cup trophy . New Zealand reached the final again in 2015 , where they faced Australia at Twickenham . Tries from Nehe Milner - Skudder , Ma'a Nonu and Beauden Barrett , along with four penalties , two conversions and one drop goal from fly - half Dan Carter produced a 34 -- 17 win for New Zealand . With this victory , they became the first team to win the World Cup three times and the first holders to retain the trophy . It was also the first time that New Zealand won the competition outside of their country . Finals ( edit ) Key Match was won during extra time The `` Year '' column refers to the year the Rugby World Cup was held , and wikilinks to the article about that tournament . Links in the `` Winners '' and `` Runners - up '' columns point to the articles for the national rugby teams of the countries , not the articles for the countries . The wikilinks in the `` Final score '' column point to the article about that tournament 's final game . List of final matches , and respective venues , finalists and scores Year Winners Final score Runners - up Venue Location Attendance Ref ( s ) New Zealand 29 -- 9 France Eden Park Auckland , New Zealand 48,035 1991 Australia 12 -- 6 England Twickenham London , England 56,208 1995 South Africa 15 -- 12 New Zealand Ellis Park Johannesburg , South Africa 62,000 1999 Australia 35 -- 12 France Millennium Stadium Cardiff , Wales 72,500 2003 England 20 -- 17 Australia Telstra Stadium Sydney , Australia 82,957 2007 South Africa 15 -- 6 England Stade de France Paris , France 80,430 2011 New Zealand 8 -- 7 France Eden Park Auckland , New Zealand 61,079 2015 New Zealand 34 -- 17 Australia Twickenham London , England 80,125 Results by nation ( edit ) National team Wins Runners - up Total finals Years won Years runners - up New Zealand 1987 , 2011 , 2015 1995 Australia 1991 , 1999 2003 , 2015 South Africa 0 1995 , 2007 -- England 2003 1991 , 2007 France 0 -- 1987 , 1999 , 2011 See also ( edit ) Women 's Rugby World Cup Notes ( edit ) A. Prior to 1992 , a try was worth four points . B. Score was 9 -- 9 after 80 minutes . C. Score was 14 -- 14 after 80 minutes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Yokohama Stadium to host 2019 Rugby World Cup Final '' . The Guardian . London . 28 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A guide to the Webb Ellis Cup '' . World Rugby . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tournament Rules '' . Rugby World Cup . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Linden , Julian ( 19 October 2015 ) . `` Southern hemisphere completes sweep of Rugby World Cup quarterfinals '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fordyce , Tom ( 23 October 2011 ) . `` New Zealand 8 -- 7 France '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1987 : Kiwis see off France in final '' . BBC Sport. 24 September 2003 . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Seeckts , Richard ( 2 November 1991 ) . `` Wallabies claim their first World Cup '' . ESPN . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Great Sporting Moments : South Africa 15 New Zealand 12 , World Cup Final , Ellis Park , Johannesburg , 24 June , 1995 '' . The Independent . London . 16 July 2009 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , David ( 8 December 2013 ) . `` Francois Pienaar : ' When the whistle blew , South Africa changed forever ' '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australia ease to World Cup glory '' . ESPN . 6 November 1999 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Ingle , Sean ; Mitchell , Kevin ; Williams , Richard ; Jones , Dan ( 28 October 2013 ) . `` Rugby World Cup 2003 : How the Guardian covered England 's victory '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Kitson , Robert ( 15 September 2007 ) . `` England hammered and humiliated '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Kevin ( 21 October 2007 ) . `` England lose the kicking game as dream dies '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Standley , James ( 24 September 2011 ) . `` New Zealand 37 -- 17 France '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand hero Stephen Donald delights in ' unreal ' World Cup journey '' . BBC Sport. 23 October 2011 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ McMorran , Steve ( 23 October 2011 ) . `` New Zealand win Rugby World Cup '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Rees , Paul ( 31 October 2015 ) . `` New Zealand retain Rugby World Cup with ruthless display against Australia '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 : Wallabies pip England '' . BBC Sport. 24 September 2003 . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 : Party time for SA '' . BBC Sport. 24 September 2003 . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa 15 -- 12 New Zealand '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 24 December 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 : Aussies rule world again '' . BBC Sport. 24 September 2003 . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` England win Rugby World Cup '' . BBC Sport. 22 November 2003 . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Standley , James ( 20 October 2007 ) . `` England 6 -- 15 South Africa '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Fordyce , Tom ( 31 October 2015 ) . `` New Zealand beat Australia to retain Rugby World Cup '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand 34 -- 17 Australia '' . Rugby World Cup . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , John ( 1 February 2009 ) . `` First five - point try , England at Twickenham and the origins of a No. 8 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . hide Rugby World Cup Tournaments Australia / New Zealand 1987 England / France / Ireland / Scotland / Wales 1991 South Africa 1995 Wales 1999 Australia 2003 France 2007 New Zealand 2011 England 2015 Japan 2019 France 2023 2027 2031 Qualifying 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Finals 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Squads 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Statistics 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Overview History Hosts Qualification Final Trophy Theme song Overall Records Records and statistics Hat - tricks Try scorers Red cards Team appearances Overall record Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rugby_World_Cup_finals&oldid=825420913 '' Categories : Rugby World Cup Rugby World Cup finals Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 08 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the wallabies last win the world cup	[]	[]
7377970054153999884	Income taxes in Canada	Income taxes in Canada - wikipedia Income taxes in Canada Jump to : navigation , search Taxation An aspect of fiscal policy Policies ( show ) Government revenue Tax revenue Non-tax revenue Tax law Tax bracket Tax threshold Exemption Credit Deduction Tax shift Tax cut Tax holiday Tax advantage Tax incentive Tax reform Tax harmonization Tax competition Double taxation Representation Unions Medical savings account Tax , tariff and trade Economics ( show ) Price effect Excess burden Tax incidence Laffer curve Optimal tax Theory Optimal capital income taxation Collection ( show ) Revenue service Revenue stamp Tax assessment Taxable income Tax lien Tax refund Tax shield Tax residence Tax preparation Tax investigation Tax shelter Private tax collection Tax farming Noncompliance ( show ) Tax avoidance Tax evasion Tax resistance Tax haven Smuggling Black market Transfer mispricing Unreported employment Tax shelter Distribution ( show ) Tax rate Progressive Regressive Proportional Types ( show ) Direct Indirect Per unit Ad valorem In rem Capital gains Carbon Consumption Dividend Ecotax Excise Fuel Georgist Gift Gross receipts Income Inheritance ( estate ) Land value Payroll Pigovian Property Sales Sin Single Stamp Steering Turnover Value - added ( VAT ) Corporate profit Excess profits Windfall profits Negative ( income ) Flat Wealth International ( show ) Financial transaction tax Currency transaction tax Tobin tax Spahn tax Tax equalization Tax treaty Permanent establishment Transfer pricing European Union FTT Foreign revenue rule Trade ( show ) Custom Duty Tariff Import Export Tariff war Free trade Free trade zone Trade agreement Religious ( show ) Church tax Eight per thousand Teind Tithe Fiscus Judaicus Leibzoll Temple tax Tolerance tax Jizya Kharaj Khums Nisab Zakat By country ( show ) List of countries by tax rates Tax revenues as % GDP Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bhutan Brazil Bulgaria BVI Canada China Colombia Croatia Denmark France Germany Greece Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Lithuania Malta Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Palestine Peru Philippines Poland Russia Singapore South Africa Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Tanzania United Kingdom United States Uruguay Income taxes in Canada constitute the majority of the annual revenues of the Government of Canada , and of the governments of the Provinces of Canada . In the fiscal year ending 31 March 2015 , the federal government collected nearly three and a half times more revenue from personal income taxes than it did from corporate income taxes . Tax collection agreements enable different governments to levy taxes through a single administration and collection agency . The federal government collects personal income taxes on behalf of all provinces and territories except Quebec and collects corporate income taxes on behalf of all provinces and territories except Alberta and Quebec . Canada 's federal income tax system is administered by the Canada Revenue Agency ( CRA ) . Canadian federal income taxes , both personal and corporate are levied under the provisions of the Income Tax Act . Provincial and territorial income taxes are levied under various provincial statutes . The Canadian income tax system is a self - assessment regime . Taxpayers assess their tax liability by filing a return with the CRA by the required filing deadline . CRA will then assess the return based on the return filed and on information it has obtained from employers and financial companies , correcting it for obvious errors . A taxpayer who disagrees with CRA 's assessment of a particular return may appeal the assessment . The appeal process starts when a taxpayer formally objects to the CRA assessment . The objection must explain , in writing , the reasons for the appeal along with all the related facts . The objection is then reviewed by the appeals branch of CRA . An appealed assessment may either be confirmed , vacated or varied by the CRA . If the assessment is confirmed or varied , the taxpayer may appeal the decision to the Tax Court of Canada and then to the Federal Court of Appeal . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Constitutional authority 3 Personal income taxes 3.1 Basic calculation 3.2 Provincial and territorial personal income taxes 3.2. 1 Quebec 3.3 Personal federal marginal tax rates 3.4 Income not taxed 4 Corporate income taxes 4.1 Corporation types 4.2 Provincial / territorial corporate income taxes 5 Integration of corporate and personal income taxes 6 International comparison ( personal income tax ) 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Unlike the United Kingdom and the United States , Canada avoided charging an income tax prior to the First World War . The lack of income tax was seen as a key component in Canada 's efforts to attract immigrants as Canada offered a lower tax regime compared to almost every other country . Prior to the war , Canadian federal governments relied on tariffs and customs income under the auspices of the National Policy for most of their revenue , while the provincial governments sustained themselves primarily through their management of natural resources ( the Prairie provinces being paid subsidies by the federal government as Ottawa retained control of their natural resources for the time being ) . The federal Liberal Party considered the probable need to introduce an income tax should their negotiation of a free trade agreement with the United States in the early 20th century succeed , but the Conservatives defeated the Liberals in 1911 over their support of free trade . The Conservatives ( Tories ) opposed income tax as they wanted to attract immigrants primarily from the United Kingdom and the United States , and they wanted to give immigrants some incentive to come to Canada . Canadian finance minister Sir Thomas White 's new temporary `` income war tax act '' Bill went into Committee of the Whole on July 25 , 1917 but faced resistance . Wartime expenses forced the Tories to re-consider their options and in 1918 , the wartime government under Sir Robert Borden , imposed a `` temporary '' income tax to cover expenses . Despite the new tax the Canadian government ran up considerable debts during the war and were unable to forgo income tax revenue after the war ended . With the election of the Liberal government of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King , much of the National Policy was dismantled and income tax has remained in place ever since . Constitutional authority ( edit ) The constitutional authority for the federal income tax is found in section 91 paragraph 3 of the Constitution Act , 1867 , which assigns to the federal Parliament power over `` The raising of Money by any Mode or System of Taxation '' . The constitutional authority for the various provincial income taxes is found in section 92 paragraph 2 of the Constitution Act , 1867 , which assigns to the legislature of each province the power of `` Direct Taxation within the Province in order to the raising of a Revenue for Provincial Purposes '' . The courts have held that `` an income tax is the most typical form of direct taxation '' . Personal income taxes ( edit ) Canada levies personal income tax on the worldwide income of individual residents in Canada and on certain types of Canadian - source income earned by non-resident individuals . The Income Tax Act , Part I , subparagraph 2 ( 1 ) , states : `` An income tax shall be paid , as required by this Act , on the taxable income for each taxation year of every person resident in Canada at any time in the year . '' After the calendar year , Canadian residents file a T1 Tax and Benefit Return for individuals . It is due April 30 , or June 15 for self - employed individuals and their spouses , or common - law partners . It is important to note , however , that any balance owing is due on or before April 30 . Outstanding balances remitted after April 30 may be subject to interest charges , regardless of whether the taxpayer 's filing due date is April 30 or June 15 . The amount of income tax that an individual must pay is based on the amount of their taxable income ( income earned less allowed expenses ) for the tax year . Personal income tax may be collected through various means : deduction at source - where income tax is deducted directly from an individual 's pay and sent to the CRA . installment payments - where an individual must pay his or her estimated taxes during the year instead of waiting to settle up at the end of the year . payment on filing - payments made with the income tax return arrears payments - payments made after the return is filed Employers may also deduct Canada Pension Plan / Quebec Pension Plan ( CPP / QPP ) contributions , Employment Insurance ( EI ) and Provincial Parental Insurance ( PPIP ) premiums from their employees ' gross pay . Employers then send these deductions to the taxing authority . Individuals who have overpaid taxes or had excess tax deducted at source will receive a refund from the CRA upon filing their annual tax return . Generally , personal income tax returns for a particular year must be filed with CRA on or before April 30 of the following year . Basic calculation ( edit ) An individual taxpayer must report his or her total income for the year . Certain deductions are allowed in determining `` net income '' , such as deductions for contributions to Registered Retirement Savings Plans , union and professional dues , child care expenses , and business investment losses . Net income is used for determining several income - tested social benefits provided by the federal and provincial / territorial governments . Further deductions are allowed in determining `` taxable income '' , such as capital losses , half of capital gains included in income , and a special deduction for residents of northern Canada . Deductions permit certain amounts to be excluded from taxation altogether . `` Tax payable before credits '' is determined using five tax brackets and tax rates . Non-refundable tax credits are then deducted from tax payable before credits for various items such as a basic personal amount , dependents , Canada / Quebec Pension Plan contributions , Employment Insurance premiums , disabilities , tuition and education and medical expenses . These credits are calculated by multiplying the credit amount ( e.g. , the basic personal amount of $11,038 in 2013 ) by the lowest tax rate . This mechanism is designed to provide equal benefit to taxpayers regardless of the rate at which they pay tax . A non-refundable tax credit for charitable donations is calculated at the lowest tax rate for the first $200 in a year , and at the highest tax rate for the portion in excess of $200 . Donations can result in a reduction in taxes of between 40 -- 60 % of the donation depending on the province of the taxpayer and type of property donated . This tax credit is designed to encourage more generous charitable giving . Certain other tax credits are provided to recognize tax already paid so that the income is not taxed twice : the dividend tax credit provides recognition of tax paid at the corporate level on income distributed from a Canadian corporation to individual shareholders ; and the foreign tax credit recognizes tax paid to a foreign government on income earned in a foreign country . Provincial and territorial personal income taxes ( edit ) Provinces and territories that have entered into tax collection agreements with the federal government for collection of personal income taxes ( `` agreeing provinces '' , i.e. , all provinces and territories except Quebec ) must use the federal definition of `` taxable income '' as the basis for their taxation . This means that they are not allowed to provide or ignore federal deductions in calculating the income on which provincial tax is based . Provincial and territorial governments provide both non-refundable tax credits and refundable tax credits to taxpayers for certain expenses . They may also apply surtaxes and offer low - income tax reductions . Canada Revenue Agency collects personal income taxes for agreeing provinces / territories and remits the revenues to the respective governments . The provincial / territorial tax forms are distributed with the federal tax forms , and the taxpayer need make only one payment -- to CRA -- for both types of tax . Similarly , if a taxpayer is to receive a refund , he or she receives one cheque or bank transfer for the combined federal and provincial / territorial tax refund . Information on provincial rates can be found on the Canada Revenue Agency 's website . Individuals in Canada generally pay income taxes on employment and investment income to the province in which they reside on December 31 of the tax year . This ensures that taxpayers who live in one province and work in another , or who move from one province to another in most cases only have to file a tax return for one province . Individuals with business income have to pay tax on the business income to the province in which it was earned . If it was earned in more than one province , it is allocated based on a formula in the Income Tax Regulations . In addition to the income tax levied as a percentage of taxable income , two provinces , Prince Edward Island and Ontario , levy surtaxes as a percentage of tax over a certain threshold . 2017 Provincial Personal Income Tax Rates Province / Territory Bracket ( Rate and Income ) Surtax ( % of tax ) Alberta $0 -- $126,625 $126,625 -- $151,950 $151,950 -- $202,600 $202,600 -- $303,900 over $303,900 10 % 12 % 13 % 14 % 15 % British Columbia $0 -- $38,898 $38,898 -- $77,797 $77,797 -- $89,320 $89,320 -- $108,460 over $108,460 5.06 % 7.7 % 10.5 % 12.29 % 14.7 % Manitoba $0 -- $31,465 $31,465 -- $68,005 over $68,005 10.8 % 12.75 % 17.4 % New Brunswick $0 -- $41,059 $41,059 -- $82,119 $82,119 -- $133,507 $133,507 -- $152,100 over $152,100 9.68 % 14.82 % 16.52 % 17.84 % 20.3 % Newfoundland and Labrador $0 -- $35,851 $35,851 -- $71,701 $71,701 -- $128,010 $128,010 -- $179,214 over $179,214 8.7 % 14.5 % 15.8 % 17.3 % 18.3 % Northwest Territories $0 -- $41,585 $41,585 -- $83,172 $83,172 -- 135,219 over $135,219 5.9 % 8.6 % 12.2 % 14.05 % Nova Scotia $0 -- $29,590 $29,590 -- $59,180 $59,180 -- $93,000 $93,000 -- $150,000 over $150,000 8.79 % 14.95 % 16.67 % 17.5 % 21 % Nunavut $0 -- $43,780 $43,780 -- $87,560 $87,560 -- $142,353 over $142,353 4 % 7 % 9 % 11.5 % Ontario $0 -- $42,201 $42,201 -- $84,404 $84,404 -- $150,000 $150,000 -- $220,000 over $220,000 $4484 - $5739 Over $5739 5.05 % 9.15 % 11.16 % 12.16 % 13.16 % 36 % 56 % Prince Edward Island $0 -- $31,984 $31,984 -- $63,969 over $63,969 over $12,500 9.8 % 13.8 % 16.7 % 10 % Quebec $0 -- $42,705 $42,705 -- $85,405 $85,405 -- $103,915 over $103,915 15 % 20 % 24 % 25.75 % Saskatchewan $0 -- $45,225 $45,225 -- $129,214 over $129,214 11 % 13 % 15 % Yukon $0 -- $45,916 $45,916 -- $91,831 $91,831 -- $142,353 $142,353 -- $500,000 over $500,000 6.4 % 9 % 10.9 % 12.8 % 15 % Quebec ( edit ) Quebec administers its own personal income tax system , and therefore is free to determine its own definition of taxable income . To maintain simplicity for taxpayers , however , Quebec parallels many aspects of and uses many definitions found in the federal tax system . Quebec chooses to receive part of its health and social transfers in tax points instead of cash . To compensate for this , federal personal income taxes on income earned in Quebec are reduced by 16.5 % of federal tax . This is referred to as the Quebec Abatement . Personal federal marginal tax rates ( edit ) The following historical federal marginal tax rates of the Government of Canada come from the website of the Canada Revenue Agency . They do not include applicable provincial income taxes . Data on marginal tax rates from 1998 to 2016 are publicly available . Data on basic personal amounts ( personal exemption taxed at 0 % ) can be found on a year by year basis is also available . Their values are contained on line 300 of either the document `` Schedule 1 - Federal Tax '' , or `` General Income Tax and Benefit Guide '' , of each year by year General Income Tax and Benefit Package listed . The personal exemption is listed as it always applies . Additional deductions may be applied depending on eligibility , see . The most common additional deductions are Canada Pension Plan ( CPP ) , Employment Insurance ( EI ) and employment credit . Exempt amounts are calculated , multiplied by the lowest tax rate and the result is tax credits that reduce the total amount of tax owed . Year Personal Amount Canadian federal marginal tax rates of taxable income 2017 $11,635 $0 -- $45,916 $45,916 - $91,831 $91,831 - $142,353 $142,353 - $202,800 over $202,800 0 % 15 % 20.5 % 26 % 29 % 33 % 2016 $11,474 $0 -- $45,282 $45,282 - $90,563 $90,563 - $140,388 $140,388 - $200,000 over $200,000 0 % 15 % 20.5 % 26 % 29 % 33 % 2015 $11,327 $0 -- $44,701 $44,701 - $89,401 $89,401 - $138,586 over $138,586 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2014 $11,138 $0 -- $43,953 $43,954 - $87,907 $87,908 - $136,270 over $136,270 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2013 $11,038 $0 -- $43,561 $43,562 - $87,123 $87,124 - $135,054 over $135,055 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2012 $10,822 $0 -- $42,706 $42,707 - $85,413 $85,414 - $132,405 over $132,406 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2011 $10,527 $0 -- $41,544 $41,544 - $83,088 $83,088 - $128,800 over $128,800 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % $10,382 $0 -- $40,970 $40,971 - $81,941 $81,942 - $127,021 over $127,021 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2009 $10,320 $0 -- $40,726 $40,727 - $81,452 $81,453 - $126,264 over $126,264 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2008 $9,600 $0 -- $37,885 $37,886 - $75,769 $75,770 - $123,184 over $123,184 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2007 $9,600 $0 -- $37,178 $37,178 - $74,357 $74,357 - $120,887 over $120,887 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2006 $8,839 $0 -- $36,378 $36,378 - $72,756 $72,756 - $118,285 over $118,285 0 % 15.25 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2005 $8,648 $0 -- $35,595 $35,595 - $71,190 $71,190 - $115,739 over $115,739 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % $8,012 $0 -- $35,000 $35,000 - $70,000 $70,000 - $113,804 over $113,804 0 % 16 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2003 $7,756 $0 -- $32,183 $32,183 - $64,368 $64,368 - $104,648 over $104,648 0 % 16 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2002 $7,634 $0 -- $31,677 $31,677 - $63,354 $63,354 - $103,000 over $103,000 0 % 16 % 22 % 26 % 29 % $7,412 $0 -- $30,754 $30,754 - $61,509 $61,509 - $100,000 over $100,000 0 % 16 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2000 $7,231 $0 -- $30,004 $30,004 - $60,009 over $60,009 0 % 17 % 25 % 29 % 1999 $6,794 $0 -- $29,590 $29,590 - $59,180 over $59,180 0 % 17 % 26 % 29 % 1998 $6,456 $0 -- $29,590 $29,590 - $59,180 over $59,180 0 % 17 % 26 % 29 % Income not taxed ( edit ) The following types of income are not taxed in Canada ( this list is not exhaustive ) : gifts and inheritances ; death benefits paid from a life insurance policy ; lottery winnings ; winnings from betting or gambling for simple recreation or enjoyment ; strike pay ; income earned within a Tax - Free Savings Account ; compensation paid by a province or territory to a victim of a criminal act or a motor vehicle accident * ; certain civil and military service pensions ; income from certain international organizations of which Canada is a member , such as the United Nations and its agencies ; war disability pensions ; RCMP pensions or compensation paid in respect of injury , disability , or death * ; income of First Nations , if situated on a reserve ; capital gain on the sale of a taxpayer 's principal residence ; provincial child tax credits or benefits and Québec family allowances ; Working income tax benefit ; the Goods and Services Tax or Harmonized Sales Tax credit ( GST / HST credit ) , Quebec Sales Tax credit or Saskatchewan Sales Tax Credit ; and the Canada Child Tax Benefit . Note that , the method by which these forms of income are not taxed can vary significantly , which may have tax and other implications ; some forms of income are not declared , while others are declared and then immediately deducted in full . Some of the tax exemptions are based on statutory enactments , others ( like the non-taxability of lottery winnings ) are based on the non-statutory common law concept of `` income '' . In certain cases , the deduction may require off - setting income , while in other cases , the deduction may be used without corresponding income . Income which is declared and then deducted , for example , may create room for future Registered Retirement Savings Plan ( RRSP ) deductions . But then the RRSP contribution room may be reduced with a pension adjustment if you are part of another plan , reducing the ability to use RRSP contributions as a deduction . Deductions which are not directly linked to non-taxable income exist , which reduce overall taxable income . A key example is RRSP contributions , which is a form of tax - deferred savings account ( income tax is paid only at withdrawal , and no interim tax is payable on account earnings ) . * Quebec changed its rules in 2004 and , legally , this may be taxed or may not -- Courts have yet to rule . Corporate income taxes ( edit ) Corporate taxes include taxes on corporate income in Canada and other taxes and levies paid by corporations to the various levels of government in Canada . These include capital and insurance premium taxes ; payroll levies ( e.g. , employment insurance , Canada Pension Plan , Quebec Pension Plan and Workers ' Compensation ) ; property taxes ; and indirect taxes , such as goods and services tax ( GST ) , and sales and excise taxes , levied on business inputs . Corporations are subject to tax in Canada on their worldwide income if they are resident in Canada for Canadian tax purposes . Corporations not resident in Canada are subject to Canadian tax on certain types of Canadian source income ( Section 115 of the Canadian Income Tax Act ) . Effective January 1 , 2012 , the net federal corporate income tax rate in Canada was 15 % , or 11 % for corporations able to claim the small business deduction ; in addition , corporations are subject to provincial income tax that may range from zero to 16 % , depending on the province and the size of the business . Corporation types ( edit ) The taxes payable by a Canadian resident corporation depend on the type of corporation that it is : A Canadian - controlled private corporation , which is defined as a corporation that is : resident in Canada and either incorporated in Canada or resident in Canada from June 18 , 1971 , to the end of the taxation year ; not controlled directly or indirectly by one or more non-resident persons ; not controlled directly or indirectly by one or more public corporations ( other than a prescribed venture capital corporation , as defined in Regulation 6700 ) ; not controlled by a Canadian resident corporation that lists its shares on a prescribed stock exchange outside of Canada ; not controlled directly or indirectly by any combination of persons described in the three preceding conditions ; if all of its shares that are owned by a non-resident person , by a public corporation ( other than a prescribed venture capital corporation ) , or by a corporation with a class of shares listed on a prescribed stock exchange , were owned by one person , that person would not own sufficient shares to control the corporation ; and no class of its shares of capital stock is listed on a prescribed stock exchange . A private corporation , which is defined as a corporation that is : resident in Canada ; not a public corporation ; not controlled by one or more public corporations ( other than a prescribed venture capital corporation , as defined in Regulation 6700 ) ; not controlled by one or more prescribed federal Crown corporations ( as defined in Regulation 7100 ) ; and not controlled by any combination of corporations described in the two preceding conditions . A public corporation , defined as a corporation that is resident in Canada and meets either of the following requirements at the end of the taxation year : it has a class of shares listed on a prescribed Canadian stock exchange ; or it has elected , or the Minister of National Revenue has designated it , to be a public corporation and the corporation has complied with prescribed conditions under Regulation 4800 ( 1 ) on the number of its shareholders , the dispersing of the ownership of its shares , the public trading of its shares , and the size of the corporation . If a public corporation has complied with certain prescribed conditions under Regulation 4800 ( 2 ) , it can elect , or the Minister of National Revenue can designate it , not to be a public corporation . Other types of Canadian resident corporations include Canadian subsidiaries of public corporations ( which do not qualify as public corporations ) , general insurers and Crown corporations . Provincial / territorial corporate income taxes ( edit ) Corporate income taxes are collected by the CRA for all provinces and territories except Quebec and Alberta . Provinces and territories subject to a tax collection agreement must use the federal definition of `` taxable income '' , i.e. , they are not allowed to provide deductions in calculating taxable income . These provinces and territories may provide tax credits to companies , often in order to provide incentives for certain activities such as mining exploration , film production , and job creation . Quebec and Alberta collect their own corporate income taxes , and therefore may develop their own definitions of taxable income . In practice , these provinces rarely deviate from the federal tax base in order to maintain simplicity for taxpayers . Ontario negotiated a tax collection agreement with the federal government under which its corporate income taxes would be collected on its behalf by the CRA starting in 2009 . Integration of corporate and personal income taxes ( edit ) In Canada , corporate income is subject to corporate income tax and , on distribution as dividends to individuals , personal income tax . To avoid this `` double taxation '' of the same income , the personal income tax system , through the gross - up and dividend tax credit ( DTC ) mechanisms , provides recognition for corporate taxes , based notional federal - provincial corporate tax rates , to taxable individuals resident in Canada who receive dividends from Canadian corporations . A dividend from a small business ( `` Canadian - controlled private corporation '' ) is grossed - up by 17 per cent , meaning that the shareholder includes 117 per cent of the dividend amount in income , to reflect the pre-tax income of the small business out of which it has paid the dividend . This income is taxed at the shareholder 's personal income tax rate , but a part of the tax is offset by a 10.5217 % dividend tax credit ( for 2017 ) to reflect the federal tax paid at the corporate level . There are also provincial dividend tax credits at different rates in different provinces . For dividends from other Canadian corporations , i.e. , `` eligible dividends '' , the gross - up is 38 % and the dividend tax credit is 15.0198 % ( for 2017 ) , reflecting the higher corporate income tax rate paid by larger corporations . Provincial and territorial governments also provide dividend tax credits to reflect provincial / territorial corporate income tax . International comparison ( personal income tax ) ( edit ) Comparison of total taxes paid by a household earning the country 's average wage ( as of 2005 ) , including personal income tax , employee and employer social security contributions , payroll taxes and cash benefits . It does NOT include local income tax levied by states and cities . ( source : Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ) . Country Single no children Married 2 children Country Single no children Married 2 children Australia 28.3 % 16.0 % Korea 17.3 % 15.2 % Austria 47.4 % 35.5 % Luxembourg 35.3 % 12.2 % Belgium 55.4 % 40.3 % Mexico 18.2 % 18.2 % Canada 31.6 % 21.5 % Netherlands 38.6 % 29.1 % Czech Republic 43.8 % 27.1 % New Zealand 20.5 % 14.5 % Denmark 41.4 % 29.6 % Norway 37.3 % 29.6 % Finland 44.6 % 38.4 % Poland 43.6 % 42.1 % France 50.1 % 41.7 % Portugal 36.2 % 26.6 % Germany 51.8 % 35.7 % Slovakia 38.3 % 23.2 % Greece 38.8 % 39.2 % Spain 39.0 % 33.4 % Hungary 50.5 % 39.9 % Sweden 47.9 % 42.4 % Iceland 29.0 % 11.0 % Switzerland 29.5 % 18.6 % Ireland 25.7 % 8.1 % Turkey 42.7 % 42.7 % Isle of Man 10 % 10 % United Kingdom 33.5 % 27.1 % Italy 45.4 % 35.2 % United States 29.1 % 11.9 % Japan 27.7 % 24.9 % See also ( edit ) Canada portal Book : Canada Taxation in Canada Canadian federal budget Foreign Accrual Property Income Harmonized Sales Tax References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fiscal Reference Tables September 2015 Jump up ^ Income Tax Act Jump up ^ Duhaime , Lloyd ( 2017 ) . `` Canadian Legal History : 1917 , Birth of Income Tax 1917 , Birth of Income Tax '' . Lloyd Duhaime , Barrister , Solicitor , Attorney and Lawyer ( and Notary Public ! ) . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Forbes v. A. - G. Man . ( 1937 ) A.C. 260,268 Jump up ^ `` T1 Tax and Benefit Return '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Canada Revenue Agency Jump up ^ Finance Canada Quebec Abatement Jump up ^ `` Previous - years ' income tax rates in Canada '' . Canada Revenue Agency . Jump up ^ `` Tax packages '' . Canada Revenue Agency . Jump up ^ `` Latest TD1 Form '' . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Tax Rates , '' Canada Revenue Agency , 15 March 2013 , accessed 14 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Canada Revenue Agency External links ( edit ) Income Tax Act The Canadian Tax Foundation The Department of Finance , Canada - responsible for Canadian tax policy Canada Revenue Agency - collects income other certain other taxes for the federal , provincial and territorial governments ( except Quebec ) CRA tax rates by year - Federal and provincial income tax rates ( except Quebec ) Revenu Quebec Income tax rates Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Income_taxes_in_Canada&oldid=842797413 '' Categories : Taxation in Canada Income taxes Income tax in Canada Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 18 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the basic income tax rate in canada	[]	[]
-3473558218560653004	Daniel Boone (1964 TV series)	Daniel Boone ( 1964 tv series ) - wikipedia Daniel Boone ( 1964 tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search Daniel Boone Title card Genre Action - adventure Starring Fess Parker Patricia Blair Albert Salmi ( season 1 ) Ed Ames ( seasons 1 - 4 ) Rosey Grier ( season 6 ) Jimmy Dean Darby Hinton Veronica Cartwright ( seasons 1 - 2 ) Robert Logan Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 165 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Aaron Rosenberg Producer ( s ) Barney Rosenzweig Ted Schilz George Sherman Joseph Silver Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network NBC Original release September 24 , 1964 -- May 7 , 1970 Daniel Boone is an American action - adventure television series starring Fess Parker as Daniel Boone that aired from September 24 , 1964 , to May 7 , 1970 , on NBC for 165 episodes , and was produced by 20th Century Fox Television , Arcola Enterprises , and Fespar Corp . Ed Ames co-starred as Mingo , Boone 's Cherokee friend , for the first four seasons of the series . Albert Salmi portrayed Boone 's companion Yadkin in season one only . Country Western singer - actor Jimmy Dean was a featured actor as Josh Clements during the 1968 -- 1970 seasons . Actor and former NFL football player Rosey Grier made regular appearances as Gabe Cooper in the 1969 to 1970 season . The show was broadcast `` in living color '' beginning in fall 1965 , the second season , and was shot entirely in California and Kanab , Utah . An earlier television series based on Daniel Boone appeared on the Walt Disney Presents in 1960 , with Dewey Martin as Boone . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Production 3 Soundtrack 4 DVDs and syndication 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Daniel Boone was one of two iconic historical figures played by Fess Parker . He previously appeared as Davy Crockett in a series of episodes of the Walt Disney anthology television series , to considerable acclaim amid the launch of a national craze . For his role as Boone , which lasted much longer , but had far less impact , Parker again wore a coonskin cap , which had been popularized years earlier by the Crockett shows . Daniel Boone 's headgear was even mentioned in the show 's theme song : `` From the coonskin cap on the top of ol ' Dan ... '' . Efforts had been made to secure the rights to Crockett from Walt Disney , but Disney refused to sell , so the series wound up being about Boone instead . Parker as Daniel Boone Parker with guest star George Sanders , 1966 In contrast , Parker 's Boone was less of an explorer and more a family man than Parker 's Crockett . Parker as Crockett also generally wore a light beard , whereas his Boone was predominantly clean - shaven . Boone 's wife Rebecca ( played by Patricia Blair ) and son Israel ( Darby Hinton ) were often featured in the stories . In reality , Boone had 10 children . During the first two seasons , his daughter Jemima was shown ( played by Veronica Cartwright ) , but she disappeared with no explanation toward the end of the second season . Western actor Chris Alcaide appeared twice on the series , once as an Indian , Flathead Joseph . Walter Coy made his last major television appearance in 1970 on Daniel Boone in the role of Chief Blackfish . Rico Alaniz played the Indian Crooked Hand in the 1969 episode `` The Allies ''. Med Flory was cast in seven episodes , the last three in the role of the drifter Bingen . The series is set in the 1770s and 1780s , just before , during , and after the American Revolution , and mostly centered on adventures in and about Boonesborough , Kentucky . Some aspects of the show were less than historically faithful , which at one point led the Kentucky legislature to condemn the inaccuracies . The series ' story line does not follow historical events ; instead , story lines runs back and forth concerning historical events . Inconsistencies include episodes such as `` The Aaron Burr Story '' , a second - season episode in which the former Vice President of the United States visits Boonesborough . The episode was based on Burr 's raising an armed group , allegedly to commit treason , in 1806 . Meanwhile , another episode in the second season hinged on allegations that the Boonesborough settlers were planning insurrection against the British Crown , prior to the American Revolution . Still other episodes took place during the Revolution . No explanation was made for the 30 - year discrepancy . The character Caramingo , shortened to Mingo , was half - Cherokee , but highly educated somewhat in the Tonto mold , but with updated sensibilities and English descent through his father , the fourth Earl of Dunmore . ( The 12th Earl now lives in Tasmania , Australia . ) . ( A graduate of Oxford University , Mingo passed as a British officer in at least two episodes , and sang opera in another . ) In reality , the Mingo were a small group of natives ( and not one man ) who were related to the Iroquois . ( However , from the native perspective , mingo is a word for `` chief '' in the Choctaw native language ; in Chickasaw , minko is the word for `` chief '' ) . Ames also portrayed Mingo 's evil twin brother , Taramingo , in `` My Brother 's Keeper '' . His role as Mingo led to a famous tomahawk - throwing demonstration on The Tonight Show , that was rerun on anniversary clip shows for decades afterward , in which Ames threw a tomahawk at a target of a man and the hatchet landed between the cutout 's legs , much to host Johnny Carson 's amusement . Mingo 's character resembles Joseph Brant ; Brant was a Mohawk Indian , who became a captain in the British Army . His sister , Molly , was the consort of Sir William Johnson , of Johnstown , Montgomery County , New York . Johnson took an interest in Molly 's younger brother , acting as a surrogate father , and sent him to Moore 's Indian Charity School , the precursor to Dartmouth . Brant was , therefore , well educated for men of his time , and exceptionally well educated for a Mohawk . A project in later years was to work on a Mohawk translation of the Bible . Brant 's parents were both American Indians , unlike Mingo . Brant , despite his role in the American Revolution , is largely unknown outside Central New York , although he is a national hero in Canada . In Ontario , along Lake Ontario 's shores , between Toronto and Niagara Falls , a town and hospital are named after him . A replica of his Canadian home is located next to Joseph Brant Memorial Hospital . Any similarities possibly are coincidental . Boone 's character needed an American Indian companion , and as the show was produced in the United States , the character needed to support the rebelling colonists to be believable as Boone 's friend . Giving Mingo an education , a better one , incidentally , than Fess Parker 's Boone , distanced Mingo from the traditional Western violent , uneducated savage stereotype . If creators were unaware of Moore 's Indian Charity School , a British father would have been the easiest way to explain Mingo 's background . Status in some Indian tribes is through women . An Indian mother and a British officer father provided status in both worlds . Nothing indicates that Brant was the basis for Mingo , and differences are notable , starting with Brant 's stance as a Loyalist , but Mingo closely resembles Brant . ( In many ways , having an educated background and a European father was more similar to another Iroquois diplomat , John `` Cornplanter '' Abeel , the son of a Seneca mother and a Dutch - American father , descended from colonial politician Johannes Abeel . ) One oddity to the show was that Parker 's Boone very rarely used a horse for transportation . He instead walked to his destinations , sometimes incurring interstate travel . Production ( edit ) Parts of the series were filmed in Kane County , Utah . Soundtrack ( edit ) The show 's main title featured three versions of the theme song written by Vera Matson and Lionel Newman ( although the lyrics were written by Ken Darby , credited under the name of his wife Matson ) . The third `` groovy version '' was sung by The Imperials . DVDs and syndication ( edit ) Liberation Entertainment ( distributed by Goldhil Home Media ) released all six seasons on DVD in Region 1 for the first time between 2006 and 2008 . These releases have been discontinued and are out of print . On September 23 , 2014 , 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released Daniel Boone - The Complete Series : 50th Anniversary Collector 's Edition on DVD in Region 1 via amazon. com 's CreateSpace program . This is a manufacture - on - demand release , available exclusively through amazon.com . On January 8 , 2016 , it was announced that Shout ! Factory had acquired the rights to the series in Region 1 . They have subsequently released new collector 's editions of the first five seasons on DVD . The sixth and final season will be re-released on December 19 , 2017 . DVD name Ep # Release date Season One 13 September 26 , 2006 April 19 , 2016 ( re-release ) Season Two 22 September 26 , 2006 July 19 , 2016 ( re-release ) Season Three 20 May 8 , 2007 January 24 , 2017 ( re-release ) Season Four 26 June 19 , 2007 March 14 , 2017 ( re-release ) Season Five 23 August 7 , 2007 May 2 , 2017 ( re-release ) Season Six 23 November 18 , 2008 December 19 , 2017 ( re-release ) The Complete Series 103 September 23 , 2014 Daniel Boone is currently airing on INSP . It has also aired on MeTV , an over-the - air network whose offerings are older syndicated television shows . See also ( edit ) List of Daniel Boone episodes Cumberland Gap Dragging Canoe Elizabethton , Tennessee Fort Watauga Richard Henderson Sycamore Shoals Transylvania Purchase Watauga River The Wilderness Road Young Dan'l Boone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roosevelt Grier on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Daniel Boone '' Theme Song Archived June 20 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` '' The Allies `` , Daniel Boone , March 27 , 1969 '' . Internet Movie Data Base . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mingo Indians Jump up ^ Ed Ames on Johnny Carson Show Jump up ^ D'Arc , James V. ( 2010 ) . When Hollywood came to town : a history of moviemaking in Utah ( 1st ed . ) . Layton , Utah : Gibbs Smith . ISBN 9781423605874 . Jump up ^ Jon Burlingame , p. 76 , TV 's Biggest Hits : The Story Of Television Themes From `` Dragnet '' To `` Friends '' , Schirmer Books , 1995 , ISBN 0 - 02 - 870324 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Daniel Boone Theme Song '' . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2010 . Retrieved March 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mingo '' . June 28 , 2008 . Retrieved March 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Large artwork for seasons 1 and 2 Jump up ^ Goldhil announces Season 3 Jump up ^ Cover Art Distributed For Daniel Boone - Season 4 Jump up ^ 5th Season Announced ( Date , Details , Box Art ) ; 6th Season Street Date Jump up ^ Box Art & Extras for Fess Parker 's Daniel Boone - Season 6 ! Jump up ^ ' The Complete Series : 50th Anniversary Collectors Edition ' on DVD Soon ! Jump up ^ TMG / Shout ! Announce ' Season One : Collector 's Edition ' DVDs ! Jump up ^ Late January Release for ' Season 3 : Collector 's Edition ' Jump up ^ ' Season 4 : Collector 's Edition ' DVDs ... Possible Canadian Date Jump up ^ USA and Canadian Dates for ' Season 5 : Collector 's Edition ' Jump up ^ Release for ' Season 6 : The Final Season Collector 's Edition ' External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Daniel Boone ( television series ) . Daniel Boone on IMDb Daniel Boone at TV.com Daniel Boone TV Series Daniel Boone ( 1960 miniseries ) on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Boone_(1964_TV_series)&oldid=808626832 '' Categories : 1964 American television series debuts 1960s American television series 1970s American television series Television series about the American Revolution Period family drama television series NBC network shows Television series by 20th Century Fox Television 1970 American television series endings Television shows set in Kentucky Cultural depictions of Daniel Boone English - language television programs American folklore films and television series Television shows filmed in Utah Television shows filmed in California Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Use mdy dates from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Norsk Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 02 : 04 . About Wikipedia	where was the television show daniel boone filmed	[ "Daniel Boone is an American action-adventure television series starring Fess Parker as Daniel Boone that aired from September 24, 1964, to May 7, 1970, on NBC for 165 episodes, and was produced by 20th Century Fox Television, Arcola Enterprises, and Fespar Corp. Ed Ames co-starred as Mingo, Boone's Cherokee friend, for the first four seasons of the series. Albert Salmi portrayed Boone's companion Yadkin in season one only. Country Western singer-actor Jimmy Dean was a featured actor as Josh Clements during the 1968–1970 seasons. Actor and former NFL football player Rosey Grier made regular appearances as Gabe Cooper in the 1969 to 1970 season.[1] The show was broadcast \"in living color\" beginning in fall 1965, the second season, and was shot entirely in California and Kanab, Utah.", "Daniel Boone is an American action-adventure television series starring Fess Parker as Daniel Boone that aired from September 24, 1964, to May 7, 1970, on NBC for 165 episodes, and was produced by 20th Century Fox Television, Arcola Enterprises, and Fespar Corp. Ed Ames co-starred as Mingo, Boone's Cherokee friend, for the first four seasons of the series. Albert Salmi portrayed Boone's companion Yadkin in season one only. Country Western singer-actor Jimmy Dean was a featured actor as Josh Clements during the 1968–1970 seasons. Actor and former NFL football player Rosey Grier made regular appearances as Gabe Cooper in the 1969 to 1970 season.[1] The show was broadcast \"in living color\" beginning in fall 1965, the second season, and was shot entirely in California and Kanab, Utah." ]	[ "California", "Kanab, Utah" ]
-799779816439846688	Just Do It	Just Do It - wikipedia Just Do It This article is about the advertising slogan . For the album by Kim - Lian , see Just Do It ( album ) . Just Do It . Just Do It ( stylized as JUST DO IT . ) is a trademark of shoe company Nike , and one of the core components of Nike 's brand . The slogan was coined in 1988 at an advertising agency meeting . The founder of Wieden + Kennedy agency , Dan Wieden credits the inspiration for his `` Just Do It '' Nike slogan to Gary Gilmore 's last words : `` Let 's do it . '' The `` Just Do It '' campaign allowed Nike to further increase its share of the North American domestic sport - shoe business from 18 % to 43 % , ( from $877 million to $9.2 billion in worldwide sales ) from 1988 to 1998 . In many Nike - related situations , `` Just Do It '' appears alongside the Nike logo , known as the Swoosh . Campaign ( edit ) This Section is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The `` Just Do It '' campaign launched in 1988 was highly successful with the Age selecting the campaign as one of the top two taglines of the 20th century with it being both `` universal and intensely personal '' . While Reebok was directing their campaign at aerobics during the fitness craze of the 1980s , Nike responded with `` a tough , take no prisoners ad campaign '' . One of the campaign 's objectives was to target all Americans regardless of age , gender or physical fitness level which led to Nike becoming worn as a fashion statement , not just as fitness gear ( Nearly 80 % of Nike 's running shoes are not worn for their intended purpose ) . Nike 's fundamental objective was to represent sneakers as a fashion statement to consumers , especially females , teens and males aged 18 -- 40 . Throughout the campaign , Nike enlisted numerous notable athletes in order to attract customers and promote the image of Nike as being reliable to not only everyday customers but professional athletes . Athletes such as football stars Ronaldinho and Wayne Rooney , basketball stars Michael Jordan , and Kobe Bryant and tennis stars Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal were used in their advertisements , including a range of people from varying ethnicities and races . Nike was faced with criticism by Ernst & Young surrounding the campaign , with the pay of elite athletes compared to those in overseas shoe factories , and for violating the minimum wage in their operations in Vietnam . The `` Just Do It '' campaign went out to a range of media outlets including merchandise , outdoor billboards , print media , and graffiti art . It was during the period of the late 70 's and early 80 's in Brooklyn New York . A small pharmacy operated by Steven Smolin . A part - time worker there was his mother - in - law Marlene . She would constantly annoyingly question Steve 's instruction / directives in day to day operations - as in `` why ca n't I stock the Mylanta next to the vitamins ! ? '' Exasperated , Steve would end the inevitable ten minutes of bickering / reasoning with the directive - `` Marlene , JUST DO IT ! ! '' The bickering would then come to a screeching halt and Marlene would sheepishly stock the Mylanta in its appropriate instructed place . It was not long before the rest of the store help - mostly local high school kids - began parroting this directive when addressing each other - as in `` Mario - `` JUST DO IT ! ! The small store reverberated with this exhortation multiple times a day . Within one year , the pharmacy crew took this directive out to the streets . If a player refused to play right field , the rest of the schoolyard team would inevitably shout - `` Nunzio - ' JUST DO IT ! ! '' When these kids would later join the Bensonhurst auxiliary police , and on of their own refused to go to `` another one of those domestic incident '' calls , dozens of police radios would simultaneously bellow out - Lenny , `` JUST DO IT ! ! By the early 80 's , one of the main players in this dynamic , Lenny Rizzi , came to me and said - `` Steven , you 're famous - your slogan is barked out on every schoolyard and basketball court in Bensonhurst . The campaign embodied Nike 's image as an innovative American icon associated with success through the combination of professional athletes and motivational slogans emphasizing sportsmanship and health . This led to customers associating their purchases with the prospect of achieving greatness . In popular culture ( edit ) In 2015 , actor Shia LaBeouf used this phrase in LaBeouf , Rönkkö & Turner 's # INTRODUCTIONS video , which later become an Internet meme . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nike Classic Branding , with slogan `` Just Do It . '' `` . SeekLogo . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Birth of ' Just Do It ' and Other Magic Words '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mini-case Study : Nike 's `` Just Do It '' Advertising Campaign `` . UDOC . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Friedrich von Borries . `` Who 's Afraid of Niketown ? : Nike Urbanism , Branding and the City of Tomorrow '' . Episode Publishers . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nike - Just Do It '' . Wendy Chung . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Nike Controversy '' . Stanford . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nike Shoe Plant in Vietnam Is Called Unsafe for Workers '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Strategic Analysis of Nike '' . Condor . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pogue , D. ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` The Real Story Behind Shia LaBeouf 's Hilarious ' Motivational ' Rant '' . Yahoo . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Nike , Inc . Corporate directors Jill Ker Conway Tim Cook Phil Knight Travis Knight Mark Parker Orin C. Smith John Thompson Phyllis Wise Subsidiaries Converse Hurley Former : Cole Haan Bauer Hockey Umbro Assets and products Air Jordan Air Melo Line Air Max Nike Considered Nike CTR360 Maestri Nike Flywire Nike Free Nike Mercurial Vapor Nike Shox Nike+ Nike Blazers Nike SB Swoosh Air Force Nike Tiempo Nike Total 90 Nike Air Yeezy Nike Ordem Miscellaneous List of Nike sponsorships Nike Academy Nike Sport Research Lab Nike Oregon Project Nike ONE Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_Do_It&oldid=853322774 '' Categories : Nike , Inc . Advertising slogans Advertising campaigns 1988 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from August 2014 All articles needing style editing All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2014 Talk About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 22 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the nike just do it slogan come from	[]	[]
-3468228408726391630	Thirteen Colonies	Thirteen colonies - wikipedia Thirteen colonies Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged with History of the Thirteen Colonies . ( Discuss ) Proposed since September 2017 . Thirteen Colonies Part of British America ( 1607 -- 1776 ) as Colonies of England ( 1607 -- 1707 ) Colonies of Great Britain ( 1707 -- 1776 ) 1607 -- 1776 Flag of Great Britain ( 1707 -- 1776 ) The thirteen colonies ( shown in red ) in 1775 . Capital Administered from London , England Languages English German Dutch Indigenous languages Religion Mostly Christianity ( Puritanism Anglicanism Other Protestantism Roman Catholicism ) , Minorities Judaism and Native American religion Government Colonial constitutional monarchy Monarch 1607 -- 1625 James I & VI ( first ) 1760 -- 1776 George III ( last ) History Roanoke Colony 1585 Virginia Colony 1607 New England 1620 King Charles II charter for Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 1663 Rupert 's Land 1670 Treaty of Utrecht ( 1713 ) 1713 13th colony formed 1732 Independence declared 1776 Treaty of Paris 1783 Population 1625 est . 1,980 1775 est . 2,400,000 Currency Pound sterling Colonial money Bills of credit Commodity money Preceded by Succeeded by Pre-colonial North America New Netherland United States Today part of United States Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Polish American By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil Rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women United States portal The Thirteen Colonies were a group of British colonies on the east coast of North America founded in the 17th and 18th centuries that declared independence in 1776 and formed the United States of America . The Thirteen Colonies had very similar political , constitutional , and legal systems , and were dominated by Protestant English - speakers . They were part of Britain 's possessions in the New World , which also included colonies in Canada and the Caribbean , as well as East and West Florida . In the 18th century , the British government operated its colonies under a policy of mercantilism , in which the central government administered its possessions for the economic benefit of the mother country . However , the Thirteen Colonies had a high degree of self - governance and active local elections , and resisted London 's demands for more control . In the 1750s , the colonies began collaborating with one another instead of dealing directly with Britain . These inter-colonial activities cultivated a sense of shared American identity and led to calls for protection of the colonists ' `` Rights as Englishmen '' , especially the principle of `` no taxation without representation '' . Grievances with the British government led to the American Revolution , in which the colonies collaborated in forming a Continental Congress which declared independence in 1776 and fought the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83 ) with the aid of France , the Dutch Republic , and Spain . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Thirteen Colonies 1.1 New England colonies 1.2 Middle colonies 1.3 Southern colonies 2 History 2.1 17th century 2.1. 1 Southern colonies 2.1. 2 New England 2.1. 3 Middle Colonies 2.2 Early 18th century 2.3 French and Indian War 2.4 Growing dissent 2.5 American Revolution 3 Population 3.1 Slaves 3.2 Religion 3.3 Education 4 Government 4.1 Forms of government 4.2 British role 4.3 Self - government 4.4 Economic policy 5 Other British colonies 6 Historiography 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Further reading 9.1 Government 9.2 Primary sources 9.3 Online primary sources 10 External links The Thirteen colonies The first permanently settled English colony on the North American continent was the Colony and Dominion of Virginia , established 1607 . The number 13 was complete with the establishment of the Province of Georgia in 1732 , although the term `` Thirteen Colonies '' became current only in the context of the American Revolution . New England colonies Main article : New England colonies Province of New Hampshire , established in the 1620s , chartered as crown colony in 1679 Province of Massachusetts Bay , established in the 1620s , a crown colony 1692 Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , established 1636 , chartered as crown colony in 1663 Connecticut Colony , established 1636 , chartered as crown colony in 1662 Middle colonies Main article : Middle Colonies Province of New York , proprietary colony 1664 -- 1685 , crown colony from 1686 Province of New Jersey , proprietary colony from 1664 , crown colony from 1702 Province of Pennsylvania , a proprietary colony established 1681 Delaware Colony ( before 1776 , the Lower Counties on Delaware ) , a proprietary colony established 1664 Southern colonies Main article : Southern Colonies Province of Maryland , a proprietary colony established 1632 Colony and Dominion of Virginia , a crown colony established 1607 Province of Carolina , a proprietary colony established 1663 Divided into the Province of North Carolina and Province of South Carolina in 1712 , each became a crown colony in 1729 Province of Georgia , a crown colony established 1732 History Main article : History of the Thirteen Colonies See also : Colonial history of the United States , British colonization of the Americas , and Timeline of Colonial America 17th century The 1606 grants by James I to the London and Plymouth companies . The overlapping area ( yellow ) was granted to both companies on the stipulation that neither found a settlement within 100 miles ( 160 km ) of each other . The location of the Jamestown Settlement is shown by `` J '' . Southern colonies The first successful English colony was Jamestown , established May 14 , 1607 near Chesapeake Bay . The business venture was financed and coordinated by the London Virginia Company , a joint stock company looking for gold . Its first years were extremely difficult , with very high death rates from disease and starvation , wars with local Indians , and little gold . The colony survived and flourished by turning to tobacco as a cash crop . In 1632 , King Charles I granted the charter for Province of Maryland to Cecil Calvert , 2nd Baron Baltimore . Calvert 's father had been a prominent Catholic official who encouraged Catholic immigration to the English colonies . The charter offered no guidelines on religion . The Province of Carolina was the first attempted English settlement south of Virginia . It was a private venture , financed by a group of English Lords Proprietors who obtained a Royal Charter to the Carolinas in 1663 , hoping that a new colony in the south would become profitable like Jamestown . Carolina was not settled until 1670 , and even then the first attempt failed because there was no incentive for emigration to that area . Eventually , however , the Lords combined their remaining capital and financed a settlement mission to the area led by Sir John Colleton . The expedition located fertile and defensible ground at what became Charleston , originally Charles Town for Charles II of England . New England The Pilgrims were a small group of Puritan separatists who felt that they needed to physically distance themselves from the corrupt Church of England . After initially moving to the Netherlands , they decided to re-establish themselves in America . The initial Pilgrim settlers sailed to North America in 1620 on the Mayflower . Upon their arrival , they drew up the Mayflower Compact , by which they bound themselves together as a united community , thus establishing the small Plymouth Colony . William Bradford was their main leader . After its founding , other settlers traveled from England to join the colony . The non-separatist Puritans constituted a much larger group than the Pilgrims , and they established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629 with 400 settlers . They sought to reform the Church of England by creating a new , pure church in the New World . By 1640 , 20,000 had arrived ; many died soon after arrival , but the others found a healthy climate and an ample food supply . The Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies together spawned other Puritan colonies in New England , including the New Haven , Saybrook , and Connecticut colonies . During the 17th century , the New Haven and Saybrook colonies were absorbed by Connecticut . Providence Plantation was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams on land provided by Narragansett sachem Canonicus . Williams was a Puritan who preached religious tolerance , separation of Church and State , and a complete break with the Church of England . He was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony over theological disagreements , and he and other settlers founded Providence Plantation based on an egalitarian constitution providing for majority rule `` in civil things '' and `` liberty of conscience '' in religious matters . In 1637 , a second group including Anne Hutchinson established a second settlement on Aquidneck Island , also known as Rhode Island . Other colonists settled to the north , mingling with adventurers and profit - oriented settlers to establish more religiously diverse colonies in New Hampshire and Maine . These small settlements were absorbed by Massachusetts when it made significant land claims in the 1640s and 1650s , but New Hampshire was eventually given a separate charter in 1679 . Maine remained a part of Massachusetts until achieving statehood in 1820 . In 1685 , King James II of England closed the legislatures and consolidated the New England colonies into the Dominion of New England , putting the region under firm royal control of Governor Edmund Andros . In 1688 , the colonies of New York , West Jersey , and East Jersey were added to the dominion . Andros was overthrown and the dominion was closed in 1689 , after the Glorious Revolution deposed King James II ; the former colonies were re-established . According to Guy Miller : The Rebellion of 1689 was the climax of the 60 year old struggle between the government in England and the Puritans of Massachusetts over the question of who was to rule the Bay colony . From its foundation in 1629 the colony had in fact been ruled by the ministers , who controlled church membership and , consequently , the franchise , and by the magistrates , who administered the state as the secular arm of the church . Middle colonies After the Second Anglo - Dutch War , the Dutch colony of New Netherland was taken over by the British and renamed New York . However , large numbers of Dutch remained in the colony , dominating the rural areas between New York City and Albany . Meanwhile , Yankees from New England started moving in , as did immigrants from Germany . New York City attracted a large polyglot population , including a large black slave population . In 1674 , the proprietary colonies of East Jersey and West Jersey were created from lands formerly part of New York . Pennsylvania was founded in 1681 as a proprietary colony of Quaker William Penn . The main population elements included Quaker population based in Philadelphia , a Scotch Irish population on the Western frontier , and numerous German colonies in between . Philadelphia became the largest city in the colonies with its central location , excellent port , and a population of about 30,000 . Early 18th century In 1702 , East and West Jersey were combined to form the Province of New Jersey . Due to their remoteness from each other , the northern and southern sections of the Carolina colony operated more or less independently until 1691 , when Philip Ludwell was appointed governor of the entire province . From that time until 1708 , the northern and southern settlements remained under one government . However , during this period , the two halves of the province began increasingly to be known as North Carolina and South Carolina . In 1712 , Carolina was divided into two colonies : the Province of South Carolina and the Province of North Carolina . In the 1730s , James Oglethorpe , a Member of Parliament , proposed that the area south of the Carolinas be colonized with the `` worthy poor '' of England , to provide an alternative to the overcrowded debtors ' prisons . Oglethorpe and other English philanthropists secured a royal charter as the Trustees of the colony of Georgia on June 9 , 1732 . French and Indian war The French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 1763 ) was the American extension of the general European conflict known as the Seven Years ' War . Previous colonial wars in North America had started in Europe and then spread to the colonies , but the French and Indian War is notable for having started in North America and spread to Europe . One of the primary causes of the war was increasing competition between Britain and France , especially in the Great Lakes and Ohio valley . The French and Indian War took on a new significance for the British North American colonists when William Pitt the Elder decided that major military resources needed to be devoted to North America in order to win the war against France . For the first time , the continent became one of the main theaters of what could be termed a `` world war '' . During the war , the position of the British colonies as part of the British Empire was made truly apparent , as British military and civilian officials took on an increased presence in the lives of Americans . The war also increased a sense of American unity in other ways . It caused men to travel across the continent who might otherwise have never left their own colony , fighting alongside men from decidedly different backgrounds who were nonetheless still `` American '' . Throughout the course of the war , British officers trained American ones for battle , most notably George Washington , which benefited the American cause during the Revolution . Also , colonial legislatures and officials had to cooperate intensively , for the first time , in pursuit of the continent - wide military effort . The relations between the British military establishment and the colonists were not always positive , setting the stage for later distrust and dislike of British troops . Territorial changes following the French and Indian War : land held by the British before 1763 is shown in red , land gained by Britain in 1763 is shown in pink . In the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) , France formally ceded to Britain the eastern part of its vast North American empire , having secretly given to Spain the territory of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River the previous year . Before the war , Britain held the thirteen American colonies , most of present - day Nova Scotia , and most of the Hudson Bay watershed . Following the war , Britain gained all French territory east of the Mississippi River , including Quebec , the Great Lakes , and the Ohio River valley . Britain also gained Spanish Florida , from which it formed the colonies of East and West Florida . In removing a major foreign threat to the thirteen colonies , the war also largely removed the colonists ' need of colonial protection . The British and colonists triumphed jointly over a common foe . The colonists ' loyalty to the mother country was stronger than ever before . However , disunity was beginning to form . British Prime Minister William Pitt the Elder had decided to wage the war in the colonies with the use of troops from the colonies and tax funds from Britain itself . This was a successful wartime strategy but , after the war was over , each side believed that it had borne a greater burden than the other . The British elite , the most heavily taxed of any in Europe , pointed out angrily that the colonists paid little to the royal coffers . The colonists replied that their sons had fought and died in a war that served European interests more than their own . This dispute was a link in the chain of events that soon brought about the American Revolution . Growing dissent The British sought to maintain peaceful relations with those Indian tribes that had allied with the French , to keep them separated from the American frontiersmen . To this end , the Royal Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains , as this was designated an Indian Reserve . Some groups of settlers disregarded the proclamation , continuing to move west and establish farms . The proclamation was soon modified and was no longer a hindrance to settlement , but the fact angered the colonists that it had been promulgated without their prior consultation . Join , or Die by Benjamin Franklin was recycled to encourage the former colonies to unite against British rule . Americans insisted on the principle of `` no taxation without representation '' beginning with the intense protests over the Stamp Act of 1765 , representation being understood in the context of Parliament directly levying the duty or excise tax , and thus by - passing the colonial legislatures , which had levied taxes on the colonies in the monarch 's stead prior to 1763 . They argued that the colonies had no representation in the British Parliament , so it was a violation of their rights as Englishmen for taxes to be imposed upon them . The other British colonies that had assemblies largely agreed with those in the Thirteen Colonies , but they were thoroughly controlled by the British Empire and the Royal Navy , so protests were hopeless . Parliament rejected the colonial protests and asserted its authority by passing new taxes . Trouble escalated over the tea tax , as Americans in each colony boycotted the tea , and those in Boston dumped the tea in the harbor during the Boston Tea Party in 1773 . Tensions escalated in 1774 as Parliament passed the laws known as the Intolerable Acts , which greatly restricted self - government in the colony of Massachusetts , among other things . American Revolution Map of the Thirteen Colonies in 1775 In response , the colonies formed extralegal bodies of elected representatives , generally known as Provincial Congresses . Colonists emphasized their determination by boycotting imports of British merchandise . Later in 1774 , twelve colonies sent representatives to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia . During the Second Continental Congress , the thirteenth colony ( Georgia ) sent delegates , as well . By spring 1775 , all royal officials had been expelled from all thirteen colonies . The Continental Congress became a national government . It raised an army to fight the British and named George Washington its commander , made treaties , declared independence , and recommended that the colonies write constitutions and become states . In 1776 , the Thirteen Colonies declared their independence from Britain . With the help of France and Spain , the Thirteen Colonies defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War . In the 1783 Treaty of Paris , Britain recognized the independence of Thirteen Colonies , which became known as the United States . Population Population of the American colonies Year Population 1625 1,980 1641 50,000 1688 200,000 1702 270,000 1715 435,000 1749 1,000,000 1754 1,500,000 1765 2,200,000 1775 2,400,000 The colonial population rose to a quarter of a million during the 17th century , and to nearly 2.5 million on the eve of the American revolution . Perkins ( 1988 ) notes the importance of good health for the growth of the colonies : `` Fewer deaths among the young meant that a higher proportion of the population reached reproductive age , and that fact alone helps to explain why the colonies grew so rapidly . '' There were , of course , many other reasons for the population growth besides good health , such as the Great Migration . By 1776 , about 85 % of the white population 's ancestry originated in the British Isles ( English , Irish , Scottish , Welsh ) , 9 % of German origin , 4 % Dutch and 2 % Huguenot French and other minorities . Over 90 % were farmers , with several small cities that were also seaports linking the colonial economy to the larger British Empire . These populations continued to grow at a rapid rate during the late 18th and early 19th centuries , primarily because of high birth rates and relatively low death rates . Immigration was a minor factor from 1774 to 1830 . Slaves Main article : Slavery in the colonial United States Slavery was legal and practiced in many of the Thirteen Colonies . In most places , it involved house servants or farm workers . It was of economic importance in the export - oriented tobacco plantations of Virginia and Maryland and on the rice and indigo plantations of South Carolina . About 287,000 slaves were imported into the Thirteen Colonies over a period of 160 years , or 2 % of the estimated 12 million taken from Africa to the Americas via the Atlantic slave trade . The great majority went to sugar colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil , where life expectancy was short and the numbers had to be continually replenished . By the mid-18th century , life expectancy was much higher in the American colonies . Slaves imported into Colonial America 1620 -- 1700 1701 -- 1760 1761 -- 1770 1771 -- 1780 total 21,000 189,000 63,000 15,000 287,000 The numbers grew rapidly through a very high birth rate and low mortality rate , reaching nearly four million by the 1860 census . From 1770 until 1860 , the rate of natural growth of North American slaves was much greater than for the population of any nation in Europe , and was nearly twice as rapid as that in England . Religion Protestantism was the predominant religion in the Thirteen Colonies . There were also Catholics , Jews and deists . A large fraction had no religious connection . The Anglican Church or Church of England was officially established in most of the South ; It was disestablished at the time of the American Revolution . As the Puritan movement became the Congregational denomination , it was the established religion in Massachusetts and Connecticut until well into the 19th century . In practice this meant that tax revenues were allocated to church expenses . The Anglican parishes in the South were under the control of local vestries , and had public functions , such as repair of the roads and relief of the poor . The colonies were religiously diverse , with Protestant denominations brought by British , German , Dutch , and other immigrants . The Reformed tradition was the foundation for Presbyterian , Congregationalist , and Continental Reformed denominations . The Dutch Reformed Church was strong among Dutch Americans in New York and New Jersey , while Lutheranism was prevalent among German immigrants . Germans also brought diverse forms of Anabaptism , especially the Mennonite variety . Baptist preacher Roger Williams founded Providence Plantations which became Rhode Island . Jews were clustered in a few port cities . The Baltimore family founded Maryland and brought in fellow Catholics from England . Presbyterians were chiefly immigrants from Scotland and Ulster , and favored the back country and frontier districts . Quakers were well established in Pennsylvania , where they controlled the governorship and for many years the legislature . Quakers were also numerous in Rhode Island . Baptists and Methodists were growing rapidly during the First Great Awakening of the 1740s . In Virginia the Baptists posed a challenge to the landed elites . Many of the denominations sponsored missions to the local Indians . In contrast a Catholic candidate , the number of conversions was relatively small . Education Higher education was available for young men in the North , and most students were aspiring Protestant ministers . The oldest colleges were Harvard College , College of New Jersey ( Princeton ) , Yale College , and College of Rhode Island ( Brown ) . Others were King 's College ( Columbia ) , the College of Philadelphia ( University of Pennsylvania ) , and Dartmouth College in New Hampshire . South of Philadelphia , there was only the College of William and Mary which trained the secular elite in Virginia , especially aspiring lawyers . Most New England towns sponsored public schools for boys , but public schooling was rare elsewhere . Girls were educated at home or by small local private schools , and they had no access to college . Aspiring physicians and lawyers typically learned as apprentices to an established practitioner , although some young men went to medical schools in Scotland . Government Main article : Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies Forms of government The three forms of colonial government in 1776 were provincial ( royal colony ) , proprietary , and charter . These governments were all subordinate to the King of England , with no explicit relationship with the British Parliament . Beginning late in the 17th century , the administration of all British colonies was overseen by the Board of Trade in London . The provincial colony was governed by commissions created at pleasure of the king . A governor and ( in some provinces ) his council were appointed by the crown . The governor was invested with general executive powers and authorized to call a locally elected assembly . The governor 's council would sit as an upper house when the assembly was in session , in addition to its role in advising the governor . Assemblies were made up of representatives elected by the freeholders and planters ( landowners ) of the province . The governor had the power of absolute veto and could prorogue ( i.e. , delay ) and dissolve the assembly . The assembly 's role was to make all local laws and ordinances , ensuring that they were not inconsistent with the laws of England . In practice , this did not always occur , since many of the provincial assemblies sought to expand their powers and limit those of the governor and crown . Laws could be examined by the British Privy Council or Board of Trade , which also held veto power of legislation . New Hampshire , New York , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , and eventually Massachusetts were crown colonies . Proprietary colonies were governed much as royal colonies except that lord proprietors , rather than the king , appointed the governor . They were set up after the Restoration of 1660 and typically enjoyed greater civil and religious liberty . Pennsylvania ( which included Delaware ) , New Jersey , and Maryland were proprietary colonies . Charter governments were political corporations created by letters patent , giving the grantees control of the land and the powers of legislative government . The charters provided a fundamental constitution and divided powers among legislative , executive , and judicial functions , with those powers being vested in officials . Massachusetts , Providence Plantation , Rhode Island , Warwick , and Connecticut were charter colonies . The Massachusetts charter was revoked in 1684 and was replaced by a provincial charter that was issued in 1691 . British role After 1680 , the royal government in London took an increasing interest in the affairs of the colonies , which were growing rapidly in population and wealth . In 1680 , only Virginia was a royal colony ; by 1720 , half were under the control of royal governors . These governors were appointees closely tied to the government in London . Historians before the 1880s emphasized American nationalism . However , scholarship after that time was heavily influenced by the `` Imperial school '' led by Herbert L. Osgood , George Louis Beer , Charles McLean Andrews , and Lawrence H. Gipson . This viewpoint dominated colonial historiography into the 1940s , and they emphasized and often praised the attention that London gave to all the colonies . In this view , there was never a threat ( before the 1770s ) that any colony would revolt or seek independence . Self - government British settlers did not come to the American colonies with the intention of creating a democratic system ; yet they quickly created a broad electorate without a land - owning aristocracy , along with a pattern of free elections which put a strong emphasis on voter participation . The colonies offered a much freer degree of suffrage than England or indeed any other country . Any property owner could vote for members of the lower house of the legislature , and they could even vote for the governor in Connecticut and Rhode Island . Voters were required to hold an `` interest '' in society ; as the South Carolina legislature said in 1716 , `` it is necessary and reasonable , that none but such persons will have an interest in the Province should be capable to elect members of the Commons House of Assembly '' . The main legal criterion for having an `` interest '' was ownership of real estate property , which was uncommon in Britain , where 19 out of 20 men were controlled politically by their landlords . ( Women , children , indentured servants , and slaves were subsumed under the interest of the family head . ) London insisted on this requirement for the colonies , telling governors to exclude from the ballot men who were not freeholders -- that is , those who did not own land . Nevertheless , land was so widely owned that 50 % to 80 % of the men were eligible to vote . The colonial political culture emphasized deference , so that local notables were the men who ran and were chosen . But sometimes they competed with each other and had to appeal to the common man for votes . There were no political parties , and would - be legislators formed ad - hoc coalitions of their families , friends , and neighbors . Outside of Puritan New England , election day brought in all the men from the countryside to the county seat to make merry , politick , shake hands with the grandees , meet old friends , and hear the speeches -- all the while toasting , eating , treating , tippling , and gambling . They voted by shouting their choice to the clerk , as supporters cheered or booed . Candidate George Washington spent £ 39 for treats for his supporters . The candidates knew that they had to `` swill the planters with bumbo '' ( rum ) . Elections were carnivals where all men were equal for one day and traditional restraints were relaxed . The actual rate of voting ranged from 20 % to 40 % of all adult white males . The rates were higher in Pennsylvania and New York , where long - standing factions based on ethnic and religious groups mobilized supporters at a higher rate . New York and Rhode Island developed long - lasting two - faction systems that held together for years at the colony level , but they did not reach into local affairs . The factions were based on the personalities of a few leaders and an array of family connections , and they had little basis in policy or ideology . Elsewhere the political scene was in a constant whirl , based on personality rather than long - lived factions or serious disputes on issues . The colonies were independent of one other long before 1774 ; indeed , all the colonies began as separate and unique settlements or plantations . Further , efforts had failed to form a colonial union through the Albany Congress of 1754 led by Benjamin Franklin . The thirteen all had well - established systems of self - government and elections based on the Rights of Englishmen which they were determined to protect from imperial interference . Economic policy The British Empire at the time operated under the mercantile system , where all trade was concentrated inside the Empire , and trade with other empires was forbidden . The goal was to enrich Britain -- its merchants and its government . Whether the policy was good for the colonists was not an issue in London , but Americans became increasingly restive with mercantilist policies . Mercantilism meant that the government and the merchants became partners with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth , to the exclusion of other empires . The government protected its merchants -- and kept others out -- by trade barriers , regulations , and subsidies to domestic industries in order to maximize exports from and minimize imports to the realm . The government had to fight smuggling -- which became a favorite American technique in the 18th century to circumvent the restrictions on trading with the French , Spanish or Dutch . The tactic used by mercantilism was to run trade surpluses , so that gold and silver would pour into London . The government took its share through duties and taxes , with the remainder going to merchants in Britain . The government spent much of its revenue on a superb Royal Navy , which not only protected the British colonies but threatened the colonies of the other empires , and sometimes seized them . Thus the British Navy captured New Amsterdam ( New York ) in 1664 . The colonies were captive markets for British industry , and the goal was to enrich the mother country . Britain implemented mercantilism by trying to block American trade with the French , Spanish , or Dutch empires using the Navigation Acts , which Americans avoided as often as they could . The royal officials responded to smuggling with open - ended search warrants ( Writs of Assistance ) . In 1761 , Boston lawyer James Otis argued that the writs violated the constitutional rights of the colonists . He lost the case , but John Adams later wrote , `` Then and there the child Independence was born . '' However , the colonists took pains to argue that they did not oppose British regulation of their external trade ; they only opposed legislation which affected them internally . Other British colonies Main article : British America British colonies in North America , c. 1750 . Newfoundland Nova Scotia Thirteen Colonies Bermuda Bahamas British Honduras ( was Spanish c. 1750 : became British in 1798 ) Jamaica British Leeward Islands and Barbados Besides these thirteen colonies , Britain had another dozen in the New World . Those in the British West Indies , Newfoundland , the Province of Quebec , Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island , Bermuda , and East and West Florida remained loyal to the crown throughout the war ( although Spain reacquired Florida before the war was over ) . There was a certain degree of sympathy with the Patriot cause in several of the other colonies , but their geographical isolation and the dominance of British naval power precluded any effective participation . The British crown had only recently acquired those lands , and many of the issues facing the Thirteen Colonies did not apply to them , especially in the case of Quebec and Florida . At the time of the war Britain had seven other colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America : Newfoundland , Rupert 's Land ( the area around the Hudson Bay ) , Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island , East Florida , West Florida , and the Province of Quebec . There were other colonies in the Americas as well , largely in the British West Indies . These colonies remained loyal to the crown . Newfoundland stayed loyal to Britain without question . It was exempt from the Navigation Acts and shared none of the grievances of the continental colonies . It was tightly bound to Britain and controlled by the Royal Navy and had no assembly that could voice grievances . Nova Scotia had a large Yankee element that had recently arrived from New England , and shared the sentiments of the Americans about demanding the rights of the British men . The royal government in Halifax reluctantly allowed the Yankees of Nova Scotia a kind of `` neutrality . '' In any case , the island - like geography and the presence of the major British naval base at Halifax made the thought of armed resistance impossible . Quebec was inhabited by French Catholic settlers who came under British control in the previous decade . The Quebec Act of 1774 gave them formal cultural autonomy within the empire , and many priests feared the intense Protestantism in New England . The American grievances over taxation had little relevance , and there was no assembly nor elections of any kind that could have mobilized any grievances . Even so , the Americans offered membership in the new nation and sent a military expedition that failed to capture Canada in 1775 . Most Canadians remained neutral but some joined the American cause . In the West Indies the elected assemblies of Jamaica , Grenada , and Barbados formally declared their sympathies for the American cause and called for mediation , but the others were quite loyal . Britain carefully avoided antagonizing the rich owners of sugar plantations ( many of whom lived in London ) ; in turn the planters ' greater dependence on slavery made them recognize the need for British military protection from possible slave revolts . The possibilities for overt action were sharply limited by the overwhelming power of Royal Navy in the islands . During the war there was some opportunistic trading with American ships . In Bermuda and the Bahamas local leaders were angry at the food shortages caused by British blockade of American ports . There was increasing sympathy for the American cause , including smuggling , and both colonies were considered `` passive allies '' of the United States throughout the war . When an American naval squadron arrived in the Bahamas to seize gunpowder , the colony gave no resistance at all . East Florida and West Florida were territories transferred from Spain to Britain after the French and Indian War by treaty . The few British colonists there needed protection from attacks by Indians and Spanish privateers . After 1775 , East Florida became a major base for the British war effort in the South , especially in the invasions of Georgia and South Carolina . However , Spain seized Pensacola in West Florida in 1781 , then recovered both territories in the Treaty of Paris that ended the war in 1783 . Spain ultimately transferred the Florida provinces to the United States in 1819 . Historiography Further information : Historiography of the British Empire The first British empire centered on the 13 American colonies , which attracted large numbers of settlers from Britain . The `` Imperial School '' in the 1900s -- 1930s period took a favorable view of the benefits of empire , emphasizing its successful economic integration . The Imperial School included such historians as Herbert L. Osgood , George Louis Beer , Charles M. Andrews , and Lawrence Gipson . The shock of Britain 's defeat in 1783 caused a radical revision of their policies on colonialism , thereby producing what historians call the end of the First British Empire ; of course , Britain still owned Canada and some islands in the West Indies . Ashley Jackson writes : The first British Empire was largely destroyed by the loss of the American colonies , followed by a `` swing to the east '' and the foundation of a second British Empire based on commercial and territorial expansion in South Asia . Much of the historiography concerns the reasons why the Americans rebelled in the 1770s and successfully broke away . Since the 1960s , the mainstream of historiography emphasizes the growth of American consciousness and nationalism , and its Republican value system in opposition to the aristocratic viewpoint of British leaders . In the analysis of the coming of the Revolution , historians in recent decades have mostly used one of three approaches . The Atlantic history view places the American story in a broader context , including revolutions in France and Haiti . It tends to integrate the historiographies of the American Revolution and the British Empire . The `` new social history '' approach looks at community social structure to find cleavages that were magnified into colonial cleavages . The ideological approach centers on Republicanism in the United States . Republicanism dictated that there would be no royalty or aristocracy or national church . It did permit continuation of the British common law , which American lawyers and jurists understood , approved of , and used in their everyday practice . Historians have examined how the rising American legal profession adapted the British common law to incorporate republicanism by selective revision of legal customs and by introducing more choice for courts . See also British Empire portal United States portal North America portal Atlantic history British America British colonization of the Americas Colonial American military history Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies Colonial history of the United States Colonial South and the Chesapeake Credit in the Thirteen Colonies Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) State cessions , post -- Revolutionary War resolution of conflicting colonial land claims between the 13 former colonies Notes ^ Jump up to : U.S. Bureau of the Census , A century of population growth from the first census of the United States to the twelfth , 1790 -- 1900 ( 1909 ) p. 9 . Jump up ^ Richard Middleton and Anne Lombard , Colonial America : A History to 1763 ( 4th ed. 2011 ) , Jump up ^ The number 13 is mentioned as early as 1720 by Abel Boyer , The Political State of Great Britain vol. 19 , p. 376 : `` so in this Country we have Thirteen Colonies at least severally govern 'd by their repective Commanders in Chief , according to their peculiar Laws and Constitutions . '' This includes Carolina as a single colony , and does not include Georgia , but instead counts Nova Scotia and Newfoundland as British colonies . Early use of the term `` thirteen colonies '' in this context date to the American Revolution , for example John Roebuck , An Enquiry , Whether the Guilt of the Present Civil War in America , Ought to be Imputed to Great Britain Or America , p. 21 : `` though the colonies be thus absolutely subject to the parliament of England , the individuals of which the colony consist , may enjoy security , and freedom ; there is not a single inhabitant , of the thirteen colonies , now in arms , but who may be conscious of the truth of this assertion '' . The critical review , or annals of literature vol. 48 ( 1779 ) , p. 136 : `` during the last war , no part of his majesty 's dominions contained a greater proportion of faithful subjects than the Thirteen Colonies . This being the case he ( the writer ) asks , how can it happen , that a people so lately loyal , should so suddenly become universally disloyal , and firmly attached to republican government '' . ^ Jump up to : Alan Taylor , American Colonies , , 2001 . Jump up ^ Ronald L. Heinemann , Old Dominion , New Commonwealth : A History of Virginia , 1607 -- 2007 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sparks , Jared ( 1846 ) . The Library of American Biography : George Calvert , the first Lord Baltimore . Boston : Charles C. Little and James Brown . pp. 16 -- . Jump up ^ Robert M. Weir , Colonial South Carolina : A History ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community , and War Paperback ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Francis J. Bremer , The Puritan Experiment : New England Society from Bradford to Edwards ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Benjamin Woods Labaree , Colonial Massachusetts : a history ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Michael G. Hall , Lawrence H. Leder , Michael Kammen , eds. ( 1 December 2012 ) . The Glorious Revolution in America : Documents on the Colonial Crisis of 1689 . UNC Press Books . pp. 3 , 4 , 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3866 - 2 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Guy Howard Miller , `` Rebellion in Zion : The Overthrow of the Dominion of New England . '' Historian 30 # 3 ( 1968 ) : 439 - 459 . online Jump up ^ Michael G. Kammen , Colonial New York : A History ( 1974 ) . Jump up ^ John E. Pomfret , Colonial New Jersey : A History ( 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Joseph E. Illick , Colonial Pennsylvania : a history ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Russell F. Weigley , ed. , Philadelphia : a 300 year history ( 1982 ) . excerpt Jump up ^ Colonial charters , grants and related documents ^ Jump up to : Fred Anderson , The War That Made America : A Short History of the French and Indian War ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Colin G. Calloway , The Scratch of a Pen : 1763 and the Transformation of North America ( 2006 ) , pp 92 -- 98 Jump up ^ W.J. Rorabaugh , Donald T. Critchlow , Paula C. Baker ( 2004 ) . `` America 's promise : a concise history of the United States '' . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 92 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 1189 - 8 Jump up ^ Woody Holton , `` The Ohio Indians and the coming of the American revolution in Virginia '' , Journal of Southern History , ( 1994 ) 60 # 3 pp. 453 -- 78 Jump up ^ J.R. Pole , Political Representation in England and the Origins of the American Republic ( London ; Melbourne : Macmillan , 1966 ) , 31 , https://www.questia.com/read/89805613 . Jump up ^ Donald William Meinig . The Shaping of America : Atlantic America , 1492 -- 1800 ( 1986 ) , p. 315 ; Greene and Pole , eds . ' `` A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) , ch. 63 Jump up ^ T.H. Breen , American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) pp 81 -- 82 Jump up ^ Robert Middlekauff , The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Note : the population figures are estimates by historians ; they do not include the Indian tribes outside the jurisdiction of the colonies . They do include Indians living under colonial control , as well as slaves and indentured servants . U.S. Bureau of the Census , A century of population growth from the first census of the United States to the twelfth , 1790 -- 1900 ( 1909 ) p. 9 Jump up ^ Edwin J. Perkins ( 1988 ) . The Economy of Colonial America . Columbia UP . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Smith , Daniel Scott ( 1972 ) . `` The Demographic History of Colonial New England '' . The Journal of Economic History . 32 ( 1 ) : 165 -- 83 . JSTOR 2117183 . PMID 11632252 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700075458 . Jump up ^ Betty Wood , Slavery in Colonial America , 1619 -- 1776 ( 2013 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Paul Finkelman ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History , 1619 - 1895 . Oxford UP . pp. 2 : 156 . Jump up ^ Source : Miller and Smith , eds . Dictionary of American Slavery ( 1988 ) p . 678 Jump up ^ Stephen Foster , The Long Argument : English Puritanism and the Shaping of New England Culture , 1570 - 1700 ; ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , Under the cope of heaven : Religion , society , and politics in Colonial America ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Sister M. Rita , `` Catholicism in colonial Maryland , '' Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia 51 # 1 ( 1940 ) pp. 65 - 83 Online Jump up ^ Bryan F. Le Beau , Jonathan Dickinson and the Formative Years of American Presbyterianism ( 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Gary B. Nash , Quakers and Politics : Pennsylvania , 1681 - 1726 ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd , and Barry Hankins , Baptists in America : A History ( 2015 ) ch 1 . Jump up ^ Rhys Isaac , `` Evangelical Revolt : The Nature of the Baptists ' Challenge to the Traditional Order in Virginia , 1765 to 1775 . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1974 ) : 346 - 368 . online Jump up ^ Laura M. Stevens , The poor Indians : British missionaries , Native Americans , and colonial sensibility ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Wayne J. Urban and Jennings L. Wagoner Jr. , American Education : A History ( 5th ed. 2013 ) pp 11 - 54 . Jump up ^ John Andrew Doyle , English Colonies in America : Volume IV The Middle Colonies ( 1907 ) online Jump up ^ Louise Phelps Kellogg , The American colonial charter ( 1904 ) online Jump up ^ Max Savelle , `` The Imperial School of American Colonial Historians '' . Indiana Magazine of History ( 1949 ) : 123 - 134 in JSTOR also online ^ Jump up to : Robert J. Dinkin , Voting in Provincial America : A Study of Elections in the Thirteen Colonies , 1689 -- 1776 ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Thomas Cooper and David James McCord , eds . The Statutes at Large of South Carolina : Acts , 1685 -- 1716 ( 1837 ) p 688 Jump up ^ Alexander Keyssar , The Right to Vote ( 2000 ) pp 5 -- 8 Jump up ^ Daniel Vickers , A Companion to Colonial America ( 2006 ) p. 300 Jump up ^ Greene and Pole , eds. ( 2004 ) , p. 665 Jump up ^ Max Savelle , Seeds of Liberty : The Genesis of the American Mind ( 2005 ) pp. 204 -- 211 Jump up ^ George Otto Trevelyan , The American revolution : Volume 1 ( 1899 ) p. 128 online Jump up ^ William R. Nester , The Great Frontier War : Britain , France , and the Imperial Struggle for North America , 1607 -- 1755 ( Praeger , 2000 ) p , 54 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Unreasonable Searches and Seizures ( 2006 ) p. 306 Jump up ^ Jack P. Greene and J.R. Pole , eds . ' `` A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) ch. 63 Jump up ^ Lawrence Gipson , The British Empire Before the American Revolution ( 15 volumes , 1936 -- 1970 ) , highly detailed discussion of every British colony in the New World in the 1750s and 1760s Jump up ^ Lawrence Gipson , The British Empire Before the American Revolution ( 15 volumes , 1936 -- 1970 ) Jump up ^ Meinig pp. 313 -- 14 ; Greene and Pole ( 2004 ) ch. 61 Jump up ^ Meinig pp 314 -- 15 ; Greene and Pole ( 2004 ) ch 61 Jump up ^ Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy , An Empire Divided : The American Revolution and the British Caribbean ( 2000 ) ch 6 Jump up ^ Meinig pp 315 -- 16 ; Greene and Pole ( 2004 ) ch 63 Jump up ^ Meinig p 316 Jump up ^ P.J. Marshall , ed . The Oxford History of the British Empire : Volume II : The Eighteenth Century ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Robert L. Middlekauff , `` The American Continental Colonies in the Empire '' , in Robin Winks , ed. , The Historiography of the British Empire - Commonwealth : Trends , Interpretations and Resources ( 1966 ) pp 23 - 45 . Jump up ^ William G. Shade , `` Lawrence Henry Gipson 's Empire : The Critics '' . Pennsylvania History ( 1969 ) : 49 - 69 online . Jump up ^ Brendan Simms , Three victories and a defeat : the rise and fall of the first British Empire 2008 Jump up ^ Ashley Jackson ( 2013 ) . The British Empire : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford UP . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Ian Tyrrell , `` Making Nations / Making States : American Historians in the Context of Empire '' , Journal of American History , ( 1999 ) 86 # 3 pp :. 1015 - 1044 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Winks , Historiography 5 : 95 Jump up ^ Francis D. Cogliano , `` Revisiting the American Revolution '' , History Compass ( 2010 ) 8 # 8 pp 951 - 963 . Jump up ^ Eliga H. Gould , Peter S. Onuf , eds . Empire and Nation : The American Revolution in the Atlantic World ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ David Kennedy ; Lizabeth Cohen ( 2015 ) . American Pageant . Cengage Learning . p. 156 . Jump up ^ Ellen Holmes Pearson . `` Revising Custom , Embracing Choice : Early American Legal Scholars and the Republicanization of the Common Law '' , in Gould and Onuf , eds . Empire and Nation : The American Revolution in the Atlantic World ( 2005 ) pp 93 - 113 Jump up ^ Anton - Hermann Chroust , Rise of the Legal Profession in America ( 1965 ) vol 2 . Further reading Adams , James Truslow ( 1922 ) . The Founding of New England . Atlantic Monthly Press ; full text online . Adams , James Truslow . Revolutionary New England , 1691 -- 1776 ( 1923 ) Andrews , Charles M. The Colonial Period of American History ( 4 vol. 1934 -- 38 ) , the standard political overview to 1700 Carr , J. Revell ( 2008 ) . Seeds of Discontent : The Deep Roots of the American Revolution , 1650 - 1750 . Walker Books . Chitwood , Oliver . A history of colonial America ( 1961 ) , older textbook Cooke , Jacob Ernest et al. , ed . Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies. ( 3 vol. 1993 ) ; 2397 pp. ; comprehensive coverage ; compares British , French , Spanish & Dutch colonies Elliott , John ( 2006 ) . Empires of the Atlantic World : Britain and Spain in America 1492 - 1830 . Yale University Press . Foster , Stephen , ed . British North America in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries ( 2014 ) DOI : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780199206124.001. 0001 online Gipson , Lawrence . The British Empire Before the American Revolution ( 15 volumes , 1936 -- 1970 ) , Pulitzer Prize ; highly detailed discussion of every British colony in the New World Greene , Evarts Boutelle et al. , American Population before the Federal Census of 1790 , 1993 , ISBN 0 - 8063 - 1377 - 3 Greene , Evarts Boutell ( 1905 ) . Provincial America , 1690 -- 1740 . Harper & brothers ; full text online . Hawke , David F. ; The Colonial Experience ; 1966 , ISBN 0 - 02 - 351830 - 8 . older textbook Hawke , David F. Everyday Life in Early America ( 1989 ) excerpt and text search Middlekauf , Robert ( 2005 ) . The Glorious Cause : the American Revolution , 1763 - 1789 . Oxford University Press . Middleton , Richard , and Anne Lombard . Colonial America : A History to 1763 ( 4th ed. 2011 ) , the newest textbook excerpt and text search Richter , Daniel ( 2011 ) . Before the Revolution : America 's ancient pasts . Cambridge , Mass. : Belknap Press . Taylor , Alan . American colonies ( 2002 ) , 526 pages ; recent survey by leading scholar Taylor , Alan . American Revolutions : A Continental History , 1750 - 1804 ( 2016 ) recent survey by leading scholar Vickers , Daniel , ed . A Companion to Colonial America . ( Blackwell , 2003 ) 576 pp. ; topical essays by experts excerpt Government Andrews , Charles M. Colonial Self - Government , 1652 -- 1689 ( 1904 ) full text online Dinkin , Robert J. Voting in Provincial America : A Study of Elections in the Thirteen Colonies , 1689 -- 1776 ( 1977 ) Miller , John C. Origins of the American Revolution ( 1943 ) Osgood , Herbert L. The American colonies in the seventeenth century , ( 3 vol 1904 - 07 ) ' vol. 1 online ; vol 2 online ; vol 3 online Osgood , Herbert L. The American colonies in the eighteenth century ( 4 vols , 1924 -- 25 ) Primary sources Kavenagh , W. Keith , ed . Foundations of Colonial America : a Documentary History ( 6 vol. 1974 ) Sarson , Steven , and Jack P. Greene , eds . 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-6014612644221244434	Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Women's tournament	Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- women 's tournament - wikipedia Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- women 's tournament Jump to : navigation , search Women 's curling at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games Venue Gangneung Curling Centre Dates 14 -- 25 February Competitors 50 from 10 nations Medalists 01 ! Anna Hasselborg Sara McManus Agnes Knochenhauer Sofia Mabergs Jennie Wåhlin Sweden 02 ! Kim Eun - jung Kim Kyeong - ae Kim Seon - yeong Kim Yeong - mi Kim Cho - hi South Korea 03 ! Satsuki Fujisawa Chinami Yoshida Yumi Suzuki Yurika Yoshida Mari Motohashi Japan ← 2014 2022 → Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics Qualification Statistics Tournament Men Women Mixed doubles The women 's curling tournament of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held between 14 and 25 February 2018 at the Gangneung Curling Centre . Ten nations competed in a round robin preliminary round , and the top four nations at the conclusion of the round robin qualified for the medal round . Contents ( hide ) 1 Teams 2 Round robin standings 3 Round robin results 3.1 Summary 3.2 Draw 1 3.3 Draw 2 3.4 Draw 3 3.5 Draw 4 3.6 Draw 5 3.7 Draw 6 3.8 Draw 7 3.9 Draw 8 3.10 Draw 9 3.11 Draw 10 3.12 Draw 11 3.13 Draw 12 4 Playoffs 4.1 Semifinals 4.2 Bronze medal game 4.3 Gold medal game 5 Final standings 6 Statistics 6.1 Player percentages 6.1. 1 Lead 6.1. 2 Second 6.1. 3 Third 6.1. 4 Fourth 7 References Teams ( edit ) The teams are listed as follows : Canada China Denmark Great Britain Japan Ottawa CC , Ottawa Skip : Rachel Homan Third : Emma Miskew Second : Joanne Courtney Lead : Lisa Weagle Alternate : Cheryl Bernard Harbin CC , Harbin Skip : Wang Bingyu Third : Zhou Yan Second : Liu Jinli Lead : Ma Jingyi Alternate : Jiang Xindi Hvidovre CC , Hvidovre Skip : Madeleine Dupont Third : Denise Dupont Second : Julie Høgh Lead : Mathilde Halse Alternate : Lina Knudsen Royal Caledonian CC , Stirling Skip : Eve Muirhead Third : Anna Sloan Second : Vicki Adams Lead : Lauren Gray Alternate : Kelly Schafer Loco Solare CC , Kitami Skip : Satsuki Fujisawa Third : Chinami Yoshida Second : Yumi Suzuki Lead : Yurika Yoshida Alternate : Mari Motohashi Olympic Athletes from Russia South Korea Sweden Switzerland United States CC Adamant , St. Petersburg Skip : Victoria Moiseeva Third : Uliana Vasilyeva Second : Galina Arsenkina Lead : Julia Guzieva Alternate : Yulia Portunova GyeongBuk Uiseong CC , Uiseong Skip : Kim Eun - jung Third : Kim Kyeong - ae Second : Kim Seon - yeong Lead : Kim Yeong - mi Alternate : Kim Cho - hi Sundbybergs CK , Sundbyberg Skip : Anna Hasselborg Third : Sara McManus Second : Agnes Knochenhauer Lead : Sofia Mabergs Alternate : Jennie Wåhlin CC Aarau , Aarau Skip : Silvana Tirinzoni Third : Esther Neuenschwander Second : Manuela Siegrist Lead : Marlene Albrecht Alternate : Jenny Perret Madison CC , Madison Skip : Nina Roth Third : Tabitha Peterson Second : Aileen Geving Lead : Rebecca Hamilton Alternate : Cory Christensen Round robin standings ( edit ) Final round robin standings Key Teams to playoffs Country Skip PF PA Ends won Ends lost Blank ends Stolen ends Shot % South Korea Kim Eun - jung 8 75 44 41 34 5 15 79 % Sweden Anna Hasselborg 7 64 48 42 34 14 13 83 % Great Britain Eve Muirhead 6 61 56 39 38 12 6 79 % Japan Satsuki Fujisawa 5 59 55 38 36 10 13 75 % China Wang Bingyu 5 57 65 35 38 12 5 78 % Canada Rachel Homan 5 68 59 40 36 10 12 81 % Switzerland Silvana Tirinzoni 5 60 55 34 37 12 7 78 % United States Nina Roth 5 56 65 38 39 7 6 78 % Olympic Athletes from Russia Victoria Moiseeva 7 45 76 34 40 8 6 76 % Denmark Madeleine Dupont 8 50 72 32 41 10 6 73 % Round robin results ( edit ) All draw times are listed in Seoul Time ( UTC + 9 ) . Summary ( edit ) Team Record Canada 5 -- 7 8 -- 9 5 -- 6 8 -- 3 9 -- 8 6 -- 8 6 -- 7 10 -- 8 11 -- 3 4 -- 5 China 7 -- 5 10 -- 7 7 -- 8 7 -- 6 6 -- 7 5 -- 12 4 -- 8 7 -- 2 4 -- 10 4 -- 5 Denmark 9 -- 8 7 -- 10 6 -- 7 5 -- 8 7 -- 8 3 -- 9 3 -- 9 4 -- 6 6 -- 7 1 -- 8 Great Britain 6 -- 5 8 -- 7 7 -- 6 8 -- 6 10 -- 3 4 -- 7 6 -- 8 8 -- 7 4 -- 7 6 -- 3 Japan 3 -- 8 6 -- 7 8 -- 5 6 -- 8 10 -- 5 7 -- 5 5 -- 4 4 -- 8 10 -- 5 5 -- 4 Olympic Athletes from Russia 8 -- 9 7 -- 6 8 -- 7 3 -- 10 5 -- 10 2 -- 11 4 -- 5 2 -- 11 6 -- 7 2 -- 7 South Korea 8 -- 6 12 -- 5 9 -- 3 7 -- 4 5 -- 7 11 -- 2 7 -- 6 7 -- 5 9 -- 6 8 -- 1 Sweden 7 -- 6 8 -- 4 9 -- 3 8 -- 6 4 -- 5 5 -- 4 6 -- 7 8 -- 7 9 -- 6 7 -- 2 Switzerland 8 -- 10 2 -- 7 6 -- 4 7 -- 8 8 -- 4 11 -- 2 5 -- 7 7 -- 8 6 -- 5 4 -- 5 United States 3 -- 11 10 -- 4 7 -- 6 7 -- 4 5 -- 10 7 -- 6 6 -- 9 6 -- 9 5 -- 6 4 -- 5 Draw 1 ( edit ) Wednesday , 14 February , 14 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Japan ( Fujisawa ) 0 0 0 X 10 United States ( Roth ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Olympic Athletes from Russia ( Moiseeva ) 0 0 0 0 0 X X X Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 X X X 10 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Denmark ( Dupont ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X Sweden ( Hasselborg ) 0 0 0 X X 9 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Switzerland ( Tirinzoni ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X China ( Wang ) 0 0 0 0 X X 7 Draw 2 ( edit ) Thursday , 15 February , 09 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Canada ( Homan ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 8 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Denmark ( Dupont ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 Japan ( Fujisawa ) 0 0 0 0 0 X 8 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final China ( Wang ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( Moiseeva ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 United States ( Roth ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Draw 3 ( edit ) Thursday , 15 February , 20 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final China ( Wang ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 8 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final Canada ( Homan ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Sweden ( Hasselborg ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final United States ( Roth ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Switzerland ( Tirinzoni ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Japan ( Fujisawa ) 0 0 0 0 7 Draw 4 ( edit ) Friday , 16 February , 14 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final Denmark ( Dupont ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 Canada ( Homan ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 7 Switzerland ( Tirinzoni ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final Sweden ( Hasselborg ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( Moiseeva ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Draw 5 ( edit ) Saturday , 17 February , 09 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Switzerland ( Tirinzoni ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Sweden ( Hasselborg ) 0 0 0 0 0 8 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final Olympic Athletes from Russia ( Moiseeva ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 United States ( Roth ) 0 0 0 0 0 7 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final Japan ( Fujisawa ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 China ( Wang ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Denmark ( Dupont ) 0 0 0 0 6 Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Draw 6 ( edit ) Saturday , 17 February , 20 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Olympic Athletes from Russia ( Moiseeva ) 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 Japan ( Fujisawa ) 0 0 0 0 X 10 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final China ( Wang ) 0 0 0 0 0 X 10 Denmark ( Dupont ) 0 0 0 0 0 X 7 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 7 Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final United States ( Roth ) 0 0 0 0 X X X Canada ( Homan ) 0 0 0 X X X 11 Draw 7 ( edit ) Sunday , 18 February , 14 : 05 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Sweden ( Hasselborg ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Canada ( Homan ) 0 0 0 0 0 10 Switzerland ( Tirinzoni ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final China ( Wang ) 0 0 0 0 X X 5 South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 X X 12 Draw 8 ( edit ) Monday , 19 February , 09 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final United States ( Roth ) 0 0 0 0 7 Denmark ( Dupont ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Japan ( Fujisawa ) 0 0 0 0 0 X X X Canada ( Homan ) 0 0 0 X X X 8 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Sweden ( Hasselborg ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Olympic Athletes from Russia ( Moiseeva ) 0 0 0 0 0 X X X Switzerland ( Tirinzoni ) 0 0 0 X X X 11 Draw 9 ( edit ) Monday , 19 February , 20 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 8 Switzerland ( Tirinzoni ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Denmark ( Dupont ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( Moiseeva ) 0 0 0 0 8 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final China ( Wang ) 0 0 0 0 0 X X United States ( Roth ) 0 0 0 0 X X 10 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Japan ( Fujisawa ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Sweden ( Hasselborg ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Draw 10 ( edit ) Tuesday , 20 February , 14 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Canada ( Homan ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 China ( Wang ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final United States ( Roth ) 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 X 9 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 8 Japan ( Fujisawa ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Draw 11 ( edit ) Wednesday , 21 February , 09 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 X X X X 11 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( Moiseeva ) 0 0 0 0 X X X X Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Sweden ( Hasselborg ) 0 0 0 0 0 X 8 China ( Wang ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Switzerland ( Tirinzoni ) 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 Denmark ( Dupont ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Canada ( Homan ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Draw 12 ( edit ) Wednesday , 21 February , 20 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Sweden ( Hasselborg ) 0 0 0 0 0 9 United States ( Roth ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Switzerland ( Tirinzoni ) 0 0 0 0 0 X 8 Japan ( Fujisawa ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Olympic Athletes from Russia ( Moiseeva ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Canada ( Homan ) 0 0 0 0 9 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 X X X 9 Denmark ( Dupont ) 0 0 0 0 0 X X X Playoffs ( edit ) Semifinals Gold medal game South Korea 8 Japan 7 South Korea Sweden 8 Sweden 10 Great Britain 5 Bronze medal game Great Britain Japan 5 Semifinals ( edit ) Friday , 23 February , 20 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Japan ( Fujisawa ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Player percentages South Korea Japan Kim Yeong - mi 88 % Yurika Yoshida 91 % Kim Seon - yeong 95 % Yumi Suzuki 65 % Kim Kyeong - ae 86 % Chinami Yoshida 82 % Kim Eun - jung 82 % Satsuki Fujisawa 86 % Total 88 % Total 81 % Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Sweden ( Hasselborg ) 0 0 0 0 X 10 Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 Player percentages Sweden Great Britain Sofia Mabergs 99 % Lauren Gray 88 % Agnes Knochenhauer 82 % Vicki Adams 81 % Sara McManus 81 % Anna Sloan 74 % Anna Hasselborg 83 % Eve Muirhead 69 % Total 86 % Total 78 % Bronze medal game ( edit ) Saturday , 24 February , 20 : 05 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Japan ( Fujisawa ) 0 0 0 0 0 5 Player percentages Great Britain Japan Lauren Gray 89 % Yurika Yoshida 85 % Vicki Adams 73 % Yumi Suzuki 69 % Anna Sloan 81 % Chinami Yoshida 85 % Eve Muirhead 65 % Satsuki Fujisawa 83 % Total 77 % Total 80 % Gold medal game ( edit ) Sunday , 25 February , 9 : 05 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X Sweden ( Hasselborg ) 0 0 0 0 X 8 Player percentages South Korea Sweden Kim Yeong - mi 82 % Sofia Mabergs 100 % Kim Seon - yeong 86 % Agnes Knochenhauer 83 % Kim Kyeong - ae 82 % Sara McManus 90 % Kim Eun - jung 72 % Anna Hasselborg 94 % Total 81 % Total 92 % Final standings ( edit ) The final standings are : Place Team 01 ! Sweden 02 ! South Korea 03 ! Japan Great Britain 5 China 6 Canada 7 Switzerland 8 United States 9 Olympic Athletes from Russia 10 Denmark Statistics ( edit ) Main article : Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Statistics Player percentages ( edit ) Player percentages during round robin play are as follows : Lead ( edit ) # Curler 5 6 7 8 9 Total Lisa Weagle ( CAN ) 91 85 76 86 84 100 93 83 81 86 Becca Hamilton ( USA ) 89 91 85 82 71 84 94 83 85 85 Ma Jingyi ( CHN ) 86 91 89 83 84 88 75 70 94 84 Kim Yeong - mi ( KOR ) 83 79 76 89 -- 79 -- 96 -- 83 Julia Guzieva ( OAR ) 82 76 78 89 85 80 93 77 84 83 Sofia Mabergs ( SWE ) 80 92 83 82 80 79 78 93 83 83 7 Lauren Gray ( GBR ) 82 86 68 81 83 83 79 85 86 81 8 Marlene Albrecht ( SUI ) 80 90 81 74 76 88 69 86 75 80 9 Yurika Yoshida ( JPN ) 74 80 79 72 71 86 74 88 82 78 10 Mathilde Halse ( DEN ) 81 78 81 69 84 66 68 -- -- 74 Second ( edit ) # Curler 5 6 7 8 9 Total Agnes Knochenhauer ( SWE ) 83 83 81 79 86 83 80 94 90 84 Galina Arsenkina ( OAR ) 82 90 80 77 76 79 80 85 88 82 Joanne Courtney ( CAN ) 84 74 80 93 58 82 83 91 78 80 Vicki Adams ( GBR ) 80 75 76 78 91 73 69 76 94 79 5 Manuela Siegrist ( SUI ) 59 85 79 65 90 80 75 83 83 78 6 Kim Seon - yeong ( KOR ) 84 64 79 81 86 75 73 85 71 77 6 Aileen Geving ( USA ) 67 79 79 77 79 75 91 78 71 77 8 Liu Jinli ( CHN ) 84 75 74 75 75 70 69 80 85 76 9 Julie Høgh ( DEN ) 83 63 74 78 81 64 76 -- -- 74 9 Yumi Suzuki ( JPN ) 74 71 74 80 78 64 74 80 72 74 Third ( edit ) # Curler 5 6 7 8 9 Total Sara McManus ( SWE ) 88 77 82 78 98 75 91 88 80 84 Emma Miskew ( CAN ) 90 73 77 98 85 84 76 84 76 82 Esther Neuenschwander ( SUI ) 77 93 78 68 85 82 65 89 89 80 Tabitha Peterson ( USA ) 51 80 89 84 68 83 86 69 81 77 5 Kim Kyeong - ae ( KOR ) 66 64 79 88 80 71 68 90 88 76 5 Anna Sloan ( GBR ) 79 73 70 84 66 74 80 84 75 76 5 Chinami Yoshida ( JPN ) 86 65 88 75 86 55 80 75 72 76 5 Zhou Yan ( CHN ) 78 86 73 77 70 63 61 89 83 76 9 Denise Dupont ( DEN ) 73 68 69 74 89 74 78 78 66 75 10 Uliana Vasileva ( OAR ) 68 72 69 83 68 52 -- -- -- 70 Fourth ( edit ) # Curler 5 6 7 8 9 Total Anna Hasselborg ( SWE ) 92 81 76 83 89 66 71 95 84 82 Kim Eun - jung ( KOR ) 76 60 80 85 86 63 85 98 80 78 Eve Muirhead ( GBR ) 79 76 74 85 72 81 88 69 83 78 Rachel Homan ( CAN ) 72 77 66 96 83 77 73 79 78 77 5 Nina Roth ( USA ) 49 88 71 81 71 75 86 79 70 75 6 Satsuki Fujisawa ( JPN ) 68 76 76 80 92 71 61 55 74 73 6 Silvana Tirinzoni ( SUI ) 56 79 54 78 73 82 81 84 68 73 6 Wang Bingyu ( CHN ) 80 81 72 70 75 67 58 72 78 73 9 Victoria Moiseeva ( OAR ) 50 82 78 74 76 43 80 58 69 70 10 Madeleine Dupont ( DEN ) 55 57 67 73 61 76 66 82 71 68 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gangneung Curling Centre '' . pyeongchang2018 . PyeongChang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games . Archived from the original on 17 April 2016 . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Championship Overview '' . World Curling Federation . Archived from the original on 17 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Olympic Winter Games -- Entry List by NOC '' ( PDF ) . Pyeongchang 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 15 February 2018 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Olympic Winter Games -- Schedule '' . Pyeongchang 2018 . Archived from the original on 5 November 2017 . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 24 February 2018 . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shot Success Percentage by Position '' ( PDF ) . World Curling Federation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 20 February 2018 . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Olympic champions in women 's curling Demonstration events 1988 : Moore , Sparkes , D. Jones , Ryan , Vande ( CAN ) 1992 : Schöpp , Mayer , Wagner , Huth , Scheibel ( GER ) Official events 1998 : Schmirler , Betker , McCusker , Gudereit , Ford ( CAN ) 2002 : Martin , Knox , MacDonald , Rankin , Morton ( GBR ) 2006 : Norberg , Lund , Lindahl , Svärd , Bergman ( SWE ) 2010 : Norberg , Lund , Lindahl , Le Moine , Bergström ( SWE ) 2014 : J. Jones , Lawes , Officer , McEwen , Wall ( CAN ) 2018 : Hasselborg , McManus , Knochenhauer , Mabergs , Wåhlin ( SWE ) Curling at the Winter Olympics Summary by year 1924 1928 1932 ( demonstration ) 1936 -- 1984 1988 ( demonstration ) 1992 ( demonstration ) 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Men 's events 1924 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Women 's events 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Mixed doubles 2018 List of medalists List of venues Events at the 2018 Winter Olympics ( Pyeongchang ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling men women mixed doubles Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Chronological summary Medal table List of medalists 2017 -- 18 curling season `` 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 '' Grand Slam events Men 's slams Tour Challenge Masters National Canadian Open Elite 10 Players ' Championship Champions Cup Women 's slams Tour Challenge Masters National Canadian Open Players ' Championship Champions Cup Season of Champions Canadian Olympic Curling Trials Continental Cup of Curling Canadian Junior Curling Championships Tournament of Hearts Tim Hortons Brier World Women 's Curling Championship Other CCA - sanctioned events Canadian Mixed Curling Championship Travelers Curling Club Championship Canadian Mixed Doubles Curling Olympic Trials Canadian Senior Curling Championships CCAA Curling National Championships U Sports / Curling Canada University Curling Championships Canadian Wheelchair Curling Championship Canadian Mixed Doubles Curling Championship Canadian Masters Curling Championships Canadian U18 Curling Championships Other international events Everest Curling Challenge World Mixed Curling Championship Pacific - Asia Curling Championships European Curling Championships 2017 Olympic Qualification Event World Junior B Curling Championships 2018 Winter Olympics ( M , W , XD ) World Junior Curling Championships 2018 Winter Paralympics World Men 's Curling Championship World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship World Senior Curling Championships World Curling Tour List of teams on the 2017 -- 18 World Curling Tour Men 's tour Hokkaido Bank Curling Classic Icebreaker at The Granite Baden Masters Stu Sells Oakville Tankard Tallinn Challenger Oakville Fall Classic Shorty Jenkins Classic King Cash Spiel Mother Club Fall Curling Classic KW Fall Classic Lakeshore Curling Club Cashspiel College Clean Restoration Curling Classic Swiss Cup Basel Prestige Hotels & Resorts Curling Classic KKP Classic Avonair Cash Spiel Direct Horizontal Drilling Fall Classic StuSells Toronto Tankard St. Paul Cash Spiel Man Curl Tour Classic Canad Inns Men 's Classic McKee Homes Fall Curling Classic Stroud Sleeman Cash Spiel Atkins Curling Supplies Classic Kalamazoo Men 's Classic Challenge de Curling de Gatineau Curling Masters Champéry Medicine Hat Charity Classic Crown of Curling Dakota Challenger Spiel Dave Jones Alexander Keith 's Mayflower Cash Spiel Huron ReproGraphics Oil Heritage Classic Grande Prairie Cash Spiel Latvia International Challenger Ashley Home Store Curling Classic CookstownCash presented by Comco Canada Inc . Fort Garry Industries Bonspiel Original 16 WCT Bonspiel Fort St. John Cash Spiel DeKalb Superspiel Red Deer Curling Classic Fort Wayne Mad Anthony CashSpiel Challenge Casino de Charlevoix Driving Force Abbotsford Cashspiel Dawson Creek Cash Spiel Black Diamond / High River Cash The Sunova Spiel at East St. Paul Spitfire Arms Cash Spiel WFG Jim Sullivan Curling Classic Thistle Integrity Stakes Brantford Nissan Men 's Classic Curl Mesabi Classic Peace River Cash Spiel Karuizawa International King Spud Classic Dumfries Challenger Series US Open of Curling Mercure Perth Masters Ed Werenich Golden Wrench Classic Peace Tour Championship Brandon Men 's Bonspiel German Masters Black Swamp Cash Spiel Aberdeen International Curling Championship Women 's tour CCT Arctic Cup Hokkaido Bank Curling Classic Icebreaker at The Granite Stu Sells Oakville Tankard Oakville Fall Classic The Shoot - Out Shorty Jenkins Classic King Cash Spiel Colonial Square Ladies Classic Mother Club Fall Curling Classic KW Fall Classic Lakeshore Curling Club Cashspiel Stockholm Ladies Curling Cup Prestige Hotels & Resorts Curling Classic Avonair Cash Spiel Autumn Gold Curling Classic Women 's Masters Basel StuSells Toronto Tankard St. Paul Cash Spiel Man Curl Tour Classic Paf Masters Tour Stroud Sleeman Cash Spiel Atkins Curling Supplies Classic Kalamazoo Women 's Classic Canad Inn Women 's Classic Medicine Hat Charity Classic Crown of Curling Lady Monctonian Invitational Spiel Dakota Challenger Spiel Gord Carroll Curling Classic Mayflower Cash Spiel Latvia International Challenger Fort Garry Industries Bonspiel Royal LePage OVCA Women 's Fall Classic Tallinn Ladies International Challenger International ZO Women 's Tournament Crestwood Ladies Fall Classic DeKalb Superspiel Red Deer Curling Classic Boundary Ford Curling Classic Driving Force Abbotsford Cashspiel The Sunova Spiel at East St. Paul Spitfire Arms Cash Spiel Brantford Nissan Women 's Classic WFG Jim Sullivan Curling Classic Curl Mesabi Classic Karuizawa International Dumfries Challenger Series US Open of Curling International Bernese Ladies Cup Glynhill Ladies International CCT City of Perth Ladies International Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curling_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_ -- _Women % 27s_tournament&oldid = 831721580 '' Categories : Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics Women 's events at the 2018 Winter Olympics Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Svenska Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 22 : 47 . About Wikipedia	who won gold in womens curling 2018 olympics	[ "\n\nSheet B\n\n\nv\n\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\nFinal\n\n\n South Korea (Kim) \n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1\n0\n1\n0\nX\n3\n\n\n Sweden (Hasselborg)\n0\n0\n2\n1\n1\n0\n3\n0\n1\nX\n8\n\n" ]	[ "Sweden" ]
6953947206735769553	India at the Cricket World Cup	India at the cricket World Cup - wikipedia India at the cricket World Cup Jump to : navigation , search The Indian cricket team are two times World Champions . In addition to winning the 1983 Cricket World Cup , they triumphed over Sri Lanka in the 2011 Cricket World Cup on home soil . They were also runners - up at the 2003 Cricket World Cup , and semifinalists thrice ( 1987 , 1996 and 2015 ) . They came last in the Super Six stage in the 1999 Cricket World Cup and have been knocked out 4 times in the Group stage ( 1975 , 1979 , 1992 and 2007 ) . India 's historical win - loss record at the cricket world cup is 46 - 27 , with 1 match being tied and another one being abandoned due to rain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cricket World Cup Record 2 India at the 1975 World Cup 3 India at the 1979 World Cup 4 India at the 1983 World Cup 5 India at the 1987 World Cup 6 India at the 1992 World Cup 7 India at the 1996 World Cup 8 India at the 1999 World Cup 9 India at the 2003 World Cup 10 India at the 2007 World Cup 11 India at the 2011 World Cup 12 India at the 2015 World Cup 13 Team records 13.1 Highest innings totals 14 Lowest completed innings 14.1 Best innings figures 14.2 Highest partnerships 14.3 Highest partnership for each wicket 15 References 16 External links Cricket World Cup Record ( edit ) Year Round Games Won Tied / No result Lost Group Stage 0 1979 Group Stage 0 0 Champions 8 6 0 Semifinals 7 5 0 Round - Robin Stage 8 5 Semifinals 7 0 1999 Super Six 8 0 2003 Runner Up 11 9 0 2007 Group Stage 0 2011 Champions 9 7 2015 Semifinals 8 7 0 Total Two time Champions 75 46 27 White : Group / Round - Robin Stage Green : Quarterfinals / Super Six Light Blue : Semifinals Silver : Runner Up Gold : Champions Teamwise record Opponent NR Win % First played Australia 11 8 0 0 27.27 13 June 1983 Bangladesh 0 0 66.67 17 March 2007 Bermuda 0 0 0 100 19 March 2007 East Africa 0 0 0 100 11 June 1975 England 7 0 50 7 June 1975 Ireland 0 0 0 100 6 March 2011 Kenya 0 0 0 100 18 February 1996 Namibia 0 0 0 100 23 February 2003 Netherlands 0 0 0 100 12 February 2003 New Zealand 7 0 0 42.85 14 June 1975 Pakistan 6 6 0 0 0 100 4 March 1992 South Africa 0 0 25 15 March 1992 Sri Lanka 8 0 42.85 18 June 1979 United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 100 28 February 2003 West Indies 8 5 0 0 62.5 9 June 1979 Zimbabwe 9 8 0 0 88.89 11 June 1983 Total 74 46 26 62.2 % - India at the 1975 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1975 Cricket World Cup The 1975 Cricket World Cup was the first Cricket World Cup . It was held in England in June 1975 and consisted of two weeks of one - day matches played 60 - overs - a-side . The format consisted of a group stage , in which each team played the other three teams in its group of four . The top two teams from both groups would progress to the semifinals . India competed in Group B against England , New Zealand and East Africa , a team of cricketers from Kenya , Uganda , Tanzania , and Northern Rhodesia . The Indian team was led by off spinner Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan and included leading batsmen Sunil Gavaskar , Gundappa Vishwanath , and Farokh Engineer as well as Venkataraghavan 's teammate from the Indian spin quartet , Bishen Singh Bedi . The team was relatively inexperienced at one - day cricket , having played their first ODI only a year earlier during their disastrous tour of England . India 's first match , the first match of the Cup , was against England at Lord 's in London . This match became notorious for Gavaskar 's controversial knock . Chasing a mammoth 335 for victory , Gavaskar carried his bat for the entire 60 overs to score only 36 runs off 174 balls with just a solitary boundary . As a result , India could only score 132 / 3 in 60 overs , losing the match by 202 runs , which severely affected their chances of making the semifinals . The match was a national disgrace for India with Gavaskar , in particular , castigated from all sides for his disgraceful innings . Even today , it is not fully clear as to why he played so slowly in that match , although Gavaskar claimed that he was out of form at the time . India next played East Africa at Headingley in Leeds and as expected , won the match , thanks to disciplined bowling from medium pacer Madan Lal ( 3 / 15 ) which restricted East Africa to 120 . In the chase , Gavaskar made amends for his atrocious innings against England with a fine half - century ( 65 not out from 86 balls , 9 fours ) . Supported by Engineer ( 54 not out from 93 balls , 7 fours ) , the duo hammered the amateurish East African bowling and steered India to a facile victory without losing a wicket . India 's last match in the Group stage was a must - win encounter against New Zealand at Old Trafford in Manchester . Batting first , India scored 230 , with Syed Abid Ali scoring a half - century ( 70 from 98 balls , 5 fours and 1 six ) to make up for the top - order failure . However , the Indian bowlers were then completely hammered by Kiwi opener Glenn Turner , who scored his second century of the tournament ( 114 not out from 177 balls , 13 fours ) as New Zealand chased down the target without much hassle . India crashed out of the tournament with this loss and finished 3rd in their group with 1 win and 2 losses . Not much positives could come out of India 's campaign in the inaugural World Cup . From an Indian perspective , the tournament continues to be known for Gavaskar 's notorious innings against England . Still , Gavaskar scored the highest number of runs for India in the tournament , with 113 . Among the bowlers , Abid Ali , with his 6 wickets , was the best bowler for India . The Indian Squad that took part in the 1975 World Cup comprised Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan ( captain ) Bishen Singh Bedi ( vice-captain ) Anshuman Gaekwad Brijesh Patel Eknath Solkar Farokh Engineer ( wicketkeeper ) Gundappa Vishwanath ( reserve wicketkeeper ) Karsan Ghavri Madan Lal Mohinder Amarnath Sunil Gavaskar Syed Abid Ali India 's record : 1 − 2 ( Group B , 3rd place ) West Indies 's record : 5 − 0 ( Champions ) India at the 1979 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1979 Cricket World Cup The second edition of the Cricket World Cup was held in 1979 once again in England and with the same tournament format as in 1975 . Like in 1975 , India were not having much experience in playing ODI cricket and were still neglecting the limited - overs format of the game , so they were not considered favourites to win the Cup . Still , India were expected to put up a decent show as the team for the World Cup had world - class batsmen in Sunil Gavaskar , Gundappa Vishwanath and Dilip Vengsarkar , two members of the Indian spin quartet in captain Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan and Bishen Singh Bedi and decent all rounders in Mohinder Amarnath and a rising talent in Kapil Dev , though regular wicketkeeper Syed Kirmani was surprisingly dropped . India were grouped along with the defending champions , the West Indies , who were now the best team in international cricket , New Zealand and non-Test playing nation Sri Lanka in Group B in the Group stage . India opened their campaign with a massive loss against the West Indies at Edgbaston in Birmingham . The West Indian fast bowling attack led by Michael Holding ( 4 / 33 ) and Andy Roberts ( 2 / 32 ) never allowed the Indian batsmen to settle down , and with only Vishwanath ( 75 from 134 balls , 7 fours ) showing resistance , India were bowled all out for 190 in the 54th over . In reply , West Indian opener Gordon Greenidge scored an unbeaten century as the Caribbeans effortlessly chased down the target with the loss of just a single wicket . India were knocked out of the tournament in their next match against New Zealand at Headingley in Leeds , which was another one - sided match . A combined effort from the New Zealand bowling attack saw India crash to 182 all out , with the only significant contribution coming from Gavaskar ( 55 from 144 balls , 5 fours ) . Kiwi opener Bruce Edgar then scored an unbeaten 84 in the chase as New Zealand won without any hassle . India played for pride in their last match of the tournament against Sri Lanka at Old Trafford in Manchester and were expected to win against the minnows . But they lost this match too . Chasing 239 to win , none of the Indian batsmen could manage even a half - century against the Sri Lankan bowling attack comprising Tony Opatha ( 3 / 31 ) , Stanley de Silva ( 2 / 36 ) and Somachandra de Silva ( 3 / 29 ) . India were bowled all - out for just 191 , finishing their World Cup campaign winless and last in their group . It was a nightmarish campaign for India , with no wins and none of the players contributing . The fact that India as a team were not able to score even 200 runs in a single match , that only Vishwanath crossed three - figures in terms of the total number of individual runs scored ( 106 ) with only him and Gavaskar scoring a half - century each , and that only Amarnath , with 4 wickets , and Kapil , with 2 wickets , took wickets in all the 3 matches , showed how horrible and pathetic the Indian performance was in the World Cup . This dismal performance generated an uproar in India . The tournament marked the end of the road for the now struggling Indian spin quartet , with its two members in the World Cup side , Bedi and Venkataraghavan , bowling really poorly and not even taking a single wicket . Following the World Cup and the subsequent series against England , Bedi retired from international cricket , while Venkataraghavan was sacked as captain and also dropped from the team . None of the 4 members of the spin quartet ever played in a World Cup again . The Indian Squad that took part in the 1979 World Cup comprised Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan ( captain ) Sunil Gavaskar ( vice-captain ) Anshuman Gaekwad Bharath Reddy ( reserve wicketkeeper ) Bishen Singh Bedi Brijesh Patel Dilip Vengsarkar Gundappa Vishwanath Kapil Dev Karsan Ghavri Mohinder Amarnath Surinder Khanna ( wicketkeeper ) Yashpal Sharma India 's record : 0 − 3 ( Group B , 4th place ) West Indies 's record : 4 − 0 and 1 washout ( Champions ) India at the 1983 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1983 Cricket World Cup Going by India 's past record in one - day internationals and in the World Cup , they were not expected to even progress beyond the Group stage of the 1983 Cricket World Cup which was yet again held in England , despite having the likes of Sunil Gavaskar , Krishnamachari Srikkanth , Dilip Vengsarkar , Yashpal Sharma and Sandeep Patil in batting and a decent set of all - rounders in captain Kapil Dev , who was now one of the best all - rounders in world cricket , Mohinder Amarnath , Madan Lal , Ravi Shastri and Roger Binny . This time , the tournament format was slightly different from the previous editions . Teams were still divided among 2 groups of 4 , but now each team in a group played each other twice . India were placed in Group B in the Group stage , which was considered to be the tougher of the 2 groups as it included 2 stronger opponents in the defending champions , the West Indies , whose dominance in world cricket at the time was at its peak , and Australia . World Cup debutants Zimbabwe were also in the group . The fact that the West Indies and Australia were in India 's group only worsened India 's prospects of putting a decent showing this time around . India 's first match in the tournament was against the West Indies at Old Trafford in Manchester . The West Indians were expected to steamroll India , but India caused a massive upset , winning the game by 34 runs in a match spread over 2 days . Middle - order batsman Sharma withstood the West Indian pace attack to score a fine half - century ( 89 from 120 balls , 9 fours ) as India scored 262 / 8 . Then , a disciplined performance from the Indian bowlers led by all - rounders Binny ( 3 / 48 ) and Shastri ( 3 / 26 ) ensured that the West Indian batsmen could not settle down after their starts , as a result of which the West Indies were bowled all out for 228 . India followed this victory with another win against Zimbabwe at Leicester . In a one - sided match , India , bowling first , restricted Zimbabwe to 155 with Madan Lal taking 3 / 27 , following which a half - century by Patil ( 50 from 54 balls , 7 fours , 1 six ) ensured that India chased down the paltry total easily . However , despite the good start , 2 consecutive defeats against Australia at Trent Bridge in Nottingham and the West Indies at The Oval in London followed , and with other results going Australia 's and the West Indies ' way , India were once again staring at another early exit from the World Cup . Trevor Chappell scored 110 to ensure that Australia scored a mammoth 320 / 9 , with India dishing out a listless bowling performance . Only Kapil bowled well , taking a 5 - wicket haul ( 5 / 43 ) . Australian medium - pacer Ken MacLeay took 6 / 39 as India were bowled all out for just 150 , losing by 162 runs , with none of the Indian batsmen contributing . Against the West Indies , India , chasing 283 to win , never really got going despite Amarnath 's patient knock ( 80 from 139 balls ) . A combined effort from the West Indian pace attack saw India crash to 216 all out , losing by 66 runs . To add to India 's woes , Vengsarkar was ruled out for the rest of the tournament after a Malcolm Marshall bouncer injured his jaw . To reach the semifinals now , India had to beat Zimbabwe and Australia by huge margins , a daunting prospect . Should India lose even one of the matches , they would be knocked out of the tournament . India began their match against Zimbabwe at Tunbridge Wells on 18 June 1983 disastrously . The Zimbabwean bowling attack , led by Peter Rawson ( 3 / 47 ) and Kevin Curran ( 3 / 65 ) , destroyed the Indian top order , reducing them to 17 / 5 . A massive upset by the Zimbabweans and another early exit for India was now very much on the cards , until Kapil arrived . Kapil completely changed the course of the match with a breathtaking innings ( 175 not out from 138 balls , 16 fours , 6 sixes ) . With the support of the tailenders , he ransacked the Zimbabwean bowling as he played his most famous innings , which was also the highest individual score in ODI cricket at the time and the first ever ODI century scored by an Indian batsman . As a result of his astounding knock , India finished the innings at 266 / 8 . Then , a good performance with the ball from Madan Lal ( 3 / 42 ) saw Zimbabwe being bowled all out for 235 , despite Curran 's 73 , to set up a famous win . Unfortunately , this match was not telecasted live due to a strike by the BBC staff on that day . But India 's woes were n't over yet ; they needed to beat Australia comprehensively to have any hope of reaching the semifinals . India 's must - win match against the Aussies took place at Chelmsford , two days after the famous victory against Zimbabwe . Despite Rodney Hogg ( 3 / 40 ) and Jeff Thomson ( 3 / 51 ) taking 3 wickets each , a combined effort from the Indian batsmen saw India reach 247 all out . Australia , chasing 248 to win , were rocked by the innocuous but penetrative medium - pace of Madan Lal ( 4 / 20 ) and Binny ( 4 / 29 ) and crashed to 129 all out , losing the match by a whopping 118 runs . With another win under their belt , India finished second in their group and qualified for the semifinals for the first time ever in the Cricket World Cup . India 's semifinal match was against hosts England at Manchester . Despite England being the favourites , India produced yet another upset . England won the toss and batted first . Despite an opening stand of 69 , the English batsmen mistimed many balls and used the bat 's edge frequently , as the restrictive Indian bowling led England to 213 all out . English opener Graeme Fowler top scored with 33 . Kapil Dev was the pick of the Indian bowlers ( 3 / 35 ) , with Amarnath ( 2 / 27 ) and Binny ( 2 / 43 ) also being among the wickets . In reply , Sharma ( 61 from 115 balls , 3 fours , 2 sixes ) and Sandeep Patil ( 51 not out from 32 balls , 8 fours ) made half - centuries , with Amarnath ( 46 from 92 balls , 4 fours , 1 six ) too contributing , as India reached their target comfortably , winning by 6 wickets in a classic victory over the hosts . Amarnath picked up the Man of the Match award for his all - round performance . This win brought India to the World Cup final for the very first time , which was to be played against the West Indies on 25 June 1983 at Lord 's in London . A third consecutive tournament victory for the West Indies was widely predicted by most pundits and fans . In the final , India lost the toss and were made to bat first on a seaming wicket against the mighty West Indian pace attack . Only Srikkanth ( 38 from 57 balls , 7 fours and 1 six ) and Amarnath ( 26 from 80 balls , 3 fours ) put up any significant resistance as the West Indian fast bowling attack comprising Marshall ( 2 / 24 ) , Andy Roberts ( 3 / 32 ) , Joel Garner ( 1 / 24 ) and Michael Holding ( 2 / 26 ) ripped through the Indian batting , ably supported by part - timer Larry Gomes ( 2 / 49 ) . Only surprising resistance by the tail allowed India to reach 183 all out in the 55th over . It seemed to be all over for India , as the West Indies had a power - packed batting line - up comprising openers Gordon Greenidge and Desmond Haynes , followed by Vivian Richards and captain Clive Lloyd which was capable of destroying any bowling attack and were widely expected to make mincemeat out of the `` mediocre '' Indian bowling attack . Despite the early loss of Greenidge , Haynes and Richards steadied the innings and the West Indies was soon cruising to another World Cup win at 57 / 2 . At this stage , Kapil ran a great distance ( 18 - 20 yards ) to take the wicket of Richards off Madan Lal 's bowling . This proved to be the turning point of the match , as the Indian bowling then exploited the weather and pitch conditions perfectly to blow away the rest of the West Indian batting . Amarnath ( 3 / 12 ) and Madan Lal ( 3 / 31 ) took three wickets each , as the West Indies crashed to 140 all out in the 53rd over , setting up a famous tournament victory for India which was one of the biggest upsets not only in cricket , but in sport in general . India 's win ended the title defence of the West Indies , who never reached the final of the Cricket World Cup again . Amarnath was awarded a second consecutive Man of the Match award for another all - round effort . Apart from the win , there were statistically many other achievements for India in the 1983 World Cup . Binny and Madan Lal , with 18 and 17 wickets respectively , were the tournament 's top two bowlers . While Kapil , with 303 runs , was India 's best batsman and one of the top 10 batsmen in terms of total individual runs , he also took the most number of catches in the tournament , with 7 , and was India 's only centurion . Kapil 's 175 not out against Zimbabwe was the first ODI century scored by an Indian batsman and remained the highest individual score in ODI cricket until Vivian Richards broke that record the following year . It also remained the highest individual score by an Indian batsman in ODI cricket until Sourav Ganguly broke that record in 1999 . Wicketkeeper Syed Kirmani , with 14 dismissals , finished just below West Indian wicketkeeper Jeff Dujon in the most number of dismissals taken by a wicketkeeper in the tournament . India 's 1983 World Cup victory was a major turning point for Indian as well as world cricket . The win boosted the popularity of cricket in India , which was until then restricted to the urban areas . It also increased the popularity of one - day cricket in India as well as in general . India began to take ODI cricket seriously after the World Cup win and soon emerged as one of the best teams in ODI cricket . Indian corporates too started to take an interest in cricket and began to sponsor many international tournaments , marking the start of the rise of India as the leading financial power in cricket . The Indian Squad that won the 1983 World Cup comprised Kapil Dev ( captain ) Sunil Gavaskar ( vice-captain ) Balwinder Singh Sandhu Dilip Vengsarkar Kirti Azad Krishnamachari Srikkanth Madan Lal Mohinder Amarnath Ravi Shastri Roger Binny Sandeep Patil Sunil Valson Syed Kirmani ( wicketkeeper ) Yashpal Sharma ( reserve wicketkeeper ) India 's record : 6 − 2 ( Champions ) India at the 1987 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1987 Cricket World Cup The World Cup moved out of England for the first time in 1987 , with India and Pakistan co-hosting this edition of the World Cup . India were billed pre-tournament favourites and were widely expected to defend their title successfully in familiar conditions . India 's team for the World Cup did not have some important members of the World Cup - winning squad of 1983 , notably Mohinder Amarnath , Syed Kirmani , Madan Lal , Yashpal Sharma and Sandeep Patil , but all - rounder Kapil Dev once again led the side , which included world - class batsmen in veteran Sunil Gavaskar , who was to retire from all forms of cricket after the tournament , Krishnamachari Srikkanth , Dilip Vengsarkar , Ravi Shastri , Mohammed Azharuddin and Kapil . The bowling too was decent enough , with Kapil leading the attack , supported by Shastri , Maninder Singh , Manoj Prabhakar , Chetan Sharma and Roger Binny . The 1983 World Cup format was again used for the tournament , but the matches were reduced to 50 - overs - a-side , keeping in mind the shorter days in the Indian subcontinent . In the Group stage , India were placed alongside Australia , New Zealand and then - associates Zimbabwe in Group A , which was considered to be the easier of the 2 groups . India played the very first match of the tournament against Australia at Madras , which was arguably the most eventful match of the tournament . Australia won the match by just 1 run , after piling up 270 / 6 in their first innings , helped by opener Geoff Marsh 's 110 . India began their innings brightly and were cruising to an easy victory at 207 / 2 , thanks to half - centuries from Srikkanth ( 70 from 83 balls , 7 fours ) and debutant Navjot Singh Sidhu ( 73 from 79 balls , 4 fours and 5 sixes ) , until Sidhu fell . This was followed by a spectacular middle - order collapse that made India lose their last 8 wickets for just 62 runs . India were all out for 269 with one ball remaining in the match , which was a heartbreaking loss for the defending champions . Their next match against New Zealand at Bangalore was also dramatic , with Sidhu ( 75 from 71 balls , 4 fours and 4 sixes ) once again rescuing India after India had fallen to 21 / 3 , and along with Kapil ( 72 not out from 58 balls , 4 fours and 1 six ) , destroyed the New Zealand bowling attack to take India to 252 / 7 . India eventually pulled off a 16 - run victory thanks to some economical bowling from Shastri ( 2 / 45 ) and part - timer Azharuddin ( 1 / 11 ) , India thus registering its first win in the tournament . India dominated the rest of the Group stage with 2 one - sided victories against Zimbabwe at Bombay and Ahmedabad , followed by wins against Australia and New Zealand at New Delhi and Nagpur respectively . India dished out a clinical performance against the Aussies , with 4 Indian batsmen : Gavaskar ( 61 from 72 balls , 7 fours ) , Sidhu ( 51 from 70 balls , 2 fours ) , Vengsarkar ( 63 from 60 balls , 3 fours and 2 sixes ) and Azharuddin ( 54 not out from 45 balls , 5 fours and 1 six ) : scoring half - centuries as India posted an imposing 289 / 6 . Maninder ( 3 / 34 ) and Azharuddin ( 3 / 19 ) then contributed with the ball as Australia crashed to 233 all out in the 49th over . India 's last match in the Group stage against New Zealand was noted as the match in which Gavaskar scored his first and only ODI century ( 103 not out from 88 balls , 10 fours and 3 sixes ) . Supported by Srikkanth ( 75 from 58 balls , 9 fours and 3 sixes ) , Gavaskar toyed with the New Zealand bowling attack with an attacking innings uncharacteristic of his typical dour and rock - like approach as India chased down New Zealand 's modest score of 221 / 9 with the loss of only Srikkanth 's wicket and 18 overs to spare . Gavaskar and Srikkanth added 136 runs for the 2nd wicket . Also notable in this match was Chetan Sharma 's hat - trick , the first ever both by an Indian bowler and in the World Cup . His hat - trick involved the wickets of Ken Rutherford , wicketkeeper Ian Smith and tailender Ewen Chatfield . Sharma finished with figures of 3 / 51 . With 5 wins and 1 loss from 6 matches , India topped their group and qualified for the semifinals , where they were to play England at Bombay . The semifinal , which took place on 5 November 1987 , saw India winning the toss and choosing to field first . England dominated the match from the start , with opener Graham Gooch scoring an impressive 115 and ably supported by captain Mike Gatting , who contributed with 56 , the duo sharing a partnership of 117 for the 3rd wicket . England posted a strong score of 254 / 6 , with only Maninder ( 3 / 54 ) and Kapil ( 2 / 38 ) bowling well for India . India faltered in the chase , with only Azharuddin ( 64 from 74 balls , 7 fours ) making any significant contribution for India . The Indian batsmen completely faltered against off - spinner Eddie Hemmings ( 4 / 52 ) and fast bowler Neil Foster ( 3 / 47 ) as India were bowled all out for 219 in the 46th over . It was a heartbreaking loss for India , ending their title defence . This was Gavaskar 's last ever cricket match . Though India were unable to defend their title successfully , there were a lot of positives for India . Firstly , Gavaskar , in his final tournament , scored 300 runs , the highest for India , and was one of the top ten batsmen in terms of runs scored and the only centurion for India . Secondly , the partnership of 136 between Gavaskar and Srikkanth against New Zealand at Nagpur was the highest partnership for any wicket in the tournament . Thirdly , left - arm spinner Maninder Singh was the best bowler for India with 14 wickets and was the best spinner of the tournament , coming at 4th place among the tournament 's highest wicket takers , with only fast bowlers Craig McDermott , Imran Khan and Patrick Patterson above him . Finally , wicketkeeper Kiran More , with 11 dismissals , effected the most number of dismissals in the tournament , while Kapil , with 6 catches , took the most number of catches . The Indian Squad that made the semifinals of the 1987 World Cup comprised Kapil Dev ( captain ) Dilip Vengsarkar ( vice-captain ) Chandrakant Pandit ( reserve wicketkeeper ) Chetan Sharma Kiran More ( wicketkeeper ) Krishnamachari Srikkanth Laxman Sivaramakrishnan Maninder Singh Manoj Prabhakar Mohammed Azharuddin Navjot Singh Sidhu Ravi Shastri Roger Binny Sunil Gavaskar India 's record : 5 − 2 ( Semifinalists ) Australia 's record : 7 − 1 ( Champions ) India at the 1992 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1992 Cricket World Cup India were not expected to perform well in the 1992 World Cup co-hosted by Australia and New Zealand , despite playing a Test series ( and also the World Series Cup involving both Australia and the West Indies ) in Australia just prior to the World Cup . The Indian team for the World Cup had a good batting line up consisting of captain Mohammed Azharuddin , destructive opener Krishnamachari Srikkanth , all rounders Kapil Dev and Ravi Shastri , Sanjay Manjrekar and a rising talent in Sachin Tendulkar . The bowling was n't too strong though . Kapil led the bowling line up , which also included Shastri , Manoj Prabhakar and Venkatapathy Raju . A new format was introduced for the 1992 World Cup , with the group format being scrapped in favour of a round - robin format , where each team would play all the other 8 teams in the tournament once , with the top 4 teams at the end of the Round - Robin stage progressing to the semifinals . It was also the first Cricket World Cup played with coloured jerseys and which had day - night matches . India 's first match in the tournament was against England at Perth . Chasing 237 , India never really got going despite a 63 - run opening stand shared by Shastri ( 57 from 112 balls , 2 fours ) and Srikkanth ( 39 from 50 balls , 7 fours ) and a good knock from Tendulkar ( 35 from 44 balls , 5 fours ) . India crashed to 227 all out , losing by nine runs , with Dermot Reeve ( 3 / 38 ) taking the most wickets for England . Three of India 's batsmen : Shastri , Pravin Amre and Kiran More : were run out . India 's next match against Sri Lanka at Mackay was abandoned due to rain after just 2 balls and a run scored by Srikkanth , giving India its first points in the tournament . India then played co-hosts and defending champions Australia at Brisbane . The match was a thriller . Australia scored 237 / 9 in its 50 overs , with Dean Jones scoring 90 . Kapil and Prabhakar were the pick of the bowlers with identical figures of 3 / 41 . Due to rain , India 's target was revised to 235 and the overs reduced to 47 . Azharuddin led India 's reply with a near - century ( 93 from 102 balls , 10 fours ) , but the rest of India 's batsmen were unable to cross 50 and with Prabhakar ( 1 from 1 ball ) and Raju ( 0 from 1 ball ) run out in successive balls , India crashed to 234 all out in the second - last ball of the innings , ensuring that Australia scraped to victory by 1 run . India 's next match was against arch - rivals Pakistan at Sydney . It was the first time ever in the history of the Cricket World Cup that India and Pakistan played each other and therefore , the match was highly anticipated . India won the toss and batted first , posting a modest 216 / 7 in a match reduced to 49 overs due to rain , with the top contributors being Tendulkar ( 54 not out from 62 balls , 3 fours ) and rookie opener Ajay Jadeja ( 46 from 77 balls , 2 fours ) . Pakistan 's leg - spinner Mushtaq Ahmed was the pick of Pakistan 's bowlers , taking 3 / 59 , while fast bowler Aaqib Javed was economical , taking 2 / 28 in his 8 overs . In Pakistan 's reply , only opener Aamer Sohail , who scored 62 , could cross 50 runs with Kapil ( 2 / 30 ) , Prabhakar ( 2 / 22 ) and rookie Javagal Srinath ( 2 / 37 ) taking 2 wickets each , as Pakistan crashed to 173 all out in the 49th over , losing by 43 runs , earning India its first win in the tournament , a famous victory which would begin an all - win record over the arch - rivals in subsequent Cricket World Cups ( both 50 - over and 20 - over ) . The match also had its share of drama which is a regular feature in Indo - Pak cricket matches , with Javed Miandad imitating Indian wicketkeeper Kiran More 's appealing behind the stumps . Tendulkar won his first Man of the Match award in a World Cup for his allround performance ( 54 * and 1 / 37 , picking up the prized wicket of Aamer Sohail ) . However , India 's time was running out and they had to play really well from then on to have any chance of reaching the semifinals . India then moved on to New Zealand for the second half of the tournament . Their first match in New Zealand was against minnows Zimbabwe at Hamilton . India won the rain - curtailed match as expected , with Tendulkar ( 81 from 77 balls , 8 fours and 1 six ) playing an aggressive knock as India posted 203 / 7 . Zimbabwe , chasing 159 in 19 overs after a rain delay , could only score 104 / 1 in the 19 overs , Tendulkar taking the lone wicket . Tendulkar received his second Man of the Match award in the Cricket World Cup for his contribution in the match . But now India needed to win their last three matches comprehensively and also depend on other results to reach the semifinals . India next played the West Indies at Wellington . The West Indies were slowly declining at the time with the retirements of several key players , yet were still a dangerous opponent . India lost the match . Only Azharuddin ( 61 from 84 balls , 4 fours ) showed any sort of resistance against the pace attack of Curtly Ambrose ( 2 / 24 ) and Anderson Cummins ( 4 / 33 ) as India were bowled all out for 197 . The West Indies comfortably reached their target of 195 ( with the score and number of overs being reduced by rain again ) with 6 overs to spare . India crashed out of the tournament with this loss , with their last two matches against co-hosts New Zealand at Dunedin and World Cup debutants South Africa back in Australia at Adelaide reduced to dead rubbers . India lost both the one - sided matches . Only Tendulkar ( 84 from 107 balls , 6 fours ) and Azharuddin ( 55 from 98 balls , 3 fours and 1 six ) made any significant contribution in India 's score of 230 / 6 , which New Zealand easily chased down . Against South Africa , in a match reduced to 30 overs due to rain , the only person who contributed for India was Azharuddin ( 79 from 77 balls , 6 fours ) . India scored 180 / 6 , which South Africa chased down without much effort . With only 2 wins and 1 abandoned match , India finished 7th in the Round - Robin stage , just above Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe . It was the first time since 1979 that India could not qualify for the semifinals of the World Cup . Ironically , Pakistan , one of the only 2 teams which India defeated , would go on to win the World Cup . There were not much positives India could take from the tournament . No Indian batsman was able to score a century and no Indian bowler could take more than 3 wickets in an innings . India 's highest scorer in the tournament was Azharuddin , who scored 332 runs . Tendulkar followed with a total score of 283 runs . Among the bowlers , Prabhakar was the best for India , taking 12 wickets . The tournament marked the end of Srikkanth 's international career , as he was dropped after the World Cup and retired from all forms of cricket the following year . The Indian Squad that took part in the 1992 World Cup comprised Mohammed Azharuddin ( captain ) Ravi Shastri ( vice-captain ) Ajay Jadeja Javagal Srinath Kapil Dev Kiran More ( wicketkeeper ) Krishnamachari Srikkanth Manoj Prabhakar Pravin Amre Sachin Tendulkar Sanjay Manjrekar ( reserve wicketkeeper ) Subroto Banerjee Venkatapathy Raju Vinod Kambli India 's record : 2 − 5 and 1 abandoned match ( Round - Robin , 7th place ) Pakistan 's record : 6 − 3 and 1 abandoned match ( Champions ) India at the 1996 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1996 Cricket World Cup Sachin Tendulkar , the top - scorer for the tournament India were the co-hosts of the 1996 Cricket World Cup along with Pakistan and Sri Lanka and were expected to perform well at home . Their batting was their strongest point , with Sachin Tendulkar , captain Mohammed Azharuddin , Ajay Jadeja , Navjot Singh Sidhu and Sanjay Manjrekar together forming the strongest batting line - up in the tournament . While the bowling was a bit suspect , the team had a decent set of bowlers who were good at home conditions in Anil Kumble , Javagal Srinath , Manoj Prabhakar and Venkatapathy Raju . The group format was reintroduced for the tournament , with teams divided into 2 groups of 6 teams each , with the top 4 teams from each group entering the quarterfinals , where a team from one group in the Group stage would play a single match against a team which qualified from the other group . In the Group stage , India were placed in Group A with co-hosts Sri Lanka , Australia , the West Indies , Zimbabwe and World Cup debutants Kenya . India started their World cup campaign well by defeating Kenya at Cuttack , first restricting them to 199 / 6 with Kumble taking 3 / 28 and then chasing it down easily to win by 7 wickets due to Tendulkar 's century ( 127 not out from 138 balls , 15 fours , 1 six ) . India 's next match against the West Indies at Gwalior went much the same way : after bowling the West Indies side out for 173 with Kumble capturing 3 / 35 and Prabhakar 3 / 39 , Tendulkar ( 70 runs , 91 balls , 8 fours ) led the way to another victory . India then faced tournament favourites Australia at Bombay , and the tourists batted first after winning the toss . Mark Waugh 's 126 and Australian captain Mark Taylor 's 59 set the foundation with a 103 run opening stand . Australia suffered five run - outs , four in the last ten overs whilst chasing quick runs , with medium - pacer Venkatesh Prasad and Raju taking two wickets each . India 's chase started poorly , with Jadeja and Vinod Kambli dismissed by Damien Fleming with only seven runs scored . Tendulkar ( 90 from 84 balls , 14 fours , 1 six ) counter-attacked ferociously , and India were well ahead of the required run rate at 143 / 3 when Tendulkar charged a wide from Mark Waugh and was stumped for 90 . From there onward , the run chase began to falter , with only Manjrekar managing a half century ( 62 from 91 balls , 7 fours ) , resulting in a 16 - run loss , dismissed for 242 in the 48th over . India next faced Sri Lanka at New Delhi . Tendulkar hit another run - a-ball century ( 137 from 137 balls , 8 fours , 5 sixes ) and Azharuddin made 72 from 80 balls in a 175 run partnership as India compiled 271 / 3 . However , the opening pair of Romesh Kaluwitharana and Sanath Jayasuriya launched Sri Lanka to 42 after just three overs . Jayasuriya managed to score 79 from 77 balls , leaving the score at 4 / 141 . With the run - rate under control , Sri Lankan captain Arjuna Ranatunga ( 46 not out from 63 balls ) and Hashan Tillakaratne ( 70 not out from 98 balls ) made a 131 run partnership to steer them to a six wicket win with eight balls remaining . Kumble led the bowling with 2 / 39 whilst Prabhakar was punished for 47 runs in four overs . India ended the group stage with a win against Zimbabwe at Kanpur , who won the toss and sent the Indians in to bat . After slumping to 32 / 3 , opener Sidhu ( 80 from 116 balls , 5 fours ) and Kambli ( 106 from 110 balls , 11 fours ) put on 142 runs before Jadeja finished off the innings with 44 not out from 27 balls , with India scoring 247 / 5 . The Zimbabweans lost wickets at regular intervals and fell 40 runs short , with Raju taking 3 / 30 and Kumble , Srinath and Jadeja two each . With this win , India finished third in their group and qualified for the quarterfinals , setting up a match against arch - rivals and defending champions Pakistan at Bangalore . The match was widely anticipated and had a huge leadup . Pakistani captain Wasim Akram withdrew due to injury . India elected to bat after winning the toss , with Sidhu ( 93 from 115 balls , 11 fours ) and Tendulkar ( 31 off 59 balls , 3 fours ) reaching 90 before Tendulkar was dismissed by Pakistan fast bowler Ata - ur - Rehman . Although wickets fell regularly , with all Pakistani bowlers barring part - timer Salim Malik among the wickets , the Indians continued to score quickly , with Jadeja making a rapid 45 from 25 balls in the final overs , including 40 from Waqar Younis ' last two overs . India scored 287 / 8 in their 50 overs . Prasad and Kumble then took three wickets each to restrict Pakistan to 248 / 9 , despite their strong start due to a quick 55 from Pakistan 's stand - in - captain and opener Aamer Sohail , to complete a memorable victory and qualify for the semifinals , making it 2 wins in 2 World Cup matches against the arch - rivals . This resulted in widespread disappointment in Pakistan , leading to a government inquiry , crowd demonstrations outside players ' homes and the suicide of one distraught fan . In the semifinals at the Eden Gardens in Calcutta on 13 March 1996 , India played Sri Lanka in a match which became notorious for the extremely poor crowd behaviour . India won the toss and chose to field first . Both the openers Kaluwitharana and Jayasuriya were dismissed in Srinath 's first over , uppercutting wide balls down to third man . Srinath then removed veteran Asanka Gurusinha to leave the score at 35 / 3 . However half centuries from Aravinda de Silva and Roshan Mahanama helped Sri Lanka reach a formidable total of 251 / 8 . India made a solid start , with Sachin Tendulkar ( 65 from 88 balls , 9 fours ) scoring a half - century and taking India to 1 / 98 . However , the pitch began to crumble and take more spin , and when Tendulkar was stumped , the remaining Indian batsmen were unable to cope with the four pronged spin - attack of Jayasuriya , Muttiah Muralitharan and part timers de Silva and Kumar Dharmasena , who altogether took 6 wickets as India lost 7 wickets for 22 runs to slump to 120 / 8 in the 35th over , with still 132 runs to win . At this point , sections of the crowd began setting fire to the stands and throwing missiles onto the field . Play was stopped as the crowd 's anger began to develop into a dangerous riot . The umpires and match referee Clive Lloyd decided to award the game to Sri Lanka because India had no chance of winning from their current position in the match even if the match were to resume , knocking them out of the World Cup . India 's campaign was highlighted by the consistency of Tendulkar , who managed 50 plus scores in all but two matches . With 523 runs at an average of 87.16 , Tendulkar was the leading run scorer in the tournament , with two of his six dismissals due to run outs rather than batting errors . His 137 against Sri Lanka was the 4th highest score in the tournament and his partnership of 175 with Azharuddin the 4th highest partnership in the tournament . No other Indian batsmen aggregated 250 runs . India were also bolstered by the performances of leg - spinner Kumble , who was the leading wicket taker in the tournament with 15 wickets at 18.73 apiece and also made the most number of catches ( eight ) . Raju , Prasad and Srinath were tied in 10th spot with eight wickets each . Veteran all - rounder Manoj Prabhakar retired from international cricket in the middle of the tournament after being dropped for poor performance . The Indian Squad that made the semifinals of the 1996 World Cup comprised Mohammed Azharuddin ( captain ) Sachin Tendulkar ( vice-captain ) Aashish Kapoor Ajay Jadeja Anil Kumble Javagal Srinath Manoj Prabhakar Navjot Singh Sidhu Nayan Mongia ( wicketkeeper ) Salil Ankola Sanjay Manjrekar ( reserve wicketkeeper ) Venkatapathy Raju Venkatesh Prasad Vinod Kambli India 's record : 4 − 3 ( Semifinalists ) Sri Lanka 's record : 8 − 0 with 2 matches won by walkovers ( Champions ) India at the 1999 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1999 Cricket World Cup The 1999 Cricket World Cup in England was one in which India were not expected to perform too well . Despite having the likes of Sachin Tendulkar , Sourav Ganguly , Rahul Dravid , Ajay Jadeja and captain Mohammed Azharuddin in batting and Anil Kumble , Javagal Srinath and Venkatesh Prasad in bowling , they were n't having too much of a good run , losing to arch - rivals Pakistan in the finals of 2 consecutive triangular tournaments at home and at Sharjah . The format used for the tournament was slightly different from the 1996 format . Teams were divided into 2 groups of 6 teams each , with the top 3 teams in each group progressing to the Super Six stage , where a team belonging to one group in the Group stage would play once against all 3 teams belonging to the other group . India were placed in Group A in the Group stage along with hosts England , defending champions Sri Lanka , South Africa , Zimbabwe and minnows Kenya . India began their campaign with a close loss to South Africa at Hove in the final overs of the match . Although South Africa won by 4 wickets , the match was not without drama as South Africa had to score had approximately a run a ball in the last 10 overs . The match featured a good performance from Ganguly ( 97 from 142 balls , 11 fours , 1 six ) and Dravid ( 54 from 75 balls , 5 fours ) . None of the bowlers backed up the batting performance however , with Srinath the leading wicket - taker despite being very expensive , taking 2 wickets and conceding 69 runs . South Africa scored runs more quickly than India did , with Jacques Kallis ( 96 from 128 balls ) leading the way . India next played Zimbabwe at Leicester , without the services of Tendulkar , as the star batsman had returned to India due to his father 's death . The match was a thriller , with India losing in the end by 3 runs . The tailenders embarrassed supporters as India , chasing 252 , went from 246 / 7 to 249 all out with 3 overs left , with Zimbabwean fast bowler Henry Olonga taking 3 / 22 . India made up for their early losses with a very convincing win over Kenya at Bristol by 94 runs four days later . India scored a massive 329 / 2 through centuries from Tendulkar ( 140 not out from 101 balls , 16 fours , 3 sixes ) , who had rejoined the team , and Dravid ( 104 not out from 109 balls , 10 fours ) . The pair scored 237 in 29 overs at a run rate of 8.17 before medium pacer Debashish Mohanty wiped up the Kenyan batsmen with a 4 - wicket haul ( 4 / 56 ) . Tendulkar , declared Man of the Match , later dedicated his ton to his late father . India followed this victory with a record win against Sri Lanka at Taunton by 157 runs . Ganguly ( 183 from 158 balls , 17 fours , 7 sixes ) and Dravid ( 145 from 129 balls , 17 fours , 1 six ) picked up two centuries at over a run a ball to get India to a mammoth total of 373 / 6 , sharing a partnership of 318 runs in 44.9 overs . Sri Lanka were then rattled due to Robin Singh 's 5 / 31 , crashing to 216 all out . India then went on to seal a place in the Super Six stage with a win against hosts England at Edgbaston in Birmingham by 63 runs ; in a match extended by a day due to rain , once again Ganguly ( 40 from 59 balls , 6 fours ) and Dravid ( 53 from 82 balls , 6 fours ) starred with the bat to score 238 / 2 , while a strong team effort with the ball , led by Ganguly 's 3 / 27 , got England all out for just 169 . Despite India finishing second in Group A , they began the Super Six stage with no points due to the controversial Byzantine points system which gave a team 2 points at the start of the Super Six stage for beating a team in the Group stage which had also qualified for the Super Six stage ( India did not win against fellow qualifiers South Africa and Zimbabwe ) . India 's first match in the Super Six stage was against Australia at The Oval in London , which they lost badly by 77 runs , with only Jadeja ( 100 not out from 138 balls , 7 fours , 2 sixes ) and Robin Singh ( 75 from 94 balls , 5 fours , 3 sixes ) putting up any resistance . Mark Waugh 's 83 and Glenn McGrath 's 3 / 34 took the match away from India . Due to this loss , India , in order to reach the semifinals , now not only had to beat Pakistan and New Zealand , they also had to depend on other results . India beat Pakistan in their next match at Old Trafford in Manchester by 47 runs , maintaining their all - win record over their arch - rivals in the World Cup . Dravid ( 61 from 89 balls , 4 fours ) and Azharuddin ( 59 from 77 balls , 3 fours , 1 six ) , led the way as India posted a total of 227 / 6 in their 50 overs . Prasad then ripped through the Pakistani batting line - up , taking 5 / 27 as Pakistan were bowled all out for 180 . The match was even more significant than usual as the two nations were at war with each other ( see 1999 Kargil Conflict ) . Unfortunately , despite the win against Pakistan , India were soon eliminated from the tournament due to other results and their handicap in terms of points in the Super Six stage . India 's last match in the Super Six stage against New Zealand at Trent Bridge in Nottingham was also the team 's last match in the tournament . The match , reduced to a dead rubber since New Zealand had already qualified for the semifinals , was a thriller , with India losing in the end by 5 wickets as New Zealand achieved the target of 252 with just 8 balls to spare , despite a strong performance from Jadeja ( 76 from 103 balls , 6 fours , 2 six ) . Despite having a mediocre tournament , there were many plus - points for India . The tournament marked the start of the domination of the Big 3 of Indian batting viz . Tendulkar , Dravid and Ganguly , all of whom showed remarkable consistency . Dravid , who until the start of the World Cup was criticised for not being good enough for one - day cricket , was involved in two mammoth partnerships and was the leading run - scorer of the entire tournament with 461 runs at an average of 65.85 . The top 3 highest scores of the tournament were from Indians , which were Ganguly 's 183 , Dravid 's 145 and Tendulkar 's 140 not out . However , following the World Cup , Azharuddin , who had an indifferent tournament , was sacked as captain and was dropped from the team too . The Indian Squad that took part in the 1999 World Cup comprised Mohammed Azharuddin ( captain ) Ajay Jadeja ( vice-captain ) Ajit Agarkar Amay Khurasiya Anil Kumble Debashish Mohanty Javagal Srinath Nayan Mongia ( wicketkeeper ) Nikhil Chopra Rahul Dravid ( reserve wicketkeeper ) Robin Singh Sachin Tendulkar Sadagoppan Ramesh Sourav Ganguly Venkatesh Prasad India 's record : 4 − 4 ( Super Six , 6th place ) Australia 's record : 7 − 2 and 1 tie ( Champions ) India at the 2003 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2003 Cricket World Cup Like in the previous World Cup , India began their 2003 Cricket World Cup campaign in South Africa and Zimbabwe on a string of poor performances , having just come off a disastrous tour of New Zealand . The 1999 World Cup format was retained for the tournament . The Indian team was somewhat stronger than the team representing them in the 1999 World Cup , but still contained the batting trio of Sachin Tendulkar , Rahul Dravid and Sourav Ganguly and the pace - spin duo of Javagal Srinath and Anil Kumble , now accompanied by rising talents Yuvraj Singh , Zaheer Khan , Harbhajan Singh , Mohammed Kaif and Virender Sehwag . In the Group stage , India were placed in Group A , accompanied by co-hosts Zimbabwe , defending champions Australia , arch - rivals Pakistan , England and minnows Holland and Namibia , who were playing their first World Cup . India had a horrid beginning to the tournament . Their first match was against minnows Holland at Paarl , who tumbled the Indian batsmen out for just 204 ( all out , 48.5 overs , 206 minutes ) , with only Tendulkar ( 52 from 72 balls , 7 fours ) putting up resistance , although veterans Srinath and Kumble reverted the damage with 4 wickets each and India ended up winning by 68 runs , the unconvincing victory setting the stage for immense criticism . India 's next match was against Australia at Centurion . The Indian team , batting first , was steadily making progress at 41 / 1 when disaster struck . Sehwag 's wicket triggered a middle order collapse that left India struggling at 50 / 5 having lost 4 wickets for 9 runs . Tendulkar and Harbhajan offered some resistance but the damage was done as India were out for 125 ( all out , 41.4 overs , 176 minutes ) . Australia scored the target in 22.2 overs , only losing one wicket . The Indian team 's mediocre performance in the first two matches triggered uproar in India . Player effigies were said to be burnt on streets and the Board of Control for Cricket in India was under immense pressure to reshuffle the team at the end of the World Cup . This reaction at home may have triggered the Indian team 's performance for the remainder of the World Cup . India then travelled to Zimbabwe to play their third match against the co-hosts at Harare , lacking confidence . Tendulkar ( 81 from 91 balls , 10 fours ) took India to 255 ( 7 wickets , 50 overs ) and 3 wickets from Ganguly set the stage for a strong 83 run win by the Indians . This was followed by a 181 run thrashing handed out to minnows Namibia , back in South Africa at Pietermaritzburg . Tendulkar ( 152 from 151 balls , 18 fours ) and Ganguly ( 112 from 119 balls , 6 fours , 4 sixes ) both scored centuries , contributing to a second - wicket partnership of 244 runs in 39.5 overs to take India to 311 ( 2 wickets , 50 overs , 207 minutes ) . Namibia were then all out for 130 ( all out , 42.3 overs , 163 minutes ) thanks to 4 wickets from part - timer Yuvraj . The Man of the match was Tendulkar in both matches . India finished off their engagements in Group A with an 82 run victory over England at Durban and a 6 wicket victory over Pakistan at Centurion . Paceman Ashish Nehra achieved 6 / 23 against England to help India defend 250 as England were all out for 168 . The Indian batting was bolstered by half - centuries from Dravid ( 62 from 72 balls , 3 fours and 1 six ) and Tendulkar ( 50 from 52 balls , 8 fours and 1 six ) , and an attacking cameo from Yuvraj ( 42 from 38 balls , 4 fours and 1 six ) . The match against Pakistan , the most anticipated match of the tournament , lived up to its billing and was a thriller . It was ( and still is ) noted for being a match in which Tendulkar played one of his best - ever ODI innings . Chasing 274 , Tendulkar ( 98 from 75 balls , 12 fours , 1 six ) pulled off a near century , only to get out after suffering from cramps , to guide India to an unlikely victory , maintaining India 's unbeaten record over Pakistan in World Cups . Tendulkar was once again awarded the Man of the Match . With 5 victories and 1 loss from 6 matches , India finished second in Group A and qualified for the Super Six stage . India were untroubled in the Super Six stage and continued their streak of strong performances with three wins out of three matches , earning them a berth in the semifinals . The wins were comfortable , beating Kenya at Cape Town by 6 wickets through a century from Ganguly ( 107 from 120 balls , 11 fours , 2 sixes ) ; beating Sri Lanka at Johannesburg by 183 runs thanks to Tendulkar ( 97 from 120 balls , 7 fours and 1 six ) , Sehwag ( 66 from 76 balls , 5 fours , 3 sixes ) and veteran Srinath 's 4 / 35 ; and winning against New Zealand at Centurion by 7 wickets , due to Zaheer 's 4 / 42 which bundled out the Black Caps for 146 , followed patient knocks from Kaif ( 68 not out off 129 balls , 8 fours ) and Dravid ( 53 not out off 89 balls , 7 fours ) in the chase . In the semifinals , India played the surprise package of the tournament , Kenya , at Durban . The match was not dramatic . Tendulkar ( 83 from 101 balls , 5 fours , 1 six ) and Ganguly ( 111 from 114 balls , 5 fours , 5 sixes ) took India to 270 / 4 in their 50 overs , from where a combined bowling effort from India 's bowlers got Kenya all out for 179 . This brought India into the finals for the first time since 1983 , where they faced a strong Australia , who had dominated the tournament from the start with an all - win record . The final , played on 23 March 2003 at the Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg , saw Ganguly electing to field first after winning the toss , in the hope that his pacers would exploit a damp pitch . However , the plan backfired completely on India as the Australians dominated from the very start , with the openers Adam Gilchrist and Matthew Hayden sharing a partnership of 105 runs for the 1st wicket , which was achieved in only 14 overs . Australian captain Ricky Ponting and Damien Martyn then scored 140 not out and 88 not out respectively , taking Australia to an Australian record of 359 / 2 , a record that would not be beaten until 2006 . Chasing a mammoth 360 to win , India never stood a chance after Tendulkar ( 4 from 5 balls , 1 four ) lost his wicket early . Sehwag ( 82 from 81 balls , 10 fours , 3 sixes ) and Dravid ( 47 from 57 balls , 2 fours ) then steadied the innings , sharing a partnership of 88 runs which brought India to a decent 147 / 3 in the 24th over . With India scoring at 5.96 runs an over , it seemed that they would end up creating a miracle by winning the match , but the remaining Indian batsmen struggled against the Aussie pace attack of Glenn McGrath and Brett Lee and fell to cheap shots while trying to accelerate the scoring rate . India lost their last 7 wickets for only 87 runs and crashed to 234 all out in the 40th over , losing the match by 125 runs . Though they finished the tournament as the runner up , there were a huge amount of bright sides for India . Firstly , Tendulkar was awarded the Man of the Tournament award for being the leading run scorer with 673 runs . Ganguly ended up as the second leading run scorer in the tournament , but 208 runs behind Tendulkar . Tendulkar 's 152 against Namibia was the second highest score of the tournament and he achieved an average of 61.18 . Secondly , there were upsides in the bowling department as well with Zaheer 4th on the wicket takers list . Finally , India as a team had achieved a streak of 9 wins and 2 losses from 11 matches , with both losses coming against the tournament winners Australia . The Indian Squad that finished as the runner up of the 2003 World Cup comprised Sourav Ganguly ( captain ) Rahul Dravid ( vice-captain and wicketkeeper ) Ajit Agarkar Anil Kumble Ashish Nehra Dinesh Mongia Harbhajan Singh Javagal Srinath Mohammad Kaif Parthiv Patel ( reserve wicketkeeper ) Sachin Tendulkar Sanjay Bangar Virender Sehwag Yuvraj Singh Zaheer Khan India 's record : 9 − 2 ( Runner up ) Australia 's record : 11 − 0 ( Champions ) India at the 2007 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2007 Cricket World Cup India , this time , had gone to the West Indies with 2 convincing home series wins against the West Indies and Sri Lanka . For the 2007 tournament , India had what was considered a decent World Cup squad , as they had three batsmen who had scored more than 10,000 ODI runs ( Sachin Tendulkar , Sourav Ganguly and Rahul Dravid ) , world class spin bowlers ( Harbhajan Singh and Anil Kumble ) , destructive batsmen ( Virender Sehwag , Yuvraj Singh , Robin Uthappa and Mahendra Singh Dhoni ) , and a decent pace bowling attack led by Zaheer Khan . The format of this tournament was completely different from the 1999 format . Teams were divided into groups of 4 , with the top two teams from each group moving on to the Super Eight stage , where each team would play each other in a round - robin format . In the Group stage , India were placed in Group B , pitted against Bangladesh , Sri Lanka and World Cup debutants Bermuda . All of India 's Group matches were played at the Queen 's Park Oval in Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago . India 's World Cup campaign started disastrously , as they unexpectedly lost to minnows Bangladesh in their opening match , leaving them with two must - win matches in their group . All the Indian batsmen , barring Ganguly ( 63 from 129 balls , 4 fours ) and Yuvraj ( 47 from 58 balls , 3 fours and 1 six ) , faltered against the pace of Mashrafe Mortaza ( 4 / 38 ) and the left arm spin of Abdur Razzak ( 3 / 38 ) and Mohammad Rafique ( 3 / 35 ) as India were bowled all out for 191 . None of the Indian bowlers could make an impact as Bangladesh chased down the target with ease . India next scored 413 / 5 against Bermuda , the highest team total in a World Cup game . Sehwag played a brilliant knock ( 114 from 87 balls , 17 fours and 3 sixes ) , exposing the amateur Bermudan bowling . Ganguly ( 89 from 114 balls , 6 fours and 2 sixes ) , Yuvraj ( 83 from 46 balls , 3 fours and 7 sixes ) and Tendulkar ( 57 not out from 29 balls , 2 fours and 4 sixes ) too contributed , with Ganguly and Sehwag sharing a 202 - run partnership for the 2nd wicket , followed by Tendulkar and Yuvraj sharing a 122 - run partnership for the 5th wicket . Agarkar and Kumble then contributed with identical bowling figures of 3 / 38 as Bermuda were bowled all out for 156 in the 44th over , India winning the lopsided game by 257 runs . But they still needed to beat Sri Lanka in their last group match in order to enter the Super Eight stage . The match against Sri Lanka on 23 March 2007 turned out to be a one - sided contest . Chasing 255 , the Indian batting crumbled against the Sri Lankan bowling attack with off - spinner Muttiah Muralitharan and pace bowler Chaminda Vaas taking 2 / 39 and 3 / 41 respectively , crashing to 185 all out in the 44th over . Only Dravid ( 60 from 82 balls , 6 fours ) and Sehwag ( 48 from 46 balls , 5 fours and 1 six ) made any significant contribution for India . With one victory and two losses , India 's hopes of entering the Super Eight stage were now grim and depended on a Bermuda victory over Bangladesh by a heavy margin in the last Group B match . But with Bangladesh beating Bermuda , India crashed out of the World Cup in the first round , the first time since 1992 . There were no positives India could take from the tournament , barring the heavy win against Bermuda . Apart from Sehwag , Ganguly and Yuvraj , who scored 164 , 162 and 136 runs respectively , no other Indian batsman could accumulate even 100 runs . Sehwag , with his 114 against Bermuda , was India 's only centurion in the tournament . The bowling was even more pathetic , with Zaheer being India 's best bowler with 5 wickets . After the debacle , Kumble retired from ODI cricket , while coach Greg Chappell resigned after reports that none of the senior players , including Tendulkar , were happy with him and his coaching methods . However , Dravid retained the captaincy . There were several attacks on players homes and protests by infuriated fans , especially in Bangalore and Mumbai . The Indian Squad that took part in the 2007 World Cup comprised Rahul Dravid ( captain ) Sachin Tendulkar ( vice-captain ) Ajit Agarkar Anil Kumble Dinesh Karthik ( reserve wicketkeeper ) Harbhajan Singh Irfan Pathan Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( wicketkeeper ) Munaf Patel Robin Uthappa Shanthakumaran Sreesanth Sourav Ganguly Virender Sehwag Yuvraj Singh Zaheer Khan India 's record : 1 − 2 ( Group B , 3rd place ) Australia 's record : 12 − 0 ( Champions ) India at the 2011 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2011 Cricket World Cup As one of the host nations for the 2011 World Cup , India were expected to perform well in familiar conditions , and were considered pre-tournament favourites by the media and press . Like in 2007 , India came into the World Cup on a string of strong performances , with back - to - back series wins against Australia and New Zealand at home , followed by a moderately successful tour of South Africa . The Indian team were generally considered to be the strongest batting side in the tournament , comprising the openers Virender Sehwag and veteran Sachin Tendulkar , playing in his 6th consecutive World Cup , followed by Gautam Gambhir and rising star Virat Kohli , with Yuvraj Singh , skipper Mahendra Singh Dhoni , Yusuf Pathan and Suresh Raina completing the star - studded batting line - up . While the bowling attack was considered more suspect , three veterans in pacers Zaheer Khan and Ashish Nehra and offspinner Harbhajan Singh were joined by Munaf Patel , Piyush Chawla , Ravichandran Ashwin , and Shantakumaran Sreesanth . The 1996 World Cup format was used for the tournament , following widespread criticism , particularly from the BCCI , over the 2007 format . India were placed in Group B in the Group stage alongside co-hosts Bangladesh , South Africa , England , the West Indies and associates Holland and Ireland . India 's 2011 World Cup campaign started with an 87 - run win against Bangladesh at Dhaka . With centuries from Sehwag ( 175 from 140 balls , 14 fours , 5 sixes ) and Kohli ( 100 not out from 83 balls , 8 fours , 2 sixes ) India scored 4 / 370. Virat Kohli becomes first Indian to score century in worldcup debut match . Fast bowler Munaf ( 4 - 48 ) took 4 wickets during the Bangladesh reply , including that of opener Tamim Iqbal ( 70 from 86 balls , 3 fours , 1 six ) as Bangladesh scored 9 / 283 in 50 overs to fall short . India next played England at Bangalore , which was a thriller . On a batting - friendly track at the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , India chose to bat first . Tendulkar ( 120 from 115 balls , 10 fours , 5 sixes ) lashed his way through the English attack , ably supported by Gambhir ( 51 from 61 balls , 5 fours ) and Yuvraj ( 58 from 50 balls , 9 fours ) . After the 45th over , India were 305 / 3 and were looking to pass 350 during the batting Powerplay . Instead , English bowler Tim Bresnan ( 5 - 48 ) engineered a collapse with four quick wickets in 16 deliveries , as India slumped to a still - formidable total of 338 all out . England started their run chase by blasting 77 runs off the first 10 overs . Skipper Andrew Strauss ( 158 from 145 balls , 18 fours , 1 six ) decimated the Indian bowling attack with unparalleled ferocity , and was supported by Ian Bell ( 69 from 71 balls , 4 fours , 1 six ) . At 2 / 280 in the 43rd over , England was cruising to an extraordinary victory . However , Zaheer responded by taking the wickets of Strauss , Bell , and Paul Collingwood in 11 deliveries , as England were reduced to 289 / 6 . Tailenders Bresnan , Graeme Swann , and Ajmal Shahzad each hit massive sixes in the final few overs to regain some momentum , and Swann scored 13 runs off the final over to salvage a tie with India ( 338 / 8 in 50 overs ) . It was only the fourth tied match in World Cup history . In their third group match , India defeated minnows Ireland , again at Bangalore , by 5 wickets . After winning the toss and choosing to field , India 's bowling attack proved superior to the Irish batting lineup . Yuvraj ( 5 - 31 ) was the best bowler for India , taking five successive wickets -- including the top scorer for Ireland , William Porterfield ( 75 from 104 balls , 6 fours , 1 six ) . Ireland was eventually bowled for 207 all out . During their reply , India slumped to 100 / 4 , as the batting lineup struggled to cope with the tight and accurate Irish bowling . Once again however , Yuvraj ( 50 not out from 75 balls , 3 fours ) helped the Indian side with an unbeaten half - century , and guided India to a five - wicket victory . India followed this victory with a win over Holland at New Delhi . After choosing to bat first , Holland was restricted to 189 all out , with Zaheer ( 3 - 20 ) and Yuvraj ( 2 - 43 ) doing most of the damage . Despite Sehwag 's blistering start , India 's run - chase started out poorly , as they slumped to 4 / 99 . And , once again , it was Yuvraj ( 51 not out from 73 balls , 7 fours ) who guided India to victory in a crucial 5th - wicket stand with Dhoni ( 19 not out off 56 balls , 2 fours ) . India next played South Africa at Nagpur in what was one of the most anticipated matches of the tournament . India started well , riding on the power hitting of Sehwag ( 73 from 66 balls , 12 fours ) , as well as brilliant knocks from Tendulkar ( 111 from 101 balls , 8 fours , 3 sixes ) and Gambhir ( 69 from 75 balls , 7 fours ) . However , India , from a very strong position of 267 / 2 in the 40th over , lost their last 8 wickets for just 29 runs in a massive collapse , slumping to 296 all out , with South African fast bowler Dale Steyn ripping through the Indian batting line up , generating figures of 5 - 50 in his 9.4 overs . Hashim Amla ( 61 from 72 balls , 5 fours ) and Jacques Kallis ( 69 from 88 balls , 4 fours ) top - scored in reply , as South Africa chased down the total with only 3 wickets and 2 deliveries to spare . AB de Villiers ( 52 from 39 balls , 6 fours , 1 six ) scored a quick half - century to keep South Africa ahead of the required run rate . It was India 's first and only loss in their World Cup campaign . India 's final group match was against the West Indies at Chennai . India chose to bat first . Yuvraj ( 113 from 123 balls , 10 fours , 2 sixes ) and Kohli ( 59 from 76 balls , 5 fours ) batted well but received little support from the rest of the lineup , as India were all out for 268 . With Devon Smith ( 81 from 97 balls , 7 fours , 1 six ) leading the way , the West Indies reached 154 / 2 in the 30th over before losing their last 8 wickets for 34 runs due to Zaheer 's 3 - 26 , allowing India to coast to an 80 - run victory . With this victory , India reached the quarterfinals and finished second in Group B . In the quarterfinals , India faced defending champions Australia at Ahmedabad . Australia won the toss and chose to bat first . Captain Ricky Ponting ( 104 from 118 balls , 7 fours , 1 six ) and wicketkeeper Brad Haddin ( 53 from 62 balls , 6 fours , 1 six ) scored fluently , but Ashwin , Zaheer and Yuvraj took wickets at regular intervals to restrict Australia to 260 / 6 in 50 overs . Tendulkar ( 53 from 68 balls , 7 fours ) Gambhir ( 50 from 64 balls , 2 fours ) and Yuvraj ( 57 not out from 65 balls , 8 fours ) all scored half - centuries in reply , as India chased down the target with 5 wickets and 14 deliveries to spare . With this win , Australia 's title defence ended and India entered the semifinals . India played arch - rival Pakistan in the semifinals at Mohali . India won the toss and chose to bat first . Despite Sehwag 's customary fast start ( 38 from 25 balls , 9 fours ) , the Indian batsmen had trouble coping with the Pakistani bowling attack . Pakistani fast bowler Wahab Riaz ( 5 - 46 ) took a 5 - wicket haul for Pakistan and Tendulkar ( 85 from 115 balls , 11 fours ) top - scored for India despite being dropped four times in the field . With India slumping at 187 / 5 in the 37th over , Suresh Raina ( 36 not out from 39 balls , 3 fours ) shored up the tail as India reached 260 / 9 in 50 overs . All five Indian bowlers ( Zaheer , Munaf , Nehra , Harbhajan and Yuvraj ) took two wickets in the Pakistani reply , as Pakistan fell behind the run rate and were bowled all out for 231 with 1 delivery remaining . Misbah - ul - Haq ( 56 from 76 balls , 5 fours , 1 six ) top scored for Pakistan , but his slow start allowed the required run - rate to balloon beyond Pakistan 's reach . The win ensured that India maintained their all - win record over their arch - rivals in the World Cup and set up a final with Sri Lanka at the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai on 2 April 2011 . On a batting - friendly pitch , Sri Lanka won the toss and chose to bat first . Zaheer ( 2 - 60 ) , using the new ball , bowled three maiden overs and took the wicket of Upul Tharanga to leave Sri Lanka at 31 / 1 after 10 overs -- their lowest 10 - over score in the tournament . However , Mahela Jayawardene ( 103 not out from 88 balls , 13 fours ) rebuilt the Sri Lankan innings with a superb century , helped by captain Kumar Sangakkara ( 48 from 67 balls , 5 fours ) . Nuwan Kulasekara ( 32 from 30 balls , 1 four , 1 six ) and Thisara Perera ( 22 from 9 balls , 3 fours , 1 six ) plundered 91 runs from the last 10 overs , lifting Sri Lanka to a formidable total of 274 / 6 after 50 overs . India 's run chase began badly , as Sehwag and Tendulkar were bowled cheaply by Lasith Malinga ( 2 - 42 ) to leave India at 31 / 2 at the 7th over . However , Gambhir ( 97 from 122 balls , 9 fours ) rebuilt the Indian innings with an 83 - run partnership for the third wicket with Kohli ( 35 from 49 balls , 4 fours ) . After Kohli was caught and bowled to leave India at 114 / 3 , Gambhir and Dhoni ( 91 not out from 79 balls , 8 fours , 2 sixes ) scored 109 runs for the fourth wicket , in a vicious attack on the tiring Sri Lankan bowlers . After Gambhir was bowled by Perera , Yuvraj and Dhoni ensured that India would successfully chase Sri Lanka 's score , with Dhoni blasting a massive six off the final delivery . India won the match by six wickets . With the win , India secured their second World Cup , the first since 1983 . It was also the first time that the World Cup was won by the host nation in their own backyard ( Sri Lanka , though co-hosts of the 1996 World Cup , played the final at Lahore in Pakistan ) . Dhoni was named Man of the Match for his blistering innings of 91 . Apart from the win , there were other achievements for India in the tournament. Sachin played his sixth worldcup which is worldrecord . Sachin scored his sixth worldcup century which is world record. He also Tendulkar scored 482 runs , and was the second - highest run scorer in the tournament after Sri Lankan opener Tillakaratne Dilshan , who scored 500 runs . Zaheer took 21 wickets , and was the leading wicket - taker in the World Cup along with Pakistan 's Shahid Afridi . Yuvraj , who scored 362 runs and took 15 wickets , was named Man of the Tournament for his all - round performance . Yuvraj 's performance in particular was very significant as he played the tournament battling germ cell cancer . The Indian Squad that won the 2011 World Cup comprised Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( captain and wicketkeeper ) Virender Sehwag ( vice-captain ) Ashish Nehra Gautam Gambhir Harbhajan Singh Munaf Patel Piyush Chawla Ravichandran Ashwin Sachin Tendulkar Shanthakumaran Sreesanth Suresh Raina Virat Kohli Yusuf Pathan Yuvraj Singh Zaheer Khan India 's record : 7 - 1 and 1 tie ( Champions ) India at the 2015 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2015 Cricket World Cup As the defending champions , India went into the 2015 World Cup co-hosted by Australia and New Zealand with high expectations and were billed pre-tournament favourites . Unlike in 2007 and 2011 , this time India went into the World Cup on the back of poor results , with a mediocre Australian tour preceding the event . Despite this , it was expected that India would still do well in the World Cup due to their familiarity with the Australian conditions , having already spent more than 2 months there . The Indian team for the 2015 World Cup comprised only 4 members from the 2011 World Cup - winning squad , which included captain and wicketkeeper Mahendra Singh Dhoni , Virat Kohli , who was now the vice-captain of the side and one of the best batsmen in ODI cricket , Suresh Raina and Ravichandran Ashwin . For the first time since the 1987 World Cup , the Indian World Cup squad was without Sachin Tendulkar , who had retired from all forms of cricket in 2013 , while the other stars of the 2011 World Cup such as Virender Sehwag , Yuvraj Singh , Gautam Gambhir , Harbhajan Singh and Zaheer Khan were dropped due to poor form . Despite the absence of these key performers , the Indian World Cup squad was still a strong side , with a power - packed batting lineup comprising Kohli , Dhoni , Raina , destructive openers Rohit Sharma and Shikhar Dhawan and the stylish middle - order bat Ajinkya Rahane , and a strong bowling attack comprising pacers Mohammed Shami , Umesh Yadav , Mohit Sharma and Bhuvneshwar Kumar , supplemented by the spinners Ashwin and all - rounder Ravindra Jadeja . The 1996 World Cup format , which was also used in 2011 , was used for the last time in the World Cup , as the 2019 World Cup would see the return of the round - robin format last used in 1992 . In the Group Stage , India were placed in Group B with arch - rivals Pakistan , South Africa , the West Indies , minnows Zimbabwe and associates Ireland and the UAE . India 's 2015 World Cup campaign began with a highly anticipated match against Pakistan at Adelaide . Batting first , India lost Rohit ( 15 from 20 balls , 2 fours ) early , but a century from Kohli ( 107 from 126 balls , 8 fours ) along with half - centuries from Raina ( 74 from 56 balls , 5 fours and 3 sixes ) and Dhawan ( 73 from 76 balls , 7 fours and 1 six ) looked to steer India to a big total . However , excellent death bowling by the Pakistani bowlers , with fast bowler Sohail Khan ( 5 - 55 ) taking a 5 - wicket haul , restricted India to exactly 300 / 7 , with India losing 5 wickets for just 27 runs . Pakistan 's reply , however , had little effect . Barring captain Misbah - ul - Haq , who scored 76 , the Pakistani batting crumbled against the Indian pace attack , with Shami taking 4 / 35 , and crashed to 224 all out . India won the match by 76 runs , their biggest win against Pakistan in the World Cup by margin of runs , and as a result , once again maintained their all - win record over their arch - rivals in the World Cup . India next played South Africa at Melbourne , which was another highly anticipated match , in front of a packed crowd comprising mostly Indian supporters . Once again India batted first . Though India lost Rohit early for a duck , they recovered from the early setback thanks to a brilliant century from Dhawan ( 137 from 146 balls , 16 fours and 2 sixes ) and a classy half - century from Rahane ( 79 from 60 balls , 7 fours and 3 sixes ) . However , the lower middle - order then crumbled due to good death bowling from the South African pace attack , with India losing 5 wickets for just 31 runs to finish their innings at 307 / 7 . In the chase , despite losing the openers Hashim Amla and Quinton de Kock early , South Africa were going steady at 108 / 3 , with Faf du Plessis scoring a half - century . But the Indian bowlers led by Ashwin ( 3 / 41 ) then struck back as the Proteas lost their last 7 wickets for 69 runs to be bowled all out for 177 , India winning by 130 runs . It was the first time that India defeated South Africa in the World Cup , having lost to them in 3 previous Cup encounters in 1992 , 1999 and 2011 and was the heaviest defeat for South Africa in the Cricket World Cup . India ended their Australian leg of the Group stage with back - to - back victories against the UAE and the West Indies at Perth . Ashwin once again starred with the ball in the match against the UAE with his 4 / 25 as the minnows crashed to 102 all out , which was the lowest score ever registered by a team against India in the World Cup , following which an attacking half - century from Rohit ( 57 not out from 55 balls , 10 fours and 1 six ) ensured that India won the match by 9 wickets , a facile victory which was achieved even before the floodlights could be turned on at the WACA Ground . The match against the West Indies was a low - scoring thriller . Bowling first on a typical fast and bouncy Perth wicket , India restricted the West Indies to 182 all out , with Shami taking 3 / 35 . In reply , the Indian top - order were unable to successfully negotiate the West Indian fast bowling attack of Kemar Roach , Jerome Taylor and Andre Russell and were soon struggling at 107 / 5 , before Dhoni ( 45 not out from 56 balls , 3 fours and 1 six ) took India to victory by 4 wickets . The win against the Caribbeans ensured India 's passage into the quarterfinals . India travelled to New Zealand to play their remaining Group matches . Their first match in New Zealand in this World Cup was against Ireland at Hamilton . Batting first on a perfect batting track , the Irish captain William Porterfield and middle - order batsman Niall O'Brien gave a massive scare to India as they scored half - centuries to propel Ireland to a formidable 206 / 3 in the 39th over , with the probability of them achieving a 300 + score high . However , Shami ( 3 / 41 ) and Ashwin ( 2 / 38 ) then triggered a collapse , with the Irish losing their last 7 wickets for just 53 runs to collapse to 259 all out . In reply , India were untroubled by the Irish bowling , with a blistering century from Dhawan ( 100 from 85 balls , 11 fours and 5 sixes ) , his second in the tournament , along with a half - century from Rohit ( 64 from 66 balls , 3 fours and 3 sixes ) reducing the match to a no - contest as India scaled down the required target with 13 overs and 8 wickets to spare . India topped Group B with 1 match remaining due to the win . India 's last match in the Group stage was against Zimbabwe at Auckland , a dead rubber since India had already topped Group B and Zimbabwe were no longer in contention for the quarterfinals with just a single win in this World Cup until this match . However , the match proved to be a thriller . Bowling first , the Indian pace attack struck early to leave Zimbabwe tottering at 33 / 3 . But Zimbabwean skipper Brendan Taylor , who was playing his last match for Zimbabwe , scored a belligerent 138 , toying with the spinners . With the support of Sean Williams , who scored 50 , and then Craig Ervine , Taylor brought Zimbabwe to a solid position of 235 / 5 in the 42nd over after which he departed . A 300 + score was imminent at the time , but good death bowling from the Indian fast bowlers comprising Yadav ( 3 / 43 ) as well as Shami and Mohit , who both took identical figures of 3 / 48 , saw Zimbabwe lose their last 5 wickets for 52 runs to be bowled all out for 287 . India 's reply began shakily , with a 2 - wicket maiden over from Tinashe Panyangara accounting for both openers Rohit ( 16 from 21 balls , 2 fours ) and Dhawan ( 4 from 20 balls , 1 four ) early in the innings . Due to good bowling and fielding from the Zimbabweans , the defending champions were soon struggling at 92 / 4 in the 23rd over and an upset win by Zimbabwe seemed likely . But Raina ( 110 not out from 104 balls , 9 fours and 4 sixes ) scored a breathtaking century under pressure . Though he began his innings scratchily , struggling against the short ball , he soon developed confidence and hammered the Zimbabwean bowling with the support of Dhoni ( 85 not out from 76 balls , 8 fours and 2 sixes ) , who secured yet another victory in the World Cup for India in his trademark style by hitting a sixer with just 6 runs to win in the 49th over . India finished the Group stage with an all - win record . India returned to Australia to play the knockout matches . In the quarterfinals , India played Bangladesh at Melbourne , which they won comfortably by 109 runs . India , batting first , scored 302 / 6 , thanks to an attacking century from Rohit ( 137 from 126 balls , 14 fours and 3 sixes ) , who dominated the Bangladeshi bowling with support from Raina ( 65 from 57 balls , 7 fours and 1 six ) . The duo shared a partnership of 122 runs for the 4th wicket . Then the Indian pacers , led by Yadav ( 4 / 31 ) and Shami ( 2 / 37 ) , never allowed the Bangladeshi batsmen to settle down as they were bowled all out for 193 . The match became controversial due to an erroneous umpiring decision involving Rohit . During the 40th over , Rohit , who was batting on 90 , pulled a full toss bowled by Bangladeshi bowler Rubel Hossain and was caught at square - leg . However , the umpire Aleem Dar thought that the ball was above waist height and declared it a no - ball , meaning that Rohit was not out . Replays showed that the ball was waist height , and therefore a legal delivery . This decision led to an uproar in Bangladesh , with irate Bangladeshi fans burning effigies of Dar in protest . Even the ICC President Mustafa Kamal , who hails from Bangladesh , and the Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina opposed the controversial decision . Nevertheless , this incident did not remove the shine from India 's clinical victory , which brought them to the semifinals , where they played co-hosts Australia at Sydney . India lost the toss and were made to bowl first on a perfect batting pitch . Australia recovered from the early loss of opener David Warner due to a brilliant century from vice-captain Steve Smith . Supported by a half - century from opener Aaron Finch , the duo put on 182 runs for the 2nd wicket . However , after that the Australian innings wobbled due to good bowling from Yadav ( 4 / 72 ) , who achieved a second consecutive 4 - wicket haul and provided the important breakthroughs , but due to a late blitz by fast bowler Mitchell Johnson , who scored 27 not out from just 14 balls , the Australians finished their innings at 328 / 7 . A score of 329 , though a huge one , was considered gettable taking into account the strength of the Indian batting lineup . The Indians started the chase well with an opening stand of 76 between Rohit ( 34 from 48 balls , 1 four and 2 sixes ) and Dhawan ( 45 from 41 balls , 6 fours and 1 six ) . But following the dismissal of Dhawan , the rest of the Indian batsmen succumbed to a combined effort from the Australian pace attack . A slow 70 run stand between Rahane ( 44 from 68 balls , 2 fours ) and Dhoni ( 65 from 65 balls , 3 fours and 2 sixes ) for the 5th wicket only delayed the inevitable as India crashed to 233 all out in the 47th over , losing the match by 95 runs and ending their title defence . It was the second time since 1987 that India failed to defend their World Cup title . Although India could not successfully defend their World Cup title , several positives emerged from the tournament from an Indian point of view . For the first time ever in a Cricket World Cup , India finished the Group stage unbeaten , with their only loss in the tournament coming against the eventual champions Australia in the semifinal . They achieved 11 consecutive World Cup match victories starting from 2011 during the tournament , which is just below the Cup record of 25 wins in a row , held by Australia . Barring the semifinal , the Indian team bowled out the opposition in every match , a remarkable feat for a bowling attack traditionally considered to be weaker than the batting . With 412 runs from 8 matches including 2 centuries , opener Dhawan was the fifth highest run scorer of the tournament , while the fast bowlers Yadav and Shami bagged the third and fourth spots respectively among the tournament 's leading bowlers with 18 and 17 wickets respectively . Skipper and wicketkeeper Dhoni effected 15 dismissals in the Cup , coming second among the leading wicketkeepers in the tournament . The Indian Squad that made the semifinals of the 2015 World Cup comprised Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( captain and wicketkeeper ) Virat Kohli ( vice-captain ) Ajinkya Rahane Ambati Rayudu ( reserve wicketkeeper ) Axar Patel Bhuvneshwar Kumar Mohammed Shami Mohit Sharma Ravichandran Ashwin Ravindra Jadeja Rohit Sharma Shikhar Dhawan Stuart Binny Suresh Raina Umesh Yadav India 's record : 7 - 1 ( Semifinalists ) Australia 's record : 8 - 1 ( Champions ) Team records ( edit ) Highest innings totals ( edit ) Score Teams Venue Season 413 -- 5 ( 50 overs ) v Bermuda Port of Spain 2007 373 -- 6 ( 50 overs ) v Sri Lanka Taunton 1999 370 -- 2 ( 50 overs ) v Kenya Bristol 1999 370 -- 4 ( 50 overs ) † v Bangladesh Dhaka 2011 338 ( 49.5 overs ) † v England Bangalore 2011 Lowest completed innings ( edit ) Score Teams Venue Season 125 ( 41.4 overs ) v Australia Centurion 2003 158 ( 37.5 overs ) v Australia Nottingham 182 ( 55.5 overs ) † v New Zealand Leeds 1979 183 ( 54.4 overs ) † v West Indies Lord 's 185 ( 43.3 overs ) v Sri Lanka Port of Spain 2007 Best innings figures ( edit ) Bowling figures Player Match Venue Date 6 -- 23 ( 10 overs ) Ashish Nehra v England Durban 2003 5 -- 27 ( 9.3 overs ) Venkatesh Prasad v Pakistan Manchester 1999 5 -- 31 ( 9.3 overs ) Robin Singh v Sri Lanka Taunton 1999 5 -- 31 ( 10 overs ) Yuvraj Singh v Ireland Bangalore 2011 5 -- 43 ( 12 overs ) Kapil Dev v Australia Nottingham Last updated : 3 February 2015 Highest partnerships ( edit ) Runs Players Opposition Venue Season 318 ( 2nd wicket ) Sourav Ganguly ( 183 ) & Rahul Dravid ( 145 ) v Sri Lanka Taunton 1999 244 ( 2nd wicket ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 152 ) & Sourav Ganguly ( 111 ) v Namibia Pietermaritzburg 2003 237 * ( 3rd wicket ) Rahul Dravid ( 104 * ) & Sachin Tendulkar ( 140 * ) v Kenya Bristol 1999 203 ( 3rd wicket ) Virender Sehwag ( 175 ) & Virat Kohli ( 100 ) v Bangladesh Dhaka 2011 202 ( 2nd wicket ) Sourav Ganguly & Virender Sehwag ( 115 ) v Bermuda Port of Spain 2007 Last updated : 24 February 2015 Highest partnership for each wicket ( edit ) Wicket Runs Players Opposition Venue Season 1st 172 Rohit Sharma ( 64 ) & Shikhar Dhawan ( 100 ) v Ireland Hamilton 2015 2nd 318 Sourav Ganguly ( 183 ) & Rahul Dravid ( 145 ) v Sri Lanka Taunton 1999 3rd 237 * Rahul Dravid ( 104 * ) & Sachin Tendulkar ( 140 * ) v Kenya Bristol 1999 4th 142 Navjot Singh Sidhu ( 80 ) & Vinod Kambli ( 106 ) v Zimbabwe Kanpur 5th 196 * Suresh Raina ( 110 * ) & Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( 85 * ) v Zimbabwe Auckland 2015 6th 74 * Suresh Raina & Yuvraj Singh v Australia Ahmedabad 2011 7th 58 Kapil Dev ( 175 * ) & Madan Lal ( 17 ) v Zimbabwe Tunbridge Wells 8th 82 * Kapil Dev & Kiran More v New Zealand Bangalore 9th 126 * Kapil Dev ( 175 * ) & Syed Kirmani ( 24 * ) v Zimbabwe Tunbridge Wells 10th 32 Zaheer Khan & Munaf Patel v Bangladesh Port of Spain 2007 Last updated : 12 March 2015 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` India vs Australia , 2nd Quarter - Final ICC World Cup 2011 '' . Cricket Archives . Jump up ^ `` India vs Pakistan , 2nd Semi-Final ICC World Cup 2011 '' . Cricket Archives . Jump up ^ `` India vs Sri Lanka , Final ICC World Cup 2011 '' . Cricket Archives . Jump up ^ India power past Sri Lanka to Cricket World Cup triumph Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` 2011 ICC World Cup Batting Statistics '' . Cricket Archives . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 ICC World Cup Bowling Statistics '' . Cricket Archives . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Yuvraj Singh Named Man of the Tournament '' . Cricket Archives . Jump up ^ `` India vs Pakistan , group stage match ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 '' . Cricket Archives . Jump up ^ `` India vs South Africa , group stage match ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 '' . Cricket Archives . Jump up ^ `` India vs UAE , group stage match ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 '' . Cricket Archives . Jump up ^ `` India vs West Indies , group stage match ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 '' . Cricket Archives . Jump up ^ Ashwin , Dhawan make it nine in a row Jump up ^ Raina , Dhoni ensure clean slate Jump up ^ Responsible Rohit sees off Bangladesh threat Jump up ^ Smith ton sets up trans - Tasman finale Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Bowling records -- Best figures in an innings '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Partnership records -- Highest partnerships for any wicket '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Partnership records -- Highest partnerships by wicket '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to India national cricket team matches in the World Cup . Team India at Cricket World Cup and World T20 ( hide ) Countries at the Cricket World Cup Team appearances Asia Afghanistan Bangladesh India Pakistan Sri Lanka United Arab Emirates Africa East Africa Kenya Namibia South Africa Zimbabwe America Bermuda Canada West Indies East Asia - Pacific Australia New Zealand Europe England Ireland Netherlands Scotland Full Member Test playing Countries Associate Member Countries Country no longer exists Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_at_the_Cricket_World_Cup&oldid=824352998 '' Categories : India in international cricket History of the Cricket World Cup Indian cricket lists Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 21 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did india last win the cricket world cup	[ "The Indian cricket team are two times World Champions. In addition to winning the 1983 Cricket World Cup, they triumphed over Sri Lanka in the 2011 Cricket World Cup on home soil. They were also runners-up at the 2003 Cricket World Cup, and semifinalists thrice (1987, 1996 and 2015). They came last in the Super Six stage in the 1999 Cricket World Cup and have been knocked out 4 times in the Group stage (1975, 1979, 1992 and 2007). India's historical win-loss record at the cricket world cup is 46-27, with 1 match being tied and another one being abandoned due to rain." ]	[ "2011" ]
-7698368930729758754	The San Francisco Examiner	The San Francisco Examiner - wikipedia The San Francisco Examiner Jump to : navigation , search The San Francisco Examiner Type Daily newspaper Format Tabloid Owner ( s ) San Francisco Media Company LLC , Oahu Publications Inc. , Black Press Group Ltd . Publisher Jay Curran Editor Gregory D. Andersen Founded 1863 , as Democratic Press 1865 as The Daily Examiner Headquarters 835 Market St. , Suite 550 San Francisco , California 94103 Circulation 65,000 M / T / W / F 155,011 Thursday 255,002 Sunday Website www.sfexaminer.com The San Francisco Examiner is a longtime daily newspaper distributed in and around San Francisco , California . The paper has been published continuously since 1863 . The Examiner The longtime `` Monarch of the Dailies '' and flagship of the Hearst Corporation chain , the Examiner converted to free distribution early in the 21st century and is owned by the San Francisco Media Company LLC . The San Francisco Examiner was sold to Black Press Group , a Canadian media publisher , in 2011 . As of 2014 , The San Francisco Media Company LLC is held under , Oahu Publications Inc. , a subsidiary of Black Press Group Ltd . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Founding 1.1. 1 Hearst acquisition 1.2 20th century 1.3 21st century 1.3. 1 Fang acquisition 1.3. 2 Anschutz acquisition 1.3. 3 Independent ownership 2 Editions 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Founding ( edit ) The Examiner was founded in 1863 as the Democratic Press , a pro-Confederacy , pro-slavery , pro-Democratic Party paper opposed to Abraham Lincoln , but after his assassination in 1865 , the paper 's offices were destroyed by a mob , and starting on June 12 , 1865 , it was called the Daily Examiner . Hearst acquisition ( edit ) In 1880 , mining engineer , entrepreneur and US Senator George Hearst bought the Examiner . Seven years later , after being elected to the U.S. Senate , he gave it to his son , William Randolph Hearst , who was then 23 years old . The elder Hearst `` was said to have received the failing paper as partial payment of a poker debt . '' William Randolph Hearst hired S.S. ( Sam ) Chamberlain , who had started the first American newspaper in Paris , as managing editor and Arthur McEwen as editor , and changed the Examiner from an evening to a morning paper . Under him , the paper 's popularity increased greatly , with the help of such writers as Ambrose Bierce , Mark Twain , and the San Francisco - born Jack London , and also through the Examiner 's version of yellow journalism , with ample use of foreign correspondents and splashy coverage of scandals such as two entire pages of cables from Vienna about the Mayerling Incident ; satire ; and patriotic enthusiasm for the Spanish -- American War and the 1898 annexation of the Philippines . 20th century ( edit ) San Francisco Examiner front page , Friday , February 27 , 1942 William Randolph Hearst created the masthead with the `` Hearst Eagle '' and the slogan Monarch of the Dailies . Hearst Building , San Francisco After the great earthquake and fire of 1906 destroyed much of San Francisco , the Examiner and its rivals -- the San Francisco Chronicle and the San Francisco Call -- brought out a joint edition . The Examiner offices were destroyed on April 18 , 1906 , but when the city was rebuilt , a new structure , the Hearst Building , arose in its place at Third and Market streets . It opened in 1909 , and in 1937 the facade , entranceway and lobby underwent an extensive remodeling designed by architect Julia Morgan . Through the middle third of the twentieth century , the Examiner was one of several dailies competing for the city 's and the Bay Area 's readership ; the San Francisco News , the San Francisco Call - Bulletin , and the Chronicle all claimed significant circulation , but ultimately attrition left the Examiner one chief rival -- the Chronicle . Strident competition prevailed between the two papers in the 1950s and 1960s ; the Examiner boasted , among other writers , such columnists as veteran sportswriter Prescott Sullivan , the popular Herb Caen , who took an eight - year hiatus from the Chronicle ( 1950 -- 1958 ) , and Kenneth Rexroth , one of the best - known men of California letters and a leading San Francisco Renaissance poet , who contributed weekly impressions of the city from 1960 to 1967 . Ultimately , circulation battles ended in a merging of resources between the two papers . For 35 years starting in 1965 , the San Francisco Chronicle and Examiner operated under a Joint Operating Agreement whereby the Chronicle published a morning paper and the Examiner published in the afternoon . The Examiner published the Sunday paper 's news sections and glossy magazine , and the Chronicle contributed the features . Circulation was approximately 100,000 on weekdays and 500,000 on Sundays . By 1995 , discussion was already brewing in print media about the possible shuttering of the Examiner due to low circulation and an extremely disadvantageous revenue sharing agreement for the Chronicle . In its stylebook and by tradition , the Examiner refers to San Francisco as `` The City '' ( capitalized ) , both in headlines and text of stories . San Francisco slang has traditionally referred to the newspaper in abbreviated slang form as `` the Ex '' ( and the Chronicle as `` the Chron '' ) . 21st century ( edit ) Fang acquisition ( edit ) Ted Fang When the Chronicle Publishing Company divested its interests , the Hearst Corporation purchased the Chronicle . To satisfy antitrust concerns , Hearst sold the Examiner to ExIn , LLC , a corporation owned by the politically connected Fang family , publishers of the San Francisco Independent and the San Mateo Independent . San Francisco political consultant Clint Reilly filed a lawsuit against Hearst , charging that the deal did not ensure two competitive newspapers and was instead a generous deal designed to curry approval . However , on July 27 , 2000 a federal judge approved the Fangs ' assumption of the Examiner name , its archives , 35 delivery trucks , and a subsidy of $66 million , to be paid over three years . From their side , the Fangs paid Hearst US $100 for the Examiner . On February 24 , 2003 , the Examiner became a free daily newspaper , printed Sunday through Friday . Anschutz acquisition ( edit ) On February 19 , 2004 , the Fang family sold the Examiner and its printing plant , together with the two Independent newspapers , to Philip Anschutz of Denver , Colorado . His new company , Clarity Media Group , launched The Washington Examiner in 2005 and published The Baltimore Examiner from 2006 to 2009 . In 2006 , Anschutz donated the archives of the Examiner to the University of California , Berkeley Bancroft Library , the largest gift ever to the library . Under Clarity ownership , the Examiner pioneered a new business model for the newspaper industry . Designed to be read quickly , the Examiner is presented in a compact , tabloid size without story jumps . It focuses on local news , business , entertainment and sports with an emphasis on content relevant to local readers . It is delivered free to select neighborhoods in San Francisco and San Mateo counties , and to single - copy outlets throughout San Francisco , San Mateo , Santa Clara , and Alameda counties , California . By February 2008 , the company had transformed the newspaper 's examiner.com domain into a national hyperlocal brand with local websites throughout the United States . Independent ownership ( edit ) Clarity Media sold the Examiner to San Francisco Newspaper Company LLC in 2011 . The company 's investors included then - President and Publisher Todd Vogt , Chief Financial Officer Pat Brown , and David Holmes Black . Early , incorrect media reports stated that the paper was purchased by Black 's company Black Press . In 2014 , Vogt sold his shares to Black Press . Present - day owners of the Examiner also own SF Weekly , an alternative weekly , and previously owned the now - shuttered San Francisco Bay Guardian . Examiner columnist Stuart Schuffman , also known as Broke - ass Stuart , was a candidate for Mayor of San Francisco in The City 's 2015 mayoral election . Editions ( edit ) In the early 20th century , an edition of the Examiner circulated in the East Bay under the Oakland Examiner masthead . Into the late 20th century , the paper circulated well beyond San Francisco . In 1982 , for example , the Examiner 's zoned weekly supplements within the paper were titled `` City , `` Peninsula , '' `` Marin / Sonoma '' and `` East Bay . '' Additionally , during the late 20th Century , an edition of the Examiner was made available in Nevada which , coming out in the morning rather than in the afternoon as the mothership San Francisco edition did , would feature news content from the San Francisco edition of the day before ~ For instance , Tuesday 's news in the Nevada edition that came out on Wednesday ~ but with dated non-hard news content ~ comic strips , feature columnists ~ for Wednesday . See also ( edit ) San Francisco Bay Area portal Journalism portal San Francisco Chronicle The Washington Examiner C.H. Garrigues , jazz columnist Herb Caen , columnist , 1950 -- 58 Ernest Thayer , humor columnist , 1886 -- 88 San Francisco newspaper strike of 1994 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Examiner Media Kit '' ( PDF ) . The San Francisco Examiner ( Press release ) . 2015 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Temple , James ( 2011 - 11 - 12 ) . `` SF Examiner to be sold to Black Press Group '' . The SF Chronicle . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , Joe ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Todd Vogt , San Francisco Print Media Company President , Likely to Sell SF Weekly , Bay Guardian , Examiner '' . The SF Weekly . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Dudnick , Laura ( 2014 - 07 - 02 ) . `` New publisher named for San Francisco Media Co '' . SF Examiner . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Hart , James David ( 1978 ) . A Companion to California . New York : Oxford . p. 441 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` How Old Is The Examiner ? '' . pjsf.typepad.com . ^ Jump up to : San Francisco : The Bay and its Cities . New York : Hastings House . WPA Federal Writers ' Project . 1940 . p. 153 . OCLC 504264488 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` William Randolph Hearst , Journalist , Dies at 85 '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . May 15 , 1993 . Jump up ^ `` William Randolph Hearst , 1863 - 1951 '' . zpub.com . Jump up ^ 1906 quake FAQ , Chinatown Historical Society Jump up ^ Images of the Hearst Building , San Francisco , California , by Julia Morgan Jump up ^ Mandel , Bill ( March 1 , 1995 ) . `` The Case For One Daily '' . SF Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Bryer , Amy ( February 19 , 2004 ) . `` Anschutz buys San Francisco newspapers '' . Denver Business Journal . Jump up ^ Seyfer , Jessie ( July 27 , 2000 ) . `` Judge clears way for Hearst to buy San Francisco Chronicle '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . Associated Press -- via starbulletin.com . Jump up ^ Maclay , Kathleen ( April 4 , 2006 ) . `` Bancroft Library receives vast archives of San Francisco Examiner '' . Berkeley.edu ( Press release ) . University of California , Berkeley . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Lori ( April -- May 2007 ) . `` Home Free '' . American Journalism Review . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Harden , Mark ( February 27 , 2008 ) . `` Anschutz 's Clarity Media names online chief , recruits new editors '' . Denver Business Journal . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 -- via Bizjournals.com . Jump up ^ Torres , Blanca ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` San Francisco Examiner Sold to Black Press Group '' . San Francisco Business Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 -- via Bizjournals.com . Jump up ^ Dudnick , Laura ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` New publisher named for San Francisco Media Co '' . The San Francisco Examiner . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , Joe ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Todd Vogt , San Francisco Print Media Company President , Likely to Sell SF Weekly , Bay Guardian , Examiner '' . SF Weekly . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Dudnick , Laura ( 2014 - 07 - 02 ) . `` New publisher named for San Francisco Media Co '' . The San Francisco Examiner . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 15 . External links ( edit ) San Francisco Examiner website Guide to the Fang Family San Francisco Examiner photograph archive , circa 1930 - 2000 , at The Bancroft Library ( hide ) Black Press Ltd . Canadian newspapers Alberni Valley Times Cranbrook Daily Townsman Kimberley Daily Bulletin Nanaimo Daily News Red Deer Advocate Trail Daily Times Black Press weekly newspapers United States newspapers Akron Beacon Journal The Daily World The Garden Island Hawaii Tribune - Herald The Herald Honolulu Star - Advertiser Peninsula Daily News The San Francisco Examiner SF Weekly West Hawaii Today Sound Publishing Inc. weekly newspapers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_San_Francisco_Examiner&oldid=806245325 '' Categories : The San Francisco Examiner Newspapers published in the San Francisco Bay Area Free daily newspapers Companies based in San Francisco History of San Francisco Publications established in 1863 1863 establishments in California Anschutz Corporation Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Français 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 18 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who made the san francisco evening examiner a sensational paper	[]	[]
8090680121043135306	Baby Did a Bad Bad Thing	Baby did a Bad Bad Thing - wikipedia Baby did a Bad Bad Thing Jump to : navigation , search `` Baby Did a Bad Bad Thing '' Single by Chris Isaak from the album Forever Blue Released 1996 ( original single ) 1999 ( remix ) Genre Rock'n'roll , rockabilly Length 2 : 55 Label Warner Bros. Records Songwriter ( s ) Chris Isaak Producer ( s ) Erik Jacobsen Chris Isaak singles chronology `` Go Walking Down There '' ( 1995 ) `` Baby Did a Bad Bad Thing '' ( 1996 ) `` Think of Tomorrow '' ( 1996 ) `` Go Walking Down There '' ( 1995 ) `` Baby Did a Bad Bad Thing '' ( 1996 ) `` Think of Tomorrow '' ( 1996 ) `` Baby Did a Bad Bad Thing '' is a song by American rock and roll artist Chris Isaak , released as the first track to the 1995 album Forever Blue . Filled with sensuality and erotic imagery , the song was described by Isaak as a declaration to `` somebody who is so evil and twisted and bad , and yet , you still want them '' . The title evokes how `` That 's a bad bad thing '' is used by both parents scolding misbehaving children and adults during sexual intercourse . Similar to how Isaak 's `` Wicked Game '' only became a success following its inclusion in Wild at Heart ( 1990 ) , the song got most of its mainstream recognition after being featured in the 1999 Stanley Kubrick film Eyes Wide Shut , starring Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman . Kubrick heard the song as Kidman listened to Isaak 's music to liven up during rehearsals . Isaak was asked for his approval as he prepared to perform on The Tonight Show , and immediately agreed once he was told it was for Kubrick , who Isaak declared `` has n't done a film I did n't like '' . The singer said he always considered `` Baby Did a Bad Bad Thing '' ripe for soundtracks due to being `` kind of a strange piece of work , with a really driving beat and a manic energy that I thought would probably work well for some visuals '' . David Kahne remixed the track for the Eyes Wide Shut trailers and television spots , and the redone version was released as a radio single on June 22 , 1999 . Isaak has approved of the remix , feeling it was `` more rocking and everything sounds louder '' . It peaked at # 9 in September 1999 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart , although it was only # 27 when it was originally released in 1996 . In the United States , the 1999 reissue reached 29 on the Billboard Adult Top 40 chart . The song was also used at the beginning of the Cold Case episode `` Dog Day Afternoons '' , as well as the end of the CSI : Miami episode `` Curse Of The Coffin '' . It was also used in the trailer for the film Sorority Row . Music video ( edit ) The music video of the song was commissioned after its inclusion on Eyes Wide Shut , and directed by Herb Ritts , who also did the video for Isaak 's `` Wicked Game '' . It features French model Laetitia Casta videotaped in a motel room gyrating sexually being watched by Isaak . Casta was dressed in lingerie and wore a black wig throughout the video . In July 1999 , VH1 aired two versions of the music video , the censored version was played before 9 p.m. and the uncensored version was played after 9 p.m. The video was initially regarded as too steamy by the network . The video was ranked # 28 on VH1 's 50 Sexiest Video Moments . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Bad Bad Thing ' Is Good Indeed for Isaak '' . The Los Angeles Times . 1999 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Isaak Track Fuels Interest In Warner / Reprise Soundtrack Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Australian-charts.com Retrieved June 27 , 2009 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Chris Isaak Studio albums Silvertone Chris Isaak Heart Shaped World San Francisco Days Forever Blue Baja Sessions Speak of the Devil Always Got Tonight Christmas Mr. Lucky Beyond the Sun First Comes the Night Singles `` Heart Full of Soul '' `` Wicked Game '' `` Solitary Man '' `` Somebody 's Crying '' `` Baby Did a Bad Bad Thing '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' ( with Stevie Nicks ) `` I Want You to Want Me '' Compilation / Live albums Wicked Game 3 for One Best of Chris Isaak Live in Australia Live at the Fillmore Filmography Married to the Mob The Silence of the Lambs Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me Little Buddha Grace of My Heart That Thing You Do ! A Dirty Shame The Informers Television The Chris Isaak Show The Chris Isaak Hour Discography Chris Isaak discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baby_Did_a_Bad_Bad_Thing&oldid=721280782 '' Categories : 1996 songs Chris Isaak songs Music videos directed by Herb Ritts Song recordings produced by Erik Jacobsen Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Español Italiano Polski Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2016 , at 19 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang baby did a bad bad thing	[ "\"Baby Did a Bad Bad Thing\" is a song by American rock and roll artist Chris Isaak, released as the first track to the 1995 album Forever Blue. Filled with sensuality and erotic imagery, the song was described by Isaak as a declaration to \"somebody who is so evil and twisted and bad, and yet, you still want them”. The title evokes how \"That’s a bad bad thing\" is used by both parents scolding misbehaving children and adults during sexual intercourse.[1]" ]	[ "Chris Isaak" ]
4925674301702021919	2018 Big 12 Men's Basketball Tournament	2018 Big 12 Men 's Basketball tournament - wikipedia 2018 Big 12 Men 's Basketball tournament Jump to : navigation , search 2018 Big 12 Men 's Basketball Tournament Big 12 logo Classification Division I Season 2017 -- 18 Teams 10 Site Sprint Center Kansas City , Missouri Champions Kansas Jayhawks ( 11th title ) Winning coach Bill Self ( 8th title ) MVP Malik Newman ( Kansas ) Attendance 89,249 Television ESPN , ESPN2 , ESPNU Big 12 Men 's Basketball Tournaments ← 2017 2019 → 2017 -- 18 Big 12 men 's basketball standings Conf Overall Team PCT PCT No. 4 Kansas † 13 -- 5 . 722 31 -- 8 . 795 No. 14 Texas Tech 11 -- 7 . 611 27 -- 10 . 730 No. 15 West Virginia 11 -- 7 . 611 26 -- 11 . 703 Kansas State 10 -- 8 . 556 25 -- 12 . 676 TCU 9 -- 9 . 500 21 -- 12 . 636 Oklahoma State 8 -- 10 . 444 21 -- 15 . 583 Texas 8 -- 10 . 444 19 -- 15 . 559 Oklahoma 8 -- 10 . 444 18 -- 14 . 563 Baylor 8 -- 10 . 444 19 -- 15 . 559 Iowa State -- 14 . 222 13 -- 18 . 419 † 2018 Big 12 Tournament winner Rankings from AP Poll The 2018 Phillips 66 Big 12 Men 's Basketball Tournament was a postseason men 's basketball tournament for the Big 12 Conference . It was played from March 7 to 10 , in Kansas City , Missouri at the Sprint Center . Kansas defeated West Virginia in the championship game to win the tournament and receive the conference 's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seeds 2 Schedule 3 Bracket 4 References Seeds ( edit ) All 10 conference teams participated in the tournament . The top six teams earned a first round bye. Teams were seeded by record within the conference , with a tiebreaker system to seed teams with identical conference records . These are the tiebreakers ( 5 - 8 involve both ties with two teams and ties with multiple teams ) : If two teams have an identical conference record , then the team with the better head - to - head record gets the higher seed If a tie ca n't be broken by the tiebreaker above , then the team with the better record against the 1 seed gets the higher seed If those record are the same , then the team with the better road record against the top seed gets the higher seed If multiple teams are tied , and you ca n't use the 1st tiebreaker , then the team with the better head to head record against the other tied teams gets the higher seed . If tiebreaker number 4 ca n't break the tie between multiple teams , then the team with the better record against the 1 seed gets the higher seed If those records are the same , the team with the better road record gets the higher seed If those records are the same , the team with the better road record against the top seed gets the higher seed If those records are the same , a public draw will be held to determine the top seed Seed School Conf Tiebreaker Kansas 13 -- 5 Texas Tech 11 -- 7 1 -- 1 vs WVU , 1 -- 1 vs Kansas West Virginia 11 -- 7 1 -- 1 vs TTU , 0 -- 2 vs Kansas Kansas State 10 -- 8 5 TCU 9 -- 9 6 Baylor 8 -- 10 5 -- 1 vs Okla / Okla St / Texas 7 Texas 8 -- 10 3 -- 3 vs Baylor / Okla / Okla St 8 Oklahoma State 8 -- 10 2 -- 4 vs Baylor / Okla / Texas , 2 -- 0 vs KU 9 Oklahoma 8 -- 10 2 -- 4 vs Baylor / Okla St / Texas , 1 -- 1 vs KU 10 Iowa State 4 -- 14 Schedule ( edit ) Game Time Matchup Score Television Attendance First round -- Wednesday , March 7 6 : 00 pm No. 8 Oklahoma State vs No. 9 Oklahoma 71 -- 60 ESPNU 17,752 8 : 00 pm No. 7 Texas vs No. 10 Iowa State 68 -- 64 Quarterfinals -- Thursday , March 8 11 : 30 am No. 4 Kansas State vs No. 5 TCU 66 -- 64 ESPN2 17,903 1 : 30 pm No. 1 Kansas vs No. 8 Oklahoma State 82 -- 68 5 6 : 00 pm No. 2 Texas Tech vs No. 7 Texas 73 -- 69 17,653 6 8 : 00 pm No. 3 West Virginia vs No. 6 Baylor 78 -- 65 Semifinals -- Friday , March 9 7 6 : 00 pm No. 1 Kansas vs. No. 4 Kansas State 83 -- 67 ESPN 18,223 8 8 : 00 pm No. 2 Texas Tech vs. No. 3 West Virginia 63 -- 66 ESPN2 Championship -- Saturday , March 10 9 5 : 00 pm No. 1 Kansas vs. No. 3 West Virginia 81 -- 70 ESPN 17,718 Game times in CST . Rankings denote tournament seed . Bracket ( edit ) First round Wednesday , March 7 ESPNU Quarterfinals Thursday , March 8 ESPN2 Semifinals Friday , March 9 ESPN2 Championship Saturday , March 10 ESPN Kansas 82 8 Oklahoma State 68 8 Oklahoma State 71 9 Oklahoma 60 Kansas 83 Kansas State 67 Kansas State 66 * 5 TCU 64 Kansas 81 West Virginia 70 Texas Tech 73 7 Texas 69 7 Texas 68 10 Iowa State 64 Texas Tech 63 West Virginia 66 West Virginia 78 6 Baylor 65 * Indicates overtime game References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Big 12 Men 's Basketball Championship '' . SprintCenter.com . Jump up ^ http://image.cdnllnwnl.xosnetwork.com/attachments1/files/10410/635065.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=10410 Big 12 Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament 2017 2018 Broadcasters 2018 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournaments Conference ACC America East American Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MEAC Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland Summit Sun Belt SWAC WAC West Coast Postseason NCAA NIT CBI CIT Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Big_12_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=832925880 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 Big 12 Conference men 's basketball season Big 12 Men 's Basketball Tournament Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 18 : 31 . About Wikipedia	when does the big 12 men's tournament start	[ "The 2018 Phillips 66 Big 12 Men's Basketball Tournament was a postseason men's basketball tournament for the Big 12 Conference. It was played from March 7 to 10, in Kansas City, Missouri at the Sprint Center.[1] Kansas defeated West Virginia in the championship game to win the tournament and receive the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament." ]	[ "March 7 to 10" ]
-5578667610256178441	History of the ambulance	History of the ambulance - wikipedia History of the ambulance Jump to : navigation , search Ford 1916 Model T Field Ambulance . This canvas on wood frame model was used extensively by the British & French as well as the American Expeditionary Force in World War I. Its top speed was 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) , produced by a 4 - cylinder water - cooled engine . The history of the ambulance begins in ancient times , with the use of carts to transport patients . Ambulances were first used for emergency transport in 1487 by the Spanish forces during the siege of Málaga by the Catholic Monarchs against the Emirate of Granada , and civilian variants were put into operation in the 1830s . Advances in technology throughout the 19th and 20th centuries led to the modern self - powered ambulances . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early patient transport 2 Early battlefield treatment 3 Development of civilian services 4 Advances during the American Civil War 5 Hospital - based services begin 6 Dedicated services begin 7 Mass transit use for emergency medical provision 8 Introduction of motor units 9 World War I 10 Air ambulances 11 World War II 12 The Korean War 13 Move to on - scene care 14 Modern vehicles 15 See also 16 References 17 External links Early patient transport ( edit ) An FDNY ambulance in 1949 There is evidence of forced transport of those with psychiatric problems or leprosy in ancient times . The earliest record of such an ambulance was probably a hammock - based cart constructed around 900 AD by the Anglo - Saxons . During the Crusades of the 11th century , the Knights Hospitaller set up hospitals to treat pilgrims wounded in their battles in the ' holy land ' , although there is no clear evidence to suggest how the wounded made their way to these hospitals . The Normans used a litter suspended between horses on two poles . Variations on the horse litter and horse - drawn wagons were used until the 20th century . Early battlefield treatment ( edit ) The first record of ambulances being used for emergency purposes was the use by Isabella I of Castile , in 1487 . The Spanish army of the time was well treated and attracted volunteers from across the continent ; and among their benefits were the first military hospitals or ' ambulancias ' , although injured soldiers were not picked up for treatment until after the cessation of the battle , resulting in many dying on the field . A major change in usage of ambulances in battle came about with the ambulance volantes designed by Dominique Jean Larrey ( 1766 -- 1842 ) , Napoleon Bonaparte 's chief physician . Larrey was present at the battle of Spires , between the French and Prussians , and was distressed that wounded soldiers were not picked up by the numerous ambulances ( which Napoleon required to be stationed two and half miles back from the scene of battle ) until after hostilities had ceased , so he set about developing a new ambulance system . Having decided against using the Norman system of horse litters , he settled on two - or four - wheeled horse - drawn wagons to transport fallen soldiers from the ( active ) battlefield after they had received early treatment in the field . Larrey adapted the axle assembly from the French 's horse - drawn artillery ( `` flying artillery '' ) that made their gun carriages especially maneuverable on uneven terrain , and so christened his ambulances `` flying ambulances '' ( ambulance volantes ) . The flying ambulances were first used by Napoleon 's Army of the Rhine in 1793 . Larrey subsequently developed similar services for Napoleon 's other armies , and adapted his ambulances to the conditions ; including developing a litter which could be carried by a camel for a campaign in Egypt . Development of civilian services ( edit ) In civilian ambulances , a major advance was made with the introduction of a transport carriage for cholera patients in London in 1832 . The Times newspaper said , `` The curative process commences the instant the patient is put in to the carriage ; time is saved which can be given to the care of the patient ; the patient may be driven to the hospital so speedily that the hospitals may be less numerous and located at greater distances from each other '' . Advances during the American Civil War ( edit ) A horse - drawn ambulance from the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) More advances in medical care for the military were made during the United States ' Civil War . Union military physicians Joseph Barnes and Jonathan Letterman built upon Larrey 's work and designed a prehospital care system for soldiers , which used new techniques and methods of transport . They ensured that every regiment possessed at least one ambulance cart , with a two - wheeled design that accommodated two or three patients . These ambulances unfortunately proved to be too lightweight for the task , and were phased out to be replaced by the `` Rucker '' ambulance , named for Major General Rucker , which was a four - wheeled design , and was a common sight on battlefield of that war . Other vehicles were pressed into service during the civil war , including a number of Steamboats , which served as mobile hospitals for the troops . It was in this period that the practice of transporting wounded soldiers to treatment facilities by railroad was introduced . Hospital - based services begin ( edit ) A horse - drawn ambulance outside Bellevue Hospital in New York City , 1895 The first known hospital - based ambulance service was based out of Commercial Hospital , Cincinnati , Ohio , ( now the Cincinnati General ) by 1865 . This was soon followed by other services , notably the New York service provided out of Bellevue Hospital . Edward Dalton , a former surgeon in the Union Army , was charged with creating a hospital in lower New York ; he started an ambulance service to bring the patients to the hospital faster and in more comfort , a service which started in 1869 . These ambulances carried medical equipment , such as splints , a stomach pump , morphine , and brandy , reflecting contemporary medicine . Dalton believed that speed was of the essence , and at first the horses were kept in harness while awaiting a call : within a few months this practice had been replaced with a ' drop , ' or ' snap , ' harness arrangement , whereby the tack was lowered by pulley from the ceiling straight onto the horse : under either scheme , ambulances were ready to go within 30 seconds of being called . The service was very popular and grew rapidly , with the year 1870 seeing the ambulances attend 1401 emergency calls , but twenty - one years later , this had more than tripled to 4392 . For the first week of their operation , the ambulances were crewed by the hospital 's house - staff , after which the hospital hired Drs . Duncan Lee and Robert Taylor as full - time ambulance surgeons ; going forward , the plan was to crew the ambulances with fresh graduates of Bellevue 's surgical training program , who would serve for six - month terms and be replaced by new hires from successive graduating classes . This scheme foundered immediately , however , when graduates balked at the schedule and the salary offered : $50 a month , twelve - hour shifts , and one day off every four weeks . Instead , by the end of 1869 , the system of staffing the ambulance with residents in training ( who could simply be assigned , rather than having to be recruited ) was firmly established . As late as 1935 , these interns were earning the same $50 a month their grandfathers had received . In 1867 , the city of London 's Metropolitan Asylums Board , in the United Kingdom , received six horse - drawn ambulances for the purpose of conveying smallpox and fever patients from their homes to a hospital . These ambulances were designed to resemble private carriages , but were equipped with rollers in their floors and large rear doors to allow for a patient , lying on a specially designed bed , to be easily loaded . Space was provided for an attendant to ride with the patient , and the entire patient compartment was designed to be easily cleaned and decontaminated . Anyone willing to pay the cost of horse hire could summon the ambulance by telegram or in person . Dedicated services begin ( edit ) In 1880 , the President of the Liverpool Medical Institution , Reginald Harrison , suggested a horse - drawn ambulance for the city . In 1884 , this ambulance service was created based at the Liverpool Northern Hospital : it was the first in Britain . In June 1887 the St John Ambulance Brigade was established to provide first aid and ambulance services at public events in London . It was modelled on a military - style command and discipline structure . The St John Ambulance Association had already been teaching first aid to the public for 10 years prior to that . National or state based branches of St John Ambulance now provides ambulance and first aid services in many countries around the world . In Ireland the St John Ambulance was set up in 1903 in the Guinness Brewery in St. James Gate in Dublin by Doctor , later Sir , John Lumsden for workers . In 1910 the Brigade began its first public duty at the Royal Dublin Society . During the 1916 rising and ( after becoming the independent St. John Ambulance Brigade of Ireland ) the ' Emergency ' ( World War II ) the brigade acted as an ambulance service and remained so until the set up of Regional Ambulance Services . In Queensland , Australia , military medic Seymour Warrian called a public meeting in Brisbane and established an ambulance service after witnessing an event at the Brisbane showgrounds during Show Week in 1892 . A fallen rider , suffering a broken leg was walked off the field by well - meaning but misguided bystanders , worsening his injury . As a result of the meeting , the Queensland Ambulance Transport Brigade was formed on the 12 September . The first ambulance station in Queensland operated out of the Brisbane Newspaper Company and officers on night duty slept on rolls of newspaper on the floor . They had a stretcher , but no vehicle and transported patients on foot , although in time , they gained horse - drawn stretchers and eventually vehicles . A year after the establishment of the Brisbane centre , another was established in Charters Towers in north Queensland , growing to over 90 community controlled ambulance centres . In 1991 the independent QATB centres amalgamated to form the Queensland Ambulance Service which is now the fourth largest ambulance service in the world . Mass transit use for emergency medical provision ( edit ) In the late 19th century cities , including Bahia , Brazil and St Louis , Missouri , United States started using trolley cars on their tram network which were designed to act as ambulances , transporting the sick and injured . The trolley cars in Bahia included a fumigating compartment and a two bed nurses work area . The design of the tram network in St Louis was such that the ambulance streetcar , introduced in 1894 was able to reach all 16 infirmaries in the city . In Germany , in 1902 , a civilian ambulance train was introduced ( building on the use of trains during military conflict ) for use during railway accidents . It housed a mobile operating room and eight stretchers . Railroad employed surgeons lived near the railway station where the ambulance train was stationed , and were summoned to urgently attend in the event of an emergency . This train had priority over the tracks , with all other trains obliged to give way . Introduction of motor units ( edit ) A 1948 Cadillac Meteor ambulance In the late 19th century , the automobile was being developed , and started to be introduced alongside horse - drawn models ; early 20th - century ambulances were powered by steam , gasoline , and electricity , reflecting the competing automotive technologies then in existence . However , the first motor - powered ambulance was brought into service in the last year of the 19th century , with the Michael Reese Hospital , Chicago , taking delivery of the first automobile ambulance , donated in February 1899 by 500 prominent local businessmen . This was followed in 1900 , by New York City , which extolled its virtues of greater speed , more safety for the patient , faster stopping and a smoother ride . These first two automobile ambulances were electrically powered with 2 horsepower ( 1.5 kW ) motors on the rear axle . The first gasoline - powered ambulance was the Palliser Ambulance , introduced in 1905 , and named for Capt . John Palliser of the Canadian Militia . This three - wheeled vehicle ( one at the front , two at the rear ) was designed for use on the battlefield , under enemy fire . It was a heavy tractor unit , cased in bulletproof steel sheets . These steel shields opened outwards to provide a small area of cover from fire ( nine feet wide by 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) high ) for the ambulance staff when the vehicle was stationary . The British Army followed quickly behind the Canadians in introducing a limited number of automobile ambulances . In 1905 , the Royal Army Medical Corps commissioned a number of Straker - Squire motor ambulance vans . They were based on a double - decker bus manufactured by the same company , although on a shorter wheelbase . A number of them were based in Oxfordshire , serving several major encampments in the area . The first mass - production automobile - based ambulance ( rather than one - off models ) was produced in the United States in 1909 by the James Cunningham , Son & Company of Rochester , New York , a manufacturer of carriages and hearses . This ambulance , named the Model 774 Automobile Ambulance , featured a proprietary 32 horsepower ( 24 kW ) , 4 - cylinder internal combustion engine . The chassis rode on pneumatic tires , while the body featured electric lights , a suspended cot with two attendant seats , and a side - mounted gong . World War I ( edit ) During World War One , the Red Cross brought in the first widespread battlefield motor ambulances to replace horse - drawn vehicles , a change which was such a success , the horse - drawn variants were quickly phased out . In civilian emergency care , dedicated ambulance services were frequently managed or dispatched by individual hospitals , though in some areas , telegraph and telephone services enabled police departments to handle dispatch duties . The equipment carried by the ambulance was changing fast at this time . Traction splints were introduced during World War I , and were found to have a positive effect on the morbidity and mortality of patients with leg fractures . Two - way radios became available shortly after World War I , providing more efficient radio dispatch of ambulances . Shortly before World War II , then , a modern ambulance carried advanced medical equipment , was staffed by a physician , and was dispatched by radio . It was frequently found that ambulances were hearses -- the only available vehicle that could carry a recumbent patient -- and were thus frequently run by funeral homes . These vehicles which could serve for either purpose were known as combination cars . Air ambulances ( edit ) Australian Flying Doctor Service vehicles in 1954 During World War One , aviation moved from experimentation to a powerful military force , and following the war , with a surplus of aircraft in circulation , new uses were found for the aircraft . This included the conversion of planes throughout the world into ambulance planes . Although in 1917 , Lieutenant Clifford Peel , a medical student , outlined a system of fixed - wing aircraft and ground facilities designed to provide medical services to the Australian Outback ; the first custom - built air ambulances did not come into existence until the late 1920s . These ideas became reality under the guidance of the Very Reverend John Flynn in 1928 when the Australian Inland Mission service established the Aerial Medical Service , a one - year experimental program . Physicians in this program had several responsibilities , one of which was to fly out to a patient , treat the patient , and fly the patient to a hospital if the physician could not deliver adequate care on scene . Eventually , this experiment became the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia . World War II ( edit ) A German ambulance of the World War II era In much of the world , ambulance quality fell sharply during the Second World War , as physicians , needed by the armed services , were pulled off ambulances . In the United Kingdom , during the Battle of Britain , the need for ambulances was so great that vans were commandeered and pressed into service , often carrying several victims at once . Following the war , physicians would continue to ride ambulances in some countries , but not in others . Other vehicles , including civilian and police cars were pressed into service to transport patients due to a lack of a dedicated resource . Military ambulances such as the Austin K2 / Y were used both in the combat areas and on the Home Front . The American Dodge 3 / 4 - ton WC - 54 became the standard allied ambulance in front - line units . The Dodge 1 / 2 ton 9 18 27 became standard around bases overseas and in the States . They also saw combat in Africa and through parts of Europe and the Pacific . The Korean War ( edit ) During the Korean War , the newly created United States Air Force produced a number of air - ambulance units for use in forward operating medical units , using helicopters for rapid evacuation of patients . The H - 13 Sioux helicopter , made famous by the film and television versions of M * A * S * H , transported 18,000 wounded soldiers during the conflict . The work of the Medical Air Evacuation Squadrons was a success and was repeated by U.S. forces in Vietnam . The use of helicopters for emergency medical evacuations extended to civilian practice by groups such as the Shock Trauma Air Rescue Society . Move to on - scene care ( edit ) A 1964 police cruiser , which is also fitted to transport patients After the Harrow and Wealdstone rail crash in 1952 , ambulances in Britain were restructured to be a `` mobile hospital '' , rather than just transporting patients , thus leading to modern ambulances . CPR was developed and accepted as the standard of care for out - of - hospital cardiac arrest ; defibrillation , based in part on an increased understanding of heart arrhythmias , was introduced , as were new pharmaceuticals to be used in cardiac arrest situations ; in Belfast , Northern Ireland , a mobile coronary care ambulance successfully resuscitated patients using these technologies ; and well - developed studies demonstrated the need for overhauling ambulance services . These studies placed pressure on governments to improve emergency care in general , including the care provided by ambulance services . Part of the result was the creation of standards in ambulance construction concerning the internal height of the patient care area ( to allow for an attendant to continue to care for the patient during transport ) , and in the equipment ( and thus weight ) that an ambulance had to carry . A 1973 Cadillac Miller - Meteor ambulance . Note the higher roof , with more room for the attendants and patient , and the increased number of warning lights . Few , or perhaps none of the then - available ambulances could meet these standards . Ambulance design therefore underwent major changes in the 1970s . High - topped car - based ambulances were developed , but car chassis proved unable to accept the weight and other demands of the new standards ; van ( and later , light truck ) chassis would have to be used instead . The early van - based ambulances looked very similar to their civilian counterparts , having been given a limited amount of emergency vehicle equipment such as audible and visual warnings , and the internal fittings for carrying medical equipment , most notably a stretcher . As time went on , ambulances matured in parallel to the newly developed EMS , gaining the capacity to carry additional equipment ( both portable and permanently installed ) as EMTs and paramedics added this equipment to their arsenal . Ambulance design also evolved to reflect the ergonomics and other human factors of emergency medical care ( for instance , raising the roof higher than typical for a van ) . Advances in the technology and understanding of emergency vehicle equipment also continued to influence ambulance design , just as it did for police and fire - suppression vehicles . Modern vehicles ( edit ) Israeli EMS 's contemporary civilian armored mobile intensive care unit . Used for response to difficult situations , it incorporates a customized rear compartment on a super-duty Ford E-450 chassis Modern ambulances are now often custom built , and as well as the specialist medical equipment now built into the ambulances , industry wide improvements in vehicle design have had an impact , including improvements in audible and visual warning equipment to help protect crews in vulnerable situations ( such as at a Road Traffic Collision ) , and general improvements such as ABS , which are particularly valuable for ambulances , due to the speeds reached and the weight carried . There have also been improvements to help safeguard the health and welfare of ambulance crews , such as the addition of patient tail lifts , ramps and winches , to cut down on the amount of manual handling a crew must perform . Ambulance design is still evolving , largely due to the growing skills and role of Paramedics and other ambulance crew , which require specialist equipment . Other factors driving improvement include the need to help protect ambulance crews from common accidents , such as traffic collisions and rarer , but potentially catastrophic incidents such as terrorist activities . See also ( edit ) Dodge WC54 Combat medic Ambulance References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Katherine T. Barkley ( 1990 ) . The Ambulance . Exposition Press . ISBN 0 - 682 - 48983 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Skandalakis , Panagiotis N. ; Lainas , Panagiotis ; Zoras , Odyseas ; Skandalakis , John E. ; Mirilas , Petros ( 2006 ) . `` '' To afford the wounded speedy assistance `` : Dominique Jean Larrey and Napoleon '' . World Journal of Surgery . Springer - Verlag. 30 ( 8 ) : 1392 -- 9 . ISSN 0364 - 2313 . PMID 16850154 . doi : 10.1007 / s00268 - 005 - 0436 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ortiz , Captain Jose M ( October -- December 1998 ) . `` The Revolutionary Flying Ambulance of Napoleon 's Surgeon '' . 8 : 17 -- 25 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Kuehl , Alexander E. ( Ed . ) . Prehospital Systems and Medical Oversight , 3rd edition . National Association of EMS Physicians. 2002 . @ ch. 1 . ^ Jump up to : The Ambulance : A History . Ryan Corbett Bell . McFarland & Co. , 2009 ( ISBN 978 - 0786438112 ) Jump up ^ Higginbotham , Peter ( October 2005 ) . `` The MAB Land Ambulance Service '' . Workhouses Information . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Reginald ( 1902 ) . The Ambulance in Civil Life : Being An Address Delivered at the Liverpool Medical Society , 6 October 1881 . London : John Bale . Jump up ^ Bell , Ryan Corbett ( 2009 - 01 - 01 ) . The Ambulance : A History . McFarland . pp. 11 -- 17 . ISBN 9780786438112 . Jump up ^ `` REGINALD HARRISON , F.R.C.S. Eng '' . British Medical Journal . 1 ( 2462 ) : 601 -- 603 . 1908 - 03 - 07 . ISSN 0007 - 1447 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 1.2462. 601 . ^ Jump up to : `` St John Ambulance in the Industrial Revolution '' . St John Ambulance UK . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` St John Ambulance First Aid Cover for Events '' . St John Ambulance UK . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Queensland Ambulance Service '' . Queensland Ambulance Service . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Straker - Squire 1905 Ambulance '' . Steam Traction . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ McCall , Walter MP . 2002 . `` The American Ambulance '' , Iconografix Jump up ^ `` Miller - Meteor History '' . Miller Meteor . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia '' . Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ King , Dean . Patrick O'Brian : a Life . Owl Books . 2001 @ p. 81 Jump up ^ `` Medical Evacuation in the Korean War '' . olive-drab.com . ^ Jump up to : Accidental Death and Disability : The Neglected Disease of Modern Society . National Academy of Sciences . 1966 . pp. 5 , 6 , 13 , 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 309 - 07532 - 9 . doi : 10.17226 / 9978 . Jump up ^ `` Ambulance Lifts '' . Ross and Bonnyman . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Ambulance Historical Society Victoria website ( hide ) Emergency medical services Paramedicine Basic life support Advanced life support People Certified first responder ( CFR ) Combat medic Emergency medical dispatcher ( EMD ) Emergency medical responder ( EMR ) Emergency medical technician ( EMT ) Medical director Paramedic Vehicles Air medical services Ambulance history Ambulance bus Blood bike Combination car Light horse field ambulance Motorcycle ambulance Nontransporting EMS vehicle Water ambulance Casualty lifting and movement Kendrick Extrication Device Litter Long spine board Scoop stretcher Spinal precautions Stretcher Vacuum mattress Weevac 6 Other Ambulance station Rescue squad Search and rescue Related fields Aviation medicine Diving medicine Emergency medicine Military medicine Wilderness medicine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_ambulance&oldid=803883513 '' Categories : Ambulances Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 08 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when were ambulances first used in the us	[ "In the late 19th century cities, including Bahia, Brazil and St Louis, Missouri, United States started using trolley cars on their tram network which were designed to act as ambulances, transporting the sick and injured. The trolley cars in Bahia included a fumigating compartment and a two bed nurses work area. The design of the tram network in St Louis was such that the ambulance streetcar, introduced in 1894 was able to reach all 16 infirmaries in the city.[1]" ]	[ "In the late 19th century" ]
1582834476237726203	Proclamation No. 1081	Proclamation No 1081 - wikipedia Proclamation No 1081 Proclamation No 1081 Proclaiming a State of Martial Law in the Philippines Territorial extent Philippines Enacted by Ferdinand Marcos Date signed September 21 , 1972 Date commenced September 23 , 1972 Keywords politics , martial law Status : Repealed Proclamation No 1081 was the proclamation of martial law in the Philippines by President Ferdinand Marcos . It was announced to the public on 23 September 1972 , and was formally lifted on 17 January 1981 . Contents 1 History 2 Incidents 3 General orders 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Philippine Military Academy instructor Lt Victor Corpuz led New People 's Army rebels in a raid on the PMA armory , capturing rifles , machine guns , grenade launchers , a bazooka and thousands of rounds of ammunition in 1970 . In 1972 , China , which was then actively supporting and arming communist insurgencies in Asia as part of Mao Zedong 's People 's War Doctrine , transported 1,200 M - 14 and AK - 47 rifles for the NPA to speed up NPA 's campaign to defeat the government . Prior to the 1975 , the Philippine government maintained a close relationship with the Kuomintang - ruled Chinese government which fled to Taiwan ( Republic of China ) , despite the Chinese Communist Victory in 1949 , and saw the People 's Republic of China as a security threat due to its financial and military support of Communist rebels in the country . Citing an intensifying Communist insurgency , a series of bombings , and the staged fake assassination attempt on then - Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile , President Marcos enacted the Proclamation which enabled him to rule by military power . He initially signed the Proclamation on 17 September 1972 , but it was postdated to 21 September because of his superstitions and numerological beliefs concerning the number seven . Marcos formally announced the Proclamation in a live television and radio broadcast from Malacañang Palace a further two days later on the evening of 23 September 1972 . Martial law was ratified by 90.77 % of the voters during the controversial Philippine Martial Law referendum , 1973 . After the constitution was approved by 95 % of the voters in the Philippine constitutional plebiscite , the 1935 Constitution was replaced with a new one that changed the system of government from a presidential to a parliamentary one , with Marcos remaining in power as both head of state ( with the title `` President '' ) and head of government ( titled `` Prime Minister '' ) . Under the new government , President Marcos formed his political coalition -- the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan ( KBL ; English : New Society Movement ) -- control the unicameral legislature he created , known as the Batasang Pambansa . In an effort to isolate the local communist movement , President Marcos went to China in 1975 to normalize diplomatic relations . In return for recognizing the People 's Republic of China as the legitimate government of China , and that Taiwan is part of Chinese territory , Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai pledged to stop supporting the Philippine communist rebels . The government subsequently captured NPA leaders Bernabe Buscayno in 1976 and Jose Maria Sison in 1977 . The Washington Post in an interview with former Philippine Communist Party Officials , revealed that , `` they ( local communist party officials ) wound up languishing in China for 10 years as unwilling `` guests '' of the ( Chinese ) government , feuding bitterly among themselves and with the party leadership in the Philippines `` . President Marcos formally lifted Martial Law on 17 January 1981 , several weeks before the first pastoral visit of Pope John Paul II to the Philippines for the beatification of Lorenzo Ruiz . After the lifting of Martial Law , the CPP - NPA was able to return to urban areas and form relationships with legal opposition organizations , and became increasingly successful attacks against the government throughout the country. . Incidents ( edit ) Based on interviews of The Washington Post with former officials of the Communist Party of the Philippines , it was revealed that `` the ( Communist ) party leadership planned -- and three operatives carried out -- the ( Plaza Miranda ) attack in an attempt to provoke government repression and push the country to the brink of revolution ... ( Communist Party ) Chairman Sison had become convinced by early 1971 -- less than three years after the party was founded -- that it would take only a well - timed incident to spark a great upheaval leading to an early Communist victory . Sison had calculated that Marcos could be provoked into cracking down on his opponents , thereby driving thousands of political activists into the underground , the former party officials said . Recruits were urgently needed , they said , to make use of a large influx of weapons and financial aid that China had already agreed to provide . '' 1972 Bombings cited in Proclamation No 1081 Date Place March 15 Arca Building on Taft Avenue , Pasay City April 23 Filipinas Orient Airways boardroom along Domestic Road , Pasay City May 30 Vietnamese Embassy June 23 Court of Industrial Relations June 24 Philippine Trust Company branch in Cubao , Quezon City July 3 Philam Life building along United Nations Avenue , Manila July 27 Tabacalera Cigar & Cigarette Factory compound at Marquez de Comilas , Manila August 15 PLDT exchange office on East Avenue , Quezon City , August 15 Philippine Sugar Institute building on North Avenue , Diliman , Quezon City August 17 Department of Social Welfare building at San Rafael Street , Sampaloc , Manila August 19 A water main on Aurora Boulevard and Madison Avenue , Quezon City August 30 Philam Life building and nearby Far East Bank and Trust Company building August 30 Building of the Philippine Banking Corporation as well as the buildings of the Investment Development Inc , and the Daily Star Publications when another explosion took place on Railroad Street , Port Area , Manila September 5 Joe 's Department Store on Carriedo Street , Quiapo , Manila September 8 Manila City Hall September 12 Water mains in San Juan September 14 San Miguel building in Makati September 18 Quezon City Hall General orders ( edit ) General Order No 1 - The President proclaimed that he shall direct the entire government , including all its agencies and instrumentalities , and exercise all powers of his office including his role as the Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines . General Order No 2 -- The President directed the Minister of National Defense to arrest or cause the arrest and take into his custody the individuals named in the attached list and to hold them until otherwise so ordered by the President or by his duly designated representative , as well as to arrest or cause the arrest and take into his custody and to hold them otherwise ordered released by him or by his duly authorized representative such persons who may have committed crimes described in the Order . General Order No 3 -- The President ordered that all executive departments , bureaus , offices , agencies and instrumentalities of the National Government , government owned or controlled corporations , as well all governments of all the provinces , cities , municipalities and barrios should continue to function under their present officers and employees , until otherwise ordered by the President or by his duly designated representatives . The President further ordered that the Judiciary should continue to function in accordance with its present organization and personnel , and should try to decide in accordance with existing laws all criminal and civil cases , except certain cases enumerated in the Order . General Order No 4 -- The President ordered that a curfew be maintained and enforced throughout the Philippines from twelve o'clock midnight until four o'clock in the morning . General Order No 5 -- All rallies , demonstrations and other forms of group actions including strikes and picketing in vital industries such as in companies engaged in manufacture or processing as well as in production or processing of essential commodities or products for exports , and in companies engaged in banking of any kind , as well as in hospitals and in schools and colleges are prohibited . General Order No 6 -- No person shall keep , possess or carry outside of his residence any firearm unless such person is duly authorized to keep , possess or carry any such firearm except to those who are being sent abroad in the service of the Philippines . See also ( edit ) Martial law in the Philippines Proclamation No. 216 October Yushin Plaza Miranda bombing Benigno Aquino , Jr . Philippine parliamentary election , 1978 Dekada ' 70 ( novel ) `` Dekada ' 70 '' , the film adaptation of above References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.atimes.com/se-asia/CH30Ae02.html Jump up ^ http://www.rappler.com/nation/60279-ak47-communist-rebels Jump up ^ I - Witness , GMA 7 ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` MV Karagatan , The Ship of the Chinese Communist '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2012/07/30/832892/untold-story-karagatan-i-witness Jump up ^ Zhao , Hong ( 2012 ) . `` Sino - Philippines Relations : Moving beyond South China Sea Dispute ? '' . Journal of East Asian Affairs : 57 . ISSN 1010 - 1608 . Retrieved 6 March 2015 -- via Questia . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ I - Witness , GMA 7 ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` MV Karagatan , The Ship of the Chinese Communist '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ http://news.abs-cbn.com/blogs/insights/11/06/12/enrile-retracts-act-contrition-he-made-when-he-thought-he-was-facing-death-1 Jump up ^ Yamsuan , Cathy ( September 30 , 2012 ) . `` Enrile on fake ambush : ' For real ' '' . GMA News . Jump up ^ Research , Inquirer ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` True or false : Was 1972 Enrile ambush faked ? '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Jump up ^ Schirmer , Daniel B. ; Shalom , Stephen Roskamm ( 1987 ) . The Philippines Reader : A history of Colonialism , Neocolonialism , Dictatorship and Resistance . South End Press . Jump up ^ Celoza , Albert F. ( 1997 ) . Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines : The Political Economy of Authoritarianism . Praeger Publishers . Jump up ^ http://pascn.pids.gov.ph/files/Discussions%20Papers/1999/pascndp9916.pdf Jump up ^ http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/149 Jump up ^ `` EX-COMMUNISTS PARTY BEHIND MANILA BOMBING '' . The Washington Post . August 4 , 1989 . Jump up ^ http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/149 Jump up ^ `` EX-COMMUNISTS PARTY BEHIND MANILA BOMBING '' . The Washington Post . August 4 , 1989 . Jump up ^ http://www.gov.ph/1972/09/21/proclamation-no-1081/ External links ( edit ) Full Text - Proclamation 1081 Bantayog ng mga Bayani -- Monument to the Heroes & victims of martial law during the Marcos regime The Martial Law Memorial Museum The Martial Law Chronicles Project 40th anniversary of Martial Law Martial law in the Philippines and People Power Revolution Batas militar sa Pilipinas Background 1965 Presidential elections Conjugal dictatorship Philippines -- United States relations US imperialism Cold War Vietnam War First Quarter Storm Communist insurgency Sabah claim Jabidah massacre Moro conflict 1969 elections Agrarian reform Coco Levy Fund scam Events Proclamation No. 1081 Human rights violations Torture methods Plaza Miranda bombing 1973 Constitution 1978 elections Interim Batasang Pambansa Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr . Snap elections People Regime Ferdinand Marcos Imelda Marcos Fabian Ver Eduardo Cojuangco Jr . Cesar Virata Arturo Tolentino Opposition Benigno Aquino Jr . Corazon Aquino Salvador Laurel Juan Ponce Enrile Fidel Ramos Gringo Honasan Jaime Cardinal Sin Claudio Teehankee Jovito Salonga Jose Diokno Diosdado Macapagal Communists Jose Maria Sison Bernabe Buscayno Locations Landmarks Epifanio de los Santos Avenue Ortigas Center Camp Aguinaldo Camp Crame Club Filipino Malacañang Palace Hawaii Areas Makati Mandaluyong Pasig San Juan Quezon City Aftermath Events Nepotism Operation Big Bird Mendiola massacre 1987 elections Coup d'état Japanese Official Development Assistance scandal Death of Ferdinand Marcos Institutions Aquino Presidency Presidential Commission on Good Government 1987 Constitution Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Philippine National Police Ramos Presidency Media Songs `` Bagong Pagsilang '' `` Bayan Ko '' `` Handog ng Pilipino sa Mundo '' `` Magkaisa '' Films A Dangerous Life Batas Militar Dekada ' 70 Literature Dekada ' 70 Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Jamaican conflict Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Algerian War 1952 Egyptian coup d'état 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Ifni War Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis Simba rebellion 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis El Porteñazo Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order ( Indonesia ) Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Nigerian Civil War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 Communist insurgency in Bangladesh NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état German Autumn Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Gulf of Sidra incident Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution Die Wende 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Apartheid Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations USSR -- USA summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Russia -- NATO relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proclamation_No._1081&oldid=849189335 '' Categories : Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos 1972 in the Philippines 1972 in law 1972 documents Emergency laws in the Philippines Legal history of the Philippines Political history of the Philippines Political repression in the Philippines Presidency of Ferdinand Marcos Proclamations 1970s in the Philippines 1980s in the Philippines September 1972 events 1972 establishments in the Philippines 1981 disestablishments in the Philippines Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 7 July 2018 , at 05 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did martial law ended in the philippines	[ "Proclamation № 1081 was the proclamation of martial law in the Philippines by President Ferdinand Marcos. It was announced to the public on 23 September 1972, and was formally lifted on 17 January 1981.\n" ]	[ "17 January 1981" ]
6747580286477815563	Center for Bits and Atoms	Center for Bits and Atoms - wikipedia Center for Bits and Atoms Jump to : navigation , search The Center for Bits and Atoms was established in 2001 in the MIT Media Lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . It is currently run by Neil Gershenfeld . This cross-disciplinary center broadly looks at the intersection of information to its physical representation . From the original NSF proposal : MIT 's Center for Bits and Atoms is an ambitious interdisciplinary initiative that is looking beyond the end of the Digital Revolution to ask how a functional description of a system can be embodied in , and abstracted from , a physical form . These simple , profound questions date back to the beginning of modern manufacturing and before that to the origins of natural science , but they have revolutionary new implications that follow from the recognition of the computational universality of physical systems . We can no longer afford to ignore nature 's capabilities that have been neglected by conventional digital logic ; it is at the boundary between the content of information and its physical representation that many of science 's greatest technological , economic , and social opportunities and obstacles lie . Contents ( hide ) 1 Research 2 Academics / Classes 3 References 4 External links Research ( edit ) One of the early projects of the Center which has grown to become a global meme was the Fab lab -- a model lab that could be set up quickly and inexpensively to provide basic fabrication capability for rapid prototyping of almost anything . The idea was that these labs would become easy enough to create that they could be set up almost anywhere in the world , and could be both self - sufficient and of use to the local community to support whatever engineering or fabrication projects they could imagine . Since the first fab lab in 2001 , a global community of supporters has grown up , including a FabFolk charitable organization . Roughly 100 groups calling themselves fab labs have grown up around the world , many supported at some stage by the CBA . Academics / classes ( edit ) The Center for Bits and Atoms is not a degree - granting department but does offer MIT courses within the MAS department at the graduate level . MAS. 863 : How to Make ( Almost ) Anything MAS. 961 : How to Make Something That Makes ( Almost ) Anything MAS. 864 : The Nature of Mathematical Modeling MAS. 862 : The Physics of Information Technology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Media Lab creates Center for Bits and Atoms with NSF grant - MIT News Office '' . Web.mit.edu . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` CBA : About '' . Cba.mit.edu . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ See the FabFolk website and related services . External links ( edit ) Center for Bits and Atoms ( hide ) Massachusetts Institute of Technology Academics Academics School of Architecture and Planning School of Engineering School of Humanities , Arts , and Social Sciences School of Science MIT Sloan School of Management Health Sciences and Technology OpenCourseWare Mathematics Department MIT - SUTD Collaboration Research Broad Institute Center for Information Systems Research Center for Theoretical Physics Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Koch Institute Laboratory for Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems MIT Libraries MIT Lincoln Laboratory McGovern Institute Media Laboratory Picower Institute Plasma Science and Fusion Center Research Laboratory of Electronics MIT Senseable City Lab MIT Nuclear Research Reactor Whitehead Institute MIT Center for International Studies Center for Bits and Atoms Institute for Medical Engineering and Science People Alumni Faculty Presidents Institute Professors William Barton Rogers Culture History List Visual Arts Center Traditions and activities MIT in popular culture MIT Press MIT Technology Review Athena Brass Rat Hacks MIT Science Fiction Society ( MITSFS ) The Tech Student Information Processing Board Tech Model Railroad Club Tech Squares MIT $100 K Mystery Hunt Smoot Lemelson -- MIT Prize Campus Campus Building 20 Chapel Fraternities and sororities Graduate residences Green Building Infinite Corridor Kresge Auditorium Libraries MIT Museum Police Stata Center Undergraduate residences Wiesner building Athletics Engineers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Center_for_Bits_and_Atoms&oldid=576095484 '' Categories : Massachusetts Institute of Technology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 October 2013 , at 05 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	center for bits and atoms at mit media lab	[]	[]
-7035938730030199426	The Five (talk show)	The Five ( talk show ) - wikipedia The Five ( talk show ) Jump to : navigation , search For the British crime drama , see The Five ( TV series ) . The Five Genre Talk show News program Presented by Jesse Watters Kimberly Guilfoyle Greg Gutfeld Dana Perino Juan Williams Country of origin United States Production Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Fox News Release Original network Fox News Channel Original release July 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 11 ) -- present External links Website The Five is an American panel talk show on Fox News Channel featuring a panel who discusses current stories , political issues , and pop culture . The show premiered on July 11 , 2011 , replacing the Glenn Beck program , and airs on weeknights at 5 : 00 p.m. ET . It moved to 9 p.m. in April 2017 , but returned to its original 5 : 00 p.m. time slot in September . On October 3 , 2011 , after successful ratings and high popularity , Fox News announced that The Five would become a permanent series , as the program had previously been announced to last only during the summer . In 2013 , The Five was the second-most - watched program in all of cable news in the United States , placing only behind The O'Reilly Factor , also on the Fox News Channel . The program has occasionally been the number one rated cable news series in the key 25 to 54 viewing demographic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Recurring elements 3 Reception 4 Controversies 5 Departures 5.1 Bob Beckel 5.2 Andrea Tantaros 5.3 Eric Bolling 6 Ratings 7 Location 8 References 9 External links Format ( edit ) According to the initial Fox News press release announcing The Five , the show features a `` roundtable ensemble of five rotating Fox personalities who ( ... ) discuss , debate and at times debunk the hot news stories , controversies and issues of the day . '' Former Fox News chairman Roger Ailes said the format for the show was inspired by chat - oriented programs such as The View ; it has also been compared to the `` Great American Panel '' segment on Fox News ' Hannity . The show is made up of six blocks . Each of the first five blocks is introduced , closed and loosely moderated by a different co-host . The co-host's block may be on a single topic or multiple topics . The final block is One More Thing : The co-hosts take turns sharing a final thought ( on varying topics ) before the show ends . The show 's co-hosts are : Jesse Watters -- Fox News correspondent and host of Watters ' World Kimberly Guilfoyle -- former prosecutor and legal analyst Greg Gutfeld -- writer and host of Fox News ' talk show The Greg Gutfeld Show Dana Perino -- former White House Press Secretary during the George W. Bush administration Juan Williams -- political analyst and former NPR contributor Williams used to switch off with Bob Beckel sitting in the panel 's `` liberal '' chair , with Geraldo Rivera frequently filling in for them . Richard Fowler and occasionally Marie Harf have filled in for Williams since the latter permanently took Beckel 's seat . Tom Shillue and Brian Kilmeade occasionally fill in for Greg Gutfeld and Jesse Watters , while Kennedy , Gillian Turner , Katie Pavlich and Lisa Boothe fill in for Guilfoyle and Perino . The show also features additional guests , including politicians , Fox News personalities , celebrities , and sports figures . Eric Bolling was replaced by Watters when the former departed to start his own show . Conservative commentator Andrea Tantaros formerly sat in for Perino or Guilfoyle , before being moved to Outnumbered in 2014 . Beckel was absent from the show for much of early 2015 ; it was later announced he had left Fox News . He returned to the panel in January 2017 , but was fired again only months later . Original co-hosts of The Five ( l-r ) : Guilfoyle , Beckel , Bolling , Perino , Gutfeld Monica Crowley and Andrew Napolitano were originally announced as additional co-hosts for the show , though upon its debut , the cast was narrowed down . Before temporarily moving to primetime in 2017 , The Five occasionally aired special primetime editions during special coverage . Recurring elements ( edit ) One More Thing : The hosts take turns sharing a final thought ( on varying topics ) before the show ends ; Gutfeld 's chosen topic is typically zany , such as his `` Banned Phrases '' or `` I Hate These People ! '' Dana 's Dos and Don'ts : Perino offers political or PR advice to someone in the news Dana 's Corny Joke of the Day : Usually as part of `` One More Thing , '' Perino challenges her co-hosts to give the punchline to one or more silly G - rated jokes Greg 's Monologue : Similar to his `` Gregalogue '' on Red Eye , Gutfeld opens his daily block with a comedic rant skewering newsmakers ( frequently Hollywood or academia elites ) Kimberly 's Food Court : Guilfoyle samples food from restaurants that have recently made the news Kimberly 's Royal News : Guilfoyle reports on news items featuring the Royal Family , usually the Duke and / or Duchess of Cambridge , or the Queen Fastest 7 : A seven - minute segment where co-hosts offer quick - takes on ( usually three ) underreported news items from the past week Political Lightning Round : Each co-host briefly shares a political story that may have been under - reported that day Facebook Friday : Co-hosts answer questions from fans on Facebook Music Cues : Formerly a gag by only Gutfeld , co-hosts of the show will frequently misidentify the artist performing the music leading into their segments `` ONE ! MORE ! THING ! '' : Beckel , who usually hosts the E-block , teases the One More Thing segment with stentorian gusto , frequently catching Guilfoyle off - guard . Mom Texts : Watters reads critical texts he receives from his ( politically liberal ) mother while on - air . In one episode his mom was actually visiting him at the studio ( and was shown on camera ) as Watters read her texts . Reception ( edit ) Reaction to the show among critics has been mostly positive , though the week it premiered , Alex Pareene , columnist for the left - leaning website Salon.com , slammed it as `` boring and lame '' and `` not even worth getting outraged about . '' Entertainment Weekly TV critic Ken Tucker dubbed the show his `` favorite guilty pleasure '' and praised its freewheeling style and zany humor , calling it `` a delightfully nutty show with an undercurrent of ragin ' crazy . '' Mediaite 's Frances Martel , examining cable news ' shift toward more personality - driven commentary , praised The Five for adding an element of entertainment to the news : `` Beyond having opinions , the new generation of cable news talk shows spearheaded by The Five have personalities , characters and character arcs that are worth tuning in for ... Unlike the previous , host - driven generation of opinion shows , The Five adds a refreshing new element to cable news -- a plot . '' The Daily Show with Jon Stewart would later take that line of thought to strange new places when `` correspondent '' Samantha Bee debuted her `` one - woman show '' about the supposed romantic subplot on The Five . Controversies ( edit ) The show 's `` anything goes '' attitude has led it into some minor controversies , particularly involving co-host Bob Beckel 's on - air profanity and insensitive remarks . In August 2011 , Beckel was forced to apologize on - air when , while trying to clarify an earlier remark wherein he called Michael Vick a `` redneck , '' said the term was not racial , because `` blacks are rednecks , whites are rednecks , I was a redneck , Chinamen are rednecks . '' Beckel was later compelled to apologize for using the term `` Chinamen . '' Even the music the show 's producers use to lead in and out of segments has raised hackles , such as an incident in 2011 that prompted a Twitter war between Adam Levine and various Fox News personalities , over producers ' use of a Maroon 5 song . In April 2017 , just two days after joining the show , co-host Jesse Watters came under scrutiny for an suggestive joke about the way Ivanka Trump was speaking into a microphone . The day after Watters made the comments , he announced that he would be `` taking a vacation '' for the remainder of the week amid calls for his firing . Departures ( edit ) Bob Beckel ( edit ) After not being seen on air since early 2015 , it was reported that Bob Beckel was recovering from back surgery . In April , Fox later released a statement informing viewers that Beckel entered a rehab facility for treatment of an addiction to prescription pain medication . Finally , on June 25 , 2015 , it was confirmed that Beckel had been fired from the network . While a Fox News spokesman initially stated that it was an amicable split , a Fox executive later stated that Fox `` could n't hold The Five hostage to one man 's personal issues . '' On June 26 , 2015 , co-host Dana Perino briefly informed viewers of Beckel 's departure with a terse statement at the end of the show . He was not mentioned on the show otherwise . Beckel returned as co-host of the Five in January 2017 , but had been fired again by May , for allegedly making insensitive remarks to an African - American staffer at Fox . Andrea Tantaros ( edit ) In 2011 , Tantaros was named a co-host of the hour - long , unscripted program , before going on to co-host Outnumbered in 2014 . On April 25 , 2016 , she was placed off - air , indefinitely , for what Fox News said were `` contract issues . '' In August 2016 , Tantaros claimed that she approached Fox News executives about former Fox News executive Roger Ailes sexually harassing her in 2015 . Tantaros said her allegations first resulted in her being demoted from The Five to Outnumbered , and then in her being taken off the air in April 2016 altogether . Additionally , Tantaros filed a sexual harassment lawsuit against Fox News that same month . Although Tantaros was still under contract with the cable network until early August 2017 , she did not return to the Fox News airwaves . Eric Bolling ( edit ) Eric Bolling , who had been a show regular since the series ' inception , announced on April 19 , 2017 that he would be leaving to start work on a new afternoon talk show , The Fox News Specialists , which aired during The Five 's former 5 p.m. time slot . Bolling was suspended from Fox News in August 2017 over sexual - harassment allegations , and later fired . The Fox News Specialists was also canceled . FNC then announced that The Five would replace The Specialists at 5 : 00 . Ratings ( edit ) The Five debuted in July 2011 to lower ratings than the Glenn Beck program had been getting , but it still handily won its time slot . The show gained broader success within months of airing , some afternoons even rivaling Beck 's former audience . After only several months airing , The Five consistently beat its competitors on MSNBC and CNN combined , and ranked among the top ten cable - news shows . In addition , the show is paying off more with advertisers , who were reluctant to be associated with the controversial content of Glenn Beck 's show . The Five was the sixth-most - watched cable - news program during the latter half of 2011 and the first quarter of 2012 ; it had jumped to fourth place by the third quarter of 2012 , pulling in especially high numbers during the 2012 Republican Convention . The Five drew 4.4 million viewers on Election Day 2012 . By 2013 , The Five was the second-most - watched program in all of cable news , placing behind The O'Reilly Factor , though the show was eclipsed many nights by The Kelly File , which aired from 2013 to 2017 . Location ( edit ) The Five is recorded from a street - side studio at 1211 Avenue of the Americas ( also known as the News Corp . Building ) , New York City . On February 27 , 2017 , The Five relocated to Studio F from its original filming location in Studio D . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Laura Ingraham 's Fox News Show To Debut October 30 ; ' Hannity ' Will Take On ' Maddow ' At 9 PM '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` Glenn Beck 's Temporary Replacement On Fox News ' The Five ' To Become Permanent '' . Deadline . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fox 's The Five # 2 Among All Cable News In Demo And Total Viewers '' . Mediaite . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fox News ' Hit `` The Five '' Marks Two - Year Milestone `` . Real Clear Politics . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable News Ratings - December 20 , 2013 - Mediaite '' . mediaite.com. 23 December 2013 . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cable News Ratings - January 22 , 2013 - Mediaite '' . mediaite.com. 23 January 2014 . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stelter , Brian ( June 30 , 2011 ) . `` Fox News to Replace Beck With ' The Five ' '' . Media Decoder : Behind the Screens , Between the Lines . The New York Times . Retrieved July 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Stelter , Brian . In Beck 's Shadow , Rise of ' The Five ' . New York Times . 2011 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` FOX News Channel 's The Five to Continue as Scheduled Program '' . businesswire.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Beck To Be Replaced By `` The Five '' On FOX News `` . RealClearPolitics . June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved July 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob Beckel Fired by Fox News for ' Making Insensitive Remark to an African - American ' Staffer . '' Mediaite. 2017 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ The Five . August 23 , 2013 . Fox News . Jump up ^ Pareene , Alex. Fox 's `` The Five '' off to slow , boring start . Salon.com. 2011 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken . ' The Five ' : The Fox News Channel 's most delightfully crazy show . Entertainment Weekly . 2011 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Martel , Frances . The NYT Profiles Fox News ' The Five : ' Like A Family At Thanksgiving ' . Mediaite.com. 2011 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Josh . The Daily Show Puts on Insane , Creepy , and AMAZING Dedication to Fox 's The Five . Mediaite.com. 2014 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Bob Beckel Curses Yet Again On Fox News . The Huffington Post . 2011 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Beckel Proves He 's Not Prejudiced : ' Redneck ' Could Refer To Whites , Blacks , Or ' Chinamen ' . Mediaite. 2011 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean . `` Maroon 5 's Adam Levine goes to war with ' evil ' Fox News . '' The Guardian . 2011 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Victor , Daniel ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) . `` Jesse Watters of Fox Announces Vacation After Ivanka Trump Comment '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Five 's Bob Beckel Tells Fans Where He 's Been '' . www.mediaite.com . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fox 's Bob Beckel Undergoes Addiction Rehab '' . Mediaite . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fox News Parts Ways with Bob Beckel over His ' Personal Issues ' '' . www.mediaite.com . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fox News drops Bob Beckel '' . Politico . Jump up ^ `` Fox 's The Five Briefly Addresses Bob Beckel 's Departure '' . Mediaite . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Beckel returns to ' The Five ' '' . Jump up ^ Gauthier , Brendan ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Fox News host Andrea Tantaros quietly pulled from daytime show over contract `` issues '' `` . salon.com . Salon . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Gabriel ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Fox News Host Andrea Tantaros Says She Was Taken Off the Air After Making Sexual - Harassment Claims Against Roger Ailes '' . New York . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Fox News Host Says Scott Brown Put His Hands On Her , Made Sexually Suggestive Comments '' . CBS News . August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sutton , Kelsey ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Former Fox News host Andrea Tantaros sues for sexual harassment '' . Politico . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fox News Shakeup : Tucker Carlson Moves to 8 PM , The Five Moves to 9 PM . '' Mediaite. 2017 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fox News Parts Ways With Eric Bolling After Suspension . '' The Hollywood Reporter. 2017 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ ' The Five ' Debuts On Fox News To Lower Ratings Than Beck . The Huffington Post . 2011 - 07 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Summer Of Gutfeld ? Strong Ratings For Both Red Eye And The Five . Mediaite. 2011 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ ' The Five ' Gets Permanent Spot In Fox News Lineup . The Huffington Post . 2011 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Cable News Ratings : Top 30 Programs For First Quarter Of 2012 . The Huffington Post . 2012 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Cable News Ratings Q3 2012 : MSNBC Breaks Records , CNN Up From Last Quarter . The Huffington Post . 2012 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Ratings : The Five Has Highest - Rated Show To Date '' . mediaite.com. 28 August 2012 . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Cable News Ratings for Tuesday , November 6 , 2012 . TVBytheNumbers.com. 2012 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Katz , A.J. ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' F ' is For ' The Five ' '' . TVNewser . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Preceded by Your World with Neil Cavuto The Five 5 : 00 PM -- 6 : 00 PM Succeeded by Special Report with Bret Baier External links ( edit ) Official website The Five on Facebook ( hide ) Fox News programming Weekday Fox & Friends First Fox & Friends America 's Newsroom Happening Now Outnumbered Outnumbered Overtime with Harris Faulkner The Daily Briefing with Dana Perino Shepard Smith Reporting Your World with Neil Cavuto The Five Special Report with Bret Baier The Story with Martha MacCallum Tucker Carlson Tonight Hannity The Ingraham Angle Fox News @ Night Weekend Fox & Friends Weekend Cavuto Live America 's News Headquarters Journal Editorial Report Fox Report Weekend Watters ' World Justice with Judge Jeanine The Next Revolution The Greg Gutfeld Show Media Buzz Fox News Sunday Life , Liberty & Levin Special Fox News Reporting America 's Election Headquarters Former The Edge The Big Story The 1 / 2 Hour News Hour Fox Magazine Fox Online Drudge Heartland Pat Sajak Weekend DaySide Just In with Laura Ingraham Weekend Live Fox News Live Showdown with Larry Elder Hannity & Colmes The Beltway Boys The Live Desk with Martha and Trace Glenn Beck Fox News Watch America Live with Megyn Kelly Huckabee A Healthy You & Carol Alt Geraldo at Large War Stories with Oliver North The Real Story On the Record The Kelly File Red Eye The O'Reilly Factor Fox News Specialists Fox News Tonight Cashin ' In Cavuto on Business Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Five_(talk_show)&oldid=841266947 '' Categories : 2011 American television series debuts American television talk shows English - language television programs Fox News shows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 21 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who used to be on the five on fox	[ "\nJesse Watters – Fox News correspondent and host of Watters' World\nKimberly Guilfoyle – former prosecutor and legal analyst\nGreg Gutfeld – writer and host of Fox News' talk show The Greg Gutfeld Show\nDana Perino – former White House Press Secretary during the George W. Bush administration\nJuan Williams – political analyst and former NPR contributor\n", "\nJesse Watters – Fox News correspondent and host of Watters' World\nKimberly Guilfoyle – former prosecutor and legal analyst\nGreg Gutfeld – writer and host of Fox News' talk show The Greg Gutfeld Show\nDana Perino – former White House Press Secretary during the George W. Bush administration\nJuan Williams – political analyst and former NPR contributor\n", "\nJesse Watters – Fox News correspondent and host of Watters' World\nKimberly Guilfoyle – former prosecutor and legal analyst\nGreg Gutfeld – writer and host of Fox News' talk show The Greg Gutfeld Show\nDana Perino – former White House Press Secretary during the George W. Bush administration\nJuan Williams – political analyst and former NPR contributor\n", "\nJesse Watters – Fox News correspondent and host of Watters' World\nKimberly Guilfoyle – former prosecutor and legal analyst\nGreg Gutfeld – writer and host of Fox News' talk show The Greg Gutfeld Show\nDana Perino – former White House Press Secretary during the George W. Bush administration\nJuan Williams – political analyst and former NPR contributor\n", "\nJesse Watters – Fox News correspondent and host of Watters' World\nKimberly Guilfoyle – former prosecutor and legal analyst\nGreg Gutfeld – writer and host of Fox News' talk show The Greg Gutfeld Show\nDana Perino – former White House Press Secretary during the George W. Bush administration\nJuan Williams – political analyst and former NPR contributor\n" ]	[ "Jesse Watters", "Kimberly Guilfoyle", "Greg Gutfeld", "Dana Perino", "Juan Williams" ]
4908514343110969062	Citric acid cycle	Citric acid cycle - wikipedia Citric acid cycle Jump to : navigation , search Overview of the citric acid cycle The citric acid cycle ( CAC ) -- also known as the tricarboxylic acid ( TCA ) cycle or the Krebs cycle -- is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl - CoA derived from carbohydrates , fats , and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) . In addition , the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids , as well as the reducing agent NADH , that are used in numerous other biochemical reactions . Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically . The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from the citric acid ( a type of tricarboxylic acid , often called citrate , as the ionized form predominates at biological pH ) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle . The cycle consumes acetate ( in the form of acetyl - CoA ) and water , reduces NAD to NADH , and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct . The NADH generated by the citric acid cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport ) pathway . The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP . In eukaryotic cells , the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion . In prokaryotic cells , such as bacteria , which lack mitochondria , the citric acid cycle reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell 's surface ( plasma membrane ) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery 2 Evolution 3 Overview 4 Steps 5 Products 6 Efficiency 7 Variation 8 Regulation 9 Major metabolic pathways converging on the citric acid cycle 10 Citric acid cycle intermediates serve as substrates for biosynthetic processes 11 Interactive pathway map 12 Glucose feeds the TCA cycle via circulating lactate 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Discovery ( edit ) Several of the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle were established in the 1930s by the research of Albert Szent - Györgyi , who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937 specifically for his discoveries pertaining to fumaric acid , a key component of the cycle . He was able to make this discovery successful with the help of pigeon breast muscle . Because this tissue maintains its oxidative capacity well after breaking down in the `` Latapie '' mill and releasing in aqueous solutions breast muscle of the pigeon was very well qualified for the study of oxidative reactions . The citric acid cycle itself was finally identified in 1937 by Hans Adolf Krebs and William Arthur Johnson while at the University of Sheffield , for which the former received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1953 , and for whom the cycle is sometimes named ( Krebs cycle ) . Evolution ( edit ) Components of the citric acid cycle were derived from anaerobic bacteria , and the TCA cycle itself may have evolved more than once . Theoretically , several alternatives to the TCA cycle exist ; however , the TCA cycle appears to be the most efficient . If several TCA alternatives had evolved independently , they all appear to have converged to the TCA cycle . Overview ( edit ) Structural diagram of acetyl - CoA : The portion in blue , on the left , is the acetyl group ; the portion in black is coenzyme A . The citric acid cycle is a key metabolic pathway that connects carbohydrate , fat , and protein metabolism . The reactions of the cycle are carried out by eight enzymes that completely oxidize acetate , in the form of acetyl - CoA , into two molecules each of carbon dioxide and water . Through catabolism of sugars , fats , and proteins , the two - carbon organic product acetyl - CoA ( a form of acetate ) is produced which enters the citric acid cycle . The reactions of the cycle also convert three equivalents of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NAD ) into three equivalents of reduced NAD ( NADH ) , one equivalent of flavin adenine dinucleotide ( FAD ) into one equivalent of FADH , and one equivalent each of guanosine diphosphate ( GDP ) and inorganic phosphate ( P ) into one equivalent of guanosine triphosphate ( GTP ) . The NADH and FADH generated by the citric acid cycle are , in turn , used by the oxidative phosphorylation pathway to generate energy - rich ATP . One of the primary sources of acetyl - CoA is from the breakdown of sugars by glycolysis which yield pyruvate that in turn is decarboxylated by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase generating acetyl - CoA according to the following reaction scheme : CH C ( = O ) C ( = O ) O pyruvate + HSCoA + NAD → CH C ( = O ) SCoA acetyl - CoA + NADH + CO The product of this reaction , acetyl - CoA , is the starting point for the citric acid cycle . Acetyl - CoA may also be obtained from the oxidation of fatty acids . Below is a schematic outline of the cycle : The citric acid cycle begins with the transfer of a two - carbon acetyl group from acetyl - CoA to the four - carbon acceptor compound ( oxaloacetate ) to form a six - carbon compound ( citrate ) . The citrate then goes through a series of chemical transformations , losing two carboxyl groups as CO . The carbons lost as CO originate from what was oxaloacetate , not directly from acetyl - CoA . The carbons donated by acetyl - CoA become part of the oxaloacetate carbon backbone after the first turn of the citric acid cycle . Loss of the acetyl - CoA - donated carbons as CO requires several turns of the citric acid cycle . However , because of the role of the citric acid cycle in anabolism , they might not be lost , since many citric acid cycle intermediates are also used as precursors for the biosynthesis of other molecules . Most of the energy made available by the oxidative steps of the cycle is transferred as energy - rich electrons to NAD , forming NADH . For each acetyl group that enters the citric acid cycle , three molecules of NADH are produced . In addition , electrons from the succinate oxidation step are transferred first to the FAD cofactor of succinate dehydrogenase , reducing it to FADH , and eventually to ubiquinone ( Q ) in the mitochondrial membrane , reducing it to ubiquinol ( QH ) which is a substrate of the electron transfer chain at the level of Complex III . For every NADH and FADH that are produced in the citric acid cycle , 2.5 and 1.5 ATP molecules are generated in oxidative phosphorylation , respectively . At the end of each cycle , the four - carbon oxaloacetate has been regenerated , and the cycle continues . Steps ( edit ) Two carbon atoms are oxidized to CO , the energy from these reactions is transferred to other metabolic processes through GTP ( or ATP ) , and as electrons in NADH and QH . The NADH generated in the citric acid cycle may later be oxidized ( donate its electrons ) to drive ATP synthesis in a type of process called oxidative phosphorylation . FADH is covalently attached to succinate dehydrogenase , an enzyme which functions both in the CAC and the mitochondrial electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation . FADH , therefore , facilitates transfer of electrons to coenzyme Q , which is the final electron acceptor of the reaction catalyzed by the succinate : ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex , also acting as an intermediate in the electron transport chain . The citric acid cycle is continuously supplied with new carbon in the form of acetyl - CoA , entering at step 0 below . Substrates Products Enzyme Reaction type 0 / 10 Oxaloacetate + Acetyl CoA + H O Citrate + CoA - SH Citrate synthase Aldol condensation irreversible , extends the 4C oxaloacetate to a 6C molecule Citrate cis - Aconitate + H O Aconitase Dehydration reversible isomerisation cis - Aconitate + H O Isocitrate Hydration Isocitrate + NAD Oxalosuccinate + NADH + H Isocitrate dehydrogenase Oxidation generates NADH ( equivalent of 2.5 ATP ) Oxalosuccinate α - Ketoglutarate + CO Decarboxylation rate - limiting , irreversible stage , generates a 5C molecule 5 α - Ketoglutarate + NAD + CoA - SH Succinyl - CoA + NADH + H + CO α - Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Oxidative decarboxylation irreversible stage , generates NADH ( equivalent of 2.5 ATP ) , regenerates the 4C chain ( CoA excluded ) 6 Succinyl - CoA + GDP + P Succinate + CoA - SH + GTP Succinyl - CoA synthetase substrate - level phosphorylation or ADP → ATP instead of GDP → GTP , generates 1 ATP or equivalent Condensation reaction of GDP + P and hydrolysis of Succinyl - CoA involve the H O needed for balanced equation . 7 Succinate + ubiquinone ( Q ) Fumarate + ubiquinol ( QH ) Succinate dehydrogenase Oxidation uses FAD as a prosthetic group ( FAD → FADH in the first step of the reaction ) in the enzyme. These two electrons are later transferred to QH during Complex II of the ETC , where they generate the equivalent of 1.5 ATP 8 Fumarate + H O L - Malate Fumarase Hydration Hydration of C-C double bond 9 L - Malate + NAD Oxaloacetate + NADH + H Malate dehydrogenase Oxidation reversible ( in fact , equilibrium favors malate ) , generates NADH ( equivalent of 2.5 ATP ) 10 / 0 Oxaloacetate + Acetyl CoA + H O Citrate + CoA - SH Citrate synthase Aldol condensation This is the same as step 0 and restarts the cycle . The reaction is irreversible and extends the 4C oxaloacetate to a 6C molecule Mitochondria in animals , including humans , possess two succinyl - CoA synthetases : one that produces GTP from GDP , and another that produces ATP from ADP . Plants have the type that produces ATP ( ADP - forming succinyl - CoA synthetase ) . Several of the enzymes in the cycle may be loosely associated in a multienzyme protein complex within the mitochondrial matrix . The GTP that is formed by GDP - forming succinyl - CoA synthetase may be utilized by nucleoside - diphosphate kinase to form ATP ( the catalyzed reaction is GTP + ADP → GDP + ATP ) . Products ( edit ) Products of the first turn of the cycle are one GTP ( or ATP ) , three NADH , and two CO . Because two acetyl - CoA molecules are produced from each glucose molecule , two cycles are required per glucose molecule . Therefore , at the end of two cycles , the products are : two GTP , six NADH , two QH , and four CO . Description Reactants Products The sum of all reactions in the citric acid cycle is : Acetyl - CoA + 3 NAD + FAD + GDP + P + 2 H O → CoA - SH + 3 NADH + FADH + 3 H + GTP + 2 CO Combining the reactions occurring during the pyruvate oxidation with those occurring during the citric acid cycle , the following overall pyruvate oxidation reaction is obtained : Pyruvate ion + 4 NAD + FAD + GDP + P + 2 H O → 4 NADH + FADH + 4 H + GTP + 3 CO Combining the above reaction with the ones occurring in the course of glycolysis , the following overall glucose oxidation reaction ( excluding reactions in the respiratory chain ) is obtained : Glucose + 10 NAD + 2FAD + 2 ADP + 2 GDP + 4 P + 2 H O → 10 NADH + 2FADH + 10 H + 2 ATP + 2 GTP + 6 CO The above reactions are balanced if P represents the H PO ion , ADP and GDP the ADP and GDP ions , respectively , and ATP and GTP the ATP and GTP ions , respectively . The total number of ATP molecules obtained after complete oxidation of one glucose in glycolysis , citric acid cycle , and oxidative phosphorylation is estimated to be between 30 and 38 . Efficiency ( edit ) The theoretical maximum yield of ATP through oxidation of one molecule of glucose in glycolysis , citric acid cycle , and oxidative phosphorylation is 38 ( assuming 3 molar equivalents of ATP per equivalent NADH and 2 ATP per FADH ) . In eukaryotes , two equivalents of NADH are generated in glycolysis , which takes place in the cytoplasm . Transport of these two equivalents into the mitochondria consumes two equivalents of ATP , thus reducing the net production of ATP to 36 . Furthermore , inefficiencies in oxidative phosphorylation due to leakage of protons across the mitochondrial membrane and slippage of the ATP synthase / proton pump commonly reduces the ATP yield from NADH and FADH to less than the theoretical maximum yield . The observed yields are , therefore , closer to ~ 2.5 ATP per NADH and ~ 1.5 ATP per FADH , further reducing the total net production of ATP to approximately 30 . An assessment of the total ATP yield with newly revised proton - to - ATP ratios provides an estimate of 29.85 ATP per glucose molecule . Variation ( edit ) While the citric acid cycle is in general highly conserved , there is significant variability in the enzymes found in different taxa ( note that the diagrams on this page are specific to the mammalian pathway variant ) . Some differences exist between eukaryotes and prokaryotes . The conversion of D - threo - isocitrate to 2 - oxoglutarate is catalyzed in eukaryotes by the NAD - dependent EC 1.1. 1.41 , while prokaryotes employ the NADP - dependent EC 1.1. 1.42 . Similarly , the conversion of ( S ) - malate to oxaloacetate is catalyzed in eukaryotes by the NAD - dependent EC 1.1. 1.37 , while most prokaryotes utilize a quinone - dependent enzyme , EC 1.1. 5.4 . A step with significant variability is the conversion of succinyl - CoA to succinate . Most organisms utilize EC 6.2. 1.5 , succinate -- CoA ligase ( ADP - forming ) ( despite its name , the enzyme operates in the pathway in the direction of ATP formation ) . In mammals a GTP - forming enzyme , succinate -- CoA ligase ( GDP - forming ) ( EC 6.2. 1.4 ) also operates . The level of utilization of each isoform is tissue dependent . In some acetate - producing bacteria , such as Acetobacter aceti , an entirely different enzyme catalyzes this conversion -- EC 2.8. 3.18 , succinyl - CoA : acetate CoA - transferase . This specialized enzyme links the TCA cycle with acetate metabolism in these organisms . Some bacteria , such as Helicobacter pylori , employ yet another enzyme for this conversion -- succinyl - CoA : acetoacetate CoA - transferase ( EC 2.8. 3.5 ) . Some variability also exists at the previous step -- the conversion of 2 - oxoglutarate to succinyl - CoA . While most organisms utilize the ubiquitous NAD - dependent 2 - oxoglutarate dehydrogenase , some bacteria utilize a ferredoxin - dependent 2 - oxoglutarate synthase ( EC 1.2. 7.3 ) . Other organisms , including obligately autotrophic and methanotrophic bacteria and archaea , bypass succinyl - CoA entirely , and convert 2 - oxoglutarate to succinate via succinate semialdehyde , using EC 4.1. 1.71 , 2 - oxoglutarate decarboxylase , and EC 1.2. 1.79 , succinate - semialdehyde dehydrogenase . Regulation ( edit ) The regulation of the citric acid cycle is largely determined by product inhibition and substrate availability . If the cycle were permitted to run unchecked , large amounts of metabolic energy could be wasted in overproduction of reduced coenzyme such as NADH and ATP . The major eventual substrate of the cycle is ADP which gets converted to ATP . A reduced amount of ADP causes accumulation of precursor NADH which in turn can inhibit a number of enzymes . NADH , a product of all dehydrogenases in the citric acid cycle with the exception of succinate dehydrogenase , inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase , isocitrate dehydrogenase , α - ketoglutarate dehydrogenase , and also citrate synthase . Acetyl - coA inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase , while succinyl - CoA inhibits alpha - ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase . When tested in vitro with TCA enzymes , ATP inhibits citrate synthase and α - ketoglutarate dehydrogenase ; however , ATP levels do not change more than 10 % in vivo between rest and vigorous exercise . There is no known allosteric mechanism that can account for large changes in reaction rate from an allosteric effector whose concentration changes less than 10 % . Calcium is also used as a regulator in the citric acid cycle . Calcium levels in the mitochondrial matrix can reach up to the tens of micromolar levels during cellular activation . It activates pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase which in turn activates the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex . Calcium also activates isocitrate dehydrogenase and α - ketoglutarate dehydrogenase . This increases the reaction rate of many of the steps in the cycle , and therefore increases flux throughout the pathway . Citrate is used for feedback inhibition , as it inhibits phosphofructokinase , an enzyme involved in glycolysis that catalyses formation of fructose 1 , 6 - bisphosphate , a precursor of pyruvate . This prevents a constant high rate of flux when there is an accumulation of citrate and a decrease in substrate for the enzyme . Recent work has demonstrated an important link between intermediates of the citric acid cycle and the regulation of hypoxia - inducible factors ( HIF ) . HIF plays a role in the regulation of oxygen homeostasis , and is a transcription factor that targets angiogenesis , vascular remodeling , glucose utilization , iron transport and apoptosis . HIF is synthesized consititutively , and hydroxylation of at least one of two critical proline residues mediates their interaction with the von Hippel Lindau E3 ubiquitin ligase complex , which targets them for rapid degradation . This reaction is catalysed by prolyl 4 - hydroxylases . Fumarate and succinate have been identified as potent inhibitors of prolyl hydroxylases , thus leading to the stabilisation of HIF . Major metabolic pathways converging on the citric acid cycle ( edit ) Several catabolic pathways converge on the citric acid cycle . Most of these reactions add intermediates to the citric acid cycle , and are therefore known as anaplerotic reactions , from the Greek meaning to `` fill up '' . These increase the amount of acetyl CoA that the cycle is able to carry , increasing the mitochondrion 's capability to carry out respiration if this is otherwise a limiting factor . Processes that remove intermediates from the cycle are termed `` cataplerotic '' reactions . In this section and in the next , the citric acid cycle intermediates are indicated in italics to distinguish them from other substrates and end - products . Pyruvate molecules produced by glycolysis are actively transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane , and into the matrix . Here they can be oxidized and combined with coenzyme A to form CO , acetyl - CoA , and NADH , as in the normal cycle . However , it is also possible for pyruvate to be carboxylated by pyruvate carboxylase to form oxaloacetate . This latter reaction `` fills up '' the amount of oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle , and is therefore an anaplerotic reaction , increasing the cycle 's capacity to metabolize acetyl - CoA when the tissue 's energy needs ( e.g. in muscle ) are suddenly increased by activity . In the citric acid cycle all the intermediates ( e.g. citrate , iso - citrate , alpha - ketoglutarate , succinate , fumarate , malate and oxaloacetate ) are regenerated during each turn of the cycle . Adding more of any of these intermediates to the mitochondrion therefore means that that additional amount is retained within the cycle , increasing all the other intermediates as one is converted into the other . Hence the addition of any one of them to the cycle has an anaplerotic effect , and its removal has a cataplerotic effect . These anaplerotic and cataplerotic reactions will , during the course of the cycle , increase or decrease the amount of oxaloacetate available to combine with acetyl - CoA to form citric acid . This in turn increases or decreases the rate of ATP production by the mitochondrion , and thus the availability of ATP to the cell . Acetyl - CoA , on the other hand , derived from pyruvate oxidation , or from the beta - oxidation of fatty acids , is the only fuel to enter the citric acid cycle . With each turn of the cycle one molecule of acetyl - CoA is consumed for every molecule of oxaloacetate present in the mitochondrial matrix , and is never regenerated . It is the oxidation of the acetate portion of acetyl - CoA that produces CO and water , with the energy thus released captured in the form of ATP . The three steps of beta - oxidation resemble the steps that occur in the production of oxaloacetate from succinate in the TCA cycle . Acyl - CoA is oxidized to trans - Enoyl - CoA while FAD is reduced to FADH2 , which is similar to the oxidation of succinate to fumarate . Following , trans - Enoyl - CoA is hydrated across the double bond to beta - hydroxyacyl - CoA , just like fumarate is hydrated to malate . Lastly , beta - hydroxyacyl - CoA is oxidized to beta - ketoacyl - CoA while NAD+ is reduced to NADH , which follows the same process as the oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate . In the liver , the carboxylation of cytosolic pyruvate into intra-mitochondrial oxaloacetate is an early step in the gluconeogenic pathway which converts lactate and de-aminated alanine into glucose , under the influence of high levels of glucagon and / or epinephrine in the blood . Here the addition of oxaloacetate to the mitochondrion does not have a net anaplerotic effect , as another citric acid cycle intermediate ( malate ) is immediately removed from the mitochondrion to be converted into cytosolic oxaloacetate , which is ultimately converted into glucose , in a process that is almost the reverse of glycolysis . In protein catabolism , proteins are broken down by proteases into their constituent amino acids . Their carbon skeletons ( i.e. the de-aminated amino acids ) may either enter the citric acid cycle as intermediates ( e.g. alpha - ketoglutarate derived from glutamate or glutamine ) , having an anaplerotic effect on the cycle , or , in the case of leucine , isoleucine , lysine , phenylalanine , tryptophan , and tyrosine , they are converted into acetyl - CoA which can be burned to CO and water , or used to form ketone bodies , which too can only be burned in tissues other than the liver where they are formed , or excreted via the urine or breath . These latter amino acids are therefore termed `` ketogenic '' amino acids , whereas those that enter the citric acid cycle as intermediates can only be cataplerotically removed by entering the gluconeogenic pathway via malate which is transported out of the mitochondrion to be converted into cytosolic oxaloacetate and ultimately into glucose . These are the so - called `` glucogenic '' amino acids . De-aminated alanine , cysteine , glycine , serine , and threonine are converted to pyruvate and can consequently either enter the citric acid cycle as oxaloacetate ( an anaplerotic reaction ) or as acetyl - CoA to be disposed of as CO and water . In fat catabolism , triglycerides are hydrolyzed to break them into fatty acids and glycerol . In the liver the glycerol can be converted into glucose via dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate by way of gluconeogenesis . In many tissues , especially heart and skeletal muscle tissue , fatty acids are broken down through a process known as beta oxidation , which results in the production of mitochondrial acetyl - CoA , which can be used in the citric acid cycle . Beta oxidation of fatty acids with an odd number of methylene bridges produces propionyl - CoA , which is then converted into succinyl - CoA and fed into the citric acid cycle as an anaplerotic intermediate . The total energy gained from the complete breakdown of one ( six - carbon ) molecule of glucose by glycolysis , the formation of 2 acetyl - CoA molecules , their catabolism in the citric acid cycle , and oxidative phosphorylation equals about 30 ATP molecules , in eukaryotes . The number of ATP molecules derived from the beta oxidation of a 6 carbon segment of a fatty acid chain , and the subsequent oxidation of the resulting 3 molecules of acetyl - CoA is 40 . Citric acid cycle intermediates serve as substrates for biosynthetic processes ( edit ) In this subheading , as in the previous one , the TCA intermediates are identified by italics . Several of the citric acid cycle intermediates are used for the synthesis of important compounds , which will have significant cataplerotic effects on the cycle . Acetyl - CoA can not be transported out of the mitochondrion . To obtain cytosolic acetyl - CoA , citrate is removed from the citric acid cycle and carried across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the cytosol . There it is cleaved by ATP citrate lyase into acetyl - CoA and oxaloacetate . The oxaloacetate is returned to mitochondrion as malate ( and then converted back into oxaloacetate to transfer more acetyl - CoA out of the mitochondrion ) . The cytosolic acetyl - CoA is used for fatty acid synthesis and the production of cholesterol . Cholesterol can , in turn , be used to synthesize the steroid hormones , bile salts , and vitamin D . The carbon skeletons of many non-essential amino acids are made from citric acid cycle intermediates . To turn them into amino acids the alpha keto - acids formed from the citric acid cycle intermediates have to acquire their amino groups from glutamate in a transamination reaction , in which pyridoxal phosphate is a cofactor . In this reaction the glutamate is converted into alpha - ketoglutarate , which is a citric acid cycle intermediate . The intermediates that can provide the carbon skeletons for amino acid synthesis are oxaloacetate which forms aspartate and asparagine ; and alpha - ketoglutarate which forms glutamine , proline , and arginine . Of these amino acids , aspartate and glutamine are used , together with carbon and nitrogen atoms from other sources , to form the purines that are used as the bases in DNA and RNA , as well as in ATP , AMP , GTP , NAD , FAD and CoA . The pyrimidines are partly assembled from aspartate ( derived from oxaloacetate ) . The pyrimidines , thymine , cytosine and uracil , form the complementary bases to the purine bases in DNA and RNA , and are also components of CTP , UMP , UDP and UTP . The majority of the carbon atoms in the porphyrins come from the citric acid cycle intermediate , succinyl - CoA . These molecules are an important component of the hemoproteins , such as hemoglobin , myoglobin and various cytochromes . During gluconeogenesis mitochondrial oxaloacetate is reduced to malate which is then transported out of the mitochondrion , to be oxidized back to oxaloacetate in the cytosol . Cytosolic oxaloacetate is then decarboxylated to phosphoenolpyruvate by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase , which is the rate limiting step in the conversion of nearly all the gluconeogenic precursors ( such as the glucogenic amino acids and lactate ) into glucose by the liver and kidney . Because the citric acid cycle is involved in both catabolic and anabolic processes , it is known as an amphibolic pathway . Interactive pathway map ( edit ) Click on genes , proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles . 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Fundamentals of Biochemistry , 2nd Edition . John Wiley and Sons , Inc . pp. 547 , 556 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 21495 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Stryer , Lubert ( 1995 ) . `` Citric acid cycle . '' . In : Biochemistry ( Fourth ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company . pp. 509 -- 527 , 569 -- 579 , 614 -- 616 , 638 -- 641 , 732 -- 735 , 739 -- 748 , 770 -- 773 . ISBN 0 7167 2009 4 . Jump up ^ H. , Garrett , Reginald ( 2013 ) . Biochemistry . Grisham , Charles M. ( 5th ed ed . ) . Belmont , CA : Brooks / Cole , Cengage Learning . pp. 623 -- 625 , 771 -- 773 . ISBN 9781133106296 . OCLC 777722371 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Halarnkar PP , Blomquist GJ ( 1989 ) . `` Comparative aspects of propionate metabolism '' . Comp . Biochem. Physiol. , B. 92 ( 2 ) : 227 -- 31 . doi : 10.1016 / 0305 - 0491 ( 89 ) 90270 - 8 . PMID 2647392 . Jump up ^ Ferre , P. ; F. Foufelle ( 2007 ) . `` SREBP - 1c Transcription Factor and Lipid Homeostasis : Clinical Perspective '' . Hormone Research . 68 ( 2 ) : 72 -- 82 . doi : 10.1159 / 000100426 . PMID 17344645 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 30 . this process is outlined graphically in page 73 Jump up ^ TY - JOUR AU - Hui , Sheng AU - Ghergurovich , Jonathan M. AU - Morscher , Raphael J. AU - Jang , Cholsoon AU - Teng , Xin AU - Lu , Wenyun AU - Esparza , Lourdes A. AU - Reya , Tannishtha AU - Le Zhan , AU - Yanxiang Guo , Jessie AU - White , Eileen AU - Rabinowitz , Joshua D. TI - Glucose feeds the TCA cycle via circulating lactate JA - Nature PY - 2017 / 10 / 18 / online VL - advance online publication SP - EP - PB - Macmillan Publishers Limited , part of Springer Nature . All rights reserved . SN - 1476 - 4687 UR - https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature24057 L3 - 10.1038 / nature24057 M3 - Letter L3 - http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nature24057.html#supplementary-information ER - External links ( edit ) An animation of the citric acid cycle at Smith College Citric acid cycle variants at MetaCyc Pathways connected to the citric acid cycle at Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Introduction at Khan Academy metpath : Interactive representation of the citric acid cycle Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Citric acid cycle metabolic pathway Acetyl - CoA + H O Oxaloacetate NADH + H NAD Malate H O Fumarate FADH FAD Succinate CoA + ATP ( GTP ) P + ADP ( GDP ) Succinyl - CoA NADH + H + CO CoA NAD Citrate H O cis - Aconitate H O Isocitrate NAD ( P ) NAD ( P ) H + H Oxalosuccinate CO 2 - oxoglutarate Metabolism map Carbon Fixation Photo - respiration Pentose Phosphate Pathway Citric Acid Cycle Glyoxylate Cycle Urea Cycle Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Beta Oxidation Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation Glyco - genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map . Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . Metabolism : Citric acid cycle enzymes Cycle Citrate synthase Aconitase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase Succinyl CoA synthetase Succinate dehydrogenase ( SDHA ) Fumarase Malate dehydrogenase and ETC Anaplerotic to acetyl - CoA Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ( E1 , E2 , E3 ) ( regulated by Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase ) to α - ketoglutaric acid Glutamate dehydrogenase to succinyl - CoA Methylmalonyl - CoA mutase to oxaloacetate Pyruvate carboxylase Aspartate transaminase Mitochondrial electron transport chain / oxidative phosphorylation Primary Complex I / NADH dehydrogenase Complex II / Succinate dehydrogenase Coenzyme Q Complex III / Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase Cytochrome c Complex IV / Cytochrome c oxidase Coenzyme Q10 synthesis : COQ2 COQ3 COQ4 COQ5 COQ6 COQ7 COQ9 COQ10A COQ10B PDSS1 PDSS2 Other Alternative oxidase Electron - transferring - flavoprotein dehydrogenase GND : 4148058 - 2 LCCN : sh85073260 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citric_acid_cycle&oldid=842660624 '' Categories : Biochemistry Cellular respiration Exercise physiology Metabolic pathways Citric acid cycle 1937 in biology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 20 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the role of atp synthase in the krebs cycle	[]	[]
7608277478979673238	Ball-and-stick model	Ball - and - stick model - wikipedia Ball - and - stick model Jump to : navigation , search A plastic ball - and - stick model of proline In chemistry , the ball - and - stick model is a molecular model of a chemical substance which is to display both the three - dimensional position of the atoms and the bonds between them . The atoms are typically represented by spheres , connected by rods which represent the bonds . Double and triple bonds are usually represented by two or three curved rods , respectively , or alternately by correctly positioned sticks for the sigma and pi bonds . In a good model , the angles between the rods should be the same as the angles between the bonds , and the distances between the centers of the spheres should be proportional to the distances between the corresponding atomic nuclei . The chemical element of each atom is often indicated by the sphere 's color . In a ball - and - stick model , the radius of the spheres is usually much smaller than the rod lengths , in order to provide a clearer view of the atoms and bonds throughout the model . As a consequence , the model does not provide a clear insight about the space occupied by the model . In this aspect , ball - and - stick models are distinct from space - filling ( calotte ) models , where the sphere radii are proportional to the Van der Waals atomic radii in the same scale as the atom distances , and therefore show the occupied space but not the bonds . Computer ball - and - stick model of cyclohexane . Ball - and - stick models can be physical artifacts or virtual computer models . The former are usually built from molecular modeling kits , consisting of a number of coil springs or plastic or wood sticks , and a number of plastic balls with pre-drilled holes . The sphere colors commonly follow the CPK coloring . Some university courses on chemistry require students to buy such models as learning material . History ( edit ) Hofmann 's 1865 ball - and - stick model of methane ( CH ) . Later discoveries disproved this geometry . In 1865 , German chemist August Wilhelm von Hofmann was the first to make ball - and - stick molecular models . He used such models in lecture at the Royal Institution of Great Britain . Specialist companies manufacture kits and models to order . One of the earlier companies was Woosters at Bottisham , Cambridgeshire , UK . Besides tetrahedral , trigonal and octahedral holes , there were all - purpose balls with 24 holes . These models allowed rotation about the single rod bonds , which could be both an advantage ( showing molecular flexibility ) and a disadvantage ( models are floppy ) . The approximate scale was 5 cm per ångström ( 0.5 m / nm or 500,000,000 : 1 ) , but was not consistent over all elements . A Beevers ball - and - stick model of ruby ( chromium - doped aluminium oxide ) . The Beevers Miniature Models company in Edinburgh ( now operating as Miramodus ) produced small models beginning in 1961 using PMMA balls and stainless steel rods . In these models , the use of individually drilled balls with precise bond angles and bond lengths enabled large crystal structures to be accurately created in a light and rigid form . See also ( edit ) VSEPR theory References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Turner M ( 1971 ) . `` Ball and stick models for organic chemistry '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 48 ( 6 ) : 407 . doi : 10.1021 / ed048p407 . Jump up ^ Olmsted J , Williams GM ( 1997 ) . Chemistry : The Molecular Science . Jones & Bartlett Learning . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8151 - 8450 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` ( Cecil ) Arnold Beevers '' . Gazetteer for Scotland . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ball-and-stick_model&oldid=822399702 '' Categories : Molecular modelling Talk About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano עברית 日本語 Português தமிழ் 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 04 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when do you use a stick and when do you use springs to represent a bond	[]	[]
2991603868766270872	Bonus Army	Bonus Army - wikipedia Bonus Army Jump to : navigation , search Bonus Army Conflict Bonus Army marchers ( left ) confront the police . Date July 28 , 1932 Location Washington D.C. , United States Result Bonus Army dispersed , demands rejected Belligerents Bonus Army U.S. Army Commanders and leaders Walter W. Waters Herbert Hoover Douglas MacArthur George S. Patton Strength 17,000 veterans 26,000 others 500 infantry 500 cavalry 6 Renault FT tanks 800 policemen Casualties and losses First day 2 dead ; 1,017 injured , total unknown At least 69 police injured Bonus Army was the name for an assemblage of some 43,000 marchers -- 17,000 U.S. World War I veterans , their families , and affiliated groups -- who gathered in Washington , D.C. in the summer of 1932 to demand cash - payment redemption of their service certificates . Organizers called the demonstrators the `` Bonus Expeditionary Force '' , to echo the name of World War I 's American Expeditionary Forces , while the media referred to them as the `` Bonus Army '' or `` Bonus Marchers '' . The contingent was led by Walter W. Waters , a former sergeant . Many of the war veterans had been out of work since the beginning of the Great Depression . The World War Adjusted Compensation Act of 1924 had awarded them bonuses in the form of certificates they could not redeem until 1945 . Each certificate , issued to a qualified veteran soldier , bore a face value equal to the soldier 's promised payment compound interest . The principal demand of the Bonus Army was the immediate cash payment of their certificates . On July 28 , U.S. Attorney General William D. Mitchell ordered the veterans removed from all government property . Washington police met with resistance , shots were fired and two veterans were wounded and later died . President Herbert Hoover then ordered the Army to clear the veterans ' campsite . Army Chief of Staff General Douglas MacArthur commanded the infantry and cavalry supported by six tanks . The Bonus Army marchers with their wives and children were driven out , and their shelters and belongings burned . A second , smaller Bonus March in 1933 at the start of the Roosevelt administration was defused in May with an offer of jobs with the Civilian Conservation Corps at Fort Hunt , Virginia , which most of the group accepted . Those who chose not to work for the CCC by the May 22 deadline were given transportation home . In 1936 , Congress overrode President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's veto and paid the veterans their bonus nine years early . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 March 3 Police shooting 4 Army intervention 5 Aftermath 6 See also 7 Notes 7.1 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links Background ( edit ) Members of the Bonus Army camped out on the lawn of the U.S. Capitol building In 1781 , most of the Continental Army was demobilized . Two years later , hundreds of Pennsylvania war veterans marched on Philadelphia , then the nation 's capital , surrounded the State House , where the U.S. Congress was in session and demanded back pay . Congress fled to Princeton , New Jersey , and several weeks later , the U.S. Army expelled the war veterans from Philadelphia . The practice of war - time military bonuses began in 1776 , as payment for the difference between what a soldier earned and what he could have earned had he not enlisted . The practice derived from British legislation passed in the 1592 -- 93 session of Parliament to provide medical care and maintenance for disabled veterans and bonuses for serving soldiers . Similar legislation for disabled veterans later only progressively passed by the North American colonies , beginning with Virginia in 1624 . In August 1776 , Congress adopted the first national pension law providing half pay for life for disabled veterans . Considerable pressure was applied to expand benefits to match the British system for serving soldiers and sailors but had little support from the colonial government until mass desertions at the Battle of Valley Forge that threatened the existence of the Continental Army led George Washington to become a strong advocate . Congress progressively passed legislation from 1788 covering pensions and bonuses , eventually extending eligibility to widows in 1836 . Before World War I , the soldiers ' military service bonus ( adjusted for rank ) was land and money ; a Continental Army private received 100 acres ( 40 ha ) and $80.00 ( 2017 : $1,968.51 ) at war 's end , while a major general received 1,100 acres ( 450 ha ) . In 1855 , Congress increased the land - grant minimum to 160 acres ( 65 ha ) , and reduced the eligibility requirements to fourteen days of military service or one battle ; moreover , the bonus also applied to veterans of any Indian war . The provision of land eventually became a major political issue , particularly in Tennessee where almost 40 % of arable land had been given to veterans as part of their bonus . By 1860 , 73,500,000 acres ( 29,700,000 ha ) had been issued and lack of available arable land led to the program 's abandonment and replacement with a cash - only system . Breaking with tradition , the veterans of the Spanish -- American War did not receive a bonus and after World War I , that became a political matter when they received only a $60 bonus . The American Legion , created in 1919 , led a political movement for an additional bonus . Cinderella stamp ( USA , 1932 ) supporting the Bonus Army On May 15 , 1924 , President Calvin Coolidge vetoed a bill granting bonuses to veterans of World War I , saying : `` patriotism ... bought and paid for is not patriotism . '' Congress overrode his veto a few days later , enacting the World War Adjusted Compensation Act . Each veteran was to receive a dollar for each day of domestic service , up to a maximum of $500 , and $1.25 for each day of overseas service , up to a maximum of $625 ( 2017 : $8,903.62 ) . Amounts of $50 or less were immediately paid . All other amounts were issued as Certificates of Service maturing in 20 years . There were 3,662,374 Adjusted Service Certificates issued , with a combined face value of $3.64 B ( 2017 : $51.8 B) . Congress established a trust fund to receive 20 annual payments of $112 million that , with interest , would finance the 1945 disbursement of the $3.638 billion for the veterans . Meanwhile , veterans could borrow up to 22.5 % of the certificate 's face value from the fund ; but in 1931 , because of the Great Depression , Congress increased the maximum value of such loans to 50 % of the certificate 's face value . Although there was congressional support for the immediate redemption of the military service certificates , Hoover and Republican congressmen opposed such action and reasoned that the government would have to increase taxes to cover the costs of the payout and so any potential economic recovery would be slowed . The Veterans of Foreign Wars continued to press the federal government to allow the early redemption of military service certificates . The first march of the unemployed was Coxey 's Army in 1894 , when armies of men from various regions streamed to Washington as a `` living petition '' to demand that the federal government create jobs by investing in public infrastructure projects In January 1932 , a march of 25,000 unemployed Pennsylvanians , dubbed `` Cox 's Army '' , had marched on Washington , D.C. , the largest demonstration to date in the nation 's capital , setting a precedent for future marches by the unemployed . March ( edit ) Bonus Army Camp Most of the Bonus Army camped in a `` Hooverville '' on the Anacostia Flats , a swampy , muddy area across the Anacostia River from the federal core of Washington , just south of the 11th Street Bridges ( now Section C of Anacostia Park ) . Approximately 10,000 veterans , women and children lived in the shelters in which they built from materials dragged out of a junk pile nearby , which included old lumber , packing boxes and scrap tin covered with roofs of thatched straw . The camps were tightly controlled by the veterans , who laid out streets , built sanitation facilities , and held daily parades . To live in the camps , veterans were required to register and to prove they had been honorably discharged . The Superintendent of the D.C. Police , Pelham D. Glassford , worked with camp leaders to maintain order . On June 15 , 1932 , the US House of Representatives passed the Wright Patman Bonus Bill to move forward the date for World War I veterans to receive their cash bonus . The Bonus Army massed at the U.S. Capitol on June 17 as the U.S. Senate voted on the Bonus Bill . The bill was defeated by a vote of 62 -- 18 . Police shooting ( edit ) On July 28 , 1932 , President Hoover ordered the Secretary of War to disperse the protesters . Towards the late afternoon , cavalry , infantry , tanks and machine guns pushed the `` Bonusers '' out of Washington . The troops injured more than one hundred ( 100 ) veterans under the orders from Hoover . When the veterans moved back into it , police drew their revolvers and shot at the veterans , two of whom , William Hushka and Eric Carlson , died later . Hushka ( 1895 -- July 28 , 1932 ) was an immigrant to the United States from Lithuania . When the US entered World War I in 1917 , he sold his butcher shop in St. Louis , Missouri and joined the United States Army . After the war , he lived in Chicago . Hushka is buried in Arlington National Cemetery . Carlson ( 1894 -- August 2 , 1932 ) was a US veteran from Oakland , California . He fought in the trenches of France in World War I. He was interred in Arlington National Cemetery . On July 28 under prodding from the White House the D.C. Commissioners ordered Glassford to clear their buildings , rather than letting them drift away as he had recommended . An Army intelligence report said that the BEF intended to occupy the Capitol permanently and instigate fighting which would be a signal for Communist uprisings in all major cities . At least part of the Marine Corps garrison in Washington would side with the revolutionaries ; hence Marine units eight blocks from the Capitol were never called upon ( the report of July 5 1932 by Conrad H. Lanza in upstate New York was not declassified until 1991 ) . When two veterans were shot the commissioners asked the White House for federal troops . Hoover passed the request to Secretary Hurley who told MacArthur to take action . At 1.40 pm MacArthur ordered General Perry Miles to assemble them on the Ellipse immediately south of the White House . Within the hour the 3rd Cavalry led by Patton crossed the Memorial Bridge , with the 12th Infantry arriving by steamer about an hour later . At 4 pm Miles told MacArthur that the troops were ready , and MacArthur ( like Eisenhower , by now in service uniform ) said that Hoover wanted him on hand to take the rap if ... However twice that evening Hoover sent instructions to MacArthur not to cross the Anacostia bridge that night , both of which he ignored ; shortly after 9 p.m. he ordered Miles to cross the bridge and evict the Bonus Army from its encampment Army intervention ( edit ) At 4 : 45 p.m. , commanded by General Douglas MacArthur , the 12th Infantry Regiment , Fort Howard , Maryland , and the 3rd Cavalry Regiment , supported by six M1917 light tanks commanded by Maj . George S. Patton , formed in Pennsylvania Avenue while thousands of civil service employees left work to line the street and watch . The Bonus Marchers , believing the troops were marching in their honor , cheered the troops until Patton ordered the cavalry to charge them , which prompted the spectators to yell , `` Shame ! Shame ! '' Shacks that members of the Bonus Army erected on the Anacostia Flats burning after its confrontation with the army . After the cavalry charged , the infantry , with fixed bayonets and tear gas ( adamsite , an arsenical vomiting agent ) entered the camps , evicting veterans , families , and camp followers . The veterans fled across the Anacostia River to their largest camp , and Hoover ordered the assault stopped . MacArthur chose to ignore the president and ordered a new attack , claiming that the Bonus March was an attempt to overthrow the US government ; 55 veterans were injured and 135 arrested . A veteran 's wife miscarried . When 12 - week - old Bernard Myers died in the hospital after being caught in the tear gas attack , a government investigation reported he died of enteritis , and a hospital spokesman said the tear gas `` did n't do it any good . '' During the military operation , Major Dwight D. Eisenhower , later the 34th president of the United States , served as one of MacArthur 's junior aides . Believing it wrong for the Army 's highest - ranking officer to lead an action against fellow American war veterans , he strongly advised MacArthur against taking any public role : `` I told that dumb son - of - a-bitch not to go down there , '' he said later . `` I told him it was no place for the Chief of Staff . '' Despite his misgivings , Eisenhower later wrote the Army 's official incident report that endorsed MacArthur 's conduct . Aftermath ( edit ) Joe Angelo , a decorated hero from the war who had saved Patton 's life during the Meuse - Argonne offensive on September 26 , 1918 , approached him the day after to sway him . Patton , however , dismissed him quickly . This episode was said to represent the proverbial essence of the Bonus Army , each man the face of each side ; Angelo the dejected loyal soldier , Patton the unmoved government instrument unconcerned with past duties . Though the Bonus Army incident did not derail the careers of the military officers involved , it proved politically disastrous for Hoover , and is considered to be a contributing factor leading to him losing the 1932 election in a landslide to Franklin D. Roosevelt . Police Superintendent Glassford was not pleased with the decision to have the Army intervene , believing that the police could have handled the situation . He soon resigned as superintendent . MGM released the movie Gabriel Over the White House in March 1933 , the month Roosevelt was sworn in as president . Produced by William Randolph Hearst 's Cosmopolitan Pictures , it depicted a fictitious President Hammond who , in the film 's opening scenes , refuses to deploy the military against a march of the unemployed and instead creates an `` Army of Construction '' to work on public works projects until the economy recovers . First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt judged the movie 's treatment of veterans superior to Hoover 's . During the presidential campaign of 1932 , Roosevelt had opposed the veterans ' bonus demands . When they organized a second demonstration in May 1933 , he provided the marchers with a campsite in Virginia and provided them three meals a day . Administration officials , led by presidential confidant Louis Howe , tried to negotiate an end to the protest . Roosevelt arranged for his wife , Eleanor , to visit the site unaccompanied . She lunched with the veterans and listened to them perform songs . She reminisced about her memories of seeing troops off to World War I and welcoming them home . The most that she could offer was a promise of positions in the newly created Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) . One veteran commented , `` Hoover sent the army , Roosevelt sent his wife . '' In a press conference following her visit , the First Lady described her reception as courteous and praised the marchers , highlighting how comfortable she felt despite critics of the marchers who described them as communists and criminals . Roosevelt later issued an executive order allowing the enrollment of 25,000 veterans in the CCC , exempting them from the normal requirement that applicants be unmarried and under the age of 25 . Congress , with Democrats holding majorities in both houses , passed the Adjusted Compensation Payment Act in 1936 , authorizing the immediate payment of the $2 billion in World War I bonuses , and then overrode Roosevelt 's veto of the measure . The House vote was 324 to 61 , and the Senate vote was 76 to 19 . See also ( edit ) List of protest marches on Washington , D.C. On - to - Ottawa Trek by Canadian veterans , 1935 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Take Job in the Forest or Go Home ' Is Alternative Given to Bonus Boys '' , Middlesboro ( KY ) Daily News , May 17 , 1933 , p1 ; `` Bonus Marchers Weaken ; Accept Jobs in Ax Corps '' , Milwaukee Journal , May 20 , 1933 , p1 Jump up ^ Graves , Will . `` Pension Acts An Overview of Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty Land Legislation and the Southern Campaigns Pension Transcription Project '' . Southern Campaigns Revolutionary War Pension Statements & Rosters . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : David Greenberg , Calvin Coolidge ( NY : Henry Holt , 2006 ) , 78 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : `` BLS Inflation Calculator '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . US Government , Department of Labor . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dickson and Allen , 29 Jump up ^ Dickson and Allen , 37 - 8 Jump up ^ Dickson and Allen , 34 Jump up ^ Stephen R. Ortiz , `` The ' New Deal ' for Veterans : The Economy Act , the Veterans of Foreign Wars , and the Origins of the New Deal , '' Journal of Military History , vol. 70 ( 2006 ) , 434 -- 5 Jump up ^ Donald L. McMurry , `` Coxey 's Army '' , 1930 ( page cite needed ) . Jump up ^ `` '' The Bonus Army '' Eyewitness to History ( 2000 ) `` . Jump up ^ Glass , Andrew ( 2009 ) . `` House passes bonus bill for WWI veterans , June 15 , 1932 '' . POLITICO . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ ( < http://www.encyclopedia.com > . `` '' Bonus Army . '' Dictionary of American History ... Encyclopedia.com. 23 May . 2017 `` ) Check url = value ( help ) . Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Veteran dies of wounds , '' August 2 , 1932 , accessed August 30 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : TIME : `` Heroes : Battle of Washington , '' August 8 , 1932 , accessed August 30 , 2011 : `` Last week William Hushka 's Bonus for $528 suddenly became payable in full when a police bullet drilled him dead in the worst public disorder the capital has known in years . '' Jump up ^ FindAGrave Jump up ^ Mentioned in `` The March of the Bonus Army '' video , 30 min . Retrieved from answer.com 2011 - 2 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Bonus Army Spectacle , U.S. Capital , 1932 : What Really Happened '' , Section VI . Two Shootings at Glassford Camp from Suburban Emergency Management Project ( SEMP ) , Biot Report # 635 : July 18 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 2 - 8 Jump up ^ Bonus Expeditionary Force Martyrs Hushka & Carlson ( 1932 ) , DC Labor Map , retrieved 2011 - 2 - 8 Jump up ^ Smith , Jean Edward ( 2012 ) . Eisenhower in War and Peace . New York : Random House . pp. 109 -- 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 64429 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dickson and Allen , 182 - 3 Jump up ^ Dickson and Allen , 170 - 4 , 180 Jump up ^ Wukovits , John F. ( 2006 ) . Eisenhower . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . p. 43 . ISBN 0 - 230 - 61394 - 2 . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ D'Este , Carlo ( 2002 ) . Eisenhower : A Soldier 's Life . New York : Henry Holt & Co. p. 223 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5687 - 4 . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Hirshson , Stanley P. General Patton. Harper Collins Publishers 2002 . New York , New York . Jump up ^ Internet Movie Database : Gabriel Over the White House ( 1933 ) , accessed December 15 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Blanche Wiesen Cook , Eleanor Roosevelt ( NY : Viking , 1999 ) , vol. 2 , 44 -- 6 Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Governor Lays Plans for Trip , '' October 17 , 1932 , accessed December 18 , 2010 Jump up ^ Jenkins 2003 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ H.W. Brands , Traitor to his Class : The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt ( NY : Doubleday , 2008 ) , 391 Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Bonus Bill Becomes Law '' , January 28 , 1936 , accessed December 20 , 2010 Jump up ^ New York Times : `` House Swiftly Overrides Bonus Veto by Roosevelt '' , January 25 , 1936 , accessed September 3 , 2011 Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Bonus Bill Becomes Law '' , January 28 , 1936 , accessed September 3 , 2011 Bibliography ( edit ) Burner , David . ( 1979 ) . Herbert Hoover : A Public Life . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 394 - 46134 - 7 . Daniels , Roger . ( 1971 ) . The Bonus March : An Episode of the Great Depression . Westport , CT : Greenwood Publishing . ISBN 0837151740 Dickson , Paul , and Thomas B. Allen . ( 2004 ) . The Bonus Army : An American Epic . New York : Walker and Company . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1440 - 4 . Dickson , Paul , and Thomas B. Allen . `` Marching On History , '' in Smithsonian , February 2003 James , D. Clayton . ( 1970 ) . The Years of MacArthur , Volume I , 1880 -- 1941 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . OCLC 36211265 Jenkins , Roy ( 2003 ) . Franklin Delano Roosevelt . New York : Times Books . ISBN 9780805069594 . Lisio , Donald J. ( 1974 ) . The President and Protest : Hoover , Conspiracy , and the Bonus Riot . Columbia , MO : University of Missouri Press . ISBN 082620158X Smith , Richard Norton . ( 1984 ) . An Uncommon Man : The Triumph of Herbert Hoover . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 46034 - X . Liebovich , Louis W. ( 1994 ) . Bylines in Despair : Herbert Hoover , the Great Depression , and the U.S. News Media ISBN 0 - 275 - 94843 - 9 Bennett , Michael J. ( 1999 ) . When Dreams Come True : The GI Bill and the Making of Modern America ISBN 1 - 57488 - 218 - X Perret , Geoffrey ( 1996 ) . `` MacArthur and the Marchers '' in MHQ : the Quarterly Journal of Military History . Vol 8 , No 2 American Historical Publication , Inc Further reading ( edit ) Morrow , Felix . ( 1932 ) . The Bonus March . International Pamphlets No. 31 . New York : International Publishers . OCLC 12546840 Ortiz , Stephen R. 2006 . `` Rethinking the Bonus March : Federal Bonus Policy , the Veterans of Foreign Wars , and the Origins of a Protest Movement '' . Journal of Policy History . 18 , no . 3 : 275 -- 303 . Rawl , Michael J. ( 2006 ) . Anacostia Flats . Baltimore : Publish America . ISBN 978 - 1 - 413 - 79778 - 7 . Smith , Gene . ( 1970 ) . The Shattered Dream : Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression . New York : William Morrow and Company . OCLC 76078 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bonus Army . Sheilah Kast ( February 13 , 2005 ) . `` Soldier Against Soldier : The Story of the Bonus Army '' . NPR : Weekend Edition Sunday . The Bonus Army ( EyeWitness to History ) Vets Owe Debt to WWI 's `` Bonus Army from military.com FBI file on the Bonus Army The Sad Tale of the Bonus Marchers Memory : The Bonus Army March , Library of Congress Paul Dickson & Thomas B. Allen on The Bonus Army : An American Epic , a lecture recorded at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library Coordinates : 38 ° 52 ′ 0.3 '' N 76 ° 59 ′ 53 '' W / 38.866750 ° N 76.99806 ° W / 38.866750 ; - 76.99806 Herbert Hoover 31st President of the United States ( 1929 -- 1933 ) 3rd United States Secretary of Commerce ( 1921 -- 1928 ) Presidency 1929 inauguration Hoover Dam Federal Farm Board Wall Street Crash of 1929 Hooverville Bonus Army Banana Wars U.S. occupation of Nicaragua U.S. occupation of Haiti London Naval Treaty Hoover Moratorium Stimson Doctrine Cabinet Medicine Ball Cabinet Hooverball State of the Union Address , 1929 1930 Judicial appointments Supreme Court Other events Sons of Gwalia mine Zinc Corporation Commission for Relief in Belgium University Foundation Belgian American Educational Foundation American Relief Administration Russian Famine Relief Act U.S. Food Administration Commission for Polish Relief Finnish Relief Fund Hoover Commission Life Early life Birthplace and childhood home National Historic Site Hoover -- Minthorn House Lou Henry Hoover House Rapidan Camp Legacy Presidential Library , Museum , and gravesite Hoover Institution Library and Archives Hoover Tower Hoover Institution Herbert C. Hoover Building U.S. Postage stamp Hoover Medal Hoover Chair Hoover Field Books Freedom Betrayed English translation of De re metallica Elections Republican National Convention , 1920 1928 1932 1940 United States presidential election , 1928 1932 Family Lou Henry Hoover ( wife ) Herbert Hoover Jr. ( son ) Allan Hoover ( son ) Margaret Hoover ( great - granddaughter ) Jesse Hoover ( father ) Hulda Randall ( Minthorn ) Hoover ( mother ) ← Calvin Coolidge Franklin D. Roosevelt → ( hide ) Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces listed chronologically Domestic Shays ' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries 's Rebellion Mormon War Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Indian Wars Brooks -- Baxter War Range War Lincoln County War Johnson County War Coal Creek War Homestead Strike Battle of Blair Mountain Bonus Army Battle of Athens Foreign Revolutionary War Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Mexican -- American War First Fiji Expedition Second Opium War Second Fiji Expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Vietnam War Invasion of the Dominican Republic Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War Bosnian War Kosovo War Afghanistan War Iraq War War in North - West Pakistan Libyan Civil War Intervention against ISIL Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Related articles List of conflicts in the U.S. List of wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Overseas expansion Military history Covert regime - change actions Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector War on Terror Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bonus_Army&oldid=817676081 '' Categories : 1932 in Washington , D.C. Great Depression in the United States History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Political repression in the United States Protest marches in Washington , D.C. American veterans ' organizations Conflicts in 1932 Aftermath of World War I in the United States Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia 日本語文言中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 22 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-2981467081011300302	United States Secretary of State	United States Secretary of State - wikipedia United States Secretary of State Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Secretary of state ( U.S. state government ) . Secretary of State of the United States Seal of the Secretary of State Flag of the Secretary of State Incumbent Rex Tillerson since February 1 , 2017 United States Department of State Style Mr. Secretary Member of Cabinet , National Security Council Reports to The President Seat Washington , D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length Appointed Constituting instrument 22 U.S.C. § 2651 Precursor United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs Formation July 27 , 1789 ; 228 years ago ( 1789 - 07 - 27 ) First holder John Jay ( acting ) Thomas Jefferson Succession Fourth Deputy John Sullivan Salary $205,700 annually ( Executive Schedule I ) Website www.state.gov The Secretary of State is a senior official of the federal government of the United States of America , and as head of the U.S. Department of State , is principally concerned with foreign policy and is considered to be the U.S. government 's equivalent of a Minister for Foreign Affairs . The Secretary of State is nominated by the President of the United States and , following a confirmation hearing before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations , is confirmed by the United States Senate . The Secretary of State , along with the Secretary of the Treasury , Secretary of Defense , and Attorney General , are generally regarded as the four most important Cabinet members because of the importance of their respective departments . Secretary of State is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level ( currently $205,700 ) . The current Secretary of State is former ExxonMobil CEO Rex Tillerson , the 69th person to hold office since its creation in 1789 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Duties and responsibilities 2 List of Secretaries of State 3 References 4 External links Duties and responsibilities ( edit ) The stated duties of the Secretary of State are as follows : `` Supervises the United States Foreign Service '' and `` administers the Department of State '' Advises the President on matters relating to U.S. foreign policy including the appointment of diplomatic representatives to other nations and on the acceptance , recall , or dismissal of representatives from other nations `` Negotiates , interprets , or terminates treaties and agreements '' and `` conducts negotiations relating to U.S. foreign affairs '' `` Personally participates in or directs U.S. representatives to international conferences , organizations , and agencies '' Provides information and services to U.S. citizens living or traveling abroad such as providing credentials in the form of passports `` Ensures the protection of the U.S. Government to American citizens , property , and interests in foreign countries '' `` Supervises the administration of the U.S. immigration policy abroad '' Communicates issues relating the U.S. foreign policy to Congress and to U.S. citizens `` Promotes beneficial economic intercourse between the U.S. and other countries '' The original duties of the Secretary of State include some domestic duties such as : Receipt , publication , distribution , and preservation of the laws of the United States Preparation , sealing , and recording of the commissions of Presidential appointees Preparation and authentication of copies of records and authentication of copies under the Department 's seal Custody of the Great Seal of the United States Custody of the records of former Secretary of the Continental Congress except for those of the Treasury and War departments Most of the domestic functions of the Department of State have been transferred to other agencies . Those that remain include storage and use of the Great Seal of the United States , performance of protocol functions for the White House , and the drafting of certain proclamations . The Secretary also negotiates with the individual States over the extradition of fugitives to foreign countries . Under Federal Law , the resignation of a President or of a Vice President is only valid if declared in writing , in an instrument delivered to the office of the Secretary of State . Accordingly , the resignations of President Nixon and of Vice-President Spiro Agnew , domestic issues , were formalized in instruments delivered to the Secretary of State , Henry Kissinger . As the highest - ranking member of the cabinet , the Secretary of State is the third - highest official of the executive branch of the Federal Government of the United States , after the President and Vice President and is fourth in line to succeed the Presidency , coming after the Vice President , the Speaker of the House of Representatives , and the President pro tempore of the Senate . Six Secretaries of State have gone on to be elected President . Others , including John Kerry , William Seward , Henry Clay , William Jennings Bryan and Hillary Clinton have been unsuccessful presidential candidates , either before or after their term of office as Secretary of State . The nature of the position means that Secretaries of State engage in travel around the world . The record for most countries visited in a secretary 's tenure is 112 by Hillary Clinton . Second is Madeleine Albright with 96 . The record for most air miles traveled in a secretary 's tenure is 1.380 million miles by John Kerry . Second is Condoleezza Rice 's 1.059 million miles , and third is Clinton 's 956,733 miles . What are the Qualifications of a Secretary of State ? He ought to be a Man of universal Reading in Laws , Governments , History . Our whole terrestrial Universe ought to be summarily comprehended in his Mind . `` '' -- John Adams List of Secretaries of State ( edit ) Further information : List of Secretaries of State of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 3 U.S. Code § 19 - Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' . Cornell Law School . Jump up ^ `` Pay & Leave : Salaries & Wages '' . Salary Table No. 2015 - EX . United States Office of Personnel Management . January 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 5 U.S.C. § 5312 . Jump up ^ `` Heads of State , Heads of Government , Ministers for Foreign Affairs '' , Protocol and Liaison Service , United Nations . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NATO Member Countries , NATO . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cabinets and Counselors : The President and the Executive Branch ( 1997 ) . Congressional Quarterly . p. 87 . Jump up ^ `` Duties of the Secretary of State '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Duties of the Secretary of State of the United States '' . www.state.gov . United States Department of State . January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 3 U.S. Code § 20 - Resignation or refusal of office '' . ^ Jump up to : Mark Landler ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Scare Adds to Fears That Clinton 's Work Has Taken Toll '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Lee , Matthew ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` Frequent flier Hillary Clinton hits 100 - country mark '' . Detroit Free Press . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Kerry breaks record for miles traveled by secretary of state '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ Ford , Worthington C. , ed. ( 1927 ) . Statesman and Friend : Correspondence of John Adams with Benjamin Waterhouse , 1784 -- 1822 . Boston , MA : Little , Brown , and Company . p. 57 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Secretaries of State of the United States . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` United States Secretary of State '' dated 2010 - 02 - 23 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Official website Current U.S. order of precedence ( ceremonial ) Preceded by Ambassadors from the United States ( while at their posts ) Order of Precedence of the United States as Secretary of State Succeeded by Ambassadors to the United States ( in order of tenure ) Preceded by Otherwise Barack Obama as Former President Succeeded by Otherwise António Guterres as Secretary - General of the United Nations Current U.S. presidential line of succession Preceded by President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch 4th in line Succeeded by Secretary of the Treasury Steve Mnuchin United States Secretaries of State Secretary of Foreign Affairs 1781 -- 89 R. Livingston Jay Secretary of State 1789 -- present Jefferson Randolph Pickering J. Marshall Madison Smith Monroe Adams Clay Van Buren E. Livingston McLane Forsyth Webster Upshur Calhoun Buchanan Clayton Webster Everett Marcy Cass Black Seward Washburne Fish Evarts Blaine Frelinghuysen Bayard Blaine Foster Gresham Olney Sherman Day Hay Root Bacon Knox Bryan Lansing Colby Hughes Kellogg Stimson Hull Stettinius Byrnes G. Marshall Acheson Dulles Herter Rusk Rogers Kissinger Vance Muskie Haig Shultz Baker Eagleburger Christopher Albright Powell Rice ( tenure ) Clinton ( tenure ) Kerry ( tenure ) Tillerson Agencies under the United States Department of State Headquarters : Harry S Truman Building Rex Tillerson , Secretary of State John Sullivan , Deputy Secretary of State and Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources Tom Shannon , Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Deputy Secretary of State and Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources Counselor of the Department Executive Secretariat Office of U.S. Foreign Assistance Resources Operations Center Under Secretary for Political Affairs Bureau of African Affairs Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs Bureau of International Organization Affairs Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs Under Secretary for Economic Growth , Energy , and the Environment Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs Bureau of Energy Resources Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs Office of the Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary Office of the Chief Economist Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security Affairs Bureau of Arms Control , Verification and Compliance Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation Bureau of Political - Military Affairs Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs Bureau of Public Affairs Bureau of International Information Programs Department Spokesperson Office of the Historian Office of Policy , Planning , and Resources for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs United States Diplomacy Center Under Secretary for Management Bureau of Administration Bureau of Budget and Planning Bureau of Consular Affairs Bureau of Diplomatic Security Bureau of Human Resources Bureau of Information Resource Management Bureau of Overseas Buildings Operations Diplomatic Reception Rooms Foreign Service Institute Office of Children 's Issues Office of eDiplomacy Office of Foreign Missions Office of Management Policy , Rightsizing , and Innovation Office of Medical Services Office of White House Liaison Under Secretary for Civilian Security , Democracy , and Human Rights Bureau of Conflict and Stabilization Operations Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs Bureau of Population , Refugees , and Migration Office of Global Criminal Justice Office of Global Youth Issues Office to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons Bureaus / Offices reporting directly to the Secretary Bureau of Intelligence and Research Bureau of Legislative Affairs Office of Civil Rights Office of Inspector General Office of the Legal Adviser Office of Policy Planning Staff Office of the Chief of Protocol Office of Global Food Security Office of Global Women 's Issues Office of the United States Global AIDS Coordinator Office of Global Partnerships Leaders of the United States federal executive departments Current Agriculture Commerce Defense Education Energy Health and Human Services Homeland Security Housing and Urban Development Interior Justice Labor State Transportation Treasury Veterans Affairs Past Commerce and Labor Health , Education , and Welfare Navy Post Office War Presidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( Rex Tillerson ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( Jim Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Alex Azar ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( David Shulkin ) Secretary of Homeland Security ( Kirstjen Nielsen ) Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Secretary_of_State&oldid=827410852 '' Categories : United States Department of State United States Secretaries of State Cabinet of the United States Foreign ministers Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 February 2018 , at 16 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the current secretary of state in the united states	[ "The current Secretary of State is former ExxonMobil CEO Rex Tillerson, the 69th person to hold office since its creation in 1789." ]	[ "former ExxonMobil CEO Rex Tillerson" ]
-1560259752973941930	Military strategy	Military strategy - wikipedia Military strategy Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series about War History ( show ) Prehistoric Ancient Post-classical Early Modern Late Modern Industrial Fourth - Gen Battlespace ( show ) Air Cyber Information Land Sea Space Weapons ( show ) Armor Artillery Biological Cavalry Chemical Conventional Cyber Electronic Infantry Nuclear Psychological Unconventional Tactics ( show ) Aerial Battle Cavalry Charge Counterattack Counter-insurgency Cover Foxhole Guerrilla warfare Morale Siege Swarming Tactical objective Trench warfare Operational ( show ) Blitzkrieg Deep operation Maneuver warfare Operational manoeuvre group Strategy ( show ) Attrition Counter-offensive Deception Defensive Goal Naval Offensive Grand strategy ( show ) Containment Economic warfare Limited war Military science Philosophy of war Strategic studies Total war Organization ( show ) Command and control Doctrine Education and training Engineers Intelligence Ranks Staff Technology and equipment Logistics ( show ) Arms industry Materiel Supply chain management Related ( show ) Asymmetric warfare Broken - Backed War Theory Court - martial Cold war Deterrence theory Irregular warfare Law of war Mercenary Military campaign Military operation Network - centric warfare Operations research Principles of war Proxy war Religious war Slavery Theater War crimes War film War games War novel Wartime sexual violence World war Colonial war Lists ( show ) Battles Military occupations Operations Sieges War crimes Wars Weapons Writers Military strategy is a set of ideas implemented by military organizations to pursue desired strategic goals . Derived from the Greek word strategos , the term strategy , when it appeared in use during the 18th century , was seen in its narrow sense as the `` art of the general '' , or `` ' the art of arrangement '' of troops . Military strategy deals with the planning and conduct of campaigns , the movement and disposition of forces , and the deception of the enemy . The father of Western modern strategic studies , Carl von Clausewitz ( 1780 - 1831 ) , defined military strategy as `` the employment of battles to gain the end of war . '' B.H. Liddell Hart 's definition put less emphasis on battles , defining strategy as `` the art of distributing and applying military means to fulfill the ends of policy '' . Hence , both gave the pre-eminence to political aims over military goals . Sun Tzu ( 544 - 496 BC ) is often considered as the father of Eastern military strategy and greatly influenced Chinese , Japanese , Korean and Vietnamese historical and modern war tactics . The Art of War by Sun Tzu grew in popularity and saw practical use in Western society as well . It continues to influence many competitive endeavors in Asia , Europe , and America including culture , politics , and business , as well as modern warfare . The Eastern military strategy differs from the Western by focusing more on asymmetric warfare and deception . Strategy differs from tactics , in that strategy refers to the employment of all of a nation 's military capabilities through high level and long term planning , development and procurement to guarantee security or victory . Tactics is the military science employed to secure objectives defined as part of the military strategy ; especially the methods whereby men , equipment , aircraft , ships and weapons are employed and directed against an enemy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fundamentals 1.1 Background 2 Principles 3 Development 3.1 Antiquity 3.2 Middle Ages 3.2. 1 Genghis Khan and the Mongols 3.3 Early Modern era 3.4 Napoleonic 3.4. 1 Waterloo 3.4. 2 Clausewitz and Jomini 3.5 Industrial age 3.6 World War I 3.7 Inter war 3.8 World War II 3.8. 1 German 3.8. 1.1 Pre-war 3.8. 1.2 War strategy 3.8. 2 British 3.8. 3 European Allies 3.8. 4 Soviet 3.8. 5 Japanese 3.8. 6 American 3.8. 7 Australian 3.9 Communist China 's strategy 3.10 Cold War 3.11 Post Cold War 3.12 Netwar 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Notes 5.2 Bibliography 6 Further reading Fundamentals ( edit ) Military strategy is the planning and execution of the contest between groups of armed adversaries . Strategy , which is a subdiscipline of warfare and of foreign policy , is a principal tool to secure national interests . It is larger in perspective than military tactics , which involves the disposition and maneuver of units on a particular sea or battlefield , but less broad than grand strategy otherwise called national strategy , which is the overarching strategy of the largest of organizations such as the nation state , confederation , or international alliance and involves using diplomatic , informational , military and economic resources . Military strategy involves using military resources such as people , equipment , and information against the opponent 's resources to gain supremacy or reduce the opponent 's will to fight , developed through the precepts of military science . NATO 's definition of strategy is `` presenting the manner in which military power should be developed and applied to achieve national objectives or those of a group of nations . Strategy may be divided into ' Grand Strategy ' , geopolitical in scope and ' military strategy ' that converts the geopolitical policy objectives into militarily achievable goals and campaigns . Field Marshal Viscount Alanbrooke , Chief of the Imperial General Staff and co-chairman of the Anglo - US Combined Chiefs of Staff Committee for most of the Second World War , described the art of military strategy as : `` to derive from the ( policy ) aim a series of military objectives to be achieved : to assess these objectives as to the military requirements they create , and the pre-conditions which the achievement of each is likely to necessitate : to measure available and potential resources against the requirements and to chart from this process a coherent pattern of priorities and a rational course of action . '' Field - Marshal Montgomery summed it up thus `` Strategy is the art of distributing and applying military means , such as armed forces and supplies , to fulfil the ends of policy . Tactics means the dispositions for , and control of , military forces and techniques in actual fighting . Put more shortly : strategy is the art of the conduct of war , tactics the art of fighting . '' Background ( edit ) Military strategy in the 19th century was still viewed as one of a trivium of `` arts '' or `` sciences '' that govern the conduct of warfare ; the others being tactics , the execution of plans and maneuvering of forces in battle , and logistics , the maintenance of an army . The view had prevailed since the Roman times , and the borderline between strategy and tactics at this time was blurred , and sometimes categorization of a decision is a matter of almost personal opinion . Carnot , during the French Revolutionary Wars thought it simply involved concentration of troops . Strategy and tactics are closely related and exist on the same continuum , modern thinking places the operational level between them . All deal with distance , time and force but strategy is large scale , can endure through years , and is societal while tactics are small scale and involve the disposition of fewer elements enduring hours to weeks . Originally strategy was understood to govern the prelude to a battle while tactics controlled its execution . However , in the world wars of the 20th century , the distinction between maneuver and battle , strategy and tactics , expanded with the capacity of technology and transit . Tactics that were once the province of a company of cavalry would be applied to a panzer army . It is often said that the art of strategies defines the goals to achieve in a military campaign , while tactics defines the methods to achieve these goals . Strategic goals could be `` We want to conquer area X '' , or `` We want to stop country Y 's expansion in world trade in commodity Z '' ; while tactical decisions range from a general statement -- e.g. , `` We 're going to do this by a naval invasion of the North of country X '' , `` We 're going to blockade the ports of country Y '' , to a more specific `` C Platoon will attack while D platoon provides fire cover '' . In its purest form , strategy dealt solely with military issues . In earlier societies , a king or political leader was often the same person as the military leader . If not , the distance of communication between the political and the military leader was small . But as the need of a professional army grew , the bounds between the politicians and the military came to be recognized . In many cases , it was decided that there was a need for a separation . As French statesman Georges Clemenceau said , `` War is too important a business to be left to soldiers . '' This gave rise to the concept of the grand strategy which encompasses the management of the resources of an entire nation in the conduct of warfare . In the environment of the grand strategy , the military component is largely reduced to operational strategy -- the planning and control of large military units such as corps and divisions . As the size and number of the armies grew and the technology to communicate and control improved , the difference between `` military strategy '' and `` grand strategy '' shrank . Fundamental to grand strategy is the diplomacy through which a nation might forge alliances or pressure another nation into compliance , thereby achieving victory without resorting to combat . Another element of grand strategy is the management of the post-war peace . As Clausewitz stated , a successful military strategy may be a means to an end , but it is not an end in itself . There are numerous examples in history where victory on the battlefield has not translated into long term peace , security or tranquility . Principles ( edit ) Military stratagem in the Maneuver against the Romans by Cimbri and Teutons circa 100 B.C. Many military strategists have attempted to encapsulate a successful strategy in a set of principles . Sun Tzu defined 13 principles in his The Art of War while Napoleon listed 115 maxims . American Civil War General Nathan Bedford Forrest had only one : to `` ( get ) there first with the most men '' . The concepts given as essential in the United States Army Field Manual of Military Operations ( FM 3 -- 0 ) are : Objective ( Direct every military operation towards a clearly defined , decisive , and attainable objective ) Offensive ( Seize , retain , and exploit the initiative ) Mass ( Concentrate combat power at the decisive place and time ) Economy of Force ( Allocate minimum essential combat power to secondary efforts ) Maneuver ( Place the enemy in a disadvantageous position through the flexible application of combat power ) Unity of Command ( For every objective , ensure unity of effort under one responsible commander ) Security ( Never permit the enemy to acquire an unexpected advantage ) Surprise ( Strike the enemy at a time , at a place , or in a manner for which he is unprepared ) Simplicity ( Prepare clear , uncomplicated plans and clear , concise orders to ensure thorough understanding ) According to Greene and Armstrong , some strategists assert adhering to the fundamental principles guarantees victory , while others claim war is unpredictable and the general must be flexible in formulating a strategy . Others argue predictability is low , but could be increased if experts were to perceive the situation from both sides in the conflict . Field Marshal Count Helmuth von Moltke expressed strategy as a system of `` ad hoc expedients '' by which a general must take action while under pressure . These underlying principles of strategy have survived relatively unscathed as the technology of warfare has developed . Strategy ( and tactics ) must constantly evolve in response to technological advances . A successful strategy from one era tends to remain in favor long after new developments in military weaponry and matériel have rendered it obsolete . World War I , and to a great extent the American Civil War , saw Napoleonic tactics of `` offense at all costs '' pitted against the defensive power of the trench , machine gun and barbed wire . As a reaction to her World War I experience , France entered World War II with a purely defensive doctrine , epitomized by the `` impregnable '' Maginot Line , but only to be completely circumvented by the German blitzkrieg in the Fall of France . Development ( edit ) Antiquity ( edit ) The principles of military strategy emerged at least as far back as 500 BC in the works of Sun Tzu and Chanakya . The campaigns of Alexander the Great , Chandragupta Maurya , Hannibal , Qin Shi Huang , Julius Cæsar , Zhuge Liang , Khalid ibn al - Walid and , in particular , Cyrus the Great demonstrate strategic planning and movement . Mahan describes in the preface to The Influence of Sea Power upon History how the Romans used their sea power to effectively block the sea lines of communication of Hannibal with Carthage ; and so via a maritime strategy achieved Hannibal 's removal from Italy , despite never beating him there with their legions . One of these strategies was shown in the battle between Greek city states and Persia . The Battle of Thermopylae in which the Greek forces were outnumbered stood as a good military strategy . The Greek allied forces ultimately lost the battle , but the training , use of armor , and location allowed them to defeat many Persian troops before losing . In the end , the Greek alliance lost the battle but not the war as a result of that strategy which continued on to the battle of Plataea . The Battle of Plataea in 479 BC resulted in a victory for the Greeks against Persia , which exemplified that military strategy was extremely beneficial to defeating a numerous enemy . Early strategies included the strategy of annihilation , exhaustion , attrition warfare , scorched earth action , blockade , guerrilla campaign , deception and feint . Ingenuity and adeptness were limited only by imagination , accord , and technology . Strategists continually exploited ever - advancing technology . The word `` strategy '' itself derives from the Greek `` στρατηγία '' ( strategia ) , `` office of general , command , generalship '' , in turn from `` στρατηγός '' ( strategos ) , `` leader or commander of an army , general '' , a compound of `` στρατός '' ( stratos ) , `` army , host '' + `` ἀγός '' ( agos ) , `` leader , chief '' , in turn from `` ἄγω '' ( ago ) , `` to lead '' . No evidence exists of it being used in a modern sense in Ancient Greek , but we find it in Byzantine documents from the 6th century onwards , and most notably in the work attributed to Emperor Leo VI the Wise of Byzantium . Middle ages ( edit ) Genghis Khan and the mongols ( edit ) Mongol Empire in 1227 at Genghis Khan 's death As a counterpoint to European developments in the strategic art , the Mongol Emperor Genghis Khan provides a useful example . Genghis ' successes , and those of his successors , were based on manoeuvre and terror . The main focus of Genghis ' strategic assault was the psychology of the opposing population . By steady and meticulous implementation of this strategy , Genghis and his descendants were able to conquer most of Eurasia . The building blocks of Genghis ' army and his strategy were his tribal levies of mounted archers , scorched earth - style methods , and , equally essential , the vast horse - herds of Mongolia . Each archer had at least one extra horse -- there was an average five horses per man -- thus the entire army could move with astounding rapidity . Moreover , since horse milk and horse blood were the staples of the Mongolian diet , Genghis ' horse - herds functioned not just as his means of movement but as his logistical sustainment . All other necessities would be foraged and plundered . Khan 's marauders also brought with them mobile shelters , concubines , butchers , and cooks . Through maneuver and continuous assault , Chinese , Persian , Arab and Eastern European armies could be stressed until they collapsed , and were then annihilated in encirclement & pursuit . Compared to the armies of Genghis , nearly all other armies were cumbersome and relatively static . It was not until well into the 20th century that any army was able to match the speed of deployment of Genghis ' armies . When confronted with a fortified city , the Mongol imperatives of maneuver and speed required that it be quickly subdued . Here the terror engendered by the bloody reputation of the Mongolians helped to intimidate and subdue . So too did primitive biological warfare . A trebuchet or other type of ballista weapon would be used to launch dead animals and corpses into a besieged city , spreading disease and death , such as the Black Plague . If a particular town or city displeased the Mongolian Khan , everyone in the city would be killed to set an example for all other cities . This was early psychological warfare . To refer to the nine strategic principles outlined above , the Mongol strategy was directed towards an objective ( that schwerpunkt ( main focus ) being the morale & mental state of the opposing population ) achieved through the offensive ; this offensive was itself characterized by concentration of force , maneuver , surprise , and simplicity . Early modern era ( edit ) In 1520 Niccolò Machiavelli 's Dell'arte della guerra ( Art of War ) dealt with the relationship between civil and military matters and the formation of grand strategy . In the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 - 1648 ) , Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden demonstrated advanced operational strategy that led to his victories on the soil of the Holy Roman Empire . It was not until the 18th century that military strategy was subjected to serious study in Europe . The word was first used in German as `` Strategie '' in a translation of Leo 's work in 1777 , shortly thereafter in French as `` stratégie '' by Leo 's French translator , and was first attested in English 1810 . In the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 1763 ) , Frederick the Great improvised a `` strategy of exhaustion '' ( see attrition warfare ) to hold off his opponents and conserve his Prussian forces . Assailed from all sides by France , Austria , Russia and Sweden , Frederick exploited his central position , which enabled him to move his army along interior lines and concentrate against one opponent at a time . Unable to achieve victory , he was able to stave off defeat until a diplomatic solution emerged . Frederick 's `` victory '' led to great significance being placed on `` geometric strategy '' which emphasized lines of manoeuvre , awareness of terrain and possession of critical strong - points . Napoleonic ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars that followed revolutionized military strategy . The impact of this period was still to be felt in the American Civil War and the early phases of World War I . With the advent of cheap small arms and the rise of the drafted citizen soldier , armies grew rapidly in size to become massed formations . This necessitated dividing the army first into divisions and later into corps . Along with divisions came divisional artillery ; light - weight , mobile cannon with great range and firepower . The rigid formations of pikemen and musketeers firing massed volleys gave way to light infantry fighting in skirmish lines . Napoleon I of France took advantage of these developments to pursue an effective `` battle of annihilation '' . Napoleon invariably sought to achieve decision in battle , with the sole aim of utterly destroying his opponent , usually achieving success through superior maneuver . As ruler and general he dealt with the grand strategy as well as the operational strategy , making use of political and economic measures . Napoleon in Berlin ( Meynier ) . After defeating Prussian forces at Jena , the French Army entered Berlin on 27 October 1806 . While not the originator of the methods he used , Napoleon effectively combined the relatively superior maneuver and battle stages into one event . Before this , General Officers had considered this approach to battle as separate events . However , Napoleon used the maneuver to battle to dictate how and where the battle would progress . The Battle of Austerlitz was a perfect example of this maneuver . Napoleon withdrew from a strong position to draw his opponent forward and tempt him into a flank attack , weakening his center . This allowed the French army to split the allied army and gain victory . Napoleon used two primary strategies for the approach to battle . His `` Manoeuvre De Derrière '' ( move onto the rear ) was intended to place the French Army across the enemy 's lines of communications . This forced the opponent to either march to battle with Napoleon or attempt to find an escape route around the army . By placing his army into the rear , his opponent 's supplies and communications would be cut . This had a negative effect on enemy morale . Once joined , the battle would be one in which his opponent could not afford defeat . This also allowed Napoleon to select multiple battle angles into a battle site . Initially , the lack of force concentration helped with foraging for food and sought to confuse the enemy as to his real location and intentions . The `` indirect '' approach into battle also allowed Napoleon to disrupt the linear formations used by the allied armies . As the battle progressed , the enemy committed their reserves to stabilize the situation , Napoleon would suddenly release the flanking formation to attack the enemy . His opponents , being suddenly confronted with a new threat and with little reserves , had no choice but to weaken the area closest to the flanking formation and draw up a battle line at a right angle in an attempt to stop this new threat . Once this had occurred , Napoleon would mass his reserves at the hinge of that right angle and launch a heavy attack to break the lines . The rupture in the enemy lines allowed Napoleon 's cavalry to flank both lines and roll them up leaving his opponent no choice but to surrender or flee . The second strategy used by Napoleon I of France when confronted with two or more enemy armies was the use of the central position . This allowed Napoleon to drive a wedge to separate the enemy armies . He would then use part of his force to mask one army while the larger portion overwhelmed and defeated the second army quickly . He would then march on the second army leaving a portion to pursue the first army and repeat the operations . This was designed to achieve the highest concentration of men into the primary battle while limiting the enemy 's ability to reinforce the critical battle . The central position had a weakness in that the full power of the pursuit of the enemy could not be achieved because the second army needed attention . So overall the preferred method of attack was the flank march to cross the enemy 's logistics . Napoleon used the central position strategy during the Battle of Waterloo . Waterloo ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Map of the Waterloo campaign 19th century musketeers from Wellington at Waterloo by Robert Alexander Hillingford , 18 June 1815 See also : Waterloo Campaign Napoleon masked Wellington and massed against the Prussian army , and then after the Battle of Ligny was won , Napoleon attempted to do the same to the Allied / British army located just to the south of Waterloo . His subordinate was unable to mask the defeated Prussian army , who reinforced the Waterloo battle in time to defeat Napoleon and end his domination of Europe . It can be said that the Prussian Army under Blücher used the `` maneuver de derrière '' against Napoleon who was suddenly placed in a position of reacting to a new enemy threat . Napoleon 's practical strategic triumphs , repeatedly leading smaller forces to defeat larger ones , inspired a whole new field of study into military strategy . In particular , his opponents were keen to develop a body of knowledge in this area to allow them to counteract a masterful individual with a highly competent group of officers , a General Staff . The two most significant students of his work were Carl von Clausewitz , a Prussian with a background in philosophy , and Antoine - Henri Jomini , who had been one of Napoleon 's staff officers . One notable exception to Napoleon 's strategy of annihilation and a precursor to trench warfare were the Lines of Torres Vedras during the Peninsular War . French Armies lived off the land and when they were confronted by a line of fortifications which they could not out flank , they were unable to continue the advance and were forced to retreat once they had consumed all the provisions of the region in front of the lines . The Peninsular campaign was notable for the development of another method of warfare which went largely unnoticed at the time , but would become far more common in the 20th century . That was the aid and encouragement the British gave to the Spanish to harass the French behind their lines which led them to squander most of the assets of their Iberian army in protecting the army 's line of communications . This was a very cost effective move for the British , because it cost far less to aid Spanish insurgents than it did to equip and pay regular British army units to engage the same number of French troops . As the British army could be correspondingly smaller it was able to supply its troops by sea and land without having to live off the land as was the norm at the time . Further , because they did not have to forage they did not antagonise the locals and so did not have to garrison their lines of communications to the same extent as the French did . So the strategy of aiding their Spanish civilian allies in their guerrilla or ' small war ' benefited the British in many ways , not all of which were immediately obvious . Clausewitz and Jomini ( edit ) Clausewitz 's On War has become the respected reference for strategy , dealing with political , as well as military , leadership . His most famous assertion being : `` War is not merely a political act , but also a real political instrument , a continuation of policy carried out by other means . '' For Clausewitz , war was first and foremost a political act , and thus the purpose of all strategy was to achieve the political goal that the state was seeking to accomplish . As such , Clausewitz famously argued that war was the `` continuation of politics by other means '' , and as such , argued that the amount of force used by the state would and should be proportional to whatever the political aim that the state was seeking to achieve via war . Clausewitz further dismissed `` geometry '' as an insignificant factor in strategy , believing instead that ideally all wars should follow the Napoleonic concept of victory through a decisive battle of annihilation and destruction of the opposing force , at any cost . However , he also recognized that his ideal of how war should be fought was not always practical in reality and that limited warfare could influence policy by wearing down the opposition through a `` strategy of attrition '' . In contrast to Clausewitz , Antoine - Henri Jomini dealt mainly with operational strategy , planning and intelligence , the conduct of the campaign , and `` generalship '' rather than `` statesmanship '' . He proposed that victory could be achieved by occupying the enemy 's territory rather than destroying his army . As such , geometric considerations were prominent in his theory of strategy . Jomini 's two basic principles of strategy were to concentrate against fractions of the enemy force at a time and to strike at the most decisive objective . Clausewitz and Jomini are required reading for today 's military professional officer . Industrial Age ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The evolution of military strategy continued in the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 65 ) . The practice of strategy was advanced by generals such as Robert E. Lee , Ulysses S. Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman , all of whom had been influenced by the feats of Napoleon ( Thomas `` Stonewall '' Jackson was said to have carried a book of Napoleon 's maxims with him . ) However , the adherence to the Napoleonic principles in the face of technological advances such as the long - range infantry breechloader rifles and minie ball guns generally led to disastrous consequences for both the Union and Confederate forces and populace . The time and space in which war was waged changed as well . Railroads enabled swift movement of large forces but the manoeuvring was constrained to narrow , vulnerable corridors . Steam power and ironclads changed transport and combat at sea . Newly invented telegraph enabled more rapid communication between armies and their headquarters capitals . Combat was still usually waged by opposing divisions with skirmish lines on rural battlefields , violent naval engagements by cannon - armed sailing or steam - powered vessels , and assault on military forces defending a town . There was still room for triumphs for the strategy of manoeuvre such as Sherman 's March to the Sea in 1864 , but these depended upon an enemy 's unwillingness to entrench . Towards the end of the war , especially in defense of static targets as in the battles of Cold Harbor and Vicksburg , trench networks foreshadowed World War I . Many of the lessons of the American Civil War were forgotten , when in wars like the Austro - Prussian War or the Franco - Prussian War , manoeuvre won the day . In the period preceding World War I , two of the most influential strategists were the Prussian generals , Helmuth von Moltke and Alfred von Schlieffen . Under Moltke the Prussian army achieved victory in the Austro - Prussian War ( 1866 ) and the Franco - Prussian War ( 1870 -- 71 ) , the latter campaign being widely regarded as a classic example of the conception and execution of military strategy . In addition to exploiting railroads and highways for manoeuvre , Moltke also exploited the telegraph for control of large armies . He recognised the need to delegate control to subordinate commanders and to issue directives rather than specific orders . Moltke is most remembered as a strategist for his belief in the need for flexibility and that no plan , however well prepared , can be guaranteed to survive beyond the first encounter with the enemy . Field Marshal Schlieffen succeeded Moltke and directed German planning in the lead up to World War I. He advocated the `` strategy of annihilation '' but was faced by a war on two fronts against numerically superior opposition . The strategy he formulated was the Schlieffen Plan , defending in the east while concentrating for a decisive victory in the west , after which the Germans would go on to the offensive in the east . Influenced by Hannibal 's success at the Battle of Cannae , Schlieffen planned for a single great battle of encirclement , thereby annihilating his enemy . Another German strategist of the period was Hans Delbrück who expanded on Clausewitz 's concept of `` limited warfare '' to produce a theory on the `` strategy of exhaustion '' . His theory defied popular military thinking of the time , which was strongly in favour of victory in battle , yet World War I would soon demonstrate the flaws of a mindless `` strategy of annihilation '' . At a time when industrialisation was rapidly changing naval technology , one American strategist , Alfred Thayer Mahan , almost single - handedly brought the field of naval strategy up to date . Influenced by Jomini 's principles of strategy , he saw that in the coming wars , where economic strategy could be as important as military strategy , control of the sea granted the power to control the trade and resources needed to wage war . Mahan pushed the concept of the `` big navy '' and an expansionist view where defence was achieved by controlling the sea approaches rather than fortifying the coast . His theories contributed to the naval arms race between 1898 and 1914 . World war I ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) At the start of World War I strategy was dominated by the offensive thinking that had been in vogue since 1870 , despite the more recent experiences of the Second Boer War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) and Russo - Japanese War ( 1904 -- 05 ) , where the machine gun demonstrated its defensive capabilities . By the end of 1914 , the Western Front was a stalemate and all ability to maneuver strategically was lost . The combatants resorted to a `` strategy of attrition '' . The German battle at Verdun , the British on the Somme and at Passchendaele were among the first wide - scale battles intended to wear down the enemy . Attrition was time - consuming so the duration of World War I battles often stretched to weeks and months . The problem with attrition was that the use of fortified defenses in depth generally required a ratio of ten attackers to one defender , or a level of artillery support which was simply not feasible until late 1917 , for any reasonable chance of victory . The ability of the defender to move troops using interior lines prevented the possibility of fully exploiting any breakthrough with the level of technology then attainable . Perhaps the most controversial aspect of strategy in World War I was the difference among the British between the `` Western '' viewpoint ( held by Field Marshal Haig ) and the `` Eastern '' ; the former being that all effort should be directed against the German Army , the latter that more useful work could be done by attacking Germany 's allies . The term `` Knocking away the props '' was used , perhaps as an unfortunate consequence of the fact that all of Germany 's allies lay south of ( i.e. ' beneath ' ) her on the map . Apologists and defenders of the Western viewpoint make the valid point that Germany 's allies were more than once rescued from disaster or rendered capable of holding their own or making substantial gains by the provision of German troops , arms or military advisers , whereas those allies did not at any time provide a similar function for Germany . That is , it was Germany which was the prop , and her allies ( particularly Bulgaria and Austria - Hungary ) did not suffer significant reverses until Germany 's ability to come to their aid was grossly impaired . On other fronts , there was still room for the use of strategy of maneuver . The Germans executed a perfect battle of annihilation against the Russians at the Battle of Tannenberg . In 1915 Britain and France launched the well - intentioned but poorly conceived and ultimately fruitless Dardanelles Campaign , combining naval power and an amphibious landing , in an effort to aid their Russian ally and knock the Ottoman Empire out of the war . The Palestine campaign was dominated by cavalry , which flourished in the local terrain , and the British achieved two breakthrough victories at Gaza ( 1917 ) and Megiddo ( 1918 ) . Colonel T.E. Lawrence and other British officers led Arab irregulars on a guerrilla campaign against the Ottomans , using strategy and tactics developed during the Boer Wars . World War I saw armies on a scale never before experienced . The British , who had always relied on a strong navy and a small regular army , were forced to undertake a rapid expansion of the army . This outpaced the rate of training of generals and staff officers able to handle such a mammoth force , and overwhelmed the ability of British industry to equip it with the necessary weapons and adequate high - quality munitions until late in the war . Technological advances also had a huge influence on strategy : aerial reconnaissance , artillery techniques , poison gas , the automobile and tank ( though the latter was , even at the end of the war , still in its infancy ) , telephone and radio telegraphy . More so than in previous wars , military strategy in World War I was directed by the grand strategy of a coalition of nations ; the Entente on one side and the Central Powers on the other . Society and economy were mobilized for total war . Attacks on the enemy 's economy included Britain 's use of a naval blockade and Germany employing submarine warfare against merchant shipping . Unity of command became a question when the various nation states began coordinating assaults and defenses . Under the pressure of horrendously destructive German attacks beginning on March 21 , 1918 , the Entente eventually settled under Field Marshal Ferdinand Foch . The Germans generally led the Central Powers , though German authority diminished and lines of command became confused at the end of the war . World War I strategy was dominated by the `` Spirit of the Offensive '' , where generals resorted almost to mysticism in terms of a soldier 's personal `` attitude '' in order to break the stalemate ; this led to nothing but bloody slaughter as troops in close ranks charged machine guns . Each side developed an alternate thesis . The British under Winston Churchill developed tank warfare , with which they eventually won the war . The Germans developed a `` doctrine of autonomy '' , the forerunner of both blitzkrieg and modern infantry tactics , using groups of stormtroopers , who would advance in small mutually covering groups from cover to cover with `` autonomy '' to exploit any weakness they discovered in enemy defenses . Almost all the blitzkrieg commanders of World War II , particularly Erwin Rommel , were stormtroopers in World War I. After the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , Germany launched and almost succeeded in a final offensive . However , the new tactics of autonomy revealed a weakness in terms of overall coordination and direction . The March offensive , intended to drive a wedge between the French and British armies , turn on the latter and destroy it , lost direction and became driven by its territorial gains , its original purpose neglected . World War I ended when the ability of the German army to fight became so diminished that Germany asked for peace conditions . The German military , exhausted by the efforts of the March offensives and dispirited by their failure , was first seriously defeated during the Battle of Amiens ( 8 -- 11 August 1918 ) and the German homefront entered general revolt over a lack of food and destruction of the economy . Victory for the Entente was almost assured by that point , and the fact of Germany 's military impotence was driven home in the following hundred days . In this time , the Entente reversed the gains the Germans had made in the first part of the year , and the British Army ( spearheaded by the Canadians and Australians ) finally broke the Hindenburg defensive system . Though his methods are questioned , Britain 's Field Marshal Haig was ultimately proved correct in his grand strategic vision : `` We can not hope to win until we have defeated the German Army . '' By the end of the war , the best German troops were dead and the remainder were under continuous pressure on all parts of the Western Front , a consequence in part of an almost endless supply of fresh American reinforcements ( which the Germans were unable to match ) and in part of industry at last supplying the weakened Entente armies with the firepower to replace the men they lacked ( whilst Germany wanted for all sorts of materials thanks to the naval blockade ) . Interior lines thus became meaningless as Germany had nothing more to offer its allies . The props eventually fell , but only because they were themselves no longer supported . The role of the tank in World War I strategy is often poorly understood . Its supporters saw it as the weapon of victory , and many observers since have accused the high commands ( especially the British ) of shortsightedness in this matter , particularly in view of what tanks have achieved since . Nevertheless , the World War I tank 's limitations , imposed by the limits of contemporary engineering technology , have to be borne in mind . They were slow ( men could run , and frequently walk , faster ) ; vulnerable ( to artillery ) due to their size , clumsiness and inability to carry armour against anything but rifle and machine gun ammunition ; extremely uncomfortable ( conditions inside them often incapacitating crews with engine fumes and heat , and driving some mad with noise ) ; and often despicably unreliable ( frequently failing to make it to their targets due to engine or track failures ) . This was the factor behind the seemingly mindless retention of large bodies of cavalry , which even in 1918 , with armies incompletely mechanised , were still the only armed force capable of moving significantly faster than an infantryman on foot . It was not until the relevant technology ( in engineering and communications ) matured between the wars that the tank and the airplane could be forged into the co-ordinated force needed to truly restore manoeuvre to warfare . Inter war ( edit ) In the years following World War I , two of the technologies that had been introduced during that conflict , the aircraft and the tank , became the subject of strategic study . The leading theorist of air power was Italian general Giulio Douhet , who believed that future wars would be won or lost in the air . The air force would carry the offensive , and the role of the ground forces would be defensive only . Douhet 's doctrine of strategic bombing meant striking at the enemy 's heartland -- his cities , industry and communications . Air power would thereby reduce his willingness and capacity to fight . At this time the idea of the aircraft carrier and its capabilities also started to change thinking in those countries with large fleets , but nowhere as much as in Japan . The UK and US seem to have seen the carrier as a defensive weapon , and their designs mirrored this ; the Japanese Imperial Navy seem to have developed a new offensive strategy based on the power projection these made possible . British general J.F.C. Fuller , architect of the first great tank battle at Cambrai , and his contemporary , B.H. Liddell Hart , were amongst the most prominent advocates of mechanization and motorization of the army in Britain . In Germany , study groups were set up by Hans von Seeckt , commander of the Reichswehr Truppenamt , for 57 areas of strategy and tactics to learn from World War I and to adapt strategy to avoid the stalemate and then defeat they had suffered . All seem to have seen the strategic shock value of mobility and the new possibilities made possible by motorised forces . Both saw that the armoured fighting vehicle demonstrated firepower , mobility and protection . The Germans seem to have seen more clearly the need to make all branches of the Army as mobile as possible to maximise the results of this strategy . It would negate the static defences of the trench and machine gun and restore the strategic principles of manoeuvre and offense . Nevertheless , it was the British Army which was the only one truly mechanised at the beginning of the Second World War , the Germans still relying on horse traction for a large portion of their artillery . The innovative German Major ( later General ) Heinz Guderian developed the motorised part of this strategy as the head of one of the Truppenamt groups and may have incorporated Fuller 's and Liddell Hart 's ideas to amplify the groundbreaking Blitzkrieg effect that was seen used by Germany against Poland in 1939 and later against France in 1940 . France , still committed to stationary World War I strategies , was completely surprised and summarily overwhelmed by Germany 's mobile combined arms doctrine and Guderian 's Panzer Corps . Technological change had an enormous effect on strategy , but little effect on leadership . The use of telegraph and later radio , along with improved transport , enabled the rapid movement of large numbers of men . One of Germany 's key enablers in mobile warfare was the use of radios , where these were put into every tank . However , the number of men that one officer could effectively control had , if anything , declined . The increases in the size of the armies led to an increase in the number of officers . Although the officer ranks in the US Army did swell , in the German army the ratio of officers to total men remained steady . World war II ( edit ) German ( edit ) Pre-war ( edit ) Inter-war Germany had as its main strategic goals the re-establishment of Germany as a European great power and the complete annulment of the Versailles treaty of 1919 . After Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party took power in 1933 , Germany 's political goals also included the accumulation of Lebensraum ( `` Living space '' ) for the Germanic `` race '' and the elimination of Communism as a political rival to Nazism . The destruction of European Jewry , while not strictly a strategic objective , was a political goal of the Nazi regime linked to the vision of a German - dominated Europe , and especially to the Generalplan Ost for a depopulated east which Germany could colonize . Until the mid-1930s , Germany 's ability to realize these goals was limited by her weakened military and economic position . Hitler 's strategy involved building up German military and economic strength through re-armament , while seeking to avoid an early war by diplomatic engagement with France , Britain and ( later ) the Soviet Union ( Stalin - Hitler Pact of August 1939 ) . One by one , Hitler successfully repudiated the terms the Versailles treaty , using skilful diplomacy to avoid triggering war . After starting open re-armament in 1935 , he carried out the re-occupation of the Rhineland in 1936 , and then the diplomatic annexation of Austria ( Anschluss ) and of Czechoslovakia in 1938 and 1939 ( Munich Agreement , September 1938 ) . This risky political strategy proved initially successful , consolidating internal support for the Nazi regime and greatly strengthening Germany 's strategic position . But the March 1939 annexation of rump Czechoslovakia , in violation of the Munich Agreement signed only months before , forced a change in Franco - British policy from an emphasis on avoiding war ( Appeasement ) to an emphasis on war preparation , of which an important feature was the declaration of Franco - British guarantees of Polish independence . When Germany invaded Poland in September 1939 , Britain and France declared war ( 3 September 1939 ) . War strategy ( edit ) Hitler 's strategy for war is usually thought to be that laid out in Mein Kampf ( 1926 / 1926 ) , although historiographers debate whether Hitler intended global or merely European conquest , or whether he even had a plan for war in advance - see Nazi foreign policy ( historiographic debate ) . In Mein Kampf , Hitler had imagined a short war against France , and then the conquest of the USSR . He had wrongly assumed that Britain would be a German ally in the west against France , and so he did not foresee an enduring war in the west . Once the Second World War had begun with France and Britain as allies , German strategy aimed to win a short war in France and to force Britain to the negotiating table . After the conquest of France in May - June 1940 , Churchill 's refusal to surrender or to negotiate on terms favorable for Germany put the German gamble in jeopardy . Germany could not match Britain on the open sea and had not prepared its army for operations across the Channel . Instead , the Wehrmacht hoped to strangle Britain 's economy through success in the Battle of the Atlantic ( 1939 - 1945 ) and the Battle of Britain ( 1940 ) . In June 1941 Germany invaded the USSR ( Operation Barbarossa ) to carry out the second part of Hitler 's strategy . The campaign plan envisaged defeating the USSR in a single summer / fall campaign , but Barbarossa failed to achieve any of its major objectives . In December 1941 Japan attacked the USA and Germany declared war on the USA shortly afterwards . Through the summer and fall of 1942 , German strategy to win the war remained based on defeating the USSR . With the failure of the 1942 campaign in the east ( Case Blue ) , and the build - up of Allied forces in Africa and Britain , Germany went on the strategic defensive from 1943 onwards . In the latter part of the war Germany attempted to establish a peace - negotiation position through limited military victories . In the end of the war , after the failure ( January 1945 ) of the Battle of the Bulge , the final military operations focused on permitting evacuation of civilians after reports of atrocities on the Eastern Front . British ( edit ) Since the Entente Cordiale which had won the First World War , Britain 's strategy for continental war was based on alliance with France and later unsuccessful efforts to engage Fascist Italy and the USSR in an effort to contain Germany . Confronted with the rise of Hitler 's power on the continent in 1933 , and weakened economically by the Great Depression , Great Britain sought initially to avoid or delay war through diplomacy ( Appeasement ) , while at the same time re-arming ( Neville Chamberlain 's European Policy ) . Emphasis for re-armament was given to air forces with the view that these would be most useful in any future war with Germany . By 1939 , Allied efforts to avert war had failed , and Germany had signed alliances with both Italy ( Pact of Steel ) and the USSR ( Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact ) . In August 1939 , in a final effort to contain Germany , Britain and France guaranteed Polish independence ( Anglo - Polish military alliance ) . Upon the outbreak of war in September 1939 , British rearmament was not yet complete , although the Royal Air Force had been greatly expanded and programmes for new aircraft and equipment such as radar defences were just coming to fruition . Britain remained incapable of offensive operations except for strategic bombing , and this was relatively ineffective in the early war . After the fall of France in mid 1940 and Italian entry into the war on the Axis side , Britain and her commonwealth allies found themselves alone against most of Europe . British strategy was one of survival , defending the British isles directly in the Battle of Britain and indirectly by defeating Germany in the Battle of the Atlantic and the combined Axis powers in the North African Campaign . Through this period , and until the German invasion of the USSR in June 1941 , there was no possibility of Britain winning the war alone , and so British Grand Strategy aimed to bring the USA into the war on the allied side . Prime Minister Churchill devoted much of his diplomatic efforts to this goal . In August 1941 , at the Atlantic Conference he met US President Roosevelt in the first of many wartime meetings wherein allied war strategy was jointly decided . In December 1941 , following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , the United States entered the war . Britain was now also at war with imperial Japan , whose forces inflicted rapid defeats on British forces in Asia , capturing Hong Kong , Malaya , Singapore and Burma . Nevertheless , Churchill expressed the view that with the entry of the USA into the war , ultimate victory was assured for the Allies . `` All the rest was merely the proper application of overwhelming force '' . From this point onward , the strategy of the Allies , other than the USSR , is better addressed as joint Allied Strategy European allies ( edit ) In the December 1941 , at the Arcadia Conference , the Allied leaders agreed to the `` Germany first '' principle whereby Germany was to be defeated first , and then Japan . However , Allied land forces would not be capable of invading the mainland of Europe for years , even as Joseph Stalin pressed for the western allies to alleviate pressure on the Eastern front . Supporting the Soviet war effort was a significant element of Allied strategy , and significant aid was shipped to the USSR through the Lend - Lease programme . Strategic warfare , and especially strategic bombing , was a supporting component of Allied strategy . Through 1942 and 1943 , the Allies gradually won the war at sea and in the air , blockading Germany and subjecting her to a strategic bombing campaign of increasing effectiveness Strategic bombing during World War II . In January 1943 , at the Casablanca Conference , the Allies agreed to demand Axis unconditional surrender , a war aim which implied the physical occupation of Germany with land forces . While building up strength for an invasion of continental Europe , the Allies pursued an indirect strategy by invading Europe from the South . After defeating Axis forces in North Africa ( the invasion of French North - Africa ) , Sicily and southern Italy were invaded , leading to the defeat of Fascist Italy . Churchill especially favoured a Southern strategy , aiming to attack the `` soft underbelly '' of Axis Europe through Italy , Greece and the Balkans in a strategy similar to the First World War idea of `` knocking out the supports '' . Roosevelt favoured a more direct approach through northern Europe , and with the Invasion of Normandy in June 1944 , the weight of Allied effort shifted to the direct conquest of Germany . From 1944 , as German defeat became more and more inevitable , the shape of post-war Europe assumed greater importance in Allied strategy . At the Second Quebec Conference in September 1944 , the Allies agreed to partition and de-industrialize a defeated Germany so as to render her permanently unable to wage war Morgenthau Plan . After the war , this plan was abandoned as unworkable . At the Tehran Conference Allied strategy adopted its final major component with the acceptance of Soviet conditions for a sphere of influence in Eastern Europe , to include eastern Germany and Berlin . Soviet ( edit ) Early Soviet strategy aimed to avoid or delay war , while developing the central government 's hold over the state and expanding the industrial base . Soviet economy and military was weak , but rapidly expanding in an intense industrialization process . The USSR had been overtly hostile to Nazi Germany for most of the pre-war period , but the failure of appeasement convinced Stalin that the Allies were actively seeking a Nazi -- Soviet war . The Soviet government doubted that a war against Germany could be avoided . However , negotiations were continued in order to , at the very least , buy time and permit the Soviets to secure the Soviet -- German border through expansion and pressure on strategically important states perceived as possible German allies in a future war . The signing of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop pact gave the USSR freedom to , in its view , preempt hostile action from nations along its Western border . The invasion in the Barbarossa campaign of 1941 came earlier than expected to the Soviet leadership , resulting in the catastrophic loss of over 4 million Soviet soldiers killed or captured . Nevertheless , the USSR managed to halt the German advance at the outskirts of Moscow and Leningrad . With spies providing the certain knowledge that Japanese forces in the far east would not attack Siberia , the Soviets were able to transfer large numbers of experienced forces from the far east , and in the Winter of 1941 / 1942 they used them to counter-attack the German Army Group Centre in front of Moscow . As the army was being defeated and giving up ground in the initial assault , a gigantic operation was staged to move economic capacity from the Western areas that were about to be overrun , to Eastern regions in the Urals and central Asia that were out of reach of the Germans . Entire factories , including their labour force , were simply moved , and what could n't be taken was destroyed ( `` scorched earth '' ) . As a result , even though huge territories were captured by the Germans , the production potential of the Soviet economy was not correspondingly harmed , and the factories shifted to mass production of military equipment quickly . Even before the war , Soviet industrialization had brought Soviet GDP to a level roughly equivalent to Germany . Although a significant part of the urban population had been captured by Germany in the 1941 campaign , the Soviet economy immediately went to a total war footing and was soon outproducing the German economy in war materiel . It quickly became apparent that the war in the east would be pitiless and total . Soviet strategy was therefore aimed at preserving the state , at whatever cost , and then the ultimate defeat and conquest of Germany . This strategy was successful . By 1943 , the USSR was confident in final victory and new aim of Soviet strategy became securing a favourable post-war Europe . At the Tehran Conference of 1943 , Stalin secured acquiescence to a Soviet sphere in influence from his western allies . Japanese ( edit ) Japanese World War II strategy was driven by two factors : the desire to expand their territories on the mainland of Asia ( China and Manchuria ) , and the need to secure the supply of raw resources they did n't have themselves , particularly oil . Since their quest after the former ( conquest of Chinese provinces ) endangered the latter ( an oil boycott by the USA and its allies ) , the Japanese government saw no other option than to conquer the oil sources in South - East Asia . Since these were controlled by American allies , war with the USA was seen as inevitable ; thus , Japanese leaders decided it would be best to deal a severe blow to the U.S. first . This was executed in the Pearl Harbor strike , crippling the American battle fleet . Japan hoped it would take America so long to rebuild , by the time she was able to return in force in the Pacific , she would consider the new balance of power a `` fait accompli '' , and negotiate a peace . However , the attack on Pearl Harbor failed to destroy the crucial targets ( aircraft carriers and , most crucially for Japan 's ability to hold island bases , submarines ) and ignored others ( oil tank farms , power station ) , thus the U.S. Navy was not weakened enough to force withdrawal . The psychological effect also caused the U.S. population and armed forces to fully mobilize for war . South - East Asia was quickly conquered ( Philippines , Indochina , Malaysia and the Dutch East Indies ) . After Japan 's vital aircraft carrier force was destroyed in the Battle of Midway , the Japanese had to revert to a stiff defense they kept up for the remainder of the war . American ( edit ) With both Japan and the US fighting two - front wars ( against each other in the Pacific , and additionally the USA in Europe and the Japanese in China ) the far greater American economic power enabled the US forces to replace battle losses considerably faster and to eventually outgun the Japanese . In several aircraft carrier battles , the initiative was taken from the Japanese , and after the Battle of Midway , the Japanese navy was rendered helpless , effectively giving the Americans vast naval superiority . After the Japanese were forced into the defensive in the second half of 1942 , the Americans were confronted with heavily fortified garrisons on small islands . They decided on a strategy of `` island hopping '' , leaving the strongest garrisons alone , just cutting their supply , and securing bases of operation on the lightly defended isles instead . The most notable of these island battles was the Battle of Iwo Jima , where the American victory facilitated the aerial bombing of the Japanese mainland , which culminated in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Bombing of Tokyo that forced Japan to surrender . Australian ( edit ) Australia 's historical ties with Britain meant that with the commencement of World War II her armies were sent overseas to contribute to battles in Europe . Fear from the north was so understated that at the outbreak of open warfare with Japan , Australia itself was extremely vulnerable to invasion ( possible invasion plans were considered by the Japanese high command , though there was strong opposition ) . Australia 's policy became based entirely on domestic defense following the attacks on Pearl Harbor and British assets in the South Pacific . Defying strong British opposition , Australian Prime Minister John Curtin recalled most troops from the European conflict for the defense of the nation . Australia 's defensive doctrine saw a fierce campaign fought along the Kokoda track in New Guinea . This campaign sought to further stretch Japanese supply lines , preventing the invasion of the Australian mainland until the arrival of fresh American troops and the return of seasoned Australian soldiers from Europe . This can be seen as a variant of the war of attrition strategy , where the defender -- out of necessity -- had to hold the aggressor at a semi-static defensive line , rather than falling back in the face of superior numbers . This method is in stark contrast to the Russian scorched earth policy against Napoleon in 1812 , where the defenders yielded home territory in favour of avoiding open battle . In both cases the lack of supplies was successful in blunting the assaults , following exhaustive defensive efforts . Communist China 's strategy ( edit ) The Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong developed a military strategy called people 's war . It aimed at creating and maintaining support of the local population , and draw the enemy deep into the interior where the force adopting the strategy would exhaust them through a mix of guerrilla and conventional warfare . The strategy was first used by the Communists against the forces of the Nationalist Government led by Chiang Kai - shek in the Chinese Civil War in the 1930s . During and after the arduous Long March , the Communist forces , who were dramatically reduced by physical exhaustion , disease and warfare , were in danger of destruction by the pursuing Nationalist forces . Mao then convinced other high - ranking political officers in the party to acquire the support of the local population whilst fighting their way northwards from the Nationalist forces . Shortly thereafter he formulated the concept of people 's war , promising land reform programs to the local populace and execution of the local landlords in the areas the Communists control . Using this strategy not only prevented the Communist leadership from collapsing , but also raised popular support across China , which eventually allowed them to take total control over the Chinese mainland . The people 's war is not only a military strategy but also a political one . In its original formulation by Mao Zedong , people 's war exploits the few advantages that a small revolutionary movement has against a government 's power including a large and well - equipped army . People 's war strategically avoids decisive battles , since their tiny military force would easily be routed in an all - out confrontation with the government _́ s army . Instead , it favours a three - stage strategy of protracted warfare , engaging only in carefully chosen battles that can realistically be won . Relying on the local population and using small military units , ensures that there are few problems concerning logistics and supplies . In stage one , the revolutionary force sets up in a remote area with mountainous or otherwise difficult terrain where its enemy is weak , and attempts to establish a local stronghold known as a revolutionary base area . As it grows in power , it enters stage two , establishes other revolutionary base areas , where it may exercise governing power and gain popular support through political programmes , such as land reform . Eventually in stage three , the movement has enough strength to encircle and capture cities of increasing size , until finally it seizes power in the entire country . Within the Chinese Red Army , later to be called as the People 's Liberation Army , the concept of People 's War was the basis of strategy against the Japanese and Nationalist forces , and also against a hypothetical Russian invasion of China . The concept of people 's war became less important with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the increasing possibility of conflict with the United States over Taiwan . The strategy was utilized in the early 1950s by the hastily formed People 's Volunteer Army during the Korean War , to garner support from the local Korean populace to win the war by driving the United Nations forces from the peninsula . At the battles of Chongchon river valley and Lake Changjin , the army employed guerrilla tactics in full scale , following the people 's war doctrine . However , as they marched towards the South under Mao 's stern orders after their decisive victories in northern Korea , they were met by an indifferent and sometimes hostile Southern population who , despite intimidation , were not willing to help them . This prevented them from defeating the UN forces in Korea and , after their hard - fought victory at the Third Battle of Seoul , they were beaten in the open by UN forces in the conclusion of their Third Phase Campaign . Later on the war turned into a stalemated two - year confrontation between the opposing forces . Thus , years after the war , the Chinese government began a series of army modernization and professionalization that would radically change the concept of the strategy , and in the 1980s and 1990s the concept of people 's war was changed to include more high - technology weaponry . The people 's war strategy was also employed in countries around the world such as Cuba , Nicaragua , Nepal , Philippines , the United Kingdom ( where the IRA was in rebellion in Northern Ireland and applied this strategy to urban warfare ) and elsewhere . The people 's war in the first three countries mentioned have been spectacularly successful , marking government transitions in these countries , while elsewhere such as in Peru it has been unsuccessful . The people 's war in the Philippines that was long since employed by the insurgent New People 's Army , however , made the Communist insurgency there the longest in world history , . In India and Turkey there are still ongoing insurgencies where the rebels use this strategy . Cold war ( edit ) The strategy of the Cold War was that of containment , and it was a generation dominated by the threat of total world annihilation through the use of nuclear weapons . Deterrence was a part of containment via retributive intimidation from the risk of mutually assured destruction . As a consequence , it was also a war in which attacks were not exchanged between the two main rivals , the United States and the Soviet Union . Instead , the war was fought through proxies . Instead of mainly being confined to Europe or the Pacific , the entire world was the battlefield , with countries rather than armies acting as main players . The only constant rule was that troops of the Soviet Union and the United States could not overtly fight with each other . Military strategy involved bipolar powers with global actors who could strike an opponent with nationally debilitating destruction in a matter of minutes from land , air , and sea . With the advent of weapons of mass destruction that could decide a war by themselves , strategies shifted away from a focus on the application of conventional weaponry to a greater focus on espionage and intelligence assessment , especially after the exposure of the Atomic spies . The difference between tactics , strategy and grand strategy began to melt during the Cold War as command and communication technologies improved to a greater extent , in first world armed forces . The third world armed forces controlled by the two superpowers found that grand strategy , strategy and tactics , if anything , moved further apart as the command of the armies fell under the control of super power leaders . American cold warriors like Dean Acheson and George C. Marshall quickly recognized that the key to victory was the economic defeat of the Soviet Union . The Soviet Union had adopted an aggressive posture of Communist expansionism following the end of World War II , with the United States and its strong navy quickly finding that it had to aggressively defend much of the world from the Soviet Union and the spread of communism . Strategies during the Cold War also dealt with nuclear attack and retaliation . The United States maintained a policy of limited first strike throughout the Cold War . In the event of a Soviet attack on the Western Front , resulting in a breakthrough , the United States would use tactical nuclear weapons to stop the attack . So , if the Warsaw Pact attacked using conventional weapons , the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) would use tactical nukes . The Soviet Union would respond with an all - out nuclear attack , resulting in a similar attack from the United States , with all the consequences the exchange would entail . By contrast , Soviet strategy in the Cold War was dominated by the desire to prevent , at all costs , the recurrence of an invasion of Russian soil . The Soviet Union nominally adopted a policy of no first use , which in fact was a posture of launch on warning . Other than that , the USSR adapted to some degree to the prevailing changes in the NATO strategic policies that are divided by periods as : Strategy of massive retaliation ( 1950s ) ( Russian : стратегия массированного возмездия ) Strategy of flexible reaction ( 1960s ) ( Russian : стратегия гибкого реагирования ) Strategies of realistic threat and containment ( 1970s ) ( Russian : стратегия реалистического устрашения или сдерживания ) Strategy of direct confrontation ( 1980s ) ( Russian : стратегия прямого противоборства ) one of the elements of which became the new highly effective high - precision targeting weapons . Strategic Defense Initiative ( also known as `` Star Wars '' ) during its 1980s development ( Russian : стратегическая оборонная инициатива -- СОИ ) which became a core part of the strategic doctrine based on Defense containment . Fortunately for all sides , the all - out nuclear World War III between NATO and the Warsaw Pact did not take place . The United States recently ( April 2010 ) acknowledged a new approach to its nuclear policy which describes the weapons ' purpose as `` primarily '' or `` fundamentally '' to deter or respond to a nuclear attack . Current major security alliances : NATO , ESDP SCO , CSTO PSC SADC Post Cold war ( edit ) See also : Asymmetric warfare and Network - centric warfare Strategy in the post Cold War is characterized by a number of potent powers in a multipolar array and has come to be defined by the hyperpower status of the United States , which is increasingly relying on advanced technology to minimize casualties and improve efficiency . The technological leaps brought by the Digital Revolution are essential for this strategy . The gap in strategy today ( from a Western viewpoint ) is in what the Americans call `` asymmetric warfare '' : the battle against guerrilla forces by conventional national armed forces . The classical strategic triumvirate of politics / military / populace is very weak against protracted warfare of paramilitary forces such as the Provisional Irish Republican Army , Hezbollah , ETA , PKK , and Al - Qaeda . The ability of conventional forces to deliver utility ( effect ) from their hugely powerful forces is largely nullified by the difficulties of distinguishing and separating combatants from the civilian populace in whose company they hide . The use of the military by the politicians to police areas seen as bases for these guerrillas leads to them becoming targets themselves which eventually undermines the support of the populace from whom they come and whose values they represent . The primary effect of insurgent elements upon conventional force strategy is realized in the twofold exploitation of the inherent violence of military operations . Conventional armies face political attrition for each action they take . Insurgent forces can cause harm and create chaos , whereby the conventional army suffers a loss of confidence and esteem ; or they can drive the conventional elements into an attack which further exacerbates the civilian condition . The militaries of today are largely set up to fight the ' last war ' and hence have huge armoured and conventionally configured infantry formations backed up by air - forces and navies designed to support or prepare for these forces . Many are today deployed against guerrilla - style opponents where their strengths can not be used to effect . The mass formations of Industrial War are often seen as much less effective than the unconventional forces that these organisations also possess . The new opponents operate at a local level whereas Industrial armed forces work at a much higher ' theatre ' level . The nervous system of these new opponents is largely political rather than military hierarchical and adapted to the local supporting populace who hide them . The centre provides the political idea and driving logic perhaps with overall direction and some funding . Local groups decide their own plans , raise much of their own funds and may be more or less aligned to the centre 's aims . Defeat of forces when revealed does not disable this type of organisation , many modern attack strategies will tend to increase the power of the group they are intended to weaken . A new more political strategy is perhaps more appropriate here with military backing . Such a strategy has been illustrated in the war between the IRA , though an adoption and codification are unclear . Netwar ( edit ) A main point in asymmetric warfare is the nature of paramilitary organizations such as Al - Qaeda which are involved in guerrilla military actions but which are not traditional organizations with a central authority defining their military and political strategies . Organizations such as Al - Qaeda may exist as a sparse network of groups lacking central coordination , making them more difficult to confront following standard strategic approaches . This new field of strategic thinking is tackled by what is now defined as netwar . See also ( edit ) War portal General Strategy Grand strategy Naval strategy Operational mobility Military doctrine Principles of war Military tactics List of military tactics List of military strategies and concepts List of military writers List of military strategy books Roerich Pact Examples of military strategies Schlieffen Plan Mutual assured destruction Blitzkrieg Shock and awe Fabian strategy Progressive war Related topics Asymmetric warfare Battleplan ( documentary TV series ) Force multiplication Strategic bombing Strategic depth War termination References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gartner ( 1999 ) , pp. 163 , Jump up ^ Carpenter ( 2005 ) , p. 25 Jump up ^ Matloff ( 1996 ) , p. 11 Jump up ^ Wilden ( 1987 ) , p. 235 Jump up ^ Liddell Hart , B.H. Strategy London : Faber , 1967 ( 2nd rev ed . ) p. 321 ^ Jump up to : Matti Nojonen , Jymäyttämisen taito . Strategiaoppeja muinaisesta Kiinasta . ( Transl. : The Art of Deception . Strategy lessons from Ancient China . ) Gaudeamus , Finland . Helsinki 2009 . ISBN 978 - 952 - 495 - 089 - 3 . Jump up ^ Scott , Wilson ( 7 March 2013 ) , `` Obama meets privately with Jewish leaders '' , The Washington Post , Washington , DC , retrieved 22 May 2013 Jump up ^ `` Obama to challenge Israelis on peace '' , United Press International , 8 March 2013 , retrieved 22 May 2013 Jump up ^ Garner , Rochelle ( 16 October 2006 ) , `` Oracle 's Ellison Uses ' Art of War ' in Software Battle With SAP '' , Bloomberg , archived from the original on 11 April 2012 , retrieved 18 May 2013 Jump up ^ `` Strategy vs. Tactic '' . diffen.com . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Headquarters , Department of the Army ( 27 February 2008 ) . FM 3 -- 0 , Operations ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : GPO . ISBN 9781437901290 . OCLC 780900309 . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ School of Advanced Air and Space Studies . Jump up ^ AAP - 6 ( V ) NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions Jump up ^ British Defence Doctrine , Edition 3 , 2008 Jump up ^ Field - Marshal Viscount Montgomery of Alamein , A History of Warfare , Collins . London , 1968 Jump up ^ Chaliand ( 1994 ) , p. 638 , Jump up ^ Strachan , Hew ( 2007 ) . Clausewitz in the twenty - first century . Oxford University Press . p. 319 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 923202 - 4 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Catton . Bruce ( 1971 ) . The Civil War . American Heritage Press , New York . Library of Congress Number : 77 - 119671 . Jump up ^ Headquarters , Department of the Army ( 27 February 2008 ) . FM 3 -- 0 , Operations ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : GPO . pp. 4 -- 32 -- 4 -- 39 . ISBN 9781437901290 . OCLC 780900309 . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Kesten C. Greene and J. Scott Armstrong ( 2011 ( forthcoming ) ) . `` Role thinking : Standing in other people 's shoes to forecast decisions in conflicts '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Forecasting : . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ στρατηγία , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ στρατηγός , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ ἀγός , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ ἄγω , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ May ( 2007 ) , p. 115ff . Jump up ^ Heuser ( 2010 ) , p. 4f . Jump up ^ See U.S. Army War College http://www.carlisle.army.mil/ and Royal Military Academy Sandhurst , U.K. Jump up ^ See Martin Van Creveld 's Fighting Power for more on this topic . Jump up ^ Die Errichtung der Hegemonie auf dem europäischen Kontinent ( Constructing hegemony on the European continent ) . Beiträge zur Militär - und Kriegsgeschichte : Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg ( in German ) . 2 . Deutsche Verlags - Anstalt. 1979 . ISBN 9783421019356 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Timothy ( 2010 ) . Bloodlands -- Europe between Hitler and Stalin . London : Vintage Books . pp. preface page ix -- x . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 955179 - 9 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . Hitler wanted not only to eradicate the Jews ; he wanted also to destroy Poland and the Soviet Union as states , eliminate their ruling classes , and kill tens of millions of Slavs ( Russians , Ukrainians , Belarusians , Poles ) . If the German war against the USSR had gone as planned , thirty million civilians would have been starved in the first winter , and tens of millions more expelled , killed , assimilated or enslaved thereafter . Jump up ^ Parillo ; Blair Jump up ^ Shrader 1995 , pp. 174 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Joey Baking . `` LITTLE Manila Confidential : Philippines has the Longest Communist Insurgency '' . Jump up ^ Beatrice Heuser , ' Warsaw Pact Military Doctrines in the 70s and 80s : Findings in the East German Archives ' , Comparative Strategy Vol. 12 No. 4 ( Oct. - Dec. 1993 ) , pp. 437 - 457 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Pupkov , et al. Weapons of anti-missile defense of Russia Jump up ^ `` 2010 Nuclear Posture Review ( NPR ) Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Defense Office of Public Affairs . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved April 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The term was coined by French politician Hubert Vérdine . See : International Herald Tribune , `` To Paris , U.S. Looks Like a ' Hyperpower ' , '' February 5 , 1999 . Jump up ^ The Utility of Force , General Sir Rupert Smith , Allen Lane , London , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 7139 - 9836 - 9 Bibliography ( edit ) Carpenter , Stanley D.M. , Military Leadership in the British Civil Wars , 1642 - 1651 : The Genius of This Age , Routledge , 2005 . Chaliand , Gérard , The Art of War in World History : From Antiquity to the Nuclear Age , University of California Press , 1994 . Gartner , Scott Sigmund , Strategic Assessment in War , Yale University Press , 1999 . Heuser , Beatrice , The Evolution of Strategy : Thinking War from Antiquity to the Present ( Cambridge University Press , 2010 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 19968 - 1 . Matloff , Maurice , ( ed . ) , American Military History : 1775 - 1902 , volume 1 , Combined Books , 1996 . May , Timothy . The Mongol Art of War : Chinggis Khan and the Mongol Military System . Barnsley , UK : Pen & Sword , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1844154760 . Wilden , Anthony , Man and Woman , War and Peace : The Strategist 's Companion , Routledge , 1987 . Further reading ( edit ) The US Army War College Strategic Studies Institute publishes several dozen papers and books yearly focusing on current and future military strategy and policy , national security , and global and regional strategic issues . Most publications are relevant to the International strategic community , both academically and militarily . All are freely available to the public in PDF format . The organization was founded by General Dwight D. Eisenhower after World War II . Black , Jeremy , Introduction to Global Military History : 1775 to the present day , Routledge Press , 2005 . D'Aguilar , G.C. , Napoleon 's Military Maxims , free ebook , Napoleon 's Military Maxims . Freedman , Lawrence . Strategy : A History ( 2013 ) excerpt Holt , Thaddeus , The Deceivers : Allied Military Deception in the Second World War , Simon and Schuster , June , 2004 , hardcover , 1184 pages , ISBN 0 - 7432 - 5042 - 7 . Tomes , Robert R. , US Defense Strategy from Vietnam to Operation Iraqi Freedom : Military Innovation and the New American Way of War , 1973 -- 2003 , Routledge Press , 2007 . 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-2312657442670496383	Central Bank of India	Central Bank of India - Wikipedia Central Bank of India Jump to : navigation , search This article is about an Indian commercial bank . For India 's central bank , see Reserve Bank of India . This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Central Bank of India Native name सेन्ट्रल बैंक ऑफ़ इंडिया Type Public Traded as BSE : 532885 NSE : CENTRALBK Industry Banking , Financial services Founded 21 December 1911 ; 106 years ago ( 1911 - 12 - 21 ) Headquarters Mumbai , Maharashtra , India Key people Shri . Rajeev Rishi , Chairman & Managing Director Revenue ₹ 25,887.89 crore ( US $4.0 billion ) ( 2016 ) Operating income ₹ 2,643 crore ( US $400 million ) ( 2016 ) Net income ₹ - 1,418.19 crore ( US $ − 220 million ) ( 2016 ) Total assets ₹ 305,466.09 crore ( US $47 billion ) ( 2016 ) Number of employees 37,685 ( 2016 ) Capital ratio 10.41 % ( 2016 ) Website www.centralbankofindia.co.in Central Bank of India , a government - owned bank , is one of the oldest and largest commercial banks in India . It is based in Mumbai which is the financial capital of India and capital city of state of Maharashtra . The bank has 4730 branches , 5319 ATM 's and 4 extension counters across 27 Indian states and three Union Territories . At present , Central Bank of India has overseas office at Nairobi , Hong Kong and a joint venture with Bank of India , Bank of Baroda , and the Zambian government . The Zambian government holds 40 per cent stake and each of the banks has 20 per cent . Recently it has also opened a representative office at Nairobi in Kenya . Central bank of India is one of 20 Public Sector banks in India to get recapitalisation finance from the government over the next 24 months . Central Bank of India has approached the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) for permission to open representative offices in five more locations - Singapore , Dubai , Doha and London . As on 31 March 2015 , the bank 's reserves and surplus stood at ₹ 283030 million . Its total business at the end of the last fiscal amounted to ₹ 45 , 05,390 ( approx ) million . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early - 20th century 1.2 Post-World War II 2 See also 3 Citations and references 4 External links History ( edit ) The Central Bank of India was established on 21 December 1911 by Sir Sorabji Pochkhanawala with Sir Pherozeshah Mehta as Chairman , and claims to have been the first commercial Indian bank completely owned and managed by Indians . Early - 20th century ( edit ) By 1918 it had established a branch in Hyderabad . A branch in nearby Secunderabad followed in 1925 . In 1923 , it acquired the Tata Industrial Bank in the wake of the failure of the Alliance Bank of Simla . The Tata bank , established in 1917 , had opened a branch in Madras in 1920 that became the Central Bank of India , Madras . Central Bank of India was instrumental in the creation of the first Indian exchange bank , the Central Exchange Bank of India , which opened in London in 1936 . However , Barclays Bank acquired Central Exchange Bank of India in 1938 . Also before World War II , Central Bank of India established a branch in Rangoon . The branch 's operations concentrated on business between Burma and India , and especially money transmission via telegraphic transfer . Profits derived primarily from foreign exchange and margins . The bank also lent against land , produce , and other assets , mostly to Indian businesses . Post-world War II ( edit ) In 1963 , the revolutionary government in Burma nationalized Central Bank of India 's operations there , which became People 's Bank No. 1 . In 1969 , the Indian Government nationalized the bank on 19 July , together with 13 others . In the 1980s the managers of the London branches of Central Bank of India , Punjab National Bank , and Union Bank of India were caught up in a fraud in which they made dubious loans to the Bangladeshi jute trader Rajender Singh Sethia . The regulatory authorities in England and India forced all three Indian banks to close their London branches . Central Bank of India was one of the first banks in India to issue credit cards in the year 1980 in collaboration with MasterCard . Central Bank of India announces that the financial results for the year ended 2013 - Total Business Rs. 402000 Cr . Net Profit - Rs. 1015 Cr . On 1 August 2013 , Central Bank of India appoints new CMD Rajiv Rishi , who was previously ED of Indian Bank and General Manager of OBC and Raj Kumar Goyal as the new ED of the bank . On 1 November of the same year , the bank open its second representative office in Hong Kong . See also ( edit ) Indian banking List of banks in India Citations and references ( edit ) Citations ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Report of Central Bank of India '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Central Bank of India . Central Bank of India ( 19 April 2011 ) . Retrieved on 31 march 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 18 govt banks to be recapitalised '' . Business-standard.com. 18 February 2009 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Central Bank of India to expand overseas '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Central Bank IPO to open on 24 July '' . The Hindu . Chennai , Tamil Nadu India . 14 July 2007 . Retrieved 5 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Raychaudhuri et al. , eds. ( 1983 ) , Vol. 2 , p. 782 . Jump up ^ Turnell ( 2009 ) , pp. 116 - 7 . Jump up ^ Turnell ( 2009 ) , p. 226 . References Raychaudhuri , Tappan , Irfan Habib , & Dharma Kumar , eds. ( 1983 ) The Cambridge Economic History of India : Volume 2 , c. 1751 - c. 1970 . ( CUP Archive ) . ISBN 9780521228022 Turnell , Sean ( 2009 ) Fiery Dragons : Banks , Moneylenders and Microfinnance in Burma . ( NAIS Press ) . 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